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41 μανθάνω
Grammatical information: v.Meaning: `learn to know, experience' (Pi.).Other forms: aor. μαθεῖν (Il.), fut. μαθήσομαι (Thgn., Parm.), perf. μεμάθηκα (Anacr., Xenoph., Emp.).Derivatives: Nom. actionis: 1. μάθη f. `learning, insight' (Emp., H.). 2. μάθος n. `what is learnt, custom' (Alc., Hp., A.). 3. μάθησις = μάθη (Alcm., IA.; Holt Les noms d'action en - σις 99 w. n. 1). 4. μάθημα `what was learnt, knowledge', pl. `(mathematical) sciences' (IA., hell.) with μαθη-ματ-ικός `fond of learning, scientific, mathematic' (Pl., Arist.; Chantraine Études 131 f.), - ικεύομαι `argue mathematically' (Dam.). 5. μαθημοσύνη `learning' (Phryg., Empire; Wyss - συνη 64). Nom. agentis: μαθη-τής `disciple' (IA.), with - τικός `like a disciple' (Pl., Arist.) and - τικεύομαι (Dem.), - τεύω `be a disciple, make a d.' (NT, Plu.) with - τεία `education' (Timo, D. Chr.), - τιάω `want to be a disciple' (Ar.); f. - τρίς (Ph.), - τρια (D.S., Act.Ap. u.a.); μαθετής `id.' (Knossos IIa; after εὑρετής? Fraenkel Nom. ag. 1, 186).Etymology: On the meaning s. B. Snell Ausdrücke 74f., H. Dörrie, Leid und Erfahrung. Die Wort- und Sinnverbindung παθεῖν -- μαθεῖν im griech. Denken. Mainz 1956. The Greek forms all go back on the zero grade aorist μαθεῖν; full grades could have either μενθ-ήρη ' φροντίς, μέριμνα' (H., EM) or προ-μηθ-ής `design, careful'. The last is isolated (cf. s. v.); with μενθ- agrees OHG mendī `gladness' with menden `rejoice', beside zero grade e.g. in Goth. mundon sis `look at one, σκοπεῖν', OWNo. munda `aim (with a weapon), have a goal'. The root has more or less probable representatives in other languages: Alb. mund `can, overcome' (IE *mn̥dh-); Celt., e.g. Welsh mynnu `want', Lith. mañdras `lively, cheerful', OCS mǫdrъ ' φρόνιμος, σοφός', all with full grade (* mendh- or * mondh-). On Skt. medhā́ `wisdom, insight', Av. mazdā `rememberance' s. Mayrhofer Bibliotheca Orientalis (Leiden) 13 (1956), 112 Sp. 2, where with Duchesne-Guillemin a basis *mn̥sdhā (to mánas = μένος) is assumed. - Further forms in WP. 2, 270 f. (* mendh- `direct one's mind on'), Pok. 730, Fraenkel Wb. s. mañdras, Vasmer Wb. s. múdryj; there also on the further analysis in men-dh- (to μένος).Page in Frisk: 2,170-171Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > μανθάνω
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42 μείγνυμι
Grammatical information: v.Meaning: `mix, bring together, connect', midd. `mix with each other, convene in battle' (Il.).Other forms: (- μιγ-, s. below; posthom.), - ύω (X., Arist.), μίσγω (Hom., IA. usw.), ὀνεμείχνυτο (Sapph.), aor. μεῖξαι, midd. (ep.) μίκτο (σ- or root aor., Schwyzer 751, Chantraine Gramm. hom. 1, 383), pass. μιγῆναι with fut. - ήσομαι, μ(ε)ιχθῆναι with - ήσομαι, fut. μείξω, - ομαι, perf. midd. μέμ(ε)ιγμαι; act. (hell.) μέμιχα.Compounds: Very often with prefix, e.g συν-, ἐπι-, κατα-, ἀνα-. As 1. member in governing compp. μ(ε)ιξ(ο)-, e.g. μιξ-έλληνες pl. `mixed-, halfhellenes' (Hellanik., hell.), μ(ε)ιξό-θροος `mixing the crying, with mixed crys' (A.); also μισγ-, esp in μισγ-άγκεια f. `place, where clefts meet' (Δ 453), from *μισγ-αγκής, s. Schwyzer 442, Sommer Nominalkomp. 174 f., Chantraine Gramm. hom. 1, 15. As 2. member in παμ-, ἀνα-, συμ-μιγής etc. (IA.); from there μιγής (Nic-.; Schwyzer 426 a. 513), ἀνα-, ἐπι-μίξ adv. `mixed' (Il.).Derivatives: Few derivv. 1. ( σύμ-) μεῖξις (- ι-) `mixing etc.' (IA.; Holt Les noms d'action en - σις 100 A. 2); 2. μεῖγμα (- ί-) `mixing' (Emp., Anaxag., Arist.; μεῖχμ[α] Alc.); 3. ἐπιμ(ε)ιξία, - ίη `mixing, intercourse' (IA.); from ἐπίμ(ε)ικ-τος. 4. μιγάς, - άδος m. f. `mixed, together' (Att.). 5. Several adverbs: ( σύμ-)μίγα, μιγά-δην, - δις, μίγ-δα, - δην (ep. poet.). 6. μιγάζομαι `mix, unite' (θ 271: μίγα, μιγάς; Schwyzer 734).Origin: IE [Indo-European] [714] *meiǵ\/ḱ- `mix'.Etymology: Whether μίγνυμι, which is fequent in mss., is an original zero grade, is very doubtful. Prob. μείγνυμι, built after μεῖξαι, μείξω was early (Schwyzer 697 w. n. 5). Also for other, in principle zero grade forms ( μίξις, ( σύμ) - μικτος, μέμιγμαι) the full grade is often found, μεῖξις etc. For the media in μίσγω, if from *μίγ-σκ-ω (diff. Wackernagel KZ 33, 39 = Kl. Schr. 1, 718: from *μι-μσγ-ω to Lat. mergō etc.), μιγῆναι, μίγα all other languages have tenuis, IE *m(e)iḱ-: Skt. miś-rá- = Lith. mìš-ras `mixed', Balt., e.g. Lith. miešiù, miẽšti `mix', Slav. (caus.), e.g. OCS měšǫ, měšiti `mix'. An iranian maēz- (IE *meiǵ-) in the sense of `mix', adopted by Smith Lang. 4, 178ff. because of Y. 44, 20, does not exist, s. Humbach Münch. Stud. 2, 7, where de form is connected from maēz- `urinate'. A sḱ-present is also well represented in the West: Lat. misceō, OIr. mesc(a)id `mixes, dips in, confuses', Germ., e.g. OHG miscan, NHG mischen (if not Lat. LW [loanword]). The νυ-present however is limited to Greek (so prob. innovation). The nasalinfixed GAv. minaš-, mostly rendered as `you shall mix' (pres. myāsa-), is by Humbach l.c. also derived from maēz- `urinate'. Indian has a reduplicated s-formation in mí-mikṣ-ati `mix' (prob. prop. desiderative), with perf. mimikṣé, caus. mekṣayati. On themselves stand the full grade forms Skt. pres. myakṣati = Av. myāsa-; on the root analysis s. Kuiper Nasalpräs. 123. Also the aorist μεῖξαι is isolated as well as μιγῆναι and the other forms with γ, which is prob. due to assimilation. -- Details in WP. 2, 244f., Pok.714, W. -Hofmann and Ernout-Meillet s. misceō, Fraenkel s. miẽšti, Vasmer s. mesítь.Page in Frisk: 2,192-193Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > μείγνυμι
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43 μέμονα
Grammatical information: v.Meaning: `have in mind, strive' (Il.).Other forms: pl. μέμαμενEtymology: Old perfect of situation, identical with Lat. meminī `remember', IE *mé-mon-a (-ai); without reduplication Germ., e.g. Goth. man `think, believe', ga-man `remember'. Besides with zero grade μέ-μα-μεν \< *mé-mn̥-me like Goth. pl. mun-um; complete identity may be found in ipv. με-μά-τω and Lat. me-men-tō, IE *mé-mn̥-tōd. Anal. zero grade in the ptc. με-μα-ώς, pl. με-μα-ῶτες and (w. metr. lenthening) με-μᾱ-ότες; further details in Schwyzer 769, 540 n. 4, 541, Chantraine Gramm. hom. 1, 100; 425, 430 f.; on μέμονα: man etc. also Fraenkel Lexis 2, 196 f. -- A present with deviating meaning is μαί-νομαι, another μιμνήσκω; here the old verbal noun μένος and the compound αὑτό-μα-τος, s. vv. with further connections from several languages. -- On the supposed ἐμμεμαώς (Hom.), with ἐμμέμονεν (S. Tr 982, lyr.), s. Leumann Hom. Wörter 52.Page in Frisk: 2,206-207Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > μέμονα
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44 μεσόδμη
Grammatical information: f.Meaning: `crossbeam', from wall to wall of a building or from side to side of a ship, in which the mast was let down (details in Bechtel Lex. s. v.; Od., Hp., Q. S.).Other forms: μεσόδμᾱ (Delph. IVa), μεσόμνη (Att. inscr.; on the phonetics Schwyzer 208).Origin: GR [a formation built with Greek elements]Etymology: Prop. "what belongs to the middle of the house", compound of μέσος and the zero grade of the word for `house', δεμ-, δμ-, seen in δεσ-πότης and δά-πεδον (s. vv.; cf. on δόμος) with ᾱ-suffix: μεσό-δμ-ᾱ like *ἑκατόμ-βϜ-ᾱ (J.Schmidt Pluralbild. 221f., Schwyzer 425 a. 449). From housebuilding the term was transferred to shipbuilding. Often the 2. member - δμη is directly derived from δέμω `build' as zero grade root-noun (cf. νέο-δμᾱ-τος, δέ-δμη-μαι), so "middle-building"; thus Prellwitz BB 17, 172, Persson Beitr. 648, Hermann Gött. Nachr. 1943, 7; cf. also Benveniste BSL 51, 18. Sommer Nominalbild. 76 does not decide the matter. The gloss μεσόδμα γυνή \< ὡς Λάκωνες\> is unclear (gl. 947 has μεσοδόμα).Page in Frisk: 2,213-214Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > μεσόδμη
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45 ναύκληρος
Grammatical information: m.Meaning: `shipowner, (ship-)captain', who lets out his ship and places on board to other persons (IA.; on the meaning against ἔμπορος and κάπηλος Finkelstein ClassPhil. 30, 320 ff.); metaph. `owner of a rented house' (com.).Derivatives: ναυκληρ-ία f. `the position of a ναύκλη-ρος, ship-owners' society, navigation' (Att.; or from ναυκληρέω [s.below]); - ιον n. `freighter' (D., E.); ναυ-κλάρ-ιος surn. of Poseidon (Delos Ia), - κληρ-ικός `belonging to the ν.' (Pl. Lg.), ναυκληρώσιμοι στέγαι τὰ πανδοκεῖα H. (after μισθώσιμος; Arbenz 90). Denomin. ναυκληρ-έω 'be ναύκληρος' (Att.), metaph. `govern (a state)' (trag.), with ναυκληρήματα pl. `shipping' (Tz.). -- Besides ναύκραρος ( ναύκλαρος H.) m. name of the manager of a ναυκραρία (Lex Solonis ap. Arist. Ath. 8, 3, Hdt. u.a.) with ναυκραρ-ία f. part of a phyle in solonic Athens, for financial and administrative purposes (Arist. Ath. 8, 3), - ια n. pl. `registry of the ναύκραροι' (Ammon. Gramm.), - ικός `belonging to the ν-ρος or a ν-ρία' (Lex Solonis ap. Arist.).Origin: GR [a formation built with Greek elements]Etymology: Through dissimilation and at the same time connection with the better understandable κλῆρος arose from the older ναύκρα-ρος, which remained only in techical sense, the usual ναύκλαρος, ναύκληρος. Prop. "who stands at the head of a ship"; so ναύ-κρᾱρ-ος with the same zero grade as the 2. member as in ὀρθό-κραιρα (s. κραῖρα). Here κρᾱ-ρ- can stand beside κερα-σ- or (better) for *κρᾱσ-ρ- which belong to *κρᾱσ-ν- in κρᾱν-ίον (s.v. and κάρᾱ); zero- and full grade forms in κάρηνα (\< *καρασ-ν-α) and Lat. cere-brum (\< * ceras-r-om), s. κάρηνα and κέρας. The same final element in Boeot. (Λ)α-κρᾱρίδας \< *Λά-κρᾱρ-ος; cf. Λέ-αρχος a.o. Solmsen RhM 53, 151 ff. -- Lat. LW [loanword] nauclērus; cf. Friedmann Die jon. u. att. Wörter 26ff., with v. Blumenthal Gnomon 15, 166 n. 2.Page in Frisk: 2,Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ναύκληρος
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46 νείφει
Grammatical information: v.Meaning: `it snows' (Il.).Other forms: Aor. νεῖψαι, νειφθῆναι, fut. νείψει. Cf. νίφ-α f. acc. sg. `(falling) snow' (Hes. Op. 535).Compounds: Sometimes with prefix, e.g. κατα-. Compp., e.g. νιφ-ό-βολος `snow-covered' (Ar., E.), ἀγά-ννιφ-ος `with much snow' (A 420, Σ 186, Epich.; Sommer Nominalkomp. 64).Derivatives: 1. νιφ-άδες pl., also sg. νιφ-άς, - άδος f. `snow-flake, snowstorm' (Il., Pi., trag.), as adj. `rich in snow' (S.); 2. νιφ-ετός m. `falling snow, snowstorm' (Il., Arist.; Schwyzer 501, Fraenkel Nom. ag. 1, 51 n.1; to be rejected Porzig Satzinhalte 245) with νιφετ-ώδης `connected with snow-fall' (Arist., Plb.); -- 3. νιφ-όεις `snowy, rich in snow' (Il.; on the formation Debrunner Άντίδωρον 28 f.).Etymology: The high-grade thematic root-present νείφει (νῑφέμεν M 280 wrong for νειφ-; Wackernagel Unt. 75), from which the other Greek verbal forms come, agrees with Av. snaēža- (e.g. subj. snaēžāt̃), OHG OE snīwan, Lith. sniẽg-a, -ti, perh. also Lat. nivit (only Pacuv., prob. ī), IE * sneigʷʰ-( eti ` it snows'; beside it with zero grade, also thematic, OIr. snigid `it drops, rains' (on the meaning below). A nasal present is found in Lat. ninguit = Lith. sniñga (: νείφει like linquō: λείπω, s.v.). Further, in meaning deviating, the zero-grade Skt. yotpresent sníhyati `gets wet, sticky', metaph. `finds affection', with sneha- `stickyness, affection etc.', with a shift of meaning from the mild climate as in Celtic (s. above); comparable in Greek, e.g. Nonn. D. 22, 283 αἵματι νείφεις of sticky blood, Lyc. 876 ὀμβρία νιφάς of rain-shower. Diff. Benveniste Μνήμης χάριν 1, 35 ff.: orig. meaning of IE * sneigʷʰ- `clot (together)'; thus Gonda KZ 72, 228 ff. One traces of the meaning `snow' in Mind. (Prākr. siṇeha- `snow' etc.) Turner BSOAS 18, 449ff. and 19, 375; s. Mayrhofer A.I.O.N. 1, 235). The noun acc. νίφ-α (nom. νιφετός, νιφάς, χιών; cf. Schwyzer 584) is identical with Lat. nix, nivis; IE * snigʷʰ-s ( ἀγά-ννιφ-ος \< *- snigʷʰ-); with dental enlargement (cf. νιφετός, but not identical) OIr. snechte `snow'; here prob. also νίβα χιόνα H. as Illyrian, Krahe IF 58, 133. Besides the o-stem IE * snoigʷho-s in Germ., e.g. Goth. snaiws, NHG Schnee, Slav., e.g. OCS sněgъ a.o. -- More forms in WP. 2, 695, Pok. 974, W.-Hofmann s. ninguit etc.Page in Frisk: 2,Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > νείφει
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47 ὀδών
Grammatical information: m.Meaning: `tooth'Compounds: Several compp., e.g. ὀδοντ-άγρα f. `tooth forceps' (Hp., Arist.), χαυλι-όδων (Hes. Sc. 387), ntr. - όδον and - όδουν (Arist.) `with protruding teeth'.Derivatives: 1. Subst. ὀδοντάριον `little cog' (Heliod. ap. Orib.), ὀδοντ-ίς f. name of a fish (pap. IIIa; on the motive of the name Strömberg Fischnamen 45), - ᾶς m. `dentatus', - ίας m. `dentiosus' (Gloss.); odontītis f. `toothwort, Dentaria' (Plin.; Redard 74). 2. Adj. ὀδοντ-ικός `belonging to the teeth' (medic.), - ωτός `equipped with teeth' (Hero, Luc., Gal.), with ὀδοντόομαι `to be equipped with teeth' (Poll.). 3. Verbs. ὀδοντ-ιάω `to teethe' (Gal.) with - ίασις f. `teetheing' (Dsc., Gal.), - ίζω `to equip with teeth' (Orib.), `to polish (with one tooth)' (pap.; cf. charta dentata and Lagercrantz on PHolm. 4, 40), with - ισμός (Poll.), - ισμα (Eust.) `the grinding of teeth'.Etymology: Aeol. ἔδοντες (with second. barytonesis) suggests that ὀδόντ- stands with vowelassimilation for *ἐδόντ-. However, a tooth does not `eat'; it only bites. The h₃ is confirmed by Arm. atamn (Kortlandt, Armeniaca, index). It is further confirmed by νωδός, which requires *n̥-h₃d- (not an assimilated vowel). And also by ὀδύνη `pain' (with which Arm. erkn cannot be cognate, if only because of the - rk-. The form od- `bite' is also seen in Lith. úodas, Latv. uôds `gnat', from * h₃ed- (with long vowel after Winter's Law). The Aeolic form can easily have ἑδ- after ἔδω. The younger ὀδούς for ὀδών is after διδούς (Solmsen Wortforsch. 30 ff.; hardly acceptable doubt by Schwyzer 566; on the nom. sg. still Gaar Gymnasium 60, 169 ff. [ ὀδούς Att.], Leroy Mél. Jos. Hombert = Phoibos 5 [1950--51] 102 ff.). -- ὀδών, ὀδόντ-ος agrees with the old name of the tooth in Skt. dán, acc. dánt-am m. ( = ὀ-δόντ-α), Lith. dant-ìs m. (f.), Germ., e.g. OHG zan(d), IE * h₃d-ont-; the zero grade (IE *h₃d-n̥t-) in Goth. tunÞ-us ( tund- still in Goth. aihwatundjai [één teken] `tooth of a horse', Lamberterie RPh. LXXIV (2000)278), Lat. dēns a.o.; the original ablaut is still alive in Skt., e.g. gen. sg. dat-ás (\< *h₃dn̥t-ós) beside dánt-am; cf. also the Germ. forms. The zero grade is now assumed in Myc. odakeweta, -- tuweta, - tweta `(wheels) with teeth'), wether a technical detail or an ornament; Dicc. Mic. 2, 16). -- Mostly interpreted as "the eating" ptc. pres. of the verb for `eat' in ἔδω (s. v.). Semantic doubts by Benveniste BSL 32, 74 ff. (with other etymology); against this Solmsen l.c. Further forms with rich lit. in WP. 1, 120 (Pok. 289), and in the etym dictionaries, esp. W.-Hofmann s. dēns. -- Cf. νωδός and αἱμωδέω.Page in Frisk: 2,352-353Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ὀδών
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48 οἴγνυμι
Grammatical information: v.Meaning: `to open'.Other forms: and οἴγω, Aeol. inf. ὀείγην (SGDI 214, 43), later also ἀν-οιγνύω (Demetr. Eloc.), ipf. ὠΐγνυντο (Β 809, Θ 58), ἀνα-οίγεσκον (Ω 455), -ῳ̃γον, - έῳγον, aor. οἶξαι ( ᾦξε, ὤϊξε Hom., ἀν-έῳξε Hom., Att.), pass. οἰχθῆναι (Pi., Att.), fut. οἴξω, perf. ἀν-έῳγα (intr. Hp. and late), with - έῳχα, *έῳγμαι (Att.), ὤϊκται (Herod.), ἀν-ῳ̃κται (Theoc.),Compounds: Mostly w. prefix esp. ἀν-, from which a.o. ὑπ-, παρ-ανοίγνυμι, ὑπ-, συν-ανοίγω with ἤνοιγον, ἤνοιξα, ἠνοίχθην, ἠνοίγην, ἠνέῳξα etc. (X., LXX).Derivatives: Few derivv. ἄνοιξις f. `opening' (Th., Thphr.), ἄνοιγ-μα n. `opening' (LXX), - εύς m. `opener' (Dam. Pr.), ἐπανοίκ-τωρ (Man.), - της (Arg. Man.) m. `springer'. As 2. member in πιθ-οίγ-ια n. pl. `opening of a barrel', opening feast of the Anthesterien in Athens (Plu.). The judgment of these forms is partly uncertain and disputable. Starting from the inscriptional attested ὀείγην, i.e. ὀ-(Ϝ)είγην, with zero grade ὠ-(Ϝ)ίγ-νυντο (cf. ἴγνυντο ἠνοίγοντο H.; very uncertain), Fick and Bechtel (s. Lex. s. v.) want to replace the suspected ep. ἀναοίγεσκον as well as ep. ἀνέῳγε, ἀνέῳξε by *ἀν-ο-(Ϝ)είγεσκον, *ἀν-ό-(Ϝ)ειγε, *ἀν-ό-(Ϝ)ειξε, where ὀ- would be either prothetic or prefixal (cf. ὀ-κέλλω and 2. ὀ-).Origin: IE [Indo-European] [1130] *h₃u̯eig- `make give way'Etymology: The judgment of these forms is partly uncertain and disputable. Starting from the inscriptional attested ὀείγην, i.e. ὀ-(Ϝ)είγην, with zero grade ὠ-(Ϝ)ίγ-νυντο (cf. ἴγνυντο ἠνοίγοντο H.; very uncertain), Fick and Bechtel (s. Lex. s. v.) want to replace the suspected ep. ἀναοίγεσκον as well as ep. ἀνέῳγε, ἀνέῳξε by *ἀν-ο-(Ϝ)είγεσκον, *ἀν-ό-(Ϝ)ειγε, *ἀν-ό-(Ϝ)ειξε, where ὀ- would be either prothetic or prefixal (cf. ὀ-κέλλω and 2. ὀ-). Not certainly explained. With Ϝιγ-, Ϝειγ- agree formally Skt. (midd.) vij-áte, vej-ate `give ground, flee', to which a.o. Skt. véga- = Av. vaēγa- m. (IE *u̯óigo-s) `violent movement, pressure, clash, blow' (further s. εἴκω); so ὀ-(Ϝ)εί-γω, ὀ-(Ϝε)ίγ-νυμι prop. `make give way, push, open (a door)'? (Bechtel Lex. s.v. after Wackernagel). -- Diff., hardly to be preferred, Brugmann IF 29, 238 ff.: from *Ϝο-(ε)ιγ- to ἐπ-είγω with the same prefix as in Ϝο-φληκόσι, s. ὀφείλω. -- On the individual forms cf. Schwyzer 653 n. 10 w. lit. (also 412, 434 w. n. 3, 772), Chantraine Gramm. hom. 1. 152, 303 a. 480. S. also ἐπῳχατο. The analysis leads to *h₃u̯(e)ig-.Page in Frisk: 2,356-357Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > οἴγνυμι
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49 ὀφείλω
Grammatical information: v.Meaning: `to owe, to have to pay, to be obliged, to be due' (IA., also Il.)Other forms: ὀφέλλω (Aeol., Arc., also Hom.), ὀφήλω (Cret., Arc., Arg.), aor. 1. ὀφειλ-ῆσαι, pass. - ηθῆναι, fut. - ήσω (hell. also - έσω), perf. ὠφείληκα (Att.), aor. 2. ὤφελον, ὄφελον (Il., Att.). Beside it ὀφρλισκάνω, fut. ὀφλ-ήσω, aor. 1. - ῆσαι, perf. ὤφληκα (Att.), ptc. dat. pl. Ϝοφληκόσι, 3. pl. [Ϝο]φλέασι (Arc.), aor. 2. ὀφλεῖν (IA.), also wit ἐπ-, προσ-, `to be guilty, to incur a punishment, to be sentenced'.Derivatives: A. From pres. ὀφείλω: ὀφειλ-έτης m., - έτις f. `debtor' (S., Pl.; Fraenkel Nom. ag. 1, 62 a. 241 f.) with - έσιον n. `small debt' (Eust.), - ημα n. (Th., Pl., Arist.; ὀφήλωμα [Cret.] after ἀνάλωμα), - ησις f. (pap. IIIa) `debt, indebted sum'; -ή f. `debt, leasing' (pap., NT). B. From the aorist ὀφλεῖν: ὄφλ-ημα n. (D., Arist., pap.), - ησις f. (LXX) `penalty, fine'; - ητής m. `debtor' (gloss.), ὀφλοί ὀφειλέται, ὀφειλαί H.Etymology: The system ὀφλεῖν: ὀφλισκ-άνω: ὀφλήσω: ὤφληκα agrees with (except for the enlarging - άνω; Schwyzer 700) the group εὑρεῖν: εὑρίσκω, εὑρήσω, εὕρηκα; to this came the aorist ὀφλῆσαι (Lys. a. late); also [Ϝο]φλέ-ασι has the same enlarged zero grade without second. κ. Beside this system built on a zero grade themat. aorist stands another, based on the full grade aorist ὤφελον, to which came the nasal present *ὀφέλ-νω ( \> ὀφείλω, ὀφέλλω, ὀφήλω) like ἔτεμον: τέμνω. As the formation of the present ὀφείλω became unclear through the phonetic development, it could become the basis of another system. Also semantically the formal pairs went different ways. -- An old problem provides Ϝο- which appears only in an Arc. inscription. While some, e.g. Brugmann IF 29, 241 (cf. on οἴγνυμι), want to see in it a prefix (to Lat. au-, vē-, Skt. áva `away (from)'; diff. Vollgraff Mél. Bq 2, 339), others are inclined, e.g. Solmsen KZ 34, 450f., Fraenkel Phil. 97, 162, to see Ϝο- as reversed writing for ὀ- (further in Schwyzer 226 n. 1). -- Further quite isolated and dark; an attempt to connect ὀφείλω etc. with ὀφέλλω `augment' in v. Windekens Ling.Posn. 8, 35 ff. -- On the explanation of the individual forms Schwyzer 709 and 746 w. n. 9 (partly diff.), also Chantraine Gramm. hom. 1, 314 (w. lit.) a. 394;Page in Frisk: 2,450-451Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ὀφείλω
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50 πλατύς 1
πλατύς 1.Grammatical information: adj.Meaning: `wide, broad, flat, level' (Il.).Compounds: Often as 1. member, e.g. πλατύ-φυλλος `broad-leaved' (Arist., Thphr.).Derivatives: πλατύτης f. `width, breadth' (Hp., X.); πλατύνω, also w. δια-, ἐν- a.o., `to widen, to make broad' (X., Arist.) with πλάτ-υσμα (- υμμα) n. `dish, brick etc.' (Herod., Hero, pap.), - υσμός m. `broadening' (Arist., LXX). Also πλατεῖον n. `board, table' (Plb.), after the instrument names in - εῖον; from πλατεῖα ( χείρ, φωνή e. o.) πλατειάζω `to blow with the flat of the hand' (Pherecr.), `pronounce broadly' (Theoc.). -- Besides several formations: πλάτος n. `width, breadth, size' (Simon., Emp., Hdt., Ar.) with ἀ-πλατής `without breadth' (Arist.); πλατ-ικός (v.l. - υκός) `concerning the width, breadth, exhaustive, extensive' (Vett. Val., Arist.-comm.); cf. γεν-ικός to γένος. -- πλαταμών, - ῶνος m. `flat stone, ledge of rock, flat beach etc.' (h. Merc. 128, hell.) with - αμώδης `flat' (Arist.). -- πλάτη f. `blade of an oar, oar', meton. `ship', also `shoulder blade' (usu. ὠμο-πλάτη Hp.) (trag., Arist.); πλάτης, Dor. -ᾱς m. `pedestal of a gravestone' (inscr. Asia Minor, cf. γύης, πόρκης); πλάτιγξ τῆς κώπης τὸ ἄκρον H. -- PN Πλάταια (Β 504 a.o.), usu. pl. - αί f. (IA.) town in Boeotia with - αιίς, - αιεῖς etc.; accent-change as in ἄγυια: - αί (s. v.).Etymology: With πλατύς are deiretcly dientical Skt. pr̥thú-, Av. pǝrǝʮu- `wide, broad' (on the dental bel.). To this πλάτος like e.g. βάρος to βαρύς (s. v.) with zero grade instead of the older full grade in Skt. práthas- = Av. fraʮah- n. `breadth', Celt., e.g. Welsh. lled `id.' Also πλαταμών has -- the secondary zero grade excepted -- an exact Skt. agreement, i.e. prathi-mán- m. `extension, breadth'; cf. bel. With the reserve necessary with PN Πλάταια can be identified with Skt. pr̥thivī́ f. `earth', prop. "the broad (stretches of earth); here also a Celtic agreement e.g. in Welsh.-Lat. Letavia, Welsh Llydau `Brittany'. The identification, which is in itself possible, of πλάτανος with Celt., e.g. OIr. lethan, Welsh llydan `broad' is however rather improbable; cf. s. v. The same suffix also in Hitt. paltana-'arm, shoulder', which resembles semantically πλάτη (Laroche Rev. de phil. 75, 38, Benveniste BSL 50, 42). On πλάτη beside πλάτος cf. βλάβη: βλάβος, πάθη: πάθος a.o.; after κώπη? -- A corresponding primary verb is only in Skt. práthati, -te `extend' retained, to which as verbal noun prathi-mán-: πλατα-μών prop. "which extends" (cf. τελα-μών prop. "who bears"). The from this and from pr̥thi-vī : Πλάτα-ια resulting disyll. root * pleth₂-: *pl̥th₂ gave the Skt. aspirate (in prevocalic position): pr̥thú- from *pl̥th₂-ú-, práthas- from *pléth₂os-. -- Far remains Arm. layn `broad' (to Lat. lātus `broad'), s. W.-Hofmann s. v. w. lit. Further details with rich lit. in Mayrhofer s. pr̥thúḥ, pr̥thvī́, práthati, práthaḫ, prathimā́, W.-Hofmann s. 1. planta, Fraenkel s. platùs; older lit. in WP. 2, 99f. (Pok. 833f.).Page in Frisk: 2,553-554Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > πλατύς 1
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51 πλείων
Grammatical information: adj. (comp.)Meaning: `more, longer, larger' (Hom.).Other forms: πλέων, n. πλεῖον, πλέον (Il.), ep. Aeol. pl. also πλέες, Cret. πλίες etc. (further forms in Seiler Steigerungsformen 113, Schwyzer 537 n. 6; cf. also bel.); superl. πλεῖστος (Il.) `most, the longset, the greatest'.Compounds: As 1. member a.o. in the compound πλεον-εξ-ία f. `greed, benefitl', πλεον-εκτέω with - έκτημα, έκτης, - εκτικός (IA.; from πλέον ἔχειν, cf. εὑεξία a.o. s. 1. ἔχω and Fraenkel Nom. ag. 1, 166); πλειστό-μβροτος `very rich in people' (Pi.).Derivatives: From πλε(ί)ων, πλέον: πλειότης f. `plurality' ( Theol. Ar.), πλειονότης f. `the superior length of the chord' (Nicom. Harm.); πλεον-άκις `more often' (IA.), - αχός, - αχῶς `multiple, in multiple ways' (Arist.), -αχῃ̃ `in more respects' (Pl.); - άζω `to have an abundance, to be excessive, to grow in number, to increase' (IA.) with - ασμός, - ασμα, - ασις (Arist., hell.). Fronm πλεῖστος: πλειστ-άκις `most often, very often' (IA.), - αχόθεν `from the most (very many) places' (Ar.), - ήρης `the most (χρόνος), the longest' (A. Eu. 763), - ηρίζομαι approx. `to appoint someone as the highest authority' (A. Ch. 1029), - ηριάζω `to bid the highest price (in auctions), to outbid' (Lys., Pl. Com., Them.) with - ηριασμός ὑπερθεματισμός H.Etymology: As basis of the above comp. forms one may posit PGr. *πλή-[ι̯]ων, *πλή-ιστος; from there πλέων, πλεῖστος; to πλεῖστος analog. πλείων (cf. also μείων). The seemingly archaic πλέες, πλίες (s. on them Schwyzer 537 n. 6 w. rich lit.) are best taken as innovations to πλέον, pl. πλέα (Leumann Mus. Helv. 2, 1f. = Kl. Schr. 214f.). Unclear Att. πλεῖν = πλέον and Arc. πλος ( πλως?) `plus', s. Schwyzer l.c. (also n. 1) and Leumann l.c. The sporadic attestations with η, e.g. πλῆον (Milete a.e.), Πλήστ-αρχος (Tegea) can hardly be interpreted as testimonies of older situations (s. Seiler l.c.). -- A corresponding comp. gives Av. frāyah- `more, much, many', Skt. adv. prāyaḥ. As the superlative originally had zero grade and a zero grade form. has been supposed in Av. fraēštǝm `mostly', OWNo. fleistr `most' (with comp. fleiri), but it has full grade, IE * pleh₁-isto-? The stem πλη- is best seen in πίμπλημι (s. v.); on the positive πολύς s. v. -- Details in the above mentioned lit. and in WP. 2, 65 (Pok. 798), W.-Hofmann s. plūs, Mayrhofer s. prāyaḥ.Page in Frisk: 2,556Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > πλείων
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52 πλύνω
Grammatical information: v.Other forms: ( πλύνεσκον Χ 155), aor. πλῦναι (Od.), fut. πλῠν-έω (ep. Ion.), -ῶ (Att.), pass. perf. πέπλυμαι (IA.), aor. πλυθῆναι (hell.), fut. - θήσομαι (Com. Adesp.).Derivatives: Adj. 1. νεό-, ἔκ-πλυ-τος `newly washed, washed out' (ζ 64 and A., Pl.), πλυτός `washed' (Hp.); 2. ἐϋ-πλυν-ής `washed well' (Od.); 3. πλυν-τικός `belonging to washing' (Pl., Arist.; Chantraine Études 135), πλυ-τικός `id.' (Alex. Aphr.). Subst. 4. πλυνοί m. pl. `washing pits, -troughs, -sites' (Hom., hell.; Chantraine Form. 192) with the dimin. πλύνιον n. (inscr. Sicily); with barytonesis 5. πλύνος m. `laundry' (pap., ostr.; Mayser Pap. I: 3, 3); unclear Ar. Pl. 1061; with πλυνεύς m. `washer' (Att. inscr., Poll.; cf. Bosshardt 81). Further nom. actionis: 6. πλύσις ( περί-, κατά-, ἀπό- πλύνω) f. `washing' (IA.), late ἀπόπλυν-σις (Sophon.); πλύσιμος `belonging to laundry' (pap. IIIa); 7. πλύμα ( ἀπό-, περί- πλύνω; πλύσμα Phot., also mss.) n. `washing-, swilling water, swill' (Hp., Pl. Com., Arist., pap.); 8. πλυσμός πλυτήρ H. Nom. agentis a. istr.: 9. πλύν-τρια f. `washer (fem.)' (Att. inscr., Poll.), - τρίς f. `id.' (Ar.), also `fuller's earth' (botanics in Thphr.; Capelle RhM 104, 58), masc. πλύν-της (Poll.), πλύ-της (EM, Choerob.); also πλυτήρ (H.; s. above) and *πλυν-τήρ in Πλυν-τήρ-ια n. pl. name of a purification-festival (Att. inscr., X.) with - ιών, - ιῶνος m. monthname (Thasos), if not rather analog. after other subst. in - τήρια, - τήριον (s. Chantraine Form. 63 f.); thus κατα-πλυντηρ-ίζω metaph. `to shower with abusive words' prop. `to immerse in swilling water, to drench with swilling water'?; 10. πλύν-τρον n. = πλύμα (Arist.). pl. `payment for washing' (pap. IIIa, Poll.).Etymology: As κρί̄νω from *κρί-ν-ι̯ω, πλύ̄νω from *πλύ-ν-ι̯ω is a nasalpresent with a further yot-suffix; the nasal came also in non-pres. forms; cf. Schwyzer 694. As a whole πλύνω is a Greek creation, but on IE basis (on Armen. bel.). Thus πλυτός agrees formally with Skt. pluta- `swimming, overrun' (first in compp., e.g. uda-plu-t-á- `swimming in the water' [AV]), also with Russ. plot `raft', Latv. pluts `id.' (Russ. LW [loanword]?). Thus πλύσις = Skt. pluti- f., as gramm. expression `vowellengthening', late also `flood'; at least in the lastmentioned case we must reckon with parallel innovation. Both these zero grade forms as perf. midd. pu-plu-v-e a.o. fit in the full-grade present plávate = πλέω; a zero-grade pres., also with nasalsuffix, is found in Arm. lua-na-m (aor. lua-c`i), which agrees also semantically ('wash, bathe') to πλύνω. -- Further s. πλέω and πλώω. (Prob. no to πύελος.)Page in Frisk: 2,564-565Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > πλύνω
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53 ῥάπτω
Grammatical information: v.Meaning: `to sew (together), to stitch, to instigate' (Il.).Other forms: Aor. ῥάψαι (Il.), aor. 2 ἔρραφον (Nonn.), pass. ῥαφῆναι, fut. ῥάψω, perf. pass. ἔρραμμαι (IA.), plusqu. act. ἐρραφήκει (X. Eph.).Dialectal forms: m. *ῥαπτήρ in Myc. rapte(re) ?; s. Morpurgo Lex. s.v. w. lit.; diff. Heubeck IF 64, 119ff. (Myc. warapisiro = Ϝράψιλος??).Derivatives: 1. Nom. actionis: ῥαφή (also συν-, κατα- ῥάπτω a.o.) f. `hem, seam' (χ 186; - φ- here and in the foll. analog.); ῥάμμα n. `id.' (Pi., IA.). 2. Nom. agentis: ῥαφεύς m. `sewer, stitcher, instigator' (A., Poll.; after Bosshardt 40 from ῥαφή); ῥάπτης m. `stitcher' with - τικός (late), f. ῥάπτρια (Eust.), περι- ῥάπτω m. of a priestess in Piraeus (inscr.); ῥαπτήρ s. ab. on Myc.; δικο-ρράφ-ος m. `hack lawyer' (D. Chr. a.o.) with - ρραφέω `to instigate a lawsuit' (Ar.), - ρραφία (Man.). 3. Nom. instr. ῥαφίς, - ίδος f. `sewing needle' (Hp., Archipp., hell.) with ῥαφιδ-εύς m., - εια f. `stitcher (m\/f)', - ευτής m. `id.', - ευτός (LXX), - ᾶς m. `id.' (pap. IVp); cf. Boßhardt 40; ῥαφίς also fishname = βελόνη (Arist., Opp.; Strömberg Fischn. 37); beside it ῥαπίς as fishn. (Epich 51 as v. l.), = κρηπίς (H., EM). 4. Vbaladj. ῥαπτός `stitched, sewn together' (ω 228f.; Ammann Μνήμης χάριν 1, 17). 5. ` Ραψώ f. n. of a goddess or nymph (Phaleron IVa). - On ῥαψῳδός s. v.Origin: XX [etym. unknown]Etymology: With ράπτω with generalized zero grade(?) may agree Lith. verpiù, ver̃pti `spin' except for the ablaut: IE *u̯erp- ῥάπτω u̯r̥p-; beside it with zero grade Lith. vir̃pti (vìrpti), virpė́ti `tremble, shudder, vibrate'; for the meaning cf. Latv. virpêt `spin with a spindle', also `shudder', vḕrpt `spin, turn round about'. On Skt. (RV) várpas- n. (adduced by Schrader KZ 30, 481) is because of the uncertain meaning (prob. `figure, apparition'; also `change', even `artifice'?) no judgement possible. However, as the Myc. form has no w-, the etym. cannot be correct. -- On the many derivv. of the Balt. verbs, which are uninteresting for Greek, s. Fraenkel s. ver̃pti and virpė́ti w. rich lit.; older lit. in Bq. -- Further cf. ῥέπω, ῥέμβομαι.Page in Frisk: 2,643Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ῥάπτω
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54 ῥοφέω
Grammatical information: v.Other forms: Fut. ῥοφήσομαι, -ω, aor. ῥοφῆσαι (Ar., X., Arist.; also Hp.), Ion. (Hippon., Hp.) ῥυφέω, - ῆσαι, also ῥυμφάνω (Jouanna, RPh 55 (1981)205-13). Rarely - άω (late).Derivatives: ῥόφ-ημα ( ῥύφ-) n. "dish, which is slurped", `thick broth, soup' (Hp., Arist.) with - ημάτιον (A. D.), - ηματώδης `soup-like' (medic.); - ησις ( ἀνα-, κατα-) f. `slurping' (Arist., medic.), - ητός `apt for slurping' (Str., medic.), - ητικός `slurping' (Str.); also ῥόμμα = ῥόφημα, ῥοπτός = ῥοφητός (Hp. ap. Gal.), as if from ῥόφω (EM); ῥόφισμα n. (Cyran.: *ῥοφίζω).Etymology: Iterative-intensive formation with many near cognates, which mostly represent a zero grade, IE *sr̥bh-; Arm. arbi `I drank' (pres. ǝmpem prob. to πίνω), Lith. surbiù, sur̃bti `suck', OCS srъbati, Russ. serbátь `slurp', Lat. sorbeō `id.'. Given these forms one is tempted to consider also ῥυφέω as zero grade (Schwyzer 351 f.). A primary full grade present is retained in Lith. srebiù, srė̃bti `eat (liquid food) wit a spoon', IE * srebh-; beside it IE * serbh- in Alb. gjerp `slurp' (the form seems to go back on *sorbʰ-eyō, Huld Alb. Etymologies 143). To a primary verb with remarkable o-vocalism (prob. after ῥοφέω) seem to go back also ῥόμμα, ῥοπτός. The widespread family is also found in German. (e.g. MHG sürpfeln, Swed. sörpla `slurp' with secondary pf resp. p) and in Iran. (Psht. rawdǝl `suck' a.o.; Morgenstierne Pashto s.v., Sarūpa- Bhāratī [1954] 1). -- WP. 2, 704, Pok. 1001, W.-Hofmann s. sorbeō, Fraenkel s. sur̃bti, Vasmer s. serbátь w. further forms a. lit. -- Cf. ῥυβδέω. -- The form ῥυφ- will rather be an (omomatop.?) byform.Page in Frisk: 2,663Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ῥοφέω
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55 σαίρω 1
σαίρω 1.Grammatical information: v.Meaning: `to sweep, to sweep out' (S., E.), metaph. `to clear away' (BCH 29, 204; Crete).Compounds: As 1. member perh. in σαράπους (Gal.), acc. σαράποδα, σάραπον (Alc.); after D. L. 1, 81 διὰ τὸ πλατύπουν εἶναι καὶ ἐπισύρειν τὼ πόδε (cf. Bechtel Dial. 1, 125, Sommer Nominalkomp. 26 n. 4 [p. 27] a. 188); after Gal. however to σέσηρα (2. *σαίρω); the word σαραποδ- is unexplained.Derivatives: 1. σάρον n. `brushings' (Sophr., Ion Trag., Call.), `broom' (Epid. IVa a.o.) with σαρ-όομαι, - όω `to be swept out, to sweep out, to sweep clean' (Lyc., NT, Pap. a.o.), from which - ωσις f. `sweep out' (pap.), - ωμα n. `brushings' (AB a.o.), - ωται pl. m. `sweeper' (Phanagoria), - ωτρον n. `broom' (Suid.); 2. σάρματα pl. n. `brushings' (Rhinth.), σαρμός σωρὸς γῆς, καὶ κάλλυσμα... H.Origin: XX [etym. unknown]Etymology: Since Fick BB 5, 167 connected with σύρω `draw, drag (along)' ( σύρματα, συρφετός `brushings'); the anlaut may have been (acc. Hirt) with Bq and WP. 1, 750; 2, 530 (asking) IE tu̯-, with σαρ- and συρ- as diff. variants of a zero grade *tu̯r̥-i̯ō (cf. Schwyzer 351 f.) [rather uncertain]. An agreeing full grade present *tu̯er-ō may be found in Germ., e.g. OHG dweran `turn around quickly, stir through each other, mix'; to this nominal derivations like zero grade Lat. tur-ma `troop, squadron'. Also turba and σύρβη, τύρβη (s.v.) might belong here. Cf. also τορύνη, and ὀτραλέως. -- A connection with σὺρω is far from evident (against DELG).Page in Frisk: 2,671-672Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > σαίρω 1
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56 σείω
Grammatical information: v.Meaning: `shake, agitate, sway', midd. a. pass. also `to quake, to shiver'.Other forms: (ep. ἐπι-σσείω, s. bel.), aor. σεῖσαι (Il.), aor. 2. ptc. acc. σιόντα (Anacr.), pass. σεισθῆναι, fut. σείσω (IA.), perf. midd. σέσεισμαι (Pi. etc.), act. σέσεικα (hell. a. late).Compounds: Very often w. prefix, e.g. ἀνα-, κατα-, ἀπο-, δια-, ἐν-, ἐπι-. -- Some compp., e.g. σεισ-άχθεια (: *σεισ-αχθής) f. `burden-', i. e. `the casting off of debts', des. of a law of Solon. (Arist., Plu. a. o.); δορυ-σσόος, s. δόρυ and Schwyzer 450 n. 4.Derivatives: 1. σεῖ-σις ( ἀπό-, κατά- a. o.) f. `shaking' (medic. a.o.); 2. - σμός ( ἀνα-, δια- a.o.) m. `shock, earthquake, extortion' (IA.) with - σμώδης `earthquake-like' (late); 3. - σμα ( παρά-, διά- a.o.) f. `shaking' (LXX), `extortion' (pap.) with - σματίας m. `concerning an earthquake' (D. L., Plu.; Chantraine Form. 95); 4. - στρον n. `rattle', Lat. sistrum (Delos IIa, Plu. a.o.); - στρος m. plantname `Rhinanthus maior' (Arist., Plu.; after the trembling fruit-group, Strömberg 77); 5. - σων, - σωνος m. "shaker", kind of vase (middl. com.; as καύσων, s. on καίω w. lit.); 6. - στης m. kind of earthquake (Lyd.); 7. - στός `shaken' (Ar.), `rattling', of ear-pendants (Delos III--IIa).Origin: IE [Indo-European] [1099] *tu̯ei(s)- `excite, sparkle'Etymology: Except the isolated zero-grade ptc. σιόντα, which because of the form σείω that stands beside it must be taken as aorist, and the ablauting nominal -( σ)σόος, the whole system is built on a full grade σει(σ)-. The geminate in ep. ἐπι-σσείω, ἐ-σσείοντο shows an orig. consonantgroup, so that σείω from *tu̯eis-ō can be identified with Skt. tvéṣati (gramm.) `excite', almost only midd. `be excited, inflame, sparkle' (rejecteing Wackernagel KZ 25, 277 = Kl. Schr. 1, 221). The two languages have developped diff. in this sense, that in OInd. the middle forms have become almost completely dominating and the zero grades (e.g. ipf. 3. pl. a-tvis-anta, perf. 3. sg. ti-tviṣ-é) strongly predominate. -- Beside this stands in Iran. forms without -s- and in slightly deviating meaning, e.g. Av. ʮway-ah- n., ʮwy-ā f. `fright, danger' (IE *tu̯ei-os-, *tu̯i-ā), thus with -s- in ʮwaēšah- n. `fear'. A further member of this group is supposed in Σείριος, s. v. w. lit.; see also Mayrhofer s. tvéṣati.Page in Frisk: 2,689Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > σείω
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57 σπέρχομαι
Grammatical information: v.Meaning: Act. σπέρχω, mostly with ἐπι-, κατα-, περι-, `to come rushing in, to huddle, to be upset, to be impassioned'; act. w. ἐπι-, κατα- also trans. `to press, to incite, to spur' (mostly ep. poet., Il.).Other forms: only pres. stem except aor. pass. ptc. σπερχθείς (Pi., Hdt.) and fut. σπέρξομαι ὀργισθήσομαι, aor. ἐσπερξάμην ἠπείλησα, ὠργίσθην H.Derivatives: As 2. member in περι-, ἐπι-σπερχής `hurried' (S., X. a.o.) to περι-, ἐπι-σπέρχω; but ἀ-σπερχές `vigorous, intense' (Hom.) from *σπέρχος n., beside which σπερχ-νός `swift, hasty, violent' (Hes. Sc., Hp., A. a. o.) as in e.g. ἔρεβος: ἐρεμνός. Here σπέργδην ἐρρωμένως and κατασπερχάδην (cod. - άτην) H. (explanation: spoiled; s. Latte ad loc.); σπερχυλλάδην κέκραγας ( Com. Adesp. 30). PN like Σπερχ-ύλος, - ων, - ις, FlN Σπερχ-ειός (like Άλφειός, Πηνειός).Origin: IE [Indo-European] [998] *sperǵh- `hurry'Etymology: Beside the full grade primary σπέρχομαι Iran. has an also primary but zero grade ipf. Av. a-spǝrǝzatā `he was diligently exerting himself', in Skt. a zero grade secondary formation spr̥hayati (would be Greek *σπαρχέω) `be zealous, zealously desire' (since Curtius 195). Much less certain is the connection of Germ., e.g. OHG springan `spring' from assumed IE *spr-en-ǵh- with nasalinfix (WP. 2, 675, Pok. 998 with Persson Stud. 27; s. the lit. in WP. l. c.).Page in Frisk: 2,764Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > σπέρχομαι
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58 στένω
Grammatical information: v.Meaning: `to moan, to drone, to groan, to lament', also trans. `to mourn, to bewail' (ep. poet. Il., also late prose).Other forms: rare - ομαι, only pres. a. ipf.Compounds: Also w. prefix, e.g. ἀνα-, ἐπι-, μετα-, ὑπο-. Compp. e.g. ἀγά-στονος `moaning loudly, roaring' (Od. a.o.)Derivatives: Expressive enlargements, partly metr. condit. (Schwyzer 105 w. lit., 736; Chantraine Gramm. hom. 1, 112): 1. στεν-άζω, aor. - άξαι, fut. - άξω, also w. ἀνα-, ἐπι- a.o. (poet., also Hdt., D., LXX, Plu. a.o.). 2. στεν-άχω, - άχομαι, - αχέω, - αχῆσαι, - αχίζω, - αχίζομαι, also w. ἀνα-, ἐπι-, περι- a.o. (mostly ep. Il.); on the formation Schwyzer 702; nearest example ἰάχω (Risch 243) ?, not old disyll rootform (Chantraine Gramm. hom. 1,330). -- From στένω: 1. Στέν-τωρ m. PN (Ε 785; Fraenkel Nom. ag. 1, 14 w. n. 1, Benveniste Noms d'agent 54). 2. στόνος m. `the moaning etc.' (ep. poet. Il.); στονό-εις ( στονόϜεσαν f. sg. Corc. VIa) `full of moaning, causing moaning, woeful' (ep. poet. Il.; untenable on Ω 721 Szemerényi Sprache 11, 13 ff.). From στενάζω: στεναγ-μός m. `the moaning, sighing (Pi., trag., Pl.) with - μώδης (Paul. Aeg.); - μα n. `id.' (S., E., Ar.) with - ματώδης (Gal.). From στενάχω: στοναχή f. `id.' (ep. poet. Il.) with - αχέω, - αχῆσαι, - αχίζω, also w. ἐπι-, παρα- a.o. (ep. poet. Il.; besides, often as v.l., στεναχέω, - αχίζω); the o-vowel after στόνος (*στονή?), cf. also φορέω etc. (diff. Porzig Satzinhalte 231); with στοναχή cf. also καναχή, ταραχή a.o. (Schwyzer 498).Etymology: The fullgrade thematic στένω agrees in form and sense exactly with Skt. stanati `drone, thunder', Lith. stenù, Germ., e.g. OE stenan `moan, groan', IE *sténō. Thus στόνος = Russ. stón `groan, moan', Skt. abhiṣṭaná- `roaring thunder'; perh old parallel formations. Besides yotpresents: with full grade OCS. stenjǫ `στένω', with zero grade OE stunian, OWNo. stynja `id.' Athemat. ipf. Skt. stan (IE * sten-t); to this ipv. stanihi after anihi, rudihi a.o. A riming word or an old s-less byform is Aeol. τέννει στένει, βρύχεται H., (may be from *sten(h₂)ye\/o- with Pinault 1981, 267) which may agree with Skt. tanyati `sound loudly, thunder'; tanyati cann however also contain a zero grade and is then to be identified with OE Þunian `sound, recound'. Whether the velar in στενάχω is genetically connected to the similar formation in OE stenecian `cough', OWNo. stan-ka `moan', is very doubtful; in any case στενάζω is to be sonsidered as a Greek innovation. -- Further forms, for Greek without interest, in WP. 2, 626 f., Pok. 1021, W.-Hofmann and Ernout-Meillet s. tonō, Fraenkel s. stenė́ti, Vasmer s. stenátь and stón; there also further lit.Page in Frisk: 2,789-790Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > στένω
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59 στράγξ
στράγξ, - γγόςGrammatical information: f.Meaning: `squeezed out drop[ pouring out]' (Arist., Thphr., Men., AP a. o.).Derivatives: Beside it στραγγ-ός (also - γ-) `flowing drop by drop', also `tied together, entangled, by shocks, irregular' (medic. a.o.), - εῖον n. `drop-bottle' (medic.). - ίας ( πυρός) `kind of wheat' (Thphr.; cf. Strömberg Theophrastea 91). As 1. element in the compound στραγγ-ουρ-ία, Ion. - ίη f. = ἡ κατὰ στράγγα οὔρησις (Gal.), `strangury' (Hp., Att., hell. a. late) with - ικός, - ιώδης, - ιάω, - έω. Denominatives 1. στραγγ-ίζω, also w. κατα-, ἐκ-, ἀπο-, `to squeeze out drop by drop' (LXX, Dsc. a.o.); 2. - εύομαι (auch - γ-) `to hesitate, to linger, to dawdle' (Ar., Pl. hell. a. late; on the meaning below) with - εία f. `hesitation' (M. Ant.). -- With λ-sufflx: στραγγάλη f. `cord, rope, noose' (J., Plu., S. E.) wit - αλίς f. `entangled knot, induration' (com. Va, Arist. a.o.), - αλιά f. `id.' (LXX etc.; Scheller Oxytonierung 88), - αλιώδης `knotty, entangled' (LXX, Com. Adesp.), - αλάω `to choke, to strangle' (Men., LXX), - αλίζω, also w. ἀπο-, `id.' (D. S., Str. etc.), - αλισμός (gloss.), - αλόομαι `to become entangled, ensnared' (Ph. Bel. a.o.).Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]Etymology: With στράγξ cf. στρίγξ, λύγξ, κλαγγ-ί a.o.; στραγγ-άλη as σκυτ-άλη etc. -- Of στράγξ a. cogn. remind strongly of several words from other languages: Lat. stringō `string, tie together', if from * strengō with analog. i in strictus, Latv. stringu, stringt (zero grade) `become stiff', also `wither' (from `shrivel, contract'), MIr. srengim `draw, drag', NIr. sreang `strand, strick', Germ., e.g. OHG strang, OWNo. strengr (from * strang-i-) `id.', OWNo. strangr, OS strang, OHG strengi `stretched, stiff, unbendible, streng etc.' with Norw. strengja `draw stiff', NHG anstrengen etc., IE * streng(h)-, strong(h)-. But then στραγγ- must stand either as zero grade for στραγ- (= Latv. stringt; in στραγ-ός, - εύομαι beside στραγγ- still retained?) or have got the α-vowel secondarily, which would not surprise with the orig. popular character of this word group. As orig. meaning of this family we must posit `string, tie together', which had in Greek a quite special development. Thus the drop, στράγξ, as "which strings, ties together," resp. "which is strung togethet" (as opposed to free running liquidity) interpreted; cf. σύστρεμμα also `round drop of water'. (Prop. from washing? Thierfelder by letter.) The meaning `linger, hesitate' in στραγ-γεύομαι can be explained both from `draw together, congeal' as from `run by drops (= slowly)'. -- Further forms and combinations a. lit. in WP. 2, 650f., Pok. 1036f., W.-Hofmann s. stringō. Lat. LW [loanword] strangūria, strangulō. Cf. στρογγύλος. -- The word is no doubt Pre-Greek (cf. the variant without nasal, and the a-vocalism).Page in Frisk: 2,804-805Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > στράγξ
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60 οὐδείς
οὐδείς, fem. οὐδεμίᾰ (never nom. acc. -μίη, -μίην, since οὐδεμιῇ is prob. in Call.Aet.Oxy.2080.56, rarelyAοὐδ' ἴα Sapph.69
, Mosch.4.40), neut. οὐδέν (declined and accentuated like εἷς, μία, ἕν), not one, i.e. no one, none, used by Hom., Hes., and Pi. (who prefer οὔτις) only in neut. nom. and acc. οὐδέν, exc. in the phraseτὸ ὃν μένος οὐδενὶ εἴκων Il.22.459
, al.; οὐδείς is found in B.Fr.28; but all genders and cases are common in all other writers, Hdt.1.32,33, etc.: rare in pl., no set of persons or things, And.1.23 (dub. cj.), X.Lac.3.1;πρὸς οὐδένας τῶν Ἑλλήνων D.18.23
(v.l.), cf. 19.31,66,312, 24.214, 27.7; οὐδένων εἰσὶ βελτίους, i.e. οὔ τινων ἄλλων, Id.2.17 (cf.οὐδενὸς βελτίους Pl.Prt. 324d
): dat. pl.οὐδέσιν Paus.3.24.3
; for another sense of the pl., v. infr. 11.3.—In [dialect] Ion. the pl. is usu. οὐδαμοί.2 οὐ. ὅστις οὐ every one, Hdt.3.72, etc.; οὐδὲν ὅ τι οὐ every, Id.5.97; this came to be regarded as one word, so that οὐδείς passed into the same case asὅστις, οὐδένα ὅντινα οὐ κατέκλασε Pl.Phd. 117d
;οὐδενὸς ὅτου οὐ πάντων ἂν.. πατὴρ εἴην Id.Prt. 317c
, cf. 323b;οὐδενὶ ὅτῳ οὐκ ἀποκρινόμενος Id.Men. 70c
; soοὐ. ὃς οὐχὶ.. ὀνειδιεῖ S.OT 373
;οὐδὲν γὰρ.. οὔτ' αἰσχρὸν οὔτ' ἄτιμόν ἐσθ', ὁποῖον οὐ.. οὐκ ὄπωπ' ἐγώ Id.Ant.4
.3 later οὐδὲν ὅ τι without οὐ, = nothing,οὐδὲν ὅ τι παρήσω Agath.Praef.p.137
D., al.4 ὅστις οὐδείς not one,ἐτεθνήκεσαν δὲ αὐτῶν μὲν ἀμφὶ τοὺς τετρακοσίους, Ρωμαίων δὲ ὅστις οὐδείς Id.5.20
.II naught, good for naught,ὦ νῦν μὲν οὐ. αὔριον δ' ὑπέρμεγας Ar.Eq. 158
, cf. E.Fr.187.5; τὸ μὲν [γένος ἀνδρῶν] οὐδέν Pi.N.6.3: freq. in neut., οὐδὲν εἰδώς knowing naught, Thgn.141, E. Fr. 391; οὐκ ἄρ' ᾔστην οὐδὲν ἄλλο πλὴν δάκνειν knew nothing save how to.., Ar.Av.19; οὐδὲν λέγειν to say naught, v. λέγω (B) III. 6; τὸ οὐδ' οὐδέν the absolute nothing, Pl.Tht. 180a.2 in neut., of persons,οὐδέν εἰμι S.Ph. 951
, etc.; ;πρὸς τὸν οὐδέν E.Ph. 598
;τὸ μηδὲν εἰς οὐδὲν ῥέπει Id.Fr.532.2
;ᾧ ἀνεμέσητον.. οὐδενὶ εἶναι Pl.Tht. 175e
.3 in pl., οὐδένες ἐόντες ἐν οὐδαμοῖσι ἐοῦσι Ἕλλησι being nobodies, Hdt.9.58;ὄντες οὐδένες E.Andr. 700
, cf. IA 371; ὁ μηδὲν ὢν κἀξ οὐδένων κεκλήσομαι dub. cj. in Id. Ion 594; .4 with Preps.,παρ' οὐδὲν εἶναι Id.OT 983
, etc.; παρ' οὐδὲν ἄγειν, θέσθαι, Id.Ant.35, E.IT 732;δι' οὐδενὸς ποιεῖσθαι S.OC 584
;ἐν οὐδενὸς εἶναι μέρει D.2.18
.5 τὸ οὐδέν naught, zero, in Arith., Nicom.Ar.2.6; used by Democritus as a name for Place, Arist.Fr. 208.III neut. οὐδέν as Adv., not at all, naught,ἄριστον Ἀχαιῶν οὐ. ἔτισεν Il.1.412
, cf. 24.370, Hdt.5.34, Th.8.22, etc.; soοὐδέν τι X.Mem.1.2.42
, etc.;οὐ. τι πάντως Hdt.5.65
: in answers, nothing, never mind, no matter, E.Med.64, IT 781, Ar.Nu. 694; οὐδέν γε not at all, Id.Av. 1360, etc.; οὐδὲν μᾶλλον, οὐδὲν ἧσσον, οὐδὲν ὕστερος, v. μάλα 11.5, ,ὕστερος A.
I.2 οὐδὲν ἄλλο ἤ, v. ἄλλος III. 2.B REMARKS: the more emphatic and literal sense, not even one, i.e. none whatever, belongs to the full form, οὐδὲ εἷς, οὐδὲ μία, οὐδὲ ἕν, which is never elided, even in Com. (v. Ar. Ra. 927, Lys. 1045 (lyr.), Pl. 138, 1115), but freq. has a Particle inserted between, cf.οὐδέ B.
—Zen. (in EM639.17 ) and others wrongly assume οὐδείς as a compd. not of οὐδέ and εἷς, but of οὐ and δείς (q. v.). (Later οὐθείς, q. v.)
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