-
21 relación
f.1 relation, association, relationship, connection.2 relation, treatment, intercourse, dealing.3 acquaintance, relation.4 account, recitation, narration, recital.5 report, recountal.6 friendship.7 relative, member of the family, relation.* * *1 (correspondencia) relation, relationship■ una relación amistosa a friendship, a friendly relationship2 (conexión) link, connection3 (lista) list, record4 (relato) account, telling5 (en matemática) ratio1 (conocidos) acquaintances; (contactos) contacts, connections\con relación a / en relación a with regard to, regardingestar en buenas relaciones con alguien to be on good terms with somebodyestar en relación con alguien to be in contact with somebodyhacer relación a algo to refer to somethingtener buenas relaciones to be well connectedtener relaciones con alguien (salir) to go out with somebodyrelación de compresión TÉCNICA compression ratiorelaciones diplomáticas diplomatic relationsrelaciones públicas public relationsrelaciones sexuales sexual relations* * *noun f.1) relation2) relationship3) account4) connection5) liaison•- relación sexual* * *SF1) (=vínculo) connectionno existe ninguna relación entre los dos accidentes — there is no connection between the two accidents
existe una relación entre el tabaco y el cáncer — there is a connection o relation o relationship between cigarettes and cancer
•
guardar o tener relación con algo — [suceso] to be connected with sth, be related to sth; [persona] to be connected with sthno guardar relación (alguna) con algo — (=no parecerse) to bear no relation (whatsoever) to sth; (=no estar relacionado) to have no connection o relation (at all) with sth
relación calidad/precio — value for money
tener buena relación calidad/precio — to be good value for money
2)• con relación a, en relación a o con — (=comparado con) compared to, compared with; (=en lo referente a) with regard to, in connection with
un aumento del 3% con relación al año anterior — an increase of 3% over o compared to o compared with the previous year
con relación a la encuesta publicada por este periódico — with regard to o in connection with the survey published by this newspaper
3) (=entre personas)a) [en el momento presente] relations pl¿cómo es su relación o son sus relaciones con su jefe? — how are relations between you and your boss?
•
estar en o mantener buenas relaciones con — [+ persona] to be on good terms with; [+ organización] to have good relations with•
romper las relaciones con — [+ país, organización] to break off relations with; [+ familiar, amigo] to break off all contact withb) [de larga duración] relationship¿cómo eran las relaciones con su padre? — what was your relationship with your father like?
tenía una relación de amistad con algunos de sus alumnos — he had a friendly relationship with some of his students
¿sigues manteniendo las relaciones con tus antiguos compañeros de universidad? — do you still keep in touch with people from your university days?
4) [con empresa, organización] connection¿tiene alguna relación con esa empresa? — do you have any connection with that company?
ha sido detenido por sus relaciones con la Mafia — he has been arrested because of his connections with the Mafia
relaciones laborales — labour relations, labor relations (EEUU)
relaciones públicas — (=actividad) public relations, PR; (=profesional) public relations officer, PR officer
5) (tb: relación amorosa) relationshipno veían con buenos ojos sus relaciones con una extranjera — they did not view his relationship with a foreign woman favourably
mantener o tener relaciones sexuales con algn — [de forma esporádica] to have sex with sb; [de forma continuada] to be in a sexual relationship with sb
relaciones prematrimoniales — premarital sex, sex before marriage
7) (=referencia)•
hacer relación a algo — to refer to sthtener (buenas) relaciones — to be well connected, have good contacts o connections
9) (Mat) (=proporción) ratiolos superan numéricamente en una relación 46-36% — they outnumber them by a ratio of 46-36%
10) frm (=narración) account•
hacer una relación de algo — to give an account of sth11) (=lista) listla relación de aprobados se publicará en marzo — the list of those who have passed will be issued in March
el usuario dispone, junto a la factura telefónica, de una relación de sus llamadas — the customer receives, together with the telephone bill, a breakdown of calls made
12) (Jur) (=informe) record, (official) return* * *1)a) ( conexión) connectioncon relación a or en relación con — ( con respecto a) in connection with; ( en comparación con) relative to
en relación con su carta... — with regard to o regarding your letter...
b) ( correspondencia)en una relación de diez a uno — (Mat) in a ratio of ten to one
2)a) ( trato)relaciones diplomáticas/comerciales — diplomatic/trade relations
es nulo en lo que respecta a las relaciones humanas — he's hopeless when it comes to dealing with people
b) relaciones femenino plural ( influencias) contacts (pl), connections (pl)3)a) ( exposición) accountb) ( lista) list* * *= association, chaining, connection [connexion], connectivity, dealing, interaction, interplay, involvement, link, ratio, relation, relationship, relationship link, relatedness, alliance, liaison, exposure, tie, tie-up.Ex. It is possible and convenient to select a viewpoint on the scope, associations and labels for subjects which coincides with the way in which subjects are handled in the literature.Ex. The information seeking patterns of a variety of academic social scientists were broken down into 6 characteristics: starting; chaining; browsing; differentiating; monitoring; and extracting.Ex. Access is via modified television set, a telephone (and its connections) and a simple keypad.Ex. An information system architecture defines a structure for describing communications connectivity between users of information and sources of information.Ex. The most serious problem for librarians in their dealings with media materials is the massive multiplication of formats, making it difficult for librarians to decide what to buy in what format.Ex. One trend for the future is likely to be the development of hosts which are designed for interaction with the end user.Ex. In the case of the book, it is the interplay of such multifarious trends that will determine its destiny.Ex. Clearly, anyone having any dealings at all with the CAP needs a general understanding of how the system works, at a level which is appropriate to their involvement.Ex. Explanatory references give a little more explanation as to why the link between two names is being made in the catalogue or index.Ex. The microfiche is a common form for catalogues and indexes, usually 208 or 270 frames per fiche, in a piece of film and with a reduction ratio of 42 or 48:1.Ex. The catalogue often forms the basis for co-operation and good relations between the libraries in a region.Ex. Related works are separately catalogued works that have a relationship to another work.Ex. The bibliographic record for the volume is also a monographic record, but with a series entry and a relationship link to the bibliographic record for the series as a whole.Ex. The frequency of co-occurrence of articles from different subfields in selected periodicals is used for measuring the degree of relatedness between these subfields.Ex. This type of alliance is already evident in countries like Thailand, where library science students and educators have been actively involved in writing and illustrating children's books.Ex. It is important to make sure that there is close liaison between the cataloguing department and the order department, otherwise cards are liable to be ordered twice or in insufficient quantity to meet the total demand.Ex. This article also examines the need for exposure to AI by all students in order to become familiar with capabilities and limitations of AI-based systems.Ex. Eastern European countries longing for western scientific ties have wanted to participate in the Internet for a long time, but were excluded by government regulations.Ex. The report of findings may consist simply of a few pages, or be a trends and proposals report, or may suggest tie-ups with other groups.----* beneficios en relación con la inversión = return on investment (ROI).* bloque funcional de relaciones entre registros = linking entry block.* buena relación calidad-precio = value for money.* buscar el origen de la relación entre = trace + the relationship between.* campaña de relaciones públicas = public relations campaign.* campo de relación = linking field.* con relación a = as regards, re, in relation to, in connection with, regarding, concerning.* crear relaciones = structure + relationships.* definir relaciones = structure + relationships.* de segunda importancia en relación con = secondary to.* diagrama de relaciones = relationship display.* encargado de relaciones públicas = public liaison.* en relación a = as for.* en relación con = in association with, in conjunction with, in connection with, in relation to, in respect of, in terms of, in the way of, relating to, relative to, vis à vis, with reference to, with regard(s) to, apropos of, as it relates to, in the context of, on the matter of, re, regarding, apropos to, in reference to, concerning, in keeping with.* en relación proporcional con = in proportion to.* entablar relaciones = enter into + relations, enter into + relationships, build + relationships, develop + relationships, develop + relations, build + relations.* entablar relaciones comerciales = transact.* entablar relaciones con = forge + links with, forge + relationships with, forge + ties.* establecer relaciones = build + relationships, develop + relationships, develop + relations, build + relations, structure + relationships.* establecer relaciones con = forge + links with, forge + relationships with, forge + ties.* estrechar la relación = strengthen + links.* estropear una relación = poison + a relationship.* fortalecer la relación = strengthen + links.* ganancias en relación con la inversión = return on investment (ROI).* grado de relación = relatedness measure.* guardar relación con = bear + relation to, stand in + relation to, stand in + relationship to, bear + relationship to, be commensurate with.* guardar una relación directamente proporcional = vary + proportionately.* guardar una relación inversamente proporcional = vary + inversely.* hacer una relación de = list.* indicador de relación = relation indicator, relational operator, role operator.* ley de relación exponencial inversa al cuadrado = inverse square law.* ley de relación exponencial inversa al cubo = inverse cube law.* mantener relaciones = maintain + contact, maintain + relationships, maintain + relations.* mantener relaciones comerciales = do + business.* mantener una relación con = carry on + relationship with.* mejor relación calidad-precio, la = best value for money, the.* negar tener relación con = disclaim + connection with.* no guardar relación con = be incommensurate with.* número de relación = linking number.* operador de relación = link, relational operator, linking device.* persona encargada de las relaciones públicas = PR man [PR men, -pl.].* poner en relación = bring into + relationship.* que guarde relación con = in keeping with.* relación "es un tipo de" = is-a relationship.* relación afín = affinitive relationship.* relación amorosa = love affair.* relación ascendente = upward reference.* relación asociativa = associative relation, collateral link, collateral reference.* relación calidad-precio = price-performance ratio.* relación causa-efecto = cause-effect relation, causal relationship.* relación clase-tipo = type-token ratio.* relación comparativa = comparative relation.* relación consecutiva = consecutive relation.* relación contractual = contractual relationship.* relación coordinada = coordinate relation.* relación costes-beneficios = cost-benefit ratio.* relación costos-beneficios = cost-benefit ratio.* relación de aplicación = bias relation.* relación de confianza = trusting relationship.* relación de contenido = contents notes.* relación de equivalencia = equivalence relationship.* relación de inclusión = part-whole relation.* relación de poder = power relationship.* relación de preferencia = preferential relation, preferential relationship.* relación descendente = downward reference.* relación de trabajo = working relation, working relationship, work relationship, work relation.* relación directa = direct relationship, linear relationship, linear relation.* relación directamente proporcional significativa = significant direct relationship.* relación directa significativa = significant direct relationship.* relación entre compañeros = peer interaction.* relación entre cuasisinónimos = near-synonymous relationship.* relaciones = intercourse.* relaciones comerciales = business dealings, commercial relations, trade relations.* relaciones de género = gender relations.* relaciones de poder = power relations.* relaciones diplomáticas = diplomatic relations.* relaciones entre hombres y mujeres = gender relations.* relaciones humanas = human relations, human relationships.* relaciones industriales = industrial relations.* relaciones jerárquicas = role relationships.* relaciones laborales = labour relations, employment relations.* relación específica = downward reference.* relaciones prematrimoniales = premarital sex.* relaciones públicas = public relations (PR), PR activities, public relations exercise, public liaison.* relaciones sexuales = sexual intercourse, intercourse.* relaciones sexuales promiscuas = casual sex(ual) encounters, casual sex.* relaciones sociales = social relations.* relación estrecha = close contact.* relación formal = formal relation.* relación genérica = generic relation, generic relationship, upwards link, upward reference.* relación género/especie = genus/species relationship.* relación internacional = international relation.* relación interracial = interracial relationship.* relación inversa = inverse relationship.* relación inversamente proporcional significativa = inverse relationship, significant inverse relationship.* relación inversa significativa = significant inverse relationship.* relación jerárquica = hierarchical relation, hierarchical relationship.* relación laboral = working relation, working relationship, work relationship, work relation.* relación negativa = negative relationship.* relación parte-todo = whole/part relationship, whole-part relationship.* relación positiva = positive relationship.* relación semántica = semantic relation, semantic relationship.* relación sexual = sexual relationship.* relación sexual sin protección = unprotected sex.* relación simbiótica = symbiotic relationship.* relación sintáctica = syntactic relation, syntactic relationship, syntactical relationship.* relativo a la relación costos-beneficios = cost-benefit, cost-benefit.* romper una relación = break off + relationship, sever + connection.* sin relación = unrelated, unconnected.* sin relación con = unrelated to.* sociología de las relaciones industriales = industrial sociology, sociology of industrial relations.* tener relación con = have + bearing on.* tener relaciones amorosas = have + an affair.* tener relaciones con = have + dealings with.* tener relaciones sexuales con = have + intercourse with.* * *1)a) ( conexión) connectioncon relación a or en relación con — ( con respecto a) in connection with; ( en comparación con) relative to
en relación con su carta... — with regard to o regarding your letter...
b) ( correspondencia)en una relación de diez a uno — (Mat) in a ratio of ten to one
2)a) ( trato)relaciones diplomáticas/comerciales — diplomatic/trade relations
es nulo en lo que respecta a las relaciones humanas — he's hopeless when it comes to dealing with people
b) relaciones femenino plural ( influencias) contacts (pl), connections (pl)3)a) ( exposición) accountb) ( lista) list* * *= association, chaining, connection [connexion], connectivity, dealing, interaction, interplay, involvement, link, ratio, relation, relationship, relationship link, relatedness, alliance, liaison, exposure, tie, tie-up.Ex: It is possible and convenient to select a viewpoint on the scope, associations and labels for subjects which coincides with the way in which subjects are handled in the literature.
Ex: The information seeking patterns of a variety of academic social scientists were broken down into 6 characteristics: starting; chaining; browsing; differentiating; monitoring; and extracting.Ex: Access is via modified television set, a telephone (and its connections) and a simple keypad.Ex: An information system architecture defines a structure for describing communications connectivity between users of information and sources of information.Ex: The most serious problem for librarians in their dealings with media materials is the massive multiplication of formats, making it difficult for librarians to decide what to buy in what format.Ex: One trend for the future is likely to be the development of hosts which are designed for interaction with the end user.Ex: In the case of the book, it is the interplay of such multifarious trends that will determine its destiny.Ex: Clearly, anyone having any dealings at all with the CAP needs a general understanding of how the system works, at a level which is appropriate to their involvement.Ex: Explanatory references give a little more explanation as to why the link between two names is being made in the catalogue or index.Ex: The microfiche is a common form for catalogues and indexes, usually 208 or 270 frames per fiche, in a piece of film and with a reduction ratio of 42 or 48:1.Ex: The catalogue often forms the basis for co-operation and good relations between the libraries in a region.Ex: Related works are separately catalogued works that have a relationship to another work.Ex: The bibliographic record for the volume is also a monographic record, but with a series entry and a relationship link to the bibliographic record for the series as a whole.Ex: The frequency of co-occurrence of articles from different subfields in selected periodicals is used for measuring the degree of relatedness between these subfields.Ex: This type of alliance is already evident in countries like Thailand, where library science students and educators have been actively involved in writing and illustrating children's books.Ex: It is important to make sure that there is close liaison between the cataloguing department and the order department, otherwise cards are liable to be ordered twice or in insufficient quantity to meet the total demand.Ex: This article also examines the need for exposure to AI by all students in order to become familiar with capabilities and limitations of AI-based systems.Ex: Eastern European countries longing for western scientific ties have wanted to participate in the Internet for a long time, but were excluded by government regulations.Ex: The report of findings may consist simply of a few pages, or be a trends and proposals report, or may suggest tie-ups with other groups.* beneficios en relación con la inversión = return on investment (ROI).* bloque funcional de relaciones entre registros = linking entry block.* buena relación calidad-precio = value for money.* buscar el origen de la relación entre = trace + the relationship between.* campaña de relaciones públicas = public relations campaign.* campo de relación = linking field.* con relación a = as regards, re, in relation to, in connection with, regarding, concerning.* crear relaciones = structure + relationships.* definir relaciones = structure + relationships.* de segunda importancia en relación con = secondary to.* diagrama de relaciones = relationship display.* encargado de relaciones públicas = public liaison.* en relación a = as for.* en relación con = in association with, in conjunction with, in connection with, in relation to, in respect of, in terms of, in the way of, relating to, relative to, vis à vis, with reference to, with regard(s) to, apropos of, as it relates to, in the context of, on the matter of, re, regarding, apropos to, in reference to, concerning, in keeping with.* en relación proporcional con = in proportion to.* entablar relaciones = enter into + relations, enter into + relationships, build + relationships, develop + relationships, develop + relations, build + relations.* entablar relaciones comerciales = transact.* entablar relaciones con = forge + links with, forge + relationships with, forge + ties.* establecer relaciones = build + relationships, develop + relationships, develop + relations, build + relations, structure + relationships.* establecer relaciones con = forge + links with, forge + relationships with, forge + ties.* estrechar la relación = strengthen + links.* estropear una relación = poison + a relationship.* fortalecer la relación = strengthen + links.* ganancias en relación con la inversión = return on investment (ROI).* grado de relación = relatedness measure.* guardar relación con = bear + relation to, stand in + relation to, stand in + relationship to, bear + relationship to, be commensurate with.* guardar una relación directamente proporcional = vary + proportionately.* guardar una relación inversamente proporcional = vary + inversely.* hacer una relación de = list.* indicador de relación = relation indicator, relational operator, role operator.* ley de relación exponencial inversa al cuadrado = inverse square law.* ley de relación exponencial inversa al cubo = inverse cube law.* mantener relaciones = maintain + contact, maintain + relationships, maintain + relations.* mantener relaciones comerciales = do + business.* mantener una relación con = carry on + relationship with.* mejor relación calidad-precio, la = best value for money, the.* negar tener relación con = disclaim + connection with.* no guardar relación con = be incommensurate with.* número de relación = linking number.* operador de relación = link, relational operator, linking device.* persona encargada de las relaciones públicas = PR man [PR men, -pl.].* poner en relación = bring into + relationship.* que guarde relación con = in keeping with.* relación "es un tipo de" = is-a relationship.* relación afín = affinitive relationship.* relación amorosa = love affair.* relación ascendente = upward reference.* relación asociativa = associative relation, collateral link, collateral reference.* relación calidad-precio = price-performance ratio.* relación causa-efecto = cause-effect relation, causal relationship.* relación clase-tipo = type-token ratio.* relación comparativa = comparative relation.* relación consecutiva = consecutive relation.* relación contractual = contractual relationship.* relación coordinada = coordinate relation.* relación costes-beneficios = cost-benefit ratio.* relación costos-beneficios = cost-benefit ratio.* relación de aplicación = bias relation.* relación de confianza = trusting relationship.* relación de contenido = contents notes.* relación de equivalencia = equivalence relationship.* relación de inclusión = part-whole relation.* relación de poder = power relationship.* relación de preferencia = preferential relation, preferential relationship.* relación descendente = downward reference.* relación de trabajo = working relation, working relationship, work relationship, work relation.* relación directa = direct relationship, linear relationship, linear relation.* relación directamente proporcional significativa = significant direct relationship.* relación directa significativa = significant direct relationship.* relación entre compañeros = peer interaction.* relación entre cuasisinónimos = near-synonymous relationship.* relaciones = intercourse.* relaciones comerciales = business dealings, commercial relations, trade relations.* relaciones de género = gender relations.* relaciones de poder = power relations.* relaciones diplomáticas = diplomatic relations.* relaciones entre hombres y mujeres = gender relations.* relaciones humanas = human relations, human relationships.* relaciones industriales = industrial relations.* relaciones jerárquicas = role relationships.* relaciones laborales = labour relations, employment relations.* relación específica = downward reference.* relaciones prematrimoniales = premarital sex.* relaciones públicas = public relations (PR), PR activities, public relations exercise, public liaison.* relaciones sexuales = sexual intercourse, intercourse.* relaciones sexuales promiscuas = casual sex(ual) encounters, casual sex.* relaciones sociales = social relations.* relación estrecha = close contact.* relación formal = formal relation.* relación genérica = generic relation, generic relationship, upwards link, upward reference.* relación género/especie = genus/species relationship.* relación internacional = international relation.* relación interracial = interracial relationship.* relación inversa = inverse relationship.* relación inversamente proporcional significativa = inverse relationship, significant inverse relationship.* relación inversa significativa = significant inverse relationship.* relación jerárquica = hierarchical relation, hierarchical relationship.* relación laboral = working relation, working relationship, work relationship, work relation.* relación negativa = negative relationship.* relación parte-todo = whole/part relationship, whole-part relationship.* relación positiva = positive relationship.* relación semántica = semantic relation, semantic relationship.* relación sexual = sexual relationship.* relación sexual sin protección = unprotected sex.* relación simbiótica = symbiotic relationship.* relación sintáctica = syntactic relation, syntactic relationship, syntactical relationship.* relativo a la relación costos-beneficios = cost-benefit, cost-benefit.* romper una relación = break off + relationship, sever + connection.* sin relación = unrelated, unconnected.* sin relación con = unrelated to.* sociología de las relaciones industriales = industrial sociology, sociology of industrial relations.* tener relación con = have + bearing on.* tener relaciones amorosas = have + an affair.* tener relaciones con = have + dealings with.* tener relaciones sexuales con = have + intercourse with.* * *A1 (conexión) connectionesto no tiene or no guarda ninguna relación con los hechos this has no connection with o bears no relation to the factsexiste una relación entre los dos sucesos there is a connection o link between the two eventscon relación a or en relación con (con respecto a) in connection with; (en comparación con) relative toen relación con su carta de fecha … in connection with o with regard to your letter dated …hubo un descenso con relación al año anterior there was a decrease relative to the previous year2tiene una excelente relación calidad-precio it is excellent value for moneyuna relación causa-efecto a relationship of cause and effectCompuesto:equivalence relationB1(trato): ha establecido una buena relación con él she has built up a good relationship with himrelaciones amistosas/sexuales friendly/sexual relationsrelaciones prematrimoniales premarital sextuvo relaciones amorosas con una famosa actriz he had an affair with a famous actressmantienen relaciones formales desde hace años they have been courting for yearssiempre ha tenido muy buenas relaciones con su jefe she has always had o enjoyed a very good relationship with her bossahora estoy en buenas relaciones con él I'm on good terms with him nowrelaciones comerciales trading o trade relationshan roto las relaciones diplomáticas they have broken off diplomatic relationses nulo en lo que respecta a las relaciones humanas he's hopeless when it comes to dealing with people o when it comes to the human side of thingslas relaciones entre padres e hijos the relationship between parents and their childrentiene buenas relaciones en la empresa he has some good contacts o connections in the companyCompuestos:fpl foreign affairs (pl)C1 (exposición) accounthizo una detallada relación de los hechos she gave a detailed account of the facts2 (lista) list* * *
relación sustantivo femenino
1
con relación a or en relación con ( con respecto a) in connection with;
( en comparación con) relative to;◊ en relación con su carta … with regard to o regarding your letter …b) ( correspondencia):
una relación causa-efecto a relationship of cause and effect
2
estoy en buenas relaciones con él I'm on good terms with himb)
(trato comercial, diplomático) relations (pl);
( trato carnal) sex;
relaciones prematrimoniales premarital sex;
relaciones públicas ( actividad) public relations (pl);
( persona) public relations officer;
(de cantante, artista) PR;
3
relación sustantivo femenino
1 (entre personas) relationship: no tengo relación alguna con ellos, I don't maintain any form of contact with them
estar en buenas relaciones con alguien, to be on good terms with sb
tener relaciones influyentes, to have good contacts
2 (entre ideas o cosas) connection, relation
con relación a su pregunta, regarding your question
3 (de nombres, elementos, etc) list
4 (de un hecho o situación) account: la relación de los hechos es algo confusa, the description of the facts is somewhat confusing
5 Mat ratio, proportion
6 relaciones públicas, (actividad) public relations
(persona) public relations officer
' relación' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
ajena
- ajeno
- causa
- cimentar
- comercio
- con
- consonancia
- cortar
- definitivamente
- desconectarse
- enlace
- enrarecerse
- entrañable
- escarceo
- extramatrimonial
- hermandad
- intimidad
- laboral
- lazo
- murmuración
- paréntesis
- proporción
- regañar
- relucir
- rencilla
- romperse
- salir
- sexo
- tambalearse
- tempestuosa
- tempestuoso
- tirantez
- trabajada
- trabajado
- tratar
- tratarse
- trato
- ver
- vendedor
- vendedora
- asfixiante
- asunto
- aventura
- clandestino
- comunicación
- conexión
- conocer
- consolidar
- correspondencia
- desgastar
English:
association
- bearing
- blossom
- breakup
- bust up
- close
- commensurate
- connect
- connected
- connection
- damage
- fall apart
- intimate
- involvement
- liaison
- money
- of
- pertinent
- record
- relation
- relationship
- rob
- stormy
- strain
- strained
- strengthen
- terminate
- to
- two-timer
- unrelated
- value
- walk out
- acquaintance
- disclaim
- further
- involve
- irrelevant
- obviously
- put
- rapport
- re
- reference
- regard
- relevance
- unconnected
* * *♦ nf1. [nexo] relation, connection;con relación a, en relación con in relation to, with regard to;no hay ninguna relación entre los dos secuestros the two kidnappings are unrelated o unconnected;guardar relación con algo to be related to sth;no guardar relación con algo to bear no relation to sth;relación calidad-precio value for money;2. [comunicación, trato] relations, relationship;mantener relaciones con alguien to keep in touch with sb;relaciones comerciales [vínculos] business links; [comercio] trade;relaciones diplomáticas diplomatic relations;han roto las relaciones diplomáticas they have broken off diplomatic relations;relaciones internacionales international relations;relaciones laborales industrial relations;relación de pareja: [m5] los problemas de las relaciones de pareja relationship problems;dice que no necesita de la relación de pareja she says she doesn't need to be in a relationship with anybody;relaciones de parentesco kinship;relaciones personales personal relationships;relaciones públicas [actividad] public relations, PR3. [lista] list4. [descripción] account5. [informe] report6.relaciones [noviazgo] relationship;llevan cinco años de relaciones they've been going out together for five years;un cursillo sobre las relaciones de pareja a course on being in a relationship;relaciones prematrimoniales premarital sex;mantener relaciones prematrimoniales to have premarital sex;relaciones sexuales sexual relations7.relaciones [contactos] contacts, connections;tener buenas relaciones to be well connected8. Mat ratio♦ nmf invrelaciones públicas [persona] public relations officer, PR officer* * *f1 relationship;la relación calidad-precio es muy buena it’s good value for money;relación causa-efecto cause and effect relationship;mantener relaciones (amorosas) con alguien have an affair with s.o.2 ( conexión) relation;no guardar relación con bear no relation to;con oen relación a with o in relation to* * *1) : relation, connection, relevance2) : relationship3) relato: account4) lista: list5)en relación con : in relation to, concerning6)relacionespúblicas : public relations* * *relación n1. (trato) relationship2. (correspondencia, unión) connectioncon relación a / en relación con with regard to / in relation to -
22 work
1. nounat work — (engaged in working) bei der Arbeit; (fig.): (operating) am Werk (see also academic.ru/23063/e">e)
be at work on something — an etwas (Dat.) arbeiten; (fig.) auf etwas (Akk.) wirken
set to work — [Person:] sich an die Arbeit machen
set somebody to work — jemanden an die Arbeit schicken
all work and no play — immer nur arbeiten
have one's work cut out — viel zu tun haben; sich ranhalten müssen (ugs.)
2) (thing made or achieved) Werk, dasis that all your own work? — hast du das alles selbst gemacht?
work of art — Kunstwerk, das
a work of reference/literature/art — ein Nachschlagewerk/literarisches Werk/Kunstwerk
5) (employment) Arbeit, dieout of work — arbeitslos; ohne Arbeit
7) in pl. (Mil.) Werke; Befestigungen8) in pl. (operations of building etc.) Arbeitenthe [whole/full] works — der ganze Kram (ugs.)
2. intransitive verb,give somebody the works — (fig.) (give somebody the best possible treatment) jemandem richtig verwöhnen (ugs.); (give somebody the worst possible treatment) jemanden fertig machen (salopp)
1) arbeitenwork for a cause — etc. für eine Sache usw. arbeiten
work against something — (impede) einer Sache (Dat.) entgegenstehen
2) (function effectively) funktionieren; [Charme:] wirken (on auf + Akk.)make the washing machine/television work — die Waschmaschine/den Fernsehapparat in Ordnung bringen
3) [Rad, Getriebe, Kette:] laufen4) (be craftsman)work in a material — mit od. (fachspr.) in einem Material arbeiten
5) [Faktoren, Einflüsse:] wirken (on auf + Akk.)work against — arbeiten gegen; see also work on
6) (make its/one's way) sich schieben3. transitive verb,work round to a question — (fig.) sich zu einer Frage vorarbeiten
1) (operate) bedienen [Maschine]; fahren [Schiff]; betätigen [Bremse]2) (get labour from) arbeiten lassen3) (get material from) ausbeuten [Steinbruch, Grube]4) (operate in or on) [Vertreter:] bereisen5) (control) steuern6) (effect) bewirken [Änderung]; wirken [Wunder]work it or things so that... — (coll.) es deichseln, dass... (ugs.)
work one's way up/into something — sich hocharbeiten/in etwas (Akk.) hineinarbeiten
8) (get gradually) bringenwork something into something — etwas zu etwas verarbeiten; (mix in) etwas unter etwas (Akk.) rühren
10) (gradually excite)work oneself into a state/a rage — sich aufregen/in einen Wutanfall hineinsteigern
12) (purchase, obtain with labour) abarbeiten; (fig.)she worked her way through college — sie hat sich (Dat.) ihr Studium selbst verdient; see also passage 6)
Phrasal Verbs:- work in- work off- work on- work out- work up* * *[wə:k] 1. noun1) (effort made in order to achieve or make something: He has done a lot of work on this project) die Arbeit2) (employment: I cannot find work in this town.) die Arbeit3) (a task or tasks; the thing that one is working on: Please clear your work off the table.) die Arbeit4) (a painting, book, piece of music etc: the works of Van Gogh / Shakespeare/Mozart; This work was composed in 1816.) das Werk5) (the product or result of a person's labours: His work has shown a great improvement lately.) die Arbeit6) (one's place of employment: He left (his) work at 5.30 p.m.; I don't think I'll go to work tomorrow.) die Arbeit2. verb1) (to (cause to) make efforts in order to achieve or make something: She works at the factory three days a week; He works his employees very hard; I've been working on/at a new project.) arbeiten2) (to be employed: Are you working just now?) arbeiten3) (to (cause to) operate (in the correct way): He has no idea how that machine works / how to work that machine; That machine doesn't/won't work, but this one's working.) funktionieren4) (to be practicable and/or successful: If my scheme works, we'll be rich!) klappen5) (to make (one's way) slowly and carefully with effort or difficulty: She worked her way up the rock face.) sich arbeiten6) (to get into, or put into, a stated condition or position, slowly and gradually: The wheel worked loose.) sich arbeiten7) (to make by craftsmanship: The ornaments had been worked in gold.) arbeiten•- -work- workable
- worker
- works 3. noun plural2) (deeds, actions etc: She's devoted her life to good works.) das Werk•- work-basket- work-box
- workbook
- workforce
- working class
- working day
- work-day
- working hours
- working-party
- work-party
- working week
- workman
- workmanlike
- workmanship
- workmate
- workout
- workshop
- at work
- get/set to work
- go to work on
- have one's work cut out
- in working order
- out of work
- work of art
- work off
- work out
- work up
- work up to
- work wonders* * *[wɜ:k, AM wɜ:rk]I. NOUNto be at \work am Werk seinforces of destruction are at \work here hier sind zerstörerische Kräfte am Werkvarious factors are at \work in this situation in dieser Situation spielen verschiedene Faktoren eine Rollegood \work! gute Arbeit!there's a lot of \work to be done yet es gibt noch viel zu tunthe garden needs a lot of \work im Garten muss [so] einiges gemacht werden\work on the tunnel has been suspended die Arbeiten am Tunnel wurden vorübergehend eingestelltdid you manage to get a bit of \work done? konntest du ein bisschen arbeiten?construction/repair \work Bau-/Reparaturarbeiten plresearch \work Forschungsarbeit fit's hard \work doing sth (strenuous) es ist anstrengend, etw zu tun; (difficult) es ist schwierig, etw zu tunto be at \work doing sth [gerade] damit beschäftigt sein, etw zu tunto make \work for sb jdm Arbeit machenwhat sort of \work do you have experience in? über welche Berufserfahrung verfügen Sie?she's got \work as a translator sie hat Arbeit [o eine Stelle] als Übersetzerin gefundento look for \work auf Arbeitssuche seinhe's looking for \work as a system analyst er sucht Arbeit [o eine Stelle] als Systemanalytikerto be in \work Arbeit [o eine Stelle] habento be out of \work arbeitslos seinto be late for \work zu spät zur Arbeit kommento have to stay late at \work lange arbeiten müssento be at \work bei der Arbeit seinto be off \work frei haben; (without permission) fehlento be off \work sick sich akk krankgemeldet habento commute to \work pendelnto get to \work by car/on the train mit dem Auto/mit dem Zug zur Arbeit fahrento go/travel to \work zur Arbeit gehen/fahrento be injured at \work einen Arbeitsunfall habento ring sb from \work jdn von der Arbeit [aus] anrufen4. (construction, repairs)▪ \works pl Arbeiten plbuilding/road \works Bau-/Straßenarbeiten plthis is the \work of professional thieves das ist das Werk professioneller Diebegood \works REL gute Werke6. ART, LIT, MUS Werk nt‘The Complete W\works of William Shakespeare’ ‚Shakespeares gesammelte Werke‘\works of art Kunstwerke pl\work in bronze Bronzearbeiten pl\work in leather aus Leder gefertigte Arbeitensb's early/later \work jds Früh-/Spätwerk ntto show one's \work in a gallery seine Arbeiten in einer Galerie ausstellen7. (factory)▪ \works + sing/pl vb Werk nt, Fabrik fsteel \works Stahlwerk nttwo large pizzas with the \works, please! esp AM zwei große Pizzen mit allem bitte!11. MIL▪ \works pl Befestigungen pl12.II. NOUN MODIFIER\work clothes Arbeitskleidung f\work speed Arbeitstempo nt2.\works premises Werksgelände ntIII. INTRANSITIVE VERB1. (do a job) arbeitenwhere do you \work? wo arbeiten Sie?to \work as an accountant als Buchhalter arbeitento \work a twelve-hour day/a forty-hour week zwölf Stunden am Tag/vierzig Stunden in der Woche arbeitento \work from home zu Hause [o von zu Hause aus] arbeitento \work at the hospital/abroad im Krankenhaus/im Ausland arbeitento \work hard hart arbeitento \work together zusammenarbeiten▪ to \work with sb mit jdm zusammenarbeitenwe're \working to prevent it happening again wir bemühen uns [o arbeiten daran], so etwas in Zukunft zu verhindernto \work towards a degree in biology einen Hochschulabschluss in Biologie anstrebenwe're \working on it wir arbeiten daranto \work at a problem an einem Problem arbeitento \work hard at doing sth hart daran arbeiten, etw zu tun3. (have an effect) sich auswirkento \work both ways sich sowohl positiv als auch negativ auswirken▪ to \work in sb's favour sich zu jds Gunsten auswirkenmy cell phone doesn't \work mein Handy geht nichtthe boiler seems to be \working okay der Boiler scheint in Ordnung zu seinI can't get this washing machine to \work ich kriege die Waschmaschine irgendwie nicht zum Laufento \work off batteries batteriebetrieben seinto \work off the mains BRIT mit Netzstrom arbeitento \work off wind power mit Windenergie arbeitento \work in practice [auch] in der Praxis funktionieren7. (be based)to \work on the assumption/idea that... von der Annahme/Vorstellung ausgehen, dass...8. (move)to \work free/loose sich lösen/lockernto \work windward NAUT gegen den Wind segeln10. NAUTto \work windward [hart] am Wind segeln11.▶ to \work like a charm [or like magic] Wunder bewirkenIV. TRANSITIVE VERB1. (make work)to \work sb/oneself hard jdm/sich viel abverlangen2. (operate)to be \worked by electricity/steam elektrisch/dampfgetrieben seinto be \worked by wind power durch Windenergie angetrieben werden3. (move)to \work one's way through an article/a book sich akk durch einen Artikel/ein Buch durcharbeitento \work one's way through a crowd/out of a crowded room sich dat einen Weg durch die Menge/aus einem überfüllten Zimmer bahnento \work one's way down a list eine Liste durchgehento \work one's way up sich akk hocharbeitenhe's \worked his way up through the firm er hat sich in der Firma hochgearbeitetto \work sth free/loose etw losbekommen/lockernto \work sth [backwards and forwards] etw [hin- und her]bewegen4. (bring about)▪ to \work sth etw bewirkenI don't know how she \worked it! ich weiß nicht, wie sie das geschafft hat!to \work oneself into a more positive frame of mind sich dat eine positivere Lebenseinstellung erarbeitento \work a cure eine Heilung herbeiführento \work a miracle ein Wunder vollbringento \work miracles [or wonders] [wahre] Wunder vollbringen5. (get)to \work oneself into a state sich akk aufregento \work sb into a state of jealousy jdn eifersüchtig machen6. (shape)▪ to \work sth etw bearbeitento \work clay Ton formen▪ to \work sth into sth etw in etw akk einarbeiten; food etw mit etw dat vermengen; (incorporate) etw in etw akk einbauen [o einfügen]to \work the ingredients together die Zutaten [miteinander] vermengento \work sth into the skin (rub) die Haut mit etw dat einreiben; (massage) etw in die Haut einmassieren8. (embroider)▪ to \work sth etw [auf]sticken9. (cultivate)to \work the land das Land bewirtschaften; (exploit)to \work a mine/quarry eine Mine/einen Steinbruch ausbeuten10. (cover)to \work the inner city [area]/the East Side für die Innenstadt/die East Side zuständig sein11. (pay for by working)to \work one's passage sich dat seine Überfahrt durch Arbeit auf dem Schiff verdienento \work one's way through university sich dat sein Studium finanzieren12.▶ to \work one's fingers to the bone [for sb] ( fam) sich dat [für jdn] den Rücken krumm arbeiten fam* * *[wɜːk]1. nto be at work (on sth) ( — an etw dat ) arbeiten
there are forces at work which... — es sind Kräfte am Werk, die...
nice or good work! — gut or super (inf) gemacht!
we've a lot of work to do before this choir can give a concert — wir haben noch viel zu tun, ehe dieser Chor ein Konzert geben kann
you need to do some more work on your accent/your technique — Sie müssen noch an Ihrem Akzent/an Ihrer Technik arbeiten
to get or set to work on sth — sich an etw (acc) machen
to put a lot of work into sth — eine Menge Arbeit in etw (acc) stecken
to make short or quick work of sb/sth — mit jdm/etw kurzen Prozess machen
time/the medicine had done its work — die Zeit/Arznei hatte ihr Werk vollbracht/ihre Wirkung getan
it was hard work for the old car to get up the hill — das alte Auto hatte beim Anstieg schwer zu schaffen
2) (= employment, job) Arbeit fhow long does it take you to get to work? — wie lange brauchst du, um zu deiner Arbeitsstelle zu kommen?
at work — an der Arbeitsstelle, am Arbeitsplatz
3) (= product) Arbeit f; (ART, LITER) Werk ntgood works — gute Werke pl
a chance for artists to show their work — eine Gelegenheit für Künstler, ihre Arbeiten or Werke zu zeigen
5) pl (MECH) Getriebe, Innere(s) nt; (of watch, clock) Uhrwerk nt6) sing or pl (Brit: factory) Betrieb m, Fabrik fgas/steel works — Gas-/Stahlwerk nt
7) (inf)pl alles Drum und Dranwe had fantastic food, wine, brandy, the works — es gab tolles Essen, Wein, Kognak, alle Schikanen (inf)
he was giving his opponent the works — er machte seinen Gegner nach allen Regeln der Kunst fertig (inf)
2. vi1) person arbeiten (at an +dat)to work toward(s)/for sth — auf etw (acc) hin/für etw arbeiten
or favor (US) — diese Faktoren, die gegen uns/zu unseren Gunsten arbeiten
2) (= function, operate) funktionieren; (plan) funktionieren, klappen (inf); (medicine, spell) wirken; (= be successful) klappen (inf)"not working" (lift etc) — "außer Betrieb"
but this arrangement will have to work both ways — aber diese Abmachung muss für beide Seiten gelten
3) (yeast) arbeiten, treiben5)(= move gradually)
to work loose — sich lockernto work round (wind, object) — sich langsam drehen (to nach)
he worked (a)round to asking her — er hat sich aufgerafft, sie zu fragen
OK, I'm working (a)round to it — okay, das mache ich schon noch
3. vtto work oneself/sb hard — sich/jdn nicht schonen
to work sth by electricity/hand — etw elektrisch/mit Hand betreiben
3) (= bring about) change, cure bewirken, herbeiführento work it ( so that...) (inf) — es so deichseln(, dass...) (inf)
See:→ work upwork the flour in gradually/the ingredients together — mischen Sie das Mehl allmählich unter/die Zutaten (zusammen)
6) (= exploit) mine ausbeuten, abbauen; land bearbeiten; smallholding bewirtschaften; (salesman) area bereisen7) muscles trainieren8)(= move gradually)
to work one's hands free — seine Hände freibekommenhe worked his way across the rock face/through the tunnel — er überquerte die Felswand/kroch durch den Tunnel
to work oneself into sb's confidence — sich in jds Vertrauen (acc) einschleichen
* * *A s1. allg Arbeit f:a) Beschäftigung f, Tätigkeit fb) Aufgabe fc) Hand-, Nadelarbeit f, Stickerei f, Näherei fd) Leistung fe) Erzeugnis n:work done geleistete Arbeit;a beautiful piece of work eine schöne Arbeit;a) bei der Arbeit,b) am Arbeitsplatz,c) in Tätigkeit, in Betrieb (Maschine etc);be at work on arbeiten an (dat);do work arbeiten;I’ve got some work to do ich muss arbeiten;do the work of three (men) für drei arbeiten;be in (out of) work (keine) Arbeit haben;(put) out of work arbeitslos (machen);set to work an die Arbeit gehen, sich an die Arbeit machen;take some work home Arbeit mit nach Hause nehmen;have one’s work cut out (for one) zu tun haben, schwer zu schaffen haben;make work Arbeit verursachen;make light work of spielend fertig werden mit;make sad work of arg wirtschaften oder hausen mit;2. PHYS Arbeit f:3. auch koll (künstlerisches etc) Werk:4. Werk n (Tat und Resultat):this is your work!;5. pla) ARCH Anlagen pl, (besonders öffentliche) Bauten plb) Baustelle f (an einer Autobahn etc)c) MIL (Festungs)Werk n, Befestigungen pl7. pl TECH (Räder-, Trieb)Werk n, Getriebe n:9. REL (gutes) Werkgive sb the works umg jemanden fertigmachen;B v/i prät und pperf worked, besonders obs oder poet wrought [rɔːt]1. (at, on) arbeiten (an dat), sich beschäftigen (mit):work at a social reform an einer Sozialreform arbeiten;make one’s money work sein Geld arbeiten lassen2. arbeiten, Arbeit haben, beschäftigt seinagainst gegen;for für eine Sache):work toward(s) hinarbeiten auf (akk)4. TECHa) funktionieren, gehen (beide auch fig)b) in Betrieb oder Gang sein:our stove works well unser Ofen funktioniert gut;your method won’t work mit Ihrer Methode werden Sie es nicht schaffen;get sth to work etwas reparieren5. fig klappen, gehen, gelingen, sich machen lassenthe poison began to work das Gift begann zu wirken8. sich gut etc bearbeiten lassen9. sich (hindurch-, hoch- etc) arbeiten:work into eindringen in (akk);work loose sich losarbeiten, sich lockern;her tights worked down die Strumpfhose rutschte ihr herunter10. in (heftiger) Bewegung sein, arbeiten, zucken ( alle:12. gären, arbeiten (beide auch fig: Gedanke etc)C v/t1. arbeiten an (dat)2. verarbeiten:a) TECH bearbeitenb) einen Teig kneteninto zu):work cotton into cloth Baumwolle zu Tuch verarbeiten4. (an-, be)treiben:worked by electricity elektrisch betrieben7. Bergbau: eine Grube abbauen, ausbeuten9. jemanden, Tiere (tüchtig) arbeiten lassen, (zur Arbeit) antreibenfor wegen):11. a) work one’s way sich (hindurch- etc) arbeitenb) erarbeiten, verdienen: → passage1 512. MATH lösen, ausarbeiten, errechnenwork o.s. into a rage sich in eine Wut hineinsteigern14. bewegen, arbeiten mit:he worked his jaws seine Kiefer mahlten15. fig (prät oft wrought) hervorbringen, -rufen, zeitigen, Veränderungen etc bewirken, Wunder wirken oder tun, führen zu, verursachen:work hardship on sb für jemanden eine Härte bedeuten17. work intoa) eine Arbeit etc einschieben in (akk),18. sl etwas herausschlagen19. US sl jemanden bescheißen20. herstellen, machen, besonders stricken, nähen21. zur Gärung bringenw. abk1. weight2. wide3. width4. wife5. withwk abk1. week Wo.2. work* * *1. noun1) no pl., no indef. art. Arbeit, dieat work — (engaged in working) bei der Arbeit; (fig.): (operating) am Werk (see also e)
be at work on something — an etwas (Dat.) arbeiten; (fig.) auf etwas (Akk.) wirken
set to work — [Person:] sich an die Arbeit machen
have one's work cut out — viel zu tun haben; sich ranhalten müssen (ugs.)
2) (thing made or achieved) Werk, daswork of art — Kunstwerk, das
3) (book, piece of music) Werk, dasa work of reference/literature/art — ein Nachschlagewerk/literarisches Werk/Kunstwerk
4) in pl. (of author or composer) Werke5) (employment) Arbeit, dieout of work — arbeitslos; ohne Arbeit
at work — (place of employment) auf der Arbeit (see also a)
7) in pl. (Mil.) Werke; Befestigungen8) in pl. (operations of building etc.) Arbeitenthe [whole/full] works — der ganze Kram (ugs.)
2. intransitive verb,give somebody the works — (fig.) (give somebody the best possible treatment) jemandem richtig verwöhnen (ugs.); (give somebody the worst possible treatment) jemanden fertig machen (salopp)
1) arbeitenwork for a cause — etc. für eine Sache usw. arbeiten
work against something — (impede) einer Sache (Dat.) entgegenstehen
2) (function effectively) funktionieren; [Charme:] wirken (on auf + Akk.)make the washing machine/television work — die Waschmaschine/den Fernsehapparat in Ordnung bringen
3) [Rad, Getriebe, Kette:] laufenwork in a material — mit od. (fachspr.) in einem Material arbeiten
5) [Faktoren, Einflüsse:] wirken (on auf + Akk.)work against — arbeiten gegen; see also work on
6) (make its/one's way) sich schieben3. transitive verb,work round to a question — (fig.) sich zu einer Frage vorarbeiten
1) (operate) bedienen [Maschine]; fahren [Schiff]; betätigen [Bremse]2) (get labour from) arbeiten lassen3) (get material from) ausbeuten [Steinbruch, Grube]4) (operate in or on) [Vertreter:] bereisen5) (control) steuern6) (effect) bewirken [Änderung]; wirken [Wunder]work it or things so that... — (coll.) es deichseln, dass... (ugs.)
7) (cause to go gradually) führenwork one's way up/into something — sich hocharbeiten/in etwas (Akk.) hineinarbeiten
8) (get gradually) bringen9) (knead, stir)work something into something — etwas zu etwas verarbeiten; (mix in) etwas unter etwas (Akk.) rühren
work oneself into a state/a rage — sich aufregen/in einen Wutanfall hineinsteigern
11) (make by needlework etc.) arbeiten; aufsticken [Muster] (on auf + Akk.)12) (purchase, obtain with labour) abarbeiten; (fig.)she worked her way through college — sie hat sich (Dat.) ihr Studium selbst verdient; see also passage 6)
Phrasal Verbs:- work in- work off- work on- work out- work up* * *(hard) for expr.erarbeiten v.sich etwas erarbeiten ausdr. v.arbeiten v.funktionieren v. n.Arbeit -en f.Werk -e n. -
23 hard
hard [hɑ:d]dur ⇒ 1 (a)-(c), 2 (a) difficile ⇒ 1 (b) froid ⇒ 1 (c) rude ⇒ 1 (c) concret ⇒ 1 (d) fort ⇒ 2 (a) difficilement ⇒ 2 (b) durement ⇒ 2 (c)(a) (not soft → substance, light, colour) dur;∎ to get or to become hard durcir;∎ rock hard, (as) hard as rock dur comme la pierre;∎ his muscles are rock hard or (as) hard as rock ses muscles sont durs comme le fer, il a des muscles d'acier;∎ she is (as) hard as nails (emotionally) elle est dure, elle n'a pas de cœur; (physically) c'est une dure à cuire(b) (difficult → question, problem etc) difficile, dur;∎ the laws make it hard to leave the country à cause des lois, il est difficile de quitter le pays;∎ to have a hard fight or struggle on one's hands avoir une lourde tâche devant soi;∎ it's hard to explain c'est difficile ou dur à expliquer;∎ I find it hard to understand/believe that... je n'arrive pas à comprendre pourquoi/croire que...;∎ it's hard to say c'est difficile à dire;∎ he's hard to get on with il n'est pas facile à vivre;∎ she is hard to please (never satisfied) elle est difficile; (difficult to buy gifts for etc) c'est difficile de lui faire plaisir;∎ it's hard to beat on trouve difficilement mieux;∎ it's hard to beat a good Bordeaux il n'y a rien de meilleur qu'un bon bordeaux;∎ the hardest part of the job is done le plus dur est fait;∎ life is hard c'est dur, la vie;∎ times are hard les temps sont durs ou difficiles;∎ these are hard times for all of us c'est une période difficile pour tout le monde;∎ to fall on hard times (financially) connaître des temps difficiles ou une période de vaches maigres; (have difficult times) connaître des temps difficiles, en voir de dures;∎ to give sb a hard time en faire voir de dures à qn;∎ the boss has just been giving me a hard time le patron vient de me faire passer un mauvais quart d'heure;∎ come on, don't give me a hard time! allez, laisse-moi tranquille!;∎ you'll have a hard time (of it) persuading him to do that tu vas avoir du mal à le convaincre de faire cela;∎ she had a hard time of it after her mother's death elle a traversé une période difficile après la mort de sa mère;∎ she had a hard time of it when she was a child la vie n'était pas drôle pour elle quand elle était enfant;∎ she had a hard time of it (in childbirth, operation) elle a souffert;∎ to learn sth the hard way (involving personal loss, suffering etc) apprendre qch à ses dépens; (in a difficult way) faire le rude apprentissage de qch;∎ I learnt the hard way not to be underinsured j'ai appris à mes dépens qu'il ne faut pas être sous-assuré;∎ I learnt skiing the hard way j'ai appris à skier à la dure;∎ I learnt my seamanship the hard way j'ai fait le rude apprentissage du métier de marin;∎ some people always have to do things the hard way il y a des gens qui choisissent toujours la difficulté;∎ to play hard to get (flirt) jouer les insaisissables;∎ humorous their financial expert is playing hard to get leur expert financier semble jouer à cache-cache;∎ the hard of hearing les malentendants mpl;∎ to be hard of hearing être dur d'oreille;∎ a glass of wine, or would you prefer a drop of the hard stuff? un verre de vin, ou bien préféreriez-vous une goutte de quelque chose de plus fort?;∎ keep off the hard stuff évitez les boissons fortes(c) (severe → voice, face, eyes) dur, froid; (→ climate, winter) rigoureux, rude; (→ frost) fort, rude;∎ to be hard on sb être dur avec qn;∎ children are hard on their shoes les enfants font subir de mauvais traitements à leurs chaussures;∎ it's hard on the nerves c'est dur pour les nerfs;∎ it was hard on the others ça a été dur pour les autres;∎ it's hardest on the children le plus dur, c'est pour les enfants;∎ to be a hard taskmaster être dur à la tâche;∎ to take a long hard look at sth examiner qch de près;∎ you should take a long hard look at yourself tu devrais bien te regarder;∎ it's a hard blow for him c'est un coup terrible pour lui;∎ no hard feelings? tu ne m'en veux pas?;∎ familiar hard luck!, British hard cheese!, hard lines! pas de chance!□, pas de veine!, pas de bol!;∎ it will be hard luck if he doesn't get the job ça ne sera pas de veine ou de bol s'il n'obtient pas le travail;∎ don't give me any of your hard luck stories ne me raconte pas tes malheurs;∎ he gave me some hard luck story about having lost his investments il a essayé de m'apitoyer en me racontant qu'il avait perdu l'argent qu'il avait investi;∎ familiar a hard nut or man un dur∎ the hard fact is that there isn't enough money la vérité, c'est qu'il n'y a pas assez d'argent;∎ the argument was not backed up by any hard fact l'argument ne s'appuyait sur rien de concret∎ it's been a long hard day la journée a été longue;∎ it's hard work c'est dur;∎ it was hard work to convince him j'ai eu fort à faire pour le convaincre;∎ she's hard work (difficult to get on with) elle n'est pas facile à vivre; (difficult to make conversation with) elle n'est pas causante;∎ she's not afraid of hard work le travail ne lui fait pas peur;∎ the climb was hard going la montée était rude;∎ it's hard going making conversation with him c'est difficile de discuter avec lui∎ she's a hard worker c'est un bourreau de travail;∎ he's a hard drinker c'est un gros buveur, il boit beaucoup;∎ he's a hard charger c'est un fonceur;∎ give it a good hard shove pousse-le un bon coup, pousse-le fort2 adverb(a) (strenuously → pull, push, hit, breathe) fort; (→ work) dur; (→ run) à toutes jambes; (→ listen) attentivement;∎ to work hard at sth beaucoup travailler qch;∎ to work hard at improving one's service/French beaucoup travailler pour améliorer son service/français;∎ to work sb hard faire travailler qn dur;∎ he works hard and plays hard il se dépense beaucoup dans son travail et dans ses loisirs;∎ you'll have to try harder il faudra que tu fasses plus d'efforts;∎ to try hard to do sth essayer de son mieux de faire qch;∎ try hard! fais de ton mieux!;∎ to think hard beaucoup réfléchir;∎ think hard! réfléchis bien!;∎ think harder! réfléchis un peu plus!;∎ we can't find it - well, look harder! nous ne le trouvons pas - et bien cherchez mieux!;∎ you didn't look very hard! tu n'as pas bien cherché;∎ to look hard at sb regarder qn bien en face;∎ to look hard at sth examiner qch;∎ as hard as possible, as hard as one can (work, try) le plus qu'on peut; (push, hit, squeeze) de toutes ses forces;∎ Nautical hard astern! arrière, toute!;∎ Cars she hauled the wheel hard over elle a braqué à fond;∎ Cars to turn hard to the left braquer à gauche, faire un virage très sec vers la gauche;∎ to swim hard for the shore nager de toutes ses forces vers le rivage;(b) (with difficulty) difficilement;∎ to be hard put or pushed or pressed to do sth avoir du mal à faire qch;∎ you'll be hard put to find a shop open at this time tu vas avoir du mal à trouver une boutique ouverte à cette heure-ci;∎ old habits die hard les vieilles habitudes ont la vie dure(c) (harshly, severely → treat someone) durement, sévèrement; (→ rain) à verse; (→ freeze, snow) fort;∎ he's feeling hard done by il a l'impression d'avoir été injustement traité;∎ to be hard hit by sth être durement touché par qch;∎ she took the news/his death pretty hard la nouvelle/sa mort l'a beaucoup éprouvée;∎ old-fashioned it'll go hard with him if he keeps telling lies ça va aller mal pour lui s'il continue à raconter des mensonges∎ the ground was frozen hard le gel avait complètement durci la terre;∎ to set hard (concrete, mortar) prendre∎ to follow hard on the heels of sb être sur les talons de qn;∎ to follow or to come hard on the heels of sth suivre qch de très près∎ hard up (short of money) fauché, à sec;∎ to be hard up for ideas manquer d'idées□, être à court d'idées□ ;∎ to be hard up for volunteers manquer de volontaires□ ;∎ figurative you must be hard up if you're going out with him! il faut vraiment que tu n'aies rien à te mettre sous la dent pour sortir avec lui!3 noun∎ to try one's hardest faire de son mieuxold-fashioned tout près de►► Typography & Computing hard carriage return retour m chariot obligatoire;hard cash (argent m) liquide m;American hard cider cidre m;hard coal anthracite m;Finance hard commodities minerais mpl;Linguistics hard consonant consonne f dure;Computing hard copy copie f sur papier, sortie f papier;hard core (nucleus) noyau m dur; Building industry empierrement m; Music hard rock m inv, hard m inv; (pornography) porno m hard;British Sport hard court (for tennis) court m en ciment;hard currency monnaie f ou devise f forte;∎ a hard currency shop un magasin où on paye en devises;Computing hard disk disque m dur;Computing hard disk drive, hard drive unité f de disque dur;hard drug drogue f dure;Horseriding hard gallop galop m soutenu;hard hat (of construction worker) casque m; American familiar (construction worker) ouvrier(ère) m,f du bâtiment;hard hat area = zone où le port du casque est obligatoire;∎ hard hat area (sign) port du casque obligatoire;Typography & Computing hard hyphen césure f imposée, trait m d'union imposé;hard labour (UNCOUNT) travaux mpl forcés;hard landing (by spacecraft) atterrissage m avec impact; figurative (during economic crisis) atterrissage m brutal;Metallurgy hard lead plomb m aigre;Politics the hard left l'extrême gauche;hard line ligne f de conduite dure;∎ to take a hard line on sb/sth adopter une ligne de conduite dure avec qn/sur qch;hard liquor spiritueux mpl;Finance hard loan prêt m aux conditions du marché;Press hard news nouvelles fpl sûres ou vérifiées;Veterinary medicine hard pad coussinet m dur;Typography & Computing hard page break fin f de page obligatoire;Anatomy hard palate voûte f du palais, palais m dur;hard porn porno m hard, hard m inv;Computing hard reset réinitialisation f totale de la machine;Typography & Computing hard return saut m de ligne manuel;Politics the hard right l'extrême droit;Music hard rock hard rock m inv, hard m inv; esp American Cookery hard sauce = sauce au beurre, au sucre et au brandy ou au rhum servie avec le pudding;hard science science f dure;hard sell vente f agressive;∎ to give sth the hard sell promouvoir qch de façon agressive;∎ the salesman gave us the hard sell le vendeur a essayé de nous forcer la main;hard sell approach, hard sell tactics méthode f de vente agressive;Cars hard shoulder bande f d'arrêt d'urgence;hard space espace m insécable;hard water eau f calcaire ou dure -
24 to
1. tə,tu preposition1) (towards; in the direction of: I cycled to the station; The book fell to the floor; I went to the concert/lecture/play.) a, hacia2) (as far as: His story is a lie from beginning to end.) a, hasta3) (until: Did you stay to the end of the concert?) hasta4) (sometimes used to introduce the indirect object of a verb: He sent it to us; You're the only person I can talk to.) con, a5) (used in expressing various relations: Listen to me!; Did you reply to his letter?; Where's the key to this door?; He sang to (the accompaniment of) his guitar.) a, para6) (into a particular state or condition: She tore the letter to pieces.) en7) (used in expressing comparison or proportion: He's junior to me; Your skill is superior to mine; We won the match by 5 goals to 2.) a8) (showing the purpose or result of an action etc: He came quickly to my assistance; To my horror, he took a gun out of his pocket.) en; para9) (tə used before an infinitive eg after various verbs and adjectives, or in other constructions: I want to go!; He asked me to come; He worked hard to (= in order to) earn a lot of money; These buildings were designed to (= so as to) resist earthquakes; She opened her eyes to find him standing beside her; I arrived too late to see him.) para10) (used instead of a complete infinitive: He asked her to stay but she didn't want to.) (hacerlo)
2. tu: adverb1) (into a closed or almost closed position: He pulled/pushed the door to.) hasta cerrar2) (used in phrasal verbs and compounds: He came to (= regained consciousness).) a•to prep1. a2. a / hastashe works from nine to five trabaja de nueve a cinco / trabaja desde las nueve hasta las cinco3. menos4. paratotr[tʊ, ʊnstressed tə]1 (with place) a■ did you go to the bank? ¿fuiste al banco?■ A is to the north/south/east/west of B A está al norte/sur/este/oeste de B2 (towards) hacia3 (as far as, until) a, hasta■ I like all music, from Abba to ZZTop me gusta toda la música, desde Abba hasta ZZTop4 (of time) menos6 (for) de■ what's the answer to question 4? ¿cuál es la respuesta a la pregunta número 4?7 (attitude, behaviour) con, para con8 (in honour of) a9 (touching) a, contra10 (accompanied by) acompañado,-a de11 (causing something) para■ to my surprise, it was empty para mi sorpresa, estaba vacío12 (as seen by) por lo que respecta■ to a foreigner, it must seem awful para un extranjero, debe parecer terrible■ to some people he was a hero, to others a traitor para algunos era un héroe, para otros era un traidor14 (ratio) a15 (per, equivalent) a, en■ how much does your car do to the gallon? ≈ ¿cuánto gasta tu coche a los cien kilómetros?16 (according to) según■ is it to your taste? ¿es de su agrado?17 (result) a18 (in order to) para, a fin de■ would you like to dance? --I'd love to ¿te gustaría bailar? --me encantaría■ she didn't want to go, but she had to no quería ir, pero no le quedaba más remedio1 (of door) ajustada\SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALLto and fro vaivén, ir y venir Table 1SMALLNOTA/SMALL Cuando se usa con la raíz del verbo para formar el infinitivo no se traduce/Table 1 ■ I want to help you quiero ayudarteto ['tu:] adv1) : a un estado conscienteto come to: volver en sí2)to and fro : de aquí para allá, de un lado para otroto prepto go to the doctor: ir al médicoI'm going to John's: voy a la casa de John2) toward: a, haciatwo miles to the south: dos millas hacia el sur3) on: en, sobreapply salve to the wound: póngale ungüento a la herida4) up to: hasta, ato a degree: hasta cierto gradofrom head to toe: de pies a cabezait's quarter to seven: son las siete menos cuarto6) until: a, hastafrom May to December: de mayo a diciembrethe key to the lock: la llave del candadodancing to the rhythm: bailando al compásit's similar to mine: es parecido al míothey won 4 to 2: ganaron 4 a 2made to order: hecho a la ordento my knowledge: a mi sabertwenty to the box: veinte por cajato understand: entenderto go away: irse
I tuː, weak form tə1)a) ( indicating destination) awe went to John's — fuimos a casa de John, fuimos a lo de John (RPl), fuimos donde John (esp AmL)
you can wear it to a party/the wedding — puedes ponértelo para una fiesta/la boda
b) ( indicating direction) haciac) ( indicating position) ato the left/right of something — a la izquierda/derecha de algo
2) (against, onto)3)a) ( as far as) hastab) ( until) hastac) ( indicating range)there will be 30 to 35 guests — habrá entre 30 y 35 invitados; see also from 4)
4)a) ( showing indirect object)who did you send/give it to? — ¿a quién se lo mandaste/diste?
what did you say to him/them? — ¿qué le/les dijiste?
I'll hand you over to Jane — te paso or (Esp tb) te pongo con Jane
I was singing/talking to myself — estaba cantando/hablando solo
to me, he will always be a hero — para mí, siempre será un héroe
he was very kind/rude to me — fue muy amable/grosero conmigo
b) (in toasts, dedications)to Paul with love from Jane — para Paul, con cariño de Jane
5) (indicating proportion, relation)how many ounces are there to the pound? — ¿cuántas onzas hay en una libra?
it does 30 miles to the gallon — da or rinde 30 millas por galón, consume 6.75 litros a los or por cada cien kilómetros
there's a 10 to 1 chance of... — hay una probabilidad de uno en 10 de...
that's nothing to what followed — eso no es nada comparado or en comparación con lo que vino después
6) ( concerning)what do you say to that? — ¿qué dices a eso?, ¿qué te parece (eso)?
there's nothing to it — es muy simple or sencillo
7)a) ( in accordance with)b) ( producing)to my horror/delight... — para mi horror/alegría...
c) ( indicating purpose)8) ( indicating belonging) dethe solution to the problem — la solución al or del problema
it has a nice ring/sound to it — suena bien
9) ( telling time) (BrE)ten to three — las tres menos diez, diez para las tres (AmL exc RPl)
10) ( accompanied by)they sang it to the tune of `Clementine' — lo cantaron con la melodía de `Clementine'
II tə1)a)to sing/fear/leave — cantar/temer/partir
b) ( in order to) parac) ( indicating result)he awoke to find her gone — cuando despertó, ella ya se había ido
I walked 5 miles only to be told they weren't home — caminé 5 millas para que me dijeran que no estaban en casa
d) ( without vb)2) (after adj or n)it's easy/difficult to do — es fácil/difícil de hacer
III tuː [tʊ, tuː, tǝ]1. PREPOSITIONWhen to is the second element in a phrasal verb, eg set to, heave to, look up the phrasal verb. When to is part of a set combination, eg nice to, to my mind, to all appearances, appeal to, look up the other word.1) (destination) aNote: a + el = al
it's 90 kilometres to Lima — de aquí a Lima hay 90 kilómetros, hay 90 kilómetros a Lima
to go to Paris/Spain — ir a París/España
to go to school/university — ir al colegio/a la Universidad
I liked the exhibition, I went to it twice — me gustó la exposición, fui a verla dos veces
we're going to John's/my parents' for Christmas — vamos a casa de John/mis padres por Navidad
•
have you ever been to India? — ¿has estado alguna vez en la India?•
flights to Heathrow — vuelos a or con destino a Heathrowchurch 1., 2)•
the road to Edinburgh — la carretera de Edimburgo2) (=towards) haciamove it to the left/right — muévelo hacia la izquierda/derecha
3) (=as far as) hastafrom here to London — de aquí a or hasta Londres
4) (=up to) hastato some extent — hasta cierto punto, en cierta medida
•
to this day I still don't know what he meant — aún hoy no sé lo que quiso decir•
from Monday to Friday — de lunes a viernesfrom morning to night — de la mañana a la noche, desde la mañana hasta la noche
decimal 1.•
funds to the value of... — fondos por valor de...5) (=located at) a6) (=against) contrait's a quarter to three — son las tres menos cuarto, es or (LAm) falta un cuarto para las tres
the man I sold it to or frm to whom I sold it — el hombre a quien se lo vendí
it belongs to me — me pertenece (a mí), es mío
what is that to me? — ¿y a mí qué me importa eso?
"that's strange," I said to myself — -es raro -me dije para mis adentros
9) (in dedications, greetings)greetings to all our friends! — ¡saludos a todos los amigos!
welcome to you all! — ¡bienvenidos todos!
"to P.R. Lilly" — (in book) "para P.R. Lilly"
here's to you! — ¡va por ti!, ¡por ti!
a monument to the fallen — un monumento a los caídos, un monumento en honor a los caídos
10) (in ratios, proportions) porthe odds against it happening are a million to one — las probabilidades de que eso ocurra son una entre un millón
three to the fourth, three to the power of four — (Math) tres a la cuarta potencia
11) (in comparisons) a12) (=about, concerning)what do you say to that? — ¿qué te parece (eso)?
what would you say to a beer? — ¿te parece que tomemos una cerveza?
"to repairing pipes:..." — (on bill) "reparación de las cañerías:..."
13) (=according to) segúnto my way of thinking — a mi modo de ver, según mi modo de pensar
14) (=to the accompaniment of)it is sung to the tune of "Tipperary" — se canta con la melodía de "Tipperary"
15) (=of, for) de16) (with gerund/noun)•
to look forward to doing sth — tener muchas ganas de hacer algo•
to prefer painting to drawing — preferir pintar a dibujar•
to be used to (doing) sth — estar acostumbrado a (hacer) algo•
to this end — a or con este fin•
to my enormous shame I did nothing — para gran vergüenza mía, no hice nada•
to my great surprise — con gran sorpresa por mi parte, para gran sorpresa mía2. INFINITIVE PARTICLE1) (infinitive)a)A preposition may be required with the Spanish infinitive, depending on what precedes it: look up the verb.•
she refused to listen — se negó a escuchar•
to start to cry — empezar or ponerse a llorar•
to try to do sth — tratar de hacer algo, intentar hacer algo•
to want to do sth — querer hacer algo•
I'd advise you to think this over — te aconsejaría que te pensaras bien esto•
he'd like me to give up work — le gustaría que dejase de trabajar•
we'd prefer him to go to university — preferiríamos que fuese a la universidad•
I want you to do it — quiero que lo hagasc)there was no one for me to ask, there wasn't anyone for me to ask — no había nadie a quien yo pudiese preguntar
he's not the sort or type to do that — no es de los que hacen eso
•
that book is still to be written — ese libro está todavía por escribir•
now is the time to do it — ahora es el momento de hacerlo•
and who is he to criticize? — ¿y quién es él para criticar?3) (purpose, result) paraThe particle to is not translated when it stands for the infinitive:it disappeared, never to be seen again — desapareció para siempre
we didn't want to sell it but we had to — no queríamos venderlo pero tuvimos que hacerlo or no hubo más remedio
"would you like to come to dinner?" - "I'd love to!" — -¿te gustaría venir a cenar? -¡me encantaría!
For combinations like difficult/easy/foolish/ ready/ slow to etc, look up the adjective.you may not want to do it but you ought to for the sake of your education — tal vez no quieres hacerlo pero deberías en aras de tu educación
the first/last to go — el primero/último en irse
See:EASY, DIFFICULT, IMPOSSIBLE in easyand then to be let down like that! — ¡y para que luego te decepcionen así!
and to think he didn't mean a word of it! — ¡y pensar que nada de lo que dijo era de verdad!
7)to see him now one would never think that... — al verlo or viéndolo ahora nadie creería que...
3.ADVERBto pull the door to — tirar de la puerta para cerrarla, cerrar la puerta tirando
to push the door to — empujar la puerta para cerrarla, cerrar la puerta empujando
* * *
I [tuː], weak form [tə]1)a) ( indicating destination) awe went to John's — fuimos a casa de John, fuimos a lo de John (RPl), fuimos donde John (esp AmL)
you can wear it to a party/the wedding — puedes ponértelo para una fiesta/la boda
b) ( indicating direction) haciac) ( indicating position) ato the left/right of something — a la izquierda/derecha de algo
2) (against, onto)3)a) ( as far as) hastab) ( until) hastac) ( indicating range)there will be 30 to 35 guests — habrá entre 30 y 35 invitados; see also from 4)
4)a) ( showing indirect object)who did you send/give it to? — ¿a quién se lo mandaste/diste?
what did you say to him/them? — ¿qué le/les dijiste?
I'll hand you over to Jane — te paso or (Esp tb) te pongo con Jane
I was singing/talking to myself — estaba cantando/hablando solo
to me, he will always be a hero — para mí, siempre será un héroe
he was very kind/rude to me — fue muy amable/grosero conmigo
b) (in toasts, dedications)to Paul with love from Jane — para Paul, con cariño de Jane
5) (indicating proportion, relation)how many ounces are there to the pound? — ¿cuántas onzas hay en una libra?
it does 30 miles to the gallon — da or rinde 30 millas por galón, consume 6.75 litros a los or por cada cien kilómetros
there's a 10 to 1 chance of... — hay una probabilidad de uno en 10 de...
that's nothing to what followed — eso no es nada comparado or en comparación con lo que vino después
6) ( concerning)what do you say to that? — ¿qué dices a eso?, ¿qué te parece (eso)?
there's nothing to it — es muy simple or sencillo
7)a) ( in accordance with)b) ( producing)to my horror/delight... — para mi horror/alegría...
c) ( indicating purpose)8) ( indicating belonging) dethe solution to the problem — la solución al or del problema
it has a nice ring/sound to it — suena bien
9) ( telling time) (BrE)ten to three — las tres menos diez, diez para las tres (AmL exc RPl)
10) ( accompanied by)they sang it to the tune of `Clementine' — lo cantaron con la melodía de `Clementine'
II [tə]1)a)to sing/fear/leave — cantar/temer/partir
b) ( in order to) parac) ( indicating result)he awoke to find her gone — cuando despertó, ella ya se había ido
I walked 5 miles only to be told they weren't home — caminé 5 millas para que me dijeran que no estaban en casa
d) ( without vb)2) (after adj or n)it's easy/difficult to do — es fácil/difícil de hacer
III [tuː] -
25 Geburt
f; -, -en1. birth; MED. (child)birth; (Entbindung) delivery; (Niederkunft) confinement; Vorgang: parturition; leichte / schwere Geburt easy / difficult birth ( oder delivery); sanfte Geburt natural (child-) birth; vor / nach der Geburt ( stattfindend) antenatal (bes. Am. prenatal)/ postnatal; die Geburt einleiten induce, induce labour; während der Geburt aus Sicht der Frau: during labo(u)r; aus Sicht des Babys: during the birth; bei der Geburt... wiegen weigh... at birth, weigh in at... umg.; bei der Geburt sterben Frau: die in childbirth; Baby: die at birth, be stillborn; von Geburt an from birth; Katholiken etc. von Geburt an auch cradle Catholics etc.2. (Abstammung) birth, descent; von hoher / niedriger Geburt high-born / low-born; er ist Deutscher von Geburt he’s (a) German by birth3. fig. (Entstehung) birth, origin, rise; es war eine schwere Geburt umg. it was a tough job, it was tough going* * *die Geburtnativity; birth* * *Ge|burt [gə'buːɐt]f -, -en (lit, fig)birth; (fig = Produkt) fruit, productvon Gebúrt — by birth
von Gebúrt an — from birth
von hoher/adliger Gebúrt — of good/noble birth
das war eine schwere Gebúrt! (fig inf) — that took some doing (inf)
die Gnade der späten Gebúrt — the good fortune of being born too late (and so free from association with the Nazi era)
* * ** * *Ge·burt<-, -en>[gəˈbu:ɐ̯t]f1. (Entbindung) birthbei der \Geburt at the birthvon \Geburt an from birth2. (Abstammung) birthvon \Geburt Deutscher sein to be German by birthvon niedriger/hoher \Geburt sein to be of low/noble birthdie Gnade der späten \Geburt to be lucky not to have been born at a certain time in history, e.g. World War Two3.* * *die; Geburt, Geburten birthvor/nach Christi Geburt — before/after the birth of Christ
das war eine schwere Geburt — (fig. ugs.) it wasn't easy; it took some doing (coll.)
* * *leichte/schwere Geburt easy/difficult birth ( oder delivery);sanfte Geburt natural (child-)birth;vor/nach der Geburt (stattfindend) antenatal (besonders US prenatal)/postnatal;die Geburt einleiten induce, induce labour;bei der Geburt … wiegen weigh … at birth, weigh in at … umg;von Geburt an from birth;Katholiken etc2. (Abstammung) birth, descent;von hoher/niedriger Geburt high-born/low-born;er ist Deutscher von Geburt he’s (a) German by birth3. fig (Entstehung) birth, origin, rise;es war eine schwere Geburt umg it was a tough job, it was tough going* * *die; Geburt, Geburten birthvor/nach Christi Geburt — before/after the birth of Christ
das war eine schwere Geburt — (fig. ugs.) it wasn't easy; it took some doing (coll.)
* * *-en f.birth n.descent n.nativity n. -
26 travail
1. masculine nouna. ( = activité) le travail work• avoir du travail/beaucoup de travail to have some work/a lot of work to do• horaire/vêtements de travail work schedule/clothes• conditions/méthodes/groupe/déjeuner de travail working conditions/methods/group/lunch• à travail égal, salaire égal equal pay for equal work• améliorer la communication, c'est tout un travail ! improving communications is quite a task!• c'est un travail de spécialiste (difficile à faire) it's a job for a specialist ; (bien fait) it's the work of a specialist• travaux de recherche/de construction research/building work• « pendant les travaux, le magasin restera ouvert » "business as usual during alterations"• « attention ! travaux ! » "caution! work in progress!" ; (sur la route) "roadworks ahead!" (Brit) "roadwork ahead!" (US)• avoir un travail intéressant/lucratif to have an interesting/a highly paid job• travail d'équipe or en équipe team workd. ( = façonnage) [de bois, cuir, fer] working2. compounds► un travail de fourmi a long, painstaking job* * *
1.
pl - aux tʀavaj, o nom masculin1) ( contraire de repos) work2) (tâche faite, à faire) job; (ensemble des tâches, besogne) work [U]j'ai un travail fou — I'm up to my eyes in work, I've got a lot of work on
3) ( fait d'exercer un emploi) work; ( emploi rémunéré) work [U], job; ( lieu) work4) Économie, Sociologie (activité, population active) labour [BrE] [U]division du travail — division of labour [BrE]
5) ( résultat d'un fonctionnement) (de machine, d'organe) work [U]6) ( ouvrage érudit) work ( sur on)7) ( façonnage)le travail de — working with ou in [métal, bois, pierre]
apprendre le travail du bois/métal — to learn woodwork/metalwork
8) (technique, exécution) workmanship9) Physique work10) ( action) (d'eau, érosion) action (de of); fig (d'imagination, inconscient) workings (pl) (de of)11) ( altération) ( de vin) fermentation, working; ( de bois) warping12) Médecine ( pendant un accouchement) labour [BrE]
2.
travaux nom masculin pluriel1) ( en chantier) work [U]; ( sur une route) roadworks GB, roadwork [U] UStravaux de construction — construction work [U]
‘fermé pour travaux’ — ( sur une devanture) ‘closed for repairs ou alterations’
‘attention, travaux’ — gén ‘caution, work in progress’; ( sur une route) ‘caution, road under repair’
2) (recherche, études) work [U] ( sur on)3) ( débats) deliberationsles travaux agricoles/de la ferme — agricultural/farm work [U]
travaux de couture — needlework [U]
•Phrasal Verbs:* * *tʀavaj, o travaux pl1. nm1) (= activité, effort) workJ'ai beaucoup de travail. — I've got a lot of work.
C'est un travail épuisant. — It's exhausting work.
se mettre au travail — to start work, to get down to work
outils de travail — working tools, work tools
2) (= tâche spécifique) jobDonne-lui un travail facile. — Give him an easy job.
3) (= emploi, gagne-pain) job, work no plIl a un travail intéressant. — He's got an interesting job.
Il est sans travail depuis un an. — He has been out of work for a year.
4) (= lieu) workAu travail, je m'entends bien avec mes collègues. — I get on well with my colleagues at work.
5) ÉCONOMIE (= ressource, facteur) labour Grande-Bretagne labor USAla législation du travail — labour law, labour legislation
6) MÉDECINE (de l'accouchement) labour Grande-Bretagne labor USA7) (= façonnage)2. travaux nmpl(= chantier) (de réparation, agricoles) work, (sur route) roadworks, [construction] building work, building* * *I.A nm1 ( contraire de repos) work; le travail intellectuel intellectual work; le travail scolaire schoolwork; ça demande des mois de travail it requires months of work; se mettre au travail to get down to work, to start work; être en plein travail to be busy working;2 (tâche faite, à faire) job; (ensemble des tâches, besogne) work ¢; faire un travail to do a job; distribuer le travail to allocate jobs; ce n'est pas mon travail it's not my job; c'est un travail de professionnel ( à faire) it's a job for a professional; ( bien fait) it's a very professional job; c'est un travail d'homme it's man's work; commencer un travail to start a job; mener un travail de recherche to do research work; avoir du travail to have work to do; j'ai un travail fou I'm up to my eyes in work, I've got a lot of work on; les enfants, ça donne du travail, les enfants, c'est du travail children make a lot of work; les gros travaux the heavy work; s'occuper à de petits travaux to do little jobs; faire quelques travaux de jardinage to do a few gardening jobs; (félicitations) c'est du beau travail! aussi iron you've done a great job on that; qu'est-ce que c'est que ce travail? what do you call this?; et voilà le travail! that's that done!;3 ( fait d'exercer un emploi) work; ( emploi rémunéré) work ¢, job; ( lieu) work; ne me téléphone pas à mon travail don't call me at work; chercher du/un travail to look for work/a job; bien content d'avoir du/un travail glad to be in work/to have a job; être sans travail to be out of work; donner du travail à qn ( employer) to give sb a job; reprendre le travail to go back to work; cesser le travail to stop work; aller au travail to go to work; être au travail to be at work; que fais-tu comme travail? what do you do?, what's your job?; il ne fait que son travail he's only doing his job; le travail en usine/de bureau factory/office ou clerical work; le travail temporaire/à mi-temps temporary/part-time work; un travail à mi-temps a part-time job; le travail en équipe team work; le travail en équipes shiftwork; le travail de nuit nightwork; il a un travail de nuit he works nights; le travail indépendant freelance work, self-employment; conditions/semaine de travail working conditions/week; vivre de son travail to work for one's living; ⇒ salaire;4 Écon, Sociol (activité, population active) labourGB ¢; le capital et le travail capital and labourGB; organisation/division du travail organization/division of labourGB; force de travail workforce; entrer dans le monde du travail to enter the world of work; la psychologie du travail industrial psychology;5 ( résultat d'un fonctionnement) (de machine, d'organe) work ¢; le travail du cœur the work done by the heart; le travail musculaire muscular effort, the work done by the muscles;6 ( ouvrage érudit) work (sur on); publier un travail sur la Renaissance to publish a work on the Renaissance;7 ( façonnage) le travail de working with ou in [métal, bois, pierre]; le travail de l'ivoire est difficile working with ou in ivory is difficult; apprendre le travail du bois/métal to learn woodwork/metalwork;8 (technique, exécution) workmanship; un travail superbe a superb piece of workmanship; un coffret d'un beau travail a beautifully made box; une dentelle d'un travail délicat a delicate piece of lacework;10 ( action) (d'eau, érosion) action (de of); fig (d'imagination, inconscient) workings (pl) (de of); le travail du temps the work of time;12 Méd ( pendant accouchement) labourGB; entrer/être en travail to go into/be in labourGB; salle de travail labourGB ward.B travaux nmpl1 ( en chantier) work (sg); ( sur une route) roadworks GB, roadwork ¢ US; travaux de construction/réfection/soutènement construction/renovation/retaining work ¢; travaux de terrassement earthworks; travaux d'aménagement ( de bâtiment) alterations (de to), improvements (de to); ( d'un site) redevelopment ¢ (de of); ( d'une route) roadworks (de on); faire faire des travaux dans sa maison to have work done in one's house; nous sommes en plein travaux we're in the middle of having some work done; ‘fermé pour travaux’ ( sur une devanture) ‘closed for repairs ou alterations’; ‘attention, travaux’ gén ‘caution, work in progress’; ( sur une route) ‘caution, road under repair’;2 (recherche, études) work ¢ (sur on); publier le résultat de ses travaux to publish the results of one's work;3 ( débats) (d'assemblée, de commission) deliberations;4 ( opérations de même nature) les travaux agricoles/de la ferme agricultural/farm work; travaux de couture needlework.travail à la chaîne assembly-line work; travail clandestin work for which no earnings are declared; travail à domicile working at or from home; travail des enfants child labourGB; travail d'intérêt général Jur community service; travail manuel manual work; travail au noir○ gén work for which no earnings are declared; ( exercice d'un second emploi non déclaré) moonlighting; travail aux pièces piece work; travail posté shift work; travail de Romain Herculean task; travail de titan = travail de Romain; travaux d'aiguille needlework ¢; travaux des champs agricultural ou farm work ¢; travaux de dame fancywork ¢; travaux dirigés, TD Univ practical (sg); travaux forcés Jur hard labourGB (sg); fig slave labourGB ¢; travaux manuels Scol handicrafts; travaux ménagers housework ¢; travaux pratiques, TP Scol, Univ practical work ¢; ( en laboratoire) lab work ¢; travaux préparatoires Jur ( pour un texte de loi) preliminary documents; travaux publics, TP ( travail) civil engineering ¢; ( ouvrages) civil engineering works, public works; travaux routiers roadworks GB, roadwork ¢ US.II.I( pluriel travaux) [travaj, o] nom masculinA.[ACTION]1. [occupation]le travail de jour/nuit day/night workje finis le travail à cinq heures I stop ou finish work at fiveun travail de longue haleine a long-term work ou projectle travail posté ou par roulement shift workle travail manuel manual work ou laboura. [occasionnel] undeclared casual work, moonlightingb. [comme pratique généralisée] black economya. [généralement] temporary workb. [dans un bureau] temping2. [tâches imposées] work3. [tâche déterminée] jobfaire un travail de recherche/traduction to do a piece of research/a translationc'est un travail de bagnard ou forçat it's back-breaking work ou a back-breaking jobc'est un travail de Romain ou de Titan it's a colossal job4. [efforts] (hard) workil a encore du travail s'il veut devenir champion he's still got a lot of work to do if he wants to be champion5. [exécution] workon lui a confié les peintures et elle a fait du bon/mauvais travail she was responsible for doing the painting and she made a good/bad job of itje ne retrouve pas une seule disquette, qu'est-ce que c'est que ce travail? I can't find a single floppy disc, what's going on here?6. [façonnage] workingelle est attirée par le travail du bois/de la soie she's interested in working with wood/with silk[responsabilité] jobchercher du ou un travail to be job-hunting, to be looking for a jobsans travail unemployed, jobless, out of work8. [dans le système capitaliste] labour9. [contrainte exercée - par la chaleur, l'érosion] action10. PHYSIOLOGIE [accouchement] labourle travail n'est pas commencé/est commencé the patient has not yet gone/has gone into labour[activité] workréduire le travail du cœur/des reins to lighten the strain on the heart/on the kidneysB.[RÉSULTAT, EFFET]1. [écrit] piece2. [transformation - généralement] work[modification interne - dans le bois] warping ; [ - dans le fromage] maturing ; [ - dans le vin] workingtravaux nom masculin pluriel‘fermé pendant les travaux’ ‘closed for ou during alterations’‘attention, travaux’ ‘caution, work in progress’travaux domestiques ou ménagers houseworka. [généralement] arts and craftsa. [généralement] practical workb. [en laboratoire] lab work2. [d'une commission] work————————au travail locution adverbialese mettre au travail to get down ou to set to workallez, au travail! come on, get to work!————————de travail locution adjectivale1. [horaire, séance] working[vêtement, camarade, permis] work (modificateur)2. [d'accouchement - période] labour (modificateur) ; [ - salle] labour (modificateur), delivery (modificateur)————————du travail locution adjectivale[accident, sociologie, législation] industrial————————en travail adverbeentrer en travail to go into ou to start labourII -
27 costo
m.1 cost.costo de distribución distribution costcostos de explotación operating costscostos fijos fixed costscostos indirectos indirect costscostos de mano de obra labor costscosto de sustitución replacement costcosto de la vida cost of livingcosto unitario unit costcostos variables variable costs2 hash (informal) (hachís). (peninsular Spanish)* * *————————1 cost, price* * *noun m.cost, price* * *SM1) esp LAm (Econ) costcoste2) LAm (=esfuerzo) trouble, effort3) Esp ** (=hachís) dope *** * *1) (Com, Econ, Fin) costde bajo costo — low-cost, budget
2) (Esp arg) ( hachís) hash (sl)* * *= cost, cost price.Ex. If some records are acquired by only a limited number of libraries, it will be difficult to recoup the cost of creating and maintaining these records.Ex. However, it was still not possible to investigate the effectiveness and efficiency of the service or to calculate the cost prices and to compare these with the average national cost price.----* a bajo costo = low-cost.* análisis de costos-beneficios = cost-benefit analysis.* a precio de costo = at cost price, at cost.* calcular el costo = cost.* costo marginal = marginal cost.* costos de producción = production costs.* costos y beneficios = costs and benefits.* índice del costo de (la) vida = cost of living index.* relación costos-beneficios = cost-benefit ratio.* relativo a la relación costos-beneficios = cost-benefit.* sin costo adicional alguno = at no extra charge, at no extra cost.* vender a precio de costo = sell at + cost.* * *1) (Com, Econ, Fin) costde bajo costo — low-cost, budget
2) (Esp arg) ( hachís) hash (sl)* * *= cost, cost price.Ex: If some records are acquired by only a limited number of libraries, it will be difficult to recoup the cost of creating and maintaining these records.
Ex: However, it was still not possible to investigate the effectiveness and efficiency of the service or to calculate the cost prices and to compare these with the average national cost price.* a bajo costo = low-cost.* análisis de costos-beneficios = cost-benefit analysis.* a precio de costo = at cost price, at cost.* calcular el costo = cost.* costo marginal = marginal cost.* costos de producción = production costs.* costos y beneficios = costs and benefits.* índice del costo de (la) vida = cost of living index.* relación costos-beneficios = cost-benefit ratio.* relativo a la relación costos-beneficios = cost-benefit.* sin costo adicional alguno = at no extra charge, at no extra cost.* vender a precio de costo = sell at + cost.* * *ordenadores de bajo costo low-cost computers, budget computersprecio de costo cost priceestán vendiendo todo al costo they're selling everything at cost priceel costo social de las reformas the cost in social terms o the social cost of the reformsCompuestos:cost of livingdirect coststandard costfixed coststandard costmpl manufacturing o production costs (pl)mpl operating costs (pl)( mpl) start-up costs (pl)mpl financial costs (pl)* * *
Del verbo costar: ( conjugate costar)
costó es:
3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) pretérito indicativo
Multiple Entries:
costar
costo
costar ( conjugate costar) verbo transitivo
◊ ¿cuánto me costoá arreglarlo? how much will it cost to fix it?b) ( en perjuicios):
le costó el puesto it cost him his jobc) ( en esfuerzo):
cuesta abrirlo it's hard to open;
me cuesta trabajo creerlo I find it hard o difficult to believe
verbo intransitivo
b) ( resultar perjudicial):
c) ( resultar difícil):
no te cuesta nada intentarlo it won't do you any harm to give it a try;
la física le cuesta he finds physics difficult;
me costó dormirme I had trouble getting to sleep
costo sustantivo masculino (Com, Econ, Fin) cost;
precio de costo cost price;
al costo at cost price;
costo de (la) vida cost of living
costar verbo transitivo & verbo intransitivo
1 (tener un precio) to cost: ¿cuánto dinero te costó?, how much did it cost you?
2 (llevar tiempo) to take
3 (ser trabajoso) me cuesta hablar alemán, I find it difficult to speak German
nos costó mucho conseguir el empleo, it was really hard to get the job
♦ Locuciones: figurado te va a costar caro, you'll pay dearly for this
cueste lo que cueste, cost what it may
costo sustantivo masculino
1 (precio) cost
2 argot (hachís) dope, shit, stuff
' costo' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
barbaridad
- billete
- cara
- caro
- costar
- dineral
- gansa
- ganso
- salvajada
- sin
- sudor
- tanta
- tanto
- total
- trabajo
- triple
- triunfo
- aproximado
- carestía
- chingo
- coste
- importe
- persona
- porte
- precio
- sonsacar
- unidad
English:
cost
- dearly
- dread
- fortune
- frivolous
- hesitation
- how
- pay
- wash off
- well
- agonize
- consideration
- lose
- mark
- mention
- spread
- under
- worth
* * *costo nm1. [de producción] cost;[de un objeto] price;cuatro semanas de prueba sin costo alguno four weeks on approval free of charge;la relación costo-beneficio the cost-benefit ratio;el costo humano de la guerra the human cost of the war;Comal costo at costCom costo diferencial marginal cost; Com costo directo direct cost; Com costo de distribución distribution cost; Com costo efectivo actual cost; Com costos de explotación operating costs; Com costo de fabricación manufacturing cost; Com costo fijo fixed cost; Com costo financiero financial cost; Com costo indirecto indirect cost; Com costo de mano de obra labour cost; Com costo de mantenimiento running cost; Com costo marginal marginal cost; Econ costo de oportunidad opportunity cost; Com costo de producción cost of production; Com costo de reposición replacement cost; Com costo, seguro y flete cost, insurance and freight; Com costo unitario unit cost;costo de la vida cost of living* * *m cost;abaratar costos cut costs* * *costo nm1) : cost, price2)costo de vida : cost of living -
28 agotador
adj.exhausting, backbreaking, burdensome, fatiguing.* * *► adjetivo1 exhausting* * *(f. - agotadora)adj.* * *ADJ exhausting* * *- dora adjetivo exhausting* * *= taxing, tiring, grinding, strenuous, backbreaking [back-breaking], fatiguing, gruelling [grueling, -USA].Ex. It is difficult to remember the special interests of more than a few people, and hence rather taxing to provide SDI manually to more than a handful of users.Ex. Upper case can be more tiring to scan than text displayed in both upper and lower case.Ex. Their response to the grinding monotony of repetitive labour and over-long hours was frequent absenteeism.Ex. This article outlines the strenuous efforts to renew the library after the books had been destroyed by enemy action during World War II (the periodicals had already been evacuated).Ex. His book plumbs the elusive depths of slaves' resistance by showing how they created opportunities for autonomy even while immersed in backbreaking work.Ex. These fatiguing illnesses were similarly distributed in the four regions, being somewhat more common in rural than in urban areas.Ex. He has become one of the first people in the world to complete a gruelling foot race involving four deserts on four different continents.* * *- dora adjetivo exhausting* * *= taxing, tiring, grinding, strenuous, backbreaking [back-breaking], fatiguing, gruelling [grueling, -USA].Ex: It is difficult to remember the special interests of more than a few people, and hence rather taxing to provide SDI manually to more than a handful of users.
Ex: Upper case can be more tiring to scan than text displayed in both upper and lower case.Ex: Their response to the grinding monotony of repetitive labour and over-long hours was frequent absenteeism.Ex: This article outlines the strenuous efforts to renew the library after the books had been destroyed by enemy action during World War II (the periodicals had already been evacuated).Ex: His book plumbs the elusive depths of slaves' resistance by showing how they created opportunities for autonomy even while immersed in backbreaking work.Ex: These fatiguing illnesses were similarly distributed in the four regions, being somewhat more common in rural than in urban areas.Ex: He has become one of the first people in the world to complete a gruelling foot race involving four deserts on four different continents.* * *exhausting* * *
agotador◊ - dora adjetivo
exhausting
agotador,-ora adjetivo exhausting
' agotador' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
agotadora
- cambio
English:
demanding
- exhausting
- grueling
- gruelling
- hard
- punishing
- strenuous
- hectic
* * *agotador, -ora adjexhausting* * *adj exhausting* * *: exhausting* * *agotador adj exhausting -
29 ajuste
m.1 fitting.ajuste de cuentas settling of scores2 adjustment, setting, fix, adjusting.3 fit.4 final touch, smoothing.5 imposition, enactment.pres.subj.3rd person singular (él/ella/ello) Present Subjunctive of Spanish verb: ajustar.* * *1 (unión) adjustment, fitting2 TÉCNICA assembly3 COMERCIO settlement, fixing4 (tipografía) make-up, composition\ajuste de cuentas figurado settling of scores* * *noun m.* * *SM1) (Téc) adjustmentcarta 7)¿cómo se hace el ajuste del brillo en este televisor? — how do you adjust the brightness on this television?
2) (=adaptación) adjustmentajuste de plantilla — Esp redeployment of labour o (EEUU) labor
ajuste laboral — redeployment of labour o (EEUU) labor
3) (=pacto)4) (Cos)5) (Tip) composition, make-up6) (Jur) (=honorarios) retaining fee; (=sobrepaga) bonus7) Méx [de motor] overhaul* * *1)a) ( apretamiento) tightening (up)b) ( regulación) adjustment2) (de gastos, horarios) readjustment; ( de sueldos) adjustment3) ( de precio) fixing•* * *= adjustment, alignment, customisation [customization, -USA], fine tuning [fine-tuning], tightening up, tweaking, tailoring, tweak, tightening, refinement.Ex. Even in situations where there is a published list covering the requirements of the type of library to be indexed, this list is likely to require adjustment in order to make it compatible with local requirements.Ex. Word processing packages must be able to permit the user to manipulate test, as is necessary in alignment of margins, insertion and deletion of paragraphs, arrange for text to appear in the centre of the page and underline.Ex. The evaluation model therefore is subject to a degree of customisation to adapt it to the project environment.Ex. A second important purpose was to facilitate the initial ' fine tuning' of the system following its initial deployment.Ex. This appears to be a tightening up of the definition rather than a new approach.Ex. The PCC intends that Program records, full or core, represent acceptable bibliographic control such that record ' tweaking' at the local level is minimized.Ex. To haul themselves out of their bog, their networks must facilitate tailoring of records to meet local needs.Ex. This system simultaneously searches the Web and a large, multidisciplinary, full text database, using a relevance system with some clever tweaks.Ex. Previous policies allowed professional interaction but recent tightening has made that more difficult.Ex. Also search strategy can be modified relatively easily, where only refinements or slight modifications in index terms are appropriate.----* ajuste de cuentas = grudge fight, grudge match, settling of scores.* ajuste de la componente estacional = seasonal adjustment.* ajuste estacional = seasonal adjustment.* buen ajuste = good fit.* hacer ajustes = make + adjustment.* hacer pequeños ajustes = tinker + around the edges, tinker with.* pequeños ajustes = tinkering.* * *1)a) ( apretamiento) tightening (up)b) ( regulación) adjustment2) (de gastos, horarios) readjustment; ( de sueldos) adjustment3) ( de precio) fixing•* * *= adjustment, alignment, customisation [customization, -USA], fine tuning [fine-tuning], tightening up, tweaking, tailoring, tweak, tightening, refinement.Ex: Even in situations where there is a published list covering the requirements of the type of library to be indexed, this list is likely to require adjustment in order to make it compatible with local requirements.
Ex: Word processing packages must be able to permit the user to manipulate test, as is necessary in alignment of margins, insertion and deletion of paragraphs, arrange for text to appear in the centre of the page and underline.Ex: The evaluation model therefore is subject to a degree of customisation to adapt it to the project environment.Ex: A second important purpose was to facilitate the initial ' fine tuning' of the system following its initial deployment.Ex: This appears to be a tightening up of the definition rather than a new approach.Ex: The PCC intends that Program records, full or core, represent acceptable bibliographic control such that record ' tweaking' at the local level is minimized.Ex: To haul themselves out of their bog, their networks must facilitate tailoring of records to meet local needs.Ex: This system simultaneously searches the Web and a large, multidisciplinary, full text database, using a relevance system with some clever tweaks.Ex: Previous policies allowed professional interaction but recent tightening has made that more difficult.Ex: Also search strategy can be modified relatively easily, where only refinements or slight modifications in index terms are appropriate.* ajuste de cuentas = grudge fight, grudge match, settling of scores.* ajuste de la componente estacional = seasonal adjustment.* ajuste estacional = seasonal adjustment.* buen ajuste = good fit.* hacer ajustes = make + adjustment.* hacer pequeños ajustes = tinker + around the edges, tinker with.* pequeños ajustes = tinkering.* * *A1 (apretamiento) tightening (up)2 (regulación) adjustment3 (de páginas) makeup, compositionCompuesto:( Inf) word wrapB1 (de gastos, horarios) readjustmentajuste de plantilla redeployment of labor/staff2 (de sueldos) adjustmentC (de precio) fixingsólo falta el ajuste del precio all that remains is to fix the priceCompuesto:settling of scores* * *
Del verbo ajustar: ( conjugate ajustar)
ajusté es:
1ª persona singular (yo) pretérito indicativo
ajuste es:
1ª persona singular (yo) presente subjuntivo3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) presente subjuntivo3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) imperativo
Multiple Entries:
ajustar
ajuste
ajustar ( conjugate ajustar) verbo transitivo
1
2 ( en costura) to take in
3a) ‹gastos/horarios› ajuste algo a algo to adapt sth to sth
4 ( concertar) to fix, set
5 ‹ cuentas› ( sacar el resultado de) to balance;
( saldar) to settle
verbo intransitivo
to fit
ajustarse verbo pronominal
1 ( refl) ‹ cinturón de seguridad› to adjust
2 [ piezas] to fit
ajustar verbo transitivo
1 to adjust
2 (apretar) to tighten
(encajar) to fit
3 Fin (cuenta) to settle
♦ Locuciones: figurado ¡ya te ajustaré las cuentas!, I'll get even with you!
ajuste sustantivo masculino
1 adjustment
2 (económico) settlement
figurado ajuste de cuentas, settling of scores
' ajuste' also found in these entries:
English:
adjust
- adjustment
- fit
- setting
* * *ajuste nm1. [de pieza] fitting;[de mecanismo] adjustment2. [ecónomico]ajuste de plantilla downsizing;las medidas de ajuste económico propuestas por el gobierno the economic measures proposed by the governmentajustes presupuestarios budget adjustments;ajuste salarial wage adjustment3. RDom, Ven [pago único] = agreed payment for a piece of workle va mal porque no hizo ajuste con los poderosos de turno it's going badly for him because he didn't square things o do a deal with those in power at the time5. Fig ajuste de cuentas:los ajustes de cuentas son frecuentes entre bandas rivales the settling of scores is common amongst rival gangs;murió en un ajuste de cuentas he died in a tit-for-tat killing* * *m adjustment;ajuste de cuentas settling of scores* * *ajuste nm1) : adjustment2) : tightening* * *ajuste n adjustment -
30 accouchement
accouchement [aku∫mɑ̃]masculine noun* * *akuʃmɑ̃nom masculin deliveryaccouchement à terme/avant terme or prématuré — full-term/premature birth
Phrasal Verbs:* * *akuʃmɑ̃ nm1) (= mise au monde) delivery, birth2) (= travail) labour Grande-Bretagne labor USApendant l'accouchement — during labour Grande-Bretagne during labor USA
* * *accouchement nm delivery; un accouchement difficile/facile a difficult/an easy birth ou delivery; accouchement à terme/avant terme or prématuré full-term/premature birth; préparation à l'accouchement preparation for birth; accouchement simple/multiple single/multiple birth.accouchement aquatique underwater childbirth; accouchement provoqué induced delivery; accouchement psychoprophylactique or sans douleur natural childbirth, psychoprophylaxis spéc; accouchement par le siège breech birth.[akuʃmɑ̃] nom masculin[expulsion] deliverypendant mon accouchement while I was giving birth ou in labouraccouchement prématuré ou avant terme premature deliveryaccouchement sans douleur painless delivery ou childbirth -
31 arbeiten
I v/i1. Person: work; (berufstätig sein) auch be in work; geistig / körperlich arbeiten do mental / phsyical work; arbeiten als Gärtner etc. work as a gardener etc.; arbeiten an be working on; arbeiten bei oder für (angestellt sein) work for; für oder gegen Geld arbeiten work for money; arbeiten für / gegen (sich einsetzen) work for / against; arbeiten für zwei do the work of two; im Akkord arbeiten do piece work; die Zeit arbeitet für / gegen uns fig. we’ve got time on our side / against us; arbeiten mit einem Werkzeug, Material: work with; einer Firma: deal with, do business with; arbeiten über (+ Akk) (schreiben) work ( oder write) on; arbeiten wie ein Pferd / Wilder umg. work like a Trojan / like mad5. SPORT: (trainieren) train (an + Dat oder mit on oder with); arbeiten mit einem Pferd, Hund (dressieren) train6. an sich (Dat) arbeiten (work to) improve o.s.; sie hat den Erfolg verdient - sie hat hart an sich gearbeitet she deserves every success - she worked hard to achieve it; man sah, wie es in ihm arbeitete you could almost see it churning around inside himII v/refl1. (sich mühen): sich durch den Schnee / einen Roman arbeiten work ( oder plough, Am. plow) one’s way through the snow / a novel; sich durch den Schlamm arbeiten labo(u)r (oder umg. slog) through the mud; sich nach oben oder an die Spitze arbeiten work one’s way up to the top; er wird sich da nicht krank arbeiten he won’t overdo himself; sich müde / krank etc. arbeiten work until one is tired / ill, work o.s. into the ground; sich zu Tode oder tot arbeiten work o.s to death / ruin o.s.2. unpers.: hier / mit dir arbeitet es sich schlecht it’s difficult to work here / with youIII v/t1. (anfertigen) make, fashion; eine Statue in oder aus Bronze arbeiten make ( oder work) a statue in bronze; das Kleid ist sorgfältig gearbeitet the dress is beautifully made ( oder finished)2. (tun) do; was arbeitet er? what is he doing?; höchste Zeit, dass du mal was arbeitest! it’s high time for you to get to work ( oder do something oder do some work)!3. sich (Dat) die Hände wund / den Buckel krumm arbeiten umg. work one’s hands raw / work o.s. into the ground* * *das Arbeitenworking* * *ạr|bei|ten ['arbaitn]1. vi1) (= sich betätigen) to work (an +dat on)arbeiten wie ein Pferd/Wilder (inf) — to work like a Trojan or horse/like mad (inf)
die Zeit arbeitet für uns — we have time on our side, time is on our side
er arbeitet für zwei (inf) — he does the work of two, he does enough work for two
er arbeitet mit Ölfarben — he works in or uses oils
2) (= funktionieren) (Organ, Maschine) to function, to workdie Anlage arbeitet elektrisch/mit Kohle — the plant runs or operates on electricity/coal
3) (= berufstätig sein) to workseine Frau arbeitet auch — his wife works too, his wife goes out to work too
für eine or bei einer Firma/Zeitung arbeiten — to work for a firm/newspaper
in ihm begann es zu arbeiten — he started to react, it began to work on him
2. vr1)sich krank/müde arbeiten — to make oneself ill/tire oneself out with work
sich krüpplig arbeiten (inf) — to work oneself silly (inf)
2) (= sich fortbewegen) to work oneself (in +acc into, durch through, zu to)sich in die Höhe or nach oben/an die Spitze arbeiten (fig) — to work one's way up/(up) to the top
3) imperses arbeitet sich gut/schlecht — you can/can't work well
es arbeitet sich hier auch nicht besser — it's no better working here either
3. vt1) (= herstellen) to make2) (= tun) to dowas arbeitest du dort? — what are you doing there?; (beruflich) what do you do there?
* * *1) (to be employed to do hard and unskilled work: He spends the summer labouring on a building site.) labour2) (to act or work: The sewing-machine isn't operating properly.) operate3) (to (cause to) make efforts in order to achieve or make something: She works at the factory three days a week; He works his employees very hard; I've been working on/at a new project.) work4) (to be employed: Are you working just now?) work5) (to make by craftsmanship: The ornaments had been worked in gold.) work* * *ar·bei·ten[ˈarbaitn̩]I. vi1. (tätig sein) to workstör mich nicht, ich arbeite gerade! don't disturb me, I'm working!Helene arbeitet an der Fertigstellung ihres Erstromans Helen is working on the completion of her first novel▪ über jdn/etw \arbeiten to work on sb/sther arbeitet über Goethe he's working on Goethefür zwei \arbeiten (fam) to do the work of two [people]\arbeiten gehen to have a jobdas System arbeitet vollautomatisch the system is fully automaticunsere Heizung arbeitet mit Gas our heating operates [or runs] on gasalle Systeme \arbeiten nach Vorschrift all systems are working according to regulationsIhre Leber arbeitet nicht mehr richtig your liver is not functioning properly anymore5. (sich bewegen) Holz, Balken to warp▪ in jdm arbeitet es sb is reactingman sah, wie es in ihm arbeitete you could see his mind workinglass mich nachdenken, in meinem Kopf arbeitet es jetzt! let me think, my mind is starting to work!bei jdm \arbeiten lassen to have sth made somewhere/by sbIhr Anzug sitzt ja ganz ausgezeichnet! wo/bei wem lassen Sie \arbeiten? your suit fits wonderfully! where do you have your clothes made [or who makes your clothes for you]?II. vr1. (gelangen)die Bergarbeiter arbeiteten sich weiter nach unten the miners worked their way further down2. (durchdringen)der Bohrer musste sich durch das Gestein \arbeiten the drill had to work through the stonework3. (bewältigen)es wird Wochen brauchen, bis ich mich durch all die Aktenberge gearbeitet habe it will take me weeks to work my way through the stacks of papers▪ es lässt sich [mit jdm] arbeiten there's co-operation [with sb]es arbeitet sich gut/schlecht mit jdm you can/can't work well with sbmit willigen Mitarbeitern arbeitet es sich besser als mit störrischen it's better to work with willing colleagues than with stubborn ones; (umgehen) to workmit dem alten Computer arbeitet es sich nicht so gut you can't work as well on the old computer5. (sich in einen Zustand arbeiten)III. vt1. (herstellen) to makevon Hand \arbeiten to make sth by handder Schmuck ist ganz aus 18-karätigem Gold gearbeitet the jewellery is made entirely from 18-carat gold2. (tun)▪ etwas/nichts \arbeiten to do sth/nothingich habe heute noch nichts gearbeitet I haven't managed to do anything yet today* * *1.intransitives Verb1) workan etwas (Dat.) arbeiten — work on something
bei jemandem/einer Firma usw. arbeiten — work for somebody/a company etc.
seine Frau arbeitet — (ist berufstätig) his wife has a job or works
2.die Zeit arbeitet für/gegen uns — time is on our side/against us
transitives Verb1) (herstellen) make; (in Ton, Silber, usw.) work; make; fashion2) (tun) do3.was arbeiten Sie? — what are you doing?; (beruflich) what do you do for a living?; what's your job?
reflexives Verb1)sich müde/krank arbeiten — tire oneself out/make oneself ill with work
sich (Dat.) die Hände wund arbeiten — work one's fingers to the bone
2) (Strecke zurücklegen)sich durch etwas/in etwas (Akk.) arbeiten — work one's way through/into something
sich nach oben arbeiten — (fig.) work one's way up
3) unpers* * *A. v/igeistig/körperlich arbeiten do mental/phsyical work;arbeiten an be working on;für (angestellt sein) work for;gegen Geld arbeiten work for money;arbeiten für/gegen (sich einsetzen) work for/against;arbeiten für zwei do the work of two;im Akkord arbeiten do piece work;die Zeit arbeitet für/gegen uns fig we’ve got time on our side/against us;arbeiten wie ein Pferd/Wilder umg work like a Trojan/like mad4. WIRTSCH Kapital etc: work (mit Gewinn at a profit);arbeiten lassen investan +dat oderarbeiten mit einem Pferd, Hund (dressieren) train6.an sich (dat)arbeiten (work to) improve o.s.;sie hat den Erfolg verdient - sie hat hart an sich gearbeitet she deserves every success - she worked hard to achieve it;man sah, wie es in ihm arbeitete you could almost see it churning around inside himB. v/r1. (sich mühen):sich durch den Schnee/einen Roman arbeiten work ( oder plough, US plow) one’s way through the snow/a novel;an die Spitze arbeiten work one’s way up to the top;sich müde arbeiten work until one is tired, work o.s. into the ground;sich zu Tode arbeiten work o.s to death/ruin o.s.2. unpers:hier/mit dir arbeitet es sich schlecht it’s difficult to work here/with youC. v/t1. (anfertigen) make, fashion;das Kleid ist sorgfältig gearbeitet the dress is beautifully made ( oder finished)2. (tun) do;was arbeitet er? what is he doing?;höchste Zeit, dass du mal was arbeitest! it’s high time for you to get to work ( oder do something oder do some work)!3.sich (dat)die Hände wund arbeiten umg work one’s hands raw* * *1.intransitives Verb1) workan etwas (Dat.) arbeiten — work on something
bei jemandem/einer Firma usw. arbeiten — work for somebody/a company etc.
seine Frau arbeitet — (ist berufstätig) his wife has a job or works
2.die Zeit arbeitet für/gegen uns — time is on our side/against us
transitives Verb1) (herstellen) make; (in Ton, Silber, usw.) work; make; fashion2) (tun) do3.was arbeiten Sie? — what are you doing?; (beruflich) what do you do for a living?; what's your job?
reflexives Verb1)sich müde/krank arbeiten — tire oneself out/make oneself ill with work
sich (Dat.) die Hände wund arbeiten — work one's fingers to the bone
sich durch etwas/in etwas (Akk.) arbeiten — work one's way through/into something
sich nach oben arbeiten — (fig.) work one's way up
3) unpers* * *v.to act v.to work v. -
32 cuesta
Del verbo costar: ( conjugate costar) \ \
cuesta es: \ \3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) presente indicativo2ª persona singular (tú) imperativoMultiple Entries: costar cuesta
costar ( conjugate costar) verbo transitivo◊ ¿cuánto me cuestaá arreglarlo? how much will it cost to fix it?b) ( en perjuicios):le costó el puesto it cost him his jobc) ( en esfuerzo):cuesta abrirlo it's hard to open; me cuesta trabajo creerlo I find it hard o difficult to believe verbo intransitivob) ( resultar perjudicial):c) ( resultar difícil):no te cuesta nada intentarlo it won't do you any harm to give it a try; la física le cuesta he finds physics difficult; me costó dormirme I had trouble getting to sleep
cuesta sustantivo femenino iba corriendo cuesta abajo I was running downhillb)◊ a cuestas: llevar algo a cuestas to carry sth on one's shoulders/back;echarse algo a cuestas ‹carga/bulto› to put sth on one's back; ‹ problema› to burden oneself with sth
costar verbo transitivo & verbo intransitivo
1 (tener un precio) to cost: ¿cuánto dinero te costó?, how much did it cost you?
2 (llevar tiempo) to take
3 (ser trabajoso) me cuesta hablar alemán, I find it difficult to speak German
nos costó mucho conseguir el empleo, it was really hard to get the job Locuciones: figurado te va a costar caro, you'll pay dearly for this
cueste lo que cueste, cost what it may
cuesta sustantivo femenino slope
cuesta abajo, downhill
cuesta arriba, uphill Locuciones: adverbio a cuestas, on one's back o shoulders ' cuesta' also found in these entries: Spanish: aterrizar - baja - bajar - bajo - cala - costar - difícil - disparate - escarpada - escarpado - estercolar - flete - idea - reaccionar - su - subida - cuánto - ida - jadeante - suave - subir - trabajo - tranquilo - zancada English: be - come to - come up - descend - down - downhill - downward - easy - grade - gradient - gripping - incline - job - labour - mount - much - slog - slope - steep - struggle - subscription - trouble - uphill - what - work - a - about - do - find - free - hard - hill - labor - mix - pelt - plow - price - race - rise - roll - up -
33 CULTURE, LITERATURE, AND LANGUAGE
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Dictionary of Brazilian Literature. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1988.■ TRAVEL AND TOURIST GUIDES ON PORTUGAL■ Ballard, Sam, and Jane Ballard. Pousadas of Portugal: Unique Lodgings in State-owned Castles, Palaces, Mansions and Hotels. Boston: Harvard Common, 1986.■ Bridge, Ann, and Susan Lowndes Marques. The Selective Traveller in Portugal. London: Chatto & Windus, 1968.■ Ellingham, Mark, et al. Portugal: The Rough Guide. London: Rough Guides, 2008 ed.■ Hogg, Anthony. Travellers' Portugal. London: Solo Mio, 1983.■ Kite, Cynthia, and Ralph Kite. Portuguese Country Inns & Pousadas. New York: Warner Books; Karen Brown's Country Inn Series, 1988.■ Lowndes, Susan, ed. Fodor's Portugal 1991. New York: Fodor's, 1990.■ Proença Raúl, and Sant'anna Dionísio, eds. Guía De Portugal. I. Generalidades. Lisboa E, Arredores. Lisbon: Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian, 1924; 1983.■ Robertson, Ian. Portugal: Blue Guide. London: Benn; New York: Norton, 2000 and later eds.■ Stoop, Anne de. Living in Portugal. 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Paris, 1976.■ Pulido Valente, Vasco. "E Viva Otelo." In Pulido Valente, V., ed., O País das Maravilhas, 451-54. Lisbon, 1979 [anthology of articles from weekly Lisbon paper, Expresso].■. Estudos Sobre a Crise Nacional. Lisbon, 1980.■ Rebelo de Sousa, Marcelo. O Sistema de Governo Português antes e depois da Revisão Constitucional, 3rd ed. Lisbon, 1981. Rêgo, Raúl. Militares, Clérigos e Paisanos. Lisbon, 1981. Robinson, Richard A. H. Contemporary Portugal: A History. London: Allen & Unwin, 1979.■ Rodrigues, Avelino, Cesário Borga, and Mário Cardoso. O Movemento dos Capitães e o 25 de Abril. Lisbon, 1974.■. Portugal Depois De Abril. Lisbon, 1976.■ Ruas, H. B., ed. A Revolução das Flores. Lisbon, 1975.■ Rudel, Christian. La Liberte couleur d'oeillet. Paris: Fayard, 1980.■ Sa, Tiago Moreira de. Os Americanos na Revolucao Portuguesa ( 1974-1976). Lisbon: Edit. Noticias, 2004.■ Sá Carneiro, Francisco. Por Uma Social-Democracia Portuguesa. Lisbon, 1975.■ Sanches Osôrio, Helena. Um Só Rosto. Uma Só Fé. Conversas Com Adelino Da Palma Carlos. Lisbon, 1988. Sanches Osôrio, J. The Betrayal of the 25th of April in Portugal. Madrid: Sedmay, 1975.■ Schmitter, Philippe C. "Liberation by Golpe: Retrospective Thoughts on the Demise of Authoritarian Rule in Portugal." Armed Forces and Society 2 (1974): 5-33.■. "An Introduction to Southern European Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Italy, Greece, Portugal, Spain and Turkey." In G. O'Donnell,■ P. C. Schmitter, and L. Whitehead, eds., Transitions from Authoritarian Rule, 3-10. Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986.■ Silva, Fernando Dioga da. "Uma Administração Envelhecido." Revista da Ad-ministraçao Pública 2 (Oct.-Dec. 1979).■ Simões, Martinho, ed. Relatório Do 25 De Novembro: Texto Integral, 2 vols. Lisbon, 1976.■ Soares, Isabel, ed. Mário Soares: O homem e o político. Lisbon, 1976. Soares, Mário. Democratização e Descolonização: Dez meses no Governo Provisório. Lisbon, 1975. Sobel, Lester A., ed. Portuguese Revolution, 1974-1976. New York: Facts on File, Inc., 1976.■ Spínola, Antônio de. Portugal e o Futuro. Lisbon, 1974.■. País Sem Rumo: Contributo para a História de uma Revolução. Lisbon, 1978.■ Story, Jonathan. "Portugal's Revolution of Carnations: Patterns of Change and Continuity." International Affairs 52 (July 1976): 417-34. Sweezey, Paul. "Class Struggles in Portugal." Monthly Review 27, 4 (Sept. 1975): 1-26.■ Szulc, Tad. "Lisbon and Washington: Behind Portugal's Revolution." Foreign Policy 21 (Winter 1975-76): 3-62. Tavares de Almeida, Antônio. Balsemão: O retrato. Lisbon, 1981. "Vasco." Desenhos Políticos. Lisbon, 1974.■ Vasconcelos, Alvaro. "Portugal in Atlantic-Mediterranean Security." In Douglas T. Stuart, ed., Politics and Security in the Southern Region of the Atlantic Alliance, 117-36. London: Macmillan, 1988.■ Wheeler, Douglas L. "Golpes militares e golpes literários. A literatura do golpe de 25 de Abril de 1974 em contexto histôrico." Penélope. Fazer E Desfazer A História, 19-20 (1998): 191-212.■. "Tributo ao Historiador dos Historiadores. Memorias de A.H.de Oliveira Marques (1933-2007)," Historia XXIX, 95, III series (March 2007), 18-22.■ Wiarda, Howard J. Transcending Corporatism? The Portuguese Corporative System and the Revolution of 1974. Columbia: Institute of International Studies, University of South Carolina, 1976.■. The Transition to Democracy in Spain and Portugal. Washington, D.C.: American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, 1989. Wise, Audrey. Eyewitness in Revolutionary Portugal. With a Preface by Judith Hart, MP. London: Spokesman, 1975.■ PHYSICAL FEATURES: GEOGRAPHY, GEOLOGY, FAUNA, AND FLORA■ Birot, Pierre. Le Portugal: Étude de géographie régionale. Paris, 1950.■ Embleton, Clifford. Geomorphology of Europe. London: Macmillan, 1984.■ Girão, Aristides de Amorim. Divisão regional, divisão agrícola e divisão administrativa. Coimbra, 1932.■. Condições geográficos e históricas de autonomia política de Portugal. Coimbra, 1935.■. Atlas de Portugal, 2nd ed. Coimbra, 1958.■ Ribeiro, Orlando. Portugal, O Mediterrâneo e o Altântico. Coimbra, 1945 and later eds.■. Portugal. Volume V of Geografia de Espana y Portugal. Barcelona, 1955.■. Ensaios de Geografia Humana e regio nal. Lisbon, 1970.■. A geografia e a divisão regional do país. Lisbon, 1970.■ Stanislawski, Dan. The Individuality of Portugal. Austin: The University of Texas Press, 1959.■. Portugal's Other Kingdom: The Algarve. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1963.■ Taylor, Albert William. Wild Flowers of Spain and Portugal. London: Chatto & Windus, 1972.■ Way, Ruth, and Margaret Simmons. A Geography of Spain and Portugal. London: Methuen, 1962.■ ARCHAEOLOGY AND PREHISTORY■ "Actas do Colóquio Inter-Universitário do Noroeste Peninsular (Porto-Baião, 1988), vol. II, Proto-História, romanização e Idade Média." In Trabalhos de antropologia e etnologia. 28, 3-4 (1988).■ Alarcão, Jorge de, ed. "Do Paleolítico va arte visigótica." Vol. 1, História da■ Arte em Portugal. Lisbon: Alfa, 1986.■. Roman Portugal, 3 vols. Warminister, U.K.: Aris & Phillips, 1988.■. Portugal Das Orígens A Romanização. Vol. I. In J. Serrão and A. H. de Oliveira Marques, eds. Nova História de Portugal. Lisbon: Presença, 1990. Anderson, James M., and M. S. Lea. Portugal 1001 Sights: An Archaeological and Historical Guide. Calgary, Alberta: University of Calgary and Robert Hale, 1994.■ Balmuth, Miriam S., Antonio Gilman, and Lourdes Prados-Torreira, eds. Encounters and Transformations: The Archaeology of Iberia in Transition. Monographs in Mediterranean Archaeology, no. 7. Sheffield, U.K.: Sheffield Academic Press, 1997.■ Beirão, C. M. M. Une civilization protohistorique du Sud au Portugal ( 1er Age du Fer). Paris: D. Boccard, 1986.■ Cardoso, João Luís, Santinho A. Cunha, and Delberto Aguiar. O Homem Pre-Histórico no Concelho de Oeiras. Oeiras, Portugal: Estudos Arquelógicos de Oeiras, 1991.■ Harrison, Richard J. The Bell Beaker Cultures of Spain and Portugal. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1977.■ Mangas, Júlio, ed. Hispania epigraphica. Madrid, 1989.■ Maloney, Stephanie J. "The Villa of Toerre de Palma, Portugal: Archaeology and Preservation." Portuguese Studies Review VIII, 1 (Fall-Winter, 1999-2000): 14-28.■ Savory, H. N. Spain and Portugal: The Prehistory of the Iberian Peninsula. London, 1968.■ Silva, A. C. F. A cultura castreja no Noroeste de Portugal. Paços de Ferreira:■ Museu da Citânia de Sanfins, 1986. Straus, L. G. Iberia before the Iberians. Albuquerque, N.M., 1992.■ FOREIGN TRAVELERS AND RESIDENTS' ACCOUNTS■ Andersen, Hans Christian. A Visit to Portugal 1866. London: Peter Owen, 1972.■ Beckford, William. Italy, with Sketches of Spain and Portugal. Paris: Baudry's European Library, 1834.■ Boyd Alexander, ed. London: Hart-Davies, 1954.■. Recollections of an Excursion to the Monasteries of Alcoboca and Batalha. Fontwell, U.K.: Centaur Press, 1972.■ Bell, Aubrey F. G. In Portugal. London: Bodley Head, 1912.■ Borrow, George. The Bible in Spain, 2 vols. London: Constable, 1923 ed.■ Chaves, Castelo Branco. Os livros de viagens em Portugal no século XVIII e a sua projecção europeia. Lisbon, 1977.■ Costigan, Arthur William. Sketches of Society and Manners in Portugal. London: T. Vernon, 1787.■ Crawfurd, Oswald. Portugal Old and New. London: Kegan, Paul, 1880.■. Round the Calendar in Portugal. London: Chapman & Hall, 1890.■ Darymple, William. Travels through Spain and Portugal in 1774. London: J. Almon, 1777.■ Dumouriez, Charles Francois Duperrier. An Account of Portugal as It Appeared in 1766. London: C. Law, 1797.■ Fielding, Henry. Jonathan Wild and the Journal of a Voyage to Lisbon. London: J. M. Dent, 1932.■ Fullerton, Alice. To Portugal for Pleasure. London: Grafton, 1945.■ Gibbons, John. I Gathered No Moss. London: Robert Hale, 1939.■ Gordon, Jan, and Cora Gordon. Portuguese Somersault. London: Harrap, 1934.■ Hewitt, Richard. A Cottage in Portugal. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996.■ Huggett, Frank. South of Lisbon: Winter Travels in Southern Portugal. London: Gollancz, 1960.■ Hume, Martin. Through Portugal. London: Richards, 1907.■ Hyland, Paul. Backwards Out of the Big World: A Voyage into Portugal. Hammersmith, U.K.: HarperCollins, 1996.■ Jackson, Catherine Charlotte, Lady. Fair Lusitania. London: Bentley, 1874.■ Kelly, Marie Node. This Delicious Land Portugal. London: Hutchinson, 1956.■ Kempner, Mary Jean. Invitation to Portugal. New York: Athenaeum, 1969.■ Kingston, William H. G. Lusitanian Sketches of the Pen and Pencil. 2 vol. London: Parker, 1845.■ Landmann, George. Historical, Military and Picturesque Observations on Portugal. 2 vol. London: Cadell and Davies, 1818.■ Latouche, John [Pseudonym of Oswald Crawfurd]. Travels in Portugal. London: Ward, Lock & Taylor, ca. 1874.■ Link, Henry Frederick. Travels in Portugal and France and Spain. London: Longman & Rees, 1801.■ Macauley, Rose. They Went to Portugal. London: Jonathan Cape, 1946.■. They Went to Portugal, Too. Manchester: Carcanet Books, 1990.■ Merle, Iris. Portuguese Panorama. London: Ouzel, 1958.■ Murphy, J. C. Travels in Portugal. London: 1795.■ Proper, Datus C. The Last Old Place: A Search through Portugal. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1992.■ Quillinan, Dorothy [Wordsworth]. Journal of a Few Months in Portugal with Glimpses of the South of Spain. 2 vol. London: Moxon, 1847. Sitwell, Sacheverell. Portugal and Madeira. London: Batsford, 1954. Smith, Karine R. Until Tomorrow: Azores and Portugal. Snohomish, Wash.: Snohomish Publishing, 1978. Southey, Robert. Journals of a Residence in Portugal, 1800-1801 and a Visit to France, 1838. London and New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1912. Thomas, Gordon Kent. Lord Byron's Iberian Pilgrimage. Provo, Utah: Brigham Young University Press, 1983. Twiss, Richard. Travels through Portugal and Spain in 1772-1773. London, 1775.■ Watson, Gilbert. Sunshine and Sentiment in Portugal. London: Arnold, 1904. Wheeler, Douglas L. "A[n American] Fulbrighter in Lisbon, Portugal, 196162." Portuguese Studies Review 1 (1991): 9-16.■ PORTUGUESE CARTOGRAPHY, DISCOVERIES, AND NAVIGATION■ Albuquerque, Luís de. Curso de História de Naútica. Coimbra, 1972.■. Introdução a história dos descobrimentos, 3rd ed. Mem Martins, 1983.■. Os Descobrimentos Portugueses. Lisbon: Alfa, 1983.■. Portuguese Books on Nautical Science from Pedro Nunes to 1650. Lisbon, 1984.■. Os Descobrimentos Portugueses. Lisbon, 1985.■ Boorstin, Daniel. The Discoverers. New York: Random House, 1983. Boxer, C. R. The Portuguese Seaborne Empire, 1415-1825. London: Hutchinson, 1969.■ Brazão, Eduardo. La découverte de Terre-Neuve. Montreal: Les Presses de l'Université, 1964.■. "Les Corte-Real et le Nouveau Monde." Revue d'histoire d'Amérique Française 19, 1 (1965): 335-49. Cortesão, Armando, and Avelino Teixeira de Mota. Cartografia Portuguesa Antiga. Lisbon, 1960.■. Portugalia Monumenta Cartográfica, 6 vols. Lisbon, 1960-62.■. História da Cartografia Portuguesa, 2 vols. Coimbra, 1969-70.■ Cortesão, Jaime. L'expansion des portugais dans l'historie de la civilisation. Brussels, 1930.■. Os descobrimentos portugueses, 2 vols. V. Magalhães Godinho and Joel Serrão, eds. Lisbon, 1960.■. A expansão dos Portugueses no período henriquinho. Lisbon, 1965.■. Descobrimentos precolombanos dos portugueses. Lisbon, 1966.■ Costa, Abel Fontoura da. A Marinharia dos Descobrimentos, 3rd ed. Lisbon, 1960.■ Costa Brochado, Idalino F. Descobrimento do Atlântico. Lisbon, 1958. English ed., 1959-60.■ Coutinho, Admiral Gago. A naútica dos descobrimentos, 2 vols. Lisbon, 1951-52.■ Crone, G. R. Maps and Their Makers. New York: Capricorn Books, 1966.■ Dias, José S. da Silva. Os descobrimentos e a problemática cultural do Século XVI, 2nd ed. Lisbon, 1982.■ Disney, Anthony, and Emily Booth, eds. Vasco Da Gama and the Linking of Europe and Asia. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2000.■ Godinho, Vitorino Magalhães, ed. Documentos sobre a expansão portuguesa [ to 1460], 3 vols. Lisbon, 1945-54.■ Guedes, Max, and Gerald Lombardi, eds. Portugal. Brazil: The Age of Atlantic Discoveries. Lisbon: Bertrand; Milan: Ricci; Brazilian Culture Foundation, 1990. [Catalogue of New York Public Library Exhibit, Summer 1990]■ Harley, J. B., and David Woodward. The History of Cartography. Volume 1: Cartography in Prehistoric, Ancient and Medieval Europe and Mediterranean. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987.■ Leite, Duarte. História dos Descobrimentos: Colectânea de esparsos, 2 vols. Lisbon, 1958-61.■ Ley, Charles. Portuguese Voyages, 1498-1663. London: Dent, 1953.■ Marques, J. Martins da Silva. Descobrimentos portugueses, 2 vols. Lisbon, 1944-71.■ Martyn, John R. C., ed. Pedro Nunes ( 1502-1578): His Lost Algebra and Other Discoveries. John R. C. Martyn, trans. New York: Peter Lang, 1996.■ Morison, Samuel Eliot. The European Discovery of America: The Northern Voyages, A. D. 500-1600. New York: Oxford University Press, 1971.■. Portuguese Voyages to America in the Fifteenth Century. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1974.■ Mota, Avelino Teixeira da. Mar, Além-Mar-Estudos e Ensaios de História e Geografia. Lisbon, 1972.■ Nemésio, Vitorino. Vida e Obra do Infante D. Henrique. Lisbon, 1959.■ Parry, J. H. The Discovery of the Sea. New York: Dial, 1974.■ Penrose, Boies. Travel and Discovery in the Renaissance, 1420-1620. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1952.■ Peres, Damião. História dos Descobrimentos Portugueses. Oporto, 1943.■ Prestage, Edgar. The Portuguese Pioneers. London, 1933; New York: Barnes & Noble, 1967.■ Rogers, Francis M. Precision Astrolabe: Portuguese Navigators and Transoceanic Aviation. Lisbon, 1971.■ Seary, E. R. "The Portuguese Element in the Place Names of Newfoundland." In Luís Albuquerque, ed., Vice-Almirante A. Teixeira da Mota: In Memo-riam. Vol. II, 359-64. Lisbon: Academia da Marinha, 1989.■ Subrahmanyam, Sanjay. The Career and Legend of Vasco Da Gama. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.■ Velho, Alvaro. Roteiro ( Navigator's Route) da Primeira Viagem de Vasco da Gama ( 1497-1499). Lisbon, 1960.■ Winius, George, ed. Portugal, the Pathfinder: Journeys from the Medieval toward the Modern World 1300-ca. 1600. Madison, Wisc.: Hispanic Seminary of Medieval Studies, 1995.■ PORTUGAL AND HER OVERSEAS EMPIRES (1415-1975)■ Abshire, David M., and Michael A. Samuels, eds. Portuguese Africa: A Handbook. New York: Praeger, 1969.■ Afonso, Aniceto, and Carlos de Matos Gomes. Guerra Colonial. Lisbon: Noticias, 2001.■ Albuquerque, J. Moushino de. Moçambique. Lisbon, 1898.■ Alden, Dauril. The Making of an Enterprise: The Society of Jesus in Portugal, Its Empire & Beyond. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1995.■ Alexandre, Valentim. Orígens do Colonialismo Português Moderno ( 18221891). Lisbon: Sá da Costa, 1979.■, and Jill Dias, eds. "O Império Africano 1825-1890. Volume X." In J.■ Serrão and A. H. de Oliveira Marques, eds., Nova História Da Expansão Portuguesa. Lisbon: Estampa, 1998.■ Ames, Glen J. "The Carreira da India, 1668-1682: Maritime Enterprise and the Quest for Stability in Portugal's Asian Empire." Journal of European Economic History 20, 1 (1991): 7-28.■. Renascent Empire? The House of Braganza and the Quest for Stability in Portuguese Monsoon Asia, ca. 1640-1683. Amsterdam: Amsterdam Univ.Press, 2000.■. Vasco da Gama. Renaissance Crusader. New York: Pearson/Longman, 2005.■ Antunes, José Freire. O Império com Pés de Barro: Colonizaçao e Descolonização: As Ideologias em Portugal. Lisbon: D. Quixote, 1980.■. O Factor Africano 1890-1990. Lisbon: Bertrand, 1990.■. A Guerra De Africa 1961-1974, 2 vols. Lisbon: Círculo de Leitores, 1995-96.■. Jorge Jardim: Agente Secreto 1919-1982. Lisbon: Bertrand, 1996.■ Axelson, Eric A. South-East Africa, 1488-1530. London: Longmans, 1940.■. "Prince Henry and the Discovery of the Sea Route to India." Geographical Journal (U.K.) 127, 2 (June 1961): 145-58.■. Portugal and the Scramble for Africa, 1875-1891. Johannesburg: Witwaterstrand University Press, 1967.■. Portuguese in South-East Africa, 1488-1699. Cape Town: Struik, 1973.■. Congo to Cape: Early Portuguese Explorers. New York: Harper & Row, 1974.■ Azevedo, Mário. Historical Dictionary of Mozambique, 2nd ed. Lanham, Md.: Scarecrow Press, 2003.■ Baião, António, Hernãni Cidade, and Manuel Murias, eds. História da Expansão Portuguesa no Mundo, 4 vols. Lisbon, 1937-40.■ Bender, Gerald J. "The Limits of Counterinsurgency [in the Angolan War, 1961-72]." Comparative Politics (1972): 331-60.■. Angola under the Portuguese: The Myth Versus Reality. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1978.■ Bhíla, H. H. K. Trade and Politics in a Shona Kingdom: The Manyika and Their Portuguese and African Neighbours, 1875-1902. Harlow, U.K.: Longman, 1990.■ Birmingham, David. The Portuguese Conquest of Angola. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1965.■. Trade and Conflict in Angola. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1966.■. Frontline Nationalism in Angola & Mozambique. London: James Currey, 1992.■. Portugal and Africa. New York: St. Martins, 1999.■ Bottineau, Yves. Le Portugal Et Sa Vocation Maritime. Paris: Boccard, 1977. Boxer, C. R. Fidalgos in the Far East— Fact and Fancy in the History of Macau. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1948. ———. The Christian Century in Japan. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1951.■ ———. Salvador de Sá and the Struggle for Brazil and Angola, 1602-1688. London, 1952.■ ———. Four Centuries of Portuguese Expansion, 1415-1825: A Succinct Survey. Johannesburg: Witwaterstrand University Press, 1961.■ ———. The Golden Age of Brazil, 1695-1750. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1962.■ ———. Race Relations in the Portuguese Colonial Empire, 1415-1825. Oxford:■ Clarendon Press, 1963. ———. Portuguese Society in the Tropics. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1965.■ ———. The Portuguese Seaborne Empire 1415-1825. London: Hutchi nson, 1969.■ ———, and Carlos de Azevedo, eds. Fort Jesus and the Portuguese in Mombasa. London: Hollis and Carter, 1960.■ Broadhead, Susan H. Historical Dictionary of Angola, 2nd ed. Metuchen, N.J.: Scarecrow Press, 1992.■ Burton, Richard. Goa and the Blue Mountains. London: Bentley, 1851.■ Cabral, Luís. Crónica da Libertação. Lisbon, 1984.■ Caetano, Marcello. Colonizing Traditions, Principles and Methods of the Portuguese. Lisbon, 1951.■ ———. Portugal E A Internacionalização Dos Problemas Africanos, 3rd ed. Lisbon, 1965.■ Cann, John P. Counterinsurgency in Africa: The Portuguese Way of War, 1961-1974. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1997. Castelo, Claudia. " O modo portugues de estar no mundo." O luso-tropicalismo e a ideologia colonial portuguesa ( 1931-1961). Oporto: Afrontamento, 1998. Castro, Armando. O Sistema Colonial Português em Africa ( meados do Século XX). Lisbon, 1978.■ Chaliand, Gerard. "The Independence of Guinea-Bissau and the Heritage of [Amilcar] Cabral." In Revolution in the Third World. Harmondsworth, U.K.: Penguin, 1978.■ Chilcote, Ronald H. Portuguese Africa. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1967.■ Clarence-Smith, Gervase. Slaves, Peasants and Capitalists in Southern Angola 1840-1926. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979.■ ———. The Third Portuguese Empire 1825-1975: A Study in Economic Imperialism. Manchester, U.K.: Manchester University Press, 1985.■ Coates, Timothy J. Convicts and Orphans: Forced and State-Sponsored Colonizers in the Portuguese Empire, 1550-1720. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 2001.■ Davies, Shann. Macau. Singapore: Times Editions, 1986.■ Dias, C. Malheiro, ed. História da colonização portuguesa no Brasil, 3 vols. Oporto, 1921-24.■ Diffie, Bailey W., and George Winius. Foundations of the Portuguese Empire, 1415-1580. Minneapolis: Minnesota University Press, 1977.■ Disney, Anthony R. Twilight of the Pepper Empire: Portuguese Trade in Southwest India in the Early Seventeenth Century. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1978.■ ———, and Emily Booth, eds. Vasco Da Gama and the Linking of Europe and Asia. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2000.■ Duffy, James. Shipwreck and Empire: Being an Account of Portuguese Maritime Disaster in a Century of Decline. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1955.■ ———. Portuguese Africa. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1959. ———. Portugal in Africa. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1962.■. "The Portuguese Territories." In Colin Legum, ed., Africa: A Handbook to the Continent. New York: Holmes & Meier, 1967. ———. A Question of Slavery. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1967. Felgas, Hélio. História do Congo Português. Carmona, Angola, 1958. ———. Guerra em Angola. Lisbon, 1961.■ Galvão, Henrique, and Carlos Selvagam. O Império Ultramarino Português, 3 vols. Lisbon, 1953.■ Gleijeses, Piero. Conflicting Missions: Havana, Washington and Africa, 19591976. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2002.■ Godinho, Vitorino Magalhães. "Portugal and Her Empire." In The New Cambridge Modern History. Vol. V (1961): 384-97; Vol. VI (1963): 509-TO.■ Grenfell, F. James. História da Igreja Baptista em Angola, 1879-1975. Queluz, Portugal: Núcleo, 1998.■ Hammond, Richard J. "Economic Imperialism: Sidelights on a Stereotype." Journal of Economic History XXI, 4 (1961): 582-98.■ ———. Portugal and Africa, 1815-1910: A Study in Uneconomic Imperialism. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1966.■ Hanson, Carl. Portugal and the Wider World 1147-1497. New Orleans, La.: University Press of the South, 2001.■ Harris, Marvin. Portugal's African Wards. New York: American Committee on Africa, 1957.■ ———. "Portugal's Contribution to the Underdevelopment of Africa and Brazil." In Ronald H. Chilcote, ed., Protest & Resistance in Angola & Brazil: Comparative Studies, 209-23. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1972.■ Henderson, Lawrence W. Angola: Five Centuries of Conflict. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1979. ———. A Igreja Em Angola. Lisbon: Edit. Além-Mar, 1990. Heywood, Linda. Contested Power in Angola 1840s to the Present. Rochester, N.Y.: University of Rochester Press, 2000.■ Hilton, Anne. The Kingdom of Kongo. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1985.■ Hower, Alfred, and Richard Preto-Rodas, eds. Empire in Transition: The Portuguese World in the Time of Camões. Gainesville: University Presses of Florida, 1985.■ Isaacman, Allen. "The Prazos da Coroa 1752-1830: A Functional Analysis of the Political System." STUDIA (Lisbon) 26 (1969): 149-78.■. 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Paris: Librarie Generale de Droit, 1961. Pereira da Moura, Francisco. Para onde vai e economia portuguesa? Lisbon, 1973.■ Pintado, V. Xavier. Structure and Growth of the Portuguese Economy. Geneva: EFTA, 1964.■ Pitta e Cunha, Paulo. "Portugal and the European Economic Community." In L. S. Graham and D. L. Wheeler, eds., In Search of Modern Portugal, 321-38. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1983.■. "The Portuguese Economic System and Accession to the European Community." In E. Sousa Ferreira and W. C. Opello, Jr., eds., Conflict and Change in Portugal, 1974-1984, 281-300. Lisbon, 1985. Porto, Manuel. "Portugal: Twenty Years of Change." In Alan Williams, ed., Southern Europe Transformed, 84-112. London: Harper & Row, 1984. Quarterly Economic Review. London: The Economist Intelligence Unit, 1974-present.■ Salgado de Matos, Luís. Investimentos Estrangeiros em Portugal. Lisbon, 1973 and later eds.■ Schmitt, Hans O. Economic Stabilisation and Growth in Portugal. Washington, D.C.: International Monetary Fund, 1981.■ Smith, Diana. Portugal and the Challenge of 1992. New York: Camões Center, RIIC, Columbia University, 1989.■ Tillotson, John. The Portuguese Bank Note Case [ 1920s]: Legal, Economic and Financial Approaches to the Measure of Damages in Contract. Manchester, U.K.: Faculty of Law, University of Manchester, 1992.■ Tovias, Alfred. Foreign Economic Relations of the Economic Community: The Impact of Spain and Portugal. Boulder, Colo.: Rienner, 1990.■ Valério, Nuno. A moeda em Portugal, 1913-1947. Lisbon: Sá da Costa, 1984.■. As Finanças Públicas Portuguesas Entre As Duas Guerras Mundiais. Lisbon: Cosmos, 1994.■ World Bank. Portugal: Current and Prospective Economic Trends. Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 1978 and to the present.■ PHOTOGRAPHY ON PORTUGAL■ Alves, Afonso Manuel, Antônio Sacchetti, and Moura Machado. Lisboa. Lisbon, 1991.■ Antunes, José. Lisboa do nosso olhar; A look on Lisbon. Lisbon: Câmara Municipal de Lisboa, 1991. Beaton, Cecil. Near East. London: Batsford, 1943.■. Lisboa 1942: Cecil Beaton, Lisbon 1942. Lisbon: British Historical Society of Portugal/Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian, 1995.■ Bottineau, Yves. Portugal. London: Thames & Hudson, 1957.■ Câmara Municipal de Lisboa. 7 Olhares ( Seven Viewpoints). Lisbon: Câmara Municipal de Lisboa, 1998.■ Capital, A. Lisboa: Imagens d'A Capital. Lisbon: Edit. Notícias, 1984.■ Dias, Marina Tavares. Photographias de Lisboa, 1900 ( Photographs of Lisbon, 1900). Lisbon: Quimera, 1991.■. Os melhores postais antigos de Lisboa ( The best old postcards of Lisbon). Lisbon: Químera, 1995.■ Finlayson, Graham, and Frank Tuohy. Portugal. London: Thames & Hudson, 1970.■ Glassner, Helga. Portugal. Berlin-Zurich: Atlantis-Verlag, 1942. Hopkinson, Amanda, ed. Reflections by Ten Portuguese photographers. Bark-way, U.K.: Frontline/Portugal 600, 1996.■ Lima, Luís Leiria, and Isabel Salema. Lisboa de Pedra e Bronze. Lisbon, 1990.■ Martins, Miguel Gomes. Lisboa ribeirinha ( Riverside Lisbon). Lisbon: Arquivo Municipal, Câmara Municipal de Lisboa, Livros Horizonte, 1994. Vieira, Alice. Esta Lisboa ( This Lisbon). Lisbon: Caminho, 1994. Wohl, Hellmut, and Alice Wohl. Portugal. London: Frederick Muller, 1983.■ EQUESTRIANISM■ Andrade, Manoel Carlos de, Luz da Liberal e Nobre Arte da Cavallaria. Lisbon, 1790.■ Graciosa, Filipe. Escola Portuguesa de Arte Equestre. Lisbon, 2004.■ Horsetalk Magazine. Published in New Zealand.■ Oliveira, Nuno. Reflections on the Equestrian Art. London, 2000.■ Russell, Eleanor, ed. The Truth in the Teaching of Nuno Oliveira. Stanhope,■ Queensland, Australia, 2003. Vilaca, Luis V., and Pedro Yglesias d'Oliveira, eds. LUSITANO. Coudelarias De Portugal. O Cavalo ancestral do Sudoeste da Europa. Lisbon: ICONOM, 2005.■ Websites of interest: www.equestrian.pt portugalweb.comHistorical dictionary of Portugal > CULTURE, LITERATURE, AND LANGUAGE
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34 condamner
condamner [kɔ̃dαne]➭ TABLE 1 transitive verb• condamner qn à mort/pour meurtre to sentence sb to death/for murderb. ( = interdire, blâmer) [+ livre, action, idées, personne] to condemnc. [+ théorie] to put an end tod. ( = obliger) condamner à [+ silence, attente] to condemn toe. ( = fermer) [+ porte, fenêtre] to block ; (avec briques) to brick up ; (avec planches) to board up ; [+ pièce] to lock up ; [+ portière de voiture] to lock* * *kɔ̃dane1) Droit ( infliger une peine à) to sentenceil a été condamné à quatre mois de prison avec sursis — he was given a four-month suspended sentence
2) ( interdire) [loi, article] to punish [vol, trafic]3) ( désapprouver fortement) [personne, pays] to condemn [acte, décision]4) ( astreindre à)5) ( sceller) to seal up [fenêtre, porte]; ( fermer à clé) to shut up [pièce]; to lock [portières]6) ( ruiner) to spell death for [société, industrie]7) ( déclarer incurable)* * *kɔ̃dɒne vt1) (= blâmer) to condemnLe gouvernement a condamné cette décision. — The government condemned this decision.
2) DROIT to sentenceIl a été condamné à deux ans de prison. — He was sentenced to two years in prison.
3)4) [porte, ouverture] to fill in, to block up* * *condamner verb table: aimer vtr1 Jur ( infliger une peine à) to sentence; condamner qn à une amende to fine sb; elle a été condamnée à 1 000 euros d'amende she was fined 1,000 euros; condamner qn à deux ans de réclusion to sentence sb to two years' imprisonment; il a été condamné à quatre mois de prison avec sursis he was given a four-month suspended sentence; condamner qn à mort to sentence sb to death; condamner qn pour vol to convict sb of theft; condamner qn par défaut or contumace to sentence sb in absentia;2 ( interdire) [loi, article] to punish [vol, trafic]; la législation condamne le racisme/la bigamie the law punishes racism/bigamy;3 ( désapprouver fortement) [personne, pays, groupe] to condemn [acte, attitude, décision];4 ( astreindre à) to condemn (à to); être condamné au silence to be condemned to silence; il se voit condamné à un choix difficile/à un rôle secondaire he's being forced to make a difficult choice/to play a secondary role; condamner qn à faire to compel sb to do; il est condamné à attendre/coopérer he is obliged to wait/cooperate;5 ( bloquer) ( définitivement) to seal up [fenêtre, porte, entrée]; ( fermer à clé) to shut up [pièce]; to lock [portières];6 fig ( ruiner) to spell death for [société, industrie, secteur]; les nouvelles technologies ont condamné l'artisanat the new technologies spell death for the traditional crafts;7 ( déclarer incurable) les médecins l'ont condamné the doctors have given up hope of saving him.[kɔ̃dane] verbe transitif1. DROIT [accusé] to sentencecondamner quelqu'un à mort/aux travaux forcés to sentence somebody to death/to hard labourcondamné à trois mois de prison pour... sentenced to three months' imprisonment for...condamner quelqu'un par défaut/par contumace to sentence somebody by default/in absentiafaire condamner quelqu'un to get ou to have somebody convicted3. [désapprouver - attentat, propos] to express disapproval ofcondamner quelqu'un pour avoir fait ou d'avoir fait quelque chose to blame somebody for having done somethingl'expression est condamnée par les puristes the use of the phrase is condemned ou is disapproved of by purists4. [accuser] to condemn5. [suj: maladie incurable] to condemn6. [murer - porte, fenêtre] to block up (separable), to seal off (separable) ; [ - pièce] to close up (separable)7. [obliger] -
35 hard
hard [hα:d]1. adjectivea. ( = not soft) dur ; [blow, kick, punch] violent• to set hard [concrete, clay] bien prendre• no hard feelings! sans rancune !• to show there are no hard feelings pour montrer qu'il n'y a pas de rancune entre nous (or eux etc)• to take a hard line with sb/on sth se montrer intransigeant avec qn/quand il s'agit de qch• to be hard on sb [person] être dur avec qn• hard luck! pas de chance !b. ( = not easy) dur ; [battle, fight] rude• I find it hard to believe that... j'ai du mal à croire que...• it's hard work! c'est dur !c. ( = committed) he's a hard worker il est travailleurd. [winter, climate] rude ; [frost] forte. [evidence] tangible ; [fact] concret2. adverb• no matter how hard I try, I... j'ai beau essayer, je...b. ( = badly) to take sth hard être très affecté par qch3. compounds► hard hat noun casque m ; ( = riding hat) bombe f ; (US = construction worker) ouvrier m du bâtiment• a hard-headed businessman un homme d'affaires qui a la tête sur les épaules ► hard-hearted adjective insensible* * *[hɑːd] 1.1) ( firm) durto go ou grow ou become hard — durcir
frozen hard — complètement gelé; hard lens
2) ( difficult) [problem, question, task] dur, difficile; [choice, decision] difficile; [bargaining, negotiations, fight] dur, serréto be hard to open — être dur or difficile à ouvrir
it's hard to do — c'est dur or difficile à faire
to find it hard to do something — avoir du mal à faire quelque chose, trouver dur or difficile de faire quelque chose
it's hard to accept/believe — on a du mal à accepter/croire ( that que)
it was hard work ou going — ça a été dur or difficile
hard work never hurt ou killed anybody! — le travail n'a jamais fait de mal à personne!
to be a hard worker — être travailleur/-euse
to find something out ou learn something the hard way — apprendre quelque chose à ses dépens
3) ( harsh) [life, year] difficile; [blow] fig dur, terrible; [winter] rudehard luck ou lines (colloq) GB! — pas de chance!
to take a hard line — adopter une attitude ferme ( on something à propos de quelque chose; with somebody envers quelqu'un)
it's a hard life — gen, hum, iron la vie est dure
to give somebody a hard time — (colloq) ( make things difficult) rendre la vie impossible à quelqu'un; ( tell off) passer un savon (colloq) à quelqu'un
4) (stern, cold) [person, look, words] dur, sévère5) ( concrete) [evidence, fact] solide6) ( stark) [colour, light] dur7) ( strong) [liquor] fort; [drug] dur; [pornography] hard (colloq) (inv)8) Politicsthe hard left/right — la gauche/droite (pure et) dure
9) Chemistry [water] dur, calcaire10) Linguistics [consonant] dur11) (colloq) ( tough) [person] dur12) Finance [currency] fort2.1) (strongly, energetically) [push, hit, cry] fort; [work] dur; [study, think] sérieusement; [rain] à verse; [snow] abondamment; [look, listen] attentivementto be hard hit — fig être durement frappé (by par)
to try hard — ( intellectually) faire beaucoup d'efforts; ( physically) essayer de toutes ses forces
no matter how hard I try/work, I... — j'ai beau essayer/travailler, je...
to be hard at it (colloq) ou at work — être en plein travail
2) ( with directions)hard behind — juste derrière; heel
••to be/feel hard done by — être/se sentir brimé
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36 work
wə:k
1. сущ.
1) работа;
труд;
занятие;
дело to quit, stop work ≈ окончить работу, завершить работу They quit work at one o'clock. ≈ Они окончили работу в час дня. to set, get to work ≈ приняться за дело They never do any work. ≈ Они всегда бездельничают. backbreaking work easy work exhausting work hard work paper work physical work shoddy work slipshod work sloppy work social work tiring work undercover work Syn: labour
2) место работы;
занятие;
должность They are still at work. ≈ Они все еще на работе. to go to work ≈ пойти на работу, начать работать to return to work ≈ возвратиться на работу, выйти на работу She'd have enough money to provide for her children until she could find work. ≈ У нее было достаточно денег, чтобы обеспечить детей, пока она не устроится на работу. What kind of work do you do? ≈ Кем вы работаете? Many people travel to work by car. ≈ Многие едут на работу на машине.
3) а) действие, поступок dirty work ≈ грязное дело, грязный, низкий поступок б) мн. дела, деяния
4) продукт, результат деятельности кого-л. или чего-л. а) изделие, продукт delicate, meticulous, precise work ≈ тонкая работа, изящная работа It can help to have an impartial third party look over your work. ≈ Будет полезно, если бы вашу работу (ваше изделие) осмотрел кто-нибудь незаинтересованный. That's a beautiful piece of work. ≈ Это прекрасная работа. б) продукт, эффект, результат ( от работы какого-л. механизма, структуры) careful police work ≈ высокопрофессиональная работа полиции clever camera work ≈ толковая операторская работа в) произведение, работа, сочинение, труд (письменный научного, политического или художественного характера) to exhibit, hang one's works ≈ выставлять чьи-л. полотна (в картинной галерее, в выставочном зале) In my opinion, this is Rembrandt's greatest work. ≈ Я думаю, это самое значительное произведение Рембранта. Under his arm, there was a book which looked like the complete works of Shakespeare. ≈ Он нес под мышкой том, который напоминал полное собрание сочинений Шекспира. collected works published works selected works
5) предприятие, завод, фабрика Syn: plant II, factory
6) а) обыкн. мн.;
воен. фортификационные сооружения, укрепления, оборонительные сооружения б) мн. инженерно-технические сооружения
7) мн. механизм (работающие или движущиеся части какого-л. механизма) works of a clock ≈ часовой механизм
8) мастерство, умение, искусство выполнения, обработка Syn: workmanship, execution
9) вышивание, рукоделие, шитье
10) брожение, ферментация Syn: fermentation
11) физ. работа unit of work ≈ единица работы ∙ I've had my work cut out for me. ≈ У меня дела по горло. to get the works амер. ≈ попасть в переплет to give the works ≈ взять кого-л. в оборот, в работу to go to work on smb. ≈ "обрабатывать" кого-л., оказывать давление на кого-л. to make hard work (of smth.) ≈ преувеличивать трудности (мероприятия и т. п.) to make sure work (with smth.) ≈ обеспечить свой контроль над чем-л.
2. прил. рабочий work clothes ≈ рабочая одежда;
спецодежда
3. гл.
1) работать, заниматься( at - чем-л.), работать в какой-л. области to work hard, to work strenuously ≈ усердно работать, усиленно работать They were working on a new book. ≈ Они работали над новой книгой. You have to work at being friendlier with people. ≈ Тебе нужно учиться быть мягче в общении с людьми She works for a large firm. ≈ Она работает в большой компании She worked herself into a rage. ≈ Она вошла в раж( вдохновилась какой-л. деятельностью) She worked a few jokes into her speech. ≈ Она вставила несколько шуток в свою речь. to work through difficult material ≈ разбираться в трудном материале to work towards a common goal ≈ идти к общей цели to work closely with one's colleagues ≈ работать бок о бок с коллегами to work like a horse/navvy/nigger/slave ≈ работать как вол to work as ≈ работать в качестве( кого-л.), работать (кем-л.)
2) а) функционировать, действовать The pump will not work. ≈ Насос не работает. б) перен. идти, складываться;
иметь действие Our family life does not work any more. ≈ Наша семейная жизнь разладилась (больше не складывается). The medicine did not work. ≈ Лекарство не помогло.
3) прош. вр. и прич. прош. вр. тж. wrought осуществлять, совершать to work miracles ≈ совершать чудеса Syn: effect
2.
4) а) заставлять работать, приводить в действие He worked them nearly to death. ≈ Он заставлял их работать до полного изнеможения. б) эксплуатировать, использовать( чей-л. труд, функциональность какого-л. аппарата) Syn: exploit II в) управлять, осуществлять управление( чем-л.) Syn: This computer is worked from a central server. ≈ Управление этим компьютером осуществляется с центрального сервера.
5) а) быть в движении His face worked with emotion. ≈ Его лицо подергивалось от волнения. б) перен. бродить, вызывать брожение Syn: ferment
2.
6) придумывать, разрабатывать, устраивать( что-л.) He can work it so that you can take your vacation. ≈ Он может устрить все так, что ты сможешь взять отпуск. Syn: contrive, arrange
7) заслужить;
отработать (тж. work out)
8) пробиваться, проникать, прокладывать себе дорогу (тж. work in, work out, work through и др.) to work loose, to work free of ≈ высвободиться, выпростаться ('пробиться' наружу, на волю)
9) прош. вр. и прич. прош. вр. обыкн. wrought а) выковывать;
придавать определенную форму Syn: forge I
2., shape
2. б) заниматься рукоделием, вышивать Syn: embroider
10) прош. вр. и прич. прош. вр. обыкн. wrought обрабатывать;
отделывать;
разрабатывать
11) вычислять;
решать (пример и т. п.)
12) а) разг. обманывать, вымогать, добиваться( чего-л.) обманным путем б) разг. провоцировать на что-л., подстрекать( к чему-л.) ;
доводить себя до какого-л. состояния to work oneself into a rage ≈ довести себя до состояния исступления Syn: excite, provoke ∙ work against work away work for work in work off work on work out work over work up work upon to work it сл. ≈ достигнуть цели to work up to the curtain театр. ≈ играть под занавес работа, труд;
дело;
деятельность - difficult * трудная работа - * horse рабочая лошадь - * clothes рабочая одежда;
спецодежда - right to * право на труд - to do no * ничего не делать;
не трудиться - to set /to get/ to * (on) приняться за дело, начать работать - to set /to go/ about one's * приступать к работе, приниматься за дело - he does not go about his * in the right way он не с того конца берется за дело - to set smb. to * засадить кого-л. за работу, заставить кого-л. работать;
дать кому-л. дело /занятие/ - he is not fond of * он не любит трудиться - he is fond of his * он любит свое дело - I have * to do я занят, мне некогда - I have some * to do in the garden мне нужно кое-что сделать в саду - at * занятый на работе, особ. на постоянной;
действующий, функционирующий;
в действии, в ходу( о машине и т. п.) ;
оказывающий действие, воздействующий - to be at * upon smth. быть занятым чем-л.;
работать над чем-л. - factory at * действующий завод (т.е. не законсервированный) - loom at * включенный /работающий/ ткацкий станок - the forces at * действующие /движущие/ силы - in * в процессе изготовления;
имеющий работу( о рабочем) - three films are in * now в настоящее время готовятся три фильма - out of * безработный - to set a machine to * включить станок - the * of a moment минутное дело - a * of time работа, требующая большой затраты времени - a piece of * задание;
выполненная работа - to set smb. a piece of * дать кому-л. задание - a nice piece of * he has done here! вот это отличная работа!, как хорошо он выполнил работу! место работы;
занятие;
должность - at * на работе - father's at * now отец сейчас на работе - what time do you get to (your) *? когда вы приходите на работу? - he is looking for * он ищет работу - my * is in medicine я работаю в области медицины /я по професии медик/ вид деятельности - agricultural * сельскохозяйственные работы - construction * строительные работы - field * полевые работы - managerial * управленческая работа результат труда;
изделие;
продукт - bad /faulty/ * брак - the villagers sell their * to the tourists жители деревни продают свои изделия туристам произведение, творение, создание;
труд, сочинение - a * of art произведение искусства - *s of Shakespeare произведения /творения/ Шекспира - a learned * научный труд - * of genius гениальный труд - collected /complete/ *s (полное) собрание сочинений - selected *s избранные произведения - the * of God (религия) божье создание (о человеке) - the *s of God мир божий действие, поступок - dirty * грязное дело;
низкий поступок - you did a good day's * when you bought that house вы сделали хорошее дело, купив этот дом pl дела, деяния - *s of mercy благотворительность - good *s добрые дела;
(религия) благочестивые деяния - a person of good *s благотворитель - the *s of the devil козни дьявола - mighty *s чудеса - to reward /to render to/ smb. according to his *(s) (библеизм) воздать кому-л. по делам его результат воздействия, усилий - the broken window must be the * of the boys разбитое окно - это дело рук мальчишек - the brandy has done its * коньяк сделал свое дело - it's clever camera * это умная работа кинооператора рукоделие;
шитье, вышивание;
вязание - fancy * художественная вышивка - crochet * вязание крючком - open * прорезная гладь, ришелье;
ажурная строчка, мережка - plain * шитье - she took her * out into the garden она вышла с рукоделием в сад обработка;
предмет обработки;
обрабатываемая заготовка;
обрабатываемая деталь - hot * (техническое) горячая обработка( физическое) работа - unit of * единица работы (диалектизм) боль (специальное) пена при брожении;
брожение (сленг) крапленая кость > to have one's * cut out for one иметь перед собой трудную задачу;
придется потрудиться;
хлопот не оберешься > all in the day's * это все в порядке вещей;
это все нормально > not dry /thirsty/ * непыльная работенка > to make short /quick/ * of smth. быстро разделаться с чем-л. > to make short /quick/ * of smb. в два счета расправиться с кем-л. /отделаться от кого-л./ > to make a piece of * about smth. раздувать /преувеличивать/ трудность чего-л.;
делать из чего-л. целое дело /-ую историю/ > all * and no play makes Jack a dull boy (пословица) Джек в дружбе с делом, в ссоре с бездельем - бедняга Джек не знаком с весельем работать, трудиться - to * like a horse /like a navvy, like a slave / работать как вол - to * at smth. заниматься чем-л.;
работать над чем-л.;
изучать что-л. - to * at a question разрабатывать вопрос - we have no data to * on мы не можем работать, так как у нас нет исходных данных работать по найму;
служить - he isn't *ing now он сейчас не работает (безработный или на пенсии) - he *s in a factory он работает на заводе /на фабрике/ - they * for a farmer они работают у фермера заставлять работать - to * smb. to death свести кого-л. в могилу непосильным трудом - to * one's fingers to the bone измучить себя работой - she *s her servants too hard она совсем загоняла прислугу действовать, работать;
быть в исправности - the pump will not * насос не работает - the handle *s freely ручка поворачивается свободно - his heart is *ing badly у него плохо работает сердце приводить в движение или в действие - to * a ship управлять судном - to * a typewriter печатать на машинке - machinery *ed by electricity машины, приводимые в движение электричеством - he *ed his jaws у него задвигались желваки на скулах двигаться, быть в движении;
шевелиться - waves *ed to and fro волны метались - conscience was *ing within him в нем зашевелилась /проснулась/ совесть - his face *ed with emotion его лицо подергивалось от волнения - her mouth *ed у нее дрожали губы (past и p.p. тж. wrought;
on, upon) действовать, оказывать воздействие - to * on smb.'s sympathies стараться вызвать чье-л. сочувствие - the medicine did not * лекарство не подействовало /не возымело действия/ - it *ed like a charm( разговорное) это оказало магическое действие (past. и p.p. тж. wrought) обрабатывать;
разрабатывать - to * farmland обрабатывать землю - to * a quarry разрабатывать карьер - to * dough месить тесто - to * butter сбивать масло - to * a constituency обрабатывать избирателей - to * smb. to one's way of thinking склонять кого-л. на свою сторону;
внушать кому-л. свои убеждения - this salesman *s the North Wales district этот коммивояжер объезжает район Северного Уэльса (past и р.р. тж. wrought) поддаваться обработке, воздействию - butter *s more easily in this weather в такую погоду масло сбивается легче (тж. * out) отрабатывать, платить трудом - to * one's passage отработать проезд( на пароходе в качестве матроса и т. п.) ;
(сленг) не отлынивать от работы;
тянуть лямку вместе со всеми( разговорное) использовать - to * one's connections использовать свои связи - to * one's charm to get one's way использовать личное обаяние, чтобы добиться своего( разговорное) добиваться обманным путем;
вымогать, выманивать - he *ed the management for a ticket он ухитрился получить билет у администрации устраивать - I'll * it if I can я постараюсь это устроить заниматься рукоделием;
шить;
вышивать;
вязать - to * a design on linen вышивать узор на полотне - she is *ing a sweater она вяжет свитер( past и p.p. тж. wrought) вызывать, причинять (часто что-л. неожиданное или неприятное) - to * mischief сеять раздор - to * harm принести /причинить/ вред;
нанести ущерб;
наделать бед - to * the ruin of smb. погубить кого-л. - the storm *ed /wrought/ great ruin ураган произвел большие разрушения - time has *ed /wrought/ many changes время принесло много перемен - the frost *ed havoc with the crop мороз погубил урожай( past и р.р. тж. wrought) творить, создавать - to * wonders /miracles/ творить /делать/ чудеса - we must * our own happiness мы сами должны быть творцами своего счастья бродить (о напитках) вызывать брожение (о дрожжах и т. п.) будоражить (тж. * out, * up) вычислять (сумму) ;
решать (задачу и т. п.) - to * a problem in algebra решать алгебраическую задачу - to work against smb., smth. бороться против кого-л., чего-л. - to * against poverty бороться с нищетой - he has always *ed against reform он всегда противился проведению реформ - time is *ing against them время работает против них - to work for smth. бороться за что-л.;
содействовать чему-л.;
прилагать усилия для чего-л. - to * for peace бороться за мир - to * for the public good трудиться на благо общества - all things *ed for our good все обстоятельства благоприятствовали нам - to work (one's way) to /through, etc./ smth. пробираться, проникать куда-л. через что-л. - to * one's way upwards медленно взбираться на гору и т. п. - to * one's way down производить медленный и осторожный спуск с горы и т. п. - to * up to a climax приближаться к развязке - he *ed his way to the front of the crowd он протиснулся вперед через толпу - he *ed his way up to the presidency он пробился на пост председателя - the heavier particles * to the bottom тяжелые частицы медленно оседают на дно - her elbow has *ed through her sleeve у нее рукав протерся на локте (past и р.р. часто wrought) - to work smb. into a state, to work oneself into a state: - to * oneself into a rage довести себя до исступления - he *ed himself into a position of leadership он добился руководящего положения - to work smth. out of smth. с трудом извлекать что-л. откуда-л. - to * the key out of the hole с трудом вынуть ключ из замочной скважины - to work smth. into smth. с трудом втиснуть что-л. куда-л. - to * one's foot into a boot с трудом всунуть ногу в ботинок - to work (smb., smth.) + прилагательное: постепенно или с трудом приводить( кого-л., что-л.) в какое-л. состояние - to * one's hands free высвободить руки - to * smb. free освобождать кого-л. - to * smth. tight постепенно затягивать что-л. - to work (oneself) + прилагательное: постепенно или с трудом приходить в какое-л. состояние - to * oneself free с трудом освободиться( о связанном человеке) - to * tight постепенно затягиваться - the knot has *ed loose узел развязался - to work out at smth. составлять какое-л. число, выражаться в какой-л. цифре - the cost *ed out at $5 a head издержки составили 5 долларов на человека > to * one's will добиваться своего > to * one's will upon smb. навязывать кому-л. свою волю;
расправляться с кем-л. по своему усмотрению > it won't * это не выйдет;
номер не пройдет > I don't think your plan will * я не думаю, что ваш план осуществим > to * it (сленг) достигнуть цели > to * up to the curtain (театроведение) играть "под занавес" > to * to rule проводить итальянскую забастовку (выполнять работу по всем правилам с целью замедлить ее темп) able to ~ трудоспособный;
способный выполнять работу additional ~ дополнительная работа administrative ~ конторская работа agricultural ~ сельскохозяйственная работа agricultural ~ сельскохозяйственные работы all in the day's ~ в порядке вещей;
нормальный;
to make hard work (of smth.) преувеличивать трудности (мероприятия и т. п.) any ~ любая работа assessment ~ налог. работа по оценке недвижимого имущества autonomous ~ автономная работа batch ~ вчт. пакетная работа ~ работа;
труд;
занятие;
дело;
at work за работой;
to be at work (upon smth.) быть занятым (чем-л.) blasting ~ подрывная работа casual ~ внеплановая работа casual ~ временная работа casual ~ нерегулярная работа casual ~ случайная работа cease ~ прекращать работу charity ~ благотворительная деятельность committee ~ работа комиссии community ~ общинные работы compiled ~ компиляция construction ~ строительная работа construction ~ строительные работы constructive social ~ полезная общественная работа continuous shift ~ непрерывная сменная работа contract ~ подрядная работа contract ~ работа, выполняемая по заказу contract ~ работа по договору copyright ~ произведение, охраняемое авторским правом ~ out составлять, выражаться (в такой-то цифре) ;
the costs work out at 50 издержки составляют 50 фунтов стерлингов cottage ~ надомная работа cottage ~ надомный промысел day ~ дневная работа domestic ~ домашняя работа the dye works its way in краска впитывается;
to work one's way прокладывать себе дорогу;
пробиваться educational ~ воспитательная работа educational ~ обучение excavation ~ выемка грунта, земляные работы extra ~ дополнительная работа field ~ полевые работы freelance ~ работа без контракта full-time ~ полная занятость full-time ~ работа, занимающая все рабочее время full-time ~ работа полный рабочий день to get the ~s амер. = попасть в переплет;
to give (smb.) the works = взять (кого-л.) в оборот, в работу to get the ~s амер. = попасть в переплет;
to give (smb.) the works = взять (кого-л.) в оборот, в работу guarantee ~ гарантированный объем работы hard ~ рын.тр. тяжелая работа to set (или to get) to ~ приняться за дело;
to have one's work cut out for one иметь много дел, забот, работы ~ in вставлять, вводить;
he worked in a few jokes in his speech он вставил несколько шуток в свою речь ~ заставлять работать;
he worked them long hours он заставлял их долго работать ~ быть в движении;
his face worked with emotion его лицо подергивалось от волнения ~ in соответствовать;
his plans do not work in with ours его планы расходятся с нашими household ~ работа по дому I've had my ~ cut out for me y меня дела по горло in ~ имеющий работу;
out of work безработный;
to set (smb.) to work дать работу, засадить за работу industrial construction ~ строительство промышленного объекта intellectual ~ интеллектуальный труд interim audit ~ промежуточная ревизия interim audit ~ ревизия за неполный расчетный период it was the ~ of a moment to call him вызвать его было делом одной минуты it won't ~ = этот номер не пройдет;
это не выйдет;
to work up to the curtain театр. играть под занавес job ~ индивидуальное производство job ~ сдельная работа lay ~ социальная деятельность церкви literary ~ литературная работа literary ~ литературное произведение all in the day's ~ в порядке вещей;
нормальный;
to make hard work (of smth.) преувеличивать трудности (мероприятия и т. п.) ~ to rule строгое выполнение условий трудового соглашения (коллективного договора и т. п.) ;
to make sure work (with smth.) обеспечить свой контроль (над чем-л.) manual ~ ручной труд manual ~ физический труд mechanical ~ механизированный труд mechanical ~ механическая работа medical social ~ медицинская социальная работа ~ действовать, оказывать действие;
возыметь действие (on, upon - на) ;
the medicine did not work лекарство не помогло mental health ~ работа по охране психического здоровья mind one's ~ заниматься своим делом mine ~ горные работы night ~ ночная работа night ~ работа в ночную смену occasional ~ временная работа occasional ~ случайная работа occupational ~ профессиональная работа occupational ~ работа по специальности office ~ канцелярская работа outdoor ~ работа вне стен учреждения outreach ~ мобильная социальная работа;
работа производимая мобильными группами overtime ~ сверхурочная работа own ~ собственная работа paid ~ оплаченная работа part-time ~ неполная занятость part-time ~ работа на неполный рабочий день part-time ~ работа неполное рабочее время part-time ~ работа неполный рабочий день part-time ~ частичная безработица permanent ~ постоянная работа physical ~ физическая работа, физический труд ~ out срабатывать;
быть успешным, реальным;
the plan worked out план оказался реальным preventive social ~ превентивная социальная работа;
работа по предупреждению (напр. наркомании, алкоголизма и т.д.) process ~ полигр. многокрасочная печать газетной продукции procure ~ обеспечивать работой production ~ произ. основное производство productive sheltered ~ производственная работа в специальных защищенных мастерских professional ~ профессиональная работа public health ~ работа по государственному здравоохранению ~ действовать, быть или находиться в действии;
the pump will not work насос не работает repair ~ ремонтная работа repetition ~ тех. массовое производство;
серийное производство;
шаблонная работа rotating shift ~ скользящий график работы sales ~ торговая деятельность salvage ~ спасательные работы seasonal ~ сезонная работа sheltered ~ защищенная работа;
система обеспечения рабочих мест для инвалидов в специальных мастерских или производственных участках предприятия shift ~ посменная работа shift ~ сменная работа short-time ~ временная работа short-time ~ кратковременная работа skilled ~ квалифицированная работа social case ~ общественная патронажная работа social group ~ работа социальной группы;
деятельность группы по социальным делам social ~ общественный труд social ~ патронаж social ~ социальная работа;
работа по обеспечению ухода за престарелыми и инвалидами stevedore ~ работа по погрузке или разгрузке корабля stevedoring ~ работа по погрузке или разгрузке корабля stowage ~ стивидорные работы temperance ~ работа по сдерживанию (употребления спиртных напитков и т. д.) temporary ~ временная работа ~ pl механизм (особ. часов) ;
there is something wrong with the works механизм не в порядке time ~ поденная работа translation ~ работа переводчика ~ физ. работа;
unit of work единица работы unperformed ~ невыполненная работа urgent ~ срочная работа voluntary ~ добровольная работа ~ действие, поступок;
wild work дикий поступок women's ~ женский труд work: to make short work( of smth., smb.) (быстро) разделаться (с чем-л.), расправиться (с кем-л.) ~ бродить или вызывать брожение ~ брожение ~ быть в движении;
his face worked with emotion его лицо подергивалось от волнения ~ вести ~ (upon smth.) влиять( на что-л.) ;
to work upon (smb.'s) conscience подействовать на (чью-л.) совесть ~ вычислять;
решать (пример и т. п.) ~ действие, поступок;
wild work дикий поступок ~ действие ~ действовать, оказывать действие;
возыметь действие (on, upon - на) ;
the medicine did not work лекарство не помогло ~ действовать, быть или находиться в действии;
the pump will not work насос не работает ~ действовать ~ загрузка ~ заниматься рукоделием, вышивать ~ заслужить;
отработать (тж. work out) ;
to work one's passage отработать свой проезд на пароходе ~ заставлять работать;
he worked them long hours он заставлял их долго работать ~ изделие ~ использовать в своих целях ~ pl механизм (особ. часов) ;
there is something wrong with the works механизм не в порядке ~ работать, быть специалистом, работать в (какой-л.) области ~ разг. обманывать, вымогать, добиваться (чего-л.) обманным путем;
work against действовать против;
work away продолжать работать ~ (past & p. p. обыкн. wrought) обрабатывать;
отделывать;
разрабатывать;
to work the soil обрабатывать почву;
to work a vein разрабатывать жилу ~ обрабатывать ~ обработанная деталь ~ обработка ~ обработка ~ pl общественные работы (тж. public works) ~ объем работы ~ приводить в движение или действие;
управлять( машиной и т. п.) ;
вести (предприятие) ~ (past & p. p. часто wrought) (искусственно) приводить себя в (какое-л.) состояние (тж. work up, into) ;
to work oneself into a rage довести себя до исступления ~ (past & p. p. обыкн. wrought) придавать определенную форму или консистенцию;
месить;
ковать ~ (past & p. p. тж. wrought) причинять, вызывать;
to work changes вызывать или производить изменения;
to work miracles делать чудеса ~ пробиваться, проникать, прокладывать себе дорогу (тж. work in, work out, work through и др.) ~ продукция ~ произведение, сочинение, труд;
a work of art произведение искусства ~ физ. работа;
unit of work единица работы ~ работа;
труд;
занятие;
дело;
at work за работой;
to be at work (upon smth.) быть занятым (чем-л.) ~ работа ~ (в некоторых значениях past & p. p. wrought) работать, заниматься (at - чем-л.) ~ работать ~ рабочее задание ~ разрабатывать ~ распутать, выпростать ( из чего-л.;
обыкн. work loose, work free of) ~ рукоделие, шитье, вышивание ~ pl технические сооружения;
строительные работы ~ труд ~ (обыкн. pl) воен. фортификационные сооружения, укрепления ~ эксплуатировать ~ библ. дела, деяния ~ (past & p. p. обыкн. wrought) обрабатывать;
отделывать;
разрабатывать;
to work the soil обрабатывать почву;
to work a vein разрабатывать жилу ~ разг. обманывать, вымогать, добиваться (чего-л.) обманным путем;
work against действовать против;
work away продолжать работать ~ attr. рабочий;
work station( или position) рабочее место( у конвейера) ;
work horse рабочая лошадь ~ разг. обманывать, вымогать, добиваться (чего-л.) обманным путем;
work against действовать против;
work away продолжать работать ~ (past & p. p. тж. wrought) причинять, вызывать;
to work changes вызывать или производить изменения;
to work miracles делать чудеса ~ for стремиться( к чему-л.) ;
to work for peace бороться за мир ~ for a wage or salary работать по найму ~ for стремиться (к чему-л.) ;
to work for peace бороться за мир ~ attr. рабочий;
work station( или position) рабочее место (у конвейера) ;
work horse рабочая лошадь ~ in вставлять, вводить;
he worked in a few jokes in his speech он вставил несколько шуток в свою речь ~ in пригнать ~ in проникать, прокладывать себе дорогу ~ in соответствовать;
his plans do not work in with ours его планы расходятся с нашими ~ in process незавершенное производство ~ in process обрабатываемое изделие ~ in process полуфабрикат ~ in progress выполняемая работа ~ in progress незавершенное производство ~ in progress on behalf of third parties работа, выполняемая в интересах третьих лиц to ~ against time стараться кончить к определенному сроку;
to work it sl. достигнуть цели to ~ like a horse (или a navvy, a nigger, a slave) работать как вол ~ (past & p. p. тж. wrought) причинять, вызывать;
to work changes вызывать или производить изменения;
to work miracles делать чудеса ~ произведение, сочинение, труд;
a work of art произведение искусства ~ of art произведение искусства ~ of comparable worth работа сопоставимой ценности ~ of reference упомянутая работа ~ of reference цитируемая работа ~ of seasonal nature сезонная работа ~ off вымещать;
to work off one's bad temper( on smb.) срывать свое плохое настроение( на ком-л.) ~ off освободиться, отделаться (от чего-л.) ;
to work off one's excess weight = сбросить лишний вес, похудеть ~ off распродать ~ off вымещать;
to work off one's bad temper (on smb.) срывать свое плохое настроение( на ком-л.) ~ off освободиться, отделаться (от чего-л.) ;
to work off one's excess weight = сбросить лишний вес, похудеть ~ on Sundays and public holidays работа по воскресеньям и в праздничные дни ~ заслужить;
отработать (тж. work out) ;
to work one's passage отработать свой проезд на пароходе the dye works its way in краска впитывается;
to work one's way прокладывать себе дорогу;
пробиваться to ~ one's will поступать, как вздумается;
делать по-своему;
to work one's will (upon smb.) заставлять (кого-л.) делать по-своему to ~ one's will поступать, как вздумается;
делать по-своему;
to work one's will (upon smb.) заставлять (кого-л.) делать по-своему ~ (past & p. p. часто wrought) (искусственно) приводить себя в (какое-л.) состояние (тж. work up, into) ;
to work oneself into a rage довести себя до исступления ~ out вычислять ~ out добиваться ~ out истощать ~ out определять путем вычисления ~ out отрабатывать ~ out отработать (долг и т. п.) ~ out получать в результате упорного труда ~ out разрабатывать (план) ;
составлять (документ) ;
подбирать цифры, цитаты ~ out разрабатывать план ~ out решать (задачу) ~ out вчт. решать ~ out вчт. решить ~ out с трудом добиться ~ out составлять, выражаться (в такой-то цифре) ;
the costs work out at 50 издержки составляют 50 фунтов стерлингов ~ out составлять документ ~ out срабатывать;
быть успешным, реальным;
the plan worked out план оказался реальным ~ over перерабатывать;
to work over a letter переделывать письмо ~ over перерабатывать;
to work over a letter переделывать письмо to ~ side by side( with smb.) тесно сотрудничать( с кем-л.) ;
to work towards (smth.) способствовать( чему-л.) ~ (past & p. p. обыкн. wrought) обрабатывать;
отделывать;
разрабатывать;
to work the soil обрабатывать почву;
to work a vein разрабатывать жилу ~ to capacity работать с полной нагрузкой ~ to rule проводить итальянскую забастовку ~ to rule работа по правлиам (вид забастовки) ~ to rule работать строго по правилам ~ to rule строгое выполнение условий трудового соглашения (коллективного договора и т. п.) ;
to make sure work (with smth.) обеспечить свой контроль (над чем-л.) ~ to rule тормозить работу точным соблюдением всех правил to ~ side by side (with smb.) тесно сотрудничать (с кем-л.) ;
to work towards (smth.) способствовать (чему-л.) ~ up (past & p. p. часто wrought) возбуждать, вызывать;
to work up an appetite нагулять себе аппетит;
to work up a rebellion подстрекать к бунту ~ up (past & p. p. часто wrought) действовать (на кого-л.) ~ up (past & p. p. часто wrought) добиваться, завоевывать;
to work up a reputation завоевать репутацию ~ up добиваться ~ up доходить ~ up обрабатывать ~ up (past & p. p. часто wrought) отделывать, придавать законченный вид ~ up отделывать ~ up приближаться ~ up придавать законченный вид ~ up (past & p. p. часто wrought) разрабатывать ~ up (past & p. p. часто wrought) смешивать (составные части) ~ up (past & p. p. часто wrought) собирать сведения( по какому-л. вопросу) ~ up (past & p. p. часто wrought) возбуждать, вызывать;
to work up an appetite нагулять себе аппетит;
to work up a rebellion подстрекать к бунту ~ up (past & p. p. часто wrought) добиваться, завоевывать;
to work up a reputation завоевать репутацию ~ up (past & p. p. часто wrought) возбуждать, вызывать;
to work up an appetite нагулять себе аппетит;
to work up a rebellion подстрекать к бунту it won't ~ = этот номер не пройдет;
это не выйдет;
to work up to the curtain театр. играть под занавес ~ on = work upon ~ (upon smth.) влиять (на что-л.) ;
to work upon (smb.'s) conscience подействовать на (чью-л.) совесть -
37 hard
[hɑːd] 1. прил.1)а) жёсткий, твёрдый; тугой, негибкий, негнущийсяhard cheese — твёрдый сыр; жёсткий сыр
This candy is so hard no one can chew it. — Конфета такая твёрдая, что никто её не разжуёт.
б) спорт. твёрдый, с твёрдым покрытием (асфальтовым или бетонным, о теннисном корте)•Syn:Ant:hard money — монеты, металлические деньги
4) крепкий, прочный, ноский; выносливыйThe horses are both in hard condition, so a race can come off in ten days. — Обе лошади в отличной форме, поэтому скачки могут состояться через десять дней.
5)а) трудный, утомительный, тяжёлый; требующий усилий, напряженияб) трудный, причиняющий беспокойство (об объекте действия - в конструкции с инфинитивом или с предлогами of, in + существительное, выражающее действие)She was hard to please. — Ей было трудно угодить.
Chestnuts are hard of digestion. — Каштаны трудны для переваривания.
It is a hard thing to manage. — Это дело трудно выполнить.
в) трудноподдающийся (управлению, контролю)г) уст. не способный, испытывающий трудности (о субъекте действия - в конструкции с инфинитивом или с предлогом of + существительное, выражающее действие или способность)•Syn:Ant:The teacher asked a hard question. — Учитель задал трудный вопрос.
It is a hard book to read. — Эта трудная для чтения книга.
7)а) неопровержимый, "упрямый", реальный ( о фактах)The hard fact is that war, like business, reduces to a question of gain versus cost. — Неоспоримо то, что на войне, как и в бизнесе, всё сводится к вопросу соотношения прибыли и затрат.
hard fact — неопровержимые, голые факты
б) точный, конкретный, надёжный, обоснованный (об информации, новостях)Newspapers do not encourage telephone calls to the other side of the world unless they are in possession of pretty hard information. — Газеты не поощряют телефонных звонков на другую сторону планеты, если только они не содержат надёжной информации.
Syn:8) упрямый, неуступчивый; чёрствый, бесчувственный, бессердечныйSyn:9) скупой, скаредный, прижимистыйMany wondered that a man could be so hard and niggardly in all pecuniary dealings. — Многие поражались, что человек может быть таким скупым и жадным в денежных делах.
Syn:10) практичный, деловой, не поддающийся эмоциямWe Americans have got hard heads. — У нас, американцев, практичный, здравый ум.
11)а) труднопереносимый, давящий, гнетущий, мучительный, тягостныйSyn:б) суровый, трудный, тревожный; тяжёлый, тягостный ( о времени)They had a hard time of it too, for my father had to go on half-pay. — У них тоже были тяжёлые времена, потому что моему отцу приходилось обходиться половиной зарплаты.
Many families had a hard time during the Depression. — Многие семьи переживали трудные времена во время Великой Депрессии.
Syn:severe, harsh, rough, difficult, unpleasant, disagreeable, distressing, oppressive, onerous, intolerable, unbearableв) холодный, суровый, жестокий (о погоде и т. п.)This has been a hard winter. — Это была суровая зима.
The hard rain flattened the tomato plants. — Сильный ливень прибил томаты.
Syn:12)а) строгий, требовательный, взыскательный; жёсткий, суровый; жестокийWe work for a hard master. — Мы работаем на требовательного хозяина.
Felix began to perceive that he had been too hard upon her. — Феликс начал понимать, что он был с ней слишком суров.
Syn:б) резкий, грубый; враждебныйShe almost invariably took a hard view of persons and things. — Она практически всегда высказывалась резко о людях и о ситуациях.
Hard feelings existed between the neighbours. — Между соседями были очень враждебные отношения.
The lawyers exchanged hard words. — Адвокаты обменялись резкими репликами.
Syn:в) полит. крайнийFor the foreseeable future, then, the hard right has the initiative in Turkey. — Очевидно, что в обозримом будущем инициатива в Турции будет принадлежать крайним правым.
13) неприятный (для слуха, зрения)It was a hard face even when she smiled. — У неё было неприятное лицо, даже когда она улыбалась.
14)б) разг. терпкий, кислыйв) амер. крепкий ( о напитках)Syn:г) вызывающий привыкание, привычку (о лекарствах, наркотиках)Nothing on earth would persuade me to try LSD or the hard drugs. — Ничто в мире не заставит меня попробовать ЛСД или тяжёлые наркотики.
Syn:15) тлв. контрастный16) защищённый (о пусковой площадке, конструкциях, ракетах с ядерными боеголовками)The adjective "hard" is now used to refer to the resistance to atomic explosions of airfields, missile launching pads, command posts, and other structures. — Прилагательное "hard" в настоящее время используется, когда речь идет о защищённости аэродромов, стартовых площадок, командных постов и других структур от атомных взрывов.
17) фин. твёрдый, устойчивыйSyn:18) лингв. твёрдый ( о согласном)19) физ.а) проникающий ( о радиации)б) полный или почти полный ( о вакууме); содержащий полный вакуум ( об электронной лампе)20) упорный, усердный, энергичный, выполняемый с большой энергией, настойчивостьюThe fight must be long and hard. — Битва будет долгой и упорной.
Syn:21)а) прилежный, усердный; энергичныйThat new employee is really a hard worker. — Этот новый сотрудник действительно очень усерден.
Every hard worker requires sufficient and regular holidays. — Каждому работающему с полной отдачей сотруднику требуется достаточный и регулярный отдых.
Syn:б) усиленно предающийся (чему-л.)22) хим. биологически жёсткий, неразлагающийсяSyn:persistent 3) в)•Gram:[ref dict="LingvoGrammar (En-Ru)"]hard[/ref]••hard of hearing — тугоухий, тугой на ухо
- hard lines 2. нареч.the bigger they are, the harder they fall — чем выше забираешься, тем больнее падать
1)а) энергично, активно, решительно, настойчиво, упорно; неистово, яростноThe farmer worked hard to gather the hay before the rains came. — Фермер напряжённо работал, чтобы успеть убрать сено до дождей.
The student studied hard. — Студент усердно занимался.
The children played hard. — Дети были поглощены игрой.
Syn:б) сильно, резко, интенсивно (о погоде, ветре, дожде)It rained hard. — Дождь льёт как из ведра.
Hit the ball hard. — Сильно ударь по мячу.
Syn:в) амер.; разг. очень, чрезвычайно, в высшей степени, чрезмерноHe isn't a millionaire so hard that you could notice it, anyhow. — Во всяком случае, он не настолько уж крупный миллионер, чтобы ты мог это заметить.
Mr. Hopkins is hard sick. — Мистер Хопкинс очень болен.
Syn:2) жёстко, строго; сурово, безжалостно, жестоко3)а) насилу, тяжело, с трудомSyn:б) болезненно, близко к сердцуMother took the bad news very hard. — Мать приняла плохие известия очень близко к сердцу.
The team took the defeat hard. — Команда болезненно переживала поражение.
Syn:4) твёрдо, крепко, так, чтобы быть твёрдым, спрессованнымThe ice is frozen hard. — Лёд очень твёрдый.
Syn:5) близко, рядом, вплотную ( в пространственном и временном значении)to follow hard after / behind / upon smb. — следовать по пятам за кем-л.
Defeat seemed hard at hand. — Поражение казалось совсем близко.
It was now hard upon three o'clock. — Было почти три часа.
hard by — близко, рядом
Syn:6) мор. круто, до пределаSyn:••3. сущ.hard pressed / pushed — в трудном, тяжёлом положении
1) трудность, трудностиHe had come through the hards himself. — Он сам преодолел все невзгоды.
She is a lady who has given her life to nursing, and has gone through its hards. — Это женщина, которая посвятила свою жизнь уходу за больными и прошла через все трудности, с этим связанные.
Syn:2) твёрдый берег, твёрдая береговая полоса; каменный мол для высадки на берег; проходимое место на топком болоте3) разг. каторга4) табак в плитках, прессованный табак5) разг.; = hard-on эрекция•• -
38 end
end конец, окончание - happy * счастливый конец;
счастливая развязка - to put an * to smth. положить конец чему-либо, покончить с чем-либо - to put an * to an argument положить конец спору - to bring to an * закончить, завершить - to make an of smth. закончить что-либо;
положить конец чему-либо - to come to an *, to be at an * прийти к концу, кончиться - I've come to the * of my endurance мое терпение истощилось - we'll see no * of in, there is no * to it этому конца не будет - to follow smth. to its logical * довести что-либо до логического конца - in the * в конце концов, в конечном счете - to the * of time (возвышенно) вечно, на веки веков - this will remain a secret to the * of time это навеки останется тайной - the * crowns the deed конец венчает дело конец, последняя, заключительная часть;
завершение - the * of the year конец года - the * of a sentence последняя часть предложения - a story without an * рассказ, который ничем не кончается - toward the * of 1914 к концу 1914 г. - by the * of the third quarter к концу третьего квартала - at the * of the 16th century в конце XVI столетия смерть, кончина, конец - untimely * безвременная кончина - to be near one's * быть при смерти - to come to a tragic * трагически погибнуть - to be the * (of) довести до гибели, прикончить - this cough will be the * of me этот кашель меня доконает - you will be the * of me ты меня в могилу сведешь прекращение существования - that will be the * of all war это положит конец всякой войне, войны исчезнут навсегда - the * of the world конец света конец, край - a silver watch at the * of a chain серебряные часы, подвешенные на конце цепочки - on the * of a stick на конце палки - * on концом вперед;
(морское) прямо носом или кормой - * up стоймя, прямо - * to * непрерывной цепью, впритык - at the southern * of the town в южном конце города - from one * of the country to the other из одного конца страны в другой - to sign one's name at the * of a list поставить свою подпись в конце списка - at the other * of the world на другом конце света - at the world's * на краю света;
у черта на куличках конец, сторона - to approach the subject from the wrong * подойти к вопросу не с того конца - look through the wrong * of a telescope воспринимать все в искаженном виде (американизм) аспект, сторона - the business * практическая или коммерческая сторона дела - at the consuming * со стороны потребителей;
в сфере потребления - the advertising * of insurance реклама в страховом деле - at the broadcasting * на радиостанциях (американизм) часть, отделение - our selling * наш торговый отдел, коммерческий отдел нашего предприятия остаток, обломок, обрывок, обрезок - rope's * (морское) линек, конец ( троса) (американизм) (разговорное) верх, вершина (чего-либо) ;
непревзойденное совершенство - she is the very * of feminity она воплощенная женственность торец - * elevation вид с торца, вид сбоку - * face лобовая или торцовая поверхность( специальное) комель эндсы, дилены (пиломатериалы) (текстильное) одиночная или кордная нить - * down обрыв нити - *s per inch число нитей основы на один дюйм днище( спортивное) половина поля, площадки - to change *s меняться сторонами поля (спортивное) крайний( в футболе) цель;
намерения, виды - to accomplish one's * достичь цели - to gain one's * достичь цели, добиться своего - to pursue one's own *s преследовать свои собственные цели - to work together for a common * работать на общее дело - with this * in view с этой целью, для этого - the * justifies the means цель оправдывает средства - an * in itself самоцель - to what *? для чего? с какой целью? - to that * с этой целью - to the * that... для того чтобы..., с той целью чтобы... - to no * бесцельно, бесполезно, напрасно - to serve an * служить какой-либо цели - to serve no useful * быть бесполезным - to public *s на общественные нужды, в интересах общества - to defeat one's own * идти вразрез с поставленной целью > no * бесконечно, чрезвычайно > no * obliged to you чрезвычайно вам признателем > no * disappointed ужасно разочарованный > he was no * put out он страшно обозлился, он вышел из себя > this should liven up the debate no * это должно чрезвычайно оживить дебаты > no * of масса, много > no * of trouble масса хлопот > he deserves no * of praise он заслуживает всяческих похвал > it does no * of mischief это наносит огромный вред > on * стоймя;
дыбом( о волосах) > on * беспрерывно, подряд > for hours on * целыми часами( подряд) > to be all on * быть в состоянии раздражения > at a loose * не у дел, непристроенный > to the bitter * до конца, до последнего;
до последней капли крови > to be at the * of one's rope быть в безвыходном положении > to be at the * of one's tether дойти до предела, дойти до точки > to be at one's wits' * совершенно растеряться > I am at my wits' * ума не приложу > to go (in) off the deep * взволноваться, разозлиться;
рисковать, действовать сгоряча;
пороть горячку;
не узнавши броду, сунуться в воду > to hold one's * up не сдаваться, не падать духом > to make both *s meet сводить концы с концами > to come out on the short * оказаться в невыгодном положении, опростоволоситься > to hand the short * of the stick (американизм) обвести (кого-либо) ;
поставить в невыгодное положение > to hold up one's * стойко держаться в трудном положении;
неукоснительно выполнять свой долг, принятые на себя обязательства кончать;
заканчивать - to * one's labour on a book кончить свою работу над книгой - to * off a speech with a quotation закончить выступление цитатой - we *ed the dinner up with fruit and coffee мы закончили обед фруктами и кофе - if you don't change your ways you'll * up in prison если ты не изменишь свое поведение, то кончишь тюрьмой кончаться, завершаться - to * in disaster кончиться катастрофой - to * in success завершиться успехом - how does the story *? чем кончается рассказ? - the plateau *s in a precipice плато кончается пропастью - to * in a draw (спортивное) окончить или окончиться вничью - the expedition *ed in the death of two climbers в результате экспедиции погибли два альпиниста - not all English words which * in -ly are adverbs не все английские слова, кончающиеся на -ly, являются наречиями прекращать - to * testing now and for all time прекратить испытания( ядерного оружия) немедленно и навсегда - to * the cold war положить конец холодной войне - to * one's life покончить с собой( редкое) кончиться, умереть( устаревшее) прикончить, убить > all's well that *s well (пословица) все хорошо, что хорошо кончается > to * in smoke кончиться ничем abnormal ~ вчт. аварийное завершение adjustment at year ~ корректировка на конец года the ~ justifies the means цель оправдывает средства;
any means to an end все средства хороши at the ~ в конце at the ~ of в конце (чего-л.) ;
at the end of the story в конце рассказа;
at the end of the month в конце месяца at the ~ of в конце (чего-л.) ;
at the end of the story в конце рассказа;
at the end of the month в конце месяца at the ~ of в конце (чего-л.) ;
at the end of the story в конце рассказа;
at the end of the month в конце месяца ~ pl стр. эндсы, дилены;
to be on the end of a line попасться на удочку;
to make both (или two) ends meet сводить концы с концами end амер. аспект, сторона;
the political end of (smth.) политический аспект( чего-л.) ~ днище ~ завершение ~ sl зад ~ заканчивать ~ конец, смерть;
he is near(ing) his end он умирает ~ конец, окончание ~ конец;
окончание;
предел;
end on концом вперед;
to put an end to( smth.), to make an end of( smth.) положить конец (чему-л.), уничтожить( что-л.) ~ конец ~ кончать, заканчивать ~ кончать;
заканчивать;
прекращать;
to end all wars положить конец всем войнам;
to end one's life покончить с собой ~ кончать ~ кончаться, завершаться (in, with) ;
to end in disaster окончиться катастрофой;
the story ends with the hero's death рассказ кончается смертью героя ~ край;
граница;
ends of the earth край земли;
глухомань;
the world's end край света ~ окончание ~ остаток, обломок;
обрезок;
отрывок ~ остаток ~ прекращать ~ результат, следствие;
happy end благополучная развязка, счастливый конец;
it is difficult to foresee the end трудно предвидеть результат ~ результат ~ следствие ~ смерть, кончина ~ цель;
to that end с этой целью;
to gain one's ends достичь цели;
ends and means цели и средства ~ цель ~ амер. часть, отдел;
the retail end of a business отдел розничной торговли ~ pl стр. эндсы, дилены;
to be on the end of a line попасться на удочку;
to make both (или two) ends meet сводить концы с концами ~ кончать;
заканчивать;
прекращать;
to end all wars положить конец всем войнам;
to end one's life покончить с собой ~ кончаться, завершаться (in, with) ;
to end in disaster окончиться катастрофой;
the story ends with the hero's death рассказ кончается смертью героя the ~ justifies the means цель оправдывает средства;
any means to an end все средства хороши ~ of data вчт. конец данных ~ of file, EOF вчт. конец файла ~ of financial period конец отчетного периода ~ of financial year конец финансового года ~ of loan истечение срока ссуды ~ of month конец месяца ~ of month последний день месяца ~ of period конец периода ~ of previous financial year конец предыдущего финансового года ~ of volume вчт. конец тома ~ off, ~ up оканчиваться, прекращаться, обрываться ~ конец;
окончание;
предел;
end on концом вперед;
to put an end to (smth.), to make an end of (smth.) положить конец (чему-л.), уничтожить (что-л.) ~ кончать;
заканчивать;
прекращать;
to end all wars положить конец всем войнам;
to end one's life покончить с собой to the bitter ~ до предела, до точки;
до последней капли крови;
to keep one's end up сделать все от себя зависящее;
не сдаваться;
end to end непрерывной цепью ~ off, ~ up оканчиваться, прекращаться, обрываться ~ цель;
to that end с этой целью;
to gain one's ends достичь цели;
ends and means цели и средства ~ край;
граница;
ends of the earth край земли;
глухомань;
the world's end край света ~ of file, EOF вчт. конец файла on ~ беспрерывно, подряд;
for two years on end два года подряд ~ цель;
to that end с этой целью;
to gain one's ends достичь цели;
ends and means цели и средства ~ результат, следствие;
happy end благополучная развязка, счастливый конец;
it is difficult to foresee the end трудно предвидеть результат happy: ~ счастливый;
happy man! счастливец!;
happy end счастливый конец (романа, фильма и т. п.) ;
as happy as the day is long очень счастливый ~ конец, смерть;
he is near(ing) his end он умирает no ~ of разг. прекрасный, исключительный;
he is no end of a fellow он чудесный малый;
we had no end of a time мы прекрасно провели время in the ~ в заключение;
в конечном счете;
they won the battle in the end в конечном счете они добились победы ~ результат, следствие;
happy end благополучная развязка, счастливый конец;
it is difficult to foresee the end трудно предвидеть результат to the bitter ~ до предела, до точки;
до последней капли крови;
to keep one's end up сделать все от себя зависящее;
не сдаваться;
end to end непрерывной цепью laid ~ to ~ вместе взятые low ~ невысокий результат low ~ низкая цель ~ конец;
окончание;
предел;
end on концом вперед;
to put an end to (smth.), to make an end of (smth.) положить конец (чему-л.), уничтожить (что-л.) ~ pl стр. эндсы, дилены;
to be on the end of a line попасться на удочку;
to make both (или two) ends meet сводить концы с концами no ~ разг. безмерно;
в высшей степени no ~ obliged to you чрезвычайно вам признателен no ~ of разг. много, масса;
no end of trouble масса хлопот, неприятностей no ~ of разг. прекрасный, исключительный;
he is no end of a fellow он чудесный малый;
we had no end of a time мы прекрасно провели время no: ~ end of очень много, множество;
we had no end of good time мы превосходно провели время no ~ of разг. много, масса;
no end of trouble масса хлопот, неприятностей normal ~ вчт. нормальное завершение on ~ беспрерывно, подряд;
for two years on end два года подряд on ~ стоймя;
дыбом end амер. аспект, сторона;
the political end of (smth.) политический аспект (чего-л.) position ~ позиция на конец месяца ~ конец;
окончание;
предел;
end on концом вперед;
to put an end to (smth.), to make an end of (smth.) положить конец (чему-л.), уничтожить (что-л.) ~ амер. часть, отдел;
the retail end of a business отдел розничной торговли ~ кончаться, завершаться (in, with) ;
to end in disaster окончиться катастрофой;
the story ends with the hero's death рассказ кончается смертью героя ~ цель;
to that end с этой целью;
to gain one's ends достичь цели;
ends and means цели и средства to: ~ prep указывает на цель действия на, для;
to the rescue на помощь;
to that end с этой целью in the ~ в заключение;
в конечном счете;
they won the battle in the end в конечном счете они добились победы to the bitter ~ до предела, до точки;
до последней капли крови;
to keep one's end up сделать все от себя зависящее;
не сдаваться;
end to end непрерывной цепью no ~ of разг. прекрасный, исключительный;
he is no end of a fellow он чудесный малый;
we had no end of a time мы прекрасно провели время ~ край;
граница;
ends of the earth край земли;
глухомань;
the world's end край света year ~ конец года -
39 that
1. ðæt plural - those; adjective(used to indicate a person, thing etc spoken of before, not close to the speaker, already known to the speaker and listener etc: Don't take this book - take that one; At that time, I was living in Italy; When are you going to return those books?) ese, esa, esos, esas; aquel, aquella, aquellos, aquellas
2. pronoun(used to indicate a thing etc, or (in plural or with the verb be) person or people, spoken of before, not close to the speaker, already known to the speaker and listener etc: What is that you've got in your hand?; Who is that?; That is the Prime Minister; Those present at the concert included the composer and his wife.) ese, esa, esos, esas; aquel, aquella, aquellos, aquellas
3. ðət, ðæt relative pronoun(used to refer to a person, thing etc mentioned in a preceding clause in order to distinguish it from others: Where is the parcel that arrived this morning?; Who is the man (that) you were talking to?)
4. ðət, ðæt conjunction1) ((often omitted) used to report what has been said etc or to introduce other clauses giving facts, reasons, results etc: I know (that) you didn't do it; I was surprised (that) he had gone.) que2) (used to introduce expressions of sorrow, wishes etc: That I should be accused of murder!; Oh, that I were with her now!) y pensar que; ojalá
5.
adverb(so; to such an extent: I didn't realize she was that ill.) tan- that's that
that1 adj ese / aquelwho lives in that house? ¿quién vive en esa casa?did you bring that book? ¿has traído aquel libro?what are those boys doing? ¿qué están haciendo aquellos chicos?that2 adv tanthat3 conj quethat4 pron1. ése / aquél2. esotr[ðæt ʊnstressed ðət]1 ese, esa (remote) aquel, aquella■ how much is that dress? ¿cuánto vale ese vestido?■ what was that noise? ¿qué ha sido ese ruido?■ have you got that record I lent you? ¿tienes aquel disco que te dejé?■ who's that? ¿quién es ése/ésa?■ this is mine, that is yours éste es mío, aquél es tuyo2 (indefinite) eso; (remote) aquello■ what's that? ¿qué es eso?■ where did you get that? ¿dónde has comprado eso?3 (relative) que4 (with preposition) que, el/la que, el/la cual1 que2 ¡ojalá!1 familiar tan, tanto,-a, tantos,-as\SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALLand all that y todo esolike that así, de aquella manerathat is to say es decirthat's life así es la vidathat's more like it ¡ahora!, ¡así me gusta!that's right así esthat's that ya está, se acabówho's that? (on 'phone) ¿quién es?, ¿quién eres?it's not that expensive: no es tan caronot that much: no tantodo you see those children?: ¿ves a aquellos niños?that conj & pron: quehe said that he was afraid: dijo que tenía miedothe book that he wrote: el libro que escribió1) : ése, ésa, esothat's my father: ése es mi padrethose are the ones he likes: ésos son los que le gustanwhat's that?: ¿qué es eso?those are maples and these are elms: aquéllos son arces y éstos son olmosthat came to an end: aquello se acabóadj.• esa adj.• ese adj.adj.dem.• aquel adj.dem.adv.• como adv.• tan adv.conj.• ese conj.• para que conj.• que conj.pron.• aquello pron.• aquél pron.• el cual pron.• ese pron.• eso pron.• que pron.• quien pron.• tanto pron.pron.dem.neut.• aquello pron.dem.neut.
I ðæt1) (pl those) ( demonstrative) ése, ésa; (neuter) esothose — ésos, ésas; (to refer to something more distant, to the remote past) aquél, aquélla; (neuter) aquello
those — aquéllos, aquéllas [According to the Real Academia Española the accent can be omitted when there is no ambiguity]
what's that? — ¿qué es eso?
who's that over there? — quién es ése/ésa?
those are $20 and those over there $21.50 — ésos cuestan 20 dólares y aquéllos de allá 21,50
who's that, please? — ( on telephone) ¿con quién hablo, por favor?
that's impossible/wonderful! — es imposible/maravilloso!
is that so? — no me digas!, ¿ah, sí?
don't talk like that! — no hables así!, no digas eso!
eat it up now, that's a good girl! — vamos, cómetelo todo así me gusta!
come on, it's not as bad as all that — vamos, que no es para tanto
2) (in phrases)at that they all burst out laughing — al oír (or ver etc) eso, todos se echaron a reír
he has enormous power and wealth, but is still unhappy for all that — tiene mucho poder y muchas riquezas, pero aún así es infeliz
that is: we're all going, all the adults, that is vamos todos, es decir, todos los adultos; you're welcome to come along, that is, if you'd like to encantados de que vengas, siempre que quieras venir, claro; that's it!: that's it for today eso es todo por hoy; is that it? - no, there's another bag to come ¿ya está? - no, todavía falta otra bolsa; now lift your left arm: that's it! ahora levanta el brazo izquierdo eso es! or ahí está!; that's it: I've had enough! se acabó! ya no aguanto más!; that's that: you're not going and that's that! — no vas y no hay más que hablar or y se acabó
3) ðət, strong form ðæt ( relative) queit wasn't Helen (that) you saw — no fue a Helen a quien viste, no fue a Helen que viste (AmL)
II ðætthose — esos, esas; (to refer to something more distant, to the remote past) aquel, aquella
those — aquellos, aquellas
do you know that boy/girl? — ¿conoces a ese chico/esa chica?
I prefer that one — prefiero ése/ésa
III ðət, strong form ðætconjunction queshe said (that)... — dijo que...
it's not that I mind what he does but... — no es que me importe lo que hace, pero...
they died that others might live — (liter) murieron para que otros pudieran vivir
IV ðætadverb tanten thirty? that late already? — ¿las diez y media? ¿ya es tan tarde?
(strong form) [ðæt] (weak form) [ˌdǝt] (pl those) Those is treated as a separate entry.I'm not that interested, really — la verdad es que no me interesa tanto
1. DEMONSTRATIVE ADJECTIVE1) [+ objects/people]You can generally use ese etc when pointing to something near the person you are speaking to. Use aquel etc for something which is distant from both of you: (nearer) ese m, esa f ; (more remote) aquel m, aquella fthat car is much better value than that sports model at the end — ese coche está mejor de precio que aquel modelo deportivo que hay al final
that wretched dog! — ¡ese maldito perro!
In the past the standard spelling for [ese/esa] and [aquel/aquella] used as pronouns (as when they are used to translate [that one]) was with an accent ([ése/ésa] and [aquél/aquélla]). Nowadays the [Real Academia Española] advises that the accented forms are only required where there might otherwise be confusion with the adjectives [este/esta] and [aquel/aquella].what about that cheque? — ¿y el cheque ese?
there's little to choose between this model and that one — no hay mucho que elegir entre este modelo y aquel
2) [+ event, year, month]
Aquel is used to refer to a time in the distant past. Use if you mention a concrete date, month, year {etc">ese:do you remember that holiday we had in Holland? — ¿te acuerdas de aquellas vacaciones que pasamos en Holanda?
1992? I can't remember where we holidayed that year — ¿1992? no recuerdo dónde pasamos las vacaciones ese año
May? we can't come that month because we'll be moving house — ¿en mayo? no podemos venir ese mes porque nos estaremos mudando de casa
2.DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNThe pronoun that ( one) is translated by ese and aquel (masc), esa and aquella (fem) and eso and aquello (neuter). You can generally use ese etc when pointing to something near the person you are speaking to. Use aquel etc for something which is distant from both of you. Note that in the past the standard spelling for the masculine and feminine pronouns was with an accent (ése/ésa and aquél/aquélla). Nowadays the Real Academia Española advises that the accented forms are only required where there might otherwise be confusion with the adjectives ese/esa and aquel/aquella. Neuter pronouns never carry an accent. (nearer) ese m, esa f, ése m, ésa f, eso (neuter) ; (more remote) aquel(la) m / f, aquél(la) m / f, aquello (neuter)who's that? — ¿quién es ese?
what is that? — ¿qué es eso?, ¿eso qué es?
is that you, Paul? — ¿eres tú, Paul?
£5? it must have cost more than that — ¿5 libras? debe haber costado más (que eso)
that's true — eso es verdad, es cierto (esp LAm)
that's odd! — ¡qué raro!, ¡qué cosa más rara!
1988? that was the year you graduated, wasn't it? — ¿1988? ese fue el año en que acabaste la carrera, ¿no es así?
"will he come?" - "that he will!" — † -¿vendrá? -¡ya lo creo!
•
after that — después de eso•
bees and wasps and all that — abejas, avispas y cosas asíis that all? — ¿eso es todo?, ¿nada más?
•
and it was broken at that — y además estaba rotoI realized he meant to speak to me and at that I panicked — me di cuenta de que quería hablar conmigo y entonces me entró el pánico
•
what do you mean by that? — ¿qué quieres decir con eso?•
if it comes to that — en tal caso, si llegamos a eso•
it will cost 20 dollars, if that — costará 20 dólares, si es que llega•
that is — (=ie) es decir...•
that's it, we've finished — ya está, hemos terminadothat's it! she can find her own gardener! — ¡se acabó! ¡que se busque un jardinero por su cuenta!
•
that of — el/la de•
that is to say — es decir...•
why worry about that which may never happen? — frm ¿por qué preocuparse por aquello que or por lo que puede que nunca vaya a pasar?•
with that — con eso3. RELATIVE PRONOUNUnlike that, the Spanish relative cannot be omitted.1) quethe girl that he met on holiday and later married — la chica que conoció durante las vacaciones y con la que después se casó
If the that clause ends in a preposition, you can either translate that as que (usually preceded by the definite article) or as article + cual/cuales. Use the second option particularly in formal language or after long prepositions or prepositional phrases:fool that I am! — ¡tonto que soy!
the box that I put it in — la caja donde lo puse, la caja en la que or en la cual lo puse
4. ADVERB1) (=so) tanit's about that big — (with gesture) es más o menos así de grande
•
cheer up! it isn't that bad — ¡ánimo! ¡no es para tanto!•
that many frogs — tantas ranas•
that much money — tanto dinero2) * (=so very) tanit was that cold! — ¡hacía tanto frío!
5. CONJUNCTIONUnlike that, que cannot be omitted.1) after verb quehe said that... — dijo que...
he said that he was going to London and would be back in the evening — dijo que se iba a Londres y (que) volvería por la tarde
2) after nounTranslate as de que in phrases like the idea/belief/hope that:
•
any hope that they might have survived was fading — toda esperanza de que hubiesen sobrevivido se estaba desvaneciendo•
the idea that we can profit from their labour — la idea de que podemos aprovecharnos de su trabajo•
..., not that I want to, of course —..., no es que yo quiera, por supuestoIf the that clause is the subject of another verb it is usual to translate that as el que rather than que especially if it starts the sentence:•
oh that we could! — ¡ojalá pudiéramos!, ¡ojalá!In these cases the verb which follows will be in the subjunctive:that he did not know surprised me — (el) que no lo supiera me extrañó, me extrañó (el) que no lo supiera
wouldthat he should behave like this is incredible — (el) que se comporte así es increíble, es increíble que se comporte así
4) (=in order that) para que + subjunthose who fought and died that we might live — los que lucharon y murieron para que nosotros pudiésemos vivir
5)• in that — en el sentido de que
it's an attractive investment in that it is tax-free — es una inversión atractiva en el sentido de que está exenta de impuestos
* * *
I [ðæt]1) (pl those) ( demonstrative) ése, ésa; (neuter) esothose — ésos, ésas; (to refer to something more distant, to the remote past) aquél, aquélla; (neuter) aquello
those — aquéllos, aquéllas [According to the Real Academia Española the accent can be omitted when there is no ambiguity]
what's that? — ¿qué es eso?
who's that over there? — quién es ése/ésa?
those are $20 and those over there $21.50 — ésos cuestan 20 dólares y aquéllos de allá 21,50
who's that, please? — ( on telephone) ¿con quién hablo, por favor?
that's impossible/wonderful! — es imposible/maravilloso!
is that so? — no me digas!, ¿ah, sí?
don't talk like that! — no hables así!, no digas eso!
eat it up now, that's a good girl! — vamos, cómetelo todo así me gusta!
come on, it's not as bad as all that — vamos, que no es para tanto
2) (in phrases)at that they all burst out laughing — al oír (or ver etc) eso, todos se echaron a reír
he has enormous power and wealth, but is still unhappy for all that — tiene mucho poder y muchas riquezas, pero aún así es infeliz
that is: we're all going, all the adults, that is vamos todos, es decir, todos los adultos; you're welcome to come along, that is, if you'd like to encantados de que vengas, siempre que quieras venir, claro; that's it!: that's it for today eso es todo por hoy; is that it? - no, there's another bag to come ¿ya está? - no, todavía falta otra bolsa; now lift your left arm: that's it! ahora levanta el brazo izquierdo eso es! or ahí está!; that's it: I've had enough! se acabó! ya no aguanto más!; that's that: you're not going and that's that! — no vas y no hay más que hablar or y se acabó
3) [ðət], strong form [ðæt] ( relative) queit wasn't Helen (that) you saw — no fue a Helen a quien viste, no fue a Helen que viste (AmL)
II [ðæt]those — esos, esas; (to refer to something more distant, to the remote past) aquel, aquella
those — aquellos, aquellas
do you know that boy/girl? — ¿conoces a ese chico/esa chica?
I prefer that one — prefiero ése/ésa
III [ðət], strong form [ðæt]conjunction queshe said (that)... — dijo que...
it's not that I mind what he does but... — no es que me importe lo que hace, pero...
they died that others might live — (liter) murieron para que otros pudieran vivir
IV [ðæt]adverb tanten thirty? that late already? — ¿las diez y media? ¿ya es tan tarde?
I'm not that interested, really — la verdad es que no me interesa tanto
-
40 pull
pull [pʊl]fait de tirer ⇒ 1 (a) traction ⇒ 1 (b) résistance ⇒ 1 (c) attrait ⇒ 1 (d) influence ⇒ 1 (e) tirer ⇒ 2 (a)-(c), 3 (a) traîner ⇒ 2 (a) arracher ⇒ 2 (d) se déchirer ⇒ 2 (e) réussir ⇒ 2 (f)1 noun(a) (tug, act of pulling)∎ to give sth a pull, to give a pull on sth tirer (sur) qch;∎ give it a hard or good pull! tirez fort!;∎ give it one more pull tire encore un coup;∎ we'll need a pull to get out of the mud nous aurons besoin que quelqu'un nous remorque ou nous prenne en remorque pour nous désembourber;∎ with a pull the dog broke free le chien tira sur sa laisse et s'échappa;∎ she felt a pull at or on her handbag elle a senti qu'on tirait sur son sac à main;∎ I felt a pull on the fishing line ça mordait∎ the winch applies a steady pull le treuil exerce une traction continue;∎ the gravitational pull is stronger on Earth la gravitation est plus forte sur Terre;∎ we fought against the pull of the current nous luttions contre le courant qui nous entraînait(c) (resistance → of bowstring) résistance f;∎ adjust the trigger if the pull is too stiff for you réglez la détente si elle est trop dure pour vous(d) (psychological, emotional attraction) attrait m;∎ the pull of city life l'attrait m de la vie en ville;∎ he resisted the pull of family tradition and went his own way il a résisté à l'influence de la tradition familiale pour suivre son propre chemin∎ to have a lot of pull avoir le bras long;∎ he has a lot of pull with the Prime Minister il a beaucoup d'influence sur le Premier ministre;∎ his money gives him a certain political pull son argent lui confère une certaine influence ou un certain pouvoir politique;∎ his father's pull got him in son père l'a pistonné∎ it'll be a long pull to the summit la montée sera longue (et difficile) pour atteindre le sommet;∎ it will be a hard pull upstream il faudra ramer dur pour remonter le courant;∎ it's going to be a long uphill pull to make the firm profitable ça sera difficile de remettre l'entreprise à flot(g) (in rowing → stroke) coup m de rame ou d'aviron;∎ with another pull he was clear of the rock d'un autre coup de rame, il évita le rocher∎ to take a pull at or on one's beer boire ou prendre une gorgée de bière;∎ to take a pull at or on one's cigarette/pipe tirer sur sa cigarette/pipe(j) (snag → in sweater) accroc m;∎ my cardigan has a pull in it j'ai fait un accroc à mon cardigan(k) Typography épreuve f∎ she pulled my hair elle m'a tiré les cheveux;∎ to pull the blinds baisser les stores;∎ to pull the British curtains or∎ American drapes tirer ou fermer les rideaux;∎ we pulled the heavy log across to the fire nous avons traîné la lourde bûche jusqu'au feu;∎ pull the lamp towards you tirez la lampe vers vous;∎ he pulled his chair closer to the fire il approcha sa chaise de la cheminée;∎ she pulled the hood over her face elle abaissa le capuchon sur son visage;∎ he pulled his hat over his eyes il enfonça ou rabattit son chapeau sur ses yeux;∎ he pulled the steering wheel to the right il a donné un coup de volant à droite;∎ to pull a drawer open ouvrir un tiroir;∎ she came in and pulled the door shut behind her elle entra et ferma la porte derrière elle;∎ pull the rope taut tendez la corde;∎ pull the knot tight serrez le nœud;∎ pull the tablecloth straight tendez la nappe;∎ he pulled the wrapping from the package il arracha l'emballage du paquet;∎ he pulled the sheets off the bed il enleva les draps du lit;∎ she pulled her hand from mine elle retira (brusquement) sa main de la mienne;∎ she pulled the box from his hands elle lui a arraché la boîte des mains;∎ he was pulling her towards the exit il l'entraînait vers la sortie;∎ he pulled her closer (to him) il l'a attirée plus près de lui;∎ the current pulled us into the middle of the river le courant nous a entraînés au milieu de la rivière;∎ he pulled himself onto the riverbank il se hissa sur la berge;∎ figurative the sound of the doorbell pulled him out of his daydream le coup de sonnette l'a tiré de ou arraché à ses rêveries;∎ figurative he was pulled off the first team on l'a écarté ou exclu de la première équipe;∎ to pull to bits or pieces (toy, appliance) démolir, mettre en morceaux; (book, flower) déchirer; figurative (book, play, person) démolir(b) (operate → lever, handle) tirer;∎ pull the trigger appuyez ou pressez sur la détente(c) (tow, draw → load, trailer, carriage, boat) tirer, remorquer;∎ carts pulled by mules des charrettes tirées par des mules;∎ a suitcase with wheels that you pull behind you une valise à roulettes qu'on tire ou traîne derrière soi;∎ the barges were pulled along the canals les péniches étaient halées le long des canaux∎ he pulled a dollar bill from his wad/wallet il a tiré un billet d'un dollar de sa liasse/sorti un billet d'un dollar de son portefeuille;∎ he pulled a gun on me il a braqué un revolver sur moi;∎ to pull a cork déboucher une bouteille;∎ to have a tooth pulled se faire arracher une dent;∎ it was like pulling teeth c'était pénible comme tout;∎ getting him to talk is like pulling teeth! il faut lui arracher les mots de la bouche!;∎ familiar can you pull that file for me? pourriez-vous me sortir ce dossier?□(e) (strain → muscle, tendon) se déchirer;∎ she pulled a muscle elle s'est déchiré un muscle, elle s'est fait un claquage;∎ a pulled muscle un claquage;∎ my shoulder feels as if I've pulled something j'ai l'impression que je me suis froissé un muscle de l'épaule∎ she has pulled several daring financial coups elle a réussi plusieurs opérations financières audacieuses;∎ he pulled a big bank job in Italy il a réussi un hold-up de première dans une banque italienne;∎ to pull a trick on sb jouer un tour à qn□ ;∎ what are you trying to pull? qu'est-ce que tu es en train de combiner ou manigancer?□ ;∎ don't try and pull anything! n'essayez pas de jouer au plus malin!;∎ don't ever pull a stunt like that again ne me/nous/ etc refais jamais un tour comme ça□ ;∎ to pull a fast one on sb avoir qn, rouler qn;∎ American I pulled an all-nighter j'ai bossé toute la nuit∎ to pull a horse retenir un cheval;∎ also figurative to pull one's punches retenir ses coups, ménager son adversaire;∎ figurative she didn't pull any punches elle n'y est pas allée de main morte(h) (in golf, tennis → ball) puller;∎ to pull a shot puller(i) (in rowing → boat) faire avancer à la rame;∎ he pulls a good oar c'est un bon rameur;∎ the boat pulls eight oars c'est un bateau à huit avirons(l) (gut → fowl) vider∎ people complained and they had to pull the commercial ils ont dû retirer la pub suite à des plaintes∎ the festival pulled a big crowd le festival a attiré beaucoup de monde;∎ how many votes will he pull? combien de voix va-t-il récolter?□∎ he pulls pints at the Crown il est barman au Crown(a) (exert force, tug) tirer;∎ pull harder! tirez plus fort!;∎ to pull on or at a rope tirer sur un cordage;∎ the bandage may pull when I take it off le pansement risque de vous tirer la peau quand je l'enlèverai;∎ the steering pulls to the right la direction tire à droite;∎ Cars the 2-litre model pulls very well le modèle 2 litres a de bonnes reprises;∎ figurative they're pulling in different directions ils tirent à hue et à dia(b) (rope, cord)∎ the rope pulled easily la corde filait librement(c) (go, move)∎ pull into the space next to the Mercedes mettez-vous ou garez-vous à côté de la Mercedes;∎ he pulled into the right-hand lane il a pris la file de droite;∎ pull into the garage entrez dans le garage;∎ when the train pulls out of the station quand le train quitte la gare;∎ she pulled clear of the pack elle s'est détachée du peloton;∎ he pulled clear of the traffic and sped on il est sorti du flot de la circulation et a accéléré;∎ he pulled sharply to the left il a viré brutalement sur la gauche;∎ the lorry pulled slowly up the hill le camion gravissait lentement la côte∎ the engine's pulling le moteur fatigue ou peine∎ the head of personnel is pulling for you or on your behalf vous avez le chef du personnel derrière vous□(f) (snag → sweater) filer;∎ my sweater's pulled in a couple of places mon pull a plusieurs mailles filées∎ to pull for shore ramer vers la côte;∎ to pull with a long stroke ramer à grands coups d'aviron∎ did you pull last night? t'as levé une nana/un mec hier soir?►► American pull date date f limite de vente;Marketing pull strategy stratégie f pull;(handle roughly → person) malmener; (→ object) tirer dans tous les sens, tirailler;∎ stop pulling me about! mais lâche-moi donc!prendre de l'avance;∎ to pull ahead of sb prendre de l'avance sur qn(load, vehicle) tirer; (person) entraîner;∎ he was pulling the suitcase along by the strap il tirait la valise derrière lui par la sangle;∎ she pulled me along by my arm elle m'entraînait en me tirant par le bras(a) (take to pieces → machine, furniture) démonter;∎ now you've pulled it all apart, are you sure you can fix it? maintenant que tu as tout démonté, es-tu sûr de pouvoir le réparer?(b) (destroy, break → object) mettre en morceaux ou en pièces; (→ clothing) déchirer; (body, flesh) déchiqueter;∎ the wreck was pulled apart by the waves les vagues ont disloqué l'épave;∎ tell him where it's hidden or he'll pull the place apart dites-lui où c'est (caché) sinon il va tout saccager(e) (make suffer) déchirer(furniture) se démonter, être démontable;∎ the shelves simply pull apart les étagères se démontent sans outils(a) (cart, toy, suitcase) tirer derrière soi(b) (make turn) tourner, faire pivoter;∎ he pulled the horse around il fit faire demi-tour à son cheval(a) (strain at, tug at) tirer sur;∎ the dog pulled at the leash le chien tira sur la laisse;∎ we pulled at the rope nous avons tiré sur la corde;∎ I pulled at his sleeve je l'ai tiré par la manche;∎ each pulled at an oar chacun tirait sur un aviron;∎ the wind pulled at her hair le vent faisait voler ses cheveux(b) (suck → pipe, cigar) tirer sur;∎ (→ bottle) he pulled at his bottle of beer il a bu une gorgée de bière(withdraw → covering, hand) retirer; (grab) arracher;∎ she pulled her hand away elle retira ou ôta sa main;∎ he pulled me away from the window il m'éloigna de la fenêtre;∎ she pulled the book away from him elle lui arracha le livre(a) (withdraw → person) s'écarter;∎ I put out my hand but she pulled away j'ai tendu la main vers elle mais elle s'est détournée;∎ he had me by the arm but I managed to pull away il me tenait par le bras mais j'ai réussi à me dégager∎ the boat pulled away from the bank le bateau quitta la rive;∎ the train pulled away from the station le train a quitté la gare;∎ as the train began to pull away alors que le train s'ébranlait(c) (get ahead → runner, competitor) prendre de l'avance;∎ she's pulling away from the pack elle prend de l'avance sur le peloton, elle se détache du peloton(a) (draw backwards or towards one) retirer;∎ he pulled his hand back il retira ou ôta sa main;∎ she pulled back the curtains elle ouvrit les rideaux;∎ pull the lever back tirez le levier (vers l'arrière);∎ he pulled me back from the railing il m'a éloigné de la barrière;∎ to pull sb/a company back from the brink faire refaire surface à qn/une entreprise, tirer qn/une entreprise d'affaire(b) (withdraw → troops) retirer(a) (withdraw → troops, participant) se retirer;∎ it's too late to pull back now il est trop tard pour se retirer ou pour faire marche arrière maintenant;∎ they pulled back from committing themselves fully ils ont renoncé à s'engager complètement(b) (step backwards) reculer;∎ to pull back involuntarily avoir un mouvement de recul involontaire(c) (jib → horse, person) regimber(a) (lower → lever, handle) tirer (vers le bas); (→ trousers, veil) baisser; (→ suitcase, book) descendre; (→ blind, window) baisser;∎ pull the blind/the window down baissez le store/la vitre;∎ with his hat pulled down over his eyes son chapeau rabattu sur les yeux;∎ she pulled her skirt down over her knees elle ramena sa jupe sur ses genoux;∎ I pulled him down onto the chair je l'ai fait asseoir sur la chaise;∎ he's pulling the whole team down il fait baisser le niveau de toute l'équipe;∎ my marks in the oral exam will pull me down mes notes à l'oral vont baisser ou descendre ma moyenne(b) (demolish → house, wall) démolir, abattre;∎ they're pulling down the whole neighbourhood ils démolissent tout le quartier;∎ figurative it'll pull down the government ça va renverser le gouvernement(blind) descendre➲ pull in(a) (line, fishing net) ramener;∎ they pulled the rope in ils tirèrent la corde à eux;∎ to pull sb in (into building, car) tirer qn à l'intérieur, faire entrer qn; (into water) faire tomber qn à l'eau∎ to pull oneself in rentrer son ventre(c) (attract → customers, investors, investment) attirer;∎ the show's really pulling them in le spectacle attire les foules∎ they pulled him in for questioning ils l'ont arrêté pour l'interroger(f) (stop → horse) retenir, tirer les rênes de;∎ to pull one's car in to the kerb se ranger près du trottoir;∎ to be pulled in for speeding être arrêté pour excès de vitesse(vehicle, driver → stop) s'arrêter; (→ park) se garer; (→ move to side of road) se rabattre; (arrive → train) entrer en gare;∎ I pulled in for petrol je me suis arrêté pour prendre de l'essence;∎ the car in front pulled in to let me past la voiture devant moi s'est rabattue pour me laisser passer;∎ pull in here arrête-toi là;∎ to pull in to the kerb se ranger près du trottoir;∎ the express pulled in two hours late l'express est arrivé avec deux heures de retard➲ pull off(a) (clothes, boots, ring) enlever, retirer; (cover, bandage, knob, wrapping) enlever; (page from calendar, sticky backing) détacher;∎ to pull the sheets off the bed retirer ou enlever les draps du lit;∎ I pulled her hat off je lui ai enlevé son chapeau; (more violently) je lui ai arraché son chapeau(b) familiar (accomplish → deal, stratagem, mission, shot) réussir□ ; (→ press conference, negotiations) mener à bien□ ; (→ plan) réaliser□ ; (→ prize) décrocher, gagner□ ;∎ the deal will be difficult to pull off cette affaire ne sera pas facile à négocier;∎ will she (manage to) pull it off? est-ce qu'elle va y arriver?;∎ he pulled it off il a réussi∎ to pull sb off branler qn;∎ to pull oneself off se branler∎ he pulled off onto a side road il bifurqua sur une petite route;∎ there's no place to pull off il n'y a pas de place pour s'arrêter∎ the lid simply pulls off il suffit de tirer pour enlever le couvercle;∎ the top pulls off to reveal… le dessus se retire et on peut voir…➲ pull on(clothes, boots, pillow slip) mettre, enfiler(a) (tug at → rope, handle etc) tirer sur(b) (draw on → cigarette, pipe) tirer sur➲ pull out(a) (remove → tooth, hair, weeds) arracher; (→ splinter, nail) enlever; (→ plug, cork) ôter, enlever; (produce → wallet, weapon) sortir, tirer;∎ she pulled a map out of her bag elle a sorti une carte de son sac;∎ he pulled a page out of his notebook il a déchiré une feuille de son carnet;∎ pull the paper gently out of the printer retirez doucement le papier de l'imprimante;∎ to pull a nail out of a plank arracher un clou d'une planche;∎ the tractor pulled us out of the mud/ditch le tracteur nous a sortis de la boue/du fossé;∎ to pull the country out of recession (faire) sortir le pays de la récession;∎ to pull sb out of a tight spot tirer qn d'un mauvais pas;∎ familiar to pull out all the stops (to do sth) faire le maximum (pour faire qch)∎ pull the bed out from the wall écartez le lit du mur;∎ he pulled a chair out from under the table il a écarté une chaise de la table(c) (withdraw → troops, contestant) retirer;∎ the battalion was pulled out of the border area le bataillon a été retiré de la région frontalière;∎ he threatened to pull the party out of the coalition il menaça de retirer le parti de la coalition(a) (withdraw → troops, ally, participant) se retirer; (→ company from project, buyer) se désister; (→ company from place) quitter une/la région/ville/ etc;∎ when they pulled out of Vietnam quand ils se sont retirés du Viêt-nam;∎ she's pulling out of the election elle retire sa candidature;∎ they've pulled out of the deal ils se sont retirés de l'affaire∎ she was pulling out of the garage elle sortait du garage;∎ he pulled out to overtake il a déboîté pour doubler;∎ a truck suddenly pulled out in front of me soudain, un camion m'a coupé la route;∎ to pull out into traffic s'engager dans la circulation;∎ Aviation to pull out of a dive sortir d'un piqué, se rétablir∎ to pull out of a recession/a crisis sortir de la récession/d'une crise∎ the sofa pulls out into a bed le canapé se transforme en lit;∎ the shelves pull out on peut retirer les étagères;∎ the table top pulls out c'est une table à rallonges(a) (draw into specified position) tirer, traîner;∎ pull the chair over to the window amenez la chaise près de la fenêtre;∎ she pulled the dish over and helped herself elle a tiré le plat vers ou à elle et s'est servie(b) (make fall → pile, person, table) faire tomber, renverser;∎ watch out you don't pull that lamp over fais attention de ne pas faire tomber cette lampe(c) (usu passive) (stop → vehicle, driver) arrêter;∎ I got pulled over for speeding je me suis fait arrêter pour excès de vitesse(vehicle, driver → stop) s'arrêter; (→ move to side of road) se ranger, se rabattre;∎ pull over and let the fire engine past rangez-vous ou rabattez-vous sur le côté et laissez passer les pompiers∎ a drop of brandy will pull her round un peu de cognac la remettra ou remontera(regain consciousness) revenir à soi, reprendre connaissance; (recover) se remettre(a) (draw through → rope, thread) faire passer;∎ pull the needle through to the other side faites sortir l'aiguille de l'autre côté(b) (help survive or surmount) tirer d'affaire;∎ he says his faith pulled him through il dit que c'est sa foi qui lui a permis de s'en sortir(recover) s'en sortir, s'en tirer(shut → door, gate) fermer(a) (place together, join) joindre∎ I've pulled together a few suggestions j'ai préparé ou noté quelques propositions(c) to pull oneself together se reprendre, se ressaisir;∎ pull yourself together! ressaisissez-vous!, ne vous laissez pas aller!∎ pull together! (in rowing) avant partout!(b) (combine efforts, cooperate) concentrer ses efforts, agir de concert;∎ we've all got to pull together on this one il faut que nous nous y mettions tous ensemble, il faut que nous nous attelions tous ensemble à la tâche➲ pull up(a) (draw upwards → trousers, sleeve, blanket, lever) remonter; (→ blind) hausser, lever; (→ skirt) retrousser, relever; (hoist oneself) hisser;∎ they pulled the boat up onto the beach ils ont tiré le bateau sur la plage;∎ she pulled herself up onto the ledge elle s'est hissée sur le rebord;∎ to pull one's socks up tirer ou remonter ses chaussettes; familiar figurative se remuer, s'activer(b) (move closer → chair) approcher;∎ I pulled a chair up to the desk j'ai approché une chaise du bureau;∎ why don't you pull up a chair and join us? prenez donc une chaise et joignez-vous à nous!;∎ he pulled the crate up to the scales il a traîné la caisse jusqu'à la balance(c) (uproot → weeds) arracher; (→ bush, stump, tree) arracher, déraciner; (rip up → floorboards) arracher∎ to be pulled up (by the police) se faire arrêter (par un agent);∎ his warning pulled me up short je me suis arrêté net lorsqu'il m'a crié de faire attention;∎ he was about to tell them everything but I pulled him up (short) il était sur le point de tout leur dire mais je lui ai coupé la parole∎ his good marks in maths pulled him up again ses bonnes notes en maths ont remonté sa moyenne∎ he was pulled up for being late il s'est fait enguirlander pour être arrivé en retard;∎ if your work is sloppy, they'll pull you up on it si ton travail est bâclé, tu vas te faire taper sur les doigts∎ as I was pulling up at the red light alors que j'allais m'arrêter au feu rouge;∎ pull up at or outside the main entrance arrêtez-vous devant l'entrée principale;∎ to pull up short s'arrêter net ou brusquement(c) (draw even) rattraper;∎ to pull up with sb rattraper qn;∎ Sun Boy is pulling up on the outside! Sun Boy remonte à l'extérieur!(d) (improve → student, athlete, performance) s'améliorer
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