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1 σφόνδῠλος
σφόνδῠλοςGrammatical information: m.Meaning: `(cervical) vertebra', metaph. `column-drum, spindle's whorl etc.' (Ar., Pl., Arist., inscr. etc.).Other forms: also (non-Att.) σπόνδυλος, often as v. l. beside σφ- (Pherecr., Hp., Arist. a.o.; details in Hiersche Ten. asp. 204).Compounds: Compp. σφονδυλο-δίνητος `spun with the spindle's whorl' (AP), πολυ-σφόνδυλος `with many whorls' (Luc.).Derivatives: 1. σφονδύλ-ιον n. `cervical vertebra' (Υ 483 [cf. Bechtel Lex. s. v., Antim.), plantname `common medicinal herb, Heracleum sphondylium' (Dsc. a.o.). 2. - ίς f. `id.' (Ps.-Dsc.). 3. - όεις `consisting of whorls' (Man.), - ώδης `whorl-like' (sch.). 4. ἐκ-σφονδυλίζω `to break a vertebra' (LXX, EM).Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin] (V, S)Etymology: Formation as κόνδυλος, δάκτυλος, prob. first from a noun *σφόνδος, already by Pott connected with the also in σφενδόνη (s. d.), σφεδανός, σφοδρός, σφαδάζω supposed verb for `have condulsions'. -- Prob. a Pre-Greek word. It may have had *σφανδ- with α \> ο before υ.Page in Frisk: 2,832-833Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > σφόνδῠλος
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2 νάρκη
Grammatical information: f.Meaning: `numbness, deadness, electric ray' (IA.; on the fish s. Strömberg 57);Other forms: second. νάρκᾰ Men.; Solmsen Wortforsch. 268Compounds: As 2. member in θηριο-νάρκη f. name of a plant that paralyzes a snake (Plin.).Derivatives: ναρκώδης `paralysed' (Hp.); ναρκάω, also with ἀπο-, δια-, ἐκ-, `be paralysed' (Θ 328) with ἀπονάρκη-σις (Plu.); ναρκόω `paralyse, become fixed' (Hp.) with νάρκω-σις, - τικός (medic.).Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]X [probably]Etymology: As zero grade verbal noun with barytone accent (cf. πάθη, βλάβη a.o., Chantraine Form. 22 f.) νάρκη might belong to a primary German. verb, OHG sner(a)han, MHG snerhen `swing, knot, draw together'; beside it the deverbative OWNo. snara `turn, swing, wind' (PGgm. * snarhōn) and the verbal noun OHG snar(a)ha, OWNo. snara f. `swing' (Fick 1, 575). Here perh. also with Lidén Armen. Stud. 65 f. Arm. nergew `tenuis, gracilis, λεπτός', if pop. *'girded, drawn together', with ew-suffix from a nominal * nerg, IE * snerk- (WP. 2, 700f., Pok.976f.). The meaning `swing etc.' is supposed for ναρκίον ἀσκόν II. (prop. `turned, twined'); Fick 1, 503, Persson Beitr. 2, 817, Bechtel Lex. 211 f.). The supposed connection is semantically far from convincing; als we would expect *νδρακ-. Given the fish-name, we should rather assume a Pre-Greek word * nark-.Page in Frisk: 2, 290Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > νάρκη
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3 ἄλοξ
ἄλοξ, - κοςGrammatical information: f.Meaning: `furrow' (Trag., Com.).Other forms: Also αὖλαξ (Hes.), ὦλκα, - ας acc. sg., pl. (Hom.), Dor. ὦλαξ EM 625, 37and in ὁμ-ώλακες (A. R. 2, 396). Further εὑλάκᾱ `plough' with the Lacon. fut. inf. εὑλαξεῖν (Orac. ap. Th. 5, 16); and αὑλάχα ἡ ὕννις H. and *ὄλοκες (cod. ὀλοκεύς) αὔλακες H.Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]Etymology: The relation between these forms was unclear. Solmsen Unt. 258ff. explained ὦλκα from *ἄϜολκα ( κατὰ ὦλκα Ν 707 for original *κατ' ἄϜολκα); it is strange that this form did not live on. Beside *ἀ-Ϝολκ- the zero grade would give *ἀ-Ϝλακ- in αὖλαξ. The root was supposed in Lith. velkù, OCS vlěkǫ, Av. varǝk- `draw'; one could assume * h₂uelk-. This is tempting, but must not be correct. If the Balto-Slavic words are isolated (there is further only Av. vǝrǝc-), the verb may be non-IE; also it is rather * uelkʷ-, which makes the connection with Greek impossible; further there is no trace of the verb in Greek, which has ἔλκω \< *selk-. εὑλάκα can no longer be explained from different prothesis, *ἐ-Ϝλακ-. But ἄλοξ cannot be explained in this way: metathesis of *αϜολκ- would give *αυλοκ-; an after the F had disappeared, metathesis was no longer possible (only contraction to *ωλκ-). - I see no reason to reject ὀλοκ-. ὦλαξ was perhaps taken from a compound, like ὁμώλακ-, which would give *ολακ-. - Pisani JF 53, 29 derived αὖλαξ from αὑλός and separated it from ἄλοξ etc., which is improbable. - The variants are strongly reminiscent of substr. words, as Beekes Dev. 40 held (withdrawn ib. 275-7). Variation of prothetic ε\/α\/ο\/αυ\/ευ is typical of substr. words, as is κ\/χ ( αὐλάχα). So more probably we have to assume a substr. word. The start with the Homeric form was wrong: it is the only form that has no vowel between λ and κ, and is therefore suspect. If we assume labialised phonemes, like lʷ, a reconstruction * alʷak- gives all forms: αὖλαξ (by anticipation of the labial feature; which gives ὦλαξ by contraction), ἄλοξ (influence on the second vowel ; ὀλοκ- on both vowels), interchange α\/ε gave εὐλακ-; see Beekes Pre-Gr., and cf. ἀρασχάδες etc. Homer might have had *κατ' ὠλακ(α), which became unclear during the tradition.Page in Frisk: 1,77Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ἄλοξ
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4 θύ̄ω 1
θύ̄ω 1.Grammatical information: v.Meaning: `rush in, sethe, storm, rage' (Il.)Other forms: also θυίω (Hom., h. Merc. 560; cf. Chantraine Gramm. hom. 1, 51 and 372), θύ̄νω (Il.), ipf. also ε᾽θύνεον (Hes.), aor. ἔθῡσα (Call. Fr. 82),Derivatives: θυ(ι)άς, - άδος f. "the storming one", `thyiade, Bacchante' (A., Tim.), also θυῖα f. (Str. 10, 3, 10 [and S. Ant. 1151, lyr.?]; cf. Fraenkel Nom. ag. 1, 95); Θυῖα n. name of a Dionysos-feast in Elis (Paus. 6, 26, 1), Θυῑος name of a Thessal. and Boeotian month (inscr.); Θυώνη surn. of Semele (h. Hom., Sapph., Pi.); also θύστα θυῖα and θυστάδες νύμφαι τινές, αἱ ἔνθεοι, καὶ Βάκχαι H.; Θυστήριος surn. of Bakchos (EM); θῦνος πόλεμος, ὁρμή, δρόμος H. (from θύνω; not = Skt. ptc. dhūna-); θῦσις (Pl. Kra. 419e as explanation of θυμός). Deverbat.: θυάω `be rutty, of swines' (Arist.; after βακχάω, μαργάω a. o.; s. Schwyzer 726 n. 2). Unclear θυωθείς μανείς, ὁρμήσας H. - On θύελλα and θύσθλα s. v. Here also θυάκται m. pl. (Troizen IIa), if = `mystae sive thiasotae'; cf Fraenkel Nom. ag. 1, 174; DELG refers this to θύω 2.Origin: XX [etym. unknown]Etymology: θύ̄νω has been analysed as *θύ-νϜ-ω (with ἐθύνεον \< *ἐ-θύ-νεϜ-ον), an old νῡ-present and identified with Skt. dhū̆-nó-ti `schütteln' (Schwyzer 696 a. n. 2). But I don't see what `schütteln' has to do with our verb. - For θυστάδες, θύσθλα one posited a stem θυσ-, which has also been posited for θυίω, if from *θύσ-ι̯ω (Schulze Q. 313 n. 5, Fraenkel Nom. ag. 2, 37; diff. J. Schmidt KZ 27, 294f.; s. also Schwyzer 686 ε). It is however not certain that this supposed *θυσ- has anything to do with our verb. This *θυσ- has been connected with Lat. fur-ō, - ere, s. W.-Hofmann s. v., where also other interpretations are given; we can therefore better leave furō on itself. See also 2. θύω. - The hesitation between θύω 1 and θύω 2 shows how uncertain the interpretation is. I wonder whether *θυσ- is not of foreign origin. Note rare forms or meanings as θύστα, θυτάδες, θυάω. Pok. 261ff. gives anenormous amount of forms and meanings, but no close parallel for the meaning of θύω 1. In the present situation, without further research, nothing can be said.Page in Frisk: 1,697-698Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > θύ̄ω 1
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5 κῆδος
Grammatical information: n.Meaning: `care, mourning, funeral rites; connection by marriage, affinitas' (Il.).Other forms: Dor. κᾶδοςCompounds: As 2. member e. g. in ἀ-κηδής `careless, unburried' (Il.) with ἀκήδεια, - ίη, ἀκηδέω, - ιάω; also ἀ-κήδεσ-τος `id.' (Il.; Schwyzer 503), προσ-κηδής `carefull, connected, befriended' (φ 35, Hdt. 8, 136, A. R.); after προσ-φιλής?, cf. on the formation and meaning Sommer Nominalkomp. 110 n. 2, Levin ClassPhil. 45, 110f. - As 1. member in Κηδι-κράτης (IVa; Bechtel Hist. Personennamen 236; after Άλκι-).Derivatives: 1. κηδεστής m. `relative by marriage' (Att.) with κηδεστ(ε)ία `connexion by marriage', κηδέστρια f. `nurse' (pap.); also κηδέστωρ `educator' (Man.; archaising, s. Fraenkel Nom. ag. 1, 139f.). 2. Adjectives: κήδε(ι)ος `worth caring for, beloved, relative' (Il.), ἐπικήδειος `belonging to the dead, belonging to grief' (E., Pl. Lg. 800e), κηδόσυνος `dear' (E. Or. 1017) and κηδοσύνη (dat. pl. - σύνῃσι) `grief' (A. R.; Wyss - σύνη 42). 3. Denomin. verb κηδεύω `care for, bury, marry' (Att.) with κήδευμα `connexion by.' (S., E.), - ευσις `care' (Ael., Plot.), - ευτής `who cares for' (Arist.), - εία `connexion, burying' (E., X.), from where κηδειακός `who buries the dead' (Pergam. IIp). - Primary superlative κήδιστος `who is closest, most dear' (Hom.; Seiler Steigerungsformen 82f.). - Primary verb κήδομαι, aor. ipv. κήδεσαι (A. Th. 139, lyr.), fut. κεκαδήσομαι (Θ 353), perf. κέκηδα (Tyrt. 12, 28), also with prefix, e. g. περι-, προ-, `care, be cared for' (Il.); also act. κήδω, fut. κηδήσω `be grieved' (Il.); κηδεμών `who cares for, educator, protectorr' (Il.; after ἡγε-μών; Schwyzer 522) with κηδεμονία `care', - μονικός `caring for' (hell.), - μονεύω `be protector' (Just.); metric. enlargement κηδεμονεύς (A. R., APl.; Boßhardt Die Nom. auf - ευς 63).Origin: IE [Indo-European]X [probably] [517] *ḱeh₂dos `care, grief; hate?Etymology: An r-stem alternating with the s-stem in κῆδος (: κῦδος: κυδ-ρός) is since Geldner KZ 27, 242f. supposed in Av. sādra- n. `grief, pain, disaster', IE. *ḱād-os- resp. *ḱād-ro-. The s-stem Thieme Der Fremdling im RV 158f. saw in the dark riśā́das-, acc. to Th. `caring for the foreigner'. One adduces further a few nouns in Italic, Celtic and Germanic: Osc. cadeis `malevolentiae' (gen. sg.), Celt., e. g. MIr. caiss `hate', also `love' (prop. *`care'?), Welsh. cawdd `offensa, ira, indignatio', Germ., e. g. Goth. hatis n. `hate, anger'. The Germanic words all go back on a zero grade s-stem, IE. * kh₂dos- (cf. κεκαδήσομαι); the other forms are ambiguous. There is no parallel to κήδομαι in the other languages. Cf. on κεκαδών(?). The etymology depends on the question whether `love' and `hate' may be combined. - Pok. 517; on the meaning also Porzig Satzinhalte 293.Page in Frisk: 1,836-837Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > κῆδος
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6 λεία
Grammatical information: f.Meaning: `spoils, esp. of plundered cattle, of war, of hunting', also `cattle, herd' (cf. Edgerton AmJPh 46, 177f.).Other forms: (Att.), Ion. ληΐη, Dor. (Pi. O. 10, 44) λᾳα f.; besides ληΐς (Dor. λαΐς), - ίδος f. (Il.)Compounds: Compp., e. g. λε-ηλατέω `drive away loot, esp. cattle' (Hdt., S., E., X.; after βο-, ἱππ-ηλατέω etc. from βο-, ἱππ-ηλά-της) with λεηλασ-ία, - ίη (X., A. R.), - άτησις (Aen. Tact.); ἀγε-λείη f. surn. of Athena `who drives on loot, provides' (Il.).Derivatives: ληϊάς f. `the seized, captured' (Υ 193, A. R.); ληϊ̃τις f. ' ἀγελείη' (K 460; after the nom. in - ῖτις), 'ληϊάς' (A. R., Lyc.); ληΐδιος `belonging to the loot, captured' (AP, APl.). Denominat. verb ληΐζομαι, λεΐζομαι `make spoils, plunder' (Il.) with several nouns: 1. ληϊστός, λεϊστός `to be caried off as booty' (I 406, 408; Ammann Μνήμης χάριν 1, 14); 2. ληϊστύς f. `making booty, plundering `(Hdt. 5, 6; Porzig Satzinhalte 182); 3. *ληισμός in λῃ(ι)σμαδία αἰχμάλωτος, λεληισμένη H. - 4. ληϊστήρ, λῃστήρ m. `plunderer, pirate', f. λῄστειρα (Ael.), λῃστρίς (D., Herod.), with λῃστρικός `plundering' (IA.; cf. λῃστ-ικός below), λῃστή-ριον, Dor. λᾳσ- `gang of robbers,...nest, robbery' (Att., Cret.), λᾳστήριοι pl. `pirate' (hell. poetry); 5. ληΐστωρ, λῄσ- `id.' (ο 427); 6. ληϊστής, λῃσ-, λᾳσ- `id.' (IA.) with λῃστικός (often interchanged with λῃστρικός), λῃστεύω `rob, plunder' with λῃστεία `robbery' (Att.). Attempt to distinguish ληΐστωρ from ληϊστήρ, λῃστεία from ληϊστύς semantically by Benveniste Noms d'agent 30, 37, 69.Etymology: The abstract λεία, ληΐη from *λᾱϜ-ία and the ιδ-derivation ληΐς from *λᾱϜ-ίδ- which stands beside it (not with Bechtel Lex. 215 after Fraenkel old ī-stem because of ληϊ̃τις, s. v.) can go back either on a noun *λᾱϜ(-ο)- v. t. or directly on a verb, which with zero-grade is supposed in ἀπο-λαύω; s. v., and Pok. 655. S. further λᾱρός and λήϊον.Page in Frisk: 2,96Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > λεία
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7 μῆτις
Grammatical information: f.Meaning: `wisdom, skill, craft' (Il.).Compounds: As 2. member e.g. in πολύ-μητις `with many councils, inventive', of Odysseus, also of Hephaistos (Hom.), ἀγκυλο-μήτης `with crooked councils, cunning', of Kronos, also of Prometheus (Hom.); on the transfer to the ᾱ-stems Wackernagel Gött. Nachr. 1914, 48 f. (= Kl. Schr. 2, 11 50 f.), Schwyzer 561 w. n. 5.Derivatives: 1. μητιέτᾰ nom. a. (orig.) voc., adjunct of Zeus, `who possesses μῆτις', metr. conditioned form at verse-end for *μητῖτα, after νεφεληγερ-έτα ( Ζεύς) a.o.; with acc. μητιέτην (versinscr. Tegea), nom.- έτης (Corn.); s. Fraenkel Nom. ag. 2, 186 n.1, Risch Sprachgesch. u. Wortbed. 394; wrong Fraenkel Festschr. B. Snell (1956) 186 ff. -- 2. μητιόεις `filled with μ.', of Ζεύς, φάρμακα a.o. (δ 227, h. Ap. 344, Hes.); on the formation beyond Schwyzer 527 Fraenkel l.c. -- Denomin. verb: aor. μητίσασθαι, fut. μητίσεσθαι `reflect, devise' (Hom., Emp., A. R.; pres. μητίομαι Pi. P. 2, 92); as pres. is used in the epic for metr. reasons (after the verbs in - ιάω) μητιάω, - άομαι ( μητιόων, μητιάασθαι etc.), also with ἐπι-, συν-, (Hom., A. R.); Schwyzer 727 u. 732. Verbal noun μητίματα pl. H. s.v. μήτεα (for μήδεα?).Etymology: As orig. verbal noun *'measuring' (improb. `measurer' as nom. ag.; cf. Holt Les noms d'action en - σις 26 a. 37 f., Borgström NTS 16, 145) μῆτις has exact correspondences in Skt. māti- `measure' (lex.) and in the Germ. word, which is isolated, OE mǣd f. `measure'; the same noun is also supposed by Lat. mētior `measure'. The basic primary verb is found only in Indoiran., e.g. Skt. mā́-ti, redupl. mí-mā-ti `measure' (with a.o. upa-mā- with úpamā-ti-'distribution, measuring out'). An other formation is μή-τρα `land-measure'; ablauting with this μέτρον (s.v.). Also in the other languages several isolated verbal nouns with diff. meanings are preserved, thus Germ., e.g. Goth. mēl `time', OHG māl `point of time, (time for) meal, Mahl'. -- The unassibilated - τι- (for - σι-) has been explained from the isolated position of the archaic μῆτις, cf. Schwyzer 505 and Chantraine Form. 277. On μῆτις in gen. Porzig Satzinhalte 329 a. 336, Benveniste Noms d'agent 77. -- Further forms WP. 2, 237f., Pok. 703f., W.-Hofmann s. mētior.Page in Frisk: 2,232-233Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > μῆτις
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8 πῖαρ
Grammatical information: Nom. acc. n.Meaning: `fat, tallow' (ep. Ion. Il).Derivatives: πίων, n. πῖον, f. πίειρα `fat, fertile, rich' (Il.), with as innovation πιερός, πιαρός `id.' (Hp., Arist.); comp. forms πιό-τατος, - τερος (Hom.) with new posit. πῖος (Epich., Nic.; cf. Leumann Mus. Helv. 2,5f. = Kl. Schr. 219); πιότης f. `fattness' (Hp., Arist.). Poet. enlargement πιήεις `id.' (AP). Denom. verb πιαίνω, aor. πιᾶναι, also w. δια-, κατα- a.o., `to make fat, to tallow, to enrich' (Pi., IA.) with πία-σμα n. `fattening, tallowing food' (A.), ποτι-πίαμμα n. ` fat that stayed (on the altar)' (Cyrene; on the phonetics cf. Schwyzer 524 w. n. 2), - σμός m. `fattening' (Ael.); - ντήριος (Hp.), - ντικός (Apoll. Lex.) `making fat, tallowing'. -- With λ-suffix: πιαλέος `fat' (Ion. poet.; Chantraine Form. 253), rarely πίαλος `id.' (v. l. for σίαλος [Hp.], prob. reshaped after it; cf. Güntert Reimwortbild. 127 f., where wrong on πιαλέος). -- On itself stands πιμελ-ή f. `fat, lard' (IA) with - ώδης `fatty' (Hp., Arist.), - ής `id.' (Aq., Luc.).Origin: IE [Indo-European] [793] *piH-u̯er- `fat'Etymology: With πίων, πίειρα from *πίϜων, *πίϜειρα agree Skt. pī́van-, pī́varī `fat, full'; with the r-stem in πῖ[F]αρ agrees in Indo-Iran. an s-stem Skt. pī́vas- = Av. pī́vah- n. `fat, bacon'. To it, as Ind. innovation, pīvará like πιερός to πίειρα. Here still Myc. PN pi-we-ri-di, -si (Heubeck Praegraeca 42)? An old r-derivation is also supposed in OIr. īriu `earth's surface, land' (phonetically unclear). The l-stem in πιαλέος however is not found outside Greek. An old athemat. byform may be found in Epeirotic gen. sg. Πείαλ-ος (Schwyzer 484 w. lit.). -- Beside this group with the wellknown suffixvariation u̯er: u̯en: u̯es: u̯el (e.g. Benveniste Origines 45 f.; IE *pī-u̯er-, -u̯r̥- etc.) stands with mel-suffix πῑ-μελ-ή (Frisk Eranos 41, 50ff.). (The m-formation contained in it seems also to be found in Lat. opīmus `fat, wellnourished' but the anlaut. o- is unexplained.) -- All these formations go back on a verb, which is retained in Skt., e.g. pres. páyate `be full', esp. of fat or milk, ptc. pīná- `obese, thick'. On the Skt. words extensively Mayrhofer KEWA 212 a. 297 f. w. lit.; on the group in gen. WP. 2, 73ff., Pok. 793f., also W.-Hofmann s. opīmus and pinguis (cf. also παχύς); also w. lit. -- (Not here πῖδαξ.)Page in Frisk: 2,532Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > πῖαρ
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9 ὥστε
ὥστε,A as Adv., bearing the same relation to ὡς as ὅστε to ὅς, and used by Hom. more freq. than ὡς in similes, when it is commonly written divisim, and is relat. to a demonstr. ὥς: sts. c. [tense] pres. Indic., Il.2.459 sq., 12.421, 13.703: sts. c. [tense] aor.,ὥς τε λέων ἐχάρη 3.23
: sts. c. subj. [tense] pres. or [tense] aor., 2.474 sq., 11.67, 16.428, Od.22.302: all three usages combined in one simile, with varied construction, Il.5.136-9:—the verb is sts. omitted,λάμφ' ὥς τε στεροπή 10.154
: this usage of ὥστε is chiefly [dialect] Ep. (Pi. uses ὧτε, q. v.), but it occurs in Alc.(?)27 (prob.), B.12.124 and sts. in Trag., , cf. Th.62, Pers. 424, Ch. 421 (lyr.), S.OC 343, Ant. 1033, Tr. 112 (lyr.).II to mark the power or virtue by which one does a thing, as being, inasmuch as, like ἅτε, τὸν δ' ἐξήρπαξ' Ἀφροδίτη ῥεῖα μάλ', ὥ. θεός Il.3.381, cf. 18.518; ὥ. περὶ ψυχῆς since it was for life, Od.9.423;ὥ. ταῦτα νομίζων Hdt.1.8
, cf. 5.83, 101, 6.94.B as Conj. to express the actual or intended result of the action in the principal clause:I mostly c. inf., so as or for to do a thing, twice in Hom., εἰ δέ σοι θυμὸς ἐπέσσυται, ὥ. νέεσθαι if thy heart is eager to return, Il.9.42; οὐ τηλίκος.., ὥ. σημάντορι πάντα πιθέσθαι not of such age as to obey a master in all things, Od.17.21;ῥηϊδίως κεν ἐργάσσαιο, ὥ. σε κεἰς ἐνιαυτὸν ἔχειν Hes.Op.44
; ὥ. ἀποπλησθῆναι ( ἀποπλῆσαι codd.)τὸν χρησμόν Hdt.8.96
: freq. in Pi., O.9.74, N.5.1, 35, al.; also in Trag. and [dialect] Att. after demonstratives, , etc.; this constr. is found in cases where (as in Il.9.42 supr. cit.) ὥστε seems superfluous; so afterἐθέλειν, Κύπρις.. ἤθελ' ὥ. γίγνεσθαι τόδε E.Hipp. 1327
; after ἔστι, for ἔξεστι, S.Ph. 656; after ψηφίζεσθαι, Th.5.17; after ἐπαίρειν, E.Supp. 581;ἐπαγγελλόμενοι ὥ. βοηθεῖν Th.8.86
; after words implying request,δεηθέντες.. ὥ. ψηφίσασθαι Id.1.119
;πεῖσαι ὥ. συγχωρῆσαι Id.8.45
.2 after Comparatives with ἤ, when the possibility of the consequence is denied (cf.ὡς B. 111.2
), μέζω κακὰ ἢ ὥστε ἀνακλαίειν woes too great for tears, Hdt. 3.14;μεῖζον ἢ ὥστε φέρειν δύνασθαι κακόν X.Mem.3.5.17
: but in Poetry ὥστε is sts. left out, ;κρείσσον' ἢ φέρειν κακά E.Hec. 1107
(rarely in Prose, Pl.Tht. 149c); similarly with the Posit., ψυχρὸν ὥ. λούσασθαι too cold to bathe in, X.Mem.3.13.3; ἡμεῖς ἔτι νέοι ὥ. διελέσθαι too young to.., Pl.Prt. 314b;γέρων ἐκεῖνος ὥ. δ' ὠφελεῖν παρών E.Andr.80
: this ὥστε is sts. omitted after words implying comparison, ὀλίγους εἶναι στρατιῇ τῇ Μήδων συμβαλέειν too few.. Hdt.6.109;ταπεινὴ ἡ διάνοια ἐγκαρτερεῖν Th.2.61
, etc.3 ὥστε.. ἄν is used with inf., of contingencies more or less improbable,οὕτως ἐκάετο ὥστε μήτε.. ἄλλο τι ἢ γυμνοὶ ἀνέχεσθαι, ἥδιστά τε ἂν ἐς ὕσωρ ψυχρὸν σφᾶς αὐτοὺς ῥίπτειν Th.2.49
, cf. S.OT 374, El. 1316, D.8.35.4 sts. implying on condition that.., like ἐφ' ᾧτε, παραδοῦναι σφᾶς αὐτοὺς Ἀθηναίοις, ὥστε βουλεῦσαι ὅ τι ἂν ἐκείνοις δοκῇ Th.4.37, cf. X.An.5.6.26.II c. Indic., to express the actual or possible result with emphasis,οὐκ οὕτω φρενοβλαβὴς ὁ Πρίαμος οὐδὲ οἱ ἄλλοι.., ὥ. κινδυνεύειν ἐβούλοντο Hdt.2.120
(fort. delendum ἐβούλοντο); ἀσθενέες οὕτω, ὥ... διατετρανέεις Id.3.12
; οὕτως ἀγνωμόνως ἔχετε, ὥ. ἐλπίζετε .. ; are you so foolish that you expect.. ? D.2.26,βέβηκεν, ὥ. πᾶν ἐν ἡσύχῳ ἔξεστι φωνεῖν S.OC82
, cf. OT 533: freq. in X., Mem.2.2.3, al.; with ἄν and the [tense] impf. or [tense] aor. implying a supposed case,ὥστ', εἰ φρονῶν ἔπρασσον, οὐδ' ἂν ὧδ' ἐγιγνόμην κακός S.OC 271
; ὥστε οὐκ ἂν ἔλαθεναὐτόθεν ὁρμώμενος Th.5.6
:ὥστε τὴν πόλιν ἂν ἡγήσω πολέμου ἐργαστήριον εἶναι X.Ages.1.26
.2 at the beginning of a sentence, to mark a strong conclusion, and so, therefore,ὥστ'.. ὄλωλα καί σε προσδιαφθερῶ S.Ph.75
; ;ὥ. καὶ ταῦτα λεχθήσεται Arist.Metaph. 1004a22
: c. imper.,θνητὸς δ' Ὀρέστης, ὥ. μὴ λίαν στένε S.El. 1172
;ὥ. θάρρει X.Cyr.1.3.18
, cf. Pl.Prt. 311a;ὥ. ἂν βούλησθε χειροτονήσατε D.9.70
cod.A (- ήσετε cett.); before a question,ὥ. τίς ἂν ἀπετόλμησε..; Lys.7.28
.3 c. opt., with ἄν, Hdt.2.16;βρέφος γὰρ ἦν τότ'.., ὥστ' οὐκ ἂν αὐτὸν γνωρίσαιμ' E.Or. 379
, cf. S.OT 857, Ar.Ach. 943 (lyr.). b. c. opt. in orat. obliq., X.HG3.5.23; after opt. in principal clause, Id.Oec.1.13.4 with subj., in order that, in Thessalian dialect,τὸς ταμίας φροντίσαι οὕστε.. γενειθεῖ τᾶ πόλι ἁ δόσις BCH59.38
([place name] Crannon); ἀντιλλαβέσθαι τᾶς πόλλιος (sic) οὕστε.. ἐς πάντουν ἐγλυθεῖ τοῦν δανείουν ib.p.37.III with part., instead of inf., after a part. in the principal clause,τοσοῦτον ἁπάντων διενεγκόντες, ὥσθ' ὑπὲρ Ἀργείων δυστυχησάντων Θηβαίοις.. ἐπιτάττοντες κτλ. Isoc.4.64
(s. v.l.); οὕτω σφόδρα μισοῦντα τοῦτον, ὥστε πολὺ δὴ (ἂν Dobree)θᾶττον διαθέμενον κτλ. Is.9.16
;ὥστε.. δέον D.3.1
.V in later Greek, folld. by Preps.,Παρμένοντι κλειδὸς ὥ. ἐπὶ τὸ Διοσκούριον Inscr.Délos316.83
(iii B. C.);ξύλον ὥ. ἐπὶ τὴν ἅμαξαν IG11(2)
287 A52 (iii B. C.); μόλυβδος ὥ. εἰς τὸ Κύνθιον ib.203A52 (iii B. C.); κριθῶν ὥ. εἰς τὰ κτήνη barley for the animals, PCair.Zen.251.5 (iii B. C.);ὥ. εἰς ξένια φοίνικας PHal.1.7.4
(iii B. C.).b c. dat., for, χρεία αὐτοῦ ἐστὶν ὥ. Πισικλεῖ it is needed for P., PCair.Zen. 241 (iii B. C.);ὥ. τοῖς χησίν IG11(2).287
A45 (iii B. C.). -
10 ἀ̄χήν
ἀ̄χήν, - ῆνοςGrammatical information: m.Meaning: `poor' Theocr.).Dialectal forms: Ion.-Att. ἠχῆνες κενοί, πτωχοί H.Compounds: κτεαν-ήχης πένης H.Derivatives: ἀχηνία `poverty, lack' (A.), with short α- after the negation. Other formation in ἀχηνεῖς κενοί H.; verb ἠχ-άνω πτωχεύω Suid. (read *ἰ̄χάνω ?, s. below). Also ἀχαιος (IG 3, 1385)?Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]Etymology: One connects ἰ̄χανάω `desire' (Hom.); not with ἴχαρ (A.) which has short ι-. In Indo-Iranian seem to correspond Skt. ī́hate `desire', Av. izyeiti `strive, long for', and Av. āzi- m. `desire' etc. Cf. Wackernagel Verm. Beiträge 11f. This could continue *h₂eh₂ǵh- with *h₂i-h₂h₂ǵh-. But if Av. aēzah `desire' belongs there (*Heiǵh-), Mayrhofer EWAia 1, 273, the Greek form cannot be connected. - Toch. A ākāl, B akālk `desire' are now supposed to be Iranian loans. - Szemerényi, Gnomon 43, 1971, 659 proposes that it is indeed from ἀ-εχ-; doubtful. If an IE etym. is unknown, the word might be Pre-Gr. (Chantr. Form. 166: "vocabulaire technique et populaire"; "cette fois encore il semble s'e:tre produit une collision entre un suffixe indo-européen et une finale méditerranéenne"; IE adjectives in - ην, - ηνος are hardly known, ibid.); but the suffix is well-known in Pre-Gr., Fur. 172 n. 118 (cf. ἀτμήν).Page in Frisk: 1,200Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ἀ̄χήν
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11 βρί
βρί ( βρῖ)Grammatical information: ?Meaning: ἐπὶ τοῦ μεγάλου καὶ ἰσχυροῦ καὶ χαλεποῦ τίθεται H.Dialectal forms: The interpretation of Myc. piritawo is uncertain.Compounds: In e.g. βρι-ήπυος `loud crying' of Ares (Ν 521), with ἠπύω, Βριάρεως s. below, βριηρόν μεγάλως κεχαρισμένον H. (cf. Sommer Nominalkomp. 139, to ἦρα?; against Hoffmann Glotta 28, 23f.). Βρίακχος `Bacchante' (S.) with ἰάχω, Ἴακχος.Derivatives: Adj. βριαρός `strong' (Il.) (cf. χαλαρός beside χαλί-φρων). Verb βριάω `be or make strong, mighty' (Hes.; cf. χαλάω) backformation from βριαρός? s. Schwyzer 682f., Bechtel a. a. O; also βριερός. For Βριάρεως, a giant with hundred arms (Il.), in Hes. Ο᾽βριάρεως, the interpretation `who causes much damage (ἀρή)' (Bechtel, Lex.) is most uncertain; much more probably it is a Pre-Gr. name, Fur. 168 n. 103. - With θ: βρί̄θω, (βέβρῑθα, βρῖσαι) `be laden with, full of' (Il); βρῑθύς `heavy(?)' (Il.), βρῖθος n. `weight' (Hp.), βριθοσύνη `id.' (Il.) - Here also βρινδεῖν θυμοῦσθαι, ἐρεθίζειν H. with prenasalization of βριθ-? (for the meaning cf. βριμάομαι). Further βρίμη, βριμάομαι. S. also βρίζω and ὕβρις.Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]Etymology: The idea of an `ablaut' ī\/ia must be given up; such cases have appeared to continue -ih₂-\/-ih₂-e. So βριαρός could be * gʷrih₂-eros. (There can be no derivational system i\/ro in these words; nor is a form *βριαρ probable, as Benveniste supposed, Origines 15.) The connection with βαρύς has also become very doubtful: βαρύς continues * gʷrH-u-, and * gʷrH-iH- would have given *βαρῑ-; possible would be * gʷr-iH-, from a root without laryngeal, but the only evidence for such a root would be Skt. grī-ṣmá- m. `Hochsommer', if *`die Zeit des heftigen, starken Sommers' (Wackernagel KZ 61, 197f., with sámā `(half)year', Av. ham- `summer' - but these derive from * smH-, which would make difficulty), but this analysis is quite uncertain (a meaning `heavy; does not seem appropriate). - (That Lat. (Osc.-Umbr.) brūtus = Latv. grũts `heavy' is a parallel ū-enlargement is even more doubtful.) - The - θ- can be the enlargement indicating a state (Benveniste, Origines 190).- As Fur. (168 n. 104, 174 n. 122, 246f) remarks the words refer more to `big, strong, χαλεπός' than to 'heavy'. The connection to βριμός (s. βρίμη) therefore seems evident. As βρῑμ- is very probable related to ὄβριμος (cf. ὀβριάρεως), we have to do with a Pre-Greek word (Fur. index). S. φριμάσσομαι.Page in Frisk: 1,267-268Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > βρί
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12 βρῖ
βρί ( βρῖ)Grammatical information: ?Meaning: ἐπὶ τοῦ μεγάλου καὶ ἰσχυροῦ καὶ χαλεποῦ τίθεται H.Dialectal forms: The interpretation of Myc. piritawo is uncertain.Compounds: In e.g. βρι-ήπυος `loud crying' of Ares (Ν 521), with ἠπύω, Βριάρεως s. below, βριηρόν μεγάλως κεχαρισμένον H. (cf. Sommer Nominalkomp. 139, to ἦρα?; against Hoffmann Glotta 28, 23f.). Βρίακχος `Bacchante' (S.) with ἰάχω, Ἴακχος.Derivatives: Adj. βριαρός `strong' (Il.) (cf. χαλαρός beside χαλί-φρων). Verb βριάω `be or make strong, mighty' (Hes.; cf. χαλάω) backformation from βριαρός? s. Schwyzer 682f., Bechtel a. a. O; also βριερός. For Βριάρεως, a giant with hundred arms (Il.), in Hes. Ο᾽βριάρεως, the interpretation `who causes much damage (ἀρή)' (Bechtel, Lex.) is most uncertain; much more probably it is a Pre-Gr. name, Fur. 168 n. 103. - With θ: βρί̄θω, (βέβρῑθα, βρῖσαι) `be laden with, full of' (Il); βρῑθύς `heavy(?)' (Il.), βρῖθος n. `weight' (Hp.), βριθοσύνη `id.' (Il.) - Here also βρινδεῖν θυμοῦσθαι, ἐρεθίζειν H. with prenasalization of βριθ-? (for the meaning cf. βριμάομαι). Further βρίμη, βριμάομαι. S. also βρίζω and ὕβρις.Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]Etymology: The idea of an `ablaut' ī\/ia must be given up; such cases have appeared to continue -ih₂-\/-ih₂-e. So βριαρός could be * gʷrih₂-eros. (There can be no derivational system i\/ro in these words; nor is a form *βριαρ probable, as Benveniste supposed, Origines 15.) The connection with βαρύς has also become very doubtful: βαρύς continues * gʷrH-u-, and * gʷrH-iH- would have given *βαρῑ-; possible would be * gʷr-iH-, from a root without laryngeal, but the only evidence for such a root would be Skt. grī-ṣmá- m. `Hochsommer', if *`die Zeit des heftigen, starken Sommers' (Wackernagel KZ 61, 197f., with sámā `(half)year', Av. ham- `summer' - but these derive from * smH-, which would make difficulty), but this analysis is quite uncertain (a meaning `heavy; does not seem appropriate). - (That Lat. (Osc.-Umbr.) brūtus = Latv. grũts `heavy' is a parallel ū-enlargement is even more doubtful.) - The - θ- can be the enlargement indicating a state (Benveniste, Origines 190).- As Fur. (168 n. 104, 174 n. 122, 246f) remarks the words refer more to `big, strong, χαλεπός' than to 'heavy'. The connection to βριμός (s. βρίμη) therefore seems evident. As βρῑμ- is very probable related to ὄβριμος (cf. ὀβριάρεως), we have to do with a Pre-Greek word (Fur. index). S. φριμάσσομαι.Page in Frisk: 1,267-268Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > βρῖ
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13 ἔλπομαι
Grammatical information: v.Other forms: ep. also ἐέλπομαι (below), perf. (with present meaning) ἔολπα, plusquamperf. ἐώλπει (for *(Ϝ)ε(Ϝ)όλπει, s. below and Debrunner Mus. Helv. 2, 199, Chantraine Gramm. hom. 1, 479f. with Add. et corr.)Compounds: As 2. member in ἄ-ελπ-τος `unexpected, unhoped-for' with ἀελπτ-ία, - έω (Il.), also ἀ-ελπ-ής (ε 408); as 1. member in Έλπ-ήνωρ (Od.; on the formation Schwyzer 441, Sommer Nominalkomp. 175 m. Lit.).Derivatives: ἐλπωρή `hope' (Od.; for - ωλη?; cf. Porzig Satzinhalte 235); ἐλπίς, - ίδος f. `id.' (π 101 = τ 84; cf. Porzig 353; on the meaning Martinazzoli Stud. itfilclass. 1946, 11ff.) with εὔ-, ἄν-ελπις a. o.; denomin. verb ἐλπίζω `id.' (Ion.-Att.) with ἐλπιστικός, ἐλπισμός, ἔλπισμα (Arist.). - On ἐλπίς, ἔλπομαι s. Myres ClRev. 63, 46.Origin: IE [Indo-European] [1137] *u̯elp- `hope'Etymology: To (Ϝ)έλπομαι (s. Chantraine, Gr. hom. 1, 133 and 182) and the old perfect with present meaning (Ϝ)έ(Ϝ)ολπα there is no counterpart; Homer has a few forms from ἐέλπομαι, after ἐέλδομαι (Beekes, Development 64). A connected verbal adjective is supposed in Lat. volup(e) est `it is pleasant to me' (from there volup-tas); IE *u̯olp-i- or *u̯l̥p-i- (cf. τρόχις or turpis and Brugmann Grundr.2 2: 1, 167ff.) or *u̯elp-i-.Page in Frisk: 1,502-503Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ἔλπομαι
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14 ἔρα
Grammatical information: f.Meaning: `earth', by Erot., Str. a. o. explained with γῆ, in ἔραζε, Dor. ἔρασδε `on the earth' (Il.); here ἔρας γῆς H.Compounds: The word is further supposed in compounds, e. g. as 2. member in πολύ-ηρος πολυάρουρος, πλούσιος H., as 1. member in ἐρεσι-μήτρην την γεωμετρίαν H.; on the last Hoffmann Festschr. Bezzenberger 82ff., who wants to read H. ἔρας γῆ and takes the word as neutr.; ἔραζε then from *ἔρασ-δε.Derivatives: ἐράναι βωμοί H. (Schwyzer 489; very doubtful); denomin. verb in ἀπ-εράω (s. v.) a. o. - Cf. also on ἔνεροι.Etymology: A general resemblance show a few Germanic and Celtic expressions for `earth etc.': OHG ero `earth', ONord. jǫrvi `sand(bank)', Welsh erw `field', all with u̯-suffix (old u-stem?); Goth. airÞa, ONord. jǫrđ, MIr. ert `earth'; all with t-suffix; unclear is Arm. erkir `earth'. - See Specht Ursprung 22; s. also Fraenkel Glotta 35, 79, Chantraine Gramm. hom. 1, 247 w. n. 2. Further Pok. 332.Page in Frisk: 1,546-547Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ἔρα
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15 θύρα
Grammatical information: f.Meaning: `door, doorleaf', mostly in plur. `gate' (Il.; cf. Schwyzer-Debrunner 44).Other forms: Ion. θύρηCompounds: Several compp., e. g. θυρᾰ-ωρός (Χ 69), θυρ-ωρός, - ουρός (Sapph.) `doorwaiter' (cf. on ὁράω and Schwyzer 438), as 2. member with thematic anlargement, e. g. πρό-θυρ-ον `place before the gatee, forecourt' (Il.).Derivatives: Diminut.: θύριον (Att.) and θυρίδιον (Gp.), θυρίς f. `window(opening)' (IA) with θυριδεύς `window-frame' (Delos IIIa; cf. the names in - εύς in Chantraine Formation 128), θυριδόω `provide with a window' (pap.) with θυριδωτός (inscr.). Further θυρεός m. `door-stone' (ι 240, 313), name of a long shield = Lat. scutum (hell.; on the formation Chantraine 51; also Schwyzer 468 and Hermann Sprachwiss. Komm. zu ι 240, but hardly with Bechtel Vocalcontr. 154 from the consonantstem in θύρ-δα) with θυρεόω `cover with a shield' (Aq.); θύρετρα pl. `door(-casing)' (ep.; Schwyzer 532, Chantraine 332) with θυρετρικός (Chios); θύρωμα, often in plur. - ώματα `doorway' (IA; not with Schwyzer 523 from θυρόω, cf. Chantraine 187); θυρών, - ῶνος m. `hall, antechamber' (S.). Adj. θυραῖος, Aeol. θύραος `belonging to the door, standing before the door, outside, foreign' (trag., hell.). Denomin. verb θυρόω `provide with doors' (Att.) wiht θύρωσις (Epid.), θυρωτός (Babr.). θυραυλέω `sleep before the door' from a compound with αὐλή. *θυράγματα ἀφοδεύματα H. (in wrong position), as from θυράζω.Etymology: From θύρ-δα ἔξω. Άρκάδες H. and θύσθεν for *θύρ-σθεν = θύρα-θεν (Tegea; on the formation Schwyzer 628), perhaps also from θύραζε `out (of the door)' (if for *θύρᾰς δε; Schwyzer 625 w. n. 1) one reconstructs a consonant-stem, IE * dhur-, which is often attested in other languages: Germ., e. g. OHG turi = Tür (prop. plur.), from IE *dhúr-es; Balt., e. g. Lith. acc. pl. dur-ìs, gen. dùr-ų̃, Skt. acc. pl. dúr-aḥ (IE *dhúr-n̥s; on the anlaut. d- for dh- cf. Mayrhofer KEWA 2, 83). The consonant -stem is often replaced by innovations, notably by an i-stem in Lith. nom. pl. dùr-y-s, gen. dùr-i-ų̄, by an o-stem in Goth. daúr n. = NHG Tor etc., by an n-stem in Arm. dur-n, by an ā-stem as in θύραι, also in Arm. gen. dat. abl. pl. dr-a-c̣, instr. dr-a-w-k`. - Beside zero-grade * dhur- full-grade *dhu̯er-, *dhu̯or-, e. g. Skt. nom. pl. dvā́r-aḥ, acc. dúr-aḥ (s. above), which were often generalized as in Lat. for-ēs, Toch. B twere; with enlargements, e. g. Skt. dvā́r-a-m, OCS dvor-ъ `court', Lat. for-īs `outside', for-ās `(towards) outside'. A zero grade *dhu̯r̥- has been supposed in θαιρός `pivot of a door', but is doubtful (s. v.). - The thematic enlargement of πρό-θυρ-ον also e. g. in Skt. śatá-dur-a- `with hundred doors' (Sommer Nominalkomp. 131). - Details in Pok. 278f., W.-Hofmann s. foris, Ernout-Meillet s. forēs, Mayrhofer Wb. 2, 83f., Fraenkel Lit. et. Wb. s. dùrys, Vasmer Russ. et. Wb. s. dverь. Cf. Benveniste, Institutions I 311ff.Page in Frisk: 1,695-696Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > θύρα
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16 θύω 2
θύω 2.Grammatical information: v.Derivatives: Derivations partly show the older meaning `smoke, incense' (s. below): 1. θῦμα `offer' (IA etc.); 2. ἔκ-, πρό-θυσις from ἐκ-, προ-θύω (late); 3. θυσία s. below on θύτης; 4. θύος n. with θυέστης a. o. `incense', s. v.; 5. θύον `life-tree', s. v.; 6. θυητά n. pl. `incense' (Aret.; on the formation cf. θυηλη s.v.); 7. θυ(ε)ία f. `strong smelling ceder, thuya' with θυῖον n. `resin' (Thphr.); formation unclear; to θύος (s. v.)? 8. θύτης m. `offerer' (hell.; ἐκ-θύτης from ἐκ-θύω E.); θύτας (Thess.), with θυτεῖον `offerplace' (Aeschin.), θυτικός `belonging to an offer' (hell., directly from θύω), θυσία `offer, offerfeast' (h. Cer.; cf. Fraenkel Nom. ag. 1, 224, Porzig Satzinhalte 200); from there θυσιάζω `offer' with θυσίασμα, - αστήριος, - ον; 9. θυτήρ m. `id.' (trag.) with θυτήριον `sacrificial animal' (E.), also `altar', name of the constellation Ara (Arat.; Scherer Gestirnnamen 192); 10. θύστας ὁ ἱερεὺς παρὰ Κρησί H., f. θυστάς, - άδος `belonging to the sacrifice' (A., S.; Fraenkel Nom. ag. 1, 182; 2, 37, E. Kretschmer Glotta 18, 85); 11. θύστρα n. = θύματα (Kos); 12. θυ\<σ\> τηρίοις θυμιατηρίοις H.; 13. θυσμικός `regarding the sacrifice' ( ἔτος; Paros, Tenos); the - σ- in the last words hardly with Schulze Q. 320 n. 1 and Fraenkel l. c. from the σ-stem in θύος, but rather with Solmsen KZ 29, 114 analogical [to what?] (cf. μύστης a. o.). - With λ-, resp. μ-suffix in θυηλη, θυμός, θύμον, [not in θυμάλωψ], s. vv.; with μελ-suffix (Frisk Eranos 41, 51) θῠμέλη `hearth, altar' (trag.; not with Aly Glotta 5, 60ff. prop. "practice-ground" from 1. θύω `storm') with θυμελικός.Origin: XX [etym. unknown]Etymology: The regular stemformation of θύω will be the resultof inner-Greek adjustment. The original paradigma can no longer be reconstructed. As the nearest parallel is given Lat. suf-fiō, - īre `incense', explained from *-dhu̯-ii̯ō, which is of course very far away. - It is often supposed that 1. θύω and 2. θύω were originally identical, but this is far from clear; one assumes a development like `stieben, stäuben, wirbeln, stürmen, rauchen' v. t., but this can well be wrong. The different languages show a mass of formations and meanings which can no longer be interpreted, see Pok. 261-267, (268-271). - S. further τύφω. θάνατος, θολός, ἀθύρω have nothing to do with our verb.- P. Pagot, RPh LXXV (2001) 144 connects Hitt. tuhhae `pant, sigh' from * dʰ(e)uh₂-, which is however very far as regards the meaning.Page in Frisk: 1,698-699Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > θύω 2
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17 κάρυον
Grammatical information: n.Meaning: `nut' (Epich., Ar., Thphr.).Compounds: Compp., e. g. καρυο-ναύτης `wo sails in a nut' (Lyc.); καρυό-φυλλον `dried flower-but of the clove, Eugenia caryophyllata' (medic.), folketymological adaptation of a loan (Skt. kaṭuka-phalam?; s. Maidhof Glotta 10, 11.).Derivatives: 1. καρύα f. `walnut-tree', esp. `hazel, Corylus avellana' (S., LXX, Thphr. usw.; on the gender Schwyzer-Debrunner 30). 2. Diminut.: καρύδιον (Philyll. 19) with καρυδόω `castrate', καρύδωσις (Hippiatr.); καρυΐσκος (LXX). 3. Adject.: καρύ-ϊνος `of nuts, nut-brown etc.', - ώδης, - ηρός `nut-like' (hell.); καρυωτός `with nut-like hump or fruit' (= `date-tree'), καρυῶτις f. `kind of date' (hell.); substant. καρυΐτης `kind of Euphorbia' (Dsc.; Strömberg Pflanzennamen 53, Redard Les noms grecs en - της 72). 4. Adverb: καρυηδόν `like nuts' (medic.). 5. Verb: καρυατίζω `play with nuts' (Ph.; after the verbs in - ατίζω). - A further plural-form in καρυήματα κάρυα. Λάκωνες H. (after τραγήματα a. o.; Schwyzer 523, Chantraine Formation 178, Fraenkel Glotta 32, 26).Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]Etymology: All compared words differ from κάρυον and from one amother: Lat. carīna `ship's keel' (since Enn. and Plaut.), `shell of a nut' (Plin.), Welsh ceri (\< * carīso-) `pit of fruit'; Skt. karaka- m. `(shell of the) coco(a)-nut' (lex.), `jar for water'. Other doubts are: for Lat. carīna a Greek loan (from καρύϊνος = *`like a nut-shell' \> `ship's keel'?) as been supposed (W.-Hofmann s. v.); the priority of the meaning `coco-nut' beside `water-jar' for karaka- is doubted by Mayrhofer, see EWAia III 59 (later form). - The connection with a group * kar- `heart' (Pok. 531f.) is completely hypothetical. - Beside it occurs ἄρυα τὰ ΏΗρακλεωτικὰ κάρυα H., which suggests a Pre-Greek form, Fur. 591.Page in Frisk: 1,794-795Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > κάρυον
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18 κλύζω
Grammatical information: v.Meaning: `wash (away), clean', pass. (intr.) `wash, surge, drench'.Other forms: ipf. iter. κλύζεσκον (Ψ 61), aor. pass. κλυσθῆναι (Il.), fut. κλύσ(σ)ω (h. Ap. 75, Pi.), aor. act. κλύσαι (IA.), perf. κέκλυκα, κέκλυσμαι (Att.),Derivatives: κλύσις `washing' (Hp.), mostly of the prefixed verbs ἐπίκλυσις etc. (IA.); κλύσμα (also κατάκλυσμα a. o.) `fluidity, with which something is washed, clystier', also `surge, shore' (IA.), with κλυσμάτιον, - ματικός (Hp.); ( ἐπι-, κατα- etc.) κλυσμός `inundation etc.' (IA.); κλυστήρ, - ῆρος m. `clystier-pipe' (Hdt.) with - τήριον, - τηρίδιον. - Further σύγ-κλυ-ς, - δος `washed together, thrown-' (Th., Pl.), κλύ-δ-α acc. sg. `beating of the waves' (Nic. Al. 170; archaising innoavtion?), κλύ-δ-ων, - ωνος m. `waving, surf, turmoil' (μ 421) with κλυδώνιον (A., E.), κλυδων-ίζομαι `be thrown around by the waves' (LXX, J.) with κλυδωνισμός (Hdn.), - ισμα (Suid.). - Expressive enlargement ( ἐγ-, συγ-)κλυδάζομαι `splash etc.' (Hp.; - άττομαι D. L.) with κλυδασμός, ( ἐγ)κλύδαξις, ἐγκλυδαστικός (Hp.); details in Debrunner IF 21, 221f. - Also κλυδάω, of σταῖς, πηλός, `being (made) wet, soft, be mouldable' (Arist.), prob. after φλυδάω.Origin: IE [Indo-European] [607] *ḱlō-, ḱlū- (= *ḱluH-?) `wash, purify'Etymology: The formation as the sound-like βλύζω, φλύζω, the present κλύζω stands close to the nominale δ-forms κλύ-δ-α, κλύ-δ-ων; from *κλυ-δ-ι̯ω or arisen as denominative yot-present (z. B. Schwyzer 715f.) or an independent enlargement in - ζω (with κλύ-δ-ων etc. as backformations), can hardly be decided. An IE. d-enlargement is present in Germanic, e. g. Goth. hlutrs, NHG lauter (IE. *ḱlū-d-ro-); without -d- Welsh clir `hell, clear, pure' (IE. *ḱlū-ro-). A dentalless primary verb seems to be OLat. cluō `purgo' (only Plin. 15, 119; cf. W.-Hofmann s. v.) and is supposed by clo(v)āca `subterranean discharge canal'; further, with diff. ablaut, Lith. šlúoju, šlúoti `weap, wipe' (IE. *ḱlō[u]-). - More forms Pok. 607, W.-Hofmann s. cluō. (On Oldeurop. river names (* Cluentus in Cluentensis vicus a. o.) Krahe Beitr. z. Namenforschung 5, 113f.)Page in Frisk: 1,876-877Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > κλύζω
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19 κραδάω
Grammatical information: v.Meaning: `swing, brandish', midd. `tremble, be agitated'; κραδεύειν H. as explanation of κραδαίνειν (Hom.)Compounds: Rarely with prefix: ἐπι-κραδάω (A. R., Opp.); ἐπι-, δια-, συγ-κραδαίνω (Tim. Pers., Arist.); ἀνακραδεύει σείει, σαλεύει H.Derivatives: κράδη f. `spray at the end of branches, twig, esp. of figs' (IA., Hes. Op. 681) with ἀπο-κράδιος `plucked from a fig' (AP), ἀπο-κραδίζω `pluck from a fig' (Nic.); also ` diseased formation of small shoots in a tree' with κραδάω `have κράδη' (Thphr.; cf. Strömberg Theophrastea 195); also name of a machine, that shows actors hovering in the air (Poll. 4, 128, H.). Also κράδος `blight in figtrees' (Thphr. HP 4, 14, 4), after Thphr. l. c. also name of the twig. - κραδησίτης φαρμακός ( 'scapegoat'), ὁ ταῖς κράδαις βαλλόμενος H. (cf. Redard Les noms grecs en - της 242 n. 29); κραδίης m. `prepared with fig-twigs, provided with...' (H., Hippon.); κραδιαῖος `connected with...' (Orph.); κράδαλοι κλάδοι H. κραδαλός `trembling' (Eust.).Origin: XX [etym. unknown]Etymology: On κραδευταί s. κρατευταί. That κράδη and κράδος with κραδάω (to which κραδαίνω as enlargement) belong together, seems certain; their relation however can be interpreted in different ways. Prob. κραδάω is a denomin., whereby for κράδη an original meaning `the swinging' can be assumed, what agrees well with the meanings `crown (of a tree)' and ` suspension-machine' (Fraenkel Denom. 19f.). Or κραδάω is as zero grade iterative derived from a lost primary verb (cf. Schwyzer 719 Mom. 4, Leumann Lat. Gramm.317c) to which κράδη, - ος is a backformation. Diff. (hardly correct) Schwyzer 682 and Chantraine Gramm. hom. 1, 356: κραδάω old (orig. athematic) root present. - [Hardly here κόρδᾱξ, a dance.] Hypothetical combinations in W.-Hofmann s. cardō, Pok. 934; s. also Fraenkel Lit. et. Wb. s. (pa)-kìrsti. - A very old root noun to κραδάω is supposed by SchulzeKZ 57, 75 = Kl. Schr. 217 in the IE word for `heart', Gr. κῆρ.Page in Frisk: 2,1-2Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > κραδάω
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20 κράτος
Grammatical information: n.Compounds: Often as 1. member, e. g. ἀ-κρατής `without strength, power (over others or over oneself)'; oppos. ἐγ-κρατής `having power over, controlling (oneself)' with ἐγκράτεια, - έω etc.; αὑτο-κρατής `having power over oneself, independent'; more usual αὑτο-κράτωρ `with unlimited power' (Ar., Th.); details in Debrunner FS Tɨèche (Bern 1947) 11f.; also - κρέτης in Aeol. and Arc. Cypr. PN, e. g. Σω-κρέτης.Derivatives: Beside κράτος, κρέτος there are several adjectives: 1. κρατύς `strong, powerful' (Hom.; only κρατὺς Άργεϊφόντης, verse-end) with κρατύνω, ep. also καρτ- `strengthen, conso;idate, rule' (Il.) with κρατυσμός `strenghtening', κρατυντήριος `id.', - τικός `id.' (medic.), κρατύντωρ `controller' ( PMag. Leid.). - 2. κρατερός (Il., A. Pr. 168, anap.), καρτερός (Il.) `id.' (IA.); also as 1. member, e.g. κρατερό-φρων (Il.). καρτερέω, also with prefix, e.g. δια-, `be steadfast, hold out, overcome onseself' (IA.) with καρτερία (Pl., X.), - ρησις (Pl.) `holding on, firmness', - ρικός (Att.); καρτερόω `strengthen' (Aq., Herm.). - 3. κραταιός `id.' (Il.), also as plant-name (Ps.-Dsc.; Strömberg Pflanzennamen 82); rarely as 1. member, e.g. κραταιό-φρων ( PMag.). With κραταιότης = κράτος (LXX), κραταιόω `strengthen' (LXX, NT) with κραταίωμα, - ωσις (LXX). Fem. κραταιίς (Od.; Schwyzer 385). - 4. Primary comparison: comp. κρείττων, (Atticising) κρείσσων with sec. - ει- for κρέσσων (Ion., Pi.); Dor. κάρρων, Cret. κάρτων; denomin. κρειττόομαι `have excrescences', with κρείττωσις (Thphr.). sup. κράτιστος, ep. κάρτ-, (Il.), with - τεύω `be the best, surpass' (Pi., Att.); -( ε)ία as title, `highness' (pap.). -- 5. Adv. κάρτα `in a high degree, very' (Ion. and trag.). - 6. As 1. member often κραται- ( καρται-), e.g. κραται-γύαλος `with strong breast-pieces' (T 361). Further Κρατι-, Καρτι- in PN, e.g. Κρατί-δημος, Καρτί-νικος; also Κρατ(ο)-, Κρατε- a. o. (Bechtel Hist. Personennamen 256). Hypocoristic short-names Κρατῖνος (Schwyzer 491, Chantraine Formation 205), Κρατύλος, Κράτυλλος (Leumann Glotta 32, 217 a. 225 A. 1), Κρατιεύς (Boßhardt Die Nom. auf - ευς 126). On Κρεσφόντης s. v. - 7. Verb: κρατέω (Il.), Aeol. κρετέω, aor. κρατῆσαι (posthom.), κρέτησαι (Sapph.), often with prefix, e.g. ἐπι-, κατα-, περι-, `controll, possess, rule, conquer'; with ( ἐπι- etc.) κράτησις `power, rule' (Th., LXX), ( δια-, ἐπι-) κρατητικός `controlling' (late), ( δια-)κράτημα `support, grip' (medic.); κρατητής `possessor' (Procl.); κρατῆρας τοὺς κρατοῦντας H. for κρατητῆρας (Lewy KZ 59, 182). But ἐγκρατέω from ἐγ-κρατής, ναυ-κρατέω, - τία from ναυ-κρατής etc.; s. above. καρταίνειν κρατεῖν H. -- 8. On κρατευταί s. v.Etymology: With the full grade in Aeol. κρέτος interchanges regularly the zero grade in κρατύς, κάρτα (on ρα: αρ Schwyzer 342). Through analogy arose both κράτος, κάρτος and the compp. κάρρων \< *κάρσ(σ)ων \< *κάρτι̯ων and κάρτων beside the old fullgrade κρέσσων \< *κρέτι̯ων; details in Seiler Steigerungsformen 53 ff. A zero grade of the σ-stem in κρέτος is supposed in Κρεσ-φόντης ( \< *Κρετσ-; Kretschmer Glotta 24, 237, Heubeck Beitr. z. Namenforsch. 5, 26). - The relation of the forms is not always clear. The adjective κρατερός, καρτερός may conrain a alternating ρ-stem (Benveniste Origines 17, Leumann Hom. Wörter 115), if it is not an analogical innovation to κράτος, κρατέω (e.g. Schwyzer 482). The form Κρατι-, Καρτι-, which appears only in PN, will not be old (like e.g. in κυδι-άνειρα: κῦδος), but rest on analogy (after Άλκι-, Καλλι- a. o.; Frisk Nom. 70). On κάρτα cf. e.g. τάχα, ἅμα. The 1. member κραται- may have been built after παλαι- a. o.; and κραταιός after παλαιός? (cf. Schwyzer 448). Diff. Risch 117: κραταιός back formation to κραταιή for *κράταια, fem. to κρατύς ( Πλαταιαί: πλατύς). Also κρατέω is discussed. Against the obvious explanation as denominative of κράτος (Schwyzer 724; κρατῆσαι only posthom.) see Leumann Hom. Wörter 113ff.; he assumes in κρατέω a backformation to ἐπικρατέω from ἐπι-κρατής (Hom. only adv. ἐπικρατέως). Again diff. Specht KZ 62, 35 ff. - An exact agreement to κράτος etc. is not found. Close are Skt. krátu- m. `power, mind, will', Av. xratu- m. `id.'. The objections that the Indo-Ir. word indicates primarily spiritual qualities ar refuted by OE cræft ` Kraft, physical strength, power', also `insight, craft etc.'. The Germanic word for `hard', Got. hardus etc., which is usually adduced, differs in vowel (IE *kortú- against *kr̥tú- to * kret-). - Cf. Mayrhofer KEWA s. krátuh.Page in Frisk: 2,8-10Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > κράτος
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