22f

πίνω (Hom.+) impf. ἔπινον; fut. πίομαι (W-S. 13, 6; 17; B-D-F §74, 2; 77; Rob. 354), 2 sg. πίεσαι (Ruth 2:9; B-D-F §87; Thackeray p. 218; 282; Rob. 340; Mlt-H. 198); 2 aor. ἔπιον (on ἔπιαν 1 Cor 10:4 D s. B-D-F §81, 3; Mlt-H. 208), impv. πίε, πιέτω, inf. πιεῖν (edd. contracted πεῖν [πῖν]; s. B-D-F §101 p. 48; §31, 2; W-S. §5, 23b; Rob. 72; 204; Mayser 365; Thackeray p. 63f; W-H., app. 170); perf. πέπωκα; plpf. 3 sg. πεπώκει 1 Km 30:12 (W-S. §13, 15; B-D-F §83, 1).

① to take in a liquid internally, drink, w. acc. of someth. that is drunk Mt 6:25; Mk 16:18; Lk 12:29. αἷμα (Num 23:24; 1 Ch 11:19 al.; 4 [6] Esdr [POxy 1010]): J 6:53f, 56 (cp. the imagery in Jos., Bell. 5, 344 ἐσθίειν … καὶ τὸ τῆς πόλεως αἷμα πίνειν). οἶνον Lk 1:15 (cp. Dt 29:5); 5:39; cp. Mt 26:29b; Ro 14:21 (Is 22:13) al. τί πίωμεν; what will we have to drink? Mt 6:31. φαγεῖν καὶ πιεῖν ὅσον ἄν βούλωνται MPol 7:2. ἐσθίειν καὶ πίνειν τὰ παρά τινος eat and drink what someone sets before one Lk 10:7. Foll. by ἀπό τινος drink (of) someth. (Ctesias: 688 Fgm. 1lβ p. 433 Jac. [Sotion Fgm. 17 in Παραδοξογράφοι W. p. 185] π. ἀπʼ αὐτῆς [a spring], resulting in confession of things perpetrated in secret; Ael. Aristid. 39, 4 K.=18 p. 409 D.; Jer 28:7; GrBar 4:6; Just., D. 140, 1) 22:18. μηδεὶς φαγέτω μηδὲ πιέτω ἀπὸ τῆς εὐχαριστίας D 9:5. Foll. by ἔκ τινος (of) someth. (Gen 9:21; TestJos 19:5; GrBar 5:2; Syntipas p. 43, 15 ἐκ τοῦ δηλητηρίου πίομαι) Mt 26:29a; Mk 14:25a; J 4:13f. Foll. by acc. of the vessel fr. which one drinks, in which case the vessel and its contents are identified (ποτήριον a) ποτήριον κυρίου πίνειν 1 Cor 10:21; cp. 11:26f. The vessel can also be introduced by ἐκ (Hipponax [VI B.C.] 16 and 17 D.²; Aristoph., Equ. 1289; Pla., Rep. 417a; X., An. 6, 1, 4 ἐκ ποτηρίων; SIG 1168, 80) ἐκ τοῦ ποτηρίου πινέτω (s. 2 Km 12:3) 1 Cor 11:28; cp. Mt 26:27; Mk 14:23. Likew. ἐξ αὐτοῦ (=ἐκ τοῦ φρέατος.—Paus. Attic. κ, 56 κρήνη, ἐξ ἧς ἔπινον; Num 21:22; Philo, Deus Imm. 155) from it J 4:12. ἐκ πέτρας 1 Cor 10:4b.—On the acc. κρίμα ἑαυτῷ ἐσθίει καὶ πίνει 11:29b cp. κρίμα 4b.—Abs. Mt 27:34b. W. ἐσθίειν 11:18f; Lk 5:33; 12:19 (Phoenix Col. 1, 9 [Coll. Alex. p. 231]), 45 al.; cp 17:8 (on the protocol in 17:7 cp. ViAesopi G 61 P.). ἔφαγεν καὶ ἔπιεν 1 Cl 3:1 (cp. Dt. 32:15); I Tr 9:1. οὔτε ἐπὶ τὸ φαγεῖν οὔτε ἐπὶ τὸ πεῖν (=πιεῖν) AcPl Ox 6, 7f (=Aa 1, 241, 12f). τρώγειν καὶ π. Mt 24:38; cp. 1 Cor 15:32. ἐσθίειν καὶ π. μετά τινος eat and drink w. someone Mt 24:49; Mk 2:16 v.l.; Lk 5:30. δοῦναί τινι πιεῖν (τι) give someone someth. to drink (numerous exx. of δοῦναι πιεῖν in AKnox and WHeadlam, Herodas 1922 p. 55f; Jos., Ant. 2, 64) Mt 27:34a; Mk 15:23 v.l.; J 4:7 (δὸς πεῖν as POxy 1088, 55 [I A.D.] and Cyranides p. 49, 16. Cp. Lamellae Aur. Orphicae ed. AOlivieri 1915 p. 12 σοι δώσουσι πιεῖν θείης ἀπὸ κρήνης [IV/III B.C.]), vs. 10. πῶς παρʼ ἐμοῦ πεῖν αἰτεῖς, how can you ask me for a drink? vs. 9.—In imagery, of the earth: γῆ ἡ πιοῦσα τὸν ὑετόν Hb 6:7 (this figure and corresp. exprs. Trag. et al.; cp. Hdt. 3, 117; 4, 198; Anacreontea 21, 1; Dt 11:11; SibOr 3, 696). In J, Jesus calls those who are thirsty to him, that they may drink the water he gives them and never thirst again (cp. Lucian, Dial. Deor. 4, 5 πίνειν τῆς ἀθανασίας) J 4:14; 7:37.

② In an idiom πιεῖν τὸ ποτήριον w. added words that make the sense clear drink the cup=submit to a severe trial, or death (ποτήριον b) Mt 20:22f; Mk 10:38f; J 18:11; cp. Mt 26:42; ApcPt Rainer 16 (for the fig. use cp. Herodas 1, 25 π. ἐκ καινῆς=from the new cup. Then, as Mt 20:22f; Mk 10:38f of those who suffer the same fate: Aristoph., Eq. 1289 οὔποτʼ ἐκ ταὐτοῦ μεθʼ ἡμῶν πίεται ποτηρίου=he will never drink from the same cup as we do; Libanius, Ep. 355, 4 F. μνήμη τῶν ἐκ ταὐτοῦ κρατῆρος πεπωκότων). Sim. πίεται ἐκ τοῦ οἴνου τοῦ θυμοῦ τοῦ θεοῦ Rv 14:10; cp. 18:3 (on the rdg. s. RBorger, TRu 52, ’87, 50f; θυμός 1; 2; cp. w. acc. τρώγειν καὶ π. τὸν λόγον τοῦ θεοῦ, τὸν τῆς ἀθανασίας ἄρτον Iren. 4, 38, 1 [Harv. II 293, 12]).—B. 331. DELG s.v. πίνω. M-M. EDNT. TW.

σῶμα, ατος, τό (Hom.+) ‘body.’

① body of a human being or animal, body

ⓐ dead body, corpse (so always in Hom. [but s. HHerter, σῶμα bei Homer: Charites, Studien zur Altertumswissenschaft, ELanglotz Festschr., ed. KvonSchauenburg ’57, 206–17] and oft. later, e.g. Memnon: 434 Fgm. 1, 3, 3 Jac. καίειν τὸ ς.=burn the corpse; ins, pap, LXX; PsSol 2:27; TestJob 52:11; ApcMos 34 al.; Philo, Abr. 258; Jos., Bell. 6, 276, Ant. 18, 236; Ar. 4, 3; Mel., P. 28, 196) Mt 14:12 v.l.; 27:59; Mk 15:45 v.l.; Lk 17:37; Ac 9:40; GPt 2:4; pl. J 19:31. W. gen. Mt 27:58; Mk 15:43; Lk 23:52, 55; 24:3, 23; J 19:38ab, 40; 20:12; Jd 9; GPt 2:3. Pl. Mt 27:52; Hb 13:11. AcPlCor 2:27.

ⓑ the living body (Hes. et al.) of animals Js 3:3.—Mostly of human beings Mt 5:29f; 6:22f; 26:12; Mk 5:29; 14:8; Lk 11:34abc; J 2:21; Ro 1:24; 1 Cor 6:18ab; IRo 5:3. τὰ τοῦ σώματος the parts of the body 4:2. Of women αἱ ἀσθενεῖς τῷ σώματι 1 Cl 6:2; cp. Hv 3, 11, 4.—W. and in contrast to πνεῦμα (4 Macc 11:11) Ro 8:10, 13; 1 Cor 5:3; 7:34; Js 2:26. W. and in contrast to ψυχή (Pla., Gorg. 47, 493a; Diod S 34 + 35 Fgm. 2, 30; Appian, Bell. Civ. 5, 112 §467; Ael. Aristid. 45, 17f K.=8 p. 88f D.; Lucian, Imag. 23; PGM 7, 589; Wsd 1:4; 8:19f; 2 Macc 7:37; 14:38; 4 Macc 1:28; ApcEsdr 7:3 p. 32, 13 Tdf.; EpArist 139; Philo; Jos., Bell. 3, 372–78; 6, 55; Just., A I, 8, 4; D. 6, 2 al.; Tat. 13, 1; Ath. 1, 4; Did., Gen. 56, 4; Theoph. Ant. 1, 5 [p. 66, 2]) Mt 6:25ab; 10:28ab; Lk 12:4 v.l., 22f; 2 Cl 5:4 (a saying of Jesus, fr. an unknown source); 12:4; MPol 14:2; AcPl Ha 1, 4. τὸ πνεῦμα καὶ ἡ ψυχὴ καὶ τὸ σῶμα (s. the Christian POxy 1161, 6 [IV A.D.]) 1 Th 5:23. W. and in contrast to its parts (ApcSed 11:13; Mel., P. 78, 563) Ro 12:4; 1 Cor 12:12abc (Ltzm. ad loc.), 14–20 (PMich 149, 4, 26 [II A.D.] ἧπαρ … ὅλον τὸ σῶμα); Js 3:6; 1 Cl 37:5abcd. The body as the seat of sexual function Ro 4:19; 1 Cor 7:4ab (rights over the σῶμα of one’s spouse as Artem. 1, 44 p. 42, 14f; Iren. 1, 13, 3 [Harv. I 119, 10]).—The body as seat of mortal life εἶναι ἐν σώματι be in the body = alive, subject to mortal ills (TestAbr A 9 p. 87, 3 [Stone p. 22]; Poryphr., Abst. 1, 38) Hb 13:3. ἐνδημεῖν ἐν τῷ σώματι 2 Cor 5:6 (s. ἐνδημέω). ἐκδημῆσαι ἐκ τοῦ σώματος vs. 8 (s. ἐκδημέω). διὰ τοῦ σώματος during the time of one’s mortal life (cp. Lucian, Menipp. 11, end, Catapl. 23) vs. 10 (s. κομίζω 3, but s. also below in this section). Paul does not know whether, in a moment of religious ecstasy, he was ἐν σώματι or ἐκτὸς (χωρὶς) τοῦ σώματος 12:2f (of Epimenides [A2: Vorsokrat.⁵ I p. 29] it was said ὡς ἐξίοι ἡ ψυχὴ ὁπόσον ἤθελε καιρὸν καὶ πάλιν εἰσῄει ἐν τῷ σώματι; Clearchus, Fgm. 7: καθάπερ ὁ Κλέαρχος ἐν τοῖς περὶ ὕπνου φησίν, περὶ τῆς ψυχῆς, ὡς ἄρα χωρίζεται τοῦ σώματος καὶ ὡς εἴσεισιν εἰς τὸ σῶμα καὶ ὡς χρῆται αὐτῷ οἷον καταγωγίῳ [a resting-place]. In Fgm. 8 Clearchus tells about Cleonymus the Athenian, who seemed to be dead, but awakened after 3 days and thereupon reported everything that he had seen and heard ἐπειδὴ χωρὶς ἦν τοῦ σώματος. His soul is said finally to have arrived εἴς τινα χῶρον ἱερὸν τῆς Ἑστίας; Maximus Tyr. 38, 3a–f Ἀριστέας ἔφασκεν τὴν ψυχὴν αὐτῷ καταλιποῦσαν τὸ σῶμα in order to wander through the universe. He finds faith everywhere. Similarly 10, 2f. See also the story of Hermotimus in Apollon. Paradox. 3 as well as Lucian, Musc. Enc. [The Fly] 7.—On the two kinds of transcendent vision [with or without the body] s. Proclus, In Pla. Rem Publ. II p. 121, 26ff Kroll: οἱ μὲν μετὰ τοῦ σώματος τῶν τοιούτων [like Ἐμπεδότιμος] ἵστορες [=eyewitnesses], οἱ δὲ ἄνευ σώματος [like Κλεώνυμος]. καὶ πλήρεις αἱ παραδόσεις τούτων.). ἀπὼν τῷ σώματι (παρὼν δὲ τῷ πνεύματι) 1 Cor 5:3. ἡ παρουσία τοῦ σώματος 2 Cor 10:10 (παρουσία 1). The body is the instrument of human experience and suffering 4:10ab; Gal 6:17 (allusion AcPlCor 2, 35); Phil 1:20; the body is the organ of a person’s activity: δοξάσατε τὸν θεὸν ἐν τῷ σώματι ὑμῶν glorify God through your body, i.e. by leading an upright life 1 Cor 6:20; cp. Ro 12:1. This may be the place (s. above in this section) for διὰ τοῦ σώματος 2 Cor 5:10 which, in that case, would be taken in an instrumental sense with or through the body (cp. Pla., Phd. 65a; Ps.-Pla., Axioch. 13, 371c; Aelian, NA 5, 26 τὰ διὰ τοῦ σώματος πραττόμενα). In some of the last-named passages (such as Ro 12:1; Phil 1:20; also Eph 5:28 w. parallel in Plut., Mor. 142e: s. HAlmqvist, Plut. u. d. NT ’46, 116f) the body is almost synonymous w. the whole personality (as Aeschin., Or. 2, 58; X., An. 1, 9, 12 τὰ ἑαυτῶν σώματα=themselves. Appian, Syr. 41 §218 παρεδίδου τὸ σῶμα τοῖς ἐθέλουσιν ἀπαγαγεῖν=[Epaminondas] gave himself up to those who wished to take him away, Mithr. 27 §107 ἐς τὸ σῶμα αὐτοῦ=against his person, Bell. Civ. 2, 106 §442 Caesar’s person [σῶμα] is ἱερὸς καὶ ἄσυλος=sacred and inviolable; 3, 39 §157 ἔργον … σῶμα=course of action … person; Mitt-Wilck. I/2, 55, 7 [III B.C.] ἑκάστου σώματος=for every person. See Wilcken’s note).—Because it is subject to sin and death, man’s mortal body as τὸ σῶμα τῆς σαρκός (σάρξ 2cα) Col 2:11 is a σῶμα τῆς ἁμαρτίας Ro 6:6 or τοῦ θανάτου 7:24; cp. 8:11. In fact, σῶμα can actually take the place of σάρξ 8:13 (cp. Herm. Wr. 4, 6b ἐὰν μὴ πρῶτον τὸ σῶμα μισήσῃς, σεαυτὸν φιλῆσαι οὐ δύνασαι; 11, 21a.—Cp. Hippol., Ref. 5, 19, 6). As a σῶμα τῆς ταπεινώσεως lowly body it stands in contrast to the σῶμα τῆς δόξης glorious body of the heavenly beings Phil 3:21. In another pass. σῶμα ψυχικόν of mortals is opposed to the σῶμα πνευματικόν after the resurrection 1 Cor 15:44abc.—Christ’s earthly body, which was subject to death (Orig., C. Cels. 2, 9, 13) Ro 7:4; Hb 10:5 (Ps 39:7 v.l.), 10; 1 Pt 2:24; AcPlCor 2:16f. τὸ σῶμα καὶ τὰ ὀστᾶ καὶ τὸ πνεῦμα Χριστοῦ 2:32. τὸ σῶμα τῆς σαρκὸς αὐτοῦ Col 1:22. Esp. in the language of the Eucharist (opp. αἷμα) Mt 26:26; Mk 14:22; Lk 22:19; 1 Cor 10:16 (GBornkamm, NTS 2, ’56, 202–6); 11:24, 27, 29. S. the lit. s.v. ἀγάπη 2 and εὐχαριστία 3, also JBonsirven, Biblica 29, ’48, 205–19.—ἓν σῶμα a single body 1 Cor 6:16 (cp. Jos., Ant. 7, 66 Δαυίδης τήν τε ἄνω πόλιν κ. τὴν ἄκραν συνάψας ἐποίησεν ἕν σῶμα; Artem. 3, 66 p. 196, 9; RKempthorne, NTS 14. ’67/68, 568–74).

② pl. σώματα slaves (Herodas 2, 87 δοῦλα σώματα; Polyb. et al.; oft. Vett. Val.; ins, pap; Gen 36:6; Tob 10:10; Bel 32; 2 Macc 8:11; Jos., Ant. 14, 321; cp. our colloq. ‘get some bodies for the job’) Rv 18:13 (cp. Ezk 27:13; the abs. usage rejected by Atticists, s. Phryn. 378 Lob.).

③ plant and seed structure, body. In order to gain an answer to his own question in 1 Cor 15:35 ποίῳ σώματι ἔρχονται; (i.e. the dead after the resurrection), Paul speaks of bodies of plants (which are different in kind fr. the ‘body’ of the seed which is planted.—Maximus Tyr. 40, 60e makes a distinction betw. the σώματα of the plants, which grow old and pass away, and their σπέρματα, which endure.—σώματα of plants also in Apollon. Paradox. 7 [after Aristot.]) vs. 37f, and of σώματα ἐπουράνια of the heavenly bodies vs. 40 (cp. Ps.-Aristot., De Mundo 2, 2 the stars as σώματα θεῖα; Maximus Tyr. 21, 8b οὐρανὸς κ. τὰ ἐν αὐτῷ σώματα, acc. to 11, 12a οἱ ἀστέρες; 40, 4h; Sallust. 9 p. 18, 5).

④ substantive reality, the thing itself, the reality in imagery of a body that casts a shadow, in contrast to σκιά (q.v. 3) Col 2:17.

⑤ a unified group of people, body fig. ext. of 1, of the Christian community or church (cp. Cyr. Ins. 58, ‘body of the Hellenes’; Polyaenus, Exc. 18, 4 of the phalanx; Libanius, Or. 1 p. 176, 25 F. τὸ τῆς πόλεως ς.; Plut., Philop. 360 [8, 2]), esp. as the body of Christ, which he fills or enlivens as its Spirit (in this case the head belongs with the body, as Appian, Bell. Civ. 3, 26 §101, where a severed head is differentiated from τὸ ἄλλο σῶμα=the rest of the body), or crowns as its Head (Hdt. 7, 140; Quint. Smyrn. 11, 58; SIG 1169, 3; 15 κεφαλή w. σῶμα as someth. equally independent; Orig., C. Cels. 6, 79, 27): οἱ πολλοὶ ἓν σῶμά ἐσμεν ἐν Χριστῷ Ro 12:5. Cp. 1 Cor 10:17; 12:13, 27; Eph (s. Schlier s.v. ἐκκλησία 3c) 1:23; 2:16; 4:12, 16; 5:23, 30; Col 1:18, 24; 2:19; 3:15; ISm 1:2; Hs 9, 17, 5; 9, 18, 3f. ἓν σῶμα καὶ ἓν πνεῦμα Eph 4:4; cp. Hs 9, 13, 5; 7 (Iambl., Vi. Pyth. 30, 167: all as ἓν σῶμα κ. μία ψυχή; also Just., D. 42, 3) διέλκομεν τὰ μέλη τοῦ Χριστοῦ καὶ στασιάζομεν πρὸς τὸ σῶμα τὸ ἴδιον 1 Cl 46:7.—T Schmidt, Der Leib Christi (σῶμα Χριστοῦ) 1919; EKäsemann, Leib u. Leib Christi ’33 (for a critique s. SHanson, Unity of the Church in the NT ’46, 113–16); ÉMersch, Le Corps mystique du Christ² ’36; AWikenhauser, D. Kirche als d. myst. Leib Christi, nach dem Ap. Pls² ’40; EPercy, D. Leib Christi in d. paulin. Homologumena u. Antilegomena ’42; RHirzel, Die Person: SBMünAk 1914 H. 10 p. 6–28 (semantic history of σῶμα); WKnox, Parallels to the NT use of σῶμα: JTS 39, ’38, 243–46; FDillistone, How Is the Church Christ’s Body?: Theology Today 2, ’45/46, 56–68; WGoossens, L’Église corps de Christ d’après St. Paul² ’49; CCraig, Soma Christou: The Joy of Study ’51, 73–85; JRobinson, The Body: A Study in Pauline Theol. ’52; RBultmann, Theol. of the NT, tr. KGrobel ’51, 192–203; HClavier, CHDodd Festschr. ’56, 342–62; CColpe, Zur Leib-Christi Vorstellung im Eph, ’60, 172–87; KGrobel, Bultmann Festschr. ’54, 52–59; HHegermann, TLZ 85, ’60, 839–42; ESchweizer, ibid. 86, ’61, 161–74; 241–56; JMeuzelaar, D. Leib des Messias, ’61; MDahl, The Resurrection of the Body, ’62; RJewett, Paul’s Anthropological Terms, ’71, 201–304; JZiegler, NovT 25, ’83, 133–45 (LXX); JDunn: JSNT Suppl. 100, ’94, 163–81 (Col.).—B. 198. New Docs 4, 38f. DELG. M-M. TW. Sv.

ἐπέρχομαι fut. ἐπελεύσομαι; 2 aor. ἐπῆλθον (3 pl. ἐπῆλθαν Ac 14:19; B-D-F §81, 3; W-S. §13, 13; Mlt-H. 208); plpf. 3 sg. ἐπεληλύθει 2 Macc 9:18 (Hom.+).

① to move to or upon

ⓐ come, arrive, abs. (Just., D. 51, 2) Agr 22=Mt 20:28 D. ἀπό τινος (1 Macc 8:4) ἐπῆλθαν ἀπὸ Ἀντιοχείας Ἰουδαῖοι Judeans came fr. Antioch Ac 14:19; AcPl Ha 5, 21 (s. entry ἥττων).

ⓑ of the Holy Spirit come upon, from a superior position ἐπί τινα Lk 1:35 (FSteinmetzer, ‘Empfangen v. Hl. Geiste’ 1938); Ac 1:8 (cp. Is 32:15; for movement from a transcendent realm, cp. Biogr. p. 448 of an inspiration: τοῦτο ἐπελθὸν αὐτῷ πράττειν ἐκ τοῦ θείου).

② to occur as an event or process happen, come about

ⓐ of a period of time (Jos., Ant. 6, 305 ἡ ἐπερχομένη ἡμέρα) νύξ 1 Cl 24:3. ὁ αἰὼν ὁ ἐπερχόμενος the coming age Hv 4, 3, 5. ἐν τοῖς αἰῶσι τοῖς ἐπερχομένοις in the ages to come Eph 2:7. τῷ σαββάτῳ ἐπερχομένης τῆς κυριακῆς, ἐν ἡμέρα, ᾗ ἔμελλεν θηριουμαχεῖν ὁ Παῦλος on the Sabbath before the Lord’s Day (Sunday) on which Paul was to fight the wild beasts AcPl Ha 3, 8.

ⓑ of what happens in the course of time; in our lit. exclusively of someth. unpleasant.

α. come (on), approach κακὰ ἐπερχόμενα 1 Cl 56:10 (Job 5:21). ἐπὶ ταῖς ταλαιπωρίαις ὑμῶν ταῖς ἐπερχομέναις over the miseries that are coming upon you Js 5:1. In the same eschatological sense (cp. Is 41:22f; τέλος ἐπερχόμενον En 10:2) κρίσιν τὴν ἐπερχομένην Hv 3, 9, 5 (Just., D. 138, 3); θλῖψις ἐ. v 4, 1, 1; Hs 7:4; cp. τὰ λοιπὰ … τὰ ἐ. Hs 9, 5, 5. τὰ ἐπερχόμενα (cp. Is 41:4, 22f; Jdth 9:5): τὰ ἐ. τῇ οἰκουμένῃ what is coming upon the world Lk 21:26.

β. in related vein, abs. (Horapollo 2, 25 ὁ θάνατος; Pr 27:12; Jos., Ant. 2, 86) come about Ac 13:40. ἐπί τινα (Gen 42:21; Wsd 12:27; EpJer 48; 2 Macc 9:18) come upon someone ὅπως μηδὲν ἐπέλθῃ ἐπʼ ἐμὲ ὧν εἰρήκατε that none of the things you have spoken of may come upon me Ac 8:24.—Possibly to be restored in AcPl Ha 6, 25f (s. Schmidt’s transcription and note).—Lk 21:35 v.l.

③ to come against someone with force, attack (Hom. et al.; ins, pap; 1 Km 30:23; ViEz 9 [p. 75, 1 Sch.]; Jos., Ant. 5, 195; 6, 23; Just., D. 139, 3 τῇ γῇ) abs. Lk 11:22 (v.l. ἐλθών).—DDaube, The Sudden in the Scriptures ’64, 34ff.—M-M. TW.

αἰνέω (cf. αἴνημι, αἰνίζομαι), [tense] impf.

A

ᾔνουν E.Hec. 1154

, [dialect] Ion.

αἴνεον Hdt.3.73

: [tense] fut.

αἰνήσω Od.16.380

, Thgn.1080, Pi.N.1.72; in [dialect] Att. Poets always αἰνέσω, as in Pi.N.7.63, Semon.7.112: [tense] aor.

ᾔνησα Hom.

, opt.

αἰνήσειε Simon.57.1

; [dialect] Dor.

αἴνησα Pi.P.3.13

; in [dialect] Att. always ᾔνεσα, [dialect] Ion.

αἴνεσα Hdt.5.113

: [tense] pf. ᾔνεκα ([etym.] ἐπ-) Isoc.12.207:— [voice] Med., [tense] fut. αἰνέσομαι (only in compds. ἐπ-, παρ-):—[voice] Pass., [tense] aor. part.

αἰνεθείς Hdt.5.102

: [tense] pf. ᾔνημαι ([etym.] ἐπ-) Hp.Acut.51, Isoc.12.233.—Poet. and [dialect] Ion. Verb, very rare in good [dialect] Att. Prose (Pl.R. 404d, Lg. 952c), ἐπαινέω being used instead:—properly, tell, speak of, A.Ag.98, 1482 (both lyr.), Ch. 192; σε κρηγύην αἰνεῖ reports of you as honest, Herod. 4.47.

II usu. praise, approve, opp. νεικέω, ψέγω, Il.10.249, Thgn. 612, etc.;

ἀνδρὸς ὃν οὐδ' αἰνεῖν τοῖσι κακοῖσι θέμις Arist.Fr. 673

:— [voice] Pass.,

ὑπὸ Σιμωνίδεω αἰνεθείς Hdt.5.102

;

ἐπ' ἔργμασιν ἐσθλοῖς Theoc. 16.15

.

b esp. in religious sense, glorify God, LXX 1 Ch.16.4, Ev.Luc.2.13, PMag.Par.1.1146, al.:—also c. dat., τῷ κυρίῳ, τῷ θεῷ, LXX 1 Ch.16.36, Apoc.19.5.

2 approve, advise, recommend Od. 16.380, 403: c. inf., recommend to do a thing, euphem. for κελεύω, A.Ch. 555, 715 : c. part., αἰνεῖν ἰόντα to commend one's going, Id.Pers. 643:— ὦ δεινὸν αἶνον αἰνέσας giver of dire counsel, S.Ph. 1380:— c. acc. rei, to be content with, acquiesce in,

γάμον Pi.P.3.13

, cf. N.1.72, A.Eu. 469, Supp. 902, 1070 (lyr.), E.Med. 1157;

θῆσσαν τράπεζαν αἰνέσαι Id.Alc.2

.

3 praise, with collateral sense, decline courteously,

νῇ ὀλίγην αἰνεῖν, μεγάλῃ δ' ἐνὶ φορτία θέσθαι Hes.Op. 643

(cf. Plu. 2.22f), cf. S.Fr. 109; but, thank, cj.in E.Supp. 388.

4 abs., approve,

ὁ δᾶμος αἰνεῖ IG9(1).119

([dialect] Locr.).

III to promise or vow, τινί τι or τινὶ ποιεῖν τι, S.Ph. 1398, E.Alc.12.

συνήθεια, ἡ,

A habitual intercourse, acquaintance, intimacy, αἱ πρὸς ἀλλήλους ς. Isoc.1.1;

διατριβαὶ καὶ -θειαι μετά τινων Aeschin.2.23

; ἡ τῶν φίλων ς. ib.152;

σ. καὶ φιλία Arist.GA 753a12

; ἡ πολιτικὴ ς. Id.EN 1181a11;

τὰς τῶν φαύλων σ. ὀλίγος χρόνος διέλυσε Isoc.1.1

;

ὅπως ἂν αἱ σ. διαζευχθῶσιν Arist.Pol. 1319b26

; καὶ αὐτῷ δέ μοί εἰσι ς. PCair.Zen.42.2 (iii B.C.);

ὢν ἡμῖν ἐν συνηθείᾳ PMich.Zen.82.3

(iii B.C.).

b sexual intercourse, X.Cyr.6.1.31 (v.l.);

σ. ἔχειν μετὰ γυναικός Plu.2.310e

;

πρὸς γυναῖκα Vett.Val.288.23

.

2 of animals, herding together, Arist.HA 575b19; νέμεσθαι κατὰ συνηθείας in herds, ib. 611a7, cf. Ael.NA2.31; so of soldiers, κατὰ συνηθείας in messes, Plb.35.4.14.

II habit, custom, h.Merc.485 (pl.), Hp.VM3, Pl.R. 516a, etc.; pl., φαῦλαι ς. bad habits, Epicur.Sent.Vat.46;

κατὰ συνήθειαν τοῦ προτέρου βίου Pl.R. 620a

; ἐν τοῖς ἤθεσι τοῖς τῆς ἑαυτοῦ συνηθείας in his own accustomed haunts, Id.Lg. 865e; ἡ σ. τοῦ ἔργου habituation to it, X.Cyn.12.4;

λήθην ἢ συνήθειαν τῶν ἀδικημάτων D. 19.3

, cf. 60.27;

πολλῆς.. σ. ἡ ῥητορική Epicur.Fr.46

; τῇ σ. τοῦ εἰδώλου by being used to it, 1 Ep.Cor.8.7; practice, Plb.1.42.7, cf.Pl. Lg. 656d: with Preps.,

διὰ συνήθειαν Id.Sph. 248b

; διὰ τὴν ς. Arist. HA 494b21;

ἐκ συνηθείας OGI629.12

,79 (Palmyra, ii A.D.); κατὰ ς. Pl.R.l.c.;

παρὰ συνήθειαν Id.Lg. 655e

;

ἠναγκάσμεθα ὑπὸ συνηθείας Id.Tht. 157b

; σ. ἔχειν τῇ πολιτείᾳ to be used to it, practised in it, Plb.39.5.2;

σ. κτᾶσθαι πρὸς τὰ κοινά Plu.2.791a

.

2 the customary usage of language,

ἐκ σ. ῥημάτων καὶ ὀνομάτων Pl.Tht. 168b

, cf. Chrysipp.Stoic.3.33; εἰς συνήθειαν ἐποίησε τοῦ λόγου τούτου τὴν πόλιν καταστῆναι brought the city to habitual use of this phrase, Aeschin. 1.165; ἡ σ. τῶν Ἑλλήνων, αἱ κατὰ τὰς διαλέκτους ς., Phld.Rh.1.59 S., Gal.18(2).237, Phld.Po.5.2; ἐν τῇ τεχνικῇ καὶ μὴ εἰκαίᾳ ς. Diocl. Magn.Stoic.3.214: abs., ordinary language, ἐν τῇ ς. Plu.2.22f, cf.ib.c, 1113a; κατὰ τὴν ς. A.D.Synt.323.22, cf. Demetr.Eloc.69, al., D.H. Amm.2.11, Herod.Med. in Rh.Mus.49.549.

III customary gratuity, Sammelb.7336.13 (iii A.D.), 7369.25 (vi A.D.), PLond.1.113 (3).11, 3.1036.8 (both vi A.D.): pl., perquisites, Cod.Just.3.2.4, Just. Nov.134.1, al.

Grammatical information: v.

Meaning: `ward off, defend' (Il.).

Other forms: ἀλεξήσω, - ησα Hom.; without - η- middle aor. ἀλέξασθαι (Hom.), fur. ἀλέξομαι (S.).

Dialectal forms: Myc. Arekeseu \/ Alekseus\/; arekotore \/ Alektorei\/.

Compounds: As first member ἀλεξ(ι-), e.g. in ἀλεξί-κακος (Hom.); also Άλέξανδρος, from which comes the Hittite rendering Alakšanduš (Kretschmer Glotta 13, 205ff., 21, 244ff., 24, 242ff., 33, 22f.); Sommer's view that it is in origin Anatolian (IF 55, 187ff., Nominalkomp., esp. 186ff., is now abandoned).

Derivatives: ἀλέκτωρ, from which ἀλεκτρυών is derived (q.v.). - From the stem with - η- (cf. ἀλεξήσω): e.g. ἀλεξητήρ `defender' (Hom.) and ἀλεξήτωρ (S.);

Origin: IE [Indo-European] [32] * h₂elk-, * h₂lek-s- `ward off'

Etymology: Beside ἀλεξ- there is the stem ἀλκ-, see ἀλκ-ή. They continue * h₂(e)lk-: * h₂lek-s. On the meanings s. Holt Les noms d'action en - σις 78. ἀλέξ- agrees exactly with Skt. rákṣati `protect'.

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Grammatical information: n. pl.

Meaning: ἔντερα H.

Origin: XX [etym. unknown]

Etymology: Perhaps with Lidén KZ 61, 22f. as *Ϝάλλια from *Ϝάλνια to εἰλύω `wind, turn etc.'; cf. ONo. vil n., dat. pl. - jum `viscera', IE *u̯el-i̯o-. On the development cf. Lesb. Thess. στάλλα from *στάλνᾱ.

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Grammatical information: ν.

Meaning: `andive' Gp.

Other forms: ἴτυβος) Edict. Diocl.; ἴντουβος (Ps. Dsc.)

Origin: LW [a loanword which is (probably) not of Pre-Greek origin] Lat. (Sem.)

Etymology: The Latin word seems a loan from Semitic, André, Lexique 170; Hiltbrunner, Latina Graeca 174-177 and Archiv f. das Studium der neueren Sprachen 197,1960, 22f.

Grammatical information: m.

Meaning: `roll, band, girth' (Anon. ap. Suid.);

Compounds: as 1. member in κομβο-λύτης βαλαντιοτόμος H., κομβο-θηλεία f. `buckle' (sch.; from κόμβος θῆλυς [ θήλεια]); also κομπο-θηλαία `band, girth' (sch.) and κομπο-θήλυκα pl. (Hippiatr.; v. l. for πόρπακας) after κόμπος = `boast'(?).

Derivatives: κομβίον = περόνη (Eust., Sch.), κομβώσασθαι στολίσασθαι, κόμβωμα στόλισμα H., κομβώματα = καλλωπίσματα etc. (Suid., H.). Better attested is the hypostasis ἐγκομβόομαι `bind on, draw on' (Epich., hell. Com., 1 Ep. Pet. 5, 5) with ἐγκόμβωμα `protecting upper garment worn by slaves' (Longus, Thd.); further ἀνακομβόομαι `gird oneself' (Gp.).

Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]

Etymology: Technical word without certain explanation. One compares since Fick 1, 383; 3, 71, Zupitza Die germ. Gutt. 22f. on the one hand some Baltoch-Slavic words for `hang etc.', e. g. Lith. kabìnti `hang on, hook on', kìbti `hang on oneself, hook on', S.-Csl. skoba `fibula', Russ. skobá `iron hook, clamp', on the other Gr. σκαμβός `crooked (legs)', Σκόμβος PN (after Bechtel KZ 44, 358 "the limper"); further the isolated Norw. hempa `Kleiderstrippe, strap, handle' (can hardly be separated from hamp `hemp'). "Das Resultat dieser Vergleiche ist offenbar eine sowohl lautlich wie begrifflich wenig befriedigende Approximation." Frisk - Pok. 918, W.-Hofmann s. cambiō and campus, Vasmer s. skobá. - The IE connections are quite dubious. The forms κομβοθηλεία, κομποθηλαία, κομποθήλυκα clearly show a Pre-Greek word (a confusion of κόμβος with κόμπος is improbable, so the variation β\/π points to a Pre-Greek word; note also the variation - εια, - αια (and - υκα!), which we have seen more often in Pre-Greek (Beekes, Pre-Greek, suffixes sub - αι\/- ε(ι)). But does it contain the word κόμβος? The derivation of the second element from θῆλυς is clearly wrong.

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Grammatical information: f.

Meaning: `buttocks' (Hp., com., Herod.).

Origin: IE [Indo-European]X [probably] [438] *ǵhengh- ` step'

Etymology: The almost complete identity with Skt. jaghána- m. n. `buttocks' can hardly be a coincidence; the further analysis remains hypothetical. Since J. Schmidt KZ 25, 112 a. 116; 32, 373f. κοχώνη is explained as assimilated from *καχώνα, with *καχ- = Skt.. jagh- as zero grade of jáṅghā f. ` lower thigh-bone' etc. (to Goth. gaggan ` go', IE. *ǵhengh-). Objections by Specht KZ 66, 197ff., who because of προχῶναι `buttocks' (Archipp. 41) separates κοχώνη from jaghána- etc. and wants to connect χάσκω and cognates. But προχῶναι can be a comic distortion of κοχώνη after πρωκτός (Güntert Reimwortbildungen 122)(?). Diff. on προχῶναι (after προχωννύω) Pisani Ist. Lomb. 73: 2, 22f. Mayrhofer, EWAia I 563 also finds no solution.

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Grammatical information: f.

Meaning: `whip, scourge', metaph. `plague' (Il.).

Other forms: dat. acc. also μάστῑ, - ῐν (Ψ 500, ο 182, AP).

Compounds: Some compp., e.g. μαστιγο-φόρος `scourge-bearing', also name of a policeman (Th., Pap.).

Derivatives: Dimin. μαστίγιον (M. Ant.); μαστιγ-ίας m. `rogue' (Att.; Chantraine Form. 93), - ία name of a magic plant (PMag. Par.). Denominative verbs: 1. μαστίω, only presentstem, `whip, crourge, thrash' (rarely ep. since Il.). 2. μαστίζω (posthom.), - ίσδω (Theoc.), aor. μαστίξαι (Il.; hell.) `id.', either from μάστιξ or enlarged from μαστίω (cf. Schwyzer 735 n. 4, Schulze Kl. Schr. 354 n. 1, Ruijgh L'éIém. ach. 88), with μαστίκ-τωρ `scourger, chastiser' (A. Eu. 159), - τήρ `id.' (coni. A. Supp. 466; cf. Fraenkel Nom. ag. 2, 22f.). 3. μαστιγ-ῶσαι, - όω (- έω Hdt. 1, 114) `id.' (IA.) with μαστίγωσις `whipping' (Ath.), - ώσιμος `worth a thrashing' (Luc.; after λεύσιμος, Arbenz 99). -- On μάστιξ, - ίζω also Delebecque Cheval 186ff.

Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]

Etymology: Nom. instr. in - τις ( ἄρυσ-τις, κνῆσ-τις etc.; Holt Les noms d'action en - σις 32, 42; Chantraine Form. 275 f.), with γ-enlargement (Schwyzer 496, Chantraine 397) μασ-τῑ-γ-, from μάσ-σασθαι, μαίομαι `touch' (s. v.). -- The formal similariy between μάστιξ, μαστιγόω and Lith. màstieguoti, mostigóti `quirl, beat about' is purely accidental (Fraenkel Wb. s. màkaluoti against Prellwitz BB 24, 106). I doubt the connection with μασάομαι, and rather think that the word is Pre-Greek. Cf. Schrader-Nehring Reallex. 2, 154.The suffix -ῑγ- is Pre-Greek.

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Grammatical information: m. f.

Meaning: `ass, female ass' (Λ 558), often metaph., e.g. `windlass, winch, the upper millstone' (ὄ. ἀλέτης; cf. Fraenkel Nom. ag. 2, 58), as fishname (after the grey colour or the great head as sign of stupidity?), s. Strömberg 100;

Other forms: Myc. ono \/onos\/.

Compounds: Very often as 1. member, a.o. in plantnames as ὀνο-θήρα, - κάρδιον, - πορδον (Rohlfs ByzZ 37, 53f.), ὄνοσμα (s. Strömberg 138 a. 61); on ὄνιννος s. v., on ὄναγρος = ὄ. ἄγριος `wild ass' Risch IF 59, 286 f.; as 2. member in ἡμί-ονος f. (m) `mule' (Il.), cf. Risch l.c. 22f.

Derivatives: 1. Several diminut., partly in metaph. meaning: ὀν-ίσκος m. (Hp., Ph. Bel.), - ιον (- ίον?) n. (pap.), - ίδιον (Ar.), - άριον (Diphil. Com.), - αρίδιον (pap.), - ύδιν (?; pap. IV ^p). 2. Other subst.: ὀνίς f. `donkey droppings' (IA.); ὀνῖτις f. `kind of marjoram, Origanum heracleoticum' (Nic., Dsc. Gal.; Redard 75, Andrews ClassPhil. 56, 75f.); ὀνίας m. `kind of σκάρος' (Ath.; on the meatnames in - ίας Chantraine Form. 94); ὀνεῖον n. `donkey stable' (Suid.). 3. Adj.: ὄν-ειος `of a donkey' (Ar., Arist.), - ικός `belonging to a donkey' (NT, pap., inscr.), - ώδης `donkey-like' (Arist.). 4. Verb ὀνεύω `to draw with a windlass, to draw up' (Th., Stratt.). On ὄνωνις s.v.

Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]X [probably]

Etymology: Foreign word. After Brugmann IF 22, 197ff. (s. Kretschmer Glotta 2, 351) from * osonos (through * ohonos \> * hoonos = ὁ ὄνος[?]) and with Lat. asinus a loan from a southpontic language; here after B. also Arm. ēš, gen. iš-oy. One considers also Sumer. anšu `ass' (s. Neumann, IF 69, 61). -- Schrader-Nehring Reallex. 1, 271ff. with important details; further lit. in W.-Hofmann s. asinus. -- Not to Lat. onus `burden' (thus still Grégoire Byzantion 13, 287ff.), also not to Hebr. ā̂tōn `female ass'. - Prob. a Pre-Greek word.

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ποινη K

Grammatical information: f.

Meaning: `ransom, fine, penalty, vengeance' ( ep. poet. II.).

Compounds: Compp., e.g. ποιν-ηλατέω `to pursue with vengeance' (on the fomation s. ἐλαύνω), νή-ποινος `unpunished, unavenged' (Od.); on ἄποινα s. v.

Derivatives: 1. ποι[ν]ίον n. = ποινή (Delph. IV^a; like πεδ-ίον, χωρ-ίον a.o.); 2. the adj. ποίν-ιμος `avenging' (S.; like νόμιμος, αἴσιμος, Arbenz 77), - αῖος `punishing, avenging' (late); 3. the verbs a. ποιν-άομαι `to avenge oneself' (E.) with - άτωρ (A., E.; Fraenkel Nom. ag. 2, 22f.), - ήτωρ (Nonn.), - ητήρ (Opp.) `avenger'; f. - ῆτις `avengeress' (AP); b. - ίζομαι in aor. - ίξασθαι `to exact a penalty' (Arc. VI^a). Also 4. ποι-νώματα τιμωρήματα H.; after μίσθωμα, κεφάλωμα, μηχάνωμα etc. (cf. Chantraine Form. 187; change to - ήματα not necessary).

Origin: IE [Indo-European] [637] kʷoinā `punishment, vengeance'

Etymology: Identical with Av. kaēnā f. `punishment, vengeance'; here also the semantically deviating Lith. káina f. `price, utility' and Slav., e.g. OCS cěna f. ' τιμή', Russ. cěná f. `price, worth' (oxytone as ποινή; Schwyzer 380); all from IE * kʷoinā; on the difference in meaning cf. τιμή beside ποινή and Heubeck Gymnasium 56, 252 ff.; also Luther Weltansicht u. Geistesleben 64 f. -- Old nā-formation (Porzig Satzinhalte 345 f.) of a verb `requite, mend' in τίνω etc.; s. v. Cf. also Fraenkel s. káina and Vasmer s. cěná with further forms and rich lit. Lat. LW [loanword] poena (from where NHG Pein etc.); s. W.-Hofmann s. v., also w. lit. and with rejection of other poposals.

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Grammatical information: v.

Meaning: `to strip off (the armour), to take away, to rob, to plunder, to seize'(Hom., IA.).

Other forms: (El. opt. συλαίη), aor. συλῆσαι etc., also w. ἀπο- a.o. (Il.), ep. pres. also - εύω (cf. Chantraine Gramm. hom. 1, 368; not from συλεύς; s.bel.), - έω (Delph., Theoc. a.o.; also Pi.? s. Forssman Unt. 157f.)

Dialectal forms: On the debated Myc. surase, surate s. Morpurgo Lex. s. vv. w. lit.

Compounds: Compound: θεο-σύλης m. = θεῶν συλήτωρ (Alc. a.o.; Peek Phil. 100, 23), ἱερό-συλος m. `temple-robber' with - έω, - ία (Att.). Compp. συλ-αγωγέω `to carry away as booty' (Ep. Col. a.o.), ἄ-συλος `one who cannot be distrained, invulnerable, safe', τὸ ἄ. `fenced territory, refuge', with ἀσυλ-ία f. `safety from distraint, invulnerability' a.o. (Parm., A., E., Pl., inscr. etc.).

Derivatives: συλ-ήτωρ m. `plunderer' (A., Nonn.), f. - ήτειρα (E. in lyr.; Fraenkel Nom. ag. 2, 22f.), - ησις f. `plunder' (S., Pl. a.o.), - ητικός `related to plunder' (hell. inscr.), - ητής (gloss.). -- Besides σῦλα n., σῦλαι f. pl., rarely - ον, -η sg., `captured shipload, booty' (Samos VI^a, Locr. V^a, Str.), Att. `right of seizure of a ship or its cargo, right of distraint' (D., Arist.). From σῦλα or συλάω (- έω, - εύω) συλεύς m. `plunderer' (GDI 2516, Delph. III^a; cf. ad loc.), also as mythical PN (Bosshardt 123). On Συλο- and - συλος in PN also Masson Beitr. z. Namenforsch. 16, 166 ff.

Origin: XX [etym. unknown]

Etymology: Against the most obvious and hard to reject assumption, that συλάω is derived from σῦλα, σῦλαι, speaks a little the later and more rare attestation of the nouns. In any case the Att. meaning `right of seizure' must be secondary and cannot be separated from ἄ-συλος. Whether ἄσυλος from συλάω (beside ἀ-σύλητος [E. a.o.] like ἄτιμος: ἀτίμητος) = `who may not be taken away or be robbed', i.e. `unviolable', to which σῦλα, - αι `right of seizure'? -- No certain etymology. The similarity between σῦλα, - άω and σκῦλα is long since observed (Curtius 169, Buttmann Lexil. 2, 264) and provoked diff. attempts at explanation: variation σκ-: ξ-: σ- (Schwyzer 329, Sánchez Ruipérez Emer. 15, 67 f.); σκῦλον secondary after σκῦτος (Pisani Sprache 5, 143 ff.). After Pisani σῦλα comes with Lat. spolia from Lydian; cf. Σάρδεις: OPers. Sparda-, also Arm. sunk: σπόγγος. On ἐσσύλλα ἀφῄρει κτλ. H. (adduced by P. with earlier investigators) one cannot trust (alphabet. wrong); ὑλᾶται ἐστερήθη, ἀπέθανεν H. (by Kretschmer KZ 31, 422 compared with it), is, if at all correctly handed down, with P. to be kept away.

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αἰσχύνω in our lit. only mid. and pass.; impf. ᾐσχυνόμην; 1 fut. αἰσχυνθήσομαι; 1 aor. pass. ᾐσχύνθην LXX, subj. αἰσχυνθῶ (Hom.+; ins, pap, LXX, Test12Patr; w. ptc. foll. Just., D. 123, 4).

① to have a sense of shame, be ashamed (SIG 1168, 122; UPZ 62, 27 [161 B.C.] οὐκέτι ἥκει πρὸς ἐμὲ αἰσχυνθείς; Philo, Spec. Leg. 1, 321; Did., Gen. 84, 28) w. inf. foll. (Aeschyl., Hdt.; UPZ 62, 24; Sir 4:26; 22:25; Sus 11 Theod.; Jos., Ant. 13, 327) ἐπαιτεῖν Lk 16:3. μετʼ αὐτῶν μένειν Hs 9, 11, 3. ἐξ αὐτῶν λέγεσθαι be called one of them IRo 9:2. Abs. (Gen 2:25) 1 Pt 3:16 P⁷²; 4:16; IEph 11:1 (perh. be reverent). αἰ̣σχύ(ν)|θ̣ω̣[μεν] let us be ashamed (of criticizing Mary) GMary 463, 25–26. ὅταν ἐκδύσησθε καὶ μὴ αἰσχυνθῆτε when you shall be stripped and not be ashamed Ox 655, 22f (ASyn. 67, 35).

② to experience shame, be put to shame, be disgraced i.e. (as LXX for בּוֹשׁ) be disappointed in a hope (opp. παρρησία) Phil 1:20; 2 Cor 10:8. ἀπό τινος (Is 1:29 v.l.; Jer 12:13; cp. Sir 41:17) before someone 1J 2:28.—DELG s.v. αἶσχος. M-M. s.v. αἰσχύνομαι. TW.

αἰτέω impv. αἴτει IPol 2:2; fut. αἰτήσω; 1 aor. ᾔτησα; pf. ᾔτηκα 1J 5:15. Mid.: impv. αἰτοῦ IPol 1:3; impf. ᾐτούμην; fut. αἰτήσομαι; 1 aor. ᾐτησάμην, impv. αἴτησαι (Hom.+) to ask for, with a claim on receipt of an answer, ask, ask for, demand (without any real distinction betw. act. and mid.: the distinc. betw. act. [‘ask’ outright] and mid. [‘ask’ as a loan] found by ancient grammarians has only very limited validity for our lit. [B-D-F §316, 2; Mlt. 160f]; cp. Js 4:2f, where they seem to be used interchangeably) w. acc. of person or thing asked for (Lucian, Dial. Mer. 7, 2 αἰ. τὸ δίδραχμον) ἰχθύν Mt 7:10; τὸ σῶμα τοῦ Ἰησοῦ 27:58 (Appian, Syr. 63 §335 αἰτήσας τὸ σῶμα, i.e. for burial); Mk 15:43; Lk 23:52; πινακίδιον Lk 1:63; εἰρήνην Ac 12:20; φῶτα 16:29; σημεῖα 1 Cor 1:22. τὸν Βαραββᾶν Mt 27:20 (Appian, Bell. Civ. 4, 18 §71 and 72; Synes., Provid. 2, 3 p. 121c Ὄσιριν ᾔτουν=they asked for O.); cp. Mk 15:6 v.l. (s. παραιτέομαι 1a); βασιλέα (Jos., Ant. 6, 88) Ac 13:21. Gener. τί Mk 6:24; 10:38; Mt 20:22. ὅ 1J 3:22. αἰτῆσαι τὴν κεφαλὴν Ἰωάννου Mk 6:24 v.l. πράγματος οὗ ἐὰν αἰτήσωνται (w. attraction of the relative) for which they wish to ask Mt 18:19, cp. Eph 3:20 (s. Judg 8:26). W. acc. of the thing and indication of the purpose αἰ. τι πρός τι: αἰ. τὸ σῶμα τοῦ κυρίου πρὸς ταφήν GPt 2:3; τινί τι αἰ. pray for someth. for someone IRo 3:2. W. acc. of the pers. who is asked Mt 5:42; 6:8; 7:11; Lk 6:30; 11:13; J 4:10; Ac 13:28. W. double acc. ask someone for someth. (Hom. et al.; Diod S 14, 108, 1; Eunap., Vi. Soph. p. 31 αἰ. τοὺς θεούς τι; PFay 109, 12; PGM 4, 777; Josh 14:12; 1 Esdr 6:11; Jos., Ant. 12, 24; Just., A I, 61, 2, D. 105, 3) Mk 6:22f (Diog. L. 6, 38 αἴτησόν με ὸ̔ θέλεις [Alex. to Diogenes]; Aesop, Fab. 287b H.=235b Ch. αὐτῇ δοῦναι, ὸ̔ ἂν αἰτήσῃ); 10:35; J 11:22; 15:16; 16:23; Mt 7:9; Lk 11:11; cp. vs. 12; ApcPt Rainer (s. παρέχω end). αἰ. τινὰ λόγον demand an accounting fr. someone, call someone to account (Pla., Pol. 285e; cp. BGU 747, 21) 1 Pt 3:15. τὶ ἀπό τινος request someth. fr. someone (Plut., Galba 1062 [20, 6]) Mt 20:20; 1J 5:15 (both w. παρά as v.l.); cp. Lk 12:20 v.l. τὶ παρά τινος (Appian, Bell. Civ. 3, 7 §23; Apollon. Paradox. 5; Paradoxogr. Vat. 43 αἰτεῖται παρὰ τῶν θεῶν οὐδέν; PFay 121, 12ff; PGM 12, 277; oft. LXX; Jos., Ant. 13, 63; Just., A I, 12, 5) alms Ac 3:2. Abs. αἴτησαι παρʼ ἐμοῦ ask me 13:33 D; 1 Cl 36:4 (both Ps 2:8); Hs 5, 4, 5; cp. Hm 9:1 (text uncertain), 2, 4; J 4:9; Ac 9:2; Js 1:5. αἰ. χάριν ask a favor B 21:7; αἰτούμενοι χάριν κατʼ αὐτοῦ they requested a favor against him i.e. one directed against him (Paul) Ac 25:3; αἰτούμενοι κατʼ αὐτοῦ καταδίκην asking for his conviction vs. 15. αἰ. περί τινος pray for someone IRo 8:3. W. the manner of asking more exactly described: κακῶς Js 4:3b; ἐν τῇ προσευχῇ Mt 21:22. Also δεήσεσιν αἰ. τὸν θεόν beseech God w. supplications Pol 7:2 (cp. SIG 1168, 11; 13; 17); in the same sense ὅσα προσεύχεσθε κ. αἰτεῖσθε whatever you request in prayer Mk 11:24; ἐν πίστει Js 1:6. ἐν τῷ ὀνόματί μου J 14:13f; 15:16; 16:24, 26. τὶ κατὰ τὸ θέλημα αὐτοῦ someth. in accord w. God’s will 1J 5:14. Elliptically: αἰτεῖσθαι καθῶς ἐποίει αὐτοῖς ask ( to do) as he was accustomed to do for them Mk 15:8. Foll. by acc. and inf. (SIG 1168, 11; 3 Km 19:4; Just., D. 105, 3; 5 al.) αὐτὸν σταυρωθῆναι Lk 23:23; cp. Ac 3:14. W. inf. (Aristoph., Plut. 240; X., An. 2, 3, 18; Appian, Liby. 82, §386) πεῖν αἰτεῖς J 4:9 (Nic. Dam.: 90 Fgm. 4 p. 332, 7f Jac. πιεῖν ἤτει; Jos., Ant. 18, 192). ᾐτήσατο εὑρεῖν σκήνωμα he asked to be permitted to find an abode Ac 7:46. αἰ. θεοῦ ἐπιτυχεῖν ask to reach the presence of God ITr 12:2; cp. IRo 1:1. Neg. αἰτοῦμαι μὴ ἐγκακεῖν Eph 3:13. W. ἵνα foll. (w. προσεύχεσθαι) Col 1:9 (cp. Polyb 31, 4, 3 αἰτεῖσθαι ἵνα; Ps.-Apollod. 1, 106; Just., D. 30, 2). Abs. (Arrian, Anab. 2, 14, 8 αἴτει καὶ λάμβανε; Ath. 11, 3 τοῖς αἰτοῦσιν διδόναι) Mt 7:7f; Lk 11:9f; J 16:24; Js 4:3; 1J 5:16. Mid. Mk 6:25.—B. 1270f. DELG. M-M. TW.

αἰώνιος (ία Pla., Tim. 38b; Jer 39:40; Ezk 37:26; OdeSol 11:22; TestAbr A; JosAs 8:11 cod. A; 2 Th 2:16; Hb 9:12; mss. Ac 13:48; 2 Pt 1:11; AcPl BMM recto 27=Ox 1602, 29; Just., A I, 8, 4 al.; B-D-F §59, 2; Mlt-H. 157), ον eternal (since Hyperid. 6, 27; Pla.; ins, pap, LXX, En, TestSol, TestAbr A, Test12Patr; JosAs 12:12; GrBar 4:16; ApcEsdr; ApcMos 29; Ps.-Phocyl. 112; Just.; Tat. 17, 1; Ath., Mel.; standard epithet for princely, esp. imperial, power: OGI index VIII; BGU 176, 12; 303, 2; 309, 4; Sb 7517, 5 [211/12 A.D.] κύριος αἰ.; al. in pap; Jos., Ant. 7, 352).

① pert. to a long period of time, long ago χρόνοις αἰ. long ages ago Ro 16:25; πρὸ χρόνων αἰ. before time began 2 Ti 1:9; Tit 1:2 (in these two last pass. the prep. bears the semantic content of priority; on χρόνος αἰ. cp. OGI 248, 54; 383, 10).

② pert. to a period of time without beginning or end, eternal of God (Ps.-Pla., Tim. Locr. 96c θεὸν τ. αἰώνιον; IBM 894, 2 αἰ. κ. ἀθάνατος τοῦ παντὸς φύσις; Gen 21:33; Is 26:4; 40:28; Bar 4:8 al.; Philo, Plant. 8; 74; SibOr Fgm. 3, 17 and 4; PGM 1, 309; 13, 280) Ro 16:26; of the Holy Spirit in Christ Hb 9:14. θρόνος αἰ. 1 Cl 65:2 (cp. 1 Macc 2:57).

③ pert. to a period of unending duration, without end (Diod S 1, 1, 5; 5, 73, 1; 15, 66, 1 δόξα αἰ. everlasting fame; in Diod S 1, 93, 1 the Egyptian dead are said to have passed to their αἰ. οἴκησις; Arrian, Peripl. 1, 4 ἐς μνήμην αἰ.; Jos., Bell. 4, 461 αἰ. χάρις=a benefaction for all future time; OGI 383, 10 [I B.C.] εἰς χρόνον αἰ.; EOwen, οἶκος αἰ.: JTS 38, ’37, 248–50; EStommel, Domus Aeterna: RAC IV 109–28) of the next life σκηναὶ αἰ. Lk 16:9 (cp. En 39:5). οἰκία, contrasted w. the οἰκία ἐπίγειος, of the glorified body 2 Cor 5:1. διαθήκη (Gen 9:16; 17:7; Lev 24:8; 2 Km 23:5 al.; PsSol 10:4 al.) Hb 13:20. εὐαγγέλιον Rv 14:6; κράτος in a doxolog. formula (=εἰς τοὺς αἰῶνας) 1 Ti 6:16. παράκλησις 2 Th 2:16. λύτρωσις Hb 9:12. κληρονομία (Esth 4:17m) vs. 15; AcPl Ha 8, 21. αἰ. ἀπέχειν τινά (opp. πρὸς ὥραν) keep someone forever Phlm 15 (cp. Job 40:28). Very often of God’s judgment (Diod S 4, 63, 4 διὰ τὴν ἀσέβειαν ἐν ᾅδου διατελεῖν τιμωρίας αἰωνίου τυγχάνοντα; similarly 4, 69, 5; Jer 23:40; Da 12:2; Ps 76:6; 4 Macc 9:9; 13:15) κόλασις αἰ. (TestReub 5:5) Mt 25:46; 2 Cl 6:7; κρίμα αἰ. Hb 6:2 (cp. κρίσις αἰ. En 104:5). θάνατος B 20:1. ὄλεθρον (4 Macc 10:15) 2 Th 1:9. πῦρ (4 Macc 12:12; GrBar 4:16.—SibOr 8, 401 φῶς αἰ.) Mt 18:8; 25:41; Jd 7; Dg 10:7 (cp. 1QS 2:8). ἁμάρτημα Mk 3:29 (v.l. κρίσεως, κολάσεω, and ἁμαρτίας). On the other hand, of eternal life (Maximus Tyr. 6, 1d θεοῦ ζωὴ αἰ.; Diod S 8, 15, 3 life μετὰ τὸν θάνατον lasts εἰς ἅπαντα αἰῶνα; Da 12:2; 4 Macc 15:3;PsSol PsSol:3, 12; OdeSol 11:16c; JosAs 8:11 cod. A [p. 50, 2 Bat.]; Philo, Fuga 78; Jos., Bell. 1, 650; SibOr 2, 336) in the Reign of God: ζωὴ αἰ. (Orig., C. Cels. 2, 77, 3) Mt 19:16, 29; 25:46; Mk 10:17, 30; Lk 10:25; 18:18, 30; J 3:15f, 36; 4:14, 36; 5:24, 39; 6:27, 40, 47, 54, 68; 10:28; 12:25, 50; 17:2f; Ac 13:46, 48; Ro 2:7; 5:21; 6:22f; Gal 6:8; 1 Ti 1:16; 6:12; Tit 1:2; 3:7; 1J 1:2; 2:25; 3:15; 5:11, 13, 20; Jd 21; D 10:3; 2 Cl 5:5; 8:4, 6; IEph 18:1; Hv 2, 3, 2; 3, 8, 4 al. Also βασιλεία αἰ. 2 Pt 1:11 (ApcPt Rainer 9; cp. Da 4:3; 7:27; Philo, Somn. 2, 285; Mel., P. 68, 493; OGI 569, 24 ὑπὲρ τῆς αἰωνίου καὶ ἀφθάρτου βασιλείας ὑμῶν; Dssm. B 279f, BS 363). Of the glory in the next life δόξα αἰ. 2 Ti 2:10; 1 Pt 5:10 (cp. Wsd 10:14; Jos., Ant. 15, 376.—SibOr 8, 410 φῶς αἰῶνιον). αἰώνιον βάρος δόξης 2 Cor 4:17; σωτηρία αἰ. (Is 45:17; Ps.-Clem., Hom. 1, 19) Hb 5:9; short ending of Mk. Of unseen glory in contrast to the transitory world of the senses τὰ μὴ βλεπόμενα αἰώνια 2 Cor 4:18.—χαρά IPhld ins; δοξάζεσθαι αἰωνίῳ ἔργῳ be glorified by an everlasting deed IPol 8:1. DHill, Gk. Words and Hebr. Mngs. ’67, 186–201; JvanderWatt, NovT 31, ’89, 217–28 (J).—DELG s.v. αἰών. M-M. TW. Sv.

βάπτισμα, ατος, τό (s. βαπτίζω; found only in Christian writers; ApcSed 14:6 [p. 136, 7 and 9 Ja.]; Just., D.; Mel., Fgm. 6 al.)

① the ceremonious use of water for purpose of renewing or establishing a relationship w. God, plunging, dipping, washing, water-rite, baptism

ⓐ of John’s rite (Orig., C. Cels. 1, 44, 13 al. [T. Jesus]) Mt 3:7; 21:25; Mk 11:30; Lk 7:29; 20:4; Ac 1:22; 10:37; 18:25; 19:3; β. μετανοίας Mk 1:4; Lk 3:3 (in these two passages with εἰς ἄφεσιν ἁμαρτιῶν [proclaiming] a baptism-with-repentance to receive forgiveness of sins) Ac 13:24; 19:4; GEb 13, 74.

ⓑ of Christian rite β. φέρον ἄφεσιν ἁμαρτιῶν B 11:1; β. εἰς τὸν θάνατον Ro 6:4 (s. βαπτίζω 2b). ἓν β. Eph 4:5. The person baptized is at the same time buried w. Christ Col 2:12 v.l.; 1 Pt 3:21 (s. ἀντίτυπος). Compared to a soldier’s weapons IPol 6:2. τηρεῖν τὸ β. ἁγνὸν καὶ ἀμίαντον 2 Cl 6:9. Ritual directions D 7:1, 4.

② an extraordinary experience akin to an initiatory purification rite, a plunge, a baptism.

ⓐ metaph. of martyrdom Mk 10:38f; Lk 12:50; Mt 20:22f v.l. (s. GDelling, NovT 2, ’58, 92–115, and βαπτίζω 3c).

ⓑ metaph. of salvation β. ἐν σωτηρίᾳ Ἀχερουσίας λίμνης b. in the saving waters of the Acherusian lake ApcPt Rainer 1, 4f (s. Ἀχερούσιος; EPeterson, Frühkirche, Judentum u. Gnosis ’59, 310ff).—M-M. TW.

βασίλειος, ον (Hom. et al.; LXX; PsSol 17:4, 6; TestSol 5:5; TestJud) pert. to a king, royal (oracular saying in Diod S 7, 17 κράτος βασίλειον) β. ἱεράτευμα 1 Pt 2:9 (Ex 19:6; 23:22; but s. JElliott, The Elect and the Holy, ’66, 149–54). Used as a noun the pl. τὰ β. (since Hdt. 1, 30, 1; also SIG 495, 45; PSI 488, 11; PColZen 39, 8; PCairZen 664, 1; 758, 7 [all III B.C.]; PGM 2, 181; 4, 1061–62; Esth 1:9; Philo, In Flacc. 92; Jos., Ant. 13, 138) and more rarely the sg. τὸ β. (X., Cyr. 2, 4, 3; Pr 18:19; PsSol [‘royal majesty’, sim. TestSol, TestJud]; Philo, Sobr. 66; Jos., Ant. 6, 251) means the (royal) palace Lk 7:25.—In 2 Cl τὸ β. = ἡ βασιλεία (B-D-F 50; cp. TestJud 17:6, 22f; SibOr 3, 159; Just., A I, 32, 2; D. 31, 5 [Da 7:22]; Gaius in Eus., HE 3, 28, 2.—Polyaenus 8, 55 uses the pl. τὰ βασίλεια = ἡ βασιλεία): εἰσέρχεσθαι εἰς τὸ β. τοῦ θεοῦ 6:9; ὁρᾶν τὸ β. τοῦ κόσμου 17:5.—DELG s.v. βασιλεύς. M-M. TW. Spicq.