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61 seal
I
1. si:l noun1) (a piece of wax or other material bearing a design, attached to a document to show that it is genuine and legal.) sello2) (a piece of wax etc used to seal a parcel etc.) lacre3) ((something that makes) a complete closure or covering: Paint and varnish act as protective seals for woodwork.) cierre hermético
2. verb1) (to mark with a seal: The document was signed and sealed.) sellar2) ((negative unseal) to close completely: He licked and sealed the envelope; All the air is removed from a can of food before it is sealed.) cerrar herméticamente3) (to settle or decide: This mistake sealed his fate.) sellar, concluir•- seal of approval
- seal off
- set one's seal to
II si:l noun(any of several types of sea animal, some furry, living partly on land.) foca- sealskinseal n focatr[siːl]1 SMALLZOOLOGY/SMALL foca1 cazar focas————————tr[siːl]1 (official stamp) sello2 (on letter) sello; (on bottle etc) precinto; (airtight) cierre nombre masculino hermético; (on window, door) burlete nombre masculino1 (with offical stamp) sellar; (with wax) lacrar, sellar con lacre2 (close) cerrar; (bottle etc) precintar; (make airtight) cerrar herméticamente; (window, door) sellar, poner burletes a3 (coat with sealant) sellar, impermeabilizar4 (settle, make formal) sellar, concluir\SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALLto give one's seal of approval to something aprobar algo, dar su aprobación a algo, dar el visto bueno a algoto seal somebody's fate decidir el destino de alguiento set the seal on something (complete) culminar algo, ratificar algoseal ['si:l] vt1) close: sellar, cerrarto seal a letter: cerrar una cartato seal an agreement: sellar un acuerdo2)to seal up : tapar, rellenar (una grieta, etc.)seal n1) : foca f (animal)2) : sello mseal of approval: sello de aprobación3) closure: cierre m, precinto mn.• estampilla s.f.• firma s.f.• foca s.f.• selladura s.f.• sello s.m.• timbre s.m.v.• cerrar v.• estampar v.• lacrar v.• precintar v.• sellar v.
I siːl1) c (implement, impression) sello mto set the seal on something — ratificar* algo
2) ca) ( security device) precinto mb) ( airtight closure) cierre m hermético; ( on glass jar) aro m de goma3) ( Zool)a) c ( animal) foca fb) u ( skin) (piel f de) foca f
II
1)a sealed envelope — un sobre cerrado or sellado
my lips are sealed — (set phrase) soy una tumba, prometo no decir nada
b) \<\<jar/container\>\> cerrar* herméticamente; \<\<tomb/door\>\> precintar; \<\<wood\>\> sellar2) ( affix seal to) \<\<documenteaty\>\> sellarsigned, sealed and delivered — firmado y sellado
3) (decide, determine) \<\<victory/outcome\>\> decidir•Phrasal Verbs:- seal in- seal off- seal up
I [siːl]1.N (Zool) foca f2.VI3.CPDseal cull, seal culling N — matanza f (selectiva) de focas
II [siːl]1. N1) (=official stamp) sello mthe papal/presidential seal — el sello papal/presidencial
•
they have given their seal of approval to the proposed reforms — han dado el visto bueno a or han aprobado las reformas que se planeanit has the Royal Academy's seal of approval — cuenta con la aprobación or el visto bueno de la Real Academia
•
this set the seal on their friendship/on her humiliation — esto selló su amistad/remató su humillación•
under my hand and seal — frm firmado y sellado por mí2) [of envelope, parcel, exterior of bottle, jar] precinto m ; (inside lid of jar) aro m de goma; (on fridge door) cierre m de goma; (on door, window) burlete m3) (Rel)2. VT1) (=close) [+ envelope] cerrar; [+ package, coffin] precintar; [+ border] cerrarlip 1., 1), sign 2., 1)2) (=stop up, make airtight) [+ container] tapar or cerrar herméticamente; [+ surface] sellar3) (=enclose)•
to seal sth in sth, seal the letter in a blank envelope — mete la carta en un sobre en blanco y ciérralo4) (fig) (=confirm) [+ bargain, deal] sellar; [+ victory] decidir; [+ sb's fate] decidir, determinarthat goal sealed the match — ese gol decidió or determinó el resultado del partido
5) (Culin) [+ meat] sofreír a fuego vivo (para que no pierda el jugo)- seal in- seal off- seal up* * *
I [siːl]1) c (implement, impression) sello mto set the seal on something — ratificar* algo
2) ca) ( security device) precinto mb) ( airtight closure) cierre m hermético; ( on glass jar) aro m de goma3) ( Zool)a) c ( animal) foca fb) u ( skin) (piel f de) foca f
II
1)a sealed envelope — un sobre cerrado or sellado
my lips are sealed — (set phrase) soy una tumba, prometo no decir nada
b) \<\<jar/container\>\> cerrar* herméticamente; \<\<tomb/door\>\> precintar; \<\<wood\>\> sellar2) ( affix seal to) \<\<document/treaty\>\> sellarsigned, sealed and delivered — firmado y sellado
3) (decide, determine) \<\<victory/outcome\>\> decidir•Phrasal Verbs:- seal in- seal off- seal up -
62 confidence
noun1) (firm trust) Vertrauen, dashave [complete or every/no] confidence in somebody/something — [volles/kein] Vertrauen zu jemandem/etwas haben
have [absolute] confidence that... — [absolut] sicher sein, dass...
3) (self-reliance) Selbstvertrauen, das4)in confidence — im Vertrauen
this is in [strict] confidence — das ist [streng] vertraulich
take somebody into one's confidence — jemanden ins Vertrauen ziehen
5) (thing told in confidence) Vertraulichkeit, die* * *['konfidəns]1) (trust or belief in someone's ability: I have great confidence in you.) das Vertrauen2) (belief and faith in one's own ability: She shows a great deal of confidence for her age.) das Selbstvertrauen* * *con·fi·dence[ˈkɒnfɪdən(t)s, AM ˈkɑ:nfə-]nbreach of \confidence Vertrauensbruch m\confidence vote Vertrauensvotum ntvote of no \confidence Misstrauensvotum ntto take sb into one's \confidence jdn ins Vertrauen ziehento win sb's \confidence jds Vertrauen gewinnenin \confidence im Vertrauen2. (secrets)▪ \confidences pl Vertraulichkeiten plto exchange \confidences Vertraulichkeiten austauschento have every/much/no \confidence in sb volles [o vollstes] /großes/kein Vertrauen zu jdm habento have the \confidence to do sth das Selbstbewusstsein besitzen, etw zu tunto lack \confidence kein Selbstvertrauen haben* * *['kɒnfIdəns]n1) (= trust) Vertrauen nt; (in sb's abilities also) Zutrauen nt (in zu); (= confident expectation) Zuversicht fto have (every/no) confidence in sb/sth —
they have no confidence in his ability/the future — sie haben kein Vertrauen or Zutrauen zu seinen Fähigkeiten/kein Vertrauen in die Zukunft
I have every confidence that... — ich bin ganz zuversichtlich, dass...
to put one's confidence in sb/sth — auf jdn/etw bauen, sich auf jdn/etw verlassen
I wish I had your confidence —
we look with confidence... can you leave your car here with confidence? — wir schauen zuversichtlich... kann man hier sein Auto beruhigt abstellen?
he talked with confidence on the subject — er äußerte sich sehr kompetent zu dem Thema
I can't talk with any confidence about... — ich kann nichts Bestimmtes über (+acc)
in the full confidence that... issue of confidence (Parl) — im festen Vertrauen darauf, dass... Vertrauensfrage f
motion/vote of no confidence — Misstrauensantrag m/-votum nt
2) (= self-confidence) (Selbst)vertrauen nt, Selbstsicherheit f3) (= confidential relationship) Vertrauen nt4) (= information confided) vertrauliche Mitteilung* * *pass a vote of no confidence in sb PARL jemandem das Misstrauen aussprechen;in confidence im Vertrauen, vertraulich;be in sb’s confidence jemandes Vertrauen genießen;have (place) confidence in sb zu jemandem Vertrauen haben (in jemanden Vertrauen setzen);lose confidence in sb das Vertrauen zu jemandem verlieren;take sb into one’s confidence jemanden ins Vertrauen ziehen;3. Dreistigkeit f4. vertrauliche Mitteilung, Geheimnis n, pl auch Vertraulichkeiten pl5. feste Überzeugung* * *noun1) (firm trust) Vertrauen, dashave [complete or every/no] confidence in somebody/something — [volles/kein] Vertrauen zu jemandem/etwas haben
have [absolute] confidence that... — [absolut] sicher sein, dass...
3) (self-reliance) Selbstvertrauen, das4)this is in [strict] confidence — das ist [streng] vertraulich
5) (thing told in confidence) Vertraulichkeit, die* * *n.Vertrauen n.Zutraulichkeit f.Zuversicht n. -
63 do
I 1. transitive verb,neg. coll. don't, pres. t. he does, neg. (coll.) doesn't, p.t. did, neg. (coll.) didn't, pres. p. doing, p.p. done1) (perform) machen [Hausaufgaben, Hausarbeit, Examen, Handstand]; vollbringen [Tat]; tun, erfüllen [Pflicht]; tun, verrichten [Arbeit]; ausführen [Malerarbeiten]; vorführen [Trick, Striptease, Nummer, Tanz]; durchführen [Test]; aufführen [Stück]; singen [Lied]; mitmachen [Rennen, Wettbewerb]; spielen [Musikstück, Rolle]; tun [Buße]do the shopping/washing up/cleaning — einkaufen [gehen]/abwaschen/sauber machen
do a lot of reading/walking — etc. viel lesen/spazieren gehen usw.
do a dance/the foxtrot — tanzen/Foxtrott tanzen
do something to something/somebody — etwas mit etwas/jemandem machen
what can I do for you? — was kann ich für Sie tun?; (in shop) was darf's sein?
do something about something/somebody — etwas gegen etwas/jemanden unternehmen
not know what to do with oneself — nicht wissen, was man machen soll
that does it — jetzt reicht's (ugs.)
that's done it — (caused a change for the worse) das hat das Fass zum Überlaufen gebracht; (caused a change for the better) das hätten wir
do a Garbo — (coll.) es der Garbo (Dat.) gleichtun
the car does/was doing about 100 m.p.h./does 45 miles to the gallon — das Auto schafft/fuhr mit ungefähr 160 Stundenkilometer/frisst (ugs.) od. braucht sechs Liter pro 100 Kilometer
2) (spend)do a spell in the armed forces — eine Zeit lang bei der Armee sein
how much longer have you to do at college? — wie lange musst du noch aufs College gehen?
3) (produce) machen [Übersetzung, Kopie]; anfertigen [Bild, Skulptur]; herstellen [Artikel, Produkte]; schaffen [Pensum]5) (prepare) machen [Bett, Frühstück]; (work on) machen (ugs.), fertig machen [Garten, Hecke]; (clean) sauber machen; putzen [Schuhe, Fenster]; machen (ugs.) [Treppe]; (arrange) [zurecht]machen [Haare]; fertig machen [Korrespondenz, Zimmer]; (make up) schminken [Lippen, Augen, Gesicht]; machen (ugs.) [Nägel]; (cut) schneiden [Nägel]; schneiden [Gras, Hecke]; (paint) machen (ugs.) [Zimmer]; streichen [Haus, Möbel]; (attend to) sich kümmern um [Bücher, Rechnungen, Korrespondenz]; (repair) in Ordnung bringen6) (cook) bratenwell done — durch[gebraten]
7) (solve) lösen [Problem, Rätsel]; machen [Puzzle, Kreuzworträtsel]11) (traverse) schaffen [Entfernung]13) (coll.): (visit) besuchen2. intransitive verb, forms asdo Europe in three weeks — Europa in drei Wochen absolvieren od. abhaken (ugs.)
1.you can do just as you like — du kannst machen, was du willst
do as they do — mach es wie sie
2) (fare)3) (get on) vorankommen; (in exams) abschneidendo well/badly at school — gut/schlecht in der Schule sein
4)how do you do? — (formal) guten Tag/Morgen/Abend!
5) (coll.): (manage)how are we doing for time? — wie steht es mit der Zeit od. (ugs.) sieht es mit der Zeit aus?
7) (be usable)8) (happen)there's nothing doing on the job market — es tut sich nichts auf dem Arbeitsmarkt (ugs.)
3. verb substitute, forms asNothing doing. He's not interested — Nichts zu machen (ugs.). Er ist nicht interessiert. See also academic.ru/21693/doing">doing; done
1.1) replacing v.: usually not translatedyou mustn't act as he does — du darfst nicht so wie er handeln
2) replacing v. and obj. etche read the Bible every day as his father did before him — er las täglich in der Bibel, wie es schon sein Vater vor ihm getan hatte od. wie schon vor ihm sein Vater
as they did in the Middle Ages — wie sie es im Mittelalter taten
3) as ellipt. auxYou went to Paris, didn't you? - Yes, I did — Du warst doch in Paris, oder od. nicht wahr? - Ja[, stimmt od. war ich]
4) with ‘so’, ‘it’, etcI knew John Lennon. - So did I — Ich kannte John Lennon. - Ich auch
go ahead and do it — nur zu
4. auxiliary verbI know you from somewhere, don't I? — wir kennen uns doch irgendwoher, nicht?
+ inf. as pres. or past, forms as 1.you do look glum — du siehst ja so bedrückt aus
but I tell you, I did see him — aber ich sage dir doch, dass ich ihn gesehen habe
little did he know that... — er hatte keine Ahnung, dass...
3) in questions4) in negationI don't or do not wish to take part — ich möchte nicht teilnehmen
5) in neg. commandsdon't or do not expect to find him in a good mood — erwarten Sie nicht, dass Sie ihn in guter Stimmung antreffen
children, do not forget... — Kinder, vergesst [ja] nicht...
don't be so noisy! — seid [doch] nicht so laut!
don't! — tu's/tut's/tun Sie's nicht!
6) + inf. as imper. for emphasis etcdo sit down, won't you? — bitte setzen Sie sich doch!
do be quiet, Paul! — Paul, sei doch mal ruhig!
do hurry up! — beeil dich doch!
Phrasal Verbs:- do by- do down- do for- do in- do out- do up- do withII noun3) in pl.the dos and don'ts — die Ge- und Verbote (of Gen.)
* * *[du:] 1. 3rd person singular present tense - does; verb1) (used with a more important verb in questions and negative statements: Do you smoke?) Hilfsverb in Fragen und bei Verneinung2) (used with a more important verb for emphasis; ; [ðo sit down]) Hilfsverb zur Betonung3) (used to avoid repeating a verb which comes immediately before: I thought she wouldn't come, but she did.) statt Wiederholung des Verbs4) (used with a more important verb after seldom, rarely and little: Little did he know what was in store for him.) bei Inversion6) (to manage to finish or complete: When you've done that, you can start on this; We did a hundred kilometres in an hour.) schaffen7) (to perform an activity concerning something: to do the washing; to do the garden / the windows.) machen8) (to be enough or suitable for a purpose: Will this piece of fish do two of us?; That'll do nicely; Do you want me to look for a blue one or will a pink one do?; Will next Saturday do for our next meeting?) genügen9) (to work at or study: She's doing sums; He's at university doing science.) sich beschäftigen mit11) (to put in order or arrange: She's doing her hair.) herrichten12) (to act or behave: Why don't you do as we do?)13) (to give or show: The whole town gathered to do him honour.) erweisen15) (to see everything and visit everything in: They tried to do London in four days.) erledigen2. noun(an affair or a festivity, especially a party: The school is having a do for Christmas.) das Fest- doer- doings
- done
- do-it-yourself
- to-do
- I
- he could be doing with / could do with
- do away with
- do for
- done for
- done in
- do out
- do out of
- do's and don'ts
- do without
- to do with
- what are you doing with* * *do[du:]<does, did, done>1. (forming question)\do you like children? magst du Kinder?did he see you? hat er dich gesehen?what did you say? was hast du gesagt?\do you/ \does he/she indeed [or now]? tatsächlich?\do I like cheese? — I love cheese! ob ich Käse mag? — ich liebe Käse!Frida \doesn't like olives Frida mag keine OlivenI \don't want to go yet! ich will noch nicht gehen!I \don't smoke ich rauche nichtit \doesn't matter das macht nichts\don't [you] speak to me like that! sprich nicht so mit mir!\don't be silly sei nicht albern!\don't let's argue about it lasst uns deswegen nicht streiten\do come to our party ach komm doch zu unserer Partymay I join you? — please \do! kann ich mitkommen? — aber bitte!boy, did he yell! der hat vielleicht geschrieen! famso you \do like beer after all du magst also doch Bieryou \do look tired du siehst wirklich müde aus\do tell me! sag's mir doch!\do I/ \does he/she ever! und ob!not only did I speak to her, I even... ich habe nicht nur mit ihr gesprochen, sondern auch...never did I hear such a terrible noise noch nie habe ich so ein schreckliches Geräusch gehörtshe runs much faster than he \does sie läuft viel schneller als erhe said he wouldn't come, but fortunately he did er meinte, dass er nicht kommen würde, aber glücklicherweise tat er es dann doch\do you like Chopin? — yes, I \do/no, I \don't mögen Sie Chopin? — ja/neinwho ate the cake? — I did!/didn't! wer hat den Kuchen gegessen? — ich!/ich nicht!I don't like Chinese food — nor [or neither] \do I/I \do ich esse nicht gerne Chinesisch — ich auch nicht/ich schon... so \do I... ich auchso you don't like her — I \do! du magst sie also nicht — doch!6. (requesting affirmation)you don't understand the question, \do you? Sie verstehen die Frage nicht, stimmt's?you do understand what I mean, \don't you? du verstehst [doch], was ich meine, oder?7. (expressing surprise)so they really got married, did they? dann haben sie also wirklich geheiratet!II. TRANSITIVE VERB<does, did, done>1. (perform)▪ to \do sth etw tun [o machen]what shall I \do now? was soll ich jetzt machen?just \do it! mach's einfach!what are you \doing over the weekend? was machst du am Wochenende?haven't you got anything better to \do? hast du nichts Besseres zu tun?justice must be done Gerechtigkeit muss seinhe \does nothing but complain er beklagt sich echt den ganzen Tag lang famwhat have you done to her? was hast du mit ihr gemacht?what are these toys \doing here? was macht das [ganze] Spielzeug hier?what's the front door \doing open? warum steht die Haustür offen?what on earth are you \doing [there]! was um alles in der Welt machst du denn da?I'm sorry, it simply can't be done before next weekend tut mir leid, aber vor dem nächsten Wochenende geht es einfach nichtthat was a stupid thing to \do das war dumm!what have you done with my coat? wo hast du meinen Mantel hingetan?to \do one's best sein Bestes tun [o geben]to \do nothing of the sort nichts dergleichen tun2. (undertake)▪ to \do sth with sb/oneself etw mit jdm/sich anfangenwhat am I going to \do with myself while you are away? was soll ich nur die ganze Zeit machen, wenn du nicht da bist3. (help)▪ to \do sth for sb etw für jdn tunwhat can I \do for you? was kann ich für Sie tun?you never \do anything for me! du tust nie was für mich!can you \do anything for my bad back, doctor? können Sie was gegen meine Rückenbeschwerden tun, Herr Doktor?these pills have done nothing for me diese Pillen haben mir überhaupt nicht geholfen4. (use for)what are you going to \do with that hammer? was hast du mit dem Hammer vor?what should we \do with this box? was sollen wir mit dieser Kiste machen?5. (job)to \do sth for a living mit etw dat seinen Lebensunterhalt verdienenwhat \does your mother \do? was macht deine Mutter beruflich?6. (take action)I know I drink too much, but I can't \do anything about it ich weiß, dass ich zu viel trinke, aber ich kann nichts dagegen tunwhat is to be done about that? was kann man dagegen tun?\don't just stand there, \do something! stehen Sie doch nicht nur so rum, tun Sie was!7. (deal with)▪ to \do sth etw machen [o erledigen]if you \do the washing up,... wenn du abspülst,...let me \do the talking überlass mir das Redentoday we're going to \do Chapter 4 heute beschäftigen wir uns mit Kapitel 4I found someone to \do the garden wall ich habe jemanden gefunden, der die Gartenmauer bauen wirdto \do one's homework [seine] Hausaufgaben machento \do the shopping einkaufen8. (learn)▪ to \do sth:have you ever done any Chinese? hast du jemals Chinesisch gelernt?Diane did History at London University Diane hat an der London University Geschichte [im Hauptfach] studiert9. (solve)to \do a crossword ein Kreuzworträtsel lösen [o fam machen]can you \do this sum for me? kannst du das für mich zusammenrechnen?▪ to be done:are you done? bist du jetzt fertig? fam11. (produce)▪ to \do sth for sb [or sb sth] etw für jdn machencan you \do me 20 photocopies of this report? kannst du mir diesen Bericht 20-mal abziehen?12. (tidy)to \do the dishes das Geschirr abspülen [o SCHWEIZ abwaschen]to \do one's shoes seine Schuhe putzento \do one's teeth sich dat die Zähne putzen13. (arrange)to \do a bow tie eine Schleife bindento \do flowers Blumen arrangierento get one's hair done zum Friseur [o SCHWEIZ Coiffeur] gehenwhere \do you get your hair done? zu welchem Friseur gehst du?14. (visit)▪ to \do sth etw besichtigento \do India eine Indienreise machento \do Nice sich dat Nizza ansehen15. AUTOto \do 100 km/h 100 fahren fam16. (travel)to \do Paris to Bordeaux in five hours in fünf Stunden von Paris nach Bordeaux fahren17. (suffice)▪ to \do sb jdm genügenI only have diet cola — will that \do you? ich habe nur Diätcola — trinkst du die auch?18. (provide)▪ to \do sth:this pub only \does food at lunchtime in diesem Pub gibt es nur zur Mittagszeit etwas zu essen\do you \do travel insurance as well? bieten Sie auch Reiseversicherungen an?sorry, we \don't \do hot meals tut mir leid, bei uns gibt es nur kalte Küche19. (cook)to \do the cooking kochenhow long should the carrots be done for? wie lange müssen die Karotten kochen?could you \do me something without fish? könntest du mir etwas ohne Fisch kochen?20. (cause)▪ to \do sb sth jdm etw tunto \do sb a favour jdm einen Gefallen tunto \do sb good jdm gut tunit would \do you good to get some fresh air es würde dir gut tun, etwas frische Luft zu schnappen▪ to \do sb jdn drannehmenbut he said he'd \do me next aber er sagte, dass ich als Nächste drankäme!22. (treat well)to \do sb well jdn verwöhnento \do oneself well es sich dat gutgehen lassen23. (act)to \do a role eine Rolle spielenwho did James Bond before Roger Moore? wer hat James Bond vor Roger Moore gespielt?24. (impersonate)▪ to \do sb/sth jdn/etw nachmachenI hope she won't \do a Mary and get divorced six months after her wedding ich hoffe, sie macht es nicht wie Mary und lässt sich sechs Monate nach ihrer Hochzeit wieder scheidenhe did me for a thousand quid for that car er hat mir einen Tausender für das Auto abgeknöpftif you're not careful, you'll end up \doing time again wenn du nicht vorsichtig bist, musst du wieder sitzento get done for sth (by the police) wegen einer S. gen von der Polizei angehalten werden; (by a court) für etw akk verurteilt werden▪ to \do sth:how long have you been \doing heroin? wie lange nimmst du schon Heroin?30. (translate)to be done into French/German book ins Französische/Deutsche übersetzt worden seinto \do a translation übersetzen31. (exhaust)this last climb has really done me diese letzte Tour hat mir wirklich den Rest gegebensth \does nothing for sb etw reißt jdn nicht gerade vom Hocker famBach has never done anything for me Bach hat mich noch nie sonderlich vom Hocker gerissen famthat film really did something to me dieser Film hat mich wirklich beeindruckt; (excite sexually)you really \do something to me, you know du machst mich echt an, weißt du [das] famhow old were you when you first did it? wie alt warst du bei deinem ersten Mal?34. (don't mention)\don't good morning me! komm mir nicht mit guten Morgen!35.▶ that \does it! so, das war's jetzt!III. INTRANSITIVE VERB<does, did, done>1. (behave)to \do right [or the right thing] das Richtige tunto \do well to do sth gut daran tun, etw zu tunto \do as one pleases tun, was einem Spaß macht\do as I \do mach's wie ich fam\do as you're told tu, was man dir sagt2. (fare)mother and baby are \doing well Mutter und Kind sind wohlaufhow is your mother \doing? wie geht es deiner Mutter?how is Mary \doing in her new job? wie geht es Mary in ihrem neuen Job?you could \do better du könntest besser sein; (perform) du könntest es besser machenGeorge has done well for himself George hat es für seine Verhältnisse weit gebrachtour daughter is \doing well at school unsere Tochter ist gut in der Schulehave you done? bist du fertig?have you done with those scissors yet? brauchst du die Schere noch?I haven't done with you yet ich bin noch nicht fertig mit dir4. (be acceptable, suffice) passen, in Ordnung seinthat'll \do das ist o.k. sowill £10 \do? reichen 10 Pfund?this kind of behaviour just won't \do! so ein Verhalten geht einfach nicht an!do you think this will \do for a blanket? glaubst du, das können wir als Decke nehmen?that'll \do as a cushion das geht [erstmal] als Kissenthis will \do just fine as a table das wird einen guten Tisch abgebenthis will have to \do for a meal das muss als Essen genügenwill this room \do? ist dieses Zimmer o.k. für Sie?it doesn't \do to criticize your parents seine Eltern kritisiert man nichtwill it \do if I get those books to you by Friday? reicht es, wenn ich dir die Bücher bis Freitag bringe?we'll make \do with $100 100 Dollar müssen reichenthat will never \do das geht einfach nichtthis town is so boring — there's never anything \doing diese Stadt ist so langweilig — nie tut sich was6.▶ \do unto others as you would they should \do unto you ( prov) was du nicht willst, das man dir tut, das füg auch keinem andern zu prov▶ that will \do jetzt reicht's aber!IV. NOUNa big \do eine Riesenfete famfair \dos gleiches Recht für alle4. AM (sl)that's some \do you've got! das ist ja eine Frisur, die du da hast!dog \do Hundehäufchen nt6. (allowed, not allowed)the \dos and \don'ts was man tun und was man nicht tun sollte* * *I [dəʊ]n (MUS)Do nt II [duː] vb: pret did, ptp done1. AUXILIARY VERBThere is no equivalent in German to the use of do in questions, negative statements and negative commands.1)interrogative, negative
do you understand? — verstehen Sie?2) in question tags oderyou know him, don't you? — Sie kennen ihn doch?, Sie kennen ihn (doch), oder?
you don't know him, do you? — Sie kennen ihn also nicht, oder?
so you know them, do you? (in surprise) — Sie kennen sie also wirklich or tatsächlich!
he does understand, doesn't he? —
he didn't go, did he? — er ist (doch) nicht gegangen, oder?
3)you speak better German than I do — Sie sprechen besser Deutsch als ichhe doesn't like cheese and neither do I — er mag keinen Käse und ich auch nicht
I don't like cheese but he does — ich mag keinen Käse, aber er schon
they said he would go and he did — sie sagten, er würde gehen und das tat er (dann) auch
4)do you see them often? – yes, I do/no, I don't — sehen Sie sie oft? – ja/neindo you serve food? – yes, we do — gibts bei Ihnen Essen? – ja
you didn't go, did you? – yes, I did — Sie sind nicht gegangen, oder? – doch
they speak French – oh, do they? — sie sprechen Französisch – ja?, ach, wirklich or tatsächlich?
they speak German – do they really? — sie sprechen Deutsch – wirklich?
may I come in? – do! — darf ich hereinkommen? – ja, bitte
shall I open the window? – no, don't! — soll ich das Fenster öffnen? – nein, bitte nicht!
who broke the window? – I did — wer hat das Fenster eingeschlagen? – ich
5)DO shut up! (esp Brit) — (nun) sei doch (endlich) ruhig!
do tell him that... (esp Brit) —
well do I remember him! — und ob ich mich an ihn erinnere!
it's very expensive, but I DO like it — es ist zwar sehr teuer, aber es gefällt mir nun mal
2. TRANSITIVE VERB1) tun, machenI've done a stupid thing —
sorry, it's impossible, it can't be done — tut mir leid, (ist) ausgeschlossen, es lässt sich nicht machen
can you do it by yourself? —
to do the housework/one's homework —
who did the choreography/the cover design? we'll have to get someone to do the roof — wer hat die Choreografie/den Umschlagentwurf gemacht? wir müssen jemanden bestellen, der das Dach macht (inf)
to do one's hair — sich frisieren, sich (dat) die Haare (zurecht)machen (inf)
to do one's nails — sich (dat) die Nägel schneiden or (varnish) lackieren
to do one's teeth (Brit) — sich (dat) die Zähne putzen
to do the dishes — spülen, den Abwasch machen
he knows it's a mistake but he can't do anything about it — er weiß, dass es ein Fehler ist, aber er kann nichts dagegen machen or daran ändern
we'll have to do something about this/him — wir müssen da/wir müssen mit ihm etwas tun or unternehmen
Brecht doesn't do anything for me — Brecht lässt mich kalt (inf) or sagt mir nichts
I've done everything I can — ich habe alles getan, was ich kann
he does nothing but complain — er nörgelt immer nur, er tut nichts als nörgeln (inf)
well, do what you can — mach or tu (eben), was du kannst
what are you doing on Saturday? — was machen or tun Sie am Sonnabend?
what do I have to do to get through to him? — was muss ich tun, um zu ihm durchzukommen?
how do you do it? — wie macht man das?; (in amazement) wie machen Sie das bloß? __diams; that's done it (inf) so, da haben wirs!, da haben wir die Bescherung! (inf) __diams; that does it! jetzt reichts mir!
2)as job, profession
what does your father do? — was macht Ihr Vater (beruflich)?3)= provide service, product
what can I do for you? — was kann ich für Sie tun?; (by shop assistant) was darfs sein?sorry, we don't do lunches — wir haben leider keinen Mittagstisch
we do a wide range of herbal teas —
we only do one style of gloves (= sell) (= produce) — wir haben or führen nur eine Sorte Handschuhe wir stellen nur eine Sorte Handschuhe her
4)= complete, finish
in pret, ptp only the work's done now — die Arbeit ist gemacht or getan or fertigwhat's done cannot be undone — was geschehen ist, kann man nicht ungeschehen machen
are you done? (inf) — bist du endlich or schon (iro) fertig?
5) = study, cover durchnehmen, haben7) = solve lösen; sum, crossword, puzzle etc lösen, machen8) = take customer drannehmenthe barber said he'd do me next — der Friseur sagte, er würde mich als Nächsten drannehmen
9) Theat, Film part spielen10) = take off, mimic nachmachen11) = visit, see sights of city, country, museum besuchen, abhaken (inf)12) AUT ETC fahren, machen (inf)13)= treat (Brit inf)
they do you very well at that hotel — in dem Hotel ist man gut untergebracht or aufgehobenthey do you very well at that restaurant — in dem Restaurant isst man sehr gut __diams; to do oneself well es sich (dat) gut gehen lassen
that will do me nicely — das reicht dicke (inf) or allemal
I was done for £80 — mit £ 80 hat man mich ganz schön übers Ohr gehauen (inf)
the office was done last night — im Büro ist gestern Nacht ein Bruch gemacht worden (sl)
17)= hurt Brit inf
I'll do you! — dir besorg ichs noch! (inf)18)= tire out (inf)
I'm absolutely done (in)! — ich bin völlig geschafft or erledigt or fertig (all inf)21)3. INTRANSITIVE VERB1)= act
do as I do — mach es wie ichhe did well to take advice — er tat gut daran, sich beraten zu lassen
he did right — er hat richtig gehandelt, es war richtig von ihm
he did right/well to go — es war richtig/gut, dass er gegangen ist
2)= get on, fare
how are you doing? — wie gehts (Ihnen)?I'm not doing so badly — es geht mir gar nicht so schlecht
when my uncle died I did quite well — als mein Onkel starb, bin ich ganz gut dabei weggekommen __diams; how do you do? (on introduction) guten Tag/Abend!, angenehm! (form) __diams; what's doing? (inf) was ist los?
3) = be suitable gehenthis room will do — das Zimmer geht (inf) or ist in Ordnung
will it do if I come back at 8? — geht es, wenn ich um 8 Uhr zurück bin?
it doesn't do to keep a lady waiting —
will she/it do? — geht sie/das?
4) = be sufficient reichencan you lend me some money? – will £10 do? —
yes, that'll do — ja, das reicht
you'll have to make do with £10 — £ 10 müssen Ihnen reichen, Sie werden mit £ 10 auskommen müssen __diams; that'll do! jetzt reichts aber!
4. NOUN (Brit inf)she had a big do for her eighteenth birthday — an ihrem achtzehnten Geburtstag stieg bei ihr eine Riesenfete (inf)
the whole thing was a do from start to finish — die ganze Sache war von vorne bis hinten ein Schwindel
5. dosPLURAL NOUN* * *A v/t1. tun, machen:what can I do (for you)? was kann ich (für Sie) tun?, womit kann ich (Ihnen) dienen?;do sth for sb etwas für jemanden erledigen;what does he do? was macht er beruflich?, was ist er von Beruf?;are you doing anything tonight? hast du heute Abend (schon) etwas vor?;do sth about etwas tun gegen;if it were to do again wenn es noch einmal getan werden müsste;you can’t do this to me! das kannst du nicht mit mir machen!;you couldn’t do that to me! das kannst du mir (doch) nicht antun!;what have you done to my suit? was haben Sie mit meinem Anzug gemacht?;he promised to do sth er versprach, etwas zu unternehmen;she did no more than look at him sie sah ihn nur an;he does not know what to do with his time er weiß nicht, was er mit seiner Zeit anfangen soll;do sth together etwas gemeinsam oder zusammen unternehmen;do one’s lessons SCHULE seine (Haus)Aufgaben machen;he did all the writing er hat alles allein geschrieben;he did all the talking er führte die Unterhaltung ganz allein, auch ich bin überhaupt nicht zu Wort gekommen;let me do the talking lass mich sprechen;it can’t be done es geht nicht, es ist undurchführbar;the machine does the rest die Maschine erledigt den Rest;the storm did a lot of material damage der Sturm richtete großen Sachschaden an;4. tun, leisten, vollbringen:do one’s best sein Bestes tun, sich alle Mühe geben5. anfertigen, herstellen, ein Kunstwerk etc auch schaffen:do a portrait ein Porträt malen;do a translation eine Übersetzung machen oder anfertigen8. erzielen, erreichen:I did it! ich habe es geschafft!;now you have done it! iron nun hast du es glücklich geschafft!9. sich beschäftigen mit, arbeiten an (dat)11. in Ordnung bringen, z. B.12. herrichten, dekorieren, schmücken13. (her)richten:she is having her nails done sie lässt sich maniküren;14. a) eine Fremdsprache etc lernenb) einen Autor etc durchnehmen, behandeln15. eine Aufgabe löseninto German ins Deutsche)do Othello den Othello spielen;do the polite den höflichen Mann spielen oder markieren;do the host den Gastgeber spielenb) nachahmen:18. zurücklegen, machen, schaffen umg:they did 20 miles sie legten 20 Meilen zurück;the car does 100 m.p.h. der Wagen fährt 160 km/h19. umg besichtigen, die Sehenswürdigkeiten besichtigen von (oder gen):do Rome in three days Rom in drei Tagen besichtigen oder umg machen20. umg genügen (dat):21. umg erschöpfen, erledigen umg:they were pretty well done sie waren am Ende (ihrer Kräfte)22. umga) jemanden erledigen, fertigmachen:I’ll do him in three roundsb) drannehmen (Friseur etc):I’ll do you next, sir23. sl reinlegen, übers Ohr hauen, anschmieren:24. sl eine Strafe abbrummen:he did two years in prison er hat zwei Jahre abgerissen;he did three months for theft er saß drei Monate wegen Diebstahls25. umga) bewirtenb) unterbringen:they do you very well here hier werden Sie gut bewirtet; hier sind Sie gut untergebracht27. bringen (obs außer in):do to death töten, umbringen28. sl einen Bruch machen in (dat), einbrechen in (akk oder dat), ein Auto etc aufbrechenB v/i1. handeln, vorgehen, tun, sich verhalten:the premier would do wisely to resign der Premier würde klug handeln oder wäre gut beraten, wenn er zurückträte; → well1 A 1, A 22. (tätig) handeln, wirken:do or die kämpfen od untergehen;it’s do or die now! jetzt gehts ums Ganze!3. weiter-, vorankommen:a) vorwärtskommen, Erfolge haben ( beide:b) gut gedeihen (Getreide etc)( → B 4, B 5);do better sich verbessern4. Leistungen vollbringen:a) seine Sache gut machen,b) viel Geld verdienen ( → B 3, B 5);he did better than expected er schnitt besser als erwartet ab;his son is doing well at school seinem Sohn geht es in der Schule gut5. sich befinden:a) gesund sein,b) in guten Verhältnissen leben,c) sich gut erholen ( → B 3, B 4);how do you do? guten Tag! (bei der Vorstellung)6. auskommen, zurande kommenthat will (not) do das genügt oder reicht (nicht);it will do tomorrow es hat Zeit bis morgen;we’ll make it do wir werden schon damit auskommen8. angehen, recht sein, sich schicken, passen:that won’t do!a) das geht nicht (an)!,b) das wird nicht gehen!;it won’t do to be rude mit Grobheit kommt man nicht weit(er), man darf nicht unhöflich sein9. (im pprerfect) aufhören:have done! hör auf!, genug (davon)!;he treats his children as I do my dogs er behandelt seine Kinder wie ich meine Hunde;you know it as well as I do du weißt es so gut wie ich;he sang better than he had ever done before er sang besser, als (er) je zuvor (gesungen hatte);she likes cats. so do I ich auch;he does not work hard, does he? er arbeitet nicht viel, nicht wahr?;he works hard, doesn’t he? er arbeitet viel, nicht wahr?;did he buy it? he did ja(wohl);do you understand? I don’t nein;he sold his car. did he? wirklich?, so?;I wanted to go there, and I did so ich wollte hingehen und tat es auchdo you know him? kennen Sie ihn?I do not believe it ich glaube es nicht;do not go there gehen Sie nicht hin!;don’t tun Sie es nicht!, lassen Sie das!3. zur Verstärkung:I do apologize tut mir wirklich leid;you do ask questions du stellst vielleicht Fragen;do sit down nehmen Sie doch bitte Platz;I do like it mir gefällt es wirklich;but I do see it! aber ich sehe es doch!;I did see it, but ich sah es wohl oder zwar, aber;do try to understand it versteh das doch;be quiet, do sei doch still!rarely does one see such things solche Dinge sieht man (nur) seltendo2 [duː] pl dos, do’s [duːz] s1. sl Schwindel m, Gaunerei f2. besonders Br umg Fete f, Feier f3. fair do’s!a) sei nicht unfair!,b) gleiches Recht für alle!4. pl umg Gebote pl:do’s and don’ts Gebote und Verbote, (Spiel)Regelndo3 [dəʊ] s MUS do n (Solmisationssilbe)* * *I 1. transitive verb,neg. coll. don't, pres. t. he does, neg. (coll.) doesn't, p.t. did, neg. (coll.) didn't, pres. p. doing, p.p. done1) (perform) machen [Hausaufgaben, Hausarbeit, Examen, Handstand]; vollbringen [Tat]; tun, erfüllen [Pflicht]; tun, verrichten [Arbeit]; ausführen [Malerarbeiten]; vorführen [Trick, Striptease, Nummer, Tanz]; durchführen [Test]; aufführen [Stück]; singen [Lied]; mitmachen [Rennen, Wettbewerb]; spielen [Musikstück, Rolle]; tun [Buße]do the shopping/washing up/cleaning — einkaufen [gehen]/abwaschen/sauber machen
do a lot of reading/walking — etc. viel lesen/spazieren gehen usw.
do a dance/the foxtrot — tanzen/Foxtrott tanzen
do something to something/somebody — etwas mit etwas/jemandem machen
what can I do for you? — was kann ich für Sie tun?; (in shop) was darf's sein?
do something about something/somebody — etwas gegen etwas/jemanden unternehmen
not know what to do with oneself — nicht wissen, was man machen soll
that does it — jetzt reicht's (ugs.)
that's done it — (caused a change for the worse) das hat das Fass zum Überlaufen gebracht; (caused a change for the better) das hätten wir
that will/should do it — so müsste es gehen; (is enough) das müsste genügen
do a Garbo — (coll.) es der Garbo (Dat.) gleichtun
the car does/was doing about 100 m.p.h./does 45 miles to the gallon — das Auto schafft/fuhr mit ungefähr 160 Stundenkilometer/frisst (ugs.) od. braucht sechs Liter pro 100 Kilometer
2) (spend)3) (produce) machen [Übersetzung, Kopie]; anfertigen [Bild, Skulptur]; herstellen [Artikel, Produkte]; schaffen [Pensum]5) (prepare) machen [Bett, Frühstück]; (work on) machen (ugs.), fertig machen [Garten, Hecke]; (clean) sauber machen; putzen [Schuhe, Fenster]; machen (ugs.) [Treppe]; (arrange) [zurecht]machen [Haare]; fertig machen [Korrespondenz, Zimmer]; (make up) schminken [Lippen, Augen, Gesicht]; machen (ugs.) [Nägel]; (cut) schneiden [Nägel]; schneiden [Gras, Hecke]; (paint) machen (ugs.) [Zimmer]; streichen [Haus, Möbel]; (attend to) sich kümmern um [Bücher, Rechnungen, Korrespondenz]; (repair) in Ordnung bringen6) (cook) bratenwell done — durch[gebraten]
7) (solve) lösen [Problem, Rätsel]; machen [Puzzle, Kreuzworträtsel]8) (study, work at) machen; haben [Abiturfach]10) (sl.): (defeat, kill) fertig machen (ugs.)11) (traverse) schaffen [Entfernung]13) (coll.): (visit) besuchendo Europe in three weeks — Europa in drei Wochen absolvieren od. abhaken (ugs.)
14) (satisfy) zusagen (+ Dat.); (suffice for, last) reichen (+ Dat.)2. intransitive verb, forms as1.you can do just as you like — du kannst machen, was du willst
2) (fare)3) (get on) vorankommen; (in exams) abschneidendo well/badly at school — gut/schlecht in der Schule sein
4)how do you do? — (formal) guten Tag/Morgen/Abend!
5) (coll.): (manage)how are we doing for time? — wie steht es mit der Zeit od. (ugs.) sieht es mit der Zeit aus?
7) (be usable)do for or as something — als etwas benutzt werden können
8) (happen)3. verb substitute, forms asNothing doing. He's not interested — Nichts zu machen (ugs.). Er ist nicht interessiert. See also doing; done
1.1) replacing v.: usually not translated2) replacing v. and obj. etche read the Bible every day as his father did before him — er las täglich in der Bibel, wie es schon sein Vater vor ihm getan hatte od. wie schon vor ihm sein Vater
3) as ellipt. auxYou went to Paris, didn't you? - Yes, I did — Du warst doch in Paris, oder od. nicht wahr? - Ja[, stimmt od. war ich]
4) with ‘so’, ‘it’, etcI knew John Lennon. - So did I — Ich kannte John Lennon. - Ich auch
4. auxiliary verbI know you from somewhere, don't I? — wir kennen uns doch irgendwoher, nicht?
+ inf. as pres. or past, forms as 1.but I tell you, I did see him — aber ich sage dir doch, dass ich ihn gesehen habe
little did he know that... — er hatte keine Ahnung, dass...
3) in questions4) in negationI don't or do not wish to take part — ich möchte nicht teilnehmen
5) in neg. commandsdon't or do not expect to find him in a good mood — erwarten Sie nicht, dass Sie ihn in guter Stimmung antreffen
children, do not forget... — Kinder, vergesst [ja] nicht...
don't be so noisy! — seid [doch] nicht so laut!
don't! — tu's/tut's/tun Sie's nicht!
6) + inf. as imper. for emphasis etcdo sit down, won't you? — bitte setzen Sie sich doch!
do be quiet, Paul! — Paul, sei doch mal ruhig!
Phrasal Verbs:- do by- do down- do for- do in- do out- do up- do withII noun3) in pl.the dos and don'ts — die Ge- und Verbote (of Gen.)
* * *v.(§ p.,p.p.: did, done)= ausführen v.tun v.(§ p.,pp.: tat, getan) -
64 dispatch
I [dɪ'spætʃ]1) (report) dispaccio m., rapporto m.mentioned in dispatches — mil. [ soldier] che ha avuto una menzione
2) (sending) invio m.II [dɪ'spætʃ]2) scherz. (consume) trangugiare, buttare giù [plateful, drink]3) (complete) smaltire [ work]; risolvere [ problem]* * *[di'spæ ] 1. verb1) (to send off: He dispatched several letters asking for financial help.) spedire2) (to finish off or deal with quickly: She dispatched several pieces of business within the hour.) inviare2. noun1) (a written official report: a dispatch from the commanding officer.) dispaccio2) (an act of sending away.) spedizione, invio3) (haste.) rapidità•* * *dispatch /dɪˈspætʃ/n.1 [u] spedizione; invio: the dispatch of letters [a parcel], l'invio di lettere [un pacco]2 dispaccio: a dispatch from the front [from abroad], un dispaccio dal fronte [dall'estero]3 [u] prontezza; sollecitudine: to do st. with dispatch, fare qc. con prontezza; The matter must be resolved with the greatest dispatch, la questione va risolta con la massima sollecitudine● dispatch box (o dispatch case), valigia diplomatica; borsa per documenti: (fig.) the dispatch box, podio riservato ai ministri in parlamento □ (org. az.) dispatch clerk, addetto alle spedizioni □ (naut.) dispatch days, giorni di stallia risparmiati □ (naut.) dispatch money, premio d'accelerazione □ (comm.) dispatch note, bollettino (o avviso) di spedizione □ dispatch rider, (mil.) staffetta a cavallo; motociclista portaordini; ( slang) Pony Express, pony.(to) dispatch /dɪˈspætʃ/v. t.1 (form.) inviare: A rescue team was dispatched to search for the missing men, una squadra di soccorso è stata inviata alla ricerca dei dispersi; Goods are usually dispatched within 24 hours, la merce è di solito inviata entro 24 ore2 sbrigare ( lavoro, una pratica); liquidare ( un avversario): to dispatch business, sbrigare affari* * *I [dɪ'spætʃ]1) (report) dispaccio m., rapporto m.mentioned in dispatches — mil. [ soldier] che ha avuto una menzione
2) (sending) invio m.II [dɪ'spætʃ]2) scherz. (consume) trangugiare, buttare giù [plateful, drink]3) (complete) smaltire [ work]; risolvere [ problem] -
65 put through
transitive verb1) (carry out) durchführen [Plan, Programm, Kampagne, Sanierung]; durchbringen [Gesetz, Vorschlag]; (complete) zum Abschluss bringen, abschließen [Geschäft usw.]2) (Teleph.) verbinden (to mit); durchstellen [Gespräch] (to zu). See also academic.ru/59261/put">put 1. 3)* * *1) (to arrange (a deal, agreement etc).) durchführen* * *vt1. (insert through)he \put through his hand through the hole in the fence er steckte seine Hand durch das Loch im Zaunshe \put through her arm through his sie hakte sich bei ihm unter▪ to \put through sb through jdn durchstellen▪ to \put through sb through to sb jdn mit jdm verbindento \put through a call through to sb einen Anruf an jdn weiterleiten3. (cause to undergo)to \put through a car through the carwash ein Auto in die Waschanlage bringento \put through sb through hell jdm das Leben zur Hölle machen4. (support)to \put through sb through college/school jdn zum College/zur Schule schickenwe spent over $100,000 \put throughting our daughter through college wir haben 100.000 Dollar für das Studium unserer Tochter ausgegeben5. (carry through)* * *put through v/t1. durch-, ausführenput through a call to Boston nach Boston telefonieren3. weiterleiten (to an akk)* * *transitive verb1) (carry out) durchführen [Plan, Programm, Kampagne, Sanierung]; durchbringen [Gesetz, Vorschlag]; (complete) zum Abschluss bringen, abschließen [Geschäft usw.]2) (Teleph.) verbinden (to mit); durchstellen [Gespräch] (to zu). See also put 1. 3)* * *v.verbinden (mit) v. -
66 tie up
transitive verb1) (bind) festbinden; festmachen [Boot]2) (complete arrangements for) abschließen3) (make unavailable) fest anlegen [Geld]4) see academic.ru/74967/tie_in">tie in 2.5) (keep busy) beschäftigen* * *◆ tie upvt1. (bind)▪ to \tie up up ⇆ sth etw festbindento \tie up up hair die Haare hochbinden2. (delay)▪ to \tie up sb up jdn aufhaltenI don't want to \tie up you up but before I go, let me just tell you this one story... ich will dich nicht aufhalten, aber bevor ich gehe, möchte ich dir noch Folgendes erzählen...3. (busy)▪ to be \tie upd up beschäftigt seinto \tie up up traffic den Verkehr behindernto \tie up up ⇆ capital/money Kapital/Geld binden [o fest anlegen]▪ to be \tie upd up in sth:the father wisely \tie upd the children's money up in a trust fund der Vater legte das Geld der Kinder klugerweise in einem Treuhandfonds ancan you \tie up the allergy up with anything you've eaten? kannst du die Allergie mit irgendetwas in Verbindung bringen, das du gegessen hastwhy did the stock market rise sharply today? — it's \tie upd up with the decrease in interest rates warum ist der Aktienmarkt heute stark angestiegen? — das hängt mit dem Sinken der Zinssätze zusammen7.▶ to \tie up up some loose ends etw erledigen* * *1. vi1)2. vt sepSee:→ loose5)(= link)
to be tied up with sth — mit etw zusammenhängen6) (= keep busy) beschäftigen; machines auslastenhe's tied up all tomorrow — er ist morgen den ganzen Tag belegt or beschäftigt
he's tied up with the manager at the moment — er hat momentan beim Betriebsleiter zu tun
7) (= obstruct, hinder) production etc stilllegen* * *A v/t3. fig fesseln, hindern, hemmen4. fig festhalten, beschäftigen:he’s all tied up er ist sehr beschäftigt5. fig lahmlegen, eine Industrie, die Produktion stilllegen, den Verkehr zum Erliegen bringen, Vorräte etc blockieren6. einen Handel etc unter Dach und Fach bringen7. festlegen:the will tied up the property das Testament legte den Besitz fest* * *transitive verb1) (bind) festbinden; festmachen [Boot]2) (complete arrangements for) abschließen3) (make unavailable) fest anlegen [Geld]5) (keep busy) beschäftigen* * *v.verschnüren v.zusammen binden v.zusammen schnüren v.zusammenbinden (alt.Rechtschreibung) v.zusammenschnüren (alt.Rechtschreibung) v. -
67 polish off
transitive verb(coll.)2) (complete quickly) durchziehen (ugs.)* * *(to finish: She polished off the last of the ice-cream.) verdrücken* * *vt1. (eat up)2. (deal with)▪ to \polish off off ⇆ sth etw schnell erledigen [o vom Tisch schaffen]I \polish offed the report off in a couple of hours ich habe den Bericht in ein paar Stunden runtergerissen fam3. (defeat easily)▪ to \polish off off ⇆ sb jdn vom Platz fegen* * *vt sep (inf)food verdrücken (inf), verputzen (inf); drink wegputzen (inf); work wegschaffen (inf), erledigen; opponent, competitor abfertigen, abservieren (inf)* * *transitive verb(coll.)2) (complete quickly) durchziehen (ugs.) -
68 do
I.do1 [du:]━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━4. noun5. plural noun━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━a.━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━► There is no equivalent in French to the use of do in questions, negative statements and negative commands.━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━• do you understand? (est-ce que) vous comprenez ?• didn't you like it? tu n'as pas aimé ça ?• don't worry! ne t'en fais pas !• you know him, don't you? vous le connaissez, n'est-ce pas ?━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━► The tag is sometimes not translated.━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━• he didn't go, did he? il n'y est pas allé(, n'est-ce pas) ?• (so) you know him, do you? alors comme ça vous le connaissez ?• she said that, did she? ah oui ? elle a dit ça ?c. (in tag responses) they speak French -- oh, do they? ils parlent français -- ah oui ?• he wanted £1,000 for it -- did he really? il en demandait 1 000 livres -- vraiment ?• who broke the mirror? -- I did qui a cassé la glace ? -- moi• may I come in? -- please do! puis-je entrer ? -- je t'en prie !• shall I ring her again? -- no, don't! est-ce que je la rappelle ? -- surtout pas !• I'll tell him -- don't! je vais le lui dire -- surtout pas !━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━• do you see them often? -- yes, I do vous les voyez souvent ? -- oui• did you see him? -- no I didn't est-ce que tu l'as vu ? -- nond. (substitute for another verb) he's always saying he'll stop smoking, but he never does il dit toujours qu'il va s'arrêter de fumer mais il ne le fait pas• I like this colour, don't you? j'aime bien cette couleur, pas toi ?e. (encouraging) DO come! venez donc !• DO tell him that... dites-lui bien que...• but I DO like pasta! mais si j'aime bien les pâtes !• I am sure he never said that -- he DID say it je suis sûr qu'il n'a jamais dit ça -- je t'assure que si !• so you DO know them! alors comme ça tu les connais !a. faire• what are you doing in the bathroom? qu'est-ce que tu fais dans la salle de bains ?• what do you do for a living? que faites-vous dans la vie ?• the car was doing 100mph la voiture faisait du 160 km/h• now you've done it! c'est malin !━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━► Some do + noun combinations require a more specific French verb.━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━b. ( = finish) to get done with sth en finir avec qchc. ( = cook) faire ; ( = peel) éplucher• how do you like your steak done? comment voulez-vous votre bifteck ?e. ( = suffice) aller à• will a kilo do you? un kilo, ça ira ?► to do + preposition• what are we going to do for money? comment allons-nous faire pour trouver de l'argent ?• what can I do for you? qu'est-ce que je peux faire pour vous ?• could you do something for me? est-ce que tu peux me rendre un service ?• what are you doing to that poor cat? qu'est-ce que tu es en train de faire à ce pauvre chat ?• what have you done with my gloves? qu'as-tu fait de mes gants ?• what am I going to do with you? qu'est-ce que je vais bien pouvoir faire de toi ?a. ( = act) faire• could you lend me £50? -- nothing doing! (inf) tu pourrais me prêter 50 livres ? -- pas question !• how are you doing? comment ça va ?• how's he doing? comment va-t-il ?• how do you do? (on being introduced) enchanté (de faire votre connaissance)c. ( = finish) terminer• have you done? vous avez terminé ?• have you done with that book? vous n'avez plus besoin de ce livre ?d. ( = suit) aller• that will never do! il n'en est pas question !• it doesn't do to tell him what you think of him ce n'est pas une bonne idée de lui dire ce qu'on pense de luie. ( = be sufficient) suffire• can you lend me some money? -- will £10 do? peux-tu me prêter de l'argent ? -- dix livres, ça ira ?• that will do! ça ira !f. ► to have to do with ( = be connected with)what has that got to do with it? qu'est-ce que ça a à voir ?• they say crime has nothing to do with unemployment ils prétendent que la criminalité n'a rien à voir avec le chômage• that has nothing to do with it! cela n'a aucun rapport !• that's got a lot to do with it! ça y est pour beaucoup !• that has nothing to do with you! ça ne vous regarde pas !4. noun• they had a big do for their twenty-fifth anniversary ils ont fait une grande fête pour leur vingt-cinquième anniversaire de mariage5. plural nouna. ( = get rid of) [+ law, controls] abolir ; [+ nuclear weapons] démanteler ; [+ subsidies] supprimer ; [+ building] démolir• this will do away with the need for a UN presence cela rendra la présence des Nations unies superflue• she's always doing herself down il faut toujours qu'elle se rabaisse► do for (inf) inseparable transitive verba. ( = kill) buter (inf !)c. ( = exhaust) épuiser• the door was open: they had done the place over la porte était ouverte: ils avaient mis la maison sens dessus dessous[dress, jacket] se fermerb. ( = parcel together) emballerb. ( = tolerate) supporter• I can't be doing with whining children je ne supporte pas les enfants qui pleurnichent► do without• I could have done without that! je m'en serais bien passé !• I can do without your advice! je vous dispense de vos conseils !II.do2 [dəʊ]* * *I 1. [duː, də]1) ( be busy) faire [washing up, ironing etc]2) ( make smart)3) ( complete) faire [military service, period of time]4) ( finish)have you done (colloq) complaining? — tu as fini de te plaindre?
tell him now and have done with it — dis-le lui maintenant, ce sera fait
that's done it — ( task successfully completed) ça y est; ( expressing dismay) il ne manquait plus que ça
5) ( complete through study) faire [subject, degree, homework]6) ( write) faire [translation, critique]7) ( effect change) faire8) ( hurt) faire9) (colloq) ( deal with)10) ( cook) faire [sausages, spaghetti etc]well done — [meat] bien cuit
11) ( prepare) préparer [vegetables]12) ( produce) monter [play]; faire [film, programme] (on sur)13) ( imitate) imiter [celebrity, mannerism]14) ( travel at) faire15) ( cover distance of) faire [30 km etc]16) (colloq) ( satisfy needs of)17) (colloq) ( cheat)to do somebody out of £5 — refaire (colloq) quelqu'un de 5 livres sterling
18) (colloq) ( rob)to do a bank — faire un casse (colloq) dans une banque
19) (colloq) (arrest, convict)2.to get done for — se faire prendre pour [illegal parking etc]
1) ( behave) fairedo as you're told — ( by me) fais ce que je te dis; ( by others) fais ce qu'on te dit
2) ( serve purpose)3) ( be acceptable)this really won't do! — ( as reprimand) ça ne peut pas continuer comme ça!
4) ( be sufficient) [amount of money] suffire5) ( finish) finir6) ( get on) [person] s'en sortir; [business] marcher7) ( in health)3.1) (with questions, negatives)own up, did you or didn't you take my pen? — avoue, est-ce que c'est toi qui as pris mon stylo ou pas?
2) ( for emphasis)4) (in requests, imperatives)do sit down — asseyez-vous, je vous en prie
he lives in France, doesn't he? — il habite en France, n'est-ce pas?
‘who wrote it?’ - ‘I did’ — ‘qui l'a écrit?’ - ‘moi’
‘shall I tell him?’ - ‘no don't’ — ‘est-ce que je le lui dis?’ - ‘non surtout pas’
‘he knows the President’ - ‘does he?’ — ‘il connaît le Président’ - ‘vraiment?’
4.so/neither does he — lui aussi/non plus
(colloq) noun GB fête fhis leaving do — son pot (colloq) de départ
Phrasal Verbs:- do in- do out- do up- do with••it's a poor do (colloq) if — c'est vraiment grave si
it was all I could do not to... — je me suis retenu pour ne pas...
nothing doing! — ( no way) pas question!
II [dəʊ]all the dos and don'ts — tout ce qu'il faut/fallait faire et ne pas faire
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69 consummate
1. [kən'sʌmət], ['kɔn(t)səmət] прил.; книжн.1) законченный, совершенный, превосходныйSyn:2) высококвалифицированный; виртуозный3) законченный, отпетыйSyn:2. ['kɔn(t)səmeɪt] гл.; книжн.1) заканчивать; завершать, доводить до концаSyn:2) делать совершенным; доводить до совершенства4) достигать; добиватьсяSyn:to consummate a marriage — юр. консуммировать брак
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70 close
1. v закрыватьclose down — закрывать, прекращать работу
2. a закрытый; ограниченный; замкнутыйclose season — время, когда охота запрещена;
3. n огороженное стеной место4. n обыкн. соборная площадь; огороженная территорияbreach of close — нарушение владения, неправомерный заход на территорию чужого владения
5. n площадка для игр6. n шотл. ход со двора7. n тупик8. a замкнутый, уединённыйto keep oneself close — держаться замкнуто; жить уединённо
9. a тайный, скрытый10. a скрытный, сдержанный11. a строго охраняемыйclose guarding — плотное держание, строгая опека
12. v закрываться13. v эл. замыкать14. v мор. задраиватьhis attitude closed the door to further negotiations — его позиция отрезала путь к дальнейшим переговорам
15. n конец; заключение, завершение16. n закрытие, окончание работы17. n муз. каданс18. v заканчивать, завершать; заключать19. v заканчиваться; завершаться20. v договариватьсяto close a bargain — договориться, заключить сделку
21. v принятьI offered him six pounds and he closed with it — я предложил ему шесть фунтов, и он согласился
22. v воен. войти в соприкосновение23. a близкий; находящийся недалеко; расположенный недалекоclose pass — пролёт на небольшом расстоянии, близкий пролёт
close set — тесно расположенный; сплошной
24. a близкий, интимный25. a тесный, близкий26. a плотный, компактный; тесный27. a хорошо пригнанный; плотный28. a облегающий29. a сжатый30. a краткий и содержательный31. a убористыйclose print — убористая печать, плотный набор
32. a душный, спёртый33. a тщательный; подробный34. a точный35. a скупой, скаредный36. a почти равныйclose vote — почти равное количество голосов «за» и «против»
37. a разг. трудно достающийся, ограниченный38. a разг. скуповатый39. a разг. арх. строгий, суровый40. a разг. редк. вязкий; нелетучий41. a разг. спорт. осторожный42. a разг. кино. крупный43. adv близкоclose at hand — близко, рядом, под рукой; рукой подать
close prices — цены, близкие по уровню
44. adv коротко45. v подходить близко, сближаться, смыкатьсяthe ship sank and the water closed over it — корабль затонул, и воды сомкнулись над ним
46. v спорт. воен. сомкнутьwe must close the ranks to secure peace — мы должны сплотиться, чтобы обеспечить мир
Синонимический ряд:1. accurate (adj.) accurate; exact; faithful; full; lifelike; meticulous; minute; precise; rigorous; scrupulous; strict2. akin (adj.) akin; similar3. attentive (adj.) attentive; keen; vigilant4. confined (adj.) compact; confined; confining; congested; cramped; crowded; dense; firm; impenetrable; narrow; packed; restricted; solid; thick5. intimate (adj.) attached; bosom; chummy; confidential; dear; devoted; familiar; friendly; intimate; physical; trusted6. near (adj.) a stone's throw; adjacent; adjoining; immediate; imminent; impending; near; near at hand; near-at-hand; nearby; neighboring; neighbouring; nigh; proximate7. oppressive (adj.) airless; breathless; heavy; muggy; oppressive; stifling; stivy; stuffy; suffocating; sultry; sweltering; unventilated; warm8. painstaking (adj.) assiduous; concentrated; constant; earnest; fixed; intense; intent; painstaking9. silent (adj.) close-lipped; closemouthed; close-mouthed; close-tongued; dumb; incommunicative; inconversable; reserved; reticent; secretive; shut-mouthed; silent; silentious; speechless; taciturn; tight-lipped; tight-mouthed; uncommunicative; withdrawn; wordless10. stingy (adj.) cheap; cheeseparing; closefisted; close-fisted; costive; hardfisted; hardhanded; ironfisted; mean; mingy; miserly; narrow-fisted; narrowhearted; niggard; niggardly; parsimonious; penny-pinching; penny-wise; penurious; pinching; pinchpenny; save-all; scrimpy; scrimy; stingy; tightfisted; ungenerous; ungiving11. tight (adj.) taut; tense; tight12. court (noun) atrium; court; courtyard; enclosure; quad; quadrangle; yard13. end (noun) adjournment; cease; cessation; closing; closure; completion; conclusion; consummation; desistance; desuetude; discontinuance; discontinuation; end; ending; finale; finish; last; period; stop; termination; terminus; windup; wrap-up14. joining (noun) connection; joining; junction; union15. adjourn (verb) adjourn; recess16. close in on (verb) approach; close in on; come closer; come together; draw near; narrow; near17. complete (verb) cease; complete; conclude; consummate; culminate; determine; do; end; halt; terminate; ultimate; wind up; wrap up18. decrease (verb) abate; bate; decrease; diminish; drain away; dwindle; lessen; peak out; peter out; rebate; recede; reduce; taper; taper off19. fill (verb) barricade; block; choke; clog; congest; fill; jam; occlude; plug; stop; stop up; stopper20. hide (verb) block out; hide; obscure; obstruct; screen; shroud; shut off; shut out21. join (verb) bind; connect; finish; fuse; join; link; tie; unite22. meet (verb) assemble; cluster; collect; congregate; convene; converge; encounter; face; front; gather; get together; group; meet; muster23. shut (verb) bolt; enclose; fasten; latch; lock; put to; seal; secure; shut; slam24. at close hand (other) at close hand; hard; near; nearby; nighАнтонимический ряд:ample; away; begin; beginning; beyond; careless; detached; distant; far; frank; liberal; open; open-handed; patent; public; release; separate; spacious -
71 Cotton Futures
When a spinner books a large order for yarn, with delivery extending to, say, three or four months, he will base the cost on the days' price of cotton, and to cover himself against loss he ought to buy enough cotton to complete the order. If for some reason he cannot buy all " spot " he will buy " futures " as a cover pure and simple. Suppose 600 bales are required, then he may buy 200 July, 200 August, and 200 September. Thus he does not buy any actual cotton; the deal is only on paper, but the spinner has covered his requirements to complete his order, and at the price quoted when he buys. When he wants the cotton he sells his " futures " and buys " spot " or actual cotton. -
72 Historical Portugal
Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims inPortugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and theChurch (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict untilUN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU. -
73 добивать
несовер. - добивать;
совер. - добить( кого-л./что-л.) deal the final/finishing blow, beat completely/utterly, smash;
kill, finish (off), добить (вн.)
1. kill (smb., smth.), finish (smb., smth.) off;
(вражескую армию) complete the destruction (of) ;
2. (разбивать) break* (smth.), finish (smth.) off.Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > добивать
-
74 do
̈ɪdu: I (полная форма) ;
(редуцированные формы)
1. гл.;
прош. вр. - did, прич. прош. вр. - done
1) делать, выполнять, осуществлять Has she agreed to do the work? ≈ Она согласилась выполнить эту работу? What can I do for you? разг. ≈ Чем могу служить? done in English ≈ составлено на английском языке( об официальном документе) Syn: perform, execute, administer, carry out, bring about
2) а) приводить в порядок, убирать, прибирать, чистить They do the kitchen and bathrooms every day. ≈ Они убирают кухню и ванну каждый день. to do one's hair ≈ причесываться б) устраивать, приготовлять Syn: clean, put in order, prepare, arrange, organize
3) готовить, жарить, тушить I like my meat very well done. ≈ Я люблю, чтобы мясо было хорошо прожарено. The potatoes will be done in 10 minutes. ≈ Картошка будет готова через 10 минут.
4) действовать, поступать, вести себя You'd better get used to doing as you're told. ≈ Ты лучше научись делать так, как тебе говорят. Syn: behave, act, conduct oneself
5) вести дела, заниматься( чем-л.) We used to do business on Grand Street. ≈ Мы обычно занимались делами на Гранд-стрит. Syn: conduct, proceed, carry on
6) подходить, годиться;
удовлетворять требованиям;
быть достаточным He will do for us. ≈ Он нам подходит. This sort of work won't do for him. ≈ Эта работа ему не подойдет. It won't do to play all day. ≈ Нельзя целый день играть. This hat will do. ≈ Эта шляпа подойдет. that will do ≈ достаточно, хорошо Syn: suffice, serve;
be satisfactory, be enough
7) исполнять (роль) ;
действовать в качестве( кого-л.) to do Hamlet ≈ исполнять роль Гамлета
8) причинять, доставлять to do harm ≈ причинять вред It'll only do you good. ≈ Это вам будет только на пользу.
9) оказывать
10) осматривать( достопримечательности), посещать (города и т. п.) Last summer we did ten countries in three weeks. ≈ Прошлым летом мы объехали десять стран за три недели. Syn: cover, travel through, visit, look at, stop in
11) кончать, заканчивать;
покончить( с чем-л.) Have you done what I told you? ≈ Ты сделал то, что я тебе сказал? Have done! ≈ Довольно!, хватит! Syn: accomplish, conclude, finish, fulfill, complete, achieve
12) процветать, преуспевать;
чувствовать себя хорошо Flowers will not do in this soil. ≈ Цветы не будут расти на этой почве.
13) жить, поживать How do you do? (тж. How d'ye do?) ≈ Здравствуйте! She's doing as well as can be expected. ≈ Она живет очень хорошо. Syn: fare, get on, make out
14) разг. отбывать срок( в тюрьме)
15) разг. обманывать, надувать I think you've been done. ≈ Мне кажется, тебя надули.
16) в качестве вспомогательного глагола образует отрицательные и вопросительные формы в Present и Past Indefinite I do not speak French. ≈ Я не говорю по-французски. He did not see me. ≈ Он меня не видел. Did you not see me? ≈ Разве вы меня не видели? Do you smoke? ≈ Вы курите?
17) употребляется для усиления: Do stop talking. ≈ Замолчи же. I did say so and I do say so now. ≈ Я это сказал и еще раз повторяю.
18) употребляется вместо другого глагола в Present и Past Indefinite во избежание его повторения: He works as much as you do (= work). ≈ Он работает столько же, сколько и вы. He likes bathing and so do I. ≈ Он любит купаться и я тоже.
19) употребляется при инверсии в Present и Past Indefinite: Well do I remember it. ≈ Я хорошо это помню. ∙ do away with do by do down do for do in do into do out do out of do over do to do unto do up do with do without to do the business for smb. разг. ≈ погубить кого-л. to do in the eye ≈ нагло обманывать, дурачить;
напакостить to do to death ≈ убить
2. сущ.
1) действие, деяние Syn: deed, action, business
2) разг. представление, шоу;
прием гостей, вечеринка;
шутл. событие We've got a do on tonight. ≈ У нас сегодня вечер. Syn: performance, entertainment, show;
party
3) мн. поведение, обращение It's fair dos. I need you and you need me. ≈ Это справедливое обращение. Я нужен тебе, а ты мне. fair do's ≈ по справедливости Syn: dealing, treatment
4) разг. обман, мошенничество
5) разг. указание, приказание, распоряжение
6) австрал.;
разг. успех II сущ.;
муз. до (нота) III сокр. от ditto то же самое( разговорное) обман, мошенничество, надувательство;
"розыгрыш" - nothing but a do форменное надувательство - the scheme was a do from the start план с самого начала был сплошной липой (разговорное) развлечение, веселье;
вечер - we've got a do tonight у нас сегодня вечер - to take part in a big do провести вечер в большой веселой компании (разговорное) сделка( разговорное) участие, доля - fair do's /dos/ всем поровну! - that's not fair do's это несправедливо, доли неравные (австралийское) (разговорное) удача, успех ( разговорное) обслуживание - one gets a poor do at this hotel в этой гостинице плохо обслуживают > do's /dos/ and don'ts правила, нормы;
предписания и запреты > the dos and don'ts of polite manners правила поведения /хорошего тона/, этикет > he's in one of his do's на него нашло > a diet with numerous dos and don'ts диета с многочисленными предписаниями и запретами делать, производить действие - what are you doing? что вы делаете? - I shall do nothing of the sort ничего подобного я делать не стану - he has done much for me он много сделал для меня;
он мне оказал большую услугу - what can I do for you?, can I do anything for you? чем я могу быть вам полезен?, что я могу сделать для вас? - do as you are told делайте, что вам велят /как вам говорят/ - what shall I do next? что мне делать дальше? - he did a funny thing он странно себя повел - there's nothing to be done делать нечего, ничего не поделаешь - it can't be done! это невозможно /немыслимо/! - he won't do anything to you он не сделает тебе ничего плохого, он не обидит тебя - what is to be done? чтоже делать?, что можно (в данном случае) сделать? - what is to do? (просторечие) что же делать?;
в чем дело? - she could do nothing but cry она только и могла что плакать - it was all I could do to lift the box мне едва удалось поднять коробку - do what we would the boat was slowly sinking несмотря на наши усилия, лодка продолжала медленно погружаться - she didn't know what to do with herself она не знала, куда ей себя девать /чем ей себя занять/ - he didn't know what to do with his hands он не знал, куда девать свои руки;
он был ужасно неловок делаться, происходить - there's nothing doing ничего особенного не происходит;
дела идут неважно - what's the weather doing? как там погода? - he came to see what was doing (просторечие) он пришел посмотреть, что делается /происходит/ поступать, делать - to do well поступать хорошо - you did well to refuse his invitation вы правильно /хорошо/ сделали /поступили/, что не приняли его приглашения - to do right поступать правильно - what are you going to do about it? как вы думаете в этом случае поступить? - that's not done, those things are not done так не поступают - that's quite commonly done в этом поступке нет ничего необычного;
так все поcтупают - how could you do such a thing? как вы могли сделать такое? - by so doing /by doing so/ you will save a lot of money( поступив) таким образом вы сэкономите уйму денег заниматься (чем-л.) ;
работать - what does he do for a living? чем он зарабатывает на жизнь?, чем он занимается? - it gives him something to do это (как-то) заполняет его время - I have nothing to do мне нечего делать;
мне нечем заняться - are you doing anything tomorrow? у вас есть какие-нибудь планы /дела/ на завтра?, вы заняты завтра? - what is there to do? что нужно сделать?, какие есть дела? - get yourself something to do найди себе какое-нибудь дело, займись чем-нибудь - he's building a summer house for something to do он строит себе летний домик от нечего делать обслуживать( кого-л.) ;
заниматься (клиентом и т. п.) - how much do they do you for here? какова здесь стоимость обслуживания? - I'll do you next, madam через минуту я займусь вами, мадам;
вы у меня следующая на очереди, мадам осуществлять, выполнять;
делать, проделывать - to do one's work выполнять работу - to do odd jobs выполнять случайную работу, жить случайным заработком - to do smb.'s will исполнить чью-л. волю - the amount of work he has done is amazing просто удивительно, какую он проделал огромную работу - to do one's best /one's utmost, all one can, everything in one's power/ сделать все возможное, не жалеть сил творить, делать - to do miracles /wonders/ творить чудеса - to do mischief натворить дел - to do good творить добро - to do a good deed сделать доброе дело (часто с for) годиться, подходить;
быть достаточным - this room will do for the office эта комната подойдет под контору - one blanket did for three men им хватало одного одеяла на троих - he has enough money to do him till the end of the year этих денег ему хватит до конца года - that will do это подойдет;
этого достаточно - that will not do это не подойдет;
так не выйдет;
так не годится - that will not do (for) me это мне не подходит, это меня не устраивает - that will never do это совершенно недопустимо, это никуда не годится - it would never do for you to see them не годится /не следует/ вам встречаться с ними - will that do? это годится?;
этого хватит? - will these shoes do you? такие башмаки вас устроят /вам подойдут/? - that would hardly do вряд ли этого хватит;
это вряд ли уместно - I will make it do я обойдусь (этим) - she made her old dress do another season она подправила старое платье и проносила его еще сезон( with, without) довольствоваться, обходиться - he does with very little food он очень мало ест - you must make do with what you have нужно обходиться тем, что есть - to be just able to make do иметь скромный достаток, кое-как сводить концы с концами - how many can you do with? сколько вам нужно? - I think I can do with six думаю, что шести хватит - can he do without cigarettes? он может обойтись без сигарет? (разговорное) обманывать, надувать - I am afraid you have been done боюсь, что вас обманули - he did me over that в этом он меня надул (out of) обманом отбирать;
выживать - to do smb. out of a job подсидеть кого-л. - he's done me out of a thousand pounds он нагрел меня на тысячу фунтов - I've been done out of my money плакали мои денежки приносить( пользу и т. п.) - to do good приносить пользу - to do much good быть очень полезным;
приводить к( очень) хорошим результатам - a long walk will do you good длительная прогулка пойдет вам на пользу - that won't do any good от этого толку не будет - did the medicine do you any good? вам помогло (это) лекарство? - try what kind words will do попробуйте подействовать добрым словом - let's see what a bit of flattery will do посмотрим, что даст небольшая доза лести /чего можно добиться небольшой дозой лести/ причинять (ущерб и т. п.) - to do harm причинять вред - what harm is he doing you? чем он вам мешает? оказывать (услугу и т. п.) - to do (smb.) a favour оказать( кому-л.) услугу - will you do me a favour? не окажете ли вы мне услугу?, могу ли я попросить вас об одной услуге? - to do smb. a good turn оказать кому-л. хорошую услугу - to do honour оказывать честь /внимание/ воздавать (должное и т. п.) - to do justice воздать должное;
оценить по заслугам;
справедливости ради - that photograph does not do you justice в жизни вы лучше, чем на этой фотографии - to do him justice he is no fool справедливости ради надо сказать, что он совсем не глуп - to do smb. an injustice несправедливо относиться к кому-л.;
обижать кого-л. делать (честь и т. п.) - to do credit делать честь - we'll do you credit вы сможете нами гордиться заниматься (какой-л. деятельностью или каким-л. делом) - to do lecturing заниматься чтением лекций - I have done enough reading for today сегодня я читал достаточно - he did all the talking at lunch за ленчем только он один и говорил - you'll let me do the thinking разрешите мне самому обдумать все - to do one's correspondence вести переписку - to do repairs заниматься починкой (автомобилей и т. п.) - to do one's military service проходить воинскую службу, служить (в армии) выполнять функции (кого-л.) ;
выступать( в каком-л. качестве) - who will do the interpreter? кто возьмет на себя роль переводчика? - he does the host admirably он замечательно выполняет роль хозяина, он отлично справляется с ролью хозяина стараться быть или выглядеть( каким-л.), усердствовать в (какой-л.) роли - to do the agreeable стараться всем угодить - to do the grand строить из себя персону - to do the polite быть сверхвежливым изучать( какую-л. дисциплину) - he is doing medicine он изучает медицину - I can't do Latin латынь мне не дается - is he doing German at school? он занимается в школе немецким? - to do a book проработать или прорецензировать книгу писать (статьи и т. п.) - to do articles for a magazine писать статьи для журнала, сотрудничать в журнале - he did an article on medicine он написал статью по медицине - to do a book написать книгу писать (портрет и т. п.) - he is doing my son's portrait он пишет портрет моего сына решать( задачи и т. п.) - to do a sum /a problem/ решать арифметическую задачу делать (упражнение, фигуру и т. п.) играть, исполнять (роль или музыкальное произведение) - to do a concerto исполнить концерт - he does Hamlet very well он очень хорошо играет (роль) Гамлета убирать (помещение и т. п.) ;
приводить в порядок (волосы, платье и т. п.) - to do the room убирать комнату - to do the beds застелить кровати - to do the windows мыть окна - to do one's hair причесаться;
сделать прическу - to do one's face попудриться, накраситься, сделать макияж;
привести в порядок лицо готовить, приготовлять (пищу) ;
жарить, тушить и т. п. - do the beets with vinegar приготовьте свеклу с уксусом - I like my meat very well done я люблю, когда мясо хорошо прожарено - is the meat done yet? мясо уже готово? - to do smth. brown поджарить что-л., подрумянить что-л. - done to a turn отлично прожаренный, поджаренный как надо ( разговорное) осматривать (достопримечательности) - to do a museum осматривать музей - you can't do Moscow in a day нельзя познакомиться с Москвой за один день покрывать, проезжать, проходить ( определенное расстояние) - we did the journey in five hours мы проделали весь путь за пять часов - he can do the distance in an hour он может пройти /или проехать/ это расстояние за час - the car was doing 60 miles машина шла со скоростью 60 миль в час отбывать (срок наказания и т. п.) - he is doing a ten-year term он отбывает десятилетний срок тюремного заключения - he did ten years( разговорное) он отсидел десять лет (коммерческое) продавать, поставлять( по определенной цене) - they can do you this at $5 a piece они могут продать /поставить/ вам этот товар по 5 долларов за штуку( коммерческое) погасить (вексель) ;
оплатить (чек) - to do /to be doing/ well, splendidly etc. (разговорное) процветать, преуспевать - he is doing well now у него сейчас хорошо идут дела;
он сейчас хорошо зарабатывает - both sisters have done splendidly обе сестры прекрасно устроились - wines do well on hillsides виноградники хорошо растут на склонах гор - the wheat is doing well пшеница уродилась хорошая поправляться;
чувствовать себя хорошо - the patient is doing well now больной поправляется;
больной теперь чувствует себя хорошо - is the baby doing well? хорошо ли растет /развивается/ малыш? успешно справляться( с чем-л.) ;
хорошо проявлять себя( в чем-л.) - the speaker did well оратор произвел хорошее впечатление - he did very well today сегодня он показал себя с очень хорошей стороны;
сегодня он справился (с делом) очень хорошо - he did brillantly at his examination он блестяще сдал экзамен - to do /to be doing/ badly, poorly, etc. дела идут неважно - he did poorly at his examination он провалил экзамен;
он плохо сдал экзамен - how did he do at the exhibition? как у него дела на выставке?, как были приняты на выставке его работы? в сочетании с рядом существительных обозначает действия, названные существительным: - to do a battle сражаться - to do a bust ворваться( куда-л.) употребляется для усиления при глаголе: - I do believe you! ну конечно, я вам верю! - you do play the piano well! как хорошо вы играете на рояле! - I do think you ought to go there я убежден, что вам следует поехать /пойти/ туда - that's just what people did say это как раз то /именно то/, что говорили (люди) - he never did come он так и не пришел - did we talk! ох и поговорили же мы!;
уж мы поговорили всласть! - well do I remember it уж это-то я помню очень хорошо - little did he think then that... тогда ему и в голову не приходило, что... - do help me! ну помоги же мне! - do be quiet! ну замолчи же! - do go! знаешь, уйди!;
послушай, уйди! - do come! очень прошу тебя, приходи! употребляется для усиления в (инвертированных) оборотах с тавтологическим подлежащим: - he likes to find fault, does the doctor уж и любит этот доктор придираться - he needs to be taught manners, he does! его обязательно надо научить, как себя вести! употребляется во избежание повторения глагола: - why act as you do? зачем поступать так, как вы поступаете? - who took that? - I did кто взял это? - Я (взял) - I (don't) like coffee, do you? я (не) люблю кофе, а вы? - you didn't see him, nor did I вы его не видели, и я тоже - I don't like being interrupted. - Who does? не люблю, когда меня прерывают. - А кто любит? - they travel a good deal. - Do they? они много путешествуют. - Неужели /Разве/? вспомогательный глагол;
служит для образования вопросительной и отрицательной форм настоящего и прошедшего времени: - do you speak English? - Yes, I do вы говорите по-английски? - Да - does he know it? - No, he doesn't он знает это? - Нет служит для образования отрицательной формы повелительного наклонения: - don't do it! не делай этого! - do not speak! не говори!, молчи! - don't be afraid! не бойся! - don't be silly! не глупи! - don't! перестань! > to have to do with smth. заниматься чем-л., иметь своим предметом что-л. > philosophy has to do with all aspects of life философия изучает жизнь во всех ее аспектах > to have smth. to do with smb. иметь отношение к кому-л. > I'm sure he has something to do with it я уверен, что без него здесь не обошлось /что он приложил к этому руку/ > have you anything to do with it? вы имеете к этому отношение? > this has little to do with art это имеет (весьма) отдаленное отношение к искусству > envy has a lot to do with it зависть имеет к этому прямое отношение > how do you do? здравствуйте, добрый день и т. п. (формула приветствия при встрече) ;
как дела?, как поживаете?;
приятно /рад, рада/ познакомиться, очень приятно (формула приветствия в момент представления или знакомства) > done (with you) ! ладно!, по рукам!, договорились!, идет! > do tell! неужели!, да ну! > to do and /or/ die победить или умереть > to do smb.'s business /the job/ for smb. погубить кого-л. > to do a dry (театроведение) (жаргон) забыть текст > to do a guy (сленг) прогуливать > to do the trick добиться, достигнуть цели > that'll do the trick это решит дело > to do dirt to smb. (сленг) сыграть плохую шутку с кем-л. > to do smb. to death убить, прикончить кого-л.;
заездить, затаскать кого-л. > to do smb. up brown, to do smb. in the eye (сленг) нагло обманывать, дурачить кого-л. > done to the wide /to the world/ конченый, потерпевший полную неудачу;
побежденный > well done! браво!, молодец!, здорово! > well begun is half done (пословица) хорошее начало полдела откачало > what is done cannot be undone( пословица) сделанного не воротишь > when in Rome do as the Romans do (пословица) в чужой стране жить - чужой обычай любить;
в чужой монастырь со своим уставом не ходят (музыкальное) до (в сольмизации) сокр. от ditto то же самое;
столько же he did not see me он меня не видел;
did you not see me? разве вы меня не видели?;
do you smoke? вы курите? to ~ a beer выпить( кружку) пива to ~ a sum решать арифметическую задачу;
what can I do for you? разг. чем могу служить? to ~ to death убить;
to do or die, to do and die совершать героические подвиги;
= победить или умереть;
what's to do? в чем дело? ~ as you would be done by поступай с другими так, как ты хотел бы, чтобы поступали с тобой ~ употр. при инверсии в Present и Past Indefinite: well do I remember it я хорошо это помню;
do away with уничтожить;
разделаться;
отменять ~ by обращаться ~ to, ~ unto = ~ by;
~ up завертывать (пакет) ~ to, ~ unto = ~ by;
~ up (обыкн. p. p.) крайне утомлять;
he is quite done up after his journey он очень устал после поездки ~ to, ~ unto = ~ by;
~ up приводить в порядок, прибирать;
to do the suite up привести квартиру в порядок;
to do one's dress up застегнуть платье ~ употр. для усиления: do come пожалуйста, приходите;
I did say so and I do say so now да, я это (действительно) сказал и еще раз повторяю ~ down брать верх ~ down надувать, обманывать ~ down уст. подавлять;
преодолевать ~ for разг. (обыкн. pass.) губить, убивать;
he is done for с ним покончено ~ for разг. заботиться, присматривать;
вести хозяйство( кого-л.) ~ for разг. (ис) портить ~ for разг. справляться;
to do for oneself обходиться без посторонней помощи ~ for разг. справляться;
to do for oneself обходиться без посторонней помощи ~ причинять;
to do (smb.) good быть (или оказаться) полезным (кому-л.) ;
it doesn't do to complain что пользы в жалобах good: ~ добро, благо;
to do (smb.) good помогать( кому-л.) ;
исправлять( кого-л.) ~ исполнять (роль) ;
действовать в качестве (кого-л.) ;
to do Hamlet исполнять роль Гамлета to ~ harm причинять вред ~ in обмануть ~ in одолеть;
победить в состязании ~ in переутомить ~ in погубить, убить ~ in разрушить to ~ in the eye жарг. нагло обманывать, дурачить;
напакостить ~ into переводить;
done into English переведено на английский (язык) ~ (did;
done) делать, выполнять;
to do one's lessons готовить уроки;
to do one's work делать свою работу;
to do lecturing читать лекции ~ military service проходить военную службу to ~ one's correspondence писать письма, отвечать на письма;
вести переписку ~ to, ~ unto = ~ by;
~ up приводить в порядок, прибирать;
to do the suite up привести квартиру в порядок;
to do one's dress up застегнуть платье ~ прибирать, приводить в порядок;
to do one's hair причесываться;
to do the room убирать комнату ~ (did;
done) делать, выполнять;
to do one's lessons готовить уроки;
to do one's work делать свою работу;
to do lecturing читать лекции ~ (did;
done) делать, выполнять;
to do one's lessons готовить уроки;
to do one's work делать свою работу;
to do lecturing читать лекции to ~ one's worst из кожи вон лезть to ~ oneself well доставлять себе удовольствие to ~ to death убить;
to do or die, to do and die совершать героические подвиги;
= победить или умереть;
what's to do? в чем дело? to ~ (smb.) out (of smth.) надуть( кого-л.) ~ out убирать, прибирать ~ over переделывать, делать вновь ~ over покрывать (краской и т. п.), обмазывать ~ осматривать (достопримечательности) ;
to do the British Museum осматривать Британский музей to ~ the business (for smb.) разг. погубить (кого-л.) ~ прибирать, приводить в порядок;
to do one's hair причесываться;
to do the room убирать комнату ~ to, ~ unto = ~ by;
~ up приводить в порядок, прибирать;
to do the suite up привести квартиру в порядок;
to do one's dress up застегнуть платье ~ to, ~ unto = ~ by;
~ up завертывать (пакет) ~ to, ~ unto = ~ by;
~ up (обыкн. p. p.) крайне утомлять;
he is quite done up after his journey он очень устал после поездки ~ to, ~ unto = ~ by;
~ up приводить в порядок, прибирать;
to do the suite up привести квартиру в порядок;
to do one's dress up застегнуть платье to ~ to death убить;
to do or die, to do and die совершать героические подвиги;
= победить или умереть;
what's to do? в чем дело? ~ to, ~ unto = ~ by;
~ up завертывать (пакет) ~ to, ~ unto = ~ by;
~ up (обыкн. p. p.) крайне утомлять;
he is quite done up after his journey он очень устал после поездки ~ to, ~ unto = ~ by;
~ up приводить в порядок, прибирать;
to do the suite up привести квартиру в порядок;
to do one's dress up застегнуть платье ~ to, ~ unto = ~ by;
~ up завертывать (пакет) ~ to, ~ unto = ~ by;
~ up (обыкн. p. p.) крайне утомлять;
he is quite done up after his journey он очень устал после поездки ~ to, ~ unto = ~ by;
~ up приводить в порядок, прибирать;
to do the suite up привести квартиру в порядок;
to do one's dress up застегнуть платье ~ процветать, преуспевать;
чувствовать себя хорошо;
flowers will not do in this soil цветы не будут расти на этой почве;
to do well поправляться, чувствовать себя хорошо ~ with быть довольным, удовлетворяться;
I could do with a meal я бы что-нибудь съел;
I can do with a cup of milk for my supper я могу обойтись чашкой молока на ужин ~ with терпеть, выносить;
ладить( с кем-л.) ;
I can't do with him я его не выношу ~ without обходиться без;
he can't do without his pair of crutches он не может ходить без костылей he did not see me он меня не видел;
did you not see me? разве вы меня не видели?;
do you smoke? вы курите? done!, done with you! ладно, по рукам!;
well done! браво!, молодцом! done: done разг. обманутый (тж. done brown) ~ сделанный ~ соответствующий обычаю, моде ~ p. p. от do;
~ in English составлено на английском языке (об официальном документе) ;
it isn't done так не поступают;
это не принято ~ усталый, в изнеможении ( часто done up) ~ хорошо приготовленный;
прожаренный ~ into переводить;
done into English переведено на английский (язык) ~ готовить, жарить, тушить;
I like my meat very well done я люблю, чтобы мясо было хорошо прожарено;
done to a turn прожарено хорошо, в меру turn: to a ~ точно;
(meat is) done to a turn (мясо) зажарено как раз в меру done!, done with you! ладно, по рукам!;
well done! браво!, молодцом! ~ pl участие, доля;
fair do's! чур, пополам! ~ процветать, преуспевать;
чувствовать себя хорошо;
flowers will not do in this soil цветы не будут расти на этой почве;
to do well поправляться, чувствовать себя хорошо have done! довольно!, хватит!;
перестань(те) ! have: ~ как вспомогательный глагол употребляется для образования перфектной формы: I have done, I had done я сделал, I shall have done я сделаю;
to have done сделать you had better go home вам бы лучше пойти домой;
have done! перестань(те) !;
have no doubt можете не сомневаться ~ without обходиться без;
he can't do without his pair of crutches он не может ходить без костылей he did away with himself он покончил с собой he did not see me он меня не видел;
did you not see me? разве вы меня не видели?;
do you smoke? вы курите? ~ for разг. (обыкн. pass.) губить, убивать;
he is done for с ним покончено ~ to, ~ unto = ~ by;
~ up (обыкн. p. p.) крайне утомлять;
he is quite done up after his journey он очень устал после поездки he likes bathing and so I он любит купаться и я тоже ~ подходить, годиться;
удовлетворять требованиям;
быть достаточным;
he will do for us он нам подходит;
this sort of work won't do for him эта работа ему не подойдет;
that will do достаточно, хорошо do употр. вместо другого глагола в Present и Past Indefinite во избежание его повторения: he works as much as you do (= work) он работает столько же, сколько и вы ~ поживать;
how do you do? (тж. how d'ye do?) здравствуйте! how: ~ do you do?, ~ d'ye do? здравствуйте!;
как поживаете? how-do-you-do: how-do-you-do = how do you do ~ with быть довольным, удовлетворяться;
I could do with a meal я бы что-нибудь съел;
I can do with a cup of milk for my supper я могу обойтись чашкой молока на ужин ~ with терпеть, выносить;
ладить (с кем-л.) ;
I can't do with him я его не выношу ~ with быть довольным, удовлетворяться;
I could do with a meal я бы что-нибудь съел;
I can do with a cup of milk for my supper я могу обойтись чашкой молока на ужин ~ употр. для усиления: do come пожалуйста, приходите;
I did say so and I do say so now да, я это (действительно) сказал и еще раз повторяю ~ употр. в качестве вспомогательного глагола в отриц. и вопр. формах в Present и Past Indefinite: I do not speak French я не говорю по-французски ~ (perf.) кончать, заканчивать;
покончить (с чем-л.) ;
I have done with my work я кончил свою работу;
let us have done with it оставим это, покончим с этим ~ готовить, жарить, тушить;
I like my meat very well done я люблю, чтобы мясо было хорошо прожарено;
done to a turn прожарено хорошо, в меру ~ разг. обманывать, надувать;
I think you've been done мне кажется, что вас провели ~ причинять;
to do (smb.) good быть (или оказаться) полезным (кому-л.) ;
it doesn't do to complain что пользы в жалобах it won't ~ to play all day нельзя целый день играть it'll only ~ you good это вам будет только на пользу ~ (perf.) кончать, заканчивать;
покончить (с чем-л.) ;
I have done with my work я кончил свою работу;
let us have done with it оставим это, покончим с этим the potatoes will be done in 10 minutes картошка будет готова через 10 минут ~ подходить, годиться;
удовлетворять требованиям;
быть достаточным;
he will do for us он нам подходит;
this sort of work won't do for him эта работа ему не подойдет;
that will do достаточно, хорошо that's done it это довершило дело that: ~'s done it это решило дело, переполнило чашу this hat will ~ эта шляпа подходит this old custom is done away with c этим старым обычаем покончено ~ подходить, годиться;
удовлетворять требованиям;
быть достаточным;
he will do for us он нам подходит;
this sort of work won't do for him эта работа ему не подойдет;
that will do достаточно, хорошо ~ разг. прием гостей, вечеринка;
шутл. событие;
we've got a do on tonight у нас сегодня вечер ~ употр. при инверсии в Present и Past Indefinite: well do I remember it я хорошо это помню;
do away with уничтожить;
разделаться;
отменять done!, done with you! ладно, по рукам!;
well done! браво!, молодцом! well: ~ adv (better;
best) хорошо! well done! отлично;
здорово!;
she is well spoken of у нее отличная репутация to ~ a sum решать арифметическую задачу;
what can I do for you? разг. чем могу служить? what is done cannot be undone сделанного не воротишь undo: ~ уничтожать сделанное;
to undo the seam распороть шов;
to undo a treaty расторгнуть договор;
what is done cannot be undone сделанного не поправишь to ~ to death убить;
to do or die, to do and die совершать героические подвиги;
= победить или умереть;
what's to do? в чем дело? -
75 fair
̈ɪfɛə I сущ. базар, рынок;
ярмарка, выставка an annual fair ≈ ежегодная ярмарка book fair ≈ книжная ярмарка county fair ≈ сельская ярмарка livestock fair ≈ рынок скота world's fair ≈ международная ярмарка Vanity fair Bartholomew Fair church-fair world fair fair-keeper fun of the fair the day after the fair II
1. прил.
1) а) книж. красивый, прекрасный (обычно о женщинах;
слегка архаич. или рит.) fair one fair sex fair in sight fair maid Syn: beautiful б) светлый, белокурый fair complexion fair man Syn: light в) хороший, ясный;
чистый( о воде, почерке) - fair copy fair weather Syn: clean, pure, fine, bright, sunny г) привлекательный, красивый ( о словах, поступках) He has fallen away from all his fair promises. ≈ Он нарушил все свои красивые обещания. Syn: specious, plausible, flattering д) гладкий, ровный (в настоящее время в основном мор.) Syn: smooth, even е) скорее диал. четкий, ясный Syn: clear, distinct ∙ fair treat
2) а) значительный, порядочный( о размерах, объемах) Giles, to whom a fair heritage was no less agreeable than a fair wife. ≈ Джайл, кому получить значительное наследство было ничуть не менее приятно, чем красивую жену. fair amount Syn: considerable, handsome, liberal б) абсолютный, окончательный, полный (как высшая степень какого-л. качества) He was a fair fool. ≈ Он был невообразимый дурак. Syn: unquestionable, absolute, complete, thorough
3) а) порядочный, честный, справедливый, суж. законный scrupulously fair ≈ безупречно честный He's fair to his employees. ≈ Он справедлив по отношению к своим служащим. fair price by fair means fair and square fair play stand fair Syn: disinterested by fair means or foul ≈ не стесняясь в средствах б) незапятнанный, чистый fair name в) вежливый, учтивый;
мирный, спокойный I have used both fair and foul words. ≈ Я говорил то вежливо, то хамил. Syn: gentle, peaceable ∙ Syn: spotless, unblemished, equitable, legitimate
4) а) мор. попутный( о ветре) б) торный, не загроможденный препятствиями Keep back so that each man may have a fair view. ≈ Отойдите назад, чтобы всем было видно. Syn: unobstructed, open ∙ fair enough fair-to-middling for fair fair field and no favour ≈ игра/борьба на равных условиях all's fair in love and war посл. ≈ в любви и на войне все средства хороши
2. нареч.
1) красиво, прекрасно, приятно глазу Spread out his boughs and flourish fair. ≈ Раскинул свои ветви и цветет в великолепии Syn: agreeably, beautifully, brightly, handsomely, nobly
2) учтиво, вежливо, благородно только в сочетании, см. ниже speak fair Syn: civilly, courteously, kindly
3) четко, чисто, ясно( о почерке) Syn: clearly, legibly, plainly
4) честно, откровенно, беспристрастно I can never think you meant me fair. ≈ Ни за что не поверю, что ты вел себя со мной честно. fight fair Syn: equitably, honestly, impartially, justly
5) гладко, ровно Syn: evenly
6) прямо, точно( об ударе) He's an elefant, if he strikes you fair he knocks your life out. ≈ Он просто слон, если он нанесет тебе точный удар, ты концы отдашь.
7) полностью, совершенно, абсолютно Syn: completely, fully, quite, clean ∙ fair and softly! ≈ тише!, легче! does the boat lie fair? мор. ≈ у борта ли шлюпка?
3. сущ. субстантивированное прилагательное
1) нечто вежливое, приличное The exchange of fair and foul. ≈ Обмен любезностями.
2) архаич. поэт. женщина, особенно возлюбленная Syn: beauty, beautiful woman
4. гл.;
диал.
1) проясняться( о погоде) fair up
2) переписывать начисто;
выбелять (документ)
3) тех. обеспечивать обтекаемость, сглаживать контур;
подгонять детали ярмарка - the Leipzig Spring F. весенняя Лейпцигская ярмарка благотворительный базар - church * церковный (благотворительный) базар выставка - World F. всемирная выставка > a day after the * слишком поздно( устаревшее) красавица;
возлюбленная - the * прекрасный пол( устаревшее) женщина посредственная, удовлетворительная отметка;
посредственно, удовлетворительно > for * (американизм) действительно, несомненно;
полностью > the rush was on for * (предпраздничная) толкотня развернулась вовсю > no * (американизм) не по правилам > that was no * это нарушение правил честный;
справедливый, беспристрастный;
законный - by * means честным путем - by * means or foul любыми средствами - * deal честная /справедливая/ сделка - * play игра по правилам;
честная игра;
честность;
справедливость - it was a * fight бой велся по правилам (бокс) - * price справедливая /настоящая/ цена - * employment practices( американизм) прием на работу без дискриминации - strict but * строгий, но справедливый - * game (охота) законная добыча (тж. перен.) - it's all * and above-board здесь все честно - it's all * and proper это только справедливо - to give smb. a * hearing дать кому-л. возможность изложить свою точку зрения, оправдаться и т. п. достаточно хороший, сносный - in * condition в приличном состоянии - a * number достаточное количество - house of * size довольно большой дом - to have a * amount of sense быть не лишенным здравого смысла - he is in a * way of business его дела /деда его фирмы/ идут неплохо посредственный - it's only a * movie это весьма посредственный фильм благовидный - to put smb. off with * speeches успокоить, убедить кого-л. прекрасными речами белокурый;
светлый - * hair светлые волосы - * skin белая кожа - * man блондин чистый, незапятнанный - * name хорошая репутация, честное имя ясный и солнечный - * weather хорошая /ясная/ погода - * sky чистое /ясное/ небо - * day /daylight/ дневной свет благоприятный - * wind благоприятный /попутный/ ветер - to have a * chance of success иметь много шансов на успех - to be in the * way to smth. /to do smth./ быть на пути к чему-л., иметь шансы на что-л. ясный, четкий - * writing /hand/ ясный /разборчивый/ почерк - * copy беловик;
чистовик, чистовой экземпляр( документа и т. п.) - please make a * copy of this letter пожалуйста, перепишите это письмо набело( устаревшее) красивый, прекрасный - * woman красавица - * one красивая или любимая женщина - the * sex прекрасный пол - * landscape красивый пейзаж - (as) * as a lily прекрасный как лилия( американизм) чистый, полный - a * swindle /do/ чистое мошенничество - it's a * pleasure to watch him смотреть на него одно удовольствие > * enough справедливо;
согласен > * go правда, честно > * wear and tear( техническое) естественный износ > * and square честный и справедливый > * cop (жаргон) обоснованный арест;
попался за дело, поймали с поличным > * do's (сленг) справедливый дележ;
равные доли > all is * in love and war в любви и на войне все средства хороши > * without, false /foul/ within красиво снаружи, да гнило внутри честно - to play * играть честно /по правилам/;
действовать открыто /честно/ - to hit * (спортивное) нанести удар по правилам прямо, точно - to strike smb. * on the chin ударить кого-л. прямо в подбородок чисто;
ясно - to copy a letter out * переписать письмо начисто /набело/ (устаревшее) вежливо, учтиво - to speak to smb. * учтиво, любезно поговорить с кем-л. > to bid * fair казаться вероятным > * and softly! тише, легче! > * and square честно и справедливо;
прямо, точно проясняться (о погоде) переписывать начисто;
перебелять (документ) (техническое) обеспечивать обтекаемость, сглаживать контур all's ~ in love and war посл. в любви и на войне все средства хороши ~ ярмарка;
Bartholomew Fair ист. Варфоломеева ярмарка (ежегодная ярмарка в Лондоне в день св. Варфоломея - 24 августа) ~ play игра по правилам;
перен. честная игра, честность;
by fair means честным путем by ~ means or foul любыми средствами;
fair price справедливая, настоящая цена foul: ~ бесчестный, нравственно испорченный;
подлый;
предательский;
by fair means or foul любыми средствами ~ уст. любезно, учтиво;
to speak( smb.) fair любезно, вежливо поговорить( с кем-л.) ;
fair and softly! тише!, легче!;
does the boat lie fair? мор. у борта ли шлюпка?;
fair enough разг. ладно, хорошо;
согласен fair белокурый;
светлый;
fair complexion белый( не смуглый) цвет лица;
fair man блондин ~ беспристрастный ~ благоприятный, неплохой;
fair weather хорошая, ясная погода;
a fair chance of success хорошие шансы на успех ~ благотворительный базар ~ вежливый, учтивый ~ выставка;
world fair всемирная выставка;
the day after the fair слишком поздно ~ выставка ~ добросовестный ~ достаточно хороший ~ законный ~ уст. красавица;
the fair поэт. прекрасный пол;
for fair амер. действительно, несомненно ~ уст. красавица;
the fair поэт. прекрасный пол;
for fair амер. действительно, несомненно ~ уст. любезно, учтиво;
to speak (smb.) fair любезно, вежливо поговорить (с кем-л.) ;
fair and softly! тише!, легче!;
does the boat lie fair? мор. у борта ли шлюпка?;
fair enough разг. ладно, хорошо;
согласен ~ порядочный, значительный;
a fair amount изрядное количество ~ посредственная, удовлетворительная отметка ~ посредственный, средний;
fair to middling так себе, неважный;
this film was only fair фильм был весьма посредственный ~ уст. прекрасный, красивый;
fair one прекрасная или любимая женщина;
the fair sex прекрасный пол, женщины ~ справедливый ~ точно, прямо;
to strike fair in the face ударить прямо в лицо ~ честно;
to hit (to fight) fair нанести удар (бороться) по правилам ~ честный, справедливый, беспристрастный, добросовестный ~ честный;
справедливый, беспристрастный;
законный;
fair game законная добыча ~ честный ~ чисто, ясно ~ чистый, незапятнанный;
fair name хорошая репутация ~ ярмарка, выставка ~ ярмарка;
Bartholomew Fair ист. Варфоломеева ярмарка (ежегодная ярмарка в Лондоне в день св. Варфоломея - 24 августа) ~ ярмарка ~ порядочный, значительный;
a fair amount изрядное количество ~ уст. любезно, учтиво;
to speak (smb.) fair любезно, вежливо поговорить (с кем-л.) ;
fair and softly! тише!, легче!;
does the boat lie fair? мор. у борта ли шлюпка?;
fair enough разг. ладно, хорошо;
согласен it is ~ to say справедливости ради следует отметить;
fair and square открытый, честный ~ благоприятный, неплохой;
fair weather хорошая, ясная погода;
a fair chance of success хорошие шансы на успех fair белокурый;
светлый;
fair complexion белый (не смуглый) цвет лица;
fair man блондин ~ уст. любезно, учтиво;
to speak (smb.) fair любезно, вежливо поговорить (с кем-л.) ;
fair and softly! тише!, легче!;
does the boat lie fair? мор. у борта ли шлюпка?;
fair enough разг. ладно, хорошо;
согласен ~ field and no favour игра или борьба на равных условиях ~ честный;
справедливый, беспристрастный;
законный;
fair game законная добыча game: ~ дичь;
fair game дичь, на которую разрешено охотиться;
перен. (законный) объект нападения;
объект травли fair белокурый;
светлый;
fair complexion белый (не смуглый) цвет лица;
fair man блондин ~ market price справедливая рыночная цена ~ чистый, незапятнанный;
fair name хорошая репутация ~ уст. прекрасный, красивый;
fair one прекрасная или любимая женщина;
the fair sex прекрасный пол, женщины ~ play игра по правилам;
перен. честная игра, честность;
by fair means честным путем play: ~ тех. зазор;
игра;
люфт;
свободный ход;
шатание (части механизма, прибора) ;
fair play честная игра;
честность;
foul play подлое поведение;
обман by ~ means or foul любыми средствами;
fair price справедливая, настоящая цена price: fair ~ справедливая цена ~ уст. прекрасный, красивый;
fair one прекрасная или любимая женщина;
the fair sex прекрасный пол, женщины ~ посредственный, средний;
fair to middling так себе, неважный;
this film was only fair фильм был весьма посредственный ~ trading practice практика ведения взаимовыгодной торговли ~ wear and tear допустимый износ основных средств ~ wear and tear допустимый износ элементов основного капитала ~ благоприятный, неплохой;
fair weather хорошая, ясная погода;
a fair chance of success хорошие шансы на успех ~ уст. красавица;
the fair поэт. прекрасный пол;
for fair амер. действительно, несомненно ~ честно;
to hit (to fight) fair нанести удар (бороться) по правилам industrial ~ промышленная ярмарка it is ~ to say справедливости ради следует отметить;
fair and square открытый, честный rag ~ барахолка, толкучка ~ уст. любезно, учтиво;
to speak (smb.) fair любезно, вежливо поговорить (с кем-л.) ;
fair and softly! тише!, легче!;
does the boat lie fair? мор. у борта ли шлюпка?;
fair enough разг. ладно, хорошо;
согласен ~ точно, прямо;
to strike fair in the face ударить прямо в лицо ~ посредственный, средний;
fair to middling так себе, неважный;
this film was only fair фильм был весьма посредственный trade ~ выставка-продажа trade ~ торгово-промышленная ярмарка ~ выставка;
world fair всемирная выставка;
the day after the fair слишком поздно world trade ~ всемирная торговая ярмарка -
76 finalize
ˈfaɪnəlaɪz гл.
1) завершать, заканчивать, доводить до конца;
придавать окончательную форму If we don't finalize tonight, they will get suspicious. ≈ Если мы не закончим сегодня, у них возникнут подозрения. Syn: complete
3., conclude, end
2., finish
2.
2) урегулировать (давать или получать одобрение в последней инстанции) They have not finalized the deal with the government. ≈ Они не урегулировали этот вопрос с правительством. (американизм) заканчивать, завершать придавать окончательную форму;
оформлять (соглашение и т. п.) утверждать, одобрять;
подписывать finalize завершать, заканчивать ~ завершать ~ заканчивать ~ окончательно оформлять ~ придавать окончательную формуБольшой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > finalize
-
77 repose
̈ɪrɪˈpəuz I гл.
1) полагаться( на кого-л., что-л.) I have always reposed complete faith in your ability to deal with matters of sudden urgency. ≈ Я всегда абсолютно доверял вашим способностям разбираться с делами в случае внезапных неприятностей.
2) наделять( кого-л. чем-л.) ;
вручать полномочия( кому-л.) The nation reposes too much power in the President. ≈ Нация доверила президенту слишком большие полномочия. II
1. сущ.
1) а) отдых, передышка Syn: rest I
1., relaxation б) сон;
покой Syn: sleep
1.
2) вечный покой pray for the repose of his soul ≈ помолитесь за упокой его души
3) покой, спокойствие, тишина, мир Syn: quiet
2., silence
1., peace, tranquillity
4) неподвижность Syn: quiescence
5) уравновешенность, самообладание poise
1. ∙ angle of repose
2. гл.
1) а) отдыхать, ложиться отдохнуть (тж. repose oneself) б) давать отдых
2) а) лежать( on - на чем-л.) б) покоиться (быть похороненным) ∙ Syn: lie II
1.
3) останавливаться, задерживаться( о памяти, воспоминаниях) (on - на чем-л.)
4) основываться, держаться( on - на чем-л.) ∙ repose in отдых;
передышка - calm * спокойный отдых - to work without * работать без отдыха - to seek * искать покоя - to take * отдыхать - to disturb smb.'s * нарушить чей-л. покой (возвышенно) упокоение, вечный покой - to pray for the * of a soul молиться за упокой( чьей-л. души) покой, тишина;
спокойствие, мир - dead * мертвая тишина - the sea is in * море дремлет непринужденность;
безмятежность - his attitude lacked * в его позе отсутствовала непринужденность сон - good night and sweet * доброй ночи, спите спокойно - a night's * ночной отдых, сон (искусство) гармония - the picture wants * в картине нет гармонии (R.) (церковное) Успение - the R. of the Virgin Успение богородицы отдыхать;
лечь отдохнуть (тж. to * oneself) - to * on a couch отдыхать на диване (редкое) давать отдых - he halted to * his wayworn soldiers он остановился, чтобы дать отдых своим усталым солдатам покоиться - he *s at Arlington Cemetery он покоится на Арлингтонском кладбище - reposing in state выставленный для торжественного прощания (о покойнике) лежать - her right hand *d on a cushion ее правая рука лежала на подушке (книжное) класть;
склонить;
приклонить( голову) - to * one's head on the pillow положить голову на подушку основываться, держаться (на чем-л.) - the scheme *s on the revival of trade этот план основан на оживлении торговли полагаться (на кого-л., что-л.) ;
быть уверенным( в ком-л., чем-л.) - to * trust /confidence/ in smb. полагаться на кого-л. вручить полномочия (кому-л.) - to * power in smb.'s hands передать кому-л. власть ~ тишина, спокойствие;
angle of repose тех. угол естественного откоса ~ останавливаться, задерживаться (о памяти, воспоминаниях;
on - на чем-л.) ;
his mind reposed on the past его мысли задержались на прошлом repose давать отдых;
класть;
to repose one's head on the pillow положить голову на подушку ~ лежать, покоиться (on - на) ~ основываться, держаться (on - на) ~ останавливаться, задерживаться (о памяти, воспоминаниях;
on - на чем-л.) ;
his mind reposed on the past его мысли задержались на прошлом ~ отдых, передышка ~ отдыхать, ложиться отдохнуть (тж. to repose oneself) ~ полагаться (на кого-л., что-л.) ;
to repose trust (in (или on) smb.) доверяться( кому-л.), полагаться (на кого-л.) ~ сон;
покой ~ тишина, спокойствие;
angle of repose тех. угол естественного откоса repose давать отдых;
класть;
to repose one's head on the pillow положить голову на подушку ~ полагаться (на кого-л., что-л.) ;
to repose trust (in (или on) smb.) доверяться (кому-л.), полагаться (на кого-л.) -
78 round
raund
1. прил.
1) а) круглый;
шарообразный;
сферический round arch ≈ полукруглая арка round back, round shoulders ≈ сутулость round timber ≈ кругляк, круглый лесоматериал round hand round text Syn: cylindrical б) напоминающий по форме круг, овальный Syn: round face ≈ округлое лицо
2) круговой round game ≈ игра в карты, в которой принимает участие неограниченное количество игроков round towel ≈ = roller towel round trip, round tour, round voyage ≈ поездка в оба конца, поездка туда и обратно
3) полный, хорошо сложенный Syn: plump I
1., shapely
4) а) целый, завершенный a round dozen ≈ полная дюжина б) круглый (о числе) a round sum ≈ кругленькая сумма (большая сумма денег) в) приближенный, округленный( о вычислении, результате) ∙ Syn: complete, full, ample
5) а) высказанный, произнесенный вслух, прямой, резкий round oath ≈ крепкое ругательство in round terms ≈ в сильных выражениях б) закругленный, законченный( о фразе, предложении) в) гладкий, плавный( о стиле) Syn: outspoken
6) мягкий, низкий, бархатистый( о голосе)
7) быстрый, энергичный( о движении)
8) а) звонкий, звучный Syn: sonorous б) фон. огубленный, лабиализованный, округленный ( о качестве звука)
2. сущ.
1) а) круг, окружность( геометрические фигуры) б) перен. контур, очертание
2) круговое движение;
цикл
3) обход;
прогулка to go/make the round of ≈ обходить;
циркулировать to go for a good/long round ≈ предпринять длинную прогулку staff round, round of surgeons ≈ обход больных врачами
4) а) ряд, цикл, череда( однородных действий) б) автоматная очередь( череда выстрелов) to fire a round ≈ пустить очередь
5) одиночный представитель ряда одинаковых действий а) тур, круг ( в спортивных соревнованиях) б) раунд (название одной части состязания) в) рейс
6) а) кусочек, ломтик, долька б) порция a round of sandwiches ≈ (целый поднос) сандвичей he ordered another round of drinks ≈ он заказал еще по рюмочке для всех
7) ступенька стремянки (тж. round of a ladder)
8) воен. а) ракетный снаряд б) боевой патрон 50 rounds of ball cartridges ≈ 50 боевых патронов ∙ of cheers, round of applause ≈ взрыв аплодисментов
3. гл.
1) а) округлять(ся), делать(ся) круглым б) складывать губы трубочкой в) фон. округлять, огублять, лабиализовывать Syn: labialize
2) окружать, опоясывать, заключать в круг (тж. перен.) Syn: encircle, encompass
3) доводить до совершенства, завершать;
"округлять"
4) а) огибать, обходить кругом;
повертывать(ся) б) бывать во многих местах, путешествовать Syn: go around
5) мат. выражать в круглых цифрах, выражать в целых числах ∙ round down round in round into round off round upon round out round to round up
4. нареч.
1) вокруг;
кругом;
всюду, повсюду The wind has gone round to the north. ≈ Ветер повернул на север. round about ≈ вокруг (да около) round and round ≈ кругом;
со всех сторон all round, right round ≈ кругом all the year round ≈ круглый год long way round ≈ кружным путем
2) вспять, назад, обратно ∙ Syn: around
1.
5. предл.
1) вокруг, кругом
2) в течение, на всем протяжении round the year ≈ в течение года, весь год Syn: throughout
1. шар - this earthly * Земля небесный свод круг, предмет, имеющий форму круга ломтик (хлеба и т. п.) - a * of toast гренок - two *s of ham and one of beef два бутерброда с ветчиной и один с говядиной окружность, кольцо - to dance in a * двигаться по кругу( о танцующих) круговое движение;
кругооборот;
круговорот - the earth's yearly * годовое вращение Земли обход - doctor's * обход врачом больных - the night watchman makes his *s every hour ночной сторож совершает обход каждый час - to go /to make/ the * of совершать обход (военное) поверка караулов прогулка, поездка - to make a * of the country совершить поездку по стране ряд;
цикл;
серия - the daily * повседневные дела - a * of pleasures вихрь удовольствий - a * of duties круг обязанностей - to make a * of visits нанести ряд визитов - the whole * of knowledge весь цикл знаний тур, этап - second * второй тур (выборов и т. п.) раунд, тур (переговоров) круг, группа (людей) - a * of politicians группа политических деятелей хоровод;
круговой танец танец, в котором пары двигаются по кругу (вальс и т. п.) (the *) круглая скульптура огузок и кострец очередная порция спиртного - they had another * они выпили еще по одной - this * is on me моя очередь платить( за вино) (спортивное) игра, партия;
тур игры - to have a * of cards сыграть партию в карты пулька (фехтование) схватка, раунд (бокс) (военное) выстрел;
патрон - * of ammunition патрон, комплект выстрела взрыв( аплодисментов и т. п.) - a * of cheers несмолкаемые аплодисменты, овация круглая ступенька( стремянки) (реактивно-техническое) снаряд - ballistic * баллистический снаряд (горное) комплект шпуров > honour * (спортивное) круг почета > to go /to make/ the * of циркулировать (о слухах и т. п.) ;
переходить из уст в уста > the news quickly went the * of the village новость облетела всю деревню > in the * объемный;
видный со всех сторон;
всесторонне показанный или описанный круглый;
шарообразный, сферический - as * as a ball круглый как шар - the * world земной шар - * hand /text/ круглый почерк;
(полиграфия) шрифт рондо - * shoulders /back/ сутулость - * brackets круглые скобки - * timber( лесохозяйственное) кругляк - * arch (архитектура) полукруглая арка полный, пухлый, с округлыми формами - * cheeks пухлые щеки - * arms полные руки круговой - * game игра в карты, в которой каждый играет за себя - * towel полотенце на ролике грубый, приблизительный( о сумме и т. п.) - his year's profit was about $5000 as a * figure его годовой доход составлял приблизительно 5000 долларов круглый (о числе) - a * figure круглая цифра /-ое число/ - a * guess подсчет с округлением, приблизительный подсчет целый, без дробей (о числе) (эмоционально-усилительно) целый;
не меньше чем - a * ton целая тонна, не меньше тонны - * dozen целая дюжина большой, крупный, значительный( о сумме и т. п.) - a good * sum порядочная /кругленькая/ сумма - at a good * price по высокой цене быстрый, энергичный (о движении) - * pace быстрый темп - at a * trot крупной рысью мягкий, густой, звучный, глубокий( о голосе, звуке) приятный, нетерпкий( о вине) свободный, легкий, гладкий, плавный - * style гладкий слог закругленный;
законченный (о фразе, предложении) законченный, отделанный( о романе и т. п.) изображенный всесторонне, со всем правдоподобием;
полнокровный( об образе) прямой, откровенный;
искренний;
резкий - * unvarnished tale неприкрашенная история;
правда-матка - * oath крепкое ругательство - to scold smb. in * terms распекать кого-л., не стесняясь в выражениях - she tells you home truths in the *est manner она без обиняков говорит (вам) горькую истину (фонетика) лабиализованный (о звуке) наполненный( о парусе) потрошеный (о рыбе) > a * O круг;
(ровно) ничего > a * peg in a square hole, a square peg in a * hole человек не на своем месте > * dealing (сленг) честное отношение /-ая практика/ указывает на движение по кругу, спирали или на вращение кругом - to go * in a circle ходить по кругу - to run * бегать по кругу - to go * and * вертеться, кружиться - the wheels went /turned/ * колеса вертелись /вращались/ указывает на передачу чего-л. (по кругу), часто передается глагольными приставками об-, раз- - to hand /to pass/ smth. * передавать по кругу (чашу и т. п.) - to deal * сдавать( карты) - there is not enough to go * на всех не хватит;
всем раздать не удастся указывает на распространение чего-л. среди группы лиц;
передается глагольной приставкой раз- и др. - hand the papers * раздайте всем (письменные) работы - the news was soon carried * новость быстро распространилась - a money subscription is going * подписной лист ходит по рукам указывает на движение кружным путем, в обход, кругом;
часто передается глагольными приставками - don't come across, come * не ходите прямо, идите кругом /в обход, обойдите кругом/ - a (long) way * кружный путь - he took a long way * он сделал большой крюк указывает на нахождение рядом, по соседству - from every village * из всех окрестных деревень - what are you hanging * for? (разговорное) что вы здесь околачиваетесь /болтаетесь/? указывает на нахождение или распространение по всей площади, по всему району и т. п. по;
передается тж. глагольными приставками - all the country * по всей стране - all *, right * кругом, везде вокруг - there were blossoming shrubs all * вокруг были цветущие кусты - a garden with a wall all /right/ * сад, окруженный со всех сторон стеной - a room hung * with pictures комната, увешанная картинами - the peddler went * with his goods разносчик ходил со своим товаром из дома в дом или из деревни в деревню и т. п. указывает на осмотр дома, музея и т. п. по - to conduct smb. * провести кого-л. по дому, музею и т. п. - let's go into town and look * /have a look */ давайте пойдем в город и все осмотрим указывает на изменение направления или движение в противоположную сторону;
часто передается глагольными приставками - everyone turned * все обернулись - turn your chair * and face me поверни стул и сядь лицом ко мне - the wind has gone * to the north ветер повернул на север указывает на изменение позиции, точки зрения и т. п. - to talk smb. * переубедить кого-л. - to come * to smb.'s opinion присоединиться к чьему-л. мнению, согласиться с кем-л. - we soon won him * мы скоро привлекли /переманили/ его на свою сторону (разговорное) указывает на приход куда-л. или к кому-л., доставку чего-л. куда-л. - to ask smb. * for the evening пригласить кого-л. зайти вечерком - to bring smb. * привести кого-л. с собой - I'll call * at eight я зайду в восемь - send * for the doctor пошли(те) за доктором - come * and see me заходи(те) в гости - what will this year bring *? что принесет этот год? указывает на измерение объема в окружности, в обхвате - the town walls are 3000 yards * стены города имеют 3000 ярдов в окружности - her waist measures are thirty inches * объем ее талии тридцать дюймов указывает на измерение площади по радиусу: в радиусе - for a mile * в радиусе мили указывает на повторение чего-л. через определенные промежутки времени: опять, снова - winter came * опять /снова/ пришла зима указывает на протекание действия в течение всего периода времени - he worked the whole year * он проработал весь /целый/ год (американизм) (разговорное) указывает на неточное определение чего-л.: приблизительно, около - it happened somewhere * there это случилось где-то там - the child played * ребенок играл где-то неподалеку в сочетании - * about вокруг, кругом;
рядом;
обратно, в обратном направлении;
кружным путем, в обход;
вокруг да около - they worked in the villages * about они работали в окрестных деревнях - they turned * about and left они повернулись и ушли - to go * about to a place идти куда-л. кружным путем /в обход/ - he came * about and slowly to these conclusions не прямым путем и не сразу он пришел к этим выводам > taken all * в целом, в общем > taking it all * обсудив это со всех сторон;
приняв все во внимание > to argue * and * спорить не по существу;
вертеться вокруг да около > to bring smb. * привести кого-л. в чувство (после обморока) > to come * приходить в чувство /в себя/ (после обморока) ;
выздоравливать > to sleep the clock * проспать полсуток;
сочетания с др. словами см. под соответствующими словами округлять, делать круглым - amazement *ed her eyes от изумления ее глаза округлились округляться, полнеть - the little green apples grew and *ed and yellowed небольшие зеленые яблоки созрели, налились и пожелтели (фонетика) лабиализировать (звук) округлять (числа) надуваться, раздуваться, наполняться( о парусе) завершать, заканчивать;
закругляться - to * a phrase закруглить фразу (into) развиваться, превращаться в - a boy *s into manhood мальчик становится мужчиной (into) заканчиваться, завершаться( чем-л.) - the talk *ed into a plan беседа завершилась выработкой плана огибать, обходить кругом - to * a bend огибать /обходить/ поворот - to * (the) mark обходить знак "буй" (парусный спорт) - the ship *ed the cape корабль обогнул мыс - to * a corner свернуть за угол( разговорное) (on, upon) набрасываться, накидываться на кого-л.;
обрушивать поток брани - it took me by surprise to be *ed on in that way я никак не ожидал, что на меня так накинутся - his companion *ed on him with a torrent of abusive language попутчик обрушил на него поток брани (разговорное) (on, upon) доносить( на кого-л.) (разговорное) обойти, обвести, обмануть( кого-л.) подрезать уши (собаке) (редкое) повертывать (редкое) повертываться - he *ed to look at me он повернулся, чтобы посмотреть на меня - to * on one's heel резко повернуться( к кому-л.) спиной (морское) приводить к ветру указывает на движение вокруг чего-л. или вращение вокруг оси: вокруг - to row * the island объехать на лодке остров - the Moon revolves /turns/ * the Earth Луна вращается вокруг Земли - the wheel goes * an axle колесо вертится на оси - look * you посмотрите вокруг (себя) указывает на огибание предмета;
часто передается глагольной приставкой об- - to go * an obstacle обойти препятствие - her arm went * the child она обняла ребенка - * the corner за углом;
за угол - a store * the corner магазин за углом - to turn * the corner завернуть /повернуть, свернуть/ за угол указывает на движение по кривой: по - they did not sail across the bay, but went * it они поплыли не прямо через залив, а вдоль берега указывает на нахождение вокруг предмета: вокруг, кругом - the children were sitting * the table дети сидели вокруг стола - she had a necklace * her neck у нее на шее было ожерелье указывает на (разговорное) нахождение по соседству, рядом, в окрестности: около - it's somewhere * here это где-то здесь рядом - farms * Cleveland фермы в окрестностях Кливленда - there was a crowd * the church у церкви была толпа указывает на (часто all *) протекание действия по всему району, по всей территории: вокруг;
по - the toys were * the room игрушки были разбросаны по всей комнате - the shells were bursting all * us со всех сторон вокруг нас рвались снаряды указывает на движение в каком-л. пространстве: по - blood circulates * the body кровь циркулирует по всему телу - to hawk one's wares * the streets торговать вразнос указывает на осмотр дома, музея и т. п. - to go * the house осмотреть /обойти/ дом - to take /to show, to walk/ smb. * the town показывать кому-л. город - they went * the museum они осмотрели музей указывает на измерение объема, окружности: в - she measures 70 cm * the waist объем ее талии 70 см указывает на протекание процесса в течение всего периода времени - he worked * the day он проработал весь день указывает на приблизительное определение числа, суммы и т. п.: около - it will be somewhere * a hundred pounds это будет стоить около ста фунтов указывает на приблизительное определение времени: около - * midday около полудня - * 1960 примерно в 1960 году по поводу - to write an article * smth. написать статью по поводу чего-л., построить статью вокруг какого-л. факта в сочетании - * about вокруг, кругом;
со всех сторон;
вокруг;
около, примерно - go * about the house обойди вокруг дома - the children danced * about the Christmas-tree дети танцевали вокруг елки - the shells were bursting * about him вокруг него рвались снаряды - the enemy took up positions * about the city неприятель занял позиции вокруг города - * about midday около полудня > * the clock двенадцать часов;
сутки > he slept * the clock он проспал (целые) сутки > to come /to get, to go/ * smb. обойти /обмануть, перехитрить/ кого-л. > to argue * (and *) a subject без конца обсуждать что-л.;
ходить вокруг да около (устаревшее) говорить таинственным шепотом - to * smb. in the ear шептать кому-л. на ухо all (или right) ~ кругом;
all the year round круглый год;
a long way round кружным путем to argue ~ and ~ the subject вертеться вокруг да около, говорить не по существу round быстрый, энергичный (о движении) ;
a round trot крупная рысь;
at a round pace крупным аллюром ~ ракетный снаряд;
ballistic round баллистический снаряд;
round of cheers (или applause) взрыв аплодисментов ~ цикл, ряд;
the daily round круг ежедневных занятий to go for a good (или long) ~ предпринять длинную прогулку;
visiting rounds проверка часовых;
дозор для связи ~ обход;
прогулка;
to go the rounds идти в обход, совершать обход;
to go (или to make) the round of обходить;
циркулировать ~ обход;
прогулка;
to go the rounds идти в обход, совершать обход;
to go (или to make) the round of обходить;
циркулировать ~ порция;
a round of sandwiches (целый) поднос сандвичей;
he ordered another round of drinks он заказал еще по рюмочке для всех ~ прямой, откровенный;
грубоватый, резкий;
a round oath крепкое ругательство;
in round terms в сильных выражениях licensing ~ этап лицензирования all (или right) ~ кругом;
all the year round круглый год;
a long way round кружным путем ~ towel = roller towel;
~ trip (или tour, voyage) поездка в оба конца towel: roller ~ полотенце на ролике round быстрый, энергичный (о движении) ;
a round trot крупная рысь;
at a round pace крупным аллюром ~ prep вокруг, кругом;
round the world вокруг света;
round the corner за угол, за углом ~ вокруг;
round about вокруг (да около) ;
round and round кругом;
со всех сторон ~ закругленный, законченный (о фразе) ;
гладкий, плавный (о стиле) ~ значительный ~ круг, окружность;
очертание, контур ~ круглый (о цифрах) ;
округленный (о числах) ~ круглый;
шарообразный;
сферический;
round back (или shoulders) сутулость;
round hand (или text) круглый почерк;
полигр. рондо ~ круглый ~ круговое движение;
цикл ~ круговой;
round game игра в карты, в которой принимает участие неограниченное количество игроков ~ кругом ~ крупный, значительный (о сумме) ~ ломтик, кусочек;
round of toast гренок, ломтик поджаренного хлеба;
round of beef ссек говядины ~ мягкий, низкий, бархатистый (о голосе) ~ обратно ~ обход;
прогулка;
to go the rounds идти в обход, совершать обход;
to go (или to make) the round of обходить;
циркулировать ~ огибать, обходить кругом;
повертывать(ся) ~ фон. округленный ~ фон. округлять;
round off округлять(ся), закруглять(ся) ;
to round off the evening with a dance закончить вечер танцами ~ округлять(ся) (тж. round off) ;
to round a sentence закруглить фразу ~ округлять ~ воен. патрон;
выстрел;
очередь;
20 rounds of ball cartridges 20 боевых патронов ~ полный ~ порция;
a round of sandwiches (целый) поднос сандвичей;
he ordered another round of drinks он заказал еще по рюмочке для всех ~ приблизительный ~ приятный (о вине) ~ прямой, откровенный;
грубоватый, резкий;
a round oath крепкое ругательство;
in round terms в сильных выражениях ~ ракетный снаряд;
ballistic round баллистический снаряд;
round of cheers (или applause) взрыв аплодисментов ~ раунд ~ ступенька стремянки (тж. round of a ladder) ~ тур;
раунд;
рейс ~ тур переговоров ~ ход ~ цикл, ряд;
the daily round круг ежедневных занятий ~ цикл ~ округлять(ся) (тж. round off) ;
to round a sentence закруглить фразу ~ вокруг;
round about вокруг (да около) ;
round and round кругом;
со всех сторон ~ вокруг;
round about вокруг (да около) ;
round and round кругом;
со всех сторон ~ timber кругляк, круглый лесоматериал;
round arch архит. полукруглая арка ~ круглый;
шарообразный;
сферический;
round back (или shoulders) сутулость;
round hand (или text) круглый почерк;
полигр. рондо ~ down вчт. округлить в меньшую сторону ~ down вчт. округлять в меньшую сторону ~ down округлять в меньшую сторону ~ круговой;
round game игра в карты, в которой принимает участие неограниченное количество игроков ~ круглый;
шарообразный;
сферический;
round back (или shoulders) сутулость;
round hand (или text) круглый почерк;
полигр. рондо ~ прямой, откровенный;
грубоватый, резкий;
a round oath крепкое ругательство;
in round terms в сильных выражениях ~ ломтик, кусочек;
round of toast гренок, ломтик поджаренного хлеба;
round of beef ссек говядины ~ ракетный снаряд;
ballistic round баллистический снаряд;
round of cheers (или applause) взрыв аплодисментов ~ порция;
a round of sandwiches (целый) поднос сандвичей;
he ordered another round of drinks он заказал еще по рюмочке для всех ~ of tenders раунд торгов ~ ломтик, кусочек;
round of toast гренок, ломтик поджаренного хлеба;
round of beef ссек говядины ~ фон. округлять;
round off округлять(ся), закруглять(ся) ;
to round off the evening with a dance закончить вечер танцами ~ off завершать ~ off закачивать ~ off округлять ~ фон. округлять;
round off округлять(ся), закруглять(ся) ;
to round off the evening with a dance закончить вечер танцами ~ on набрасываться, нападать( на кого-л.) ;
резко критиковать, распекать ~ up окружать, производить облаву;
round upon см. round on ~ out закруглять(ся), делать(ся) круглым;
round to мор. приводить к ветру ~ prep вокруг, кругом;
round the world вокруг света;
round the corner за угол, за углом ~ timber кругляк, круглый лесоматериал;
round arch архит. полукруглая арка ~ out закруглять(ся), делать(ся) круглым;
round to мор. приводить к ветру ~ towel = roller towel;
~ trip (или tour, voyage) поездка в оба конца ~ towel = roller towel;
~ trip (или tour, voyage) поездка в оба конца trip: ~ путешествие;
поездка, экскурсия, рейс;
round trip поездка туда и обратно;
business trip командировка;
to take a trip съездить round ~ круговой рейс round ~ рейс туда и обратно round быстрый, энергичный (о движении) ;
a round trot крупная рысь;
at a round pace крупным аллюром ~ up вчт. округлить в большую сторону ~ up вчт. округлять в большую сторону ~ up округлять в большую сторону ~ up окружать, производить облаву;
round upon см. round on ~ up сгонять (скот) ~ up окружать, производить облаву;
round upon см. round on ~ воен. патрон;
выстрел;
очередь;
20 rounds of ball cartridges 20 боевых патронов tendering ~ раунд предложений to go for a good (или long) ~ предпринять длинную прогулку;
visiting rounds проверка часовых;
дозор для связи the wheel turns ~ колесо вращается;
the wind has gone round to the north ветер повернул на север the wheel turns ~ колесо вращается;
the wind has gone round to the north ветер повернул на север -
79 accomplish
(to complete (something) successfully: Have you accomplished your task?) realizar, lograr- accomplishment
accomplish vb lograr / conseguirtr[ə'kɒmplɪʃ]1 (achieve) lograr, conseguir2 (carry out) hacer, llevar a caboaccomplish [ə'kɑmplɪʃ, -'kʌm-] vt: efectuar, realizar, lograr, llevar a cabov.• consumar v.• cumplir v.• efectuar v.• llevar a cabo v.• lograr v.• realizar v.ə'kɑːmplɪʃ, ə'kʌmplɪʃtransitive verb \<\<task\>\> llevar a cabo, realizar*; \<\<goal\>\> lograr, conseguir*[ǝ'kʌmplɪʃ]VT1) (=achieve) efectuar, lograr; [+ task, mission] llevar a cabo; [+ purpose, one's design] realizar2) (=finish) terminar, concluir* * *[ə'kɑːmplɪʃ, ə'kʌmplɪʃ]transitive verb \<\<task\>\> llevar a cabo, realizar*; \<\<goal\>\> lograr, conseguir* -
80 sham
ʃæm
1. noun(something that is pretended, not genuine: The whole trial was a sham.) farsa, simulacro
2. adjective(pretended, artificial or false: a sham fight; Are those diamonds real or sham?) falso, simulado, fingido
3. verb(to pretend (to be in some state): He shammed sleep/anger; He shammed dead; I think she's only shamming.) fingir, simulartr[ʃæm]1 (piece of deceit, pretence) farsa, simulacro2 (person) farsante nombre masulino o femenino, impostor,-ra1 (interest, sympathy, emotion) falso,-a, simulado,-a; (illness) fingido,-a; (jewellery, antiques) falso,-a, de imitación1 fingir, simular1 fingir, fingirsesham adj: falso, fingidosham n1) fake, pretense: farsa f, simulación f, imitación f2) faker: impostor m, -tora f; farsante mfadj.• adoptivo, -a adj.• falso, -a adj.• fingido, -a adj.• postizo, -a adj.n.• camama s.f.• cantaleta s.f.• engaño s.m.• faramalla s.f.• farsante s.m.• impostor s.m.• impostura s.f.v.• fingir v.ʃæm
I
a) c u ( pretense) farsa fb) c ( impostor) farsante mf
II
adjective (pej) (no comp) <emotion/interest/sympathy> fingido, falso; <antiques/diamonds> falso, de imitación
III
1.
- mm- transitive verb \<\<enthusiasm/grief/illness\>\> fingir*, simular
2.
vi \<\<person\>\> fingir*[ʃæm]1.ADJ falso, fingido2. N1) (=imposture) farsa fit was all a sham — fue una farsa, fue pura pantalla (Mex)
2) (=person) impostor(a) m / f3.VT fingir, simular4.VI fingir, fingirse* * *[ʃæm]
I
a) c u ( pretense) farsa fb) c ( impostor) farsante mf
II
adjective (pej) (no comp) <emotion/interest/sympathy> fingido, falso; <antiques/diamonds> falso, de imitación
III
1.
- mm- transitive verb \<\<enthusiasm/grief/illness\>\> fingir*, simular
2.
vi \<\<person\>\> fingir*
См. также в других словарях:
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