κρέτος

Grammatical information: n.

Meaning: `strength, power, authority' (Il.; on the meaning Trümpy Fachausdrücke 202 ff.).

Other forms: ep. Ion. (Dor.) also κάρτος, Aeol. κρέτος

Compounds: Often as 1. member, e. g. ἀ-κρατής `without strength, power (over others or over oneself)'; oppos. ἐγ-κρατής `having power over, controlling (oneself)' with ἐγκράτεια, - έω etc.; αὑτο-κρατής `having power over oneself, independent'; more usual αὑτο-κράτωρ `with unlimited power' (Ar., Th.); details in Debrunner FS Tɨèche (Bern 1947) 11f.; also - κρέτης in Aeol. and Arc. Cypr. PN, e. g. Σω-κρέτης.

Derivatives: Beside κράτος, κρέτος there are several adjectives: 1. κρατύς `strong, powerful' (Hom.; only κρατὺς Άργεϊφόντης, verse-end) with κρατύνω, ep. also καρτ- `strengthen, conso;idate, rule' (Il.) with κρατυσμός `strenghtening', κρατυντήριος `id.', - τικός `id.' (medic.), κρατύντωρ `controller' ( PMag. Leid.). - 2. κρατερός (Il., A. Pr. 168, anap.), καρτερός (Il.) `id.' (IA.); also as 1. member, e.g. κρατερό-φρων (Il.). καρτερέω, also with prefix, e.g. δια-, `be steadfast, hold out, overcome onseself' (IA.) with καρτερία (Pl., X.), - ρησις (Pl.) `holding on, firmness', - ρικός (Att.); καρτερόω `strengthen' (Aq., Herm.). - 3. κραταιός `id.' (Il.), also as plant-name (Ps.-Dsc.; Strömberg Pflanzennamen 82); rarely as 1. member, e.g. κραταιό-φρων ( PMag.). With κραταιότης = κράτος (LXX), κραταιόω `strengthen' (LXX, NT) with κραταίωμα, - ωσις (LXX). Fem. κραταιίς (Od.; Schwyzer 385). - 4. Primary comparison: comp. κρείττων, (Atticising) κρείσσων with sec. - ει- for κρέσσων (Ion., Pi.); Dor. κάρρων, Cret. κάρτων; denomin. κρειττόομαι `have excrescences', with κρείττωσις (Thphr.). sup. κράτιστος, ep. κάρτ-, (Il.), with - τεύω `be the best, surpass' (Pi., Att.); -( ε)ία as title, `highness' (pap.). -- 5. Adv. κάρτα `in a high degree, very' (Ion. and trag.). - 6. As 1. member often κραται- ( καρται-), e.g. κραται-γύαλος `with strong breast-pieces' (T 361). Further Κρατι-, Καρτι- in PN, e.g. Κρατί-δημος, Καρτί-νικος; also Κρατ(ο)-, Κρατε- a. o. (Bechtel Hist. Personennamen 256). Hypocoristic short-names Κρατῖνος (Schwyzer 491, Chantraine Formation 205), Κρατύλος, Κράτυλλος (Leumann Glotta 32, 217 a. 225 A. 1), Κρατιεύς (Boßhardt Die Nom. auf - ευς 126). On Κρεσφόντης s. v. - 7. Verb: κρατέω (Il.), Aeol. κρετέω, aor. κρατῆσαι (posthom.), κρέτησαι (Sapph.), often with prefix, e.g. ἐπι-, κατα-, περι-, `controll, possess, rule, conquer'; with ( ἐπι- etc.) κράτησις `power, rule' (Th., LXX), ( δια-, ἐπι-) κρατητικός `controlling' (late), ( δια-)κράτημα `support, grip' (medic.); κρατητής `possessor' (Procl.); κρατῆρας τοὺς κρατοῦντας H. for κρατητῆρας (Lewy KZ 59, 182). But ἐγκρατέω from ἐγ-κρατής, ναυ-κρατέω, - τία from ναυ-κρατής etc.; s. above. καρταίνειν κρατεῖν H. -- 8. On κρατευταί s. v.

Origin: IE [Indo-European] [??] * kret- `strength' [Pok. wrongly 531 * kar-!!]

Etymology: With the full grade in Aeol. κρέτος interchanges regularly the zero grade in κρατύς, κάρτα (on ρα: αρ Schwyzer 342). Through analogy arose both κράτος, κάρτος and the compp. κάρρων \< *κάρσ(σ)ων \< *κάρτι̯ων and κάρτων beside the old fullgrade κρέσσων \< *κρέτι̯ων; details in Seiler Steigerungsformen 53 ff. A zero grade of the σ-stem in κρέτος is supposed in Κρεσ-φόντης ( \< *Κρετσ-; Kretschmer Glotta 24, 237, Heubeck Beitr. z. Namenforsch. 5, 26). - The relation of the forms is not always clear. The adjective κρατερός, καρτερός may conrain a alternating ρ-stem (Benveniste Origines 17, Leumann Hom. Wörter 115), if it is not an analogical innovation to κράτος, κρατέω (e.g. Schwyzer 482). The form Κρατι-, Καρτι-, which appears only in PN, will not be old (like e.g. in κυδι-άνειρα: κῦδος), but rest on analogy (after Άλκι-, Καλλι- a. o.; Frisk Nom. 70). On κάρτα cf. e.g. τάχα, ἅμα. The 1. member κραται- may have been built after παλαι- a. o.; and κραταιός after παλαιός? (cf. Schwyzer 448). Diff. Risch 117: κραταιός back formation to κραταιή for *κράταια, fem. to κρατύς ( Πλαταιαί: πλατύς). Also κρατέω is discussed. Against the obvious explanation as denominative of κράτος (Schwyzer 724; κρατῆσαι only posthom.) see Leumann Hom. Wörter 113ff.; he assumes in κρατέω a backformation to ἐπικρατέω from ἐπι-κρατής (Hom. only adv. ἐπικρατέως). Again diff. Specht KZ 62, 35 ff. - An exact agreement to κράτος etc. is not found. Close are Skt. krátu- m. `power, mind, will', Av. xratu- m. `id.'. The objections that the Indo-Ir. word indicates primarily spiritual qualities ar refuted by OE cræft ` Kraft, physical strength, power', also `insight, craft etc.'. The Germanic word for `hard', Got. hardus etc., which is usually adduced, differs in vowel (IE *kortú- against *kr̥tú- to * kret-). - Cf. Mayrhofer KEWA s. krátuh.

Page in Frisk: 2,8-10

κράτος [pron. full] [ᾰ], [dialect] Ion. and [dialect] Ep. [full] κάρτος, εος, τό, both in Hom.; [dialect] Aeol. [full] κρέτος Alc.25:—

A strength, might, in Hom. esp. of bodily strength,

ἔπεφνε δόλῳ, οὔ τι κράτεΐ γε Il.7.142

;

ἔχει ἥβης ἄνθος, ὅ τε κ. ἐστὶ μέγιστον 13.484

, etc.; τὸ γὰρ αὖτε σιδήρου γε κ. ἐστίν this (i.e. τὸ βάψαι ) is what gives strength to iron, Od.9.393: generally,

δικαία γλῶσσ' ἔχει κ. μέγα S.Fr.80

;

μηχανῆς ἔστω κ. A.Supp. 207

; κατὰ κράτος with all one's might or strength,

πολιορκεῖσθαι Th.1.64

;

πολεμεῖν Pl. Lg. 692d

;

ἐξελέγχεσθαι D.34.20

, etc.: freq. in phrase αἱρεῖν κατὰ κ. take by storm, Th.8.100, Isoc.4.119, etc.; also

ἀνὰ κράτος διώκειν X. Cyr.1.4.23

;

ἐλαύνειν Id.An.1.8.1

, etc.;

ἀπὸ κράτους D.S.17.34

; πρὸς ἰσχύος κράτος, opp. λόγῳ, S.Ph. 594.

2 personified, K.

Βία τε A. Pr.12

; K.

καὶ Δίκη Id.Ch. 244

.

II power, τοῦ γὰρ κ. ἐστὶ μέγιστον, of Zeus, Il.2.118, etc.;

τοῦ γὰρ κ. ἔστ' ἐνὶ οἴκῳ Od.1.359

, cf. Il.12.214;

Ζηνὸς κ. Pi.O.6.96

, cf. A.Pr. 527 (lyr.); ἐκπίπτειν κράτους, of Zeus, ib. 948;

τὸ κ. τοῦ θεοῦ LXX Ps.61(62).11

, etc.: pl.,

ὑποχείριος κράτεσιν ἀρσένων A.Supp. 393

(lyr.), cf. S.Ant. 485; esp. of political power, rule, sovereignty,

ὁ μαιόμενος τὸ μέγα κρέτος ὀντρέψει τάχα τὰν πόλιν Alc.

l.c.;

τὸ κ. περιθεῖναί τινι Hdt.1.129

;

ἐς τὸ πλῆθος φέρειν τὸ κ. Id.3.81

; τὸ πᾶν κ. ἔχειν to be all- powerful, Id.7.3;

ἀρχὴ καὶ κ. τυραννικόν S.OC 373

; βασιλεὺς πρῶτος ἐν κράτει Ὀδρυσῶν ἐγένετο in real power, Th.2.29; later

τὸ κ. τῶν Ῥωμαίων POxy. 41i2

(iii/iv A. D.): in pl.,

κράτη καὶ θρόνους S.Ant. 173

, cf. OT 586, etc.; θρόνων κράτη sovereign power, Id.Ant. 166.

2 c. gen., power over,

τὸ Περσέων κ. ἔχοντα Hdt.3.69

;

τὸ κ. εἶχε τῆς στρατιῆς Id.9.42

;

πᾶν κ. ἔχων χθονός A.Supp. 425

(lyr.);

τῶν ἄλλων δαιμόνων E.Tr. 949

;

δὸς κ. τῶν σῶν δόμων A.Ch. 480

;

δωμάτων ἔχειν κ. Ar.Th. 871

;

τὸ τῆς θαλάσσης κ. Th.1.143

;

μετὰ κράτους τῆς γῆς Id.8.24

; ὧν ἂν ᾖ τὸ κ. τῆς γῆς whoever have possession of the land, Id.4.98;

κ. ἔχειν ἑαυτοῦ Pl.Plt. 273a

: pl.,

ἀστραπᾶν κράτη νέμων S.OT 201

(lyr.).

3 of persons, a power, an authority,

Ἀχαιῶν δίθρονον κ. A.Ag. 109

(lyr.), cf. 619, Th. 127 (lyr.).

III mastery, victory, freq. in Hom., Il.1.509, 6.387, Od.21.280;

κ. ἄρνυσθαι S.Ph. 838

(lyr.);

νίκη καὶ κράτη A.Supp. 951

; ἀέθλων κ. victory in.., Pi.I. 8(7).4;

νίκη καὶ κ. τῶν δρωμένων S.El.85

; κ. ἀριστείας the meed of highest valour, Id.Aj. 443;

νίκη καὶ κ. πολεμίων Pl.Lg. 962a

;

κ. πολέμου καὶ νίκη D.19.130

.

IV Medic., in pl., ligaments, Hp.Mul. 2.167.

2 = ταρσός, back of the hand, Poll.2.144.

V Pythag. name for ten, Theol.Ar.59.—This word and its derivs. take two forms, κρατ- and καρτ-; the latter is mostly [dialect] Ep., as κάρτος, κάρτιστος, καρτύνω, but in κρατερός and καρτερός the reverse holds, v. κρατερός fin.; κρατέω, κρατύς have no form καρτ-. ( κρατ- and καρτ- from kṛt-, weak form of κρετ-, cf. κρέτος, κρέσσων.)

κρείσσων, ον, gen. ονος, as always in [dialect] Ep. and old [dialect] Att.; later [dialect] Att. [full] κρείττων; [dialect] Ion. [full] κρέσσων Hp.Fract.3, al., v.l. in Dionys.Trag. (v. infr. 11); [dialect] Dor. [full] κάρρων (q.v.); Cret. [full] κάρτων Leg.Gort.1.15:—[comp] Comp. of κρατύς (v. κράτιστος),

A stronger, mightier,

κ. βασιλεύς, ὅτε χώσεται ἀνδρὶ χέρηϊ Il.1.80

; esp. in battle,

κρείσσοσιν ἶφι μάχεσθαι 21.486

;

Διὸς κ. νόος ἠέ περ ἀνδρῶν 16.688

;

κεραυνοῦ κρέσσον.. βέλος Pi.I.8(7).36

, cf. Hdt.7.172, Hp.l.c., etc.;

κρείσσων χεῖρας Antipho 4.4.7

;

τὸ τοῦ κ. συμφέρον Pl.R. 338c

, cf. Democr.267: hence, having the upper hand, superior,

ὁππότερος δέ κε νικήσῃ κ. τε γένηται Il.3.71

;

κ. ἀρετῇ τε βίῃ τε 23.578

: as Law-term, of witnesses,

κάρτονανς ἦμεν

prevail,

Leg.Gort.

l.c.

2 freq. as [comp] Comp. of ἀγαθός, better, κρέσσονες one's betters, esp. in point of rank, Pi.O.10(11).39, N.10.72 (but also, the stronger, more powerful, E.Or. 710, Th.1.8, etc.);

ἐς τοὺς τοκέας καὶ ἐς τοὺς κρέσσονας τεθυμῶσθαι Hdt.3.52

, cf. SIG685.134 (Magn. Mae., ii B. C.); οἱ κ. corps of guards at Thebes, Plu.2.598e; κρείσσονες θεοί, of the greater gods, as opp. to Oceanus, A.Pr. 902 (lyr.);

ὁ κ. Ζεύς Id.Ag.60

(anap.); οἱ κ. the Higher Powers, Id.Fr.10, Pl.Sph. 216b, Euthd. 291a, etc.; τὰ κρείσσω, = τὰ θεῖα, E. Ion 973; τὸ κ. the Almighty, Providence, Corp.Herm.18.11, Jul.Ep. 204, Agath.1.16, Procop.Gaz. Pan.p.492; τὰ κρείσσονα one's advantages,

τὰ ὑπάρχοντα ἡμῖν κρείσσω καταπροδοῦναι Th.4.10

.

3 c. inf., οὔ τις ἐμεῖο κρείσσων.. δόμεναι no one has a better right to.., Od.21.345;

οὐκ ἄλλος κ. παραμυθεῖσθαι Pl. Plt. 268b

; κρεῖσσόν ἐστι c. inf., 'tis better to..,

κ. γάρ ἐστιν εἰσάπαξ θανεῖν ἢ.. πάσχειν κακῶς A.Pr. 750

, cf. 624, Hdt.3.52, etc.;

τὸ μὴ εἶναι κ. ἢ τὸ ζῆν κακῶς S.Fr. 488

, cf. Apollod.Com.6; also κρείσσων εἰμί c. part., κ. γὰρ ἦσθα μηκέτ' ὢν ἢ ζῶν τυφλός thou wert better not alive, than living blind, S.OT 1368, cf. Aj. 635 (lyr.);

κ. ἦν ὁ ἀγὼν μὴ γεγενημένος Aeschin.1.192

, cf. D.H.6.9.

II c. gen. or ἤ, too great for, surpassing, beyond,

ὕψος κ. ἐκπηδήματος A.Ag. 1376

; of evil deeds, κρείσσον' ἀγχόνης too bad for hanging, S.OT 1374; κρεῖσσον δεργμάτων too bad to look on, E.Hipp. 1217;

θαυμάτων Id.Ba. 667

; λέγετι σιγῆς κρεῖσσον (

κρέσσον PSI9.1093

)

ἢ σιγὴν ἔχε Dionys.Trag. 6

;

κρείσσον' ἢ λέξαι λόγῳ τολμήματα E.Supp. 844

; κ. ἢ λόγοισιν (sc. εἰπεῖν) Id.IT 837;

ἀναρχία κ. πυρός Id.Hec. 608

; πρᾶγμα ἐλπίδος κ. γεγενημένον worse than one expected, Th.2.64;

κ. λόγου τὸ κάλλος X.Mem.3.11.1

;

κ. τῆς ἡμετέρας δυνάμεως Id.Cyr.7.5.9

.

III having control over, master of, esp. of desires and passions,

τῶν ἡδονῶν Democr.214

;

τοῦ ἔρωτος X.Cyr.6.1.34

; γαστρὸς καὶ κερδέων ib.4.2.45; αὑτῶν over themselves, Pl.Phdr. 232a, al.; κ. χρημάτων superior to the influence of money, Th.2.60, Isoc.1.19;

τῶν συμμάχων κ. X. Ath.2.1

; also, putting oneself above,

κ. τοῦ δικαίου Th.3.84

; κρείσσους ὄντες.. τῷ λογισμῷ ἐς τὸ ἀνέλπιστον τοῦ βεβαίου having reasoned themselves into an absolute belief of the hopelessness of certainty, ib.83; φαύλους καὶ κρείττους τῆς παιδείας, = οὓς παιδευθῆναι ἀδύνατον (just below), Arist.Pol. 1316a9.

IV better, more excellent,

ἁρμονίη ἀφανὴς φανερῆς κ. Heraclit.54

;

κ. ἐπ' ἀρετήν Democr.181

; ὁ κρείττων λόγος (opp. ὁ ἥσσων) Ar.Nu. 113; κατὰ τὸ κ. in a higher sense, opp. κατὰ τὸ χεῖρον, Dam.Pr.7.

V Adv.

κρεισσόνως Antipho 4.4.6

, Iamb.Myst.7.4; also

κρεῖσσον S.OT 176

(lyr.), OGI90.31 (Rosetta, ii B. C.). ( κρέσσων from κρέτ-ψων, cf. κρέτος; κάρτων and κάρρων from κάρτ-ψων, cf. κάρτος; κρείσσων (like μείζων) prob. took ει from ὀλείζων.)

κρετέω, [full] κρέτος, [dialect] Aeol. for κρατέω, κράτος (qq.v.).

μαίομαι, [dialect] Aeol. [full] μαίομαι and [full] μάομαι [pron. full] [ᾰ] (v. infr.): [tense] fut.

A

μάσσομαι Il.9.394

(Aristarch., recte): [tense] aor. I, V. ἐπιμαίομαι:—seek after, seek for, γυναῖκα Il.l.c.; κευθμῶνας ἀνὰ σπέος searching for hiding-places in the cave, Od.13.367, cf. 14.356, Hes.Op. 532, h.Cer.44, Pi.O.1.46, Trag.Adesp.509 (lyr.); pursue,

ὀ μαιόμενος τὸ μέγα κρέτος Alc.25.1

;

δυνατὰ μαιόμενος Pi.P.11.51

, cf. N.3.5; μ. ὄλεθρόν τινι seek one's destruction, Nic.Th. 197: c. gen., A.R.4.1275: c. inf., seek to do, Pi.O.8.5, A. Ch. 786 (lyr., dub.), S.Aj. 287; desire, ἐγὼ δέ σ' ἐμαιόμαν ( σε μὰ ὤμαν cod.) Sapph.Supp.18.1; καὶ ποθήω καὶ μάομαι Ead.23;

Κρητῶν μαιομίνων ὃς ἀναίνετο αὐταρχεῖν Pi.Pae.4.36

.—Never used in Prose; for it appears in Pl.Cra. 421a merely for an etym. purpose. (Prob. μᾰ ([etym.] ς)-yo-, cf. μας-τήρ, μας-τρός, μας-τεύω; but μᾰ- is found in μᾰτεύω, μᾰ-τήρ; perh. cogn. with μῶμαι.)