for+study

λογομανέω

to have a passion for study: pres part act masc /neut gen pl (attic epic doric)

λογομανέω

to have a passion for study: pres imperat act 3rd pl (attic epic doric)

Grammatical information: v.

Meaning: `be anxious, care for, go to the heart'; ἐπι-μέλομαι and - έομαι Schwyzer 721) `care for', μετα-μέλομαι, μετα-μέλει μοι `repent' (IA.).

Other forms: 3. sg. μέλει μοι, μέλομαι, fut. μελήσω, - σει, - σομαι (Il.), aor. μελῆσαι, ἐμέλησε (Att.), pass. μεληθῆναι (S.), perf. μέμηλα, -ε (Il.), midd. μέμβλεται, - το (Il., with new present μέμβλομαι [A. R., Opp.]), μεμέληκε (Att.), μεμέλημαι (Theoc., Call.)

Derivatives: 1 μέλημα n. `anxiety, object of care, darling' (Sapph., Pi., A.), μελησμός `care' (EM). 2. μελέτωρ, - ορος m. `who cares for' = `avenger' (S. El. 846); cf. Fraenkel Nom. ag. 2, 10f., Benveniste Noms d'agent 32. - 3. μελετάω `care for, study, practise oratory' (Hes., h. Merc.) beside μελέτη `care, educator, pactice etc.' (Hes.); because of the accent (: γενετή, τελετή a. o.) prob. at least partly backformation like e.g. ἀγάπη from ἀγαπάω; diff. e.g. Fraenkel Nom. ag. 2, 115 a. 152, Porzig Satzinhalte 246; on the deverbatives in - ( ε)τάω Schwyzer 705; from this μελετη-ρός `who likes practice' (X.). From μελετάω: μελέτ-ημα `practise' (Att.), - ησις `id.' (AB). - ητικός `caring' (LXX), - ητής m. `trainer' (Aristid.), - ητήριον `place for practice' (Plu.). -- 4. μελε-δῶνες f. pl. (late sg.) `cares, concerns' (v. l. τ 517, h. Hom., Hes., Thgn.), also μελη-δόνες, - δών `id.' (Simon., A. R.); - εδων- and - ηδον- both metr. conditioned for - εδον-; μελεδῶναι pl. `id.' (v.l. τ 517, Sapph., Theoc., sg. - ώνη Hp.); on - ών: - ώνη Egli Heteroklisie 12; μελεδωνός m. f. `watcher' (Ion.; Fraenkel Nom. ag. 1, 234), - ωνεύς `id.' (Theoc.; Boßhardt 65). Here as denominat. μελεδαίνω `care for' (Ion., Archil.; Schwyzer 724; besides μελεταίνω Argos VI^a after μελετάω) with μελεδήματα pl. = μελε-δῶνες (Ψ 62; after νοήματα, Porzig Satzinhalte 187; cf. also Debrunner IF 21, 34), μελεδήμων `caring' (Emp., AP; after νοήμων a. o., Chantraine Form. 173), μελεδ-ηθμός `practice' (Orac.); backformation μελέδη f. `care' (Hp.; after μελέτη). -- From ἐπι-μέλομαι: 1. ἐπιμελ-ής `caring for, anxious, who is at the heart' (IA.) with verbal function of the σ-stem (Schwyzer 513); from it ἐπιμέλεια `care, attention' (Att.); 2. ἐπιμελη-τής m. `who cares, governor' etc. To μετα-μέλομαι analogically μεταμέλεια `repentance, change of mind' (Att.); also (backformation) μετάμελος `id.' (Th. 7, 55).

Origin: XX [etym. unknown]

Etymology: Beside the full grade thematic root-present μέλω (Schwyzer 684) stands with remarkable lengthened grade the perfect μέμηλα (archaic; s. Specht KZ 62, 67 with Schulze), to which with zero grade and remarkable thematic vowel the middle μέμβλεται, - το for *με-μλ-ε- (Schwyzer 770 a. 768, Chantraine Gramm. hom. 1, 426 u. 432). The η-enlargement in μελ-ή-σω (Schwyzer 782 f., Chantraine 1, 446) conquered in time the whole verbal system: μελῆ-σαι, - θῆναι, μεμέλη-κε, - μαι. -- No convincing etymology. Against the connection with μέλλω (e.g. Curtius 330f., Pok. 720, Hofmann Et. Wb.) WP. 2, 292, who considers the connection with μάλα `very', Lat. melior `better' (Prellwitz, Brugmann Grundr.² 2: 3, 459, Bq). (W.-) Hofmann s. melior reminds after Loth Rev. celt. 41, 211 of Welsh gofal `caree', diofal `without care, quiet', dyfal `attent'. -- Machek Studia in hon. Acad. d. Dečev 51 f. wants to equate μέλει μοι with Čech. mele mne `I am grieved'.

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λογο-μᾰνέω,

A to have a passion for study, Chio Ep.15.3.

ἀνάστασις, εως, ἡ (s. ἀνίστημι; Aeschyl., Hdt.+ in var. mngs.).

① a change for the better in status, rising up, rise (La 3:63; Zech 3:8; Jos., Ant. 17, 212; 18, 301 [here of the ‘erection’ of a statue]) κεῖται εἰς πτῶσιν καὶ ἀ. πολλῶν he is destined for the fall and rise of many of Jesus Lk 2:34, i.e. because of him many will fall and others will rise, viz. in relation to God (for contrast w. πτῶσις cp. Evagrius Pont., Sent. 5, 19 p. 327 Frankenberg: ἡ μικρὰ τ. σώματος ἀνάστασίς ἐστιν ἡ μετάθεσις αὐτοῦ ἐκ πτώσεως τ. ἀσελγείας εἰς τὴν τ. ἁγιασμοῦ ἀνάστασιν).—Esp.

② resurrection from the dead, resurrection (Aeschyl., Eum. 648 ἅπαξ θανόντος οὔτις ἐστʼ ἀ. [cp. Job 7:9f; 16:22]; Ps.-Lucian, De Salt. 45; Ael. Aristid. 32, 25 K.=12 p. 142 D.; 46 p. 300 D.; IGR IV 743, 25 [ο]ἱ δὴ δ[είλ]αιοι πάντ[ες] εἰς ἀ[νά]στασιν|[----][the stone breaks off after ἀ. and some think that βλέποντες or the like is to be supplied]; 2 Macc 7:14; 12:43), and so

ⓐ in the past: of Jesus’ res. (Orig., C. Cels. 5, 57, 25) Ac 1:22; 2:31; 4:33; Ro 6:5; Phil 3:10 (JFitzmyer, BRigaux Festschr., ’70, 411–25); 1 Pt 3:21; 1 Cl 42:3; ISm 3:1, 3; in more detail ἀ. ἐκ νεκρῶν 1 Pt 1:3; ἀ. νεκρῶν res. from the dead Ro 1:4; w. the passion of Jesus IEph 20:1; Mg 11; Tr ins; Phld ins; 8:2; 9:2; Sm 7:2; 12:2; cp. 1:2. τὸν Ἰησοῦν καὶ τὴν ἀ. εὐαγγελίζεσθαι proclaim Jesus and the res. i.e. his res., and in consequence, the possibility of a general res. Ac 17:18 (but s. 3 below. τὸν Ἰησοῦν καὶ τὴν ἀνάστασιν could also mean ‘the res. of Jesus’, as perh. Nicol Dam.: 90 Fgm. 130, 18 p. 400, 17 Jac. μνήμη τἀνδρὸς καὶ φιλοστοργίας=‘… the love of the man’); cp. vs. 32 and 4:2. Of the raisings from the dead by Elijah and Elisha ἔλαβον γυναῖκες ἐξ ἀ. τοὺς νεκροὺς αὐτῶν women (i.e. the widow of Zarephath and the Shunammite woman 3 Km 17:23; 4 Km 4:36) received their dead by res. Hb 11:35.

ⓑ of the future res. (Theoph. Ant. 1, 13 [p. 86, 25]), linked with Judgment Day: described as ἀ. νεκρῶν (Did., Gen. 96, 13) Mt 22:31; Ac 23:6; 24:15, 21; 26:23; 1 Cor 15:12f; 21; 42; Hb 6:2; D 16:6; or ἀ. ἐκ νεκρῶν Lk 20:35; B 5:6; AcPlCor 2:35 (cp. Ar. 15, 3; Just., D. 45, 2); cp. IPol 7:1; Pol 7:1; MPol 14:2. ἀ. σαρκός (not found in the NT) AcPlCor 1:12; 2:24 (Just., D. 80, 5; σωμάτων Tat. 6, 1; Ath., R. 11 p. 59, 14). Of Jesus: τὴν ἀ. ποιεῖν bring about the res. (of the dead) B 5:7. Jesus’ Passion as our res. ISm 5:3. ἀθάνατος τῆς ἀ. καρπός 2 Cl 19:3. Described as ἀ. κρείττων Hb 11:35 in contrast w. the res. of the past, because the latter was, after all, followed by death. ἡ μέλλουσα ἀ. (Theoph. Ant. 2, 15 [p. 138, 17]) the future res. 1 Cl 24:1. ἡ κατὰ καιρὸν γινομένη ἀ. the res. that comes at regular intervals (i.e. seasons, day and night), as a type of the future res. 24:2.—More details in J, who mentions an ἀ. ἐν τῇ ἐσχάτῃ ἡμέρᾳ on the Last Day J 11:24 and differentiates betw. the ἀ. κρίσεως res. for judgment for the wicked and the ἀ. ζωῆς res. to life for those who do good 5:29. Christ calls himself ἡ ἀ. and ἡ ζωή 11:25, since he mediates both to humans.—Paul seeks to demonstrate the validity of belief in Jesus’ res. in terms of the res. of the dead in general 1 Cor 15:12ff (s. MDahl, The Res. of the Body. A Study of 1 Cor 15, ’62 and s. τάγμα 1b). γνῶναι … τὴν δύναμιν τῆς ἀ. αὐτου Phil 3:10.—Lk 14:14 mentions only a res. of the just, as in some intertestamental belief; likew. B 21:1. Hebraistically υἱοὶ τῆς ἀ. (w. υἱοὶ θεοῦ) children of the res.=sharers in the resurrection Lk 20:36. A second res. is presupposed by the ἀ. ἡ πρώτη of Rv 20:5f. Denial of res. by the Sadducees Mt 22:23, 28, 30f; Mk 12:18, 23; Lk 20:27, 33, 35f (on this see Schürer II 391; 411); by the Epicureans Ac 17:18 (ERohde, Psyche³ 1903 II 331–35; cp. the ins 2 above, beg.); and by Christians 1 Cor 15:12 (prob. in the sense of Just., D. 80, 4 λέγουσι μὴ εἶναι νεκρῶν ἀνάστασιν, ἀλλʼ ἅμα τῷ ἀποθνῄσκειν τὰς ψυχὰς αὐτῶν ἀναλαμβάνεσθαι εἰς τ. οὐρανόν ‘they say there is no resurrection of the dead, but that at the time of death their souls are taken up into heaven’; s. JWilson, ZNW 59, ’68, 90–107); 2 Ti 2:18 (cp. Menander in Iren. 1, 23, 5 [Harv. I 195] resurrectionem enim per id quod est in eum baptisma, accipere eius discipulos, et ultra non posse mori, sed perseverare non senescentes et immortales [Menander teaches that] ‘his followers receive resurrection by being baptized into him, and that they face death no more, but live on without growing old, exempt from death’; cp. Just., A I, 26, 4; Valentinus in Clem. of Alex., Str. 4, 13, 91; Tertull., Carn. Resurr. 25 agnitio sacramenti [=ἡ τοῦ μυστηρίου γνῶσις] resurrectio).—FNötscher, Altoriental. u. atl. Auferstehungsglaube 1926; JLeipoldt, Sterbende u. auferstehende Götter 1923; Cumont³ ’31; ANikolainen, D. Auferstehungsglauben in d. Bibel u. in ihrer Umwelt. I Relgesch. Teil ’44. II NT ’46.—WBousset, Rel.³, 1926, 269–74 al.; Billerb. IV 1928, 1166–98.—AMeyer, D. Auferstehung Christi 1905; KLake, The Historical Evidence of Res. of Jesus Christ 1907; LBrun, D. Auferst. Christi in d. urchr. Überl. 1925; PGardner-Smith, The Narratives of the Resurrection 1926; SMcCasland, The Res. of Jesus ’32; MGoguel, La foi à la résurr. de Jésus dans le Christianisme primitif ’33; EFascher, ZNW 26, 1927, 1–26; EFuchs, ZKG 51, ’32, 1–20; AThomson, Did Jesus Rise from the Dead? ’40; EHirsch, D. Auferstehungsgeschichten u. d. chr. Glaube ’40; PAlthaus, D. Wahrheit des kirchl. Osterglaubens² ’41; WMichaelis, D. Erscheinungen des Auferstandenen ’44; ARamsey, The Res. of Christ ’45; JLeipoldt, Zu den Auferstehungsgeschichten: TLZ 73, ’48, 737–42 (rel.-Hist.); KRengstorf, Die Auferstehung Jesu² ’54; GKoch, Die Auferstehung J. Christi ’59; HGrass, Ostergeschehen u. Osterberichte ’56; ELohse, Die Auferstehung J. Chr. im Zeugnis des Lk ’61; HvCampenhausen, Tradition and Life in the Early Church, ’68, 42–89; WCraig, Assessing the NT Evidence for the Historicity of the Resurrection of Jesus ’89; GLüdemann, Die Auferstehung Jesu ’94. S. also τάφος 1.—KDeissner, Auferstehungshoffnung u. Pneumagedanke b. Pls 1912; GVos, The Pauline Doctrine of the Res.: PTR 27, 1929, 1–35; 193–226; FGuntermann, D. Eschatologie d. hl. Pls ’32; HMolitor, Die Auferstehung d. Christen und Nichtchristen nach d. Ap. Pls ’33; LSimeone, Resurrectionis iustorum doctr. in Ep. S. Pauli ’38; DStanley, Christ’s Resurrection in Pauline Soteriology ’61; CMoule, NTS 12, ’65/66, 106–23; MdeBoer, The Defeat of Death ’88; JHolleman, A Traditio-Historical Study of Paul’s Eschatology in 1 Cor 15 (NovT Suppl. 84), ’96.—RGrant, Miracle and Nat. Law ’52, 221–63. JBuitkamp, Auferstehungsglaube in den Qumrantexten, diss. Groningen ’64; GWild, Auferstehungsglaube des späten Israel, diss. Bonn. ’67; W. Pannenberg, Grundzüge der Christologie⁶ ’82, 74ff.

③ a deity within a polytheistic system, Resurrection Ac 17:18. This interpr., first set forth by Chrysostom (Hom. in Act. 38, 1), has found modern supporters (s. Haenchen ad loc.). The semantic issue arises from the fact that the narrative presents the auditors as theologically ignorant. Their assumption is that Paul seemed to be a proclaimer of ‘new divinities’ (vs. 18a). From their perspective the term ἀ. suggests a divinity named Resurrection (abstractions identified as divinities were not uncommon in the Gr-Rom. world, s. EA 19 ’92, 71–73). But the omniscient author informs the reader that bodily resurrection (as in 2 above) is meant.—DELG s.v. ἵστημι. M-M. TW. Sv.

υἱός, οῦ, ὁ (Hom.+; loanw. in rabb.) prim. ‘son’

① a male who is in a kinship relationship either biologically or by legal action, son, offspring, descendant

ⓐ the direct male issue of a person, son τέξεται υἱόν Mt 1:21; GJs 14:2 (cp. Mel., P. 8, 53 ὡς γὰρ υἱὸς τεχθείς). Cp. Mt 1:23 (Is 7:14) and 25; 10:37 (w. θυγάτηρ); Mk 12:6a; Lk 1:13, 31, 57; 11:11; 15:11 (on this JEngel, Die Parabel v. Verlorenen Sohn: ThGl 18, 1926, 54–64; MFrost, The Prodigal Son: Exp. 9th ser., 2, 1924, 56–60; EBuonaiuti, Religio 11, ’35, 398–402); Ac 7:29; Ro 9:9 (cp. Gen 18:10); Gal 4:22 al. W. gen. Mt 7:9; 20:20f; 21:37ab; Mk 6:3; 9:17; Lk 3:2; 4:22; 15:19; J 9:19f; Ac 13:21; 16:1; 23:16; Gal 4:30abc (Gen 21:10abc); Js 2:21; AcPlCor 2:29. Also ἐγὼ Φαρισαῖός εἰμι υἱὸς Φαρισαίων Ac 23:6 is prob. a ref. to direct descent. μονογενὴς υἱός (s. μονογενής 1) Lk 7:12. ὁ υἱὸς ὁ πρωτότοκος (πρωτότοκος 1) 2:7.

ⓑ the immediate male offspring of an animal (Ps 28:1 υἱοὺς κριῶν; Sir 38:25. So Lat. filius: Columella 6, 37, 4) in our lit. only as foal ἐπὶ πῶλον υἱὸν ὑποζυγίου Mt 21:5 (cp. Zech 9:9 πῶλον νέον).

ⓒ human offspring in an extended line of descent, descendant, son Ἰωσὴφ υἱὸς Δαυίδ Mt 1:20 (cp. Jos., Ant. 11, 73); s. 2dα below. υἱοὶ Ἰσραήλ (Ἰσραήλ 1) Mt 27:9; Lk 1:16; Ac 5:21; 7:23, 37; 9:15; 10:36; Ro 9:27; 2 Cor 3:7, 13; Hb 11:22 al.; AcPlCor 2:32. οἱ υἱοὶ Λευί (Num 26:57) Hb 7:5. υἱὸς Ἀβραάμ Lk 19:9. υἱοὶ Ἀδάμ 1 Cl 29:2 (Dt 32:8). υἱοι Ῥουβήλ GJs 6:3.

ⓓ one who is accepted or legally adopted as a son (Herodian 5, 7, 1; 4; 5; Jos, Ant. 2, 263; 20, 150) Ac 7:21 (cp. Ex 2:10).—J 19:26.

② a pers. related or closely associated as if by ties of sonship, son, transf. sense of 1

ⓐ of a pupil, follower, or one who is otherw. a spiritual son (SIG 1169, 12 οἱ υἱοὶ τοῦ θεοῦ=the pupils and helpers [40] of Asclepius; sim. Maximus Tyr. 4, 2c; Just., D. 86, 6 οἱ υἱοὶ τῶν προφητῶν.—Some combination w. παῖδες is the favorite designation for those who are heirs of guild-secrets or who are to perpetuate a skill of some kind: Pla., Rep. 3, 407e, Leg. 6, 769b; Dionys. Hal., Comp. Verbi 22 p. 102, 4 Us./Rdm. ῥητόρων παῖδες; Lucian, Anach. 19, Dial. Mort. 11, 1 Χαλδαίων π.=dream-interpreters, Dips. 5 ἱατρῶν π., Amor. 49; Himerius, Or. 48 [=Or. 14], 13 σοφῶν π.): the ‘sons’ of the Pharisees Mt 12:27; Lk 11:19. Peter says Μᾶρκος ὁ υἱός μου 1 Pt 5:13 (perh. w. a component of endearment; s. Μᾶρκος). As a familiar form of address by a cherished mentor Hb 12:5 (Pr 3:11; ParJer 5:28; 7:24). υἱοὶ καὶ θυγατέρες B 1:1.

ⓑ of the individual members of a large and coherent group (cp. the υἷες Ἀχαιῶν in Homer; also PsSol 2:3 οἱ υἱοὶ Ἰερουσαλήμ; Dio Chrys. 71 [21], 15; LXX) οἱ υἱοὶ τοῦ λαοῦ μου 1 Cl 8:3 (scripture quot. of unknown origin). υἱοὶ γένους Ἀβραάμ Ac 13:26. οἱ υἱοὶ τῶν ἀνθρώπων (Gen 11:5; Ps 11:2, 9; 44:3; TestLevi 3:10; TestZeb 9:7; GrBar 2:4) the sons of men=humans (cp. dγ below) Mk 3:28; Eph 3:5; 1 Cl 61:2 (of the earthly rulers in contrast to the heavenly king).

ⓒ of one whose identity is defined in terms of a relationship with a person or thing

α. of those who are bound to a personality by close, non-material ties; it is this personality that has promoted the relationship and given it its character: son(s) of: those who believe are υἱοὶ Ἀβραάμ, because Abr. was the first whose relationship to God was based on faith Gal 3:7. In a special sense the devout, believers, are sons of God, i.e., in the light of the social context, people of special status and privilege (cp. PsSol 17:27; Just., D, 124, 1; Dio Chrys. 58 [75], 8 ὁ τοῦ Διὸς ὄντως υἱός; Epict. 1, 9, 6; 1, 3, 2; 1, 19, 9; Sextus 58; 60; 135; 376a; Dt 14:1; Ps 28:1; 72:15; Is 43:6 [w. θυγατέρες μου]; 45:11; Wsd 2:18; 5:5; 12:21 al.; Jdth 9:4, 13; Esth 8:12q; 3 Macc 6:28; SibOr 3, 702) Mt 5:45; Lk 6:35; Ro 8:14, 19 (‘Redeemer figures’ EFuchs, Die Freiheit des Glaubens, ’49, 108; against him EHommel in ThViat 4, ’52, 118, n. 26); 9:26 (Hos 2:1); 2 Cor 6:18 (w. θυγατέρες, s. Is 43:6 cited above); Gal 3:26 (cp. PsSol 17:27); 4:6a, 7ab (here the υἱός is the κληρονόμος and his opposite is the δοῦλος); Hb 2:10 (JKögel, Der Sohn u. die Söhne: Eine exeget. Studie zu Hb 2:5–18, 1904); 12:5–8 (in vs. 8 opp. νόθος, q.v.); Rv 21:7; 2 Cl 1:4; B 4:9. Corresp. there are sons of the devil (on this subj. cp. Hdb. on J 8:44) υἱὲ διαβόλου Ac 13:10. οἱ υἱοὶ τοῦ πονηροῦ (masc.) Mt 13:38b. τοῦ υἱοῦ τοῦ ἐν Ἅιδου ApcPt Rainer. In υἱοί ἐστε τῶν φονευσάντων τοὺς προφήτας Mt 23:31 this mng. is prob. to be combined w. sense 1c. The expr. υἱοὶ θεοῦ Mt 5:9 looks to the future (s. Betz, SM ad loc.; cp. KKöhler, StKr 91, 1918, 189f). Lk 20:36a signifies a status akin to that of angels (Ps 88:7; θεῶν παῖδες as heavenly beings: Maximus Tyr. 11, 5a; 12a; 13, 6a.—Hierocles 3, 424 the ἄγγελοι are called θεῶν παῖδες; HWindisch, Friedensbringer-Gottessöhne: ZNW 24, 1925, 240–60, discounts connection w. angels and contends for the elevation of the ordinary followers of Jesus to the status of Alexander the Great in his role as an εἰρηνηποιός [cp. Plut., Mor. 329c]; for measured critique of this view s. Betz, SM 137–42.).

β. υἱός w. gen. of thing, to denote one who shares in it or who is worthy of it, or who stands in some other close relation to it, oft. made clear by the context; this constr. is prob. a Hebraism in the main, but would not appear barbaric (B-D-F §162, 6; Mlt-H. 441; Dssm., B p. 162–66 [BS 161–66]; PASA II 1884, no. 2 υἱὸς πόλεως [time of Nero; on this type of formulation SEG XXXIX, 1864]; IMagnMai 167, 5; 156, 12) οἱ υἱοὶ τοῦ αἰῶνος τούτου (αἰών 2a) Lk 16:8a (opp. οἱ υἱοί τοῦ φωτός vs. 8b); 20:34. τῆς ἀναστάσεως υἱοί (to Mediterranean publics the functional equivalent of ἀθάνατοι ‘immortals’; cp. ἀνάστασις 2b) 20:36b. υἱοὶ τῆς ἀνομίας (ἀνομία 1; cp. CD 6:15) Hv 3, 6, 1; ApcPt 1:3; τῆς ἀπειθείας (s. ἀπείθεια) Eph 2:2; 5:6; Col 3:6; τῆς ἀπωλείας ApcPt 1:2. ὁ υἱὸς τῆς ἀπωλείας of Judas the informer J 17:12 (cp. similar expressions in Eur., Hec. 425; Menand., Dyscolus 88f: s. FDanker, NTS 7, ’60/61, 94), of the end-time adversary 2 Th 2:3. υἱοὶ τῆς βασιλείας (βασιλεία 1bη; s. SEG XXXIX, 1864 for related expressions) Mt 8:12; 13:38a. υἱοὶ βροντῆς Mk 3:17 (s. Βοανηργές). υἱὸς γεέννης (s. γέεννα) Mt 23:15; τ. διαθήκης (PsSol 17:15) Ac 3:25; εἰρήνης Lk 10:6. υἱοὶ τοῦ νυμφῶνος (s. νυμφών) Mt 9:15; Mk 2:19; Lk 5:34. υἱὸς παρακλήσεως Ac 4:36 (s. Βαρναβᾶς). υἱοὶ (τοῦ) φωτός (Hippol., Ref. 6, 47, 4 in gnostic speculation) Lk 16:8b (opp. υἱοὶ τοῦ αἰῶνος τούτου); J 12:36. υἱοὶ φωτός ἐστε καὶ υἱοὶ ἡμέρας 1 Th 5:5 (EBuonaiuti, ‘Figli del giorno e della luce’ [1 Th 5:5]: Rivista storico-critica delle Scienze teol. 6, 1910, 89–93).

ⓓ in various combinations as a designation of the Messiah and a self-designation of Jesus

α. υἱὸς Δαυίδ son of David of the Messiah (PsSol 17:21) Mt 22:42–45; Mk 12:35–37; Lk 20:41–44; B 12:10c. Specif. of Jesus as Messiah Mt 1:1a; 9:27; 12:23; 15:22; 20:30f; 21:9, 15; Mk 10:47f; Lk 18:38f.—WWrede, Jesus als Davidssohn: Vorträge u. Studien 1907, 147–77; WBousset, Kyrios Christos² 1921, 4, Rel.³ 226f; ELohmeyer, Gottesknecht u. Davidssohn ’45, esp. 68; 72; 77; 84; TNicklin, Gospel Gleanings ’50, 251–56; WMichaelis, Die Davidsohnschaft Jesu usw., in D. histor. Jesus u. d. kerygm. Christus, ed. Ristow and Matthiae, ’61, 317–30; LFisher, ECColwell Festschr. ’68, 82–97.

β. ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ θεοῦ, υἱὸς θεοῦ (the) Son of God (for the phrase s. JosAs 6:2 al. Ἰωσὴφ ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ θεοῦ; there is no undisputed evidence of usage as messianic title in pre-Christian Judaism [s. Dalman, Worte 219–24, Eng. tr. 268–89; Bousset, Kyrios Christos² 53f; EHuntress, ‘Son of God’ in Jewish Writings Prior to the Christian Era: JBL 54, ’35, 117–23]; cp. 4Q 246 col. 2, 1 [JFitzmyer, A Wandering Aramean ’79, 90–93; JCollins, BRev IX/3, ’93, 34–38, 57]. Among polytheists on the other hand, sons of the gods in a special sense [s. Just., A I, 21, 1f] are not only known to myth and legend, but definite historical personalities are also designated as such. Among them are famous wise men such as Pythagoras and Plato [HUsener, Das Weihnachtsfest² 1911, 71ff], and deified rulers, above all the Roman emperors since the time of Augustus [oft. in ins and pap: Dssm., B 166f=BS 166f, LO 294f=LAE 346f; Thieme 33]. According to Memnon [I B.C./ I A.D.]: 434 Fgm. 1, 1, 1 Jac., Clearchus [IV B.C.] carried his boasting so far as Διὸς υἱὸν ἑαυτὸν ἀνειπεῖν. Also, persons who were active at that time as prophets and wonder-workers laid claim to the title υἱὸς τοῦ θεοῦ, e.g. the Samaritan Dositheus in Origen, C. Cels. 6, 11; sim. an Indian wise man who calls himself Διὸς υἱός Arrian, Anab. 7, 2, 3; cp. Did., Gen. 213, 18 ὁ Ἀβρὰμ υἱὸς θεοῦ διὰ δικαιοσύνην. S. GWetter, ‘Der Sohn Gottes’ 1916; Hdb. exc. on J 1:34; s. also Clemen² 76ff; ENorden, Die Geburt des Kindes 1924, 75; 91f; 132; 156f; EKlostermann, Hdb. exc. on Mk 1:11 [4th ed. ’50]; M-JLagrange, Les origines du dogme paulinien de la divinité de Christ: RB 45, ’36, 5–33; HPreisker, Ntl. Zeitgesch. ’37, 187–208; HBraun, ZTK 54, ’57, 353–64; ANock, ‘Son of God’ in Paul. and Hellen. Thought: Gnomon 33, ’61, 581–90 [=Essays on Religion and the Anc. World II, ’72, 928–39]—originality in Paul’s thought): Ps 2:7 is applied to Jesus υἱός μου εἶ σύ, ἐγὼ σήμερον γεγέννηκά σε Lk 3:22 D; GEb 18, 37.—Ac 13:33; Hb 1:5a; 5:5; 1 Cl 36:4. Likew. Hos 11:1 (w. significant changes): Mt 2:15, and 2 Km 7:14: Hb 1:5b. The voice of God calls him ὁ υἱός μου ὁ ἀγαπητός (s. ἀγαπητός 1) at his baptism Mt 3:17; Mk 1:11; Lk 3:22; GEb 18, 37 and 39 and at the Transfiguration Mt 17:5; Mk 9:7; Lk 9:35 (here ἐκλελεγμένος instead of ἀγαπ.); 2 Pt 1:17. Cp. J 1:34. The angel at the Annunciation uses these expressions in referring to him: υἱὸς ὑψίστου Lk 1:32; GJs 11:3 and υἱὸς θεοῦ Lk 1:35 (Ar. 15, 1 ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ θεοῦ τοῦ ὑψίστου. Cp. Just., A I, 23, 2 μόνος ἰδίως υἱὸς τῷ θεῷ γεγέννηται). The centurion refers to him at the crucifixion as υἱὸς θεοῦ Mt 27:54; Mk 15:39; GPt 11:45; cp. vs. 46 (CMann, ET 20, 1909, 563f; JPobee, The Cry of the Centurion, A Cry of Defeat: CFDMoule Festschr. ’70, 91–102; EJohnson, JSNT 31, ’87, 3–22 [an indefinite affirmation of Jesus]). The high priest asks εἰ σὺ εἶ ὁ Χριστὸς ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ θεοῦ Mt 26:63 (DCatchpole, NTS 17, ’71, 213–26). Passers-by ask him to show that he is God’s Son 27:40; sim. the devil 4:3, 6; Lk 4:3, 9. On the other hand, evil spirits address him as the Son of God Mt 8:29; Mk 3:11; 5:7; Lk 4:41; 8:28; and disciples testify that he is Mt 14:33; 16:16. S. also Mk 1:1 (s. SLegg, Ev. Sec. Marc. ’35).—Jesus also refers to himself as Son of God, though rarely apart fr. the Fourth Gosp.: Mt 28:19 (the Risen Lord in the trinitarian baptismal formula); Mt 21:37f=Mk 12:6 (an allusion in the parable of the vinedressers).—Mt 27:43; Mk 13:32; Rv 2:18. The main pass. is the so-called Johannine verse in the synoptics Mt 11:27=Lk 10:22 (s. PSchmiedel, PM 4, 1900,1–22; FBurkitt, JTS 12, 1911, 296f; HSchumacher, Die Selbstoffenbarung Jesu bei Mt 11:27 [Lk 10:22] 1912 [lit.]; Norden, Agn. Th. 277–308; JWeiss, Heinrici Festschr. 1914, 120–29, Urchristentum 1917, 87ff; Bousset, Kyrios Christos² 1921, 45ff; EMeyer I 280ff; RBultmann, Gesch. d. synopt. Trad.² ’31, 171f; MDibelius, Die Formgeschichte des Evangeliums² ’33, 259; MRist, Is Mt 11:25–30 a Primitive Baptismal Hymn? JR 15, ’35, 63–77; TArvedson, D. Mysterium Christi: E. Studie zu Mt 11:25–30, ’37; WDavies, ‘Knowledge’ in the Dead Sea Scrolls and Mt 11:25–30, HTR 45, ’53, 113–39; WGrundmann, Sohn Gottes, ZNW 47, ’56, 113–33; JBieneck, Sohn Gottes als Christusbez. der Synopt. ’51; PWinter, Mt 11:27 and Lk 10:22: NovT 1, ’56, 112–48; JJocz, Judaica 13, ’57, 129–42; OMichel/OBetz, Von Gott Gezeugt, Beih. ZNW [Jeremias Festschr.] 26, ’60, 3–23 [Qumran]).—Apart fr. the synoptics, testimony to Jesus as the Son of God is found in many parts of our lit. Oft. in Paul: Ro 1:3, 4, 9; 5:10; 8:3, 29, 32; 1 Cor 1:9; 15:28; 2 Cor 1:19; Gal 1:16; 2:20; 4:4; Eph 4:13; Col 1:13; 1 Th 1:10. Cp. Ac 9:20. In Hb: 1:2, 8; 4:14; 5:8; 6:6; 7:3, 28; 10:29. In greatest frequency in John (cp. Herm. Wr. 1, 6 the Λόγος as υἱὸς θεοῦ. Likew. Philo, Agr. 51 πρωτόγονος υἱός, Conf. Lingu. 146 υἱὸς θεοῦ.—Theoph. Ant. 2, 1 [p. 154, 12] ὁ λόγος ὁ τοῦ θεοῦ, ὅς ἐστιν καὶ υἱὸς αὐτοῦ; Iren. 3, 12, 2 [Harv. II 55, 2]): J 1:49; 3:16–18 (s. μονογενής 2), 35f; 5:19–26; 6:40; 8:35f; 10:36; 11:4, 27; 14:13; 17:1; 19:7; 20:31; 1J 1:3, 7; 2:22–24; 3:8, 23; 4:9f, 14f; 5:5, 9–13, 20; 2J 3, 9.—B 5:9, 11; 7:2, 9; 12:8; 15:5; Dg 7:4; 9:2, 4; 10:2 (τὸν υἱὸν αὐτοῦ τὸν μονογενῆ; also ApcEsdr 6:16 p. 31, 22 Tdf.; ApcSed 9:1f); IMg 8:2; ISm 1:1; MPol 17:3; Hv 2, 2, 8; Hs 5, 2, 6 (ὁ υἱὸς αὐτοῦ ὁ ἀγαπητός); 8; 11; 5, 4, 1; 5, 5, 2; 3; 5; 5, 6, 1; 2; 4; 7 (on the Christology of the Shepherd s. Dibelius, Hdb. on Hs 5, also ALink and JvWalter [πνεῦμα 5cα]); Hs 8, 3, 2; 8, 11, 1. Cp. 9, 1, 1; 9, 12, 1ff.—In trinitarian formulas, in addition to Mt 28:19, also IMg 13:1; EpilMosq 5; D 7:1, 3.—The deceiver of the world appears w. signs and wonders ὡς υἱὸς θεοῦ D 16:4 (ApcEsdr 4:27 p. 28, 32 Tdf. ὁ λέγων• Ἐγώ εἰμι ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ θεοῦ [of Antichrist]).—EKühl, Das Selbstbewusstsein Jesu 1907, 16–44; GVos, The Self-disclosure of Jesus 1926.—EBurton, ICC Gal 1921, 404–17; TNicklin, Gospel Gleanings ’50, 211–36; MHengel, The Son of God (tr. JBowden) ’76; DJones, The Title υἱὸς θεοῦ in Acts: SBLSP 24, ’85, 451–63.

γ. ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου lit. ‘the son of the man’ (the pl. form οἱ υἱοὶ τῶν ἀνθρώπων appears freq. in the LXX to render בְּנֵי אָדָם = mortals, e.g. Gen 11:5; Ps 10:4; 11:2; cp. ὁ υἱὸς τῆς ἀπολείας J 17:12 [s. 2cβ]) ‘the human being, the human one, the man’ in our lit. only as a byname in ref. to Jesus and in an exclusive sense the Human One, the Human Being, one intimately linked with humanity in its primary aspect of fragility yet transcending it, traditionally rendered ‘the Son of Man.’ The term is found predom. in the gospels, where it occurs in the synoptics about 70 times (about half as oft. if parallels are excluded), and in J 12 times (s. EKlostermann, Hdb. exc. on Mk 8:31). In every case the title is applied by Jesus to himself. Nowhere within a saying or narrative about him is it found in an address to him: Mt 8:20; 9:6; 10:23; 11:19; 12:8, 32, 40; 13:37, 41; 16:13, 27f; 17:9, 12, 22; 18:10 [11] v.l.; 19:28; 20:18, 28; 24:27, 30, 37, 39, 44; 25:13 v.l., 31; 26:2, 24ab, 45, 64; Mk 2:10, 28; 8:31, 38; 9:9, 12, 31; 10:33, 45; 13:26; 14:21ab, 41, 62; Lk 5:24; 6:5, 22; 7:34; 9:22, 26, 44, 56 v.l., 58; 11:30; 12:8, 10, 40; 17:22, 24, 26, 30; 18:8, 31; 19:10; 21:27, 36; 22:22, 48, 69; 24:7.—John (FGrosheide, Υἱὸς τ. ἀνθρ. in het Evang. naar Joh.: TSt 35, 1917, 242–48; HDieckmann, D. Sohn des Menschen im J: Scholastik 2, 1927, 229–47; HWindisch, ZNW 30, ’31, 215–33; 31, ’32, 199–204; WMichaelis, TLZ 85, ’60, 561–78 [Jesus’ earthly presence]) 1:51; 3:13, 14; 5:27 (BVawter, Ezekiel and John, CBQ 26, ’64, 450–58); 6:27, 53, 62; 8:28; 9:35; 12:23, 34; 13:31. Whether the component of fragility (suggested by OT usage in ref. to the brief span of human life and the ills to which it falls heir) or high status (suggested by traditions that appear dependent on Da 7:13, which refers to one ‘like a human being’), or a blend of the two dominates a specific occurrence can be determined only by careful exegesis that in addition to extra-biblical traditions takes account of the total literary structure of the document in which it occurs. Much neglected in the discussion is the probability of prophetic association suggested by the form of address Ezk 2:1 al. (like the OT prophet [Ezk 3:4–11] Jesus encounters resistance).—On Israelite thought contemporary w. Jesus and alleged knowledge of a heavenly being looked upon as a ‘Son of Man’ or ‘Man’, who exercises Messianic functions such as judging the world (metaph., pictorial passages in En 46–48; 4 Esdr 13:3, 51f) s. Bousset, Rel.³ 352–55; NMessel, D. Menschensohn in d. Bilderreden d. Hen. 1922; ESjöberg, Kenna 1 Henok och 4 Esra tanken på den lidande Människosonen? Sv. Ex. Årsb. 5, ’40, 163–83, D. Menschensohn im äth. Hen. ’46. This view is in some way connected w. Da 7:13; acc. to some it derives its real content fr. an eschatological tradition that ultimately goes back to Iran (WBousset, Hauptprobleme der Gnosis 1907, 160–223; Reitzenstein, Erlösungsmyst. 119ff, ZNW 20, 1921, 18–22, Mysterienrel.³ 418ff; Clemen² 72ff; CKraeling, Anthropos and Son of Man: A Study in the Religious Syncretism of the Hellenistic Orient 1927); acc. to this tradition the First Man was deified; he will return in the last times and usher in the Kingdom of God.—Outside the gospels: Ac 7:56 (v.l. τοῦ θεοῦ; GKilpatrick, TZ 21, ’65, 209); Rv 1:13; 14:14 (both after Da 7:13; sim. allusion to Da in Just., D. 31, 1). The quot. fr. Ps 8:5 in Hb 2:6 prob. does not belong here, since there is no emphasis laid on υἱὸς ἀνθρώπου. In IEph 20:2 Jesus is described as υἱὸς ἀνθρώπου καὶ υἱὸς θεοῦ. Differently B 12:10 Ἰησοῦς, οὐχὶ υἱὸς ἀνθρώπου ἀλλὰ υἱὸς τοῦ θεοῦ Jesus, not a man’s son, but Son of God.—HLietzmann, Der Menschensohn 1896; Dalman, Worte 191–219 (Eng. tr., 234–67); Wlh., Einl.² 123–30; PFiebig, Der Menschensohn 1901; NSchmidt, The Prophet of Nazareth 1905, 94–134, Recent Study of the Term ‘Son of Man’: JBL 45, 1926, 326–49; FTillmann, Der Menschensohn 1907; EKühl, Das Selbstbewusstsein Jesu 1907, 65ff; HHoltzmann, Das messianische Bewusstsein Jesu, 1907, 49–75 (lit.), Ntl. Theologie² I 1911, 313–35; FBard, D. Sohn d. Menschen 1908; HGottsched, D. Menschensohn 1908; EAbbott, ‘The Son of Man’, etc., 1910; EHertlein, Die Menschensohnfrage im letzten Stadium 1911, ZNW 19, 1920, 46–48; JMoffatt, The Theology of the Gospels 1912, 150–63; WBousset, Kyrios Christos² 1921, 5–22 (the titles of the works by Wernle and Althaus opposing his first edition [1913], as well as Bousset’s answer, are found s.v. κύριος, end); DVölter, Jesus der Menschensohn 1914, Die Menschensohnfrage neu untersucht 1916; FSchulthess, ZNW 21, 1922, 247–50; Rtzst., Herr der Grösse 1919 (see also the works by the same author referred to above in this entry); EMeyer II 335ff; HGressmann, ZKG n.s. 4, 1922, 170ff, D. Messias 1929, 341ff; GDupont, Le Fils d’Homme 1924; APeake, The Messiah and the Son of Man 1924; MWagner, Der Menschensohn: NKZ 36, 1925, 245–78; Guillaume Baldensperger, Le Fils d’Homme: RHPR 5, 1925, 262–73; WBleibtreu, Jesu Selbstbez. als der Menschensohn: StKr 98/99, 1926, 164–211; AvGall, Βασιλεία τοῦ θεοῦ 1926; OProcksch, D. Menschensohn als Gottessohn: Christentum u. Wissensch. 3, 1927, 425–43; 473–81; CMontefiore, The Synoptic Gospels² 1927 I 64–80; ROtto, Reich Gottes u. Menschensohn ’34, Eng. tr. The Kgdm. of God and the Son of Man, tr. Filson and Woolf² ’43; EWechssler, Hellas im Ev. ’36, 332ff; PParker, The Mng. of ‘Son of Man’: JBL 60, ’41, 151–57; HSharman, Son of Man and Kingdom of God ’43; JCampbell, The Origin and Mng. of the Term Son of Man: JTS 48, ’47, 145–55; HRiesenfeld, Jésus Transfiguré ’47, 307–13 (survey and lit.); TManson, ConNeot 11, ’47, 138–46 (Son of Man=Jesus and his disciples in Mk 2:27f); GDuncan, Jesus, Son of Man ’47, 135–53 (survey); JBowman, ET 59, ’47/48, 283–88 (background); MBlack, ET 60, ’48f, 11–15; 32–36; GKnight, Fr. Moses to Paul ’49, 163–72 (survey); TNicklin, Gospel Gleanings ’50, 237–50; TManson (Da, En and gospels), BJRL 32, ’50, 171–93; TPreiss, Le Fils d’Homme: ÉThR 26/3, ’51, Life in Christ, ’54, 43–60; SMowinckel, He That Cometh, tr. Anderson, ’54, 346–450; GIber, Überlieferungsgesch. Unters. z. Begriff des Menschensohnes im NT, diss. Heidelb. ’53; ESjöberg, D. verborgene Menschensohn in den Ev. ’55; WGrundmann, ZNW 47, ’56, 113–33; HRiesenfeld, The Mythological Backgrd. of NT Christology, CHDodd Festschr. ’56, 81–95; PhVielhauer, Gottesreich u. Menschensohn in d. Verk. Jesu, GDehn Festschr. ’57, 51–79; ESidebottom, The Son of Man in J, ET 68, ’57, 231–35; 280–83; AHiggins, Son of Man- Forschung since (Manson’s) ‘The Teaching of Jesus’: NT Essays (TW Manson memorial vol.) ’59, 119–35; HTödt, D. Menschensohn in d. synopt. Überl. ’59 (tr. Barton ’65); JMuilenburg, JBL 79, ’60, 197–209 (Da, En); ESchweizer, JBL 79, ’60, 119–29 and NTS 9, ’63, 256–61; BvIersel, ‘Der Sohn’ in den synopt. Jesusworten, ’61 (community?); MBlack, BJRL 45, ’63, 305–18; FBorsch, ATR 45, ’63, 174–90; AHiggins, Jesus and the Son of Man, ’64; RFormesyn, NovT 8, ’66, 1–35 (barnasha=‘I’); SSandmel, HSilver Festschr. ’63, 355–67; JJeremias, Die älteste Schicht der Menschensohn-Logien, ZNW 58, ’67, 159–72; GVermes, MBlack, Aram. Approach³, ’67, 310–30; BLindars, The New Look on the Son of Man: BJRL 63, ’81, 437–62; WWalker, The Son of Man, Some Recent Developments CBQ 45, ’83, 584–607; JDonahue, Recent Studies on the Origin of ‘Son of Man’ in the Gospels, CBQ 48, ’86, 584–607; DBurkitt, The Nontitular Son of Man, A History and Critique: NTS 40, ’94 504–21 (lit.); JEllington, BT 40, ’89, 201–8; RGordon, Anthropos: 108–13.—B. 105; DELG. M-M. EDNT. TW. Sv.

μάρτυς, μάρτυρος, ὁ dat. pl. μάρτυσιν (Pind., Hdt.+; ins, pap, LXX; TestAbr A 13 p. 92, 22 [Stone p. 32]; TestLevi 19:3; Philo, Joseph.; apolog. exc. Ar.)

① one who testifies in legal matters, witness (Just., A I, 23, 3; Ath. 3, 2) Ac 7:58; Mt 18:16; 2 Cor 13:1; 1 Ti 5:19 (the last 3 after Dt 19:15; cp. Jos., Vi. 256 and Hipponax [VI B.C.] 47 D.³ ἐλθὼν σὺν τριοῖσι μάρτυσιν); Hb 10:28 (Dt 17:6.—ἐπὶ μάρτυσι also Appian, Bell. Civ. 3, 14 §49). τί ἔτι χρείαν ἔχομεν μαρτύρων; what further need have we of witnesses? (Pla., Rep. 1, 340a τί δεῖται μάρτυρος; αὐτὸς γὰρ ὁ Θρασύμαχος ὁμολογεῖ) Mt 26:65; Mk 14:63. μάρτυρες ψευδεῖς false witnesses (Demosth. 29, 28) Ac 6:13 (Mel., P. 79, 572). There is a suggestion of bureaucratic protocol relating to the account of the prudent and blameless men whom the Roman church sent to Corinth and who μάρτυρες ἔσονται μεταξὺ ὑμῶν κ. ἡμῶν 1 Cl 63:3.

② one who affirms or attests, testifier, witness transf. sense of mng. 1, of anyone who can or should testify to anything.

ⓐ of God (or the exalted Christ) as witness (deities as witnesses oft. Pind. et al.; Philo; Jos., Bell. 1, 595, Ant. 1, 209; TestLevi 19:3; SibOr, Fgm. 1, 4; Just., A II, 12, 4 θεὸν … μάρτυρα ἔχοντες. Orig., C. Cels. 1, 46, 26 θεὸς [sc. ἐστιν] μ. τοῦ ἡμετέρου συνειδότος); as a formula God is my witness (that I am telling the truth) Ro 1:9; Phil 1:8; shortened θεὸς μ. 1 Th 2:5; cp. vs. 10 (here also Jos., Ant. 15, 130 μ. ὑμᾶς ποιούμενος). μ. μοι ἐν ᾧ δέδεμαι IPhld 7:2. μάρτυρα τὸν θεὸν ἐπικαλεῖσθαι call upon God as witness 2 Cor 1:23 (cp. 1 Km 12:5f; 20:23; Polyb. 11, 6, 4 τ. θεοὺς ἐπικαλέσεσθε μάρτυρας; Heliod. 1, 25, 1; Galen VI 775 Kühn; likewise of calling upon deities, Hippol., Ref. 9, 15, 6: τοὺς ἑπτὰ μάρτυρας μαρτύρομαι).

ⓑ of humans (cp. Pind. O. 4, 5): witnessing by eye and ear (X., Ages. 4, 5; Pla., Ep. 1 p. 309a; Aelian, VH 10, 6; Jos., Ant. 18, 299; Tat. 31, 1; 36, 1) 1 Th 2:10; 1 Ti 6:12; 2 Ti 2:2.—Also of those witnesses whose faith is tried and true τοσοῦτον νέφος μαρτύρων Hb 12:1.—Of witnesses of events which they know about, without having experienced them personally (acc. to Strabo 7, 3, 7 p. 300 Hesiod is μάρτυς with regard to the Scythians): the teachers of the law bear witness to the murder of the prophets by their ancestors, by erecting tombs for the prophets Lk 11:48 (μαρτυρεῖτε v.l.).

ⓒ of witnesses who bear a divine message (Epict. 3, 26, 28 God uses the wise men as his μάρτυρες) Rv 11:3 (though the mng. approaches martyr [s. 3 below] here; cp. vs. 7. S. DHaugg, D. zwei Zeugen-Apk 11:1–13, ’36; JConsidine, CBQ 8, ’46. 377–92). In this sense, above all, of Jesus’ disciples as the witnesses of his life, death, and resurrection: ἔσεσθέ μου μάρτυρες you will be my witnesses Ac 1:8; cp. 13:31 (Ps.-Demetr. 222 μάρτυς σου γίνεται). W. obj. gen. of the thing witnessed: witness for/of (Jos., C. Ap. 1, 4 τῶν ὑπʼ ἐμοῦ λεγομένων μ., Ant. 4, 40; ἀληθείας μ. of Polycarp Iren. 3, 3, 4 [Harv. II 13, 4]; παραδόσεως of the Ephesian congregation 3, 3, 4 [Harv. II 15, 6]; Orig., C. Cels. 1, 47, 24) Lk 24:48; Ac 1:22; 3:15; 5:32; 10:39; 26:16. μ. τῶν τοῦ Χριστοῦ παθημάτων a witness of the sufferings of Christ 1 Pt 5:1. ἔσῃ μ. αὐτῷ πρὸς πάντας ἀνθρώπους you will be a witness for him to all people Ac 22:15 (Epict. 3, 24, 113 μ. πρὸς τοὺς ἄλλους).—10:41. Danker, Benefactor 442–47.

③ one who witnesses at cost of life, martyr, in the usage of the persecuted church τὸ αἷμα Στεφάνου τοῦ μάρτυρός σου Ac 22:20. Of Antipas ὁ μ. μου ὁ πιστός μου Rv 2:13 (cp. Pind., P. 1, 88 μάρτυρες πιστοί=dependable witnesses; on the textual problems of Rv 2:13 s. RBorger, TRu 52, ’87, 45–47). Onesimus μ. Χριστοῦ γεγένηται Phlm subscr. v.l. Gener. μάρτυρες Ἰησοῦ Rv 17:6; cp. MPol 2:2; 14:2; 15:2; 16:2 v.l.; 17:3; 19:1. Of Zacharias μ. εἰμι τοῦ θεοῦ GJs 25:3 (s. de Strycker ad loc.). Since Rv also calls Jesus (as well as Antipas) ὁ μάρτυς ὁ πιστός 1:5; 3:14, these pass. are prob. to be classed here (cp. Ps 88:38), but with awareness of strong focus in all the NT passages in this classification on the fact of witness. The death of Jesus was early regarded as the first martyrdom.—For an analysis of the question how μάρτυς=‘witness’ came to mean ‘martyr’, s. FKattenbusch, ZNW 4, 1903, 111ff; KHoll, variously, then Gesamm. Aufsätze II 1928, 103ff; ASchlatter, BFChTh 19, 3, 1915; PCorssen, NJklA 35, 1915, 481ff, 37, 1916, 424ff, ZNW 15, 1914, 221ff w. several continuations until 18, 1917, 249ff, Sokrates 6, 1918, 106ff; Rtzst., Hist. Mon. 1916, 85; 257, NGG 1916, 417ff, Her 52, 1917, 442ff; FDornseiff, ARW 22, 1923/24, 133ff; HDelehaye, Analecta Bollandiana 39, 1921, 20ff, Sanctus 1927 (²’33), 74ff (75, 1 lit.). ELohmeyer, D. Idee des Martyriums im Judent. u. Urchristent.: ZST 5, 1927/28, 232–49; GFitzer, D. Begriff des μ. im Judent. u. Urchristent., diss. Bresl. 1929; HLietzmann, Martys: Pauly-W. XIV 2, 1930, 2044–52; OMichel, Prophet u. Märt. ’32; RCasey, Μάρτυς: Beginn. I 5, ’33, 30–37; EStauffer, Märtyrertheologie u. Täuferbewegg.: ZKG 52, ’33, 545–98; DRiddle, The Martyr Motif in Mk: JR 4, 1924, 174–91, Hb, 1 Cl and the Persecution of Domitian: JBL 43, 1924, 329–48, From Apocalypse to Martyrology: ATR 9, 1927, 260–80, The Martyrs: A Study in Social Control ’31, Die Verfolgungslogien im formgesch. u. soziol. Bed.: ZNW 33, ’34, 271–89; HvCampenhausen, D. Idee des Martyriums in d. alten Kirche² ’64; EPeterson, Zeuge d. Wahrh. ’37; EBurnier, Le notion de témoignage dans le NT ’37; HSurkau, Martyrien in jüd. u. frühchristl. Zt. ’38; HFischel, Martyr and Prophet (in Jewish lit.), JQR 37, ’46/47, 265–80; 363–86; EGünther, Μάρτυς, D. Gesch. eines Wortes ’41, Zeuge u. Märtyrer, ZNW 47, ’56, 145–61. ELohse, Märtyrer u. Gottesknecht ’55; HvanVliet, No Single Testimony (Dt 19:15) ’58; NBrox, Zeuge u. Märtyrer ’61.—B. 1436; ATrites, Μάρτυς and Martyrdom in the Apocalypse, A Semantic Study: NovT 15, ’73, 72–80, The NT Concept of Witness ’77; GDragas, Martyrdom and Orthodoxy in the NT Era: Greek Orthodox Theological Review 30, ’85, 287–96; PVassiliadis, The Translation of μαρτυρία Ιησοῦ in Rv: BT 36, ’85, 129–34; M-ERosenblatt, Paul the Accused ’95, 1–21; Kl. Pauly III 1059f; BHHW II 1156f.—DELG. M-M. EDNT. TW. Spicq. Sv.

σῶμα, ατος, τό (Hom.+) ‘body.’

① body of a human being or animal, body

ⓐ dead body, corpse (so always in Hom. [but s. HHerter, σῶμα bei Homer: Charites, Studien zur Altertumswissenschaft, ELanglotz Festschr., ed. KvonSchauenburg ’57, 206–17] and oft. later, e.g. Memnon: 434 Fgm. 1, 3, 3 Jac. καίειν τὸ ς.=burn the corpse; ins, pap, LXX; PsSol 2:27; TestJob 52:11; ApcMos 34 al.; Philo, Abr. 258; Jos., Bell. 6, 276, Ant. 18, 236; Ar. 4, 3; Mel., P. 28, 196) Mt 14:12 v.l.; 27:59; Mk 15:45 v.l.; Lk 17:37; Ac 9:40; GPt 2:4; pl. J 19:31. W. gen. Mt 27:58; Mk 15:43; Lk 23:52, 55; 24:3, 23; J 19:38ab, 40; 20:12; Jd 9; GPt 2:3. Pl. Mt 27:52; Hb 13:11. AcPlCor 2:27.

ⓑ the living body (Hes. et al.) of animals Js 3:3.—Mostly of human beings Mt 5:29f; 6:22f; 26:12; Mk 5:29; 14:8; Lk 11:34abc; J 2:21; Ro 1:24; 1 Cor 6:18ab; IRo 5:3. τὰ τοῦ σώματος the parts of the body 4:2. Of women αἱ ἀσθενεῖς τῷ σώματι 1 Cl 6:2; cp. Hv 3, 11, 4.—W. and in contrast to πνεῦμα (4 Macc 11:11) Ro 8:10, 13; 1 Cor 5:3; 7:34; Js 2:26. W. and in contrast to ψυχή (Pla., Gorg. 47, 493a; Diod S 34 + 35 Fgm. 2, 30; Appian, Bell. Civ. 5, 112 §467; Ael. Aristid. 45, 17f K.=8 p. 88f D.; Lucian, Imag. 23; PGM 7, 589; Wsd 1:4; 8:19f; 2 Macc 7:37; 14:38; 4 Macc 1:28; ApcEsdr 7:3 p. 32, 13 Tdf.; EpArist 139; Philo; Jos., Bell. 3, 372–78; 6, 55; Just., A I, 8, 4; D. 6, 2 al.; Tat. 13, 1; Ath. 1, 4; Did., Gen. 56, 4; Theoph. Ant. 1, 5 [p. 66, 2]) Mt 6:25ab; 10:28ab; Lk 12:4 v.l., 22f; 2 Cl 5:4 (a saying of Jesus, fr. an unknown source); 12:4; MPol 14:2; AcPl Ha 1, 4. τὸ πνεῦμα καὶ ἡ ψυχὴ καὶ τὸ σῶμα (s. the Christian POxy 1161, 6 [IV A.D.]) 1 Th 5:23. W. and in contrast to its parts (ApcSed 11:13; Mel., P. 78, 563) Ro 12:4; 1 Cor 12:12abc (Ltzm. ad loc.), 14–20 (PMich 149, 4, 26 [II A.D.] ἧπαρ … ὅλον τὸ σῶμα); Js 3:6; 1 Cl 37:5abcd. The body as the seat of sexual function Ro 4:19; 1 Cor 7:4ab (rights over the σῶμα of one’s spouse as Artem. 1, 44 p. 42, 14f; Iren. 1, 13, 3 [Harv. I 119, 10]).—The body as seat of mortal life εἶναι ἐν σώματι be in the body = alive, subject to mortal ills (TestAbr A 9 p. 87, 3 [Stone p. 22]; Poryphr., Abst. 1, 38) Hb 13:3. ἐνδημεῖν ἐν τῷ σώματι 2 Cor 5:6 (s. ἐνδημέω). ἐκδημῆσαι ἐκ τοῦ σώματος vs. 8 (s. ἐκδημέω). διὰ τοῦ σώματος during the time of one’s mortal life (cp. Lucian, Menipp. 11, end, Catapl. 23) vs. 10 (s. κομίζω 3, but s. also below in this section). Paul does not know whether, in a moment of religious ecstasy, he was ἐν σώματι or ἐκτὸς (χωρὶς) τοῦ σώματος 12:2f (of Epimenides [A2: Vorsokrat.⁵ I p. 29] it was said ὡς ἐξίοι ἡ ψυχὴ ὁπόσον ἤθελε καιρὸν καὶ πάλιν εἰσῄει ἐν τῷ σώματι; Clearchus, Fgm. 7: καθάπερ ὁ Κλέαρχος ἐν τοῖς περὶ ὕπνου φησίν, περὶ τῆς ψυχῆς, ὡς ἄρα χωρίζεται τοῦ σώματος καὶ ὡς εἴσεισιν εἰς τὸ σῶμα καὶ ὡς χρῆται αὐτῷ οἷον καταγωγίῳ [a resting-place]. In Fgm. 8 Clearchus tells about Cleonymus the Athenian, who seemed to be dead, but awakened after 3 days and thereupon reported everything that he had seen and heard ἐπειδὴ χωρὶς ἦν τοῦ σώματος. His soul is said finally to have arrived εἴς τινα χῶρον ἱερὸν τῆς Ἑστίας; Maximus Tyr. 38, 3a–f Ἀριστέας ἔφασκεν τὴν ψυχὴν αὐτῷ καταλιποῦσαν τὸ σῶμα in order to wander through the universe. He finds faith everywhere. Similarly 10, 2f. See also the story of Hermotimus in Apollon. Paradox. 3 as well as Lucian, Musc. Enc. [The Fly] 7.—On the two kinds of transcendent vision [with or without the body] s. Proclus, In Pla. Rem Publ. II p. 121, 26ff Kroll: οἱ μὲν μετὰ τοῦ σώματος τῶν τοιούτων [like Ἐμπεδότιμος] ἵστορες [=eyewitnesses], οἱ δὲ ἄνευ σώματος [like Κλεώνυμος]. καὶ πλήρεις αἱ παραδόσεις τούτων.). ἀπὼν τῷ σώματι (παρὼν δὲ τῷ πνεύματι) 1 Cor 5:3. ἡ παρουσία τοῦ σώματος 2 Cor 10:10 (παρουσία 1). The body is the instrument of human experience and suffering 4:10ab; Gal 6:17 (allusion AcPlCor 2, 35); Phil 1:20; the body is the organ of a person’s activity: δοξάσατε τὸν θεὸν ἐν τῷ σώματι ὑμῶν glorify God through your body, i.e. by leading an upright life 1 Cor 6:20; cp. Ro 12:1. This may be the place (s. above in this section) for διὰ τοῦ σώματος 2 Cor 5:10 which, in that case, would be taken in an instrumental sense with or through the body (cp. Pla., Phd. 65a; Ps.-Pla., Axioch. 13, 371c; Aelian, NA 5, 26 τὰ διὰ τοῦ σώματος πραττόμενα). In some of the last-named passages (such as Ro 12:1; Phil 1:20; also Eph 5:28 w. parallel in Plut., Mor. 142e: s. HAlmqvist, Plut. u. d. NT ’46, 116f) the body is almost synonymous w. the whole personality (as Aeschin., Or. 2, 58; X., An. 1, 9, 12 τὰ ἑαυτῶν σώματα=themselves. Appian, Syr. 41 §218 παρεδίδου τὸ σῶμα τοῖς ἐθέλουσιν ἀπαγαγεῖν=[Epaminondas] gave himself up to those who wished to take him away, Mithr. 27 §107 ἐς τὸ σῶμα αὐτοῦ=against his person, Bell. Civ. 2, 106 §442 Caesar’s person [σῶμα] is ἱερὸς καὶ ἄσυλος=sacred and inviolable; 3, 39 §157 ἔργον … σῶμα=course of action … person; Mitt-Wilck. I/2, 55, 7 [III B.C.] ἑκάστου σώματος=for every person. See Wilcken’s note).—Because it is subject to sin and death, man’s mortal body as τὸ σῶμα τῆς σαρκός (σάρξ 2cα) Col 2:11 is a σῶμα τῆς ἁμαρτίας Ro 6:6 or τοῦ θανάτου 7:24; cp. 8:11. In fact, σῶμα can actually take the place of σάρξ 8:13 (cp. Herm. Wr. 4, 6b ἐὰν μὴ πρῶτον τὸ σῶμα μισήσῃς, σεαυτὸν φιλῆσαι οὐ δύνασαι; 11, 21a.—Cp. Hippol., Ref. 5, 19, 6). As a σῶμα τῆς ταπεινώσεως lowly body it stands in contrast to the σῶμα τῆς δόξης glorious body of the heavenly beings Phil 3:21. In another pass. σῶμα ψυχικόν of mortals is opposed to the σῶμα πνευματικόν after the resurrection 1 Cor 15:44abc.—Christ’s earthly body, which was subject to death (Orig., C. Cels. 2, 9, 13) Ro 7:4; Hb 10:5 (Ps 39:7 v.l.), 10; 1 Pt 2:24; AcPlCor 2:16f. τὸ σῶμα καὶ τὰ ὀστᾶ καὶ τὸ πνεῦμα Χριστοῦ 2:32. τὸ σῶμα τῆς σαρκὸς αὐτοῦ Col 1:22. Esp. in the language of the Eucharist (opp. αἷμα) Mt 26:26; Mk 14:22; Lk 22:19; 1 Cor 10:16 (GBornkamm, NTS 2, ’56, 202–6); 11:24, 27, 29. S. the lit. s.v. ἀγάπη 2 and εὐχαριστία 3, also JBonsirven, Biblica 29, ’48, 205–19.—ἓν σῶμα a single body 1 Cor 6:16 (cp. Jos., Ant. 7, 66 Δαυίδης τήν τε ἄνω πόλιν κ. τὴν ἄκραν συνάψας ἐποίησεν ἕν σῶμα; Artem. 3, 66 p. 196, 9; RKempthorne, NTS 14. ’67/68, 568–74).

② pl. σώματα slaves (Herodas 2, 87 δοῦλα σώματα; Polyb. et al.; oft. Vett. Val.; ins, pap; Gen 36:6; Tob 10:10; Bel 32; 2 Macc 8:11; Jos., Ant. 14, 321; cp. our colloq. ‘get some bodies for the job’) Rv 18:13 (cp. Ezk 27:13; the abs. usage rejected by Atticists, s. Phryn. 378 Lob.).

③ plant and seed structure, body. In order to gain an answer to his own question in 1 Cor 15:35 ποίῳ σώματι ἔρχονται; (i.e. the dead after the resurrection), Paul speaks of bodies of plants (which are different in kind fr. the ‘body’ of the seed which is planted.—Maximus Tyr. 40, 60e makes a distinction betw. the σώματα of the plants, which grow old and pass away, and their σπέρματα, which endure.—σώματα of plants also in Apollon. Paradox. 7 [after Aristot.]) vs. 37f, and of σώματα ἐπουράνια of the heavenly bodies vs. 40 (cp. Ps.-Aristot., De Mundo 2, 2 the stars as σώματα θεῖα; Maximus Tyr. 21, 8b οὐρανὸς κ. τὰ ἐν αὐτῷ σώματα, acc. to 11, 12a οἱ ἀστέρες; 40, 4h; Sallust. 9 p. 18, 5).

④ substantive reality, the thing itself, the reality in imagery of a body that casts a shadow, in contrast to σκιά (q.v. 3) Col 2:17.

⑤ a unified group of people, body fig. ext. of 1, of the Christian community or church (cp. Cyr. Ins. 58, ‘body of the Hellenes’; Polyaenus, Exc. 18, 4 of the phalanx; Libanius, Or. 1 p. 176, 25 F. τὸ τῆς πόλεως ς.; Plut., Philop. 360 [8, 2]), esp. as the body of Christ, which he fills or enlivens as its Spirit (in this case the head belongs with the body, as Appian, Bell. Civ. 3, 26 §101, where a severed head is differentiated from τὸ ἄλλο σῶμα=the rest of the body), or crowns as its Head (Hdt. 7, 140; Quint. Smyrn. 11, 58; SIG 1169, 3; 15 κεφαλή w. σῶμα as someth. equally independent; Orig., C. Cels. 6, 79, 27): οἱ πολλοὶ ἓν σῶμά ἐσμεν ἐν Χριστῷ Ro 12:5. Cp. 1 Cor 10:17; 12:13, 27; Eph (s. Schlier s.v. ἐκκλησία 3c) 1:23; 2:16; 4:12, 16; 5:23, 30; Col 1:18, 24; 2:19; 3:15; ISm 1:2; Hs 9, 17, 5; 9, 18, 3f. ἓν σῶμα καὶ ἓν πνεῦμα Eph 4:4; cp. Hs 9, 13, 5; 7 (Iambl., Vi. Pyth. 30, 167: all as ἓν σῶμα κ. μία ψυχή; also Just., D. 42, 3) διέλκομεν τὰ μέλη τοῦ Χριστοῦ καὶ στασιάζομεν πρὸς τὸ σῶμα τὸ ἴδιον 1 Cl 46:7.—T Schmidt, Der Leib Christi (σῶμα Χριστοῦ) 1919; EKäsemann, Leib u. Leib Christi ’33 (for a critique s. SHanson, Unity of the Church in the NT ’46, 113–16); ÉMersch, Le Corps mystique du Christ² ’36; AWikenhauser, D. Kirche als d. myst. Leib Christi, nach dem Ap. Pls² ’40; EPercy, D. Leib Christi in d. paulin. Homologumena u. Antilegomena ’42; RHirzel, Die Person: SBMünAk 1914 H. 10 p. 6–28 (semantic history of σῶμα); WKnox, Parallels to the NT use of σῶμα: JTS 39, ’38, 243–46; FDillistone, How Is the Church Christ’s Body?: Theology Today 2, ’45/46, 56–68; WGoossens, L’Église corps de Christ d’après St. Paul² ’49; CCraig, Soma Christou: The Joy of Study ’51, 73–85; JRobinson, The Body: A Study in Pauline Theol. ’52; RBultmann, Theol. of the NT, tr. KGrobel ’51, 192–203; HClavier, CHDodd Festschr. ’56, 342–62; CColpe, Zur Leib-Christi Vorstellung im Eph, ’60, 172–87; KGrobel, Bultmann Festschr. ’54, 52–59; HHegermann, TLZ 85, ’60, 839–42; ESchweizer, ibid. 86, ’61, 161–74; 241–56; JMeuzelaar, D. Leib des Messias, ’61; MDahl, The Resurrection of the Body, ’62; RJewett, Paul’s Anthropological Terms, ’71, 201–304; JZiegler, NovT 25, ’83, 133–45 (LXX); JDunn: JSNT Suppl. 100, ’94, 163–81 (Col.).—B. 198. New Docs 4, 38f. DELG. M-M. TW. Sv.

Grammatical information: adj.

Meaning: `clever, skillful, able, shrewd, wise' (Hes. Fr. 193).

Compounds: As 1st member a. o. in Σοφο-κλῆς; very often as 2nd member, e. g. φιλό-σοφος `friend of a σοφόν, who loves τὸ σοφόν, την σοφίαν, eager for knowledge, friend of the sciences, philosopher' (Heracleit., Att.) with φιλοσοφ-ία f. `(scientific) study, education, philosophy' (Att.; on the meaning Heyde Philosophia naturalis 7 [1961] 144 ff.), - έω `to be eager for knowledge, to study' (IA.); on ἐπί-σσοφος n. of a yearly changing official (Thera) s. ψέφει.

Derivatives: σοφ-ία, Ion. - ίη f. `skilfulness, virtuosity, knowledge, cleverness, shrewdness, wisdom' (since O 412). Denom. verbs. 1. σοφίζομαι, also w. prefix, esp. κατα- `to practice a form of art, to think up, to concoct' (since Hes. Op. 649), - ίζω `to make smart, to instruct' (LXX, christ. lit.); from it σόφ-ισμα n. `(clever, cunning) concoction' (Pi., IA.), with - ισμάτιον, - ισματώδης, - ισματικός; - ισις f. (sch.); - ιστής m. "concoctor", `artist, learned man, teacher, sophist' (Pi., IA.) with - ίστρια, - ιστικός, - ιστήριον, - ιστεύω, - ιστεία. 2. σοφόω = σοφίζω (LXX). -- On σοφός and σοφία s. Snell Ausdrücke 1ff, B. Gladigow Sophia und Kosmos. Unters. zur Frühgesch. von σοφός und σοφίη (Spudasmata 1).

Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]

Etymology: Unexplained. Unsuccesful attempts at interpretation from IE Bq (a. o. Brugmann IF 16, 499 ff. w. lit.). Cf. Σίσυφος, also σάφα and ψέφει. - A word with this meaning is often substratum loan.

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χράω (A), used in [dialect] Ep. only in [tense] aor. 2,

A fall upon, attack, assail, c. dat. pers.,

στυγερὸς δέ οἱ ἔχραε δαίμων Od.5.396

;

τίς τοι κακὸς ἔχραε δαίμων; 10.64

; so

ἠϊθέοις οὐκ ἔστι τόσος πόνος, ὁππόσος ἡμῖν.. ἔχραε AP5.296

(Agath.): cf. ἐπιχράω (B).

II c. acc. rei, inflict upon a person,

κακὸν δέ οἱ ἔχραε κοῖτον Nic.Th. 315

.

III c. inf., conceive a desire to.., τίπτε σὸς υἱὸς ἐμὸν ῥόον ἔχραε κήδειν ἐξ ἄλλων; why did he want (or needed he) to vex my stream of all others? Il.21.369; μνηστῆρες.., οἳ τόδε δῶμα ἐχράετ' ἐσθιέμεν καὶ πινέμεν ye suitors.., who have become so eager to.., Od.21.69. (For signfs. 1, 11, cf. ζαχρηής; for 111 perh. cf. χρή, κέχρημαι ( χράω (B) C), χρῇ, χρῇς.)

------------------------------------

χράω (B). A. FORMS: [var] contr.

A

χρῇ S.El.35

, [dialect] Ion.

χρᾷ Hdt.1.62

(also Luc.DMort.3.2); inf.

χρᾶν Hdt.8.135

(also Luc.Alex.19); [dialect] Ion. part.

χρέων h.Ap. 253

, fem.

χρέωσα Hdt.7.111

; [dialect] Ep.

χρείων Od.8.79

, h.Ap. 396: [tense] impf.

ἔχραον Pi.O.7.92

(v.l. ἔχρεον), A.R.2.454; [ per.] 3sg.

ἔχρη Tyrt.3.3

, Hermesian.7.89, ([etym.] ἐξ-) S.OC87: [tense] fut.

χρήσω h.Ap. 132

, Hdt.1.19, A.Ag. 1083: [tense] aor.

ἔχρησα Hdt.4.156

, etc.:—[voice] Pass., [tense] aor.

ἐχρήσθην Id.1.49

, etc.: [tense] pf. κέχρησμαι (v.l. κέχρημαι) Id.4.164, 7.141: [tense] plpf. ἐκέχρηστο (v.l. ἐκέχρητο) Id.2.147, 151, 3.64, etc.:—[voice] Med.,

χρῶμαι Th.1.126

, etc., [dialect] Ion.

χρέομαι Hdt.

, inf.

χρέεσθαι 1.157

( χρᾶσθαι ib. 172); part.

χρεώμενος 4.151

: [tense] impf. [ per.] 3pl. ἐχρέωντο (v.l. ἐχρέοντο) 4.157, 5.82: [tense] fut.

χρήσομαι Od.10.492

, etc.

I in [voice] Act. of the gods and their oracles, proclaim, abs.,

χρείων μυθήσατο Φοῖβος 8.79

:

χρείων ἐκ δάφνης γυάλων ὕπο Παρνησοῖο h.Ap. 396

: c. acc. rei, χρήσω ἀνθρώποισι Διὸς βουλήν ib. 132, cf. Thgn.807, Pi.l.c., Plot.2.9.9;

ἡ Πυθίη οἱ χρᾷ τάδε Hdt.1.55

, cf. 4.155; χρῆσεν οἰκιστῆρα Βάττον proclaimed him the colonizer, Pi.P.4.6; also in Trag.,

ὁ χρήσας A. Eu. 798

;

χρήσειν ἔοικεν ἀμφὶ τῶν αὑτῆς κακῶν Id.Ag. 1083

;

χρῇ μοι τοιαῦθ' ὁ Φοῖβος S.El.35

;

σοὶ δ' οὐκ ἔχρησεν οὐδέν E.Hec. 1268

;

χ. φόνον Id.El. 1267

: also c. acc. cogn.,

χ. χρησμόν Id.Ph. 409

;

ὑμνῳδίαν Id. Ion 681

(lyr.): c. inf., warn or direct by oracle,

ἔχρησας ὥστε τὸν ξένον μητροκτονεῖν A.Eu. 202

; without ὥστε, ib. 203; χρήσαντ' ἐμοὶ.. ἐκτὸς αἰτίας κακῆς εἶναι that I should be.., Id.Ch. 1030; c. inf. [tense] aor., Ar. V. 159: rare in [dialect] Att. Prose,

τάδε ὁ Ἀπόλλων ἔχρησεν IG12.80.10

;

τὸν Ἀπόλλω ταύτην τὴν γῆν χρῆσαι οἰκεῖν Th.2.102

;

τοῦ θεοῦ χρήσαντος Id.5.32

, cf. Lycurg.99;

ἔχρησεν ὁ θεός SIG1044.5

(Halic., iv/iii B. C.);

ὁ θεὸς ἔχρησε IG42(1).122.78

(Epid., iv B. C.).

II [voice] Pass., to be declared, proclaimed by an oracle,

τίς οὖν ἐχρήσθη; E. Ion 792

; mostly of the oracle delivered,

τὰ ἐκ Δελφῶν οὕτω τῷ Κροίσῳ ἐχρήσθη Hdt.1.49

;

τὰ χρηστήρια ταῦτά σφι ἐχρήσθη Id.9.94

;

ἠπίως χρησθῆναι Id.7.143

; τὸ χρησθέν, τὰ χρησθέντα, the response, Id.1.63, 7.178;

ἐν Πυθῶνι χρησθὲν παλαίφατον Pi.O.2.39

;

πεύθου τὰ χρησθέντ' S.OT 604

; χρησθὲν αὐτῷ ἐν Νεμέᾳ τοῦτο παθεῖν since it was foretold him by an oracle that.. Th.3.96; ἃ τοῦδ' ἐχρήσθη σώματος which were declared about it, S.OC 355;

τὸν κεχρησμένον θάνατον Hdt.4.164

(- χρημ- codd.);

τοῦ κακοῦ τοῦ κεχρησμένου Id.7.141

(v.l. -χρημ-): impers., c. inf., καί σφι ἐχρήσθη ἀνέμοισι εὔχεσθαι ib. 178: c. acc. et inf.,

ἐκέχρηστό σφι.. τοῦτον βασιλεύσειν Id.2.147

; c. inf. [tense] aor., Id.7.220.

III [voice] Med., of the person to whom the response is given, consult a god or oracle, c. dat.,

ψυχῇ χρησόμενος Θηβαίου Τειρεσίαο Od.10.492

, 565; χ. θεῷ, χρηστηρίοισι, μαντηΐῳ, Hdt.1.47, 53, 157;

τῷ θεῷ Aeschin.3.124

;

χ. μάντεσι Μούσαις Ar.Av. 724

(anap.), cf. Pl. Lg. 686a;

ὅσοι μαντικὴν νομίζοντες οἰωνοῖς χρῶνται X.Mem.1.1.3

; χ. χρηστηρίῳ εἰ .. inquire at the oracle whether.., Hdt.3.57: abs.,

ὑπέρβη λάϊνον οὐδὸν χρησόμενος Od.8.81

, cf. h.Ap. 252, 292;

ἀπέστειλε ἄλλους χρησομένους Hdt.1.46

; οἱ χρώμενοι the consulters, E.Ph. 957;

χρωμένῳ ἐν Δελφοῖς Th.1.126

; also

χ. περὶ τοῦ πολέμου Hdt.7.220

, cf. 1.85, 4.150, 155, etc.;

κεχρημένος

having inquired of an oracle,

Arist.Rh. 1398b33

: c. inf., σωφρονεῖν κεχρημένον being divinely warned to be temperate, A.Pers. 829, cf. Marcellin.Vit. Thuc.6: later simply, receive a divine revelation, Plot.5.3.14.—Hom. has the word in this sense only in Od.: the [voice] Act. only in [tense] pres. part. χρείων ([tense] fut.

χρήσω h.Ap. 132

): the [voice] Med. only in part. [tense] fut. χρησόμενος.

B furnish with a thing, in which sense the [tense] pres. was [full] κίχρημι, D.53.12, Plu.Pomp.29; Cret. [ per.] 3sg.

κίγχρητι Inscr.Cret.1 xxiii 3

(Phaestus, ii B. C.); Delph. [ per.] 3sg. [tense] pres. subj.

κιχρῇ Schwyzer 324.17

(iv B. C.): [tense] aor. χρέη ib.13; [tense] pres. part. κιχρέντε ib.adn. (rarely [full] χρηννύναι, [full] χρηννύω, Thphr.Char.5.10, 10.13: [voice] Med.,

χρηννυόμεθα PCair.Zen. 304.4

(iii B. C.)): [tense] fut.

χρήσω Hdt.3.58

: [tense] aor. ἔχρησα ibid., 6.89, Ar. Th. 219, X.Mem.3.11.18, Lys.19.24, IG12.108.16, etc. ([ per.] 3sg. written

ἔκχρησεν IG12(3).1350.4

([place name] Thera)); imper.

χρῆσον Ar.Ra. 1159

, Pl. Com.205: [tense] pf.

κέχρηκα Men.461

, 598, Plb.29.21.6 ( = D.S.31.10): [tense] plpf.

ἐκεχρήκει App.BC2.29

:—[voice] Pass., [tense] pf. κέχρημαι ([etym.] δια-) D.27.11:—[voice] Med., [tense] pres.

κίχρᾰμαι Plu.2.534b

; inf.

κίχρασθαι Thphr.Char.30.20

: [tense] impf.

ἐκιχράμην AP9.584.10

: [tense] aor. ἐχρησάμην, imper.

χρῆσαι E.El. 191

(lyr.), etc.:— furnish the use of a thing, i.e. lend, usu. in a friendly way, δανείζω being the word applied to usurers (but χ. = δανείζω in Antipho Soph.54), ll. cc.;

οὐ δεδωκώς, ἀλλὰ χρήσας Arist.EN 1162b33

, cf. LXX Ex.11.3;

ἡ πειρατικὴ δύναμις χρήσασα ταῖς βασιλικαῖς ὑπηρεσίαις ἑαυτήν Plu.Pomp.24

;

χ. τὴν ἑαυτοῦ σχολήν τισι Id.Phil. 13

; χ. τὰν χέρα, in the formula of manumission, IG9(1).189, 194 ([place name] Tithora):—[voice] Med., borrow, τι E.El. 191 (lyr.), Thphr.Char.30.20: abs.,

χρησαμένη γὰρ ἔνησα καὶ οὐκ ἔχω ἀνταποδοῦναι Batr.186

; πόδας χρήσας, ὄμματα χρησάμενος having lent feet and borrowed eyes, of a blind man carrying a lame one, AP9.13 (Pl.Jun.), cf. Pl.Demod. 384b, 384c.

II = χρηματίζω 111,

τοῦ χρέοντος γραμματέως CIG2562.18

(s. v. l., Hierapytna).

------------------------------------

χράομαι. (See also χράω)

C [voice] Med. [full] χράομαι, [dialect] Att. [full] χρῶμαι, χρῇ prob. in Pl.Hp.Mi. 369a,

χρῆται Ar.V. 1028

(anap.), etc. (also Trag., A.Ag. 953), χρώμεθα, χρῆσθε, χρῶνται, And.4.6, Pl.La. 194c, Th.1.70, etc.; [dialect] Dor. [full] χρέομαι Sophr.126; [dialect] Ion.

χρᾶται Hdt.1.132

, al. (so in later Prose, Iamb. in Nic.p.28 P.); χρέεται v.l. in Hdt.4.50;

χρέονται Hp.

Aër.1;

χρέωνται Hdt.1.34

, 4.108, al.;

χρείωνται Heraclit.104

; opt.

χρῴμην, χρῷο Pl. Cri. 45b

,

χρῷτο Gorg.Fr.20

, etc.; [dialect] Ion.

χρέοιτο Hp.Acut.56

; imper.

χρῶ Democr.270

, Ar.Th. 212, Isoc.1.34, [dialect] Ion.

χρέο Hp.Steril.230

, Hdt. 1.155 (v.l. χρέω, as in Hp.Acut. (Sp.) 62); [ per.] 3sg. [dialect] Dor.

χρηείσθω SIG 1009.7

(Chalcedon, iii/ii B. C.); [ per.] 2pl.

χρῆσθε And.1.11

; [ per.] 3pl.

χρήσθων Ar.Nu. 439

(s. v.l.; v. infr.111.4b), Th.5.18;

χρώσθων IG12.122.5

; [dialect] Dor.

χρόνσθω Mnemos.57.208

(Argos, vi B. C.); inf. [dialect] Att. and [dialect] Ion.

χρῆσθαι IG12.57.19

, Ar.Av. 1040, Lys.25.20, SIG57.5 (Milet., v B. C.), IG12(5).593 A12 (Ceos, v B. C.); [dialect] Ion. and Hellenistic

χρᾶσθαι Hdt. 2.15

, 3.20, al., IG12(5).606.9 (Ceos, iv/iii B. C.), SIG344.50 (Teos, iv B. C.), 1106.80 (Cos, iv/iii B. C.), PCair.Zen.299.10 (iii B. C.), OGI214.19 (Didyma, iii B. C.), IG22.1325.24 (both forms in Phld.Rh.1.66S. and Ph.Bel.,

χρῆσθαι 57.35

, al.,

χρᾶσθαι 53.49

, al.), [dialect] Ion. χρέεσθαι as v.l. for χρῆσθαι Hdt.1.21, 187, al. ( χρῆσθαι ib. 153 codd.), so in Arc., IG5 (2).514.14 (Lycosura, ii B. C.), Elean

χρηῆσται Inscr.Olymp.1.3

(vii/vi B. C.), [dialect] Boeot.

χρειεῖσθη IG7.3169

(Orchom., iii B. C.); [dialect] Locr. and [dialect] Lacon.

χρῆσται IG9(1).334.19

, 23 (Oeanthea, v B. C.), 5(1).1317.8 (Thalamae, iv/iii B. C.); part. [dialect] Att.

χρώμενος A.Eu. 655

, IG12.81.6, etc.; [dialect] Ep. and [dialect] Ion.

χρεώμενος Il.23.834

(as a dactyl), Hdt.2.108, Hp.Acut.18, [dialect] Dor.

χρείμενος SIG395.4

, 438.11 (both Delph., iii B. C.), Berl.Sitzb.1927.156 ([place name] Cyrene),

χρήμενος Riv.Fil.58.472

(Gortyn, iii B. C.),

χρεύμενος SIG1166.3

([place name] Dodona): [tense] impf. [dialect] Att.

ἐχρώμην Antipho 5.63

,

ἐχρῶ Ar.Ra. 111

, And.1.49,

ἐχρῆτο Th.1.130

, etc.; pl.,

ἐχρώμεθα Lys.Fr.29

,

ἐχρῶντο Antipho 6.28

, etc.; [dialect] Ion.

ἐχρᾶτο Hdt.2.173

(v.l. -ῆτο), 3.3, 129, al. (also found in Anaxipp.1.9 codd.Ath.),

ἐχρέωντο Hdt.2.108

, al.: but

ἐχρῆτο 3.41

codd., Herod.6.55, ([etym.] προς-) Hp.Epid.3.17.ά: [tense] fut.

χρήσομαι S.Ph. 1133

(lyr.), etc.; also

κεχρήσομαι Theoc.16.73

: [tense] aor.

ἐχρησάμην S.OT 117

, Th.5.7, al.: [tense] pf. κέχρημαι (v. infr. 1): [tense] aor. ἐχρήσθην in pass. sense (v. infr. vii):—in [tense] pf. κέχρημαι (with [tense] pres. sense) c. gen., desire, yearn after, the usual sense in [dialect] Ep., οὔτ' εὐνῆς πρόφασιν κεχρημένος (sc. αὐτῆς)

οὔτε τευ ἄλλου Il.19.262

;

νόστου κεχρημένον ἠδὲ γυναικός Od.1.13

;

κομιδῆς κεχρημένοι ἄνδρες 14.124

, cf. 17.421, 20.378, 22.50;

μαντοσυνεων κεχρημένοι Emp.112.10

.

2 to be in want of, lack,

τοῦ κεχρημένοι; S.Ph. 1264

, cf. E.IA 382 (troch.); [

βορᾶς] κεχρημένοι Id.Cyc.98

;

οὐ πόνων κεχρήμεθα Id.Med. 334

;

τίνος κέχρησθε, γυναῖκες; Theoc.26.18

: [tense] fut.,

ὃς ἐμεῦ κεχρήσετ' ἀοιδοῦ Id.16.73

; χρήσομεθα εἰς τὰ ἔργα καὶ ὁδοῦ.. καὶ ὕδατος we shall need.., SIG1182.12 (Ephes., iii B. C.): freq. abs. in part. κεχρημένος, lacking, needy, Od.14.155, 17.347, Hes.Op. 317, 500, E.Supp. 327, Pl.Lg. 717c: but κεχρηόσι δαίτης is f.l. for κεχαρηόσι in Nic.Fr.70.18.

3 [tense] pf. and [tense] plpf. κέχρημαι, κεχρήμην, in [tense] pres. and [tense] impf. sense, c. dat., enjoy, have, φρεσὶ γὰρ κέχρητ' ἀγαθῇσι ([etym.] ν) Od.3.266, 14.421, 16.398; αὕτη (sc. ἡ χώρη)

ὕδασι κάλλιστα κέχρηται Hp.

Aër.12; ἡ καταδεεστέροις τούτοις (sc. τοῖς εἴδεσι)

κεχρημένη τραγῳδία Arist.Po. 1450a32

, cf. a13, b33; ἄλλαις, μικραῖς διαφοραῖς, Id.Metaph. 1042b31, Phgn. 809a8; ὑγροτέραις σαρξί ib. b11; θριξὶ ξανθαῖς ib.25;

καθαρωτάτῳ.. αἵματι Id.Resp. 477a21

; τῶν.. πλαγίαις ταῖς ῥάβδοις κεχρημένων (sc. ἰχθύων) Id.Fr. 295;

εὐγενείᾳ κεχρημένος IG42(1).83.10

(Epid., i A. D.);

σφαιρικῷ ὄγκῳ PLit.Lond.167.25

(ii/iii A. D.), cf. κεχρημένως ([place name] Addenda); so in [tense] pres.,

χρῶνται δειλαῖς φρεσὶ, δαίμονι δ' ἐσθλῷ Thgn.161

; μέρη

τραγῳδίας, οἷς ὡς εἴδεσι δεῖ χρῆσθαι, πρότερον εἴπομεν Arist.Po. 1452b14

, cf. 1458b14.

II use, [tense] pres. once in Hom., abs.,

ἑξει μιν καὶ πέντε περιπλομένους ἐνιαυτοὺς χρεώμενος Il.23.834

: later mostly c. dat. (for acc. v. infr. VI),

ἀκμαζούσῃ τῇ ῥώμῃ τῶν χειρῶν χρώμενος Antipho 4.3.3

;

ἐσθῆτι τοιῇδε χρέωνται Hdt.1.195

, cf. 202, Ar.Ra. 1061 (anap.);

διφασίοισι γράμμασι χ. Hdt.2.36

; τοῖσιοὐνόμασι τῶν θεῶν ib.52; πλατυτέροισι ἐχρέωντο τοῖσι πόμασι, ἐκ φρεάτων χρεώμενοι ib. 108; τοῖσι ἐποποιοῖσι χρεώμενον λέγειν ib. 120; ὅστις ἐμπύρῳ χρῆται τέχνῃ consults burnt offerings, E.Ph. 954; χ. ἀργυρίῳ make use of money, Pl.R. 333b;

ἀργύρῳ Ar.Ec. 822

; χ. ἵπποις manage them, X.Smp.2.10; χ. ἰχθύσι use for food, Plu.2.668f; οἴνῳ χ. ἐπὶ πλέον ib.715d; χ. ναυτιλίῃσι, θαλάσσῃ, Hdt.2.43, Th.1.3;

ὠνῇ καὶ πρήσι Hdt.1.153

;

δρασμῷ Aeschin.3.21

;

τέχναις X.Mem.3.10.1

, Oec.4.4;

τῇ τέχνῃ POxy.1029.25

(ii A. D.); χρώμενοι τῇ πόλει taking a part in politics, E. Ion 602;

ἐκκλησίαισιν ἦν ὅτ' οὐκ ἐχρώμεθα Ar.Ec. 183

; ἄλλον τρόπον τῇ πολιτείᾳ κέχρημαι, = πεπολίτευμαι, Hyp.Eux.28;

φωνὴν δυναμένην ὄχλῳ χρῆσθαι Isoc.5.81

; τῇ τραπέζῃ τῇ τοῦ πατρὸς ἐχρῆτο he had dealings with my father's bank, D.52.3; χ. τοῖς πράγμασι καὶ τοῖς καιροῖς administer them, Isoc.6.50.

III experience, suffer, be subject to, esp. external events or conditions,

δάμαρτος 'Ιππολύτας Ἀκάστου δολίαις τέχναισι χρησάμενος

having experienced,

Pi.N.4.58

;

κείμεθ' ἀγηράντῳ χρώμενοι εὐλογίῃ Simon.100.4

;

νιφετῷ Hdt.4.50

;

στίβῃ καὶ νιφετῷ Call.Epigr.33.3

;

χειμῶνι Antipho 5.21

, D.18.194;

λαίλαπι AP7.503

(Leon.); στυγεροῖς πνεύμασι Epigr. ap. D.S.13.41 (iv B. C.);

ἀνάγκῃ Antipho 5.22

;

οἰκεῖα πράγματ' εἰσάγων, οἷς χρώμεθ', οἷς σύνεσμεν Ar.Ra. 959

;

γυναικῶν τῶν τοῖς τόκοις χρωμένων πλείοσιν Arist.HA 582a24

;

ἀπεψίαις χ. IG42(1).126.4

(Epid., ii A. D.);

ἑκὼν.. οὐδεὶς δουλίῳ χρῆται ζυγῷ A.Ag. 953

; νόμοισι χ. live under laws, Hdt. 1.173, 216, cf. IG9(1).334.19 ([dialect] Locr., v B. C.);

νόμοις τοῖς ἰδίοις Riv.Fil.58.472

(Gortyn, iii B. C.);

ἀνομίᾳ X.Mem.1.2.24

;

γαλανείᾳ χρησάμενοι μανιάδων οἴστρων E.IA 546

(lyr.); χ. εὐμαρείᾳ to be at ease, S.Tr. 193 (but, ease oneself, Hdt.2.35);

συντυχίῃ χ. Id.5.41

;

τύχῃ E.Heracl. 714

, And.1.67, 120;

πολλῇ εὐτυχίᾳ Pl.Men. 72a

; πολλῇ τῇ νίκῃ χρῆται, = παρὰ πολὺ νικᾷ, And.4.31;

συμφορῇ κεχρημένος Hdt.1.42

, cf. E.Med. 347;

τοιούτῳ μόρῳ ἐχρήσατο ὁ παῖς Hdt. 1.117

; θείῃ πομπῇ χρεώμενος divinely sent, ib.62; of mental conditions present in the subject, τῷ χόλῳ χρέομαι I feel anger, Sophr. 126;

λογισάμενος ἢν εὑρίσκῃ πλέω τε καὶ μέζω τὰ ἀδικήματα ἐόντα τῶν ὑποργημάτων, οὕτω τῷ θυμῷ χρᾶται Hdt.1.137

; μὴ πάντα θυμῷ χρέο ib. 155;

ὀργῇ χρωμένη S.OT 1241

;

ὀργῇ μεγάλῃ μοι ἐχρήσω LXX Jb.10.17

, cf. 19.11, al.; ἀγνωμοσύνῃ χρησάμενοι ἀπέστησαν they stiffened their necks and.. Hdt.5.83; οἴησις γάρ, καὶ μάλιστα ἐν ἰητρικῇ, αἰτίην μὲντοῖσι κεχρημένοισιν, ὄλεθρον δὲ τοῖσι χρεωμένοισι ἐπιφέρει vanity brings blame on its possessor (or victim) and ruin on those who consult him, Hp Decent.4;

πολλῇ ἀνοίᾳ χρώμενος Antipho 3.3.2

;

ἀμαθίᾳ πλέονι.. χρῆσθε Th.1.68

;

ταῖς ἐπιθυμίαις μείζοσιν ἢ κατὰ τὴν ὑπάρχουσαν οὐσίαν ἐχρῆτο Id.6.15

;

φθόνῳ καὶ διαβολῇ χ. Pl.Ap. 18d

;

οὺ τῇ ἑαυτοῦ ἁμαρτίᾳ ἀλλὰ τῇ τοῦ πατάξαντος χρησάμενος ἀπέθανεν Antipho 4.3.4

;

τοῖς ἁμαρτήμασι παραπλησίοις ἐχρήσαντο Isoc.8.104

;

μή τι ἄρα τῇ ἐλαφρίᾳ ἐχρησάμην; 2 Ep.Cor.1.17

.

2 with verbal nouns. periphr. for the verb derived from the noun, ἀληθέϊ λόγῳ χ. use true speech, i.e. speak the truth, Hdt.1.14; ἀληθείῃ χ. ib. 116, 7.101; βοῇ χ. set up a cry, Id.4.134; τοιούτῳ πράγματι οὐ κέχρησαι, = οὐδὲν τοιοῦτο ἔπραξας, Hyp.Eux.11; δαψιλέϊ τῷ ποτῷ (fort. πότῳ)

χρησαμένους Hdt.2.121

.δ'; ἐσόδῳ χρέο πυκνῶς visit often, Hp.Decent.13;

ἡ σελήνη.. διὰ παντὸς τῇ ἴσῃ παραυξήσει καὶ μειώσει χρῆται Gem.18.16

.

3 c. dupl. dat., use as so and so,

τοῖς ἀγαθοῖσιν.. χ. πρὸς τὰ κακὰ ἀλκῇ Democr.173

;

μιᾷ πόλει ταύτῃ χ. Th.2.15

;

χ. τῷ σίτῳ ὄψῳ ἢ τῷ ὄψῳ σίτῳ X.Mem.3.14.4

.

4 χ. τισιν ἔς τι use for an end or purpose, Hdt.1.34;

πρός τι X.Oec.11.13

;

ἐπί τι Id.Mem.1.2.9

; ἀμφί or περί τι, Id.Oec.9.6, An.3.5.10; with neut. Adj. or Pron. as Adv., τάδε [τῷ ἀμφιβλήστρῳ] χ. makes the following use of the net, Hdt.2.95;

χρέωνται οὐδὲν ἐλαίῳ Id.1.193

; χρυσῷ καὶ χαλκῷ τὰ πάντα χρέωνται ib. 215; λογισμῷ ἐλάχιστα χ., πλεῖστα ἀρετῇ χ., Th.2.11, 5.105; τί χρήσεταί ποτ' αὐτῷ; what use will he make of him? Ar.Ach. 935, cf. X.An.1.3.18;

χ. τἀνδρὶ τοῖς τ' ἐμοῖς λόγοις S.Tr.60

;

ἠπορούμην ὅ τι χρησαίμην τῇ τούτου παρανομίᾳ Lys.3.10

.

b treat, deal with,

παραδίδωμι χρᾶσθαι αὐτῷ τοῦτο ὅ τι σὺ βούλεαι Hdt.1.210

, cf. Ar.Nu. 439 (anap.; fort. delendum χρήσθων), Isoc.12.107; εἰ τύχοι (sc. γυνὴ)

μὴ ἐπιτηδεία γενομένη, τί χρὴ τῇ συμφορᾷ χρῆσθαι; Antipho Soph.49

; ἀπορέων ὅ τι χρήσηται τῷ παρεόντι πρήγματι not knowing what to make of it, Hdt.7.213;

ἠπόρει ὅτι χρήσαιτο Pl.Prt. 321c

;

οὐκ ἂν ἔχοις ὅτι χρῷο σαυτῷ Id.Cri. 45b

; in elliptical phrases,

τί οὖν χρησώμεθα; Id.Ly. 213c

;

Θηβαίους ἔχοντες.. τί χρήσεσθε; D.8.74

: c. dat. et acc. cogn.,

χρωμένους τῷ κτείναντι χρείαν ἣν ἂν ἐθέλωσι Pl.Lg. 868b

, cf. 785b, Clit. 407e.

IV of persons, χρῆσθαί τινι ὡς .. treat him as..,

χ. τινὶ ὡς ἀνδρὶ ψεύστῃ Hdt.7.209

; χ. [τισὶν] ὡς πολεμίοις, ὡς φίλοις καὶ πιστοῖς, treat as friends or enemies, regard them as such, Th.1.53, X.Cyr.4.2.8; so

φιλικώτερον χρῆσθαί τισι Id.Mem.4.3.12

;

ὑβριστικῶς χ. τισί D.56.12

; also without

ὡς, ἔμοιγε χρώμενος διδασκάλῳ A.Pr. 324

, cf. Heraclit.104;

ὥς γ' ἐμοὶ χρῆσθαι κριτῇ E.Alc. 801

;

οὐ σφόδρα ἐχρώμην Αυκίνῳ φίλῳ Antipho 5.63

;

πλείστοις καὶ δεινοτάτοις ἐχροῖς χ. And.4.2

;

ἀσθενέσι χ. πολεμίοις X.Cyr.3.2.4

.

b χρῆσθαί τινι (without φίλῳ) to be intimate with a man, X.Hier.5.2, Mem.4.8.11;

χρῆσθαι καὶ συνεῖναί τισι And.1.49

; ἀνάγκη, ὃς ἂν γένηται (sc. παῖς, son), τούτῳ χρῆσθαι one must put up with the son that is born, Democr.277: ἰητρῷ μὴ χρωμένους not consulting a doctor, Hp. de Arte5 (so c. dat. et acc., ἐσιέναι παρὰ βασιλέα μηδένα, δι' ἀγγέλων δὲ πάντα χρᾶσθαι (sc. αὐτῷ) deal with him in everything by messengers, Hdt.1.99); so Πλάτωνι, Ξενοφῶντι, χ. use, study their writings, Plu.2.79d: abs.,

οἱ χρώμενοι

friends,

X.Ages.11.13

, Mem.2.6.5, Isoc.6.44.

2 esp. of sexual intercourse,

γυναιξὶ ἐχρᾶτο Hdt.2.181

, cf. X.Mem.1.2.29, 2.1.30, Is.3.10, D.59.67.

3 χρῆσθαι ἑαυτῷ make use ofoneself or one's powers, with a part.,

οὐδ' ὑγιαίνοντι χρώμενος ἑαυτῷ Plu.Nic.17

;

αὑτῷ νήφοντι χ. Id.Eum.16

: so with an Adv.,

χ. ἑαντῷ πρὸς τοὺς κινδύνους ἀφειδῶς Id.Alex.45

; παρέχειν ἑαυτὸν ταῖς ἀρχαῖς χρῆσθαι place oneself at the disposal of another, X.Cyr.1.2.13, cf. 8.1.5.

V abs., or with Adv., χρῶνται Πέρσαι οὕτω so the Persians are wont to do, such is their custom. ib.4.3.23.

VI in later Gk. ( τῷ μεγαλόφρονι shd. be read for τὸ μεγαλόφρον in X.Ages.11.11) c. acc. rei,

χ. τὰ ἀπὸ λιμένων.. εἰς διοίκησιν τῆς πόλεως Arist.Oec. 1350a7

; [θησαυρὸν] χρησάμενοι (v.l. κτησάμενοι) LXXWi.7.14;

οἱ χρώμενοι τὸν κόσμον ὡς μὴ καταχρώμενοι 1 Ep.Cor.7.31

;

ἄνηθον μετ' ἐλαίου χρήσασθαι IG42(1).126.27

(Epid., ii A. D.);

ὕδωρ χρῶ PTeb.273.28

(ii/iii A. D.):— for Hdt.1.99, v. supr. IV. 1b.

VII [voice] Pass., to be used, esp. in [tense] aor., αἱ δὲ (sc. αἱ νέες)

οὐκ ἐχρήσθησαν Hdt.7.144

; τέως ἂν χρησθῇ so long as it be in use, D.21.16; [

σιδήρου τοῦ] χρησθέντος εἰς τύλους Supp.Epigr.4.447.48

(Didyma, ii B. C.); Hsch. also has χρησθήσεται· χρησιμεύσει:—v. supr. A.11.

D for χρή, v. sub voc. (Origin and historical order of the forms and senses not clear: χρή and χρῄζω are cogn.)

διαθήκη, ης, ἡ (Democr., Aristoph.+; ins, pap, LXX, En, TestSol, TestAbr, Test12Patr; ParJer 6:21; ApcEsdr, ApcMos; AssMos Fgm. a; Philo, Joseph., Just.; Mel., HE 4, 26, 14) apart from the simplex θήκη ‘case, chest’, for the mng. of this word one must begin with the mid. form of the verb διατίθεμαι, which is freq. used in legal and commercial discourse of disposition of things (s. L-S-J-M s.v. διατιθημι B), w. implication of promissory obligation. Disposition of one’s personal effects would naturally come under testamentary law, hence

① last will and testament (so exclusively in Hellenistic times, Eger [s. 3 below] 99 note; exx. e.g. in Riggenbach 292ff; Behm 10, 1; 2; Philo, Joseph., Test12Patr; loanw. in rabb.) Hb 9:16f; δ. κεκυρωμένη a will that has been ratified Gal 3:15; cp. 17, where δ. shades into mng. 2 (s. κυρόω 1, προκυρόω); s. also EBammel, below, and JSwetnam, CBQ 27, ’65, 373–90. On Jewish perspective s. RKatzoff, An Interpretation of PYadin 19—A Jewish Gift after Death: ProcXXCongPap 562–65.

② As a transl. of בְּרִית in LXX δ. retains the component of legal disposition of personal goods while omitting that of the anticipated death of a testator. A Hellenistic reader would experience no confusion, for it was a foregone conclusion that gods were immortal. Hence a δ. decreed by God cannot require the death of the testator to make it operative. Nevertheless, another essential characteristic of a testament is retained, namely that it is the declaration of one person’s initiative, not the result of an agreement betw. two parties, like a compact or a contract. This is beyond doubt one of the main reasons why the LXX rendered בְּרִית by δ. In the ‘covenants’ of God, it was God alone who set the conditions; hence covenant (s. OED s.v. ‘covenant’ sb. 7) can be used to trans. δ. only when this is kept in mind. So δ. acquires a mng. in LXX which cannot be paralleled w. certainty in extra-Biblical sources, namely ‘decree’, ‘declaration of purpose’, ‘set of regulations’, etc. Our lit., which is very strongly influenced by LXX in this area, seems as a rule to have understood the word in these senses (JHughes, NovT 21, ’79, 27–96 [also Hb 9:16–20; Gal 3:15–17]). God has issued a declaration of his purpose Ro 11:27 (Is 59:21); 1 Cl 15:4 (Ps 77:37); 35:7 (Ps 49:16), which God bears in mind (cp. Ps 104:8f; 105:45 al.) Lk 1:72; it goes back to ancestral days Ac 3:25 (PsSol 9:10; ParJer 6:21). God also issued an ordinance (of circumcision) 7:8 (cp. Gen 17:10ff). Since God’s holy will was set forth on more than one occasion (Gen 6:18; 9:9ff; 15:18; 17:2ff; Ex 19:5 and oft.), one may speak of διαθῆκαι decrees, assurances (cp. διαθῆκαι πατέρων Wsd 18:22; 2 Macc 8:15.—But the pl. is also used for a single testament: Diog. L. 4, 44; 5, 16. In quoting or referring to Theophr. sometimes the sing. [Diog. L. 5, 52; 56] is used, sometimes the pl. [5, 51; 57]) Ro 9:4; Eph 2:12. Much emphasis is laid on the δ. καινή, mentioned as early as Jer 38:31, which God planned for future disposition (Hb 8:8–10; 10:16). God’s decree or covenant directed toward the Christians is a καινὴ δ. (δ. δευτέρα Orig., C. Cels. 2, 75) Lk 22:20; 1 Cor 11:25; 2 Cor 3:6; Hb 8:8; 9:15a; PtK 2 p. 15, 5, or δ. νέα Hb 12:24; PtK 2 p. 15, 6 which, as a δ. αἰώνιος (cp. Jer 39:40; En 99:2) Hb 13:20, far excels 7:22; 8:6 the παλαιὰ δ. 2 Cor 3:14, or πρώτη δ. Hb 9:15b, with which it is contrasted. Both are mentioned (Did., Gen. 46, 4; 235, 26) Gal 4:24; B 4:6ff (Ex 34:28; 31:18; Just., D. 67, 9). Blood was shed when the old covenant was proclaimed at Sinai Hb 9:20 (Ex 24:8); the same is true of the new covenant Hb 10:29. τὸ αἷμά μου τ. διαθήκης Mt 26:28; Mk 14:24 (ELohse, Märtyrer u. Gottesknecht², ’63, 122–29) is prob. to be understood in connection w. this blood (s. WWrede, ZNW 1, 1900, 69–74; TRobinson, My Blood of the Covenant: KMarti Festschr. 1925, 232–37; for a critique of this view s. GWalther, Jesus, D. Passalamm des Neuen Bundes, ’50, 22–27 and JJeremias TLZ, ’51, 547. For Syriac background JEmerton, JTS 13, ’62, 111–17; s. also ÉDelebrecque, Études grecques sur l’vangile de Luc ’76, 109–21).—The v.l. Lk 22:29 may be derived from Jer 39:40 or Is 55:3 LXX (for the cognate acc. s. Aristoph., Aves 440).—δ. may also be transl. decree in the Ep. of Barnabas (4:6ff; 6:19; 9:6; 13:1, 6; 14:1ff δ. δοῦναί τινι); but the freq. occurrence of the idea of inheritance (6:19; 13:1, 6; 14:4f), makes it likely that the ‘decree’ is to be thought of as part of a will.

③ The mng. compact, contract seems firmly established for Gr-Rom. times (FNorton, A Lexicographical and Historical Study of Διαθήκη, Chicago 1908, 31ff; EBruck, D. Schenkung auf d. Todesfall im griech. u. röm. Recht I 1909, 115ff; JWackernagel, D. Kultur d. Gegenw. I 8² 1907, 309). It remains doubtful whether this mng. has influenced our lit. here and there (exc. quite prob. Lk 22:29 v.l. with its administrative tenor; the phrase διατίθεμαι δ. as Aristoph., Av. 440 of a treaty agreement), but the usage of the term δ. in such sense would again serve as a bridge to LXX usage.—The expr. ἡ κιβωτὸς τ. διαθήκης covenant chest i.e. the sacred box (Eng. ‘ark’ as loanw. from Lat. arca) that symbolized God’s pledge of presence w. Israel (Ex 31:7; 39:14 al.) Hb 9:4; Rv 11:19 or αἱ πλάκες τ. διαθ. (Ex 34:28; Dt 9:9, 11) Hb 9:4 would have required some acquaintance with Israelite tradition on the part of ancient readers.—ERiggenbach, D. Begriff d. Διαθήκη im Hb: Theol. Stud. f. TZahn 1908, 289ff, Hb² 1922, 205ff al.; ACarr, Covenant or Testament?: Exp. 7th ser., 7, 1909, 347ff; JBehm, D. Begriff D. im NT 1912; ELohmeyer, Diatheke 1913; WFerguson, Legal Terms Common to the Macedonian Inscr. and the NT, 1913, 42–46 (testamentary exhibits); HKennedy, Exp. 8th ser., 10, 1915, 385ff; GVos, Hebrews, the Epistle of the Diatheke: PTR 13, 1915, 587–632; 14, 1916, 1–61; OEger, ZNW 18, 1918, 84–108; EBurton, ICC Gal 1921, 496–505; LdaFonseca, Διαθήκη foedus an testamentum?: Biblica 8, 1927; 9, 1928; EBammel, Gottes διαθήκη (Gal 3:15–17) u. d. jüd. Rechtsdenken, NTS 6, ’60, 313–19; NDow, A Select Bibliography on the Concept of Covenant, Austin Seminary Bulletin 78, 6, ’63; CRoetzel, Biblica 51, ’70, 377–90 (Ro 9:4); DMcCarthy, Berit and Covenant (Deut.), ’72, 65–85; EChristiansen, The Covenant in Judaism and Paul ’95.—DELG s.v. θήκη. M-M. TW. Sv.

κοινωνία, ας, ἡ (s. prec. entry; Pind.+; ins, pap, LXX; JosAs 7:6 cod. A; Philo [Mos. 1, 158 of communion w. God]; Joseph.; loanw. in rabb.; Just.; Tat. 18, 2; Ath.; Iren. 4, 18, 5 [Harv. II 205, 4] w. ἕνωσις).

① close association involving mutual interests and sharing, association, communion, fellowship, close relationship (hence a favorite expr. for the marital relationship as the most intimate betw. human beings Isocr. 3, 40; BGU 1051, 9 [I A.D.]; 1052, 7; POxy 1473, 33; 3 Macc 4:6; Jos., Ant. 1, 304; Did., Gen 235, 18. But s. also Diod S 10, 8, 2 ἡ τοῦ βίου κ.=the common type or bond of life that unites the Pythagoreans) τινός with or to someone (Amphis Com. [IV B.C.] 20, 3; Herodian 1, 10, 1; τοῦ θεοῦ Orig., C. Cels. 3, 56, 6); hence there is linguistic warrant to transl.: κ. τοῦ υἱοῦ αὐτοῦ fellowship with God’s Son 1 Cor 1:9 (s. 4 below) and κ. τοῦ ἁγίου πνεύματος fellowship w. the Holy Spirit 2 Cor 13:13 (so JSickenberger comm. [Bonnerbibel 1919; 4th ed. ’32] ad loc. in the Trinitarian sense but s. WKümmel, appendix to HLtzm. comm. [Hdb]). Others take the latter gen. as a subjective gen. or gen. of quality fellowship brought about by the Holy Spirit (APlummer, w. reservations, comm. 2 Cor [ICC] et al.; TSchmidt, D. Leib Christi 1919, 135; s. 4 below). Corresp. κ. πνεύματος fellowship w. the Spirit Phil 2:1 (Synes., Prov. 1, 15 p. 108c κ. γνώμης=community of will and s. 2 below).—κοινωνία(ν ἔχειν) μετά τινος ( have) fellowship w. someone (cp. Job 34:8) w. God 1J 1:3b, 6 (cp. Epict. 2, 19, 27 περὶ τῆς πρὸς τὸν Δία κοινωνίας βουλευόμενον; Jos., Bell. 7, 264, C. Ap. 1, 35 [both πρός w. acc.]); w. fellow Christians vss. 3a, 7. εἴς τι (POxf 5f) ἡ κ. εἰς τὸ εὐαγγέλιον close relationship w. the gospel Phil 1:5. ηὐδόκησαν κ. τινὰ ποιήσασθαι εἰς τοὺς πτωχούς they have undertaken to establish a rather close relation w. the poor Ro 15:26 (sim. GPeterman, Make a Contribution or Establish Fellowship: NTS 40, ’94, 457–63; but some prefer 3 below).—κ. πρός w. acc. connection with, relation to (Pla., Symp. 188c; Galen, Protr. 9 p. 28, 7 J.; SIG 646, 54 [170 B.C.]; Philo, Leg. ad Gai. 110 τίς οὖν κοινωνία πρὸς Ἀπόλλωνα τῷ μηδὲν οἰκεῖον ἐπιτετηδευκότι; cp. Jos., C. Ap. 2, 208; τοῦ πατρὸς πρὸς τὸν υἱὸν κ. Ath. 12, 2; πρὸς τὸ θειότερον κ. Orig., C. Cels. 3, 28, 47) τίς κ. φωτὶ πρὸς σκότος; what does darkness have in common with light? 2 Cor 6:14 (cp. Sir 13:2, 17f; Aristoph., Thes. 140 τίς κατόπτρου καὶ ξίφους κοινωνία;).—Abs. fellowship, (harmonious) unity (Hippol., Ref. 9, 12, 26) Ac 2:42 (s. JFitzmyer, PSchubert Festschr. ’66, 242–44 [Acts-Qumran] suggests that ‘community of goods’ [יחד] may be meant here, as 1QS 1, 11–13; 6, 17. On the problem of this term s. HBraun, Qumran u. d. NT, I, ’66; 143–50; s. also ACarr, The Fellowship of Ac 2:42 and Cognate Words: Exp. 8th ser., 5, 1913, 458ff). δεξιὰς κοινωνίας διδόναι τινί give someone the right hand of fellowship Gal 2:9 (JSampley, Pauline Partnership in Christ ’80, argues for a legal notion of ‘consensual societas’ but s. New Docs 3, 19).—κ. also has the concrete mng. society, brotherhood as a closely knit majority, naturally belonging together: Maximus Tyr. 15, 4b τί ἐστὶν τὸ τῆς κοινωνίας συμβόλαιον; what is the contribution (i.e., of the philosopher) to the community or (human) society? 16, 2m δημώδεις κοινωνίαι=meetings of the common people.—On ancient clubs and associations s. Poland; also JWaltzing, Étude historique sur les corporations professionnelles chez les Romaine, 4 vols. 1895–1900; EZiebarth, Das griechische Vereinswesen 1896.

② attitude of good will that manifests an interest in a close relationship, generosity, fellow-feeling, altruism (Epict. in Stob. 43 Sch. χρηστότητι κοινωνίας; Arrian, Anab. 7, 11, 9 κ. beside ὁμόνοια; Herm. Wr. 13, 9 [opp. πλεονεξία]) ἁπλότης τῆς κ. εἴς τινα 2 Cor 9:13. W. εὐποιί̈α Hb 13:16. The context permits this mng. also Phil 2:1 (s. 1 above). The transition to the next mng. is easy.

③ abstr. for concr. sign of fellowship, proof of brotherly unity, even gift, contribution (Lev 5:21; ins of Asia Minor: κ.=‘subsidy’ [Rdm.² 10]) Ro 15:26 (s. 1 above). Under this head we may perh. classify κοινωνία τ. αἵματος (σώματος) τοῦ Χριστοῦ a means for attaining a close relationship with the blood (body) of Christ 1 Cor 10:16ab (s. 4 below).

④ participation, sharing τινός in someth. (Appian, Bell. Civ. 1, 67 §306 κ. τῶν παρόντων=in the present undertakings; 5, 71 §299 κ. τῆς ἀρχῆς in the rule; Polyaenus 6, 7, 2 κ. τοῦ μιάσματος in the foul deed; Maximus Tyr. 19, 3b τῆς ἀρετῆς; Synes., Kgdm. 13 p. 12c. κ. τῶν ἔργων=in the deeds of others; Wsd 8:18; Jos., Ant. 2, 62) ὅπως ἡ κ. τῆς πίστεώς σου ἐνεργὴς γένηται that your participation in the faith may be made known through your deeds Phlm 6. γνῶναι κοινωνίαν παθημάτων αὐτοῦ become aware of sharing his sufferings Phil 3:10. ἡ κ. τῆς διακονίας τῆς εἰς τοὺς ἁγίους taking part in the relief of God’s people 2 Cor 8:4. Perh. this is the place for 1 Cor 1:9 (s. 1 above); 2 Cor 13:13 ( participation in the Holy Spirit: Ltzm., Kümmel in appendix to Ltzm. comm., Windisch, Seesemann [s. below] 70; Goodsp., Probs. 169f; s. 1 above.—Cp. τοῦ ἁγίου πνεύματος κ. of ecstasy Did., Gen. 230, 16); 1 Cor 10:16 (participation in the blood [body] of Christ. So ASchlatter, Pls der Bote Jesu ’34, 295f et al.; s. 3 above. But perh. here κοινωνία w. gen. means the common possession or enjoyment of someth. [Diod S 8, 5, 1 ἀγελῶν κ.= of the flocks; Maximus Tyr. 19, 3b ἐπὶ κοινωνίᾳ τῆς ἀρετῆς=for the common possession of excellence; Diog. L. 7, 124; Synes., Kgdm. 20 p. 24b; Hierocles 6, 428: we are to choose the best man as friend and unite ourselves with him πρὸς τὴν τῶν ἀρετῶν κοινωνίαν=for the common possession or enjoyment of virtues; 7, 429 τῶν καλῶν τὴν κ.]. Then 1 Cor 10:16 would be: Do not the cup and the bread mean the common partaking of the body and blood of Christ? After all, we all partake of one and the same bread). Eph 3:9 v.l. (for οἰκονομία)—JCampbell, Κοινωνία and Its Cognates in the NT: JBL 51, ’32, 352–80; EGroenewald, Κοινωνία (gemeenskap) bij Pls, diss. Amst. ’32; HSeesemann, D. Begriff Κοινωνία im NT ’33; PEndenburg, Koinoonia … bij de Grieken in den klass. tijd ’37; HFord, The NT Conception of Fellowship: Shane Quarterly 6, ’45, 188–215; GJourdan, Κοινωνία in 1 Cor 10:16: JBL 67, ’48, 111–24; KNickle, The Collection, A Study in Paul’s Strategy, ’66.—EDNT additional bibl. S. also RAC IX 1100–1145.—DELG s.v. κοινός. M-M. TW. Sv.

πράσσω, [dialect] Ep. and [dialect] Ion. [full] πρήσσω, [dialect] Att. [full] πράττω (first in IG12.7.11, al., Ar. and X.), Cret. [full] πράδδω Leg.Gort.1.35: [tense] fut. πράξω, [dialect] Ion. πρήξω: [tense] aor. ἔπραξα, [dialect] Ion. ἔπρηξα: [tense] pf. πέπραχα, [dialect] Ion. πέπρηχα, (trans.) Hdt.5.106, X.HG5.2.32, Cyr.3.1.15, Din.3.21, Men.619, IG9(2).517.36 (Larissa, iii B. C.), PHib.1.80.11 (iii B. C.), (intr.) Pl.Com.187 codd., Arist.Rh.Al. 1440a36: [tense] plpf. ἐπεπράχει ([etym.] ν) (trans.) X. l.c., (intr.) App. BC5.83: [tense] pf. 2 πέπρᾱγα, [dialect] Ion. πέπρηγα, (intr.) Pi.P.2.73, Hdt.2.172, Ar.Pl. 629, Ra. 302, X.HG1.4.2, (trans.) Arist.EN 1168b35, al., SIG 364.70 (Ephesus, iii B. C.): [tense] plpf. ἐπεπράγεσαν (intr.) Th.2.4,7.24:— [tense] pf. πέπραγα [dialect] Att., πέπραχα Hellenistic, acc. to Moer.p.293 P., Phryn. PSp.103 B., but see above:—[voice] Med., [tense] fut.

A

πράξομαι Antipho Fr.67

, X. HG6.2.36 (also in pass. sense, Pi.P.4.243 (prob.), Pl.R. 452a): [tense] aor.

ἐπραξαμην S.OT 287

, Th.4.65, etc.:—[voice] Pass., [tense] fut. (v.supr.), also

πραχθήσομαι Aeschin.3.98

, Arist.Rh. 1359a11, etc.; [tense] fut. 3

πεπράξομαι S.OC 861

, Ar.Av. 847, Eup.9.3 D.: [tense] aor.

ἐπράχθην S.Tr. 679

, Th.4.54, etc.: [tense] pf.

πέπραγμαι A.Pr.75

, etc. (sts. in med. sense, v. infr. vi). [[pron. full] ᾱ by nature, as is shown by the [dialect] Ion. form πρήσσω, and by the accent in πρᾶγμα, πρᾶξις, etc.]

I in [dialect] Ep. only, pass through, pass over,

δὶς τόσσον ἅλα πρήσσοντες ἀπῆμεν Od.9.491

;

ῥίμφα πρήσσοντε κέλευθον Il.14.282

, 23.501;

ῥίμφα πρήσσουσι κέλευθον Od.13.83

;

ὁδὸν πρήσσουσιν ὁδῖται h.Merc. 203

: c. gen.,

ἵνα πρήσσωμεν ὁδοῖο Il.24.264

, Od.15.219; ὄφρα πρ. ὁδοῖο ib.47;

ἵνα πρήσσῃσιν ὁδοῖο 3.476

: Gramm. note that this sense is found only in [tense] pres., An.Ox.1.355, EM688.1.

II experience certain for- tunes, fare well or ill,

ὁ στόλος οὕτως ἔπρηξε Hdt.3.26

, cf.4.77, Th.7.24; so

ὡς ἔπρηξε Hdt.7.18

;

κατὰ νόον π. Id.4.97

, cf. Ar.Eq. 549;

πράξασαν ὡς ἔπραξεν A.Ag. 1288

;

εὖ πέπραγεν, ὅτι.. Pi.P.2.73

, cf. Hdt.1.24,42, etc.;

φλαύρως π. τῷ στόλῳ Id.6.94

;

π. καλῶς A.Pr. 979

;

χαλεπώτατα π. Th.8.95

;

ταπεινῶς π. Isoc.5.64

;

ὅστις καλῶς πράττει, οὐχὶ καὶ εὖ πράττει; Pl.Alc.1.116b

;

π. εὐτυχῶς S.Ant. 701

;

κάλλιστα E.Heracl. 794

; μακαρίως, εὐδαιμόνως, Ar.Pl. 629, 802: freq. with neut. Pron. or Adj.,

εὖ π. τι S.OT 1006

, cf. OC 391;

μηδὲν εὖ π. X.Mem.1.6.8

;

χρηστόν τι π. Ar.Pl. 341

;

καλά Th.6.16

;

χείρω Id.7.71

;

μεγάλα E.IA 346

;

πάντ' ἀγαθά Ar.Ra. 302

, cf. Eq. 683 (lyr.);

εὐδαίμονα E.El. 1359

(anap.);

πολλὰ καὶ ἀγαθά X.An.6.4.8

;

οἷον ἥθελεν S.OC 1704

(lyr.);

πράξας ἅπερ ηὔχου E.Or. 355

(anap.), cf.X.Mem.3.9.14.

III achieve, effect, accomplish,

οὔ τι Il.1.562

, 11.552, Od.2.191, etc.;

οὐδέ τι ἔργον ἐνθάδ' ἔτι πρήξει 19.324

, cf. 16.88;

χρῆμα μὲν οὐ πρήξεις, σὺ δ' ἐτώσια πόλλ' ἀγορεύσεις Hes.Op. 402

; κλέος ἔπραξεν won it, Pi.I.5(4).8; ἔπραξε δεσμόν achieved bondage, i.e. brought it on himself, Id.P.2.40;

τινὰ Νηρεΐδων π. ἄκοιτιν Id.N.5.36

; ὕμνον π. grant power of song, ib.9.3; λεόντεσσι π. φόνον do slaughter upon them, ib.3.46;

τὴν Κυπρίων ἀπόστασιν π. Hdt.5.113

; π. εἰρήνην, φιλίαν, bring it about, D.3.7, 18.162; π. τι παρά τινος get something from..,

ὧν δέονται πάντων πεπραγότες εἶεν παρὰ βασιλέως X.HG1.4.2

;

ἐλπὶς πράξειν τι παρὰ τῶν θεῶν ἀγαθόν Isoc.2.20

; also, attempt, plot,

δήμου κατάλυσιν And.3.6

: c. dat. pers.,

δαίμοσιν π. φίλα A.Pr. 660

;

Αοξίᾳ χάριν E. Ion37

, cf. 896 (lyr.), El. 1133, etc.;

σὺ τοῦτο πράξεις ὥστε..; A.Eu. 896

:—[voice] Pass.,

πέπρακται τοὖργον Id.Pr.75

;

φεῦ φεῦ πέπρακται E.Hipp. 680

;

τὰ πεπραγμένα Pi.O.2.15

, etc.;

ἡ ἐπὶ τοῖς πεπρ. ἀδοξία D. 1.11

;

τὰ πεπρ. λῦσαι Id.24.76

;

τὰ πραχθέντα A.Pr. 683

, etc.; τὰ ἔργα τῶν πραχθέντων the facts of what took place, Th.1.22;

οὐ γὰρ ἂν τό γε πραχθὲν ἀγένητον θείη Pl.Prt. 324b

.

2 abs., effect an object, be successful,

δὸς Τηλέμαχον πρήξαντα νέεσθαι Od.3.60

;

ἔπρηξας καὶ ἔπειτα Il.18.357

.

3 of sexual intercourse,

ἐπράχθη τὰ μέγιστα Theoc.2.143

.

4 to be busy with, σὺ μὲν τὰ σαυτῆς πρᾶσσ' mind your own business, S.El. 678;

πράττων ἔκαστος τὸ αὑτοῦ Pl. Phdr. 247a

, cf. Plt. 307e;

τὰ αὑτοῦ π. καὶ μὴ πολυπραγμονεῖν Id.R. 433a

, cf. 400e, etc. (whereas πολλὰ π. = πολυπραγμονεῖν, Hdt.5.33, E.HF 266, Ar.Ra. 228, etc.);

φιλοσόφου τὰ αὑτοῦ πράξαντος καὶ οὐ πολυπραγμονήσαντος Pl.Grg. 526c

, cf. Ap. 33a, etc.; οὐδ' εὖ.. οἰκοῦνται αἱ πόλεις, ὅταν τὰ αὑτῶν ἕκαστοι πράττωσι (ironical) Id.Alc.1.127b; μὴ τὰ αὑτῶν π. not to act their part, Id.R. 452c;

π. τὰ δέοντα X.Mem. 3.8.1

.

5 manage affairs, do business, act, εἰπεῖν τε καὶ πρᾶξαι ib.2.9.4, cf. 2.8.6; πράττειν τὰ πολιτικὰ πράγματα, τὰ τῆς πόλεως, manage state-affairs, take part in government, Pl.Ap. 31d, Lys.16.20;

τὰ Ἀθηναίων Pl.Smp. 216a

;

οἱ τὰ κοινὰ π. καὶ πολιτευόμενοι Arist.Pol. 1324b1

: abs., without any addition, ἱκανωτάτω λέγειν τε καὶ πράττειν, of able statesmen, X.Mem.1.2.15, cf. 4.2.1,4;

πολιτεύεσθαι καὶ π. D.18.45

, cf. 59, Pl.Prt. 317a.

6 generally, transact, negotiate, manage,

οἱ πράξαντες πρὸς αὐτὸν τὴν λῆψιν τῆς πόλεως Th. 4.114

; Θηβαίοις τὰ πράγματα π. manage matters for their interest, D.19.77:—so in [voice] Pass., τῷ Ἱπποκράτει τὰ.. πράγματα ἀπό τινων ἀνδρῶν.. ἐπράσσετο matters were negotiated with him by.., Th.4.76: but freq. abs., treat, negotiate, manage, act, οἱ πράσσοντες αὐτῷ ib. 110, cf. 5.76;

π. πρός τινα Id.2.5

, 4.73, etc.; ἐς (v.l. πρὸς) τοὺς βαρβάρους, ἐς τοὺς Εἵλωτας, Id.1.131, 132:—[voice] Pass.,

ἐπράττετο οὐ πρὸς τοὺς ἄλλους Aeschin.3.64

; also

π. τι ὑπὲρ τῶν κοινῶν D.26.2

;

π. ὑπὲρ τῆς πόλεως τὰ πάτρια Id.59.73

;

π. περὶ εἰρήνης X.HG6.3.3

;

π. τῇ δύναιτο ἄριστα Hdt.5.30

;

π. ὡς ἄριστα καὶ πιστότατα Th.1.129

;

οἱ πράσσοντες

the traitors,

Id.4.89

, 113:—folld. by dependent clauses,

πρᾶσσε καὶ τὰ ἐμὰ καὶ τὰ σὰ ὅπῃ κάλλιστα ἕξει Id.1.129

; ἐς τὴν Πελοπόννησον ἔπρασσεν, ὅπῃ ὠφελία τις γενήσεται ib.65; π. ὅπως πόλεμος γένηται ib.57; π. ὅπως τιμωρήσονται ib.56, cf. 3.4,70, etc.: c. acc. et inf.,

μὴ δεῦρο πλεῖν τὴν ναῦν ἔπραττεν D.32.22

.

b esp. of secret practices and intrigues, εἴ τι μὴ ξὺν ἀργύρῳ ἐπράσσετ' ἐνθένδ' unless some bribery was being practised, S.OT 125;

καί τι αὐτῷ καὶ ἐπράσσετο ἐς τὰς πόλεις προδοσίας πέρι Th.4.121

, cf. 5.83;

μετάστασις ἐπράττετο Lys.30.10

;

τούτοις ἔπρασσον τὴν πόλιν Plb.4.17.12

; νῦν δ' αὔτ' Ἀτρεῖδαι φωτὶ παντουργῷ φρένας ἔπραξαν have jobbed them (the arms) away to a villain, S.Aj. 446.

IV practise,

πόνῳ π. θεοδμάτους ἀρετάς Pi. I.6(5).11

;

δίκαια ἢ ἄδικα Pl.Ap. 28b

, etc.;

ταῦτ' ἔπραξάν τε καὶ ἔλεξαν X.Cyr.5.1.1

;

ἃ καὶ λέγειν ὀκνοῦμεν οἱ πεπραχότες Men.619

: then abs., act,

π. ἔργῳ μὲν σθένος βουλαῖσι δὲ φρήν Pi.N.1.26

; ὡς πράττοντες as doing, Pl.R. 527a; μεθ' ἡμῶν ἔπραττεν, i. e. he took our side, Is.5.14.

2 study,

δράματα Suid.

s.v. Ἀριστοφάνης; συλλογισμούς Arr.Epict.2.17.27; ἐν τοῖς πραττομένοις in the poems which are now studied, made the subject of commentaries, Sch.Nic. Th.11.

V c. dupl. acc. pers. et rei, πράττειν τινά τι do something to one, E.Hel. 1394, Isoc.12.93;

ἀγαθόν τι π. τὴν πόλιν Ar. Ec. 108

.

VI exact payment from one,

αὐτοὺς ἑκατὸν τάλαντα ἔπρηξαν Hdt.3.58

; πράσσει με τόκον he makes me pay interest, Batr.185;

π. τινὰ χρέος Pi.O.3.7

, cf. P.9.104;

ὅσοι πράξεις πεπράγασιν SIG364.70

(Ephesus, iii B. C.);

τοὐφειλόμενον π. Δίκη A.Ch. 311

(anap.);

ἀντίποινα Id.Pers. 476

: freq. of tax-gatherers or other collectors of public debt, IG12.116.16, al., Pl.Lg. 774d;

π. τὰς εἰσφοράς D.22.77

, etc.; φόρον ἔπρησσον παρ' ἑκάστων obtained or demanded from.., Hdt.1.106: c. acc. pers., press for payment,

μὴ π. τοὺς ὀφειλέτας Plb.38.11.10

; π. τινά τι ὑπέρ τινος demand from one as the price for a thing, Luc.Vit.Auct.18: metaph., φόνον π. exact punishment or vengeance for a murder: hence, avenge, punish, A.Eu. 624;

τὰ περὶ τὸν φόνον ἀγριωτέρως π. Pl.Lg. 867d

:—[voice] Pass., ὑπὸ βασιλέως πεπραγμένος φόρους called on to pay up the tribute, Th.8.5; πραχθεὶς

ὑπὸτῶνδε Lys.9.21

codd., cf. Pl.Lg. 921c:—[voice] Med., exact for oneself,

πράξασθαί τινα μισθόν Pi.O.10(11).30

; ἀργύριον, χρήματα, Hdt.2.126, Th.4.65, cf. Ar.Ra. 561, etc.;

τὴν διπλασίαν π. τὸν ὑποφεύγοντα Pl.Lg. 762b

, cf. Plb.5.54.11;

π. τοὺς ἐξάγοντας τριακοστήν D.20.32

;

πράσσεσθαι χρέος Antipho Fr.67

; φόρους πράσσεσθαι ἀπό, ἐκ τῶν πόλεων, Th.8.5, 37;

παρ' αὐτῶν ἃ ὤφειλον Lys.17.3

, cf. And.2.11: metaph. of exacting punishment, etc.,

μεγάλ' ἀντ' ὀλίγων ἐπράξαο Call.Lav.Pall.91

:—[voice] Pass. [tense] pf. and [tense] plpf. in med. sense, εἰ μὲν ἐπεπράγμην τοῦτον τὴν δίκην if I had exacted from him the full amount, D.29.2.

VII c. acc. pers., πράττειν τινά deal with, finish off, euphem.,

ἔπρασσε δ' ᾇπέρ νιν, ὧδε θάπτει A.Ch. 440

(lyr.); πεπραγμένοι is f.l.ib. 132.

-ης ⁺ ἡ N 1 0-0-0-13-0=13 Ps 18(19),15; 38(39),4; 48(49),4; 118(119),24.77

meditation, thought Ps 18(19),15; declamation, discourse Jb 37,2; object of study Ps 118(119),77; study

Eccl 12,12

μελέτας αὐτῶν κατ᾽ ἐμοῦ their plots against me Lam 3,62

*Jb 33,15 μελέτῃ meditation-הגיון for MT חזיון vision

μελετ-άω, [tense] fut. - ήσω Th.1.80, etc., - ήσομαι Luc.Sol. 6, Philostr.VS1.24.2:—post-Hom. Verb,

A take thought or care for, c. gen., βίου, ἔργου, Hes.Op. 316, 443: c. acc. rei,

δόξαν ἀρετῆς Th. 6.11

; of a physician, treat a case, Hp.Int.27, etc.:—[voice] Pass., of the patient, ib.26, etc.

2 attend to, study, οὐ δύναμαι ἀκοῦσαι, τοῦτο μελετῶν (sc. τὸ ἀκοῦσαι) Hdt.3.115;

πλήθους δόξας μεμελετηκώς Pl. Phdr. 260c

.

II pursue, exercise, [ μαντείην] h.Merc. 557; μ. τοῦτο (sc. ἡμεροδρόμην εἶναι) Hdt.6.105: freq. in [dialect] Att.,

μ. σοφίαν Ar.Pl. 511

; τέχνας, ῥητορικήν, Pl.Grg. 511b, 511c, 448d; practise, ἤθη, γαστριμαργίας, ὕβρεις, Id.Phd. 81e;

ὄρχησιν Id.Lg. 813e

; [ νόμους] E.Ba. 892 (lyr.);

ἀστοῖς ἴσα χρὴ μελετᾶν S.OC 171

(anap.);

τὴν τῶν πολεμικῶν ἄσκησιν Arist.Pol. 1333b39

: generally,

μ. ἄδικα LXX Jb.27.4

;

ταῦτα μελέτα 1 Ep.Ti.4.15

; esp. practise speaking, con over a speech in one's mind,

λογάρια δύστηνα μελετήσας D.19.255

;

ἀπολογίαν Id.46.1

; also, deliver, declaim (cf. 11.5 b),

λόγους D.C.40.54

:—[voice] Pass., τὸ ναυτικὸν οὐκ ἐνδέχεται ἐκ παρέργου μελετᾶσθαι naval warfare cannot be practised 'en amateur', Th.1.142; εὐταξία μετὰ κινδύνων μελετωμένη discipline put in practice on the battle-field, Id.6.72, cf. Pl.R. 455c.

2 c. inf., μετρίως ἀλγεῖν μελετᾷ σοφία practises moderation in grief, E. Fr.46;

λαλεῖν μεμελετήκασί που Ar.Ec. 119

; also

μ. τοξεύειν καὶ ἀκοντίζειν X.Cyr.1.2.12

, cf. Antipho 3.2.3;

μ. ποιεῖν καὶ λέγειν Lys.10.9

; μ. ἀποθνῄσκειν, τεθνάναι, practise dying, death, Pl.Phd. 67e, 81a, cf. Epicur.Fr. 470.

3 less freq. c. part.,

μ. κυβερνῶντες X.Ath.1.20

; with ὡς and part., Id.Cyr.5.5.47.

4 with Prep.,

μ. ἔν τινι LXX Jo. 1.8

,al.

5 abs., study, train oneself, Ar.Ec. 164, Th.1.80, X.HG 3.4.16; ἦν τὸ ἱππικὸν μεμελετηκός ib.6.4.10: c. dat. modi,

τόξῳ μ. καὶ ἀκοντίῳ Id.Cyr.2.1.21

; ἐν τῷ μὴ μελετῶντι by want of practice, Th.1.142.

b esp. practise oratory, declaim, Pl.Phdr. 228b; ἐπὶ τῶν καιρῶν μ. extemporize a speech, D.61.43;

Ἑλληνιστὶ μ. Plu.Cic.4

, cf. 2.131a, Luc.Sol.6, Philostr. VS1.24.2, AP11.145; of actors, Arist. Pr. 904b3.

6 Medic., of disease, threaten,

μ. τὴν τοῦ καρκινώματος γένεσιν Leonid.

ap. Aët.16.43: abs.,

ἢν κρύβδην μελετήσῃ.. ἡ νοῦσος Aret.SD2.12

:—[voice] Pass.,

ἀπειλᾷ καὶ μελετᾶται μανία Steph. in Hp.1.99

D., cf. Aët.16.63.

7 c. acc. pers., exercise, train persons, ἐμελέτησεν [αὐτοὺς] ὡς εἶεν .. X.Cyr.8.1.42: c. inf.,

οὓς ἀναβαίνειν ἐπὶ τοὺς ἵππους μελετᾷ Φείδων Mnesim.4.7

:—[voice] Pass., μελετώμενοι ὑπ' αὐτῶν τὴν πτῆσιν, of eaglets, Philostr.VA1.7.

III Gramm., to be accustomed, c. inf.,

μεμελέτηκε τὸ τ ¯ εἰς θ ¯ τρέπεσθαι An.Ox.1.66

;

τὰ μὴ μελετήσανταπάσχεινσυναίρεσιν Theognost. Can.145.25

.

b Medic., acquire a habit,

μελετησάντων ἐκπίπτειν βραχιόνων Gal.14.782

:— [voice] Pass., become chronic,

μελετηθὲν τὸ πάθος Aët.16.67

.

προάγω [ᾰ], [tense] fut. - άξω: [tense] pf. [voice] Act.

A

προῆχα D.19.18

, 25.8, Paus.3.11.10 :—[voice] Med., v. infr.: [tense] pf. [voice] Pass. in med. sense, v. infr. 1.7 :— lead forward or onward,

μιν ἐς τὰ οἰκία Hdt.3.148

, etc.; escort on their way, Id.8.132;

τοὺς πεζοὺς οὐ πολλὴν ὁδόν X.Cyr.3.3.23

:—[voice] Pass., to be led on,

προαγομένης τῆς πόλεως ἐπὶ συμφοράς And.2.9

.

2 carry on,

αἱμασιάν D.55.27

; produce, Plot.3.7.6 :—[voice] Pass., [τάξις] εἰς ὀξὺ προηγμένη brought to a point, Arr.Tact.16.8.

b bring on in age, etc.,

προῆγεν αὐτὸν ὁ χρόνος εἰς ὥραν X.Cyr.1.4.4

:—[voice] Pass., ἐπὶ πλείω προῆκται τῆς κατ' ἰητρικὴν ἐπιμελείας belong to more advanced medical study, Hp.Medic.13.

c increase, raise a dose,

ἐπὶ ἓξ κοτύλας Ruf.Fr.68

(v.l. προς-).

3 bring forward, νεκρόν εἰς τὸ φανερόν, τι εἰς τὸ πρόσθεν, Pl.Lg. 960a, Plt. 262c;

τὴν φύσιν εἰς φῶς πᾶσιν Id.Ep. 341d

;

βουλὴν ἀπόρρητον εἰς φῶς ἡλίου Plu.2.552d

; οἱ προαγαγόντες εἰς φῶς, = οἱ γονεῖς, Poll.3.8, cf. Hld.7.23; call up an apparition, Thessal. in Cat.Cod.Astr.8(3).137.

b bring before a tribunal, SIG 826G 22 (ii B.C., [voice] Pass.);

π. δάνειον POxy.1562.14

(iii A.D.).

4 lead on, induce, persuade,

δόλῳτινὰς π. Hdt.9.90

;

ὡς ἡχρεία προάγει Th.3.59

: with inf. added, κινδυνεύειν τινὰ π. ib.45;

ἐγὼ προήγαγον ὑμᾶς ἄξια τῶν προγόνων φρονεῖν D.18.206

: with Preps.,

π. θυμὸν ἐς ἀμπλακίην Thgn. 386

(nisi leg. παράγει)

; τινὰς ἐς λόγους Pl.Ti. 22a

;

εἰς μῖσος X.HG 3.5.2

; τὰς συγγενείας εἰς ἔχθραν, εἰς ἄνοιαν τὴν πόλιν, Isoc.4.174, 8.121;

εἰς ὀργὴν ἢ φθόνον ἢ ἔλεον Arist.Rh. 1354a25

; εἰς γέλωτα ib. 1415a37; τινὰ ἐπ' ἀρετήν, opp. προτρέψασθαι, X.Mem.1.4.1;

πάντας ἐκ.. πολέμων ἐπὶ τὴν ὁμόνοιαν Isoc.5.141

;

πρὸς.. κακίας ὑπερβολήν D. 20.36

;

ἐμαυτὸν εἰς ἀπέχθειαν Id.23.1

:—[voice] Med., ἐς γέλωτα προαγαγέσθαι τινά move one to laughter, Hdt.2.121.

δ'; τὴν ὑγρότητα αὐτῶν τοῦ ἤθους εἰς ἔλεον Lycurg.33

;

προαξόμεθ'.. εἰς ἀνάγκην D.5.14

: c.inf.,

τοῦτο πολεμίους προάγεται ἁμαρτάνειν X.Eq.Mag.5.15

, cf. Aeschin.3.117, Arist.Pol. 1270b2:—freq. in [voice] Pass.,

προαχθέντας εἰς φιλοποσίαν X. Mem.1.2.22

;

εἰς τοῦτ' ὀργῆς προήχθησαν ὥστε.. Isoc.20.8

: c. inf.,

οὐ γὰρ ἔγωγε προαχθείην ἂν εἰπεῖν D.21.79

, cf. 18.269, Arist.Ph. 194a31;

προάγεται λαλεῖν Men.164

;

πολλὰ προηγμένον πρᾶξαι D.5.23

, etc.

5 carry forward, advance, π. τὴν πόλιν lead it on to power, Th.6.18, D.19.18; π. αὐτὴν (sc. τὴν ἀρχὴν)

ἐς τόδε Th.1.75

, cf. Arist. Pol. 1274a10;

λόγοισι προάγει.., ἔργοισι δ' οὐδὲ κινεῖ Cratin.300

; οὕτω μέχρι πόρρω προήγαγον [τὴν ἔχθραν] carried it so far, D.18.163;

π. [τὰ πράγματα] ἐπὶ τὸ βέλτιον Id.Prooem.38

, etc.; τὴν πραγματείαν π. εἰς τὸ πρόσθεν promote the study, Aristox.Fr.Hist.81; [ τὰ μαθήματα] Arist.Metaph. 985b24;

τὰς τέχνας Id.SE 183b29

, cf. Po. 1449a13; π. καὶ διαρθρῶσαι τὰ καλῶς ἔχοντα τῇ περιγραφῇ carry on and complete.., Id.EN 1098a22, cf. Pol. 1282b35:—[voice] Med.,

ἐς τοῦτο [τὰ Περσέων πρήγματα] προηγάγοντο Hdt.7.50

:—[voice] Pass., increase, become rife, D.19.266.

b of persons, promote or prefer to honour,

δᾶμος εἰς ἀριστοκρατίαν ἄνδρας αἰ προάγοι καλῶς Isyll.3

, cf. Plb.12.13.6, etc.; τινὰς εἰς δόξαν, ἐφ' ἡγεμονίας, Plu.Them.7, Galb.20, etc.;

ἐπὶ μέγα προαχθῆναι Luc.Alex.55

.

c prefer in the way of choice, esp. in [voice] Pass.,

αἱ προηγμέναι φυλαί J.AJ4.8.44

: προηγμένος distinguished, outstanding,

ὥρα Philostr.

Jun.Im.Praef.

6 in Stoic Philos., of things neither good nor bad but promoted or advanced above the zero point of indifference,

προηγμένον.. ὃ ἀδιάφορον <ὂν> ἐκλεγόμεθα Zeno Stoic.1.48

, cf. Aristo ib.83, Chrysipp.ib.3.28, etc.; cf. ἀποπροάγω.

7 in [tense] pf. [voice] Pass. with med. sense, οὕτω προῆκται τοὺς παῖδας ὥστε.. has had them brought up in such a way that.., D.54.23: also in pass. sense,

ἐπιεικῶς τοῖς ἔθεσι προηγμένοι Arist. EN 1180a8

.

8 pronounce a discourse,

κατὰ θεωρίαν π. πάντα Philostr.VS2.9.3

; αἱ κατὰ σχῆμα προηγμέναι τῶν ὑποθέσεων ib.2.4.2.

II intr., lead the way, go before,

πρόαγε δή Pl.Phdr. 227c

;

σοῦ προάγοντος ἐγὼ ἐφεσπόμην Id.Phd. 90b

, cf. X.An.6.5.6, etc.: with acc. added, προῆγε πολὺ πάντας dub. in J.BJ6.1.6 (leg. πάντων): of a commander, lead an advance, push forward, Plb.2.65.1,3.35.1, etc.

2 metaph., ὁ προάγων λόγος the preceding discourse, Pl.Lg. 719a;

αἱ π. γραφαί J.AJ19.6.2

;

ὁ π. μήν PSI5.450.59

(ii A.D.).

3 go on, advance, ἐπὶ πολὺ προάγει τῇ τε βίᾳ καὶ τῇ ὠμότητι Decr. ap. D.18.181;

ἐκ τῶν ἀσαφεστ έρων ἐπὶ τὰ σαφέστερα Arist.Ph. 184a19

;

πόρρω π. ὕβρεως Clearch.6

( τὸ ἔργον προῆγε ([etym.] ν) is v.l. for προσῆγε in Hdt.9.92);

πᾶς ὁ προάγων καὶ μὴ μένων ἐν τῇ διδαχῇ 2 Ep.Jo.9

: of Time,

τῆς ἡμέρας ἤδη προαγούσης Plb.18.8.1

; reach, attain to,

εἰς τὰς ὀκτὼ μυριάδας Phld.Ind.Sto. 32

.