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1 εὐχαριστία
εὐχαριστία, ας, ἡ (s. prec. entry; since Hippocr. Comp. II 87f. Ps.-Menand. Fgm. 693 Kock; ins; PLond III, 1178, 25 p. 216 [194 A.D.]; LXX; Philo, Joseph., Just., Did.).① the quality of being grateful, with implication of appropriate attitude, thankfulness, gratitude (an important component of Gr-Rom. reciprocity; s. decrees of the Byzantines in Demosth. 18, 91 [s. εὐχαριστέω 1]; Polyb. 8, 12, 8; Diod S 17, 59, 7; OGI 227, 6; 199, 31 [I A.D.] ἔχω πρὸς τ. μέγιστον θεόν μου Ἄρην εὐχαριστίαν; BGU 1764, 21 [I B.C.]; 2 Macc 2:27; Esth 8:12d; Philo, Leg. All. 1, 84) μετὰ πάσης εὐ. (cp. Orig., C. Cels. 7, 46, 8) with all gratitude Ac 24:3.② the expression or content of gratitude, the rendering of thanks, thanksgiving (SIG 798, 5 [c. 37 A.D.] εἰς εὐχαριστίαν τηλικούτου θεοῦ εὑρεῖν ἴσας ἀμοιβάς; Wsd 16:28; Sir 37:11; Philo, Spec. Leg. 1, 224; Jos., Ant. 1, 156; 2, 346; 3, 65; 4, 212) abs. Eph 5:4 (s. OCasel, BZ 18, 1929, 84f, who, after Origen, equates εὐχαριστία w. εὐχαριτία=‘the mark of fine training’). τῷ θεῷ toward God 2 Cor 9:11. μετὰ εὐχαριστίας with thanksgiving (Philo, Spec. Leg. 1, 144) Phil 4:6; 1 Ti 4:3f; ἐν εὐ. Col 4:2. περισσεύειν ἐν εὐ. overflow w. thanksg. 2:7; περισσεύειν τὴν εὐ. increase the thanksg. 2 Cor 4:15. εὐχαριστίαν τῷ θεῷ ἀνταποδοῦναι περὶ ὑμῶν render thanks to God for you 1 Th 3:9. Also εὐ. διδόναι (Theodor. Prodr. 8, 414 H. θεοῖς) Rv 4:9. Esp. prayer of thanksgiving (Herm. Wr. 1, 29) 1 Cor 14:16; Rv 7:12. Pl. 2 Cor 9:12; 1 Ti 2:1.③ the observance and elements of the Eucharist, Lord’s Supper, Eucharist ποτήριον τῆς εὐχ. 1 Cor 10:16 v.l.—D 9:1, 5 JClabeaux, in: Prayers fr. Alexander to Constantine, ed. MKiley, ’97, 260–66; IEph 13:1; IPhld 4; ISm 8:1. W. προσευχή 7:1. Cp. Just., A I, 65, 3; 66, 1; Orig., C. Cels. 57, 20; RKnopf, Hdb. on D 9:1.—JRéville, Les origines de l’Eucharistie 1908; MGoguel, L’Euch. des origines à Justin mart. 1909; FWieland, D. vorirenäische Opferbegriff 1909; GLoeschcke, Zur Frage nach der Einsetzung u. Herkunft der Eucharistie: ZWT 54, 1912, 193–205; ALoisy, Les origines de la Cène euch.: Congr. d’Hist. du Christ. I 1928, 77–95. GMacGregor, Eucharistic Origins 1929; KGoetz, D. Ursprung d. kirchl. Abendmahls 1929; HHuber, D. Herrenmahl im NT, diss. Bern 1929; WGoossens, Les origines de l’Euch. ’31; RHupfeld, D. Abendmahlsfeier, ihr ursprüngl. Sinn usw., ’35; JJeremias, D. Abendmahlsworte Jesu ’35, 2’49, 3’60 (Eng. tr., The Eucharistic Words of Jesus, AEhrhardt ’55; s. also KKuhn, TLZ 75, ’50, 399–408), D. paul. Abdm.—eine Opferdarbietung?: StKr 108, ’37, 124–41; AArnold, D. Ursprung d. Chr. Abdmahls ’37, 2’39; LPoot, Het oudchristelijk Avondmaal ’36; ELohmeyer, D. Abdm. in d. Urgem.: JBL 56, ’37, 217–52; EKäsemann, D. Abdm. im NT: Abdm. gemeinschaft? ’37, 60–93; HSasse, D. Abdm. im NT: V. Sakr. d. Altars ’41, 26–78; EGaugler, D. Abdm. im NT ’43; NJohansson, Det urkristna nattvardsfirandet ’44; ESchweizer, D. Abdm. eine Vergegenwärtigung des Todes Jesu od. e. eschatalogisches Freudenmahl?: TZ 2, ’46, 81–101; TPreiss, TZ 4, ’48, 81–101 (Eng. tr., Was the Last Supper a Paschal Meal? in Life in Christ, chap. 5, ’54, 81–99); F-JLeenhardt, Le Sacrement de la Sainte Cène, ’48; GWalther, Jesus, das Passalamm des Neuen Bundes usw., ’50; RBultmann, Theol. of the NT (tr. KGrobel), ’51, I, 144–52; AHiggins, The Lord’s Supper in the NT, ’52; OCullmann, Early Christian Worship (transl. ATodd and JTorrance), ’53; HLessig, D. Abendmahlsprobleme im Lichte der NTlichen Forschung seit 1900, diss. Bonn, ’53; ESchweizer, TLZ 79, ’54, 577–92 (lit.); GBornkamm, Herrenmahl u. Kirche bei Paulus, NTS 2, ’55/56, 202–6; CMoule, The Judgment Theme in the Sacraments, in Background of the NT and Its Eschatology (CDodd Festschr.) ’56, 464–81; MBlack, The Arrest and Trial of Jesus and the Date of the Last Supper, in NT Essays (TManson memorial vol.) ’59, 19–33; PNeuenzeit, Das Herrenmahl, ’60; The Eucharist in the NT, five essays tr. fr. French by EStewart, ’64; EKilmartin, The Eucharist in the Primitive Church, ’65; BIersel, NovT 7, ’64/65, 167–94; HBraun, Qumran II, ’66, 29–54; JAudet, TU 73, ’59, 643–62; HSchürmann, D. Paschamahlbericht, ’53, D. Einsetzungsbericht, ’55, Jesu Abschiedsrede, ’57 (all Lk 22); HPatsch, Abendmahl u. Historischer Jesus, ’72; FHahn RGG4, I, 10–15 (NT); CMarkschies, ibid., 15–21 (early church). S. also the lit. on ἀγάπη 2.—M-M. TW. -
2 βρί
βρί ( βρῖ)Grammatical information: ?Meaning: ἐπὶ τοῦ μεγάλου καὶ ἰσχυροῦ καὶ χαλεποῦ τίθεται H.Dialectal forms: The interpretation of Myc. piritawo is uncertain.Compounds: In e.g. βρι-ήπυος `loud crying' of Ares (Ν 521), with ἠπύω, Βριάρεως s. below, βριηρόν μεγάλως κεχαρισμένον H. (cf. Sommer Nominalkomp. 139, to ἦρα?; against Hoffmann Glotta 28, 23f.). Βρίακχος `Bacchante' (S.) with ἰάχω, Ἴακχος.Derivatives: Adj. βριαρός `strong' (Il.) (cf. χαλαρός beside χαλί-φρων). Verb βριάω `be or make strong, mighty' (Hes.; cf. χαλάω) backformation from βριαρός? s. Schwyzer 682f., Bechtel a. a. O; also βριερός. For Βριάρεως, a giant with hundred arms (Il.), in Hes. Ο᾽βριάρεως, the interpretation `who causes much damage (ἀρή)' (Bechtel, Lex.) is most uncertain; much more probably it is a Pre-Gr. name, Fur. 168 n. 103. - With θ: βρί̄θω, (βέβρῑθα, βρῖσαι) `be laden with, full of' (Il); βρῑθύς `heavy(?)' (Il.), βρῖθος n. `weight' (Hp.), βριθοσύνη `id.' (Il.) - Here also βρινδεῖν θυμοῦσθαι, ἐρεθίζειν H. with prenasalization of βριθ-? (for the meaning cf. βριμάομαι). Further βρίμη, βριμάομαι. S. also βρίζω and ὕβρις.Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]Etymology: The idea of an `ablaut' ī\/ia must be given up; such cases have appeared to continue -ih₂-\/-ih₂-e. So βριαρός could be * gʷrih₂-eros. (There can be no derivational system i\/ro in these words; nor is a form *βριαρ probable, as Benveniste supposed, Origines 15.) The connection with βαρύς has also become very doubtful: βαρύς continues * gʷrH-u-, and * gʷrH-iH- would have given *βαρῑ-; possible would be * gʷr-iH-, from a root without laryngeal, but the only evidence for such a root would be Skt. grī-ṣmá- m. `Hochsommer', if *`die Zeit des heftigen, starken Sommers' (Wackernagel KZ 61, 197f., with sámā `(half)year', Av. ham- `summer' - but these derive from * smH-, which would make difficulty), but this analysis is quite uncertain (a meaning `heavy; does not seem appropriate). - (That Lat. (Osc.-Umbr.) brūtus = Latv. grũts `heavy' is a parallel ū-enlargement is even more doubtful.) - The - θ- can be the enlargement indicating a state (Benveniste, Origines 190).- As Fur. (168 n. 104, 174 n. 122, 246f) remarks the words refer more to `big, strong, χαλεπός' than to 'heavy'. The connection to βριμός (s. βρίμη) therefore seems evident. As βρῑμ- is very probable related to ὄβριμος (cf. ὀβριάρεως), we have to do with a Pre-Greek word (Fur. index). S. φριμάσσομαι.Page in Frisk: 1,267-268Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > βρί
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3 βρῖ
βρί ( βρῖ)Grammatical information: ?Meaning: ἐπὶ τοῦ μεγάλου καὶ ἰσχυροῦ καὶ χαλεποῦ τίθεται H.Dialectal forms: The interpretation of Myc. piritawo is uncertain.Compounds: In e.g. βρι-ήπυος `loud crying' of Ares (Ν 521), with ἠπύω, Βριάρεως s. below, βριηρόν μεγάλως κεχαρισμένον H. (cf. Sommer Nominalkomp. 139, to ἦρα?; against Hoffmann Glotta 28, 23f.). Βρίακχος `Bacchante' (S.) with ἰάχω, Ἴακχος.Derivatives: Adj. βριαρός `strong' (Il.) (cf. χαλαρός beside χαλί-φρων). Verb βριάω `be or make strong, mighty' (Hes.; cf. χαλάω) backformation from βριαρός? s. Schwyzer 682f., Bechtel a. a. O; also βριερός. For Βριάρεως, a giant with hundred arms (Il.), in Hes. Ο᾽βριάρεως, the interpretation `who causes much damage (ἀρή)' (Bechtel, Lex.) is most uncertain; much more probably it is a Pre-Gr. name, Fur. 168 n. 103. - With θ: βρί̄θω, (βέβρῑθα, βρῖσαι) `be laden with, full of' (Il); βρῑθύς `heavy(?)' (Il.), βρῖθος n. `weight' (Hp.), βριθοσύνη `id.' (Il.) - Here also βρινδεῖν θυμοῦσθαι, ἐρεθίζειν H. with prenasalization of βριθ-? (for the meaning cf. βριμάομαι). Further βρίμη, βριμάομαι. S. also βρίζω and ὕβρις.Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]Etymology: The idea of an `ablaut' ī\/ia must be given up; such cases have appeared to continue -ih₂-\/-ih₂-e. So βριαρός could be * gʷrih₂-eros. (There can be no derivational system i\/ro in these words; nor is a form *βριαρ probable, as Benveniste supposed, Origines 15.) The connection with βαρύς has also become very doubtful: βαρύς continues * gʷrH-u-, and * gʷrH-iH- would have given *βαρῑ-; possible would be * gʷr-iH-, from a root without laryngeal, but the only evidence for such a root would be Skt. grī-ṣmá- m. `Hochsommer', if *`die Zeit des heftigen, starken Sommers' (Wackernagel KZ 61, 197f., with sámā `(half)year', Av. ham- `summer' - but these derive from * smH-, which would make difficulty), but this analysis is quite uncertain (a meaning `heavy; does not seem appropriate). - (That Lat. (Osc.-Umbr.) brūtus = Latv. grũts `heavy' is a parallel ū-enlargement is even more doubtful.) - The - θ- can be the enlargement indicating a state (Benveniste, Origines 190).- As Fur. (168 n. 104, 174 n. 122, 246f) remarks the words refer more to `big, strong, χαλεπός' than to 'heavy'. The connection to βριμός (s. βρίμη) therefore seems evident. As βρῑμ- is very probable related to ὄβριμος (cf. ὀβριάρεως), we have to do with a Pre-Greek word (Fur. index). S. φριμάσσομαι.Page in Frisk: 1,267-268Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > βρῖ
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4 ἄξων
ἄξων, - ονοςGrammatical information: m.Meaning: `axle' (Il.).Origin: IE [Indo-European] [6] *h₂eḱs-Etymology: Old noun, found in Skt. ákṣ-a- m., Lat. ax-is, Lith. aš-ìs, OCS os-ь; OHG ahsa f.; l-derivatives in ON ǫxull m., W. echel f., Lat. āla (\< * aks-lā, cf. axilla) `arm-pit, wing'. - The word has been connected with ἄγω (Benveniste Origines 7, 24, 121), which is not certain. - Not in ἅμαξα.Page in Frisk: 1,116Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ἄξων
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5 γέρας
γέρας -αος or - ωςGrammatical information: n.Compounds: Komp. ἀ-γέρασ-τος `without gift of honour' (Il.)Derivatives: γεραιός `old' (Il., accent as in παλαιός); γεράσμιος `honouring, -ed, aged' (h. Merc., vgl. Schwyzer 493 n. 10); denomin. γεράζω `honour' (EM). - Beside γέρας: γεραρός `honourable' (Il.; hardly old r-stem with Benveniste Origines 16; diff. Schwyzer 516), fem. γέραιρα (Il. [v. l.], s. Bechtel Lex.); γεραίρω `honour, distinguish' (Il.).Origin: IE [Indo-European] [390] *ǵerh₂- `old'Etymology: Cf. Skt. jarás- (f.?) `old age'. - Cognate γέρων, γῆρας, γραῦς, s. vv. S. also γεργέριμος.Page in Frisk: 1,299Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > γέρας
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6 γλοιός
Grammatical information: m.Meaning: `glutinous substance, gum', also the oil and sweat, scraped off by sporters (Semon.); sec. also adj. (Pap.).Derivatives: γλοιώδης (Pl.); γλοιάς ἡ κακοήθης ἵππος καὶ πολυδήκτης παρὰ Σοφοκλεῖ H., γλοίης, - ητος m. `slippery, shifty' (Hdn.; s. Chantr. Form. 267). Denom. γλοιόομαι `become sticky' (Dsc.), γλοιάζω `twinkle with the eyes' (Hp.). - Also γλία `glue' (EM) and γλίνη (EM) with γλινώδης (Dsc.), γλίον εὔτονον, ἰσχυρόν (H.), perh. also γλιᾶται παίζει, ἀπατᾳ̃ H., γλιῶσαι τὸ παίζειν EM. - Further γλίττον γλοιόν (H.). - Verb γλίχομαι, only pres. (but ἐγλιξάμην, Pl. Com.) prop. `stick to', i. e. `long for' (Hdt.), γλιχός (H.), γλιχώ (EM). - The development of the meaning is not always clear (s. DELG). - On γλίσχρος s. v.Origin: XX [etym. unknown]Etymology: If from *γλοιϜός, the word agrees with Russ. dial. glev `slime of fishes' (Slav. *glěvъ \< *gloi-u̯o-s), prob. also in OHG klēo, gen. klēwes `clover' (Pgm. *klaiu̯az; from the sticky juice?). If however = *γλοιι̯ός (with expressive gemination?), the word would correspond to OE clǣg `loam, clay' (PGm. *klaii̯az). - The ν-suffix in γλίνη, also in Russ.CS. glěnъ `slime' (* gloi-no-s) and in Russ. glína `clay, loam' (\< * glei-nā) is explained from a nasal present, OIr. glenim (* gli-nā-mi), OHG klenan `stick, smear'. - The gloss γλίττον (H.) is with Lat. glittus `sticky' explained as expressive gemination of the t-suffix in Lat. glūten n. `glue' (\< * gloi-t-en-?; not old r-n-stem with Benveniste Origines 104) and Lith. glitùs `sticky'. - γλία is compared with Russ. glej `clay, loam' (\< * glьjь). - No cognate for γλίχομαι; χ-present in Schwyzer 702. - See Pok. 362f. Not all comparisons are convincing. Also most words cited are Balto-Slavic or Germanic, which suggests words from a European substratum.Page in Frisk: 1,312-313Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > γλοιός
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7 δάμαρ
δάμαρ, - αρτοςGrammatical information: f.Meaning: `wife' (Il.; on the meaning Gernet Mélanges Boisacq 1, 393ff.);Other forms: δόμορτις γυνή H. (Aeol.).Derivatives: No deriv.Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]X [probably]Etymology: Unknown. Since Schulze KZ 28, 281f. (= Kl. Schr. 364) from the word for `house' (s. δάπεδον, δεσπότης and δόμος) and the root ἀρ- in ἀραρίσκω with a dental suffixe; thus δόμορ-τ-ις (Schwyzer 451 m. A. 3). - Others assume in δάμαρ an old neuter in -ρ (cf. NHG Frauenzimmer); s. Benveniste Origines 30, Lejeune Traité de phon. 34 A. 3. Ruijgh, Lingua 51 (1980) 90 connects ταμία. A Pre-Greek word seems more probable.Page in Frisk: 1,345-346Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > δάμαρ
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8 δαρθάνω
Grammatical information: v.Meaning: `fall asleep'.Other forms: the simplex in present only Hierocl. In CA; aor. ἔδραθον υ 143; mostly κατα-δαρθάνω (Pl., s. Schwyzer-Debrunner 476), also ἐγκατα-, ἐπικατα-, συγκατα-, and ἀπο-, παρα-, aor. - δραθεῖν (Od.), - δαρθεῖν, perf. - δεδάρθηκα (Att.), later aor. - δαρθῆναι (s. Schwyzer 759 n.. 3). Mostly in aorist (pres. [καθ-]εύδω).Derivatives: No deriv.Origin: IE [Indo-European] [226] *der-? `sleep'Etymology: Resembles Skt. drā́-ti `sleep', Lat. dormiō `id.', ORuss. Csl. drěmati `slumber' (from * derm-). The θ can be a secondary formant, cf. Benveniste Origines 191, Chantraine Gramm. hom. 1, 329.Page in Frisk: 1,349-350Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > δαρθάνω
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9 δίδωμι
Grammatical information: v.Meaning: `give' (Il.).Other forms: Fut. δώσω ( διδώσω ν 358, ω 314), aor. ἔδωκα, δοῦναι (s. below), pass. δοθῆναι, perf. δέδωκα, δέδομαι. Cypr. opt. δώκοι from δώκω (from the aor.).Dialectal forms: Myc. didosi \/ didonsi\/ `they give', didoto \/ didontoi\/ 3. pl. ind. pass., dose \/dōsei\/ `he will give', jodososi \/jō-dosonsi\/, odoke \/hō-dōke\/, apu-doke \/apu-dōke\/, apedoke \/ap-edōke\/, dedomena \/ dedomena\/ perf. ptc. pass.; apudosi \/ apu-dosis\/, dosomo \/ dosmos\/, dosomijo \/ dosmios\/ `consisting of contributions', dora \/dōra\/ `gifts'; PN teodora \/theodōra\/.Compounds: Often with prefix: ἀνα-, ἀντι-, ἀπο-, δια- etc. As first member δωσι- in Δωσί-θεος etc.; cf. Knecht Τερψίμβροτος 11; s. also below.Derivatives: δώς f. `gift' (Hes. Op. 356 \< δώ-ς or *δώτ-ς, s. below); ( ἀνά-, ἀντί-, ἀπό- etc.) δόσις `gift' (Il.; on the meaning Schwyzer 504 n. 2, Benveniste Noms d'agent 76, Holt Les noms d'action en - σις 75, Rauillard Mélanges Boisacq 2, 219ff.) with δοσίδιον (inscr.) and δόσιμος, often from comp. ἐπι-, ἐν-, παρα-; δῶτις, uncertain; acc. to Fraenkel Nom. ag. 1, 105 twice (!) in the Amphiktyon-law of 380a for λωτις; also δῶττις δώς, φερνή H., prob. wrong; s. Latte; δωτίνη, -ᾱ, `gift, present, rent' (Hom., also Argolis; but cf. Leumann Hom. Wörter 279f.), with δωτινάζω `collect gifts' Hdt. 2, 180); ἀπυ-δοσμός `selling' with ἀπυδόσμιος (Arc.); - δομα in ἀπό-, διά-, πρό-δομα etc.; cf. Wilhelm Glotta 14, 70f.; δῶρον s. v. - ( ἐκ-, ἐπι- etc.) δοτήρ `giver' (Il.), f. δότειρα (Hes.); δώτωρ `id.' (Od.); to δοτήρ: δώτωρ Schwyzer 381 and 530; Benveniste Noms d'agent 46 and 49; δωτήρ `id.' ( θεοὶ δωτῆρες ἐάων θ 325 etc.; s. below); δότης = δοτήρ (LXX); init. only in comp., e.g. προδότης, f. - τις `traitor' (Ion., Att.) with προδοσία `treason' (Ion.-Att.); δώτης (Hes. Op. 355, beside ἀ-δώτης; cf. δώς above and Fraenkel Nom. ag. 1, 118, Frisk Subst. priv. 20), ἐπιδώτης surname of Zeus in Mantinea and other gods (Paus.) with Έπιδώτειον name of a tempel (Epidauros); Δωτώ name of a Nereide (Il., Hes.; s. below). - δοτικός, often with prefix ἐπι-, μετα- etc. (Arist.). - Desiderative deverbat. παρα-, ἐν- etc. δωσείω (Th.), iterative preterite δόσκον (ep.).Etymology: IE root * deh₃-\/ dh₃-. But for the vowel of the reduplicative syllable δί-δω-μι, δί-δω-σι agrees with Skt. dá-dā-ti, Av. da-dāi-ti; i-reduplication in Italic, e. g. Osc. didest `he will give', Vest. di-de-t `dat', perhaps also in Lat. reddō, if \< * re-di-dō. Also the medial aorists ἔ-δο-το, Skt. á-di-ta, Venet. zo-to and the participles (-) δοτός, Lat. dătus agree against Skt. - dāta-, Av. dāta- (but zero grade in Skt. - tta- \< *- dh₃-to-; as simplex Sanskrit has new dattá-). The active aorist ἔ-δω-κ-α (with - κ- after ἔθηκα, ἧκα, s. Schwyzer 741 w. n. 8) from root aorist *ἔ-δω-ν (cf. ἔ-στη-ν), seen in Skt. á-dā-t, Arm. et `he gave' (\< *é-dō-t). - On Cypr. δοϜεναι beside Skt. dāváne `to give' see Benveniste Origines 129 but also Specht Gnomon 14, 34); an element u̯ also in Cypr. opt. δυϜάνοι, Lat. duim `dem', Lith. dovanà `gift' and other forms; (hom. Att. δοῦναι from *δο-έναι). - Of the nouns compare δώτωρ = Skt. dā́tar-, with zero grade Lat. dător; δοτήρ: Skt. dātár- ; δόσις = Lat. dăti-ō; δώς, if \< *δώτ-ς = Lat. dōs, - tis (if IE * dō-t-, not * dō-ti-). First member Δωσι- = Skt. dāti-vāra- `who loves giving, liberal'. - Hitt. dā- `take', cf. Skt. ā-dā- `receive'.Page in Frisk: 1,388-389Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > δίδωμι
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10 δραμεῖν
Grammatical information: v.Meaning: `run' (Il.)Other forms: Aor. (Il.), fut. δραμοῦμαι (Ion.-Att.), perf. δέδρομα (Od.), δεδρόμᾱκα (Sapph.; s. below), δεδράμηκα (Ion.-Att.); aor. to τρέχω.Derivatives: δρόμος with δρομή (Hdn.), δράμημα `run' (Hdt.), also δρόμημα ( APl.). - Deverbat. δρομάασκε (Hes. Fr. 117 v. l.); δρομήσασα (Vett. Val.); ὑποδεδρόμᾱκε (Sapph.; or Aeolic zero grade?), δρομάσσειν τρέχειν H.; also δρωμᾳ̃ τρέχει and δρωμίσσουσα τρέχουσα H.; see Schwyzer 718f.Etymology: The aorist- and perfect stem δραμ-, δρομ- beside δρᾱ- in ἔ-δρᾱ-ν etc. (s. ἀπο-διδράσκω) like the presentstem βαν- \< *βαμ- in βαίνω to βᾱ- in ἔ-βη-ν. Outside Greek Skt. pres. dramati (Gramm.), intens. dan-dram-yate `run'; very uncertain however OE trem `footstep' and related Germ. words (Pok. 204f.). So we have IE * drem-: dreh₂- like guem-: gueh₂-; see βαίνω. A third variant is seen in Skt. drávati `run'. - As present of δραμεῖν Greek has τρέχειν; on the aspect see Benveniste Origines 120.Page in Frisk: 1,414-415Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > δραμεῖν
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11 ἔλεος 1
ἔλεος 1.Grammatical information: m.Meaning: `compassion, pity'; acc. to Schadewaldt Herm. 83, 131ff. rather `pain, lament, commotion' as `compassion'; criticism by Pohlenz ibd. 84, 49ff. (Il.).Other forms: hell. also n., s. Schwyzer-Debrunner 38 w. n. 2)Compounds: As 2. member in νηλ(ε)ής, - ές `without compassion, pitiless' (Il.), \< *n̥-h₁leu̯ēs; beside it ἀν-ηλεής `id.' (And., hell.).Derivatives: ἐλεόν as adv. `pitiful' (Hes. Op. 205), ἐλ(ε)εινός `rousing compassion, plaintive' (Il.), (after ἀλ(ε)γεινός and adj. in - εινός (Chantr. Form. 195f.) rather than from late τὸ ἔλεος; ἐλεήμων `compassionate, pitiful' (ε 181, Att., hell.), from ἐλεέω (cf. Chantraine 173), with ἐλεημοσύνη `compassion' (Call.), `alms' (LXX, NT); with inner shortening ἐλεημο-ποιός `giving alms' (LXX); ἐλεητικός = ἐλεήμων (Arist.; from ἐλεέω). Denomin. verbs: ἐλεέω, aor. ἐλεῆσαι `show compassion' (Il.) with ἐλεητύς = ἔλεος (ξ 82, ρ 451; Porzig Satzinhalte 182; on the semantics Benveniste Noms d'agent 66); ἐλεήμων, ἐλεητικός s. above; ἐλεαίρω `id.' (Il.; ἐλέηρα A. R. 4, 1308) after ἐχθαίρω a. o. (Risch 249; not from *ἐλε-Ϝαρ with Benveniste Origines 112 and Schwyzer 724); βλεερεῖ οἰκτείρει. Βοιωτοί H. mistake for ἐλεαίρει?Origin: IE [Indo-European]X [probably] [??] *h₁leu̯- `compassion?'Etymology: No etymology. Origin in interjection (cf. ἐλελεῦ, ὀλολύζω etc.) is possible (Pok. 306). Also Bq.Page in Frisk: 1,490Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ἔλεος 1
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12 ἕλκος
Grammatical information: n.Meaning: `wound, ulcer' (Il.).Derivatives: Dimin. ἑλκύδριον (Hp., Ar.; on the suffix Chantr. Form. 72f.); ἑλκώδης `ulcerated' (Hp., E.), ἑλκήεις `id.' (Man.); denomin. verbs: ἑλκόομαι, - όω `fester', act. `wound' (Hp., E.; also with prefix: ἀν-, ἀφ-, ἐξ-, ἐφ-, καθ-, προ-); from it ( ἀφ-, ἐξ-, ἐφ-)ἕλκωσις `festering' (Hp., Th.) with ἑλκωτικός, ἕλκωμα `wound, ulcer' (Hp., Thphr.) with ἑλκωματικός; from ἐφελκόομαι also ἐφελκίς `scab of a wound' (medic.); ἑλκαίνω `fester' (A. Ch. 843) with postverbal ἕλκανα τραύματα H. (not correct Benveniste Origines 16); also ἑλκανῶσα ἡλκωμένη η ἡλκοποιημένη ὑπὸ πυρός H. (Schwyzer 700).Origin: IE [Indo-European] [310] *h₁elḱ-os `ulcer'Etymology: Old noun, identical with Lat. ulcus (\< * elkos) `ulcer', Skt. árśas- n. `haemorrhoids'. The spir. asper from ἕλκω?Page in Frisk: 1,496-497Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ἕλκος
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13 ἕλκω
Grammatical information: v.Meaning: `draw, drag' (Il.).Other forms: The non-present forma show three stems: 1. a lengthened stem ἑλκη-: ἑλκήσω, ἑλκῆσαι, ἑλκηθῆναι (Hom.), with ipf. εἵλκεον (Ρ 395; cf. Chantraine Gramm. hom. 1, 348; s. also below); 2. ἑλκυ- (after synonymous ἐρῠ́-σαι): ἑλκύσαι (Pi., Att.), ἑλκυσθῆναι, εἵλκυσμαι (Ion.-Att.), ἑλκύσω (Hp.), εἵλκυκα (D.); 3. ἑλκ-: fut. ἕλξω (A.) and late ἕλξαι, ἑλχθῆναι; details in Schwyzer 721.Compounds: Often with prefix: ἀν-, ἀφ-, ἐξ-, παρ- etc. As 1. member in the epithets ἑλκε-χίτωνες, ἑλκεσί-πεπλος, and ἑλκε-τρίβων (Pl.), ἑλκεσί-χειρος (AP); on ἑλκε(σι)- Knecht Τερψίμβροτος 29.Derivatives: From ἑλκ-: ( ἔφ-)ἕλξις `drawing, dragging' (Hp., Pl.) with ( ἐφ-)ἑλκτικός (Pl.) and the pant names ἑλξί̄νη, ἑλξῖτις `bindweed' (Dsc., Ps.-Dsc., Redard Les noms grecs en - της 71), also ἑλκίνα (Ps.-Dsc. 4, 85; acc.?), ἕλκιμος `what can be drawn' (Olymp. in Mete. 320, 27; cf. Arbenz Die Adj. auf - ιμος 76, directly from ἑλκω); with ο-vocalism ὁλκός, ὁλκή, s. v. From ἑλκη- (old but rare) ἑλκηθμός `the drawing' (Ζ 465; cf. Benveniste Origines 201, Porzig Satzinhalte 236f.), ἕλκημα `what was dragged, booty' (E. HF 568; Chantr. Form. 178), ἕλκηθρον `coulter' (Thphr. HP 5, 7, 6; Strömberg Theophrastea 170); ἑλκητήρ `drawer' (AP 6, 297); ἑλκηδόν adv. `drawing' (Hes. Sc. 302). From ἑλκυ-, mostly late: ( ἀφ-, ἐφ-, παρ-)ἕλκυσις `the drawing' (LXX, Aret.), ἕλκυσμα = ἕλκημα (Man.), also `dross (of silver)' (Dsc., Gal.), ( ἐξ-, ἐφ-, δι-.) ἑλκυσμός `attraction etc.' (Chrysipp., medic., pap.); ἑλκυστήρ `drawer', `instrument for drawing out etc.' (Hp.), ἕλκυστρον `id.' (Apollod. Poliork.); ἑλκύσιμος, ἑλκυστήριος; sec. verb ἑλκυστάζω `draw' (Ψ 187 = Ω 21), expressive form after ῥυστάζω (Schwyzer 706, Risch 257).Origin: IE [Indo-European] [901] * selk-`draw'Etymology: No cognate. An old iterative in Alb. helq, heq `draw (off)', IE *solkei̯ō; cf. Porzig Satzinhalte 236f. Further Toch. B sälk- `draw out' with the nasal present slaṅk-tär; and Arm. heɫg `tardus, slow' (a-stem), Lat. sulcus `furrow', s. ὁλκός. - (Not to ἄλοξ.)Page in Frisk: 1,497-498Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ἕλκω
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14 ἕννυμι
ἕννυμι, - μαιGrammatical information: v.Meaning: `cloth, put on' (Il.).Other forms: Ion. εἵνυμι, - μαι, impf. κατα-είνυον Ψ 135 (v. l. - νυσαν, - λυον; cf. εἰλύω), aor. ἕσ(σ)αι, - ασθαι, fut. ἕσ(σ)ω, - ομαι, Att. ἀμφιῶ, - οῦμαι, perf. med. εἷμαι, ἕσσαι, εἷται or ἕσται, εἱμένος, plupef.. ἕστο, ἕεστο (Il.; cf. below), Att. ἠμφίεομαι, ἠμφιεσμένος, poet. ἀμφεμμένος, aor. pass. ptc. ἀμφιεσθείς (Hdn.)Compounds: Often with preverb, esp. ἀμφι- (always in Attic); also ἐπι-, κατα-, περι-, ἀπαμφι- etc. New presents: ἀμφι-έζω, ἀμφιάζω (s. v.).Derivatives: ἑανός name of a womans cloth s. v. εἵματα pl. (rarely sg.) `clothes, cover' (Il.), Aeol. (Ϝ)έμματα ( γέμματα ἱμάτια H.), Cret. Ϝῆμα ( γῆμα ἱμάτιον H.), also gen. sg. Ϝήμας, of Ϝήμᾱ f. (cf. γνῶμα ἕννυμι γνώμη a. o.); often as 2. member, e. g. εὑ-, κακοείμων. Diminut. εἱμάτια pl., Att. ἱμάτια, - ιον (s. v.), with ἱματίδιον, - ιδάριον, ἱματίζω, ἱματισμός. ἔσθος n. `clothes, dress' (Ω 94, Ar. [lyr. u. dor.]), formation like ἄχθος, πλῆθος etc. (Schwyzer 511, Benveniste Origines 199); denomin. perfect ἤσθημαι, mostly in ptc. ἠσθημένος (ἐ-) `clothed' (Ion.) with ἐσθήματα pl. `clothes' (trag., Th.), ἐσθήσεις `id.' (Ath.); cf. Fraenkel Nom. ag. 1, 106f. More usual than ἔσθος is ἐσθής (Pi. ἐσθάς), - ῆτος f. `id.' (Od.); explan. by Brugmann Grundr.2 2: 1, 527, Schwyzer IF 30, 443; lengthened dat. pl. ἐσθήσεσι (hell.). γέστρα (= Ϝέστρα; cod. γεστία, s. below) ἔνδυσις, στολή, ἱμάτια H.; s. Latte; to ἐφ- resp. ἀμφι-έννυμι: ἐφεστρίς f. `upper garment, coat' (X.), ἀμφι-εστρίς f. `coat, sleeping garment' (Poll.); on the formation Schwyzer 465, Chantr. Form. 338. From ἀμφι-έννυμι further ἀμφίεσμα (Ion.-Att.), - ίεσις (Sch.), - ιεσμός (D. H. 8, 62; v. l. - ιασμός, from ἀμφιάζω).Origin: IE [Indo-European] [1172] *u̯es- `cloth'Etymology: The present ἕννυμι, εἵνυμι \< *Ϝέσ-νυ-μι (Att. - νν- from restored - σν-, Schwyzer 284, 312, 322, Lejeune Traité de phon. 105) is identical with Arm. z-genum `put on' (aor. z-ge-c̣ay, med.). Beside this nu-present an athem. rootpresent in Indoiranian and Hittite, Skt. vás-te `clothes himself', Hitt. impv. act. 2. pl. u̯eš-ten, ind. pres. med. 3. sg. u̯eš-ta. Exactly parallel are the perfekt forms εἷμαι \< *Ϝέσ-μαι, with analog. εἷται, 2. sg. ἕσ-σαι (Od.), 3. sg. ἐπί-εσται (Hdt. 1, 47, = aind. vás-te); perh. these are reinterpreted (ptc. εἱμένος) old presents; see Chantraine Gramm. hom. 1, 297, Schwyzer 767. One the σ-aorist cf. Toch. B pret. wässāte `he put on' and Pedersen 106. - The nominal derivv. can be old: ἑανός m.: Skt. vás-ana-m n. `cloth'; εἷμα = Skt. vás-man- n. `cloth'; Ϝέστρᾱ: Skt. vás-tra-m n. `id.', MHG wes-ter `christening robe'. Greek does not have (except uncertain γεστία, s. above) the normal t-deriv. in Lat. ves-ti-s, Arm. zges-t (instr. zgest-u, u-stem), Goth. wasti, Toch. B was-tsi (prop. inf.). - See Ernout-Meillet s. vestis. The idea that IE. u̯es- `cloth' is a deriv. of eu- (* h₁eu-) `put on' in Lat. ind-uō etc.is impossible because of the h₁-.Page in Frisk: 1,521-522Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ἕννυμι
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15 ἐπηετανός
Grammatical information: adj.Meaning: prob. `sufficient, rich, everlasting' (Od.).Origin: IE [Indo-European]X [probably] [1175] *u̯et-os `year'Etymology: Prop. `lasting the whole year' (like ἐπ-έτ-ειος, ἐπ-ετ-ήσιος) with - η- as in ἐπήβολος (s. v.) a. o. and suffixal - ανος as in σητάνιος (s. v.). To suppose haplology *-Ϝετι-τανος or *-Ϝετο-τανος (like diūtinus a. o.; Brugmann Sächs. Ber. 1901, 101, 105; Grundr. 22: 1, 285; Schulze Kl. Schr. 74 n. 1) is unnecessary. - Acc. to Benveniste Origines 45 old stem-change with ἔταλον, s. v.Page in Frisk: 1,534Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ἐπηετανός
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16 ἐσθλός
Grammatical information: adj.Meaning: `good, brave, stout, noble' of men and objects (Il.).Compounds: As 1. member in ἐσθλο-δότης (Man.),Derivatives: ἐσθλότης (Chrysipp.).Origin: XX [etym. unknown]Etymology: Unknown. Acc. to Brugmann K. vergl. Gr. 201, 522, Grundr. 22: 3, 128; 374, Benveniste Origines 191 to Skt. édhate `thrive' (\< * azdh-, Av. azd-ya- `well-fed, stout'; IE * es-dh-), further to ἐύ̄ς (s. v.). Schwyzer 533 n. 5 prefers a compound *es-dhl-ó- `ἀγαθοεργός', from ἐσ- in ἐΰς and a zero grade variant of OCS dělo `deed' (IE * dheh₁-lo-; s. τίθημι). Diff. again Specht Ursprung 256, Pisani Ist. Lomb. 77, 550 (s. Glotta 35, 62).Page in Frisk: 1,574Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ἐσθλός
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17 εὕδω
Grammatical information: v.Meaning: `sleep' (Il.).Other forms: the simplex has only a present-stem exc. fut. εὑδήσω (A. Ag. 337)Compounds: With prefix ἐν-, συν-, esp. καθ-εύδω (Il.), ipf. καθ-εῦδον, - ηῦδον, Att. also ἐ-κάθευδον, fut. καθ-ευδήσω (Att.), rare aor. καθ-ευδῆσαι (Ion.); with ἐν-, ἐπι-, παρα-, συγ- καθεύδω etc. As aorist we find ( κατα-)δαρθεῖν, (-) δραθεῖν; Schwyzer-Debrunner 258, Schulze KZ 40, 120 = Kl. Schr. 443; s. δαρθάνω.Derivatives: None.Origin: XX [etym. unknown]Etymology: Several - unconvincing - suggestions. To Goth. sutis `quiet, calm' (Wood ClassPhil. 9, 148f., Thurneysen IF 39, 189f. [with diff. analysis], Mayrhofer KZ 71,74f.), further with Lat. sūdus `soft' (Mayrhofer KZ 73, 116f.); from IE * seu-d- beside *su̯-ep- in Skt. svapiti `sleeps' etc. (Benveniste Origines 1, 156f.; cf. on ὕπνος); to Lith. snáudžiu, snáusti `be sleepy' (Otrębski KZ 66, 247ff.); to OE swodrian `sleep fest' (Grošelj Živa Ant. 7, 42). On the difficulties Schwyzer 648 n. 1.Page in Frisk: 1,585Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > εὕδω
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18 ἔχθος
Grammatical information: n.Meaning: `hatred, enmity' (Il.).Compounds: As 2. member in φιλ-εχθής `who is prone to hate' (Theoc. 5, 137),.Derivatives: ἐχθρός `hated' (thus always in Hom.), `hateful', m. `enemy' (Hes., Pi.); with ἐχθίων, ἔχθιστος (A. resp. Il.); ἔχθρα, ion. - ρη f. `hate, enmity' (Ion.-Att., Pi.; on the formation Chantraine Formation 226). - Verbs: ἔχθομαι, only present-stem, `be hated' (Od.), act. ἔχθω `hate' (trag.); ἀπ-εχθάνομαι (β 202), aor. ἀπ-εχθέσθαι (Il.), fut. ἀπ-εχθήσομαι (Hdt.), late present ἀπ-έχθομαι (Theoc., Lyc.) `make oneself hated' with ἀπεχθής `hated' (S., D.), ἀπέχθεια `be hated, hate' (Att.), ἀπέχθημα `object of hate' (E. Tr. 425; cf. Chantraine Formation 177f.); ἐχθαίρω, aor. ἐχθῆραι, also with ἀπ-, ὑπερ-, συν-, `hate' (Il.); ἐχθραίνω, aor. ἐχθρᾶναι (X.) `be enemy, hate' with ἔχθρασμα ἔχθρα H.; ἐχθρεύω `be enemy' (LXX, Phld.).Origin: IE [Indo-European] [292] *h₁eǵʰs-to- `outsider'Etymology: The relation of the words cited is not always clear. Clearly ἐχθραίνω and ἐχθρεύω are late derivations of ἐχθρός; much older ἐχθαίρω is also a denominative of ἐχθρός (Schwyzer 725). Also ἀπ-εχθάνομαι could with r:n-interchange be related to ἐχθρός (Benveniste Origines 16), though it could as well be a nasal enlargement of ἔχθομαι, ἀπ-εχθέσθαι (Schwyzer 700, Chantraine Gramm. hom. 1, 315f..). ἔχθομαι is acc. to Schwyzer 725 a backformation from ἐχθαίρω, but it is better connected to ἔχθος like σθένω to σθένος (Schwyzer 723). - More difficult is the interpretation of ἔχθος and ἐχθρός, for which cf. αἶσχος: αἰσχρός, κῦδος: κυδρός. If we start from ἐχθρός and consider ἔχθος with ἔχθομαι, ἐχθίων, ἔχθιστος as innovations, perhaps after κυδρός, κυδίων, κύδιστος, τὸ κῦδος, we can connect ἐχθρός with Lat. extrā `outside', exterus `being outside', and so also with ἐχθός = ἐκτός `outside' (Leumann Hom. Wörter 158 n. 1 with Keil Hermes 25, 601, s. also Pisani Ist. Lomb. 73: 2, 30; against this Wackernagel KZ 31, 41 = Kl. Schr. 1, 720); ἐχθρός then would be prop. `outside, being in foreign territory, foreigner, enemy'; cf. Lat. hostis. - More in Bq, Seiler Steigerungsformen 77f., W.-Hofmann s. ex, Pok. 292f. Now Čop KZ 74, 225f.Page in Frisk: 1,600-601Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ἔχθος
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19 ἦκα
Grammatical information: adv.Meaning: `slowly, still, a little' (Il.);Other forms: adj. compar. ἥττων, Ion. ἥσσων `smaller, weaker' (Il.), superl. ἤκιστος `slowest' (Ψ 531), adv. ἥκιστα `the least, not at all' (IA), ἥκιστος `weakest, schlimmster' (Ael.).Compounds: IE [896] *sēk- `slow, quiet'Derivatives: From ἦκα: ἤκαλος = ἀκαλός (Call.), ἠκαλέον γελόωσα πράως, οὑκ ἐσκυθρωπακυῖα; ἠκαῖον ἀσθενές H. - From ἥσσων, ἥττων: ἡσσάομαι, ἡττάομαι `be less, be weaker' (after νικάομαι) with the backformation ἧσσα, ἧττα f. `defeat' (trag., Th., IA.); Ion. (Hdt., Herod.) has ἑσσόομαι (from *ἕσσων, innovation after κρέσσων). With ἦκα (with ep. psilosis like ἤκιστος; cf. Chantraine Gramm. hom. 1, 187) cf. ὦκα and other adverbs in -ᾰ (Schwyzer 622). Cognate is acc. to Froehde BB 16, 192, Osthoff IF 5, 297 Lat. sēgnis `slow' \< * sēc-ni-s; on the n-suffix cf. πύκ-α: πυκ-νός and Benveniste Origines 89f. Details in Seiler Steigerungsformen 65ff.Page in Frisk: 1,627Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ἦκα
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20 ἦπαρ
ἦπαρ, - ατοςGrammatical information: n.Meaning: `liver' (Il.).Compounds: As 1. member e. g. in ἡπατοσκοπέω `inspect the liver (to predict the future)' (LXX).Derivatives: ἡπάτιον name of a dish (Ar.); ἡπατῖτις f. `belonging to the liver' (Hp.), also name of a stone and a plant (Plin., Ps.-Dsc.; Redard Les noms grecs en - της [s. index], Strömberg Pflanzennamen 41); ἡπατ-ικός, - ιαῖος, - ίας, - ηρός `referring to the liver' (Hp.); ἥπατος m. name of a fish (com., Arist.; Strömberg Fischnamen 45f.; after Thompson Fishes s. v. Egyptian [?]).Etymology: The IE word for `liver', *i̯ekʷr̥(-t), gen. *i̯ekʷn-és (-ós) is also retained in Skt. yákr̥t, yakn-ás and indirectly in Lat. iecur, iecin-or-is. In other languages the r\/n-stem was given up: OAv. yākarǝ, MPers. ǰakar, NPers. ǰigar (but Pashto yī̆na; note OIran. huyāɣna-, acc. to Krause KZ 56, 304ff. for * ha-yākana- prop. "of common liver"), OLith. (j)ẽknos f. pl. Often new names were created, e. g. NGr. συκώτι (: σῦκον), Lat. fīcātum (\> French foie), Russ. péčenь (from pekú `bake'; thus Lith. kẽpenos from kepù `id.'). Other new words: Germ., e. g. OHG lebara (cf. on λίπος), Arm. leard (with the ending of *i̯ekʷr̥t), Hitt. li-e-ši; further s. Buck Synonyms 251f. -Attempts to connect the l-forms with *i̯ekʷr̥t assuming an anlaut li̯- have failed (J. Schmidt Pluralbild. 198f.; Benveniste Origines 132). See W.-Hofmann s. iecur, Fraenkel Lit. et. Wb. s. (j)ẽknos; cf. Winter Lang. 31, 4ff. - Szemerényi, KZ 73 (1956) 191 suggested that the Greek vowellength must be explained from Greek, and suggested ἦτορ; thus Kortlandt.Page in Frisk: 1,639Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ἦπαρ
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