...+the+very+same+...

καί, Conj., copulative, joining words and sentences,

A and; also Adv., even, also, just, freq. expressing emphatic assertion or assent, corresponding as positive to the negative οὐ ([etym.] μή ) or οὐδέ ([etym.] μηδέ).

A copulative, and,

I joining words or sentences to those preceding,

ἦ, καὶ κυανέῃσιν ἐπ' ὀφρύσινεῦσε Κρονίων Il.1.528

, etc.: repeated with two or more Nouns,

αἱ δὲ ἔλαφοι κ. δορκάδες κ. οἱ ἄγριοι οἶες κ. οἱ ὄνοι οἱ ἄγριοι X.Cyr.1.4.7

; joining only the last pair, Cleom.2.1 (p.168.5 Z.), Phlp.in APr.239.30, etc., v. l. in Arist.Po. 1451a20; ὁ ὄχλος πλείων κ. πλείων ἐπέρρει more and more, X.Cyr.7.5.39; to add epithets after

πολύς, πολλὰ κ. ἐσθλά Il.9.330

;

πολλὰ κ. μεγάλα D.28.1

, etc.

2 to addalimiting or defining expression, πρὸς μακρὸν ὄρος κ. Κύνθιον ὄχθον to the mountain and specially to.., h.Ap. 17, cf. A.Ag. 63 (anap.), S.Tr. 1277 (anap.) (sts. in reverse order,

πρὸς δῶμα Διὸς κ. μακρὸν Ὄλυμπον Il.5.398

); to add by way of climax, θεῶν.. κ. Ποσειδῶνος all the gods, and above all.., A.Pers. 750, etc.;

ἐχθροὶ κ. ἔχθιστοι Th.7.68

;

τινὲς κ. συχνοί Pl.Grg. 455c

; freq. ἄλλοι τε καί.., ἄλλως τε καί.. , v. ἄλλος 11.6,

ἄλλως 1.3

; ὀλίγου τινὸς ἄξια κ. οὐδενός little or nothing, Id.Ap. 23a: joined with the demonstr. Pron. οὗτος (q. v.),

εἶναι.. δούλοισι, κ. τούτοισι ὡς δρηπέτῃσι Hdt.6.11

, cf. 1.147; κ. ταῦτα and this too..,

γελᾶν ἀναπείθειν, κ. ταῦθ' οὕτω πολέμιον ὄντα τῷ γέλωτι X.Cyr.2.2.16

, etc.

II at the beginning of a sentence,

1 in appeals or requests,

καί μοι δὸς τὴν Χεῖρα Il.23.75

; καί μοι λέγε.., καί μοι ἀπόκριναι.. , Pl.Euthphr.3a, Grg. 462b; freq. in Oratt., καί μοι λέγε.. τὸ ψήφισμα, καί μοι ἀνάγνωθι.. , D.18.105, Lys.14.8, etc.

2 in questions, to introduce an objection or express surprise, κ. τίς τόδ' ἐξίκοιτ' ἂν ἀγγέλων τάχος; A.Ag. 280; κ. πῶς.. ; pray how..? E. Ph. 1348; κ. δὴ τί.. ; but then what..? Id.Hel. 101; κ. ποῖον.. ; S.Aj. 462; κ. τίς εἶδε πώποτε βοῦς κριβανίτας; Ar.Ach.86; κἄπειτ' ἔκανες; E.Med. 1398 (anap.); κ. τίς πώποτε Χαριζόμενος ἑτέρῳ τοῦτο εἰργάσατο; Antipho 5.57, cf. Is.1.20, Isoc.12.23, Pl. Tht. 163d,al.

3 = καίτοι, and yet, Ar.Eq. 1245, E.HF 509.

4 at the beginning of a speech, Lys.Fr. 36a.

III after words implying sameness or like ness, as, γνώμῃσι ἐχρέωντο ὁμοίῃσι κ. σύ they had the same opinion as you, Hdt.7.50, cf. 84; ἴσον or ἴσα κ... , S.OT 611, E.El. 994; ἐν ἴσῳ (sc. ἐστὶ)

κ. εἰ.. Th.2.60

, etc.

2 after words implying comparison or opposition,

αἱ δαπάναι οὐχ ὁμοίως κ. πρίν Id.7.28

;

πᾶν τοὐναντίον ἔχει νῦν τε κ. ὅτε.. Pl.Lg. 967a

.

3 to express simultaneity,

ἦν ἦμαρ δεύτερον.., κἀγὼ κατηγόμην S.Ph. 355

, cf. Th.1.50; παρέρχονταί τε μέσαι νύκτες κ. ψύχεται [ τὸ ὕδωρ] Hdt.4.181, cf. 3.108; [ οἱ Λακεδαιμόνιοι]

οὐκ ἔφθασαν τὴν ἀρχὴν κατασχόντες κ. Θηβαίοις εὐθὺς ἐπεβούλευσαν Isoc.8.98

.

IV joining an affirm. clause with a neg.,

ἀλλ' ὥς τι δράσων εἷρπε κοὐ θανούμενος S.Tr. 160

, etc.

V καί.., καί.. correlative, not only.., but also.., κ. ἀεὶ κ. νῦν, κ. τότε κ. νῦν, Pl.Grg. 523a, Phlb. 60b;

κ. κατὰ γῆν κ. κατὰ θάλατταν X.An.1.1.7

.

VI by anacoluthon, ὣς φαμένη κ. κερδοσύνῃ ἡγήσατ' Ἀθήνη, for ὣς ἔφη κ... , Il.22.247; ἔρχεται δὲ αὐτή τε.. κ. τὸν υἱὸν ἔχουσα, for κ. ὁ υἱός, X.Cyr.1.3.1;

ἄλλας τε κατηγεόμενοί σφι ὁδούς, κ. τέλος ἐγίνοντο Hdt.9.104

;

τοιοῦτος ὤν, κᾆτ' ἀνὴρ ἔδοξεν εἶναι Ar.Eq. 392

, cf. Nu. 624.

B even, also, just,

1 τάχα κεν κ. ἀναίτιον αἰτιόῳτο even the innocent, Il.11.654, cf. 4.161, etc.; δόμεναι κ. μεῖζον ἄεθλον an even greater prize, 23.551, cf. 10.556, 5.362: with numerals, κ. πέντε full five, 23.833;

γενομένης κ. δὶς ἐκκλησίας Th.1.44

, cf. Hdt.2.44,60, 68, al. (but ἐτῶν δύο κ. τριῶν two or three, Th.1.82, cf. X.Eq.4.4).

2 also, κ. ἐγώ I also, Il.4.40; κ. αὐτοί they also, X.An.3.4.44, etc.; Ἀγίας καὶ Σωκράτης κ. τούτω ἀπεθανέτην likewise died, ib. 2.6.30; in adding surnames, etc.,

Ὦχος ὁ κ. Δαρειαῖος Ctes.Fr.29.49

(sed Photii est): Ptol. Papyri have nom. ὃς κ., gen. τοῦ κ. etc.,

Πανίσκος ὃς κ. Πετεμῖνις PLond.2.219

(b) 2 (ii B.C.); dat. τῷ κ. ib.(a) v2, PRein.26.5 (ii B. C.); nom. ὁ κ. first in PTeb.110.1 (i B. C.), freq. later, BGU22.25 (ii A. D.), etc.;

Ἰούδας ὁ κ. Μακκαβαῖος J.AJ12.6.4

;

Σαῦλος ὁ κ. Παῦλος Act.Ap.13.9

: with

ἄλλος, λαβέτω δὲ κ. ἄλλος Od.21.152

; εἴπερ τι κ. ἄλλο, ὥς τις κ. ἄλλος, X.Mem.3.6.2, An.1.3.15, cf. Pl. Phd. 59a, Ar.Nu. 356: freq. in antithetic phrases, οὐ μόνον.., ἀλλὰ καὶ.. , not only.., but also.., v. μόνος; οὐδὲν μᾶλλον.. ἢ οὐ καὶ.. Hdt.5.94, al.

b freq. used both in the anteced. and relat. clause, where we put also in the anteced. only,

εἰ μὲν κ. σὺ εἶ τῶν ἀνθρώπων ὧνπερ κ. ἐγώ Pl.Grg. 458a

, cf. Il.6.476, X.An.2.1.21.

3 freq. in apodosi, after temporal Conjs.,

ἀλλ' ὅτε δή ῥα.., κ. τότε δή.. Il.1.494

, cf. 8.69, Od. 14.112; also after εἰ, Il.5.897: in Prose,

ὡς δὲ ἔδοξεν, κ. ἐχώρουν Th.2.93

: as a Hebraism,

κ. ἐγένετο.. κ... LXX Ge.24.30

, al., Ev.Luc.1.59, etc.

4 with Advs., to give emphasis,

κ. κάρτα Hdt.6.125

; κ. λίην full surely, Il.19.408, Od.1.46;

κ. μᾶλλον Il.8.470

, cf. E.Heracl. 386; κ. πάλαι, κ. πάνυ, S.OC 1252, Pl. Chrm. 154e; κ. μάλα, κ. σφόδρα, in answers, Ar.Nu. 1326, Pl.La. 191e.

5 with words expressing a minimum, even so much as, were it but, just,

ἱέμενος κ. καπνὸν ἀποθρῴσκοντα νοῆσαι Od.1.58

; οἷς

ἡδὺ κ. λέγειν Ar.Nu. 528

; τίς δὲ κ. προσβλέψεται; who will so much as look at you? E.IA 1192, cf. Ar.Ra. 614, Pl.Ap. 28b, 35b.

6 just, τοῦτ' αὐτὸ κ. νοσοῦμεν 'tis just that that ails me, E.Andr. 906, cf. Ba. 616, S.Tr. 490, Ar. Pax 892, Ra.73, Pl.Grg. 456a, Tht. 166d: freq. with a relat.,

τὸ κ. κλαίουσα τέτηκα Il.3.176

;

διὸ δὴ καὶ.. Th.1.128

, etc.: also in interrogations (usu. to be rendered by emphasis in intonation), ποίου Χρόνου δὲ καὶ πεπόρθηται πόλις; and how long ago was the city sacked? A.Ag. 278; ποῦ καί σφε θάπτει; where is he burying her? E.Alc. 834, cf. S.Aj. 1290, al., X.An.5.8.2, Ar. Pax 1289, Pl. Euthphr.6b, D.4.46, etc.

7 even, just, implying assent, ἔπειτά με κ. λίποι αἰών thereafter let life e'en leave me, Il.5.685, cf. 17.647, 21.274, Od.7.224.

8 κ. εἰ even if, of a whole condition represented as an extreme case, opp. εἰ κ. although, notwithstanding that, of a condition represented as immaterial even if fulfilled, cf. Il.4.347, 5.351, Od.13.292, 16.98 with Il.5.410, Od.6.312, 8.139, etc.; εἰ κ. ἠπιστάμην if I had been able, Pl.Phd. 108d, cf. Lg. 663d. (This remark does not apply to cases where εἰ and καί each exert their force separtely, as

εἴ περ ἀδειής τ' ἐστί, καὶ εἰ..

and if..

Il.7.117

, cf. Hdt.5.78, etc.)

9 before a Participle, to represent either καὶ εἰ.. , or εἰ καί.. , although, albeit, Ἕκτορα κ. μεμαῶτα μάχης σχήσεσθαι ὀΐω, for ἢν κ. μεμάῃ, how much soever he rage, although he rage, Il.9.655; τί σὺ ταῦτα, κ. ἐσθλὸς ἐών, ἀγορεύεις; (for εἰ κ. ἐσθλὸς εἶ) 16.627, cf. 13.787, Od.2.343, etc.;

κ. τύραννος ὢν ὅμως S.OC 851

.

C Position: καί and, is by Poets sts. put after another word, ἔγνωκα, τοῖσδε κοὐδὲν ἀντειπεῖν ἔχω, for

καὶ τοῖσδε οὐδέν A.Pr.51

, cf. Euph.51.7, etc.

2 καί also, sts. goes between a Prep. and its case,

ἐν κ. θαλάσσᾳ Pi.O.2.28

.

3 very seldom at the end of a verse, S.Ph. 312, Ar.V. 1193.

D crasis: with [pron. full] ᾰ, as κἄν, κἀγαθοί, etc.; with ε, as κἀγώ, κἄπειτα, etc., [dialect] Dor. κἠγώ, κἤπειτα, etc.; with η, as Χἠ, Χἠμέρη, Χἠμεῖς, etc.; with [pron. full] ῐ in Χἰκετεύετε, Χἰλαρή; with ο, as Χὠ, Χὤστις, etc.; with υ in Χὐμεῖς, Χὐποχείριον, etc.; with ω in the pron. ᾧ, Χᾦ; with αι, as κᾀσχρῶν; with αυ, as καὐτός; with ει, as κεἰ, κεἰς (but also κἀς) , κᾆτα; with εὐ-, as κεὐγένεια, κεὐσταλής; with οι in Χοἰ (

Χᾠ EM816.34

); with ου in Χοὖτος, κοὐ, κοὐδέ, and the like .

φῠλᾰκ-εύς, έως, ὁ, [dialect] Ep. for φύλαξ, [dialect] Ep. pl. φυλακῆες Opp.C.4.295. -ή, ἡ, ([etym.] φύλαξ)

A watching or guarding, esp. by night,

φυλακῆς μνήσασθε Il.7.371

; φυλακὰς ἔχειν keep watch and ward, 9.1, 471;

φ. κατέχειν E.Tr. 194

(lyr.); φυλακὴ ἔχει αὐτόν watching engages him, v.l. in Hes.Fr.188.4;

φ. νυκτερινή Ar.V.2

: prov., γυμνῷ φυλακὴν ἐπιτάττειν tell an unarmed man to stand on the defensive, i.e. to give commands that cannot be obeyed, Pherecr.144, cf. Philem.12;

περὶ φυλακῆς Εὐβοίας.. ἐπιμέλεσθαι IG12.39.76

; ὅπως ἀφανὴς εἴη ἡ φ. that there might be nothing visible to watch, Th.4.67;

φυλακὴν [τῶν τειχῶν] ἔρημον καταλιπεῖν Lycurg.17

; φυλακὰς φυλάξειν keep watch and ward, X.An.2.6.10, cf. Pl.Lg. 758d;

τὴν ἐν θαλάττῃ φ. φυλάττειν D.7.14

;

φ. ποιῆσαι X.An.5.7.31

;

τὴν φ. ποιεῖσθαι Lys.12.16

;

φυλακὰς ποιήσασθαι X.An.6.3.21

;

ἰσχυρὰς φ. ποιεῖσθαι Id.Cyr.1.6.37

; φυλακὰς καταστήσασθαι, κατασκευάσασθαι, Ar.Av. 841, X.HG7.2.23.

2 watch or guard, of persons, Pl.Prt. 321d (pl.), Act.Ap.12.10, etc.;

φ. ἑωυτοῦ ποιεύμενός [τινας] Hdt.2.154

; φ. τοῦ σώματος a body guard, D.23.3;

τῶν σωμάτων Din.1.9

;

φ. περὶ τὸ σῶμα X.Cyr.7.5.58

, cf. PHib.1.59.5 (iii B. C.), etc.; garrison of a place or fortress, Hdt.2.30; ἡ ἐν τῇ Ναυπάκτῳ φ., of a squadron of ships, Th.7.17, cf. X.HG1.1.22.

b the rank of φύλακες, Pl.R. 415c.

3 station, post, Il.10.408 (pl.), 416 (pl.), X.HG5.4.49;

φυλακὰς προλιπών E.Rh.18

(anap.); Διὸς φ., Pythag. name for the centre of the universe, Arist.Cael. 293b3.

4 of time, a watch of the night,

ἐπεὰν τῆς νυκτὸς ἦ δευτέρη φ. Hdt.9.51

; πρώτης φ. ἀρχομένης Wilcken Chr. 1 ii 18 (iii B. C.);

φυλακαῖσι νυκτέροισιν E.Rh. 765

;

φ. νυκτερινὰς καὶ ἡμερινὰς καθιστάναι X.Cyr.1.6.43

: of these there were three, acc. to Sch.E. Rh.5; but five are mentioned in Stesich.55, Simon.219 A, E.Rh. 543 (lyr.); and the Roman division was four, Ev.Matt.14.25, Suid.

5 place for keeping others in, ward, prison,

δημοσία φ. D.S.10.30

;

εἰς φυλακὴν βληθείς AP11.276

(Lucill.);

βαλεῖν τινὰ εἰς φ. Ev.Matt.18.30

, cf. Arr.Epict.1.1.24;

θέσθαι τινὰ ἐν φυλακῇ LXX Ge.40.3

, cf. Ev.Matt.14.3; πολιτικὴ φ. the town-prison, POxy.259.8 (i A. D.).

6 Astrol. = ταπείνωμα, PMich. in Class.Phil.22.22 (pl.).

II guarding, keeping, preserving, whether for security or custody,

ἐν φυλακῇ ἔχειν τινά Hdt.1.24

;

ἐν φ. ἀδέσμῳ ἔχειν τινά Th.3.34

;

ἐν φυλακῇσι μεγάλῃσι ἔχεσθαι Hdt.2.99

; τὸν Ἰσθμὸν ἔχειν ἐν φ. to keep the Isthmus guarded or occupied, Id.7.207, cf. 8.40; τὸν ἠνείκαντο γλώσσης χαρακτῆρα τοῦτον ἔχειν ἐν φ. to preserve the same character of language, Id.1.57;

ἔχειν νόον ἐν φ. Thgn.439

;

τὰ παρὰ πᾶσιν ἐν πλείστῃ φ., παῖδας καὶ γυναῖκας D.18.215

;

τὰ κατὰ τὸ στρατόπεδον διὰ φυλακῆς ἔχων Th.7.8

;

τὸν πλοῦν διὰ φ. ποιησάμενοι Id.8.39

; στόματος φυλακᾷ κατασχεῖν φθόγγον prob. in A.Ag. 236 (lyr.); ἐν φ. σχεθέμεν μεγάλᾳ be very ware of, Pi.P.4.75; φυλακὴν ἔχειν, = φυλάττεσθαι, keep guard, be on the watch,

περί τινα Hdt.1.39

; φ. ἔχων εἴ κως δυναίμην .. ib.38; φ. ἔχειν μή .. Th.2.69; φ. λαμβάνειν μή .. Men.Pk.20; δεινῶς ἦσαν ἐν φυλακῇσι were straitly on their guard, Hdt.3.152, cf. A.Pers. 592 (lyr.).

2 custody of property, Arist.Pol. 1309b6, EN 1120a9.

3 safeguard, τὴν μεγίστην φ. ἀνῄρηκε τῆς πόλεως its chief safeguard, And.4.19;

φ. παρέχειν Isoc.11.13

; δημοκρατίας, μοναρχίας φ., Lys.25.28, Arist. Pol. 1315a8.

III (from [voice] Med.) precaution,

πολλῆς φ. ἔργον Pl.R. 537d

;

φ. θαυμαστῆς δεομένη Id.Lg. 906a

, al., cf. Th.5.99.

2 c. gen., precaution against,

εὐλάβεια φ. κακοῦ Pl.Def. 413d

;

ὑποψίας φυλακὴν ποιήσασθαι Antipho 2.1.2

;

φ. τῶν πάντα μολυνόντων Epicur. Sent.Vat.80

, cf. 73.

ῥέω, Il.22.149, etc.; [dialect] Ep. [full] ῥείω Hes.Fr. 263 (dub.), D.P.1074, AP7.36 (Eryc.), but not in Hom.: [tense] impf. [ per.] 3sg.

A

ἔρρει Il.17.86

, Telecl.1.4, but elsewhere in Hom. ἔρρεε or ῥέε: [tense] fut.

ῥεύσομαι Thgn.448

, E.Fr. 384, Crates Com.15.4, Pherecr.130.5, Hp.Haem.5; also ῥευσοῦμαι, Arist.Mete. 356a16, 361a33; later ῥεύσω, AP5.124 (Bass.): [tense] aor.

ἔρρευσα Ar.Eq. 526

(anap.), Hp.Loc.Hom.11, Int.23, Mosch.3.33, AP5.32 (Parmen.), Plb.5.15.7 ([pref] ἀπ-), Paus.5.7.4, etc.:—but the [dialect] Att. [tense] fut. and [tense] aor. are of pass. form,

ῥῠήσομαι Isoc.8.140

, cf. Hp.Nat.Hom.5; ἐρρύην [ῠ] Th.3.116, X.Cyr.8.3.30, Pl.Ti. 84c, etc., as also in Hdt.8.138; [dialect] Dor. ἐξ-ερρύα, v. ἐκρέω; [ per.] 3sg. subj.

ἐ[γ]ρυᾷ GDI3591a51

([place name] Calymna); [dialect] Ep. [ per.] 3sg.

ῥύη Od.3.455

: [tense] pf.

ἐρρύηκα Hp.Loc.Hom.10

, Pl.R. 485d, Isoc.8.5; later ἔρρυκα, Gal.5.398.—A [tense] pres. [voice] Med. [full] ῥέομαι occurs also in Orac. ap. Hdt.7.140 (v. infr.), Plu.Cor.3, Luc.Salt.71, Philostr. VS1.25.9, etc.; so

ἐρρεῖτο E.Hel. 1602

, Philostr.VA8.31, etc.—This Verb does not [var] contr. εη, εο, εω:—flow, run, stream, gush, Od.19.204, Il.3.300, 17.86, etc.: with dat. of that which flows, [πηγὴ] ὕδατι ῥέει the fountain runs with water, 22.149, cf. Od.5.70, IG12.54.7;

ῥέε δ' αἵματι γαῖα Il.8.65

, etc.;

φάραγγες ὕδατι.. ῥέουσαι E.Tr. 449

(troch.);

ῥεῖ γάλακτι πέδον ῥεῖ δ' οἴνῳ Id.Ba. 142

(lyr.); οἴνῳ.. ἔρρει χαράδρα Telecl.l.c.(v. sub fin.); (also in [voice] Med., ἱδρῶτι ῥεούμενοι (metri gr. for ῥεόμενοι, cf. μαχεούμενοι) Orac. ap. Hdt.7.140;

φόνῳ ναῦς ἐρρεῖτο E. Hel. 1602

);

πόλιν χρυσῷ ῥέουσαν Id.Tr. 995

: so metaph.,

πολλῷ ῥ. ἐπαίνῳ Ar.Eq. 527

: rarely with acc. in the same sense (v. infr. 11.2): also with gen.,

ἀσφάλτου Str.7.5.8

;

πολλοῦ ὕδατος Arr.An. 5.9.4

: sts. with nom.,

Ζεὺς χρυσὸς ῥυείς Isoc.10.59

, cf. AP5.32 (Parmen.).

b the post-Hom. expression for a full stream is

μέγας ῥεῖ, ῥέουσι μεγάλοι Hdt.2.25

;

μέγας ἐρρύη Id.8.138

, cf. Th.2.5;

ῥ. οὐδὲν ἧσσον ἢ νῦν Hdt.7.129

; also πολὺς ῥεῖ, metaph. of men,

ῥεῖ πολὺς ὅδε λεώς A.Th.80

(lyr.);

Κύπρις ἢν πολλὴ ῥυῇ E.Hipp. 443

(cf. infr. 2); so

ῥ. μου τὸ δάκρυον πολύ Ar.Lys. 1034

; also ἐς ἔρωτα ἅπας ῥ. Ps.-Phoc.193;

πρὸς τὸν Ἀλκιβιάδην ὁ δῆμος ὅλος ἐρρύη Plu.Alc. 21

.

c of a river, also ῥ. ἀπὸ τηκομένης χιόνος derive its stream from melted snow, Hdt.2.22.

d prov., ἄνω ῥεῖν flow upwards, of inversion of the usual or right order, E.Supp. 520;

ἄνω ποταμῶν ἐρρύησαν οἱ.. λόγοι D.19.287

; cf. ἄνω (B)1.

e ταῦτα μὲν ῥείτω κατ' οὖρον (v. οὖρος (A))S.Tr. 468.

2 metaph. of things, ἐκ χειρῶν βέλεα ῥέον from their hands rained darts, Il.12.159;

ῥεῖ μάλιστα ὁ ἀὴρ ῥέων ἐν τοῖς ὑψηλοῖς Arist.Mete. 347a34

, cf. 349a34;

φλὸξ ῥυεῖσα Plu.Brut.31

; so

τὴν Αἴτνην ῥυῆναι Ael.Fr.2

; esp. of a flow of words,

ἀπὸ γλώσσης μέλιτος γλυκίων ῥέεν αὐδή Il.1.249

, cf. Hes.Th.39.97; ἔπε' ἐκ στόματος ῥεῖ μείλιχα ib.84: abs., of the tongue, run glibly, A.Th. 557; so

θρασυνομένῳ καὶ πολλῷ ῥέοντι καθ' ὑμῶν D.18.136

: hence, of words or sentiments, to be current,

κληδόνος καλῆς μάτην ῥεούσης S.OC 259

.

3 fall, drop off, e.g. of hair, Od.10.393, Hes.Fr.29, Theoc. 2.89, etc.; of ripe fruit, Plb.12.4.14, Gp.9.12; of over-ripe corn,

ἤδη ῥέοντα τὸν στάχυν Babr.88.14

; wear out,

εἰ ῥέοι τὸ σῶμα καὶ ἀπολλύοιτο Pl.Phd. 87d

; of a house, to be in a tumble-down condition, Gorg. ap. Stob.4.51.28, Teles p.27 H.; ῥέουσαν σύγκρισιν στῆσαι to stay a collapse of the system, Herod.Med. ap. Orib.5.27.1.

4 of molten objects, liquefy, run,

ῥεῖ πᾶν ἄδηλον S.Tr. 698

;

τήκεται ὁ λίθος.. ὥστε καὶ ῥεῖν Arist.Mete. 383b6

, cf. Thphr.Lap.9.

5 to be in perpetual flux and change,

ἅπανθ' ὁρῶ ἅμα τῇ τύχῃ ῥέοντα μεταπίπτοντά τε Com.Adesp.200

;

ὡς ἰόντων ἁπάντων ἀεὶ καὶ ῥεόντων Pl.Cra. 439c

, cf. 411c;

κινεῖται καὶ ῥεῖ.. τὰ πάντα Id.Tht. 182c

: hence οἱ ῥέοντες, of the Heraclitean philosophers, opp. οἱ τοῦ ὅλου στασιῶται, ib. 181a.

b ' run', of ink, etc., metaph.,

στιγμῆς ῥυείσης γραμμὴν φαντασιούμεθα.., γραμμῆς δὲ ῥυείσης πλάτος ἐποιήσαμεν S.E.M.7.99

; cf.

ῥυίσκομαι 11

.

6 of persons, ῥ. ἐπί τι to be inclined, given to a thing, Isoc.8.5;

πρός τι Pl.R. 485d

; οἱ ταύτῃ ῥυέντες ib. 495b.

7 leak, of a ship, opp. στεγανὸν εἶναι, Arist.Fr. 554, cf. Paus.8.50.7; λύχνοι ῥέοντες prob.in Roussel Cultes Egyptiens p.222(Delos, ii B.C.); of a roof, Men.Sam. 248; [

ἀγγεῖον] ῥέον Plu.2.782e

;

οἰνοχόαι ῥέουσαι Michel 815.131

(Delos, iv B.C.).

8 to have a flux,

τὰς κοιλίας τὰς ῥεούσας D.S.5.41

.

9 impers.,

ἐκ ῥινῶν ἐρρύη Hp.Epid.1.19

.

II very rarely trans., let flow, pour,

ἔρρει χοάς E.Hec. 528

(as v.l. for αἴρει):—this differs from the usage

2 c. acc. cogn., ῥείτω γάλα, μέλι, let the land run milk, honey, Theoc.5.124, 126; αἷμα ῥυήσεται, of the Nile, Ezek.Exag. 133;

οἶνον ῥέων Luc.VH1.7

, cf. LXXJl.3(4).18, Sch.Ar.Pl. 287:—in place of this acc. the best writers commonly used the dat., v. supr. 1.1.

III v. ῥέον. (Cf. ῥόϝος, Skt. sravati, Lith. sravēti 'flow': I.-E. srèw- alternating with sr[ocaron]w- and sr[ucaron]-.)

Grammatical information: m.

Meaning: hellebore, Helleborus, Veratrum album' (Hp., Ar.; on the meaning Dawkins JournHellStud. 56, 3f.).

Other forms: Ion. ἐλ-

Compounds: As 1. member in ἑλλεβοροποσία `drinking ἑ.' (Hp.) ἑλλεβορο-σήματα plant name =- λειμώνιον (Ps.-Dsc. 4, 16); bahuvrihi: `plant, that shows Helleborus-symptoms', Strömberg Wortstudien 51.

Derivatives: ἑλλεβορίνη `Herniaria glabra' (Thphr., Dsc.), ἑλλεβορίτης `κενταύρειον τὸ μικρόν' (Ps.-Dsc.), also name of a wine (Dsc., Plin.), vgl. Redard Les noms grecs en - της 71 and 96; denomin. verb ἑλλεβορίζω `treat with h., bring to sense' (Hp., D.) with ἑλλεβορισμός (Hp.).

Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]

Etymology: Taken as "eaten by deer" to ἐλλός ( ἑλλός) and βιβρώσκω (s. βορά), s. Strömberg Wortstudien 48ff. (full disc.). The ε remains problematic. - Suz. Amigues. in RPh 72, 1998, 125, who stresses that the plant is deadly. Suggestion to identify the first element with ἐσθλός; Girard, Connaissance...l'hellébore 1988 assumes original ἑλλο-, which is hardly correct. The etymology seems very doubtful to me; the word could well be non-IE, i.e. Pre-Greek. The double - λλ- will represent the phoneme -l^y-, which at the same time explains the two first ε's: \/a\/ was pronounced [ä] in contact with the palatalized l, and [ä] is reproduced by ε; after the β it may have become ο; sowe have \/al^yabar-\/.

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θρά̄σσω, θρά̄ττω rommelig

Grammatical information: v.

Meaning: `trouble, disquiet' (Pi., Hp., Att.);

Other forms: Aor. θρᾶξαι (A., E.), pass. ἐθράχθη (S. Fr. 1055); perf. τέτρηχα intr. `be troubled, unquiet' (Il.).

Compounds: incid. with prefix, ἐν-, ὑπο-, ἐπι-,

Origin: IE [Indo-European]X [probably] [251] [very uncertain] * dʰreh₂gʰ- `??'

Etymology: Primary yot-present from *θρᾱχ-ι̯ω, beside which the old perfect *τέ-θρᾱχ-α (Schwyzer 702); the rarely occurring aorist forms θρᾶξαι, ἐθράχθη are innovations after the type πράσσω: πρᾶξαι a. o. for older ταράξαι (like δαμάσαι), to which the present ταράσσω (s. v.), with the same disyll. stem form as ταραχή; to τέ-τρηχ-α: ταραχ-ή cf. e. g. τέ-θνη-κα: θάνα-τος. A primary nominal formation with long stem as θρά̄σσω, τέτρηχα is τρᾱχύς `raw, hard'; s. v. There are no exact correcpondences ouside Greek. Bezzenberger BB 4, 320 adduced a widespread word for `dregs, sediment', which occurs in varying form: Germ., e. g. ONord. dregg f., pl. dreggiar, Balt.-Slav., e. g. OLith. drãges pl., Alb. drā, prob. also Lat. fracēs, -um. Further one compares a large group in Baltic, which through its acute would agree with the Greek words, e. g. Lith. dérgiu, dérgti `schlackerig sein (of the weather), get squalid etc.' [but the acute is caused by the Lith. g \< *g acc. to Winter-Kortlandt's law, and so does not agree with Greek]. (Here acc. to Specht KZ 59, 102 and 117 w. n. 3 also dìrgstu, dìrgti `relax, get weak etc.' (with dìrginu, dìrginti `relax'); but see the critical remarks in Fraenkel Lit. et. Wb. s. dìrginti and drėgti !. - More forms W.-Hofmann s. fracēs; and Fraenkel s. drãges; and Pok. 251; these forms are not clear. Cf. Bechtel Lex. s. ταράσσω.

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θρά̄σσω, θρά̄ττω rommelig

Grammatical information: v.

Meaning: `trouble, disquiet' (Pi., Hp., Att.);

Other forms: Aor. θρᾶξαι (A., E.), pass. ἐθράχθη (S. Fr. 1055); perf. τέτρηχα intr. `be troubled, unquiet' (Il.).

Compounds: incid. with prefix, ἐν-, ὑπο-, ἐπι-,

Origin: IE [Indo-European]X [probably] [251] [very uncertain] * dʰreh₂gʰ- `??'

Etymology: Primary yot-present from *θρᾱχ-ι̯ω, beside which the old perfect *τέ-θρᾱχ-α (Schwyzer 702); the rarely occurring aorist forms θρᾶξαι, ἐθράχθη are innovations after the type πράσσω: πρᾶξαι a. o. for older ταράξαι (like δαμάσαι), to which the present ταράσσω (s. v.), with the same disyll. stem form as ταραχή; to τέ-τρηχ-α: ταραχ-ή cf. e. g. τέ-θνη-κα: θάνα-τος. A primary nominal formation with long stem as θρά̄σσω, τέτρηχα is τρᾱχύς `raw, hard'; s. v. There are no exact correcpondences ouside Greek. Bezzenberger BB 4, 320 adduced a widespread word for `dregs, sediment', which occurs in varying form: Germ., e. g. ONord. dregg f., pl. dreggiar, Balt.-Slav., e. g. OLith. drãges pl., Alb. drā, prob. also Lat. fracēs, -um. Further one compares a large group in Baltic, which through its acute would agree with the Greek words, e. g. Lith. dérgiu, dérgti `schlackerig sein (of the weather), get squalid etc.' [but the acute is caused by the Lith. g \< *g acc. to Winter-Kortlandt's law, and so does not agree with Greek]. (Here acc. to Specht KZ 59, 102 and 117 w. n. 3 also dìrgstu, dìrgti `relax, get weak etc.' (with dìrginu, dìrginti `relax'); but see the critical remarks in Fraenkel Lit. et. Wb. s. dìrginti and drėgti !. - More forms W.-Hofmann s. fracēs; and Fraenkel s. drãges; and Pok. 251; these forms are not clear. Cf. Bechtel Lex. s. ταράσσω.

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Grammatical information: v.

Meaning: `lie, be somewhere, happen etc.' (Il.).

Other forms: 3. sg. κεῖται, 3. pl. κέαται, Att. κεῖνται, inf. κεῖσθαι etc. (further forms in Schwyzer 679; sehr unsicher myk. ke-ke-me-na)

Dialectal forms: Myc. ke-ke-me-na uncertain.

Compounds: very often with prefix in diff. meanings, ἀνά-, κατά-, παρά-, ἔγ-, ἔκ-, ἐπί-, σύγ-κειμαι etc.

Derivatives: 1. κοῖτος m. `layer, bed, sleep' (Od.), κοίτη f. `id., matrim. bed, nest, parcel, lot' (Od.); often in compp., e. g. ἀπό-, σύγ-, ἡμερό-κοιτος, ἀ-, παρα-κοίτης (cf. on ἀκοίτης). From κοῖτος, κοίτη: κοιτίς f. `box' (Men., J.; cf. Schwyzer 127) with κοιτίδιον `id.' (sch.); κοιτάριον `bed' (sch.); κοιτών m. `sleeping room' (Ar. Fr. 6, hell.) with κοιτώνιον, - ωνίσκος, - ωνίτης, ωνικός ; κοιτατήριον `id.' (Cyrene; cf. ἑστιατήριον s. ἑστία); κοιταῖος `lying on the layer' (Decr. ap. D. 18, 37, Plb.), κοιτάριος `belonging to the bed' ( Edict. Diocl.). Denomin. verb κοιτάζομαι `lay down, nest' (Pi., hell.), - άζω `bring to rest, lay down', also `partition the land' (from κοίτη `parcel'), hell. From here κοιτασία `living together' (LXX), κοιτασμός `folding the cattle' (pap.). - 2. *κοίμη or *κοῖμος with denomin. κοιμάω `lay to rest, put to bed', κοιμάομαι `go to bed' (Il.); from there κοίμησις `lay down, sleep (of death)' (Pl., LXX, NT), κοίμημα `sleep, sleeping with' (S.), κοιμη-τήριον `sleeping room, restplace, burying-place' (inscr.); also κοιμίζω = κοιμάω with κοίμισις, - ισμός, - ιστής, - ιστικός; rater reshaped from κοιμάω. - 3. κειμήλιον n. `valuables, precious thing' (Il.), secondary - ιοι Pl. m. (f.) (Pl. Lg. 931a; apposition of πατέρες η μητέρες); ηλ-derivation of a neuter *κεῖμα (Frisk Eranos 38, 42 a. 41, 52). In the same meaning κεμήλιον (Alc. G 1, 8)? Specht KZ 68, 145 (after *θεμήλιον, θέμηλα); but s. on κεμάς. - Cf. also κῶμα and κώμη. - Verbal derivv.: iterative ( παρε)- κέσκετο (ξ 521, φ 41); desiderative or future forms κείω, κειέμεν, κείοντες etc.; late lengthening κατεκείαθεν κατεκοιμήθη H. (after Hom. μετεκίαθεν); further details in Schwyzer 679, Chantraine Gramm. hom. 1, 322 und 453.

Origin: IE [Indo-European] [539] * kei- `lie'

Etymology: An exact agreement of the athematic present κεῖται gives Indo-Iranian in Skt. śéte, Av. saēte `lies'; further Hitt. kitta, -ri; uncertain Lyc. sijęni `id.' (Pedersen Lykisch und Hittitisch 17f.). The nominalen t- and m-formations are also found outside Greek: Bret. argud `light sleep' \< *are-ḱoi-to-; Germ., e. g. Goth. haims `village, Heim', Latv. sàime `family', Lith. šeimýna `id.', OCS sěmьja `id.', prob. also Celt., e. g. OIr. cōim `dear'. Other derivv. of the verb in Lat. cīvis, Germ., e. g. Goth. heiwa-frauja `lord of the house', Skt. śéva- `trusty, friendly, dear' as in Arm. sēr `love' with sirem `love'. - Further Pok. 539f., W.-Hofmann s. cīvis. - The verb has full grade in the middle with static inflection: Skt. śay-e, pl. śe-re, without -t-.

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Grammatical information: m.

Meaning: `herald, messenger'; also `trumpet-shell` (Il.).

Other forms: κῆρυξ Hdn.; cf. Schwyzer 391; Dor. Aeol. κάρυξ, - ῦκος

Dialectal forms: Myc. karuke \/kārūkes\/.

Compounds: As 2. member e. g. in δρομο-κήρυξ `courier' (Aeschin.).

Derivatives: 1. Feminine: κηρύκαινα `heraldess' (Ar. Ek. 713; moment. formation, cf. Chantraine Formation 108); 2. Patronymic: Κηρυκίδαι m. `descendants of the Athenian family of the Κήρυκες' (Poll.). 3. Adjectives: κηρύκειος `belonging to the herald' (S.), mostly ntr. κηρύκ(ε)ιον, Dor. κᾱρ-, Ion. κηρυκήϊον `herald's wand' (IA. Dor.; Lat. LW [loanword] cādūceum, - eus; cf. W.-Hofmann s. v.), also as constellation (Scherer Gestirnnamen 200); `auctioneer's fee, tax on auction sales' (hell. inscr. a. pap.); ΚαρυκήϜιος Boeot. name of Apollon (Tanagra, Thebes, VI<sup>a</sup>; Schwyzer 468); κηρυκικός `regarding the herald, town crier' (Pl.; Chantraine Étud. sur le vocab. gr. 135f.), - ινος `belonging to the herald' (pap., Suid.), - ώδης `like the trumpetshell' (Arist.). - Denomin. verbs: 1. κηρύσσω, - ύττω, κᾱρ- `be herald, broadcast, announce' (Il.) with κήρυγμα `herald's cry, announcement' (IA.), κηρυγμός (sch.), κήρυξις (D. C.) `id.'; 2. κηρυκεύω `function as herald, announce' (Att.) with κηρυκεία, - ηΐη `herald's service' (IA.), κηρύκευμα `announcement' (A. Th. 651), - ευσις `id.' (Suid.).

Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]

Etymology: Generally compared with Skt. kārú- `singer, poet'. Beekes, Languages in Prehist. Europe, 2003, 109-116 showed that Greek does not have a `enlargement' κ (as per Schwyzer 496; his examples are few and doubtful); then, in this way we could not explain the long υ; words with -ῡκ- all have very different meanings and are probably un-IE. Therefore the word is most probably Pre-Greek. - Unexplained was the gloss κορύγης κῆρυξ. Δωριεῖς H. As Pre-Greek only had the vowels α (ι, υ), it will have had *καρυγ- with α \> ο before following υ (note that this α will have been short), so it will be a variant of the same word.

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λέχεται κοιμᾶται H.

Grammatical information: v.

Meaning: `lie down, fall asleep'.

Other forms: perf. ptc. λελο[γ]χυῖα λεχὼ γενομένη H. (also Antim. in PMilan. 17 II 10), καλέχες κατάκεισο. Πάφιοι H. (Schwyzer-Debrunner 473 n. 5), with ep. aorist- and future forms: λέκτο, λέξο, - λέχθαι, - λέγμενος (\< *λεχσ-το, - σο, - σθαι, - μενος? Schwyzer 751; after Chantraine Gramm. hom. 1, 296 rather athem. present), λέξασθαι, λέξομαι, also with παρα-, κατα-, προσ-, `lie, lie down'; act. aor. λέξον, ἔλεξα (Il.)

Derivatives: 1. λέχος n. `lair, bed', esp. `nuptial bed', also `death-bed' (Il.; after ἕδος? Porzig Satzinhalte 263); as 1. member in λεχε-ποίης `having grass as bed' (Il.; Bechtel Lex. s. v.; on the 2. member Fraenkel Nom. ag. 2, 141), as 2. member e. g. ὀρει-λεχής `having his lair in the mountains' (Emp.); with λεχαῖος `belonging to the lair' (A. Th. 292 [conj.], A. R.), λεχήρης `bed-ridden' (E. in lyr.), λεχώ f. `one who has just given birth' (E., Ar., Cyrene), also λεκχώ (Delphi; expressive gemination, Schwyzer 478 n. 3 and Fraenkel Glotta 32, 18), with λεχώϊος `belonging to...', λεχωϊς = λεχώ (- ίς lengthening, Schwyzer 465; A. R., Call.). - 2. λόχος m. `child-birth', usu. `ambush, band (in ambush)', milit. `armed band' (Il.), often as 2. member, e. g. ἄ-λοχος f. `lairfellow, spouse' (Il.; Clark ClassPhil. 35, 188ff.), as 1. member e. g. in λοχ-ᾱγός `leader of a λόχος' (Dor.; S., Th., X.; Chantraine Études 90). Several derivv: λόχιος `belonging to birth' (E., Ar.), ἡ Λοχία surn. of Artemis (E., inscr.), τὰ λόχια `discharge after child-birth' (Hp., Arist.); λοχεῖος (E. in lyr., Plu.), λοχαῖος (Arat., AP) `id.'; λοχίτης m. `belonging to one and the same λ., war-fellow' (A., S., X.; Redard 42); λοχώ (- ώς, - ός) = λεχώ (LXX, Dsc.). Transformation λοχεός `ambuch' (Hes. Th. 178; after φωλεός a. o.); λοχή = λόχμη (late epigr.). Denomin. verbs: a. λοχάω, - ομαι `lie in ambush' (ep. ion., hell.; after κοιμάω, - ομαι Risch ̨ 112b; s. also Leumann Hom. Wörter 185 ff. [and Risch Gnomon 23, 370]; hardly iterative-intensive to λέχεται with Schwyzer 718); with λόχησις, - ητικός (late). b. λοχεύω, - ομαι `give birth, deliver', pass. `be delivered, be born' (h. Merc., Trag. etc.) with λόχευμα ` birth, the born' (A., E.), λοχεία `giving birth, birth' (Pl., E.), λοχεύτρια f. `who has just given birth' (sch.). c. λοχίζω `lie in ambush, distribute men in companies' (Hdt., Th.) with λοχισμός `putting ambushes' (Plu.). - 3. λέκτρον, often pl. -α `lair, (nuptial)bed' (Il.); compp. e. g. κοινό-λεκτρος `having a common lair, uptial, bedfellow' (A.); λεκτρίτῃ θρόνῳ ἀνάκλισιν ἔχοντι H.; cf. Redard 113. - 4. λόχμη f. `lair of wild beasts, copse, bush' (τ 439, Arist. ; after κώμη?, Porzig Satzinhalte 289; cf. also *κοίμη in κοιμάω) with λοχμαῖος `living in the bush' (Ar. in lyr.), - ιος `id.' (A P), - ώδης `grown with bush etc.' (Th., Thphr.), λοχμάζω `form a copse' (Pisand. Ep.). - On the whole word group, which in Ionic -Attic was very limited and specialized (instead κεῖμαι, ( κατα)-κλίνομαι), s. also Ruijgh L'élém. ach. 153f.

Origin: IE [Indo-European] [658] * legʰ- lie'

Etymology: With the primary thematic present λέχεται agrees exactly Goth. ligan `lie', which (like sitan `sit') is suspected as innovation for the further in Germ. dominating and also in Slavic (OCS ležǫ) found yotpresent (Brugmann Grundr.² II: 3, 190 a. 192); after Specht KZ 62, 45 f. the verb was originally limited to the aorist. A primary present, orig. prob. also yotpresent, is also found in Celtic, MIr. laigid `lies down' (with a from e as in saidid `sits'; Thurneysen KZ 59, 9 f.). Italic too has once known this verb, as appears from Falisc. lecet `iacet' (formation?), s. Porzig Indogermanica 176. - Also to the Greek verbal nouns the other languages give many comparable forms: OWNo. lag n. `Lage, position', pl. lǫg `law', Russ. lóg `valley, cleft', Scr. lŏg `lying', Pol. od-ɫog `fallow field' (\> Lith. at-lagaĩ `id.'; cf. Porzig Satzinhalte 311f.), Alb. lagje `band, group', all from IE * logho- (formally = λόχος); OCS lože ' κλίνη, κοίτη'; OHG lehtar `uterus' = λέκτρον; in Slav., e. g. OCS ložes-no, pl. -na ' μήτρα, uterus' prob. the s-stem in λέχος. With ἄ-λοχος cf. Serb.-Csl. su-logъ ' σύγ-κοιτος, spouse' (Russ.-Csl. su-ložь). Toch. B leke, A lake `lair'. - More forms in WP. 2, 424f., Pok. 658f., W.-Hofmann s. lectus, Ernout-Meillet s. lectus, Vasmer Wb. s. ležátь, lóže, ljágu.

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Grammatical information: f., often pl. (Hom almost only).

Meaning: `flesh, piece(s) of meat' (Il.); on the number Schw.-Debrunner 43, Chantraine Gramm. hom. 2,30.

Other forms: Aeol. σύρκες pl. H., EM; on the phonetics Schwyzer 308.

Compounds: Many compp., e.g. σαρκο-φάγος `eating flesh' (Arist.), λίθος σαρκοφάγος des. of a stone broken near Assos (Troas), which was used for funeral monuments and would have eaten the corpse (Poll. 10, 150, Plin. a. o.); on the debated physiological-chemical proces s. R. Müller in Kretschmer Glotta 22, 265; from there `coffin' (inscr.), Lat. LW [loanword] sarcophagus, OHG sarch etc.; ἄ-σαρκος `without flesh, thin' (IA.); on the 2. member extens. Sommer Nominalkomp. 94 f.

Derivatives: 1. σαρκ-ίον (Hp., Arist. a. o.), - ίδιον (Arist. etc.) n. `piece of flesh', - ίς f. `meat, food' (late pap.); - ῖτις f. name of a stone (Plin.; after the colour, Redard 60). 2. σάρκ-ινος (Att. etc.), - ικός (hell. a. late), - ειος (late) `fleshy, made of flesh'; - ώδης `flesh-like' (Hp., X. etc.), - ήρης `consisting of flesh' ( Trag. Adesp.). 3a σαρκ-ίζω `to scrape clean of flesh' (Hdt.; on the privative meaning Hudson-Williams ClassRev. 26, 122f.; not correct Schwyzer 736), περι- σάρξ with - ισμός (medic.), ἐκ- σάρξ (LXX); b. - όω ( περι-, ἐκ- a. o.) `to make fleshy, to change into flesh' with - ωμα, - ωσις, - ωτικός (medic. a. o.); c. - άζω s. v.

Origin: IE [Indo-European] [1102] *tu̯r̥ḱ- `cut'

Etymology: Acc. to a general, very acceptable view (since v. Bradke ZDMG 40, 752) to Av. ʮwarǝs-, pres. ʮwǝrǝsaiti prop. `cut' ( upa-, us- a. o.), as simplex `shape, create, destine etc.', IE tu̯r̥ḱ- (WP. 1, 751, Pok. 1102); so prop. *'slice' as Lat. carō `(piece) of meat' = Umbr. karu `pars, piece of meat' to κείρω `cut' etc. Other argumentation by Risch Sprache 7, 93 ff. (where also Hitt. tuekkaš `body' [with assumed loss of r before k] is discussed; s. however on σάκος): to ʮwarǝs- in the (clearly secondary) meaning `create, build'; so "flesh as what gives the human body shape and form"; certainly not to be preferred. -- Thus also Lubotsky, Sprache 36 (1994) 94-102, who shows that Skt. tvaṣṭar- contains a zero grade (with a \< r̥), like Av. ʮwōrǝštar- (from * ʮwǝrǝštar-). OIr. torc `boar' has the same origin, for which he reconstructs *turḱos. L. discusses also the rise of - αρ-, - υρ- (rejecting a reconstr. *tu̯orḱ-). - From σάρξ Alb. šark `flesh of a fruit' (Jokl IF 44, 13 ff.).

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Grammatical information: f., often pl. (Hom almost only).

Meaning: `flesh, piece(s) of meat' (Il.); on the number Schw.-Debrunner 43, Chantraine Gramm. hom. 2,30.

Other forms: Aeol. σύρκες pl. H., EM; on the phonetics Schwyzer 308.

Compounds: Many compp., e.g. σαρκο-φάγος `eating flesh' (Arist.), λίθος σαρκοφάγος des. of a stone broken near Assos (Troas), which was used for funeral monuments and would have eaten the corpse (Poll. 10, 150, Plin. a. o.); on the debated physiological-chemical proces s. R. Müller in Kretschmer Glotta 22, 265; from there `coffin' (inscr.), Lat. LW [loanword] sarcophagus, OHG sarch etc.; ἄ-σαρκος `without flesh, thin' (IA.); on the 2. member extens. Sommer Nominalkomp. 94 f.

Derivatives: 1. σαρκ-ίον (Hp., Arist. a. o.), - ίδιον (Arist. etc.) n. `piece of flesh', - ίς f. `meat, food' (late pap.); - ῖτις f. name of a stone (Plin.; after the colour, Redard 60). 2. σάρκ-ινος (Att. etc.), - ικός (hell. a. late), - ειος (late) `fleshy, made of flesh'; - ώδης `flesh-like' (Hp., X. etc.), - ήρης `consisting of flesh' ( Trag. Adesp.). 3a σαρκ-ίζω `to scrape clean of flesh' (Hdt.; on the privative meaning Hudson-Williams ClassRev. 26, 122f.; not correct Schwyzer 736), περι- σαρκός with - ισμός (medic.), ἐκ- σαρκός (LXX); b. - όω ( περι-, ἐκ- a. o.) `to make fleshy, to change into flesh' with - ωμα, - ωσις, - ωτικός (medic. a. o.); c. - άζω s. v.

Origin: IE [Indo-European] [1102] *tu̯r̥ḱ- `cut'

Etymology: Acc. to a general, very acceptable view (since v. Bradke ZDMG 40, 752) to Av. ʮwarǝs-, pres. ʮwǝrǝsaiti prop. `cut' ( upa-, us- a. o.), as simplex `shape, create, destine etc.', IE tu̯r̥ḱ- (WP. 1, 751, Pok. 1102); so prop. *'slice' as Lat. carō `(piece) of meat' = Umbr. karu `pars, piece of meat' to κείρω `cut' etc. Other argumentation by Risch Sprache 7, 93 ff. (where also Hitt. tuekkaš `body' [with assumed loss of r before k] is discussed; s. however on σάκος): to ʮwarǝs- in the (clearly secondary) meaning `create, build'; so "flesh as what gives the human body shape and form"; certainly not to be preferred. -- Thus also Lubotsky, Sprache 36 (1994) 94-102, who shows that Skt. tvaṣṭar- contains a zero grade (with a \< r̥), like Av. ʮwōrǝštar- (from * ʮwǝrǝštar-). OIr. torc `boar' has the same origin, for which he reconstructs *turḱos. L. discusses also the rise of - αρ-, - υρ- (rejecting a reconstr. *tu̯orḱ-). - From σάρξ Alb. šark `flesh of a fruit' (Jokl IF 44, 13 ff.).

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πρᾶξις, εως, ἡ (πράσσω; Hom.+).

① a function implying sustained activity, acting, activity, function κατὰ τὴν πρᾶξιν αὐτοῦ in accordance with his activity or what he did Mt 16:27. τὰ μέλη πάντα οὐ τὴν αὐτὴν ἔχει πρᾶξιν the parts do not all have the same function Ro 12:4. ἐν πάσῃ πράξει αὐτοῦ Hm 5, 2, 7; cp. 7:1; Hs 4:4.

② way of conducting oneself, way of acting, course of action αὕτη ἡ πρᾶξις ἐπὶ γυναικὶ καὶ ἀνδρὶ κεῖται this is the proper course of action for the wife and for the husband Hm 4, 1, 8; cp. 11.

③ engagement in a project that involves planning, plan of action, undertaking (Jos., Bell. 1, 230, Vi. 271) περὶ πράξεώς τινος concerning any undertaking Hm 11:4.

④ performance of some deed, act, action, deed

ⓐ gener. (Diod S 10, 19, 5=deed; Just., A I, 17, 4 κατʼ ἀξίαν τῶν πράξεων) Hm 10, 2, 2 and 4b. ἡ ἀγαθὴ πρᾶξις 1 Cl 30:7. μεγάλαι καὶ ἔνδοξοι πράξεις great and glorious deeds 19:2.—This is also the place for the title of Ac πράξεις (ἀποστόλων); cp. 2 Ch 12:15; 13:22; 28:26 and the transl. of Res Gestae Divi Augusti: IGR III, 159 πράξεις τε καὶ δωρεαὶ Σεβαστοῦ Θεοῦ; Socrat., Ep. 28, 1 [Malherbe p. 284, 23f] Ἀντίπατρος … γράφει τὰς Ἑλληνικὰς πράξεις; Diod S 3, 1, 1 of the first two books of Diodorus ἡ πρώτη contains the πράξεις τῶν βασιλέων; 16, 1, 1 πόλεων ἢ βασιλέων πράξεις=the story of cities or kings; Jos., Ant. 14, 68 οἱ τὰς κατὰ Πομπήιον πράξεις ἀναγράψαντες; Tat. 38, 1 τὰς τῶν βασιλέων πράξεις. Also the exx. in AWikenhauser, Die AG 1921, 94–104: D. antike Praxeis-Lit. The sing., πρᾶξις (ἀποστόλων), which is also attested, views the deeds collectively, work.—For lit. on Ac s. EGrässer, TRu 26, ’60, 91–167; also comm.

ⓑ evil or disgraceful deed (Polyb. 2, 7, 9; 2, 9, 2; 4, 71, 6; Diod S 3, 57, 4; 4, 49, 3; 4, 63, 4) Lk 23:51; Hm 4, 2, 2. Pl. Ro 8:13; Col 3:9; Hm 4, 2, 1.—In Ac 19:18, because of the context, it is poss. that πρᾶξις is specif. a t.t. for certain magical practices (PGM 4, 1227 πρᾶξις γενναία ἐκβάλλουσα δαίμονας. Cp. PGM 1, 276; 4, 159; 1317 and oft.; Ps.-Clem., Hom. 2, 26; Acta Pilati A 1, 1 [Ea 215, 2]; πράσσειν=‘practice magic’ PGM 3, 125).

⑤ customary daily activity, undertaking, business (so Aesop, Fab. 236 P.=312 H./256 Ch/227 H-H.; very oft. in Vett. Val., s. index; PGM 4, 2366; loanw. in rabb.) pl. Hm 6, 2, 5; 10, 1, 4; Hs 6, 3, 5. αἱ βιωτικαὶ πρ. the affairs of everyday living Hv 1, 3, 1 (Ps-Lucian, Halc. 5 αἱ κατὰ τὸν βίον πρ.).

⑥ a state of being, state, condition, situation (Pind., Hdt. et al.) τὴν πρᾶξιν, ἣν ἕχουσιν ἐν ἑαυτοῖς Hs 9, 26, 8; also in the pl. (Soph., Ant. 1305 κακαὶ πράξεις) ἀπὸ τῶν προτέρων αὐτοῦ πράξεων from his former condition Hv 3, 12, 2. ἑτέραις πολλαῖς πράξεσι πάσχοντες suffering in many other situations Hs 6, 3, 4.—DELG s.v. πράσσω. M-M. Sv.

χρόνος, ου, ὁ (Hom.+)

① an indefinite period of time during which some activity or event takes place, time, period of time πολὺς χρόνος a long time (PGiss 4, 11; PStras 41, 39; ApcSed 13:5; Jos., C. Ap. 1, 278 Just., D. 7, 1) Mt 25:19; J 5:6 (πολὺν ἤδη χ. as Jos., Ant. 8, 342; 19, 28). πλείων χρ. a longer time (Diod S 1, 4, 3; Dio Chrys. 78 [29], 15; SIG 421, 38; 548, 11; PPetr II, 9, 2, 3; Jos., Ant. 9, 228) Ac 18:20. ἱκανὸς χρόνος considerable time, a long time (ἱκανός 3b) Lk 8:27; Ac 8:11; 14:3; 27:9; Qua 2. μικρὸς χρ. (Is 54:7) J 7:33; 12:35; Rv 6:11; 20:3; IEph 5:1. ὀλίγος (Aristot., Phys. 218b, 15; SIG 709, 11; PPetr II, 40a, 14; Just., D. 2, 6; Ath. 7, 3) Ac 14:28; 2 Cl 19:3; Hs 7:6; AcPl Ha 9, 26 (restored after Aa I 112, 14). πόσος; Mk 9:21 (ApcMos 31; Just., D. 32, 4). τοσοῦτος (Lucian, Dial. Deor. 1, 1; ParJer 5:18; Jos., Bell. 2, 413) J 14:9 (τοσούτῳ χρόνῳ as Epict. 3, 23, 16); Hb 4:7. ὅσος Mk 2:19; Ro 7:1; 1 Cor 7:39; Gal 4:1; cp. Hs 6, 4, 1 (ὅσος 1b). ὁ πᾶς χρόνος the whole time, all the time (Appian, Bell. Civ. 2, 132 §553; Jos., Ant. 3, 201; Just., D. 4, 5) Ac 20:18; AcPlCor 2:4; cp. Ac 1:21. ἐν παντὶ χρόνῳ at every time D 14:3. χρόνον τινά for a time, for a while (Arrian, Anab. Alex. 6, 6, 5; Synes., Prov. 2, 3 p. 121d) 1 Cor 16:7; Hs 7:2. τῷ χρόνῳ in time (Herodas 4, 33 χρόνῳ) 9, 26, 4. στιγμὴ χρόνου (s. στιγμή) Lk 4:5. τὸ πλήρωμα τοῦ χρόνου (πλήρωμα 5) Gal 4:4 (cp. Pind., Fgm. 134 Bowra=147 Schr. foll. by BSnell ἐν χρόνῳ δʼ ἔγεντʼ Ἀπόλλων). Certain special verbs are used w. χρόνος: διαγενέσθαι Ac 27:9 (s. διαγίνομαι), διατρίβειν (q.v.) Ac 14:3, 28, πληρωθῆναι 7:23; 1 Cl 25:2; Hs 6, 5, 2 (πληρόω 2). χρόνον ἐπέχω (q.v. 3) Ac 19:22; ἔχω (q.v. 7b) J 5:6; ποιέω (q.v. 5c) Ac 15:33; 18:23; βιόω (q.v.) 1 Pt 4:2.—Pl. χρόνοι of a rather long period of time composed of several shorter ones (Diod S 1, 5, 1; 5, 9, 4; Ael. Aristid. 46 p. 312 D.; UPZ 42, 45 [162 B.C.]; JosAs 13:12; SibOr 3, 649; AcPlCor 2:10; Just. A I, 13, 3 al.; Tat. 1, 1; Iren. 1, 15, 4 [Harv. I 153, 1]; Hippol. Ref. 9, 10, 11; Did., Gen. 24, 9) χρόνοι αἰώνιοι (αἰώνιος 1) Ro 16:25; 2 Ti 1:9; Tit 1:2. ἀρχαῖοι χρ. Pol 1:2. χρόνοι ἱκανοί (ἱκανός 3b) Lk 8:27 v.l.; 20:9; 23:8. πολλοὶ χρόνοι (πολύς 2aαב Yet χρόνοι could somet. = years: Diod S 4, 13, 3 ἐκ πολλῶν χρόνων=over a period of many years; 33, 5a μετὰ δέ τινας χρόνους=after a few years; Ps.-Callisth. 2, 33 ed. CMüller of the age of a child ἦν χρόνων ὡσεὶ δώδεκα; Mitt-Wilck. I/2, 129, 14 [346 A.D.]; Lex. Vindob. p. 19, 104 ἀφήλικες ἄνδρες μέχρι τῶν κε´ χρόνων; Philip of Side: Anecdota Gr. Oxon. ed. JCramer IV 1837 p. 246 ἑκατὸν ἔτη … καὶ μετὰ ἄλλους ἑκατὸν χρόνους; Cyrill. Scyth. 45, 5; 108, 8 and oft. Frequently in later Byzantine writers, e.g. Constantin. Porphyr. ed. GMoravcsik ’49 p. 332 [index]) Lk 8:29; 1 Cl 42:5; 44:3. (οἱ) χρ. τῆς ἀγνοίας Ac 17:30. ἀποκαταστάσεως πάντων 3:21. οἱ νῦν χρ. 2 Cl 19:4. οἱ πρότεροι χρ. Hs 9, 20, 4. οἱ καθʼ ἡμᾶς χρ. (Proclus In Pla., Tim. 40cd ἐν τοῖς κατʼ αὐτὸν χρόνοις [FBoll, Sternglaube und Sterndeutung ’66, 95]) MPol 16:2. εἰς τοὺς ἡμετέρους χρόνους Qua 2. ἐπʼ ἐσχάτου τῶν χρ. 1 Pt 1:20. χρόνοι w. καιροί (the same juxtaposition: Demosth., Ep. 2, 3; Straton of Lamps. [300 B.C.], Fgm. 10 Wehrli ’50; PLond I, 42, 23 p. 30 [168 B.C.]; PCairMasp 159, 36; 167, 45. Cp. Ael. Aristid. 46 p. 291 and 290 D.; Ath. 22, 4. On the difference betw. the two Demosth., Ep. 5, 6) Ac 1:7; 1 Th 5:1; GMary 463, 1 (s. καιρός, end).—Both sing. and pl. are very oft. governed by prepositions: by ἄχρι (q.v. 1aα); διά w. the gen. (διά A 2), w. the acc. (διά B 2a); ἐκ (MPol 22:3; s. ἐκ 5a); ἐν (Menand., Peric. 546 S. [=296 Kö.] ἐν τούτῳ τῷ χρόνῳ; CPR 13, 2; 23, 23; Jer 38:1) Ac 1:6; IEph 5:1; ἐπί w. dat. (ἐπί 18b) 2 Cl 19:4, w. acc. (ἐπί 18c); κατά w. acc. (κατά B 2); μετά w. acc. (μετά B 2); πρό (πρό 2).

② a point of time consisting of an occasion for some event or activity, time, occasion ὁ χρόνος τῆς ἐπαγγελίας the time for the fulfillment of the promise Ac 7:17; τῆς παροικίας 1 Pt 1:17; τῆς πίστεως B 4:9; D 16:2; τῆς ἀπάτης καὶ τρυφῆς Hs 6, 5, 1; cp. 6, 4, 4. ὁ χρ. τοῦ φαινομένου ἀστέρος the time when the star appeared Mt 2:7. ἐπλήσθη ὁ χρ. τοῦ τεκεῖν αὐτήν Lk 1:57 (πίμπλημι 1bβ.—Ps.-Callisth. 1, 12 τελεσθέντος τοῦ χρόνου τοῦ τεκεῖν). Cp. also Mt 2:16; Lk 18:4; Ac 1:6; 13:18, Hb 5:12; 11:32; 1 Pt 4:3; Jd 18; Dg 9:1, 6; Hs 5, 5, 3.

③ a period during which someth. is delayed, respite, delay (Aeschyl., Pers. 692; Menand., Dyscolus 186; Diod S 10, 4, 3; Lucian, Syr. D. 20; Vi. Aesopi I c. 21 p. 278, 3 χρόνον ᾔτησε; Wsd 12:20; Jos., Bell. 4, 188 ἂν ἡμεῖς χρόνον δῶμεν, Vi. 370) ἔδωκα αὐτῇ χρόνον ἵνα μετανοήσῃ Rv 2:21 (Diod S 17, 9, 2 διδοὺς μετανοίας χρόνον). χρόνος οὐκέτι ἔσται there should be no more delay 10:6 (cp. 9:20; Goodsp., Probs. 200f).—For the history of the word s. KDietecrich, RhM n.s. 59, 1904, 233ff.—GDelling, D. Zeitverständnis des NTs ’40; OCullmann, Christus u. d. Zeit ’46, Engl. transl. Christ and Time, FFilson ’50, 3d ed. ’64, esp. 49f; 51–55; JWilch, Time and Event (OT) ’69.—B. 954. Schmidt, Syn. II 54–72. DELG. M-M. DNP II 1174f. ENDT. TW. Sv. Cp. αἰών.

μέγᾰς, μεγάλη [pron. full] [ᾰ], me/ga?μέγαςX, gen. μεγάλου, ης, ου, dat. μεγάλῳ, ῃ, ῳ, acc. μέγᾰν, μεγάλην, μέγᾰ; dual μεγάλω, α, w; pl. μεγάλοι, μεγάλαι, μεγάλα, etc.: the stem μεγάλο- is never used in sg. nom. and acc. masc. and neut., and only once in voc. masc.,

A

ὦ μεγάλε Ζεῦ A.Th. 822

(anap.).

I big, of bodily size: freq. of stature,

εἶδος.. μ. ἦν ὁράασθαι Od.18.4

;

κεῖτο μ. μεγαλωστί Il.16.776

;

ἠΰς τε μ. τε Od.9

. 508; φῶτα μέγαν καὶ καλόν ib. 513;

καλή τε μεγάλη τε 15.418

;

κάρτα μεγάλη καὶ εὐειδής Hdt.3.1

; φύσιν τίν' εἶχε φράζε; Answ.

μέγας S.OT 742

.

b full-grown, of age as shown by stature,

νῦν δ' ὅτε δὴ μ. εἰμί Od.2.314

;

μήτε μέγαν μήτ' οὖν νεαρῶν τινα A.Ag. 358

(anap.); later, elder of two persons of the same name, Wilcken Chr. 305 (iii B. C.);

Σκιπίων ὁ μ. Plb.18.35.9

.

c of animals, μ. ἵπποι, βοῦς, σῦς, Il.2.839, 18.559, Od.19.439;

αἰετός Pi.I.6(5).50

.

2 generally, vast, high, οὐρανός, ὄρος, πύργος, Il.1.497, 16.297, 6.386; wide, πέλαγος, λαῖτμα θαλάσσης, Od.3.179, 5.174; long, ἠϊών, αἰγιαλός, Il.12.31,2.210: sts. opp.

ὀλίγος, κῦμα οὔτε μέγ' οὔτ' ὀ. Od.10.94

; but usu. opp. μικρός or

σμικρός, πρὸς ἑαυτὸ ἕκαστον καὶ μ. καὶ σμικρόν Anaxag. 3

;

τὸ ἄπειρον ἐκ μεγάλου καὶ μικροῦ Arist.Metaph. 987b26

, etc.

II of quality or degree, great, mighty, freq. epith. of gods,

ὁ μ. Ζεύς A. Supp. 1052

(lyr.), etc.; μεγάλα θεά, of Demeter and Persephone, S. OC 683 (lyr.); θεοὶ μεγάλοι, of the Cabiri, IG12(8).71 ([place name] Imbros), etc.; Μήτηρ μ., of Cybele, SIG1014.83 (Erythrae, iii B. C.), 1138.3 (Delos, ii B. C.);

Μήτηρ θεῶν μ. OGI540.6

([place name] Pessinus), etc.;

Ἴσιδος μ. μητρὸς θεῶν PStrassb.81.14

(ii B.C.);

μ. ἡ Ἄρτεμις Ἐφεσίων Act.Ap.19.28

; τίς θεὸς μ. ὡς ὁ θεὸς ἡμῶν; LXX Ps.76(77).13;

ὁ μ. θεός Ep.Tit.2.13

; of men,

μ. ἠδὲ κραταιός Od.18.382

;

ὀλίγος καὶ μ. Callin.1.17

, etc.; μέγας ηὐξήθη rose to greatness, D.2.5; ἤρθη μ. ib.8; βασιλεὺς ὁ μ., i. e. the King of Persia, Hdt.1.188, etc. (θεῶν β. ὁ μ., of Zeus, Pi.O. 7.34);

βασιλεὺς μ. A.Pers.24

(anap.); as a title of special monarchs,

Ἀρδιαῖος ὁ μ. Pl.R. 615c

;

ὁ μ. Ἀλέξανδρος Ath.1.3d

;

ὁ μ. ἐπικληθεὶς Ἀντίοχος Plb.4.2.7

, etc.;

μ. φίλος E.Med. 549

;

πλούτῳ τε κἀνδρείᾳ μ. Id.Tr. 674

;

ἐπὶ μέγα ἦλθεν ἰσχύος Th.2.97

.

2 strong, of the elements, etc., ἄνεμος, λαῖλαψ, Ζέφυρος, Od.19.200, 12.408, 14.458; of properties, passions, qualities, feelings, etc., of men, θάρσος, πένθος, ποθή, etc., 9.381, Il.1.254, 11.471, etc.;

ἀρετή Od.24.193

, Pi. O.8.5;

θυμός Il.9.496

, E.Or. 702;

κλέος Il.6.446

;

ἄχος 9.9

;

πυρετός Ev.Luc.4.38

(incorrect acc. to Gal.7.275); ἡ μ. νοῦσος epilepsy, Hp. Epid.6.6.5, cf. Gal.17(2).341.

3 of sounds, great, loud, ἀλαλητός, ἰαχή, πάταγος, ὀρυμαγδός, Il.12.138, 15.384, 21.9, 256; θόρυβοι, κωκυτός, S.Aj. 142 (anap.), E.Med. 1176;

οὐκ ἔστι ὅκως τι νεῖκος ἔσται ἢ μέγα ἢ σμικρόν Hdt.3.62

;

μὴ φώνει μέγα S.Ph. 574

.

4 generally, great, mighty,

ὅρκος Il.19.113

; ὄλβος, τιμά, Pi.O.1.56, P.4.148; μ. λόγος, μῦθος, a great story, rumour, A.Pr. 732, S.Aj. 226 (lyr.); ἐρώτημα a big, i. e. difficult, question, Pl.Euthd. 275d, Hp.Ma. 287b; weighty, important,

τόδε μεῖζον Od.16.291

; μέγα ποιέεσθαί τι to esteem of great importance, Hdt.3.42, cf. 9.111;

μέγα γενέσθαι εἴς τι X.HG7.5.6

;

μ. ὑπάρχειν πρός τι Id.Mem.2.3.4

;

μέγα διαφέρειν εἴς τι Pl.Lg. 78o

c; οὐκ ἂν εἴη παρὰ μέγα τὸ δικολογεῖν not of great importance, Phld.Rh.2.85 S.; τὸ δὲ μέγιστον and what is most important, Th.4.70, cf. 1.142; οἱ μέγιστοι καιροί the most pressing emergencies, D.20.44; μ. ὠνησάμενοι χρημάτων for large sums, Plb. 4.50.3, etc.

5 with a bad sense, over-great, μέγα εἰπεῖν to speak big, and so provoke divine wrath, Od.22.288;

λίην μέγα εἶπες 3.227

, 16.243;

μέγα ἔργον 3.261

, Pi.N.10.64;

ἔργων μ. A.Ag. 1546

(anap.);

ὠμὸν τὸ βούλευμα καὶ μ. Th.3.36

; ἔπος μ., μ. λόγοι, S.Aj. 423 (lyr.), Ant. 1350 (anap.); μ. γλῶσσα ib. 127 (anap.);

μηδὲν μέγ' εἴπῃς Id.Aj. 386

;

μὴ μέγα λέγε Pl.Phd. 95b

;

μὴ μεγάλα λίαν λέγε Ar.Ra. 835

;

μέγα φρονεῖν S.OT 1078

, E.Hipp.6;

μεγάλα φρονεῖν Ar.Ach. 988

; μεγάλα, μεῖζον ἢ δικαίως πνεῖν, E.Andr. 189, A.Ag. 376 (lyr.);

μέγα τι παθεῖν X.An.5.8.17

;

μὴ μέγα λέγων μεῖζον πάθῃς E. HF 1244

.

6 of style. impressive, Demetr.Eloc. 278; μεῖζον more striking, ib. 103.

7 of days, long, Gal.12.714.

B Adv. μεγάλως [ᾰ] greatly, mightily, Od.16.432, Hes.Th. 429, Hdt.1.16,30, al., X.Cyr.8.2.10, Parth.28.1, etc.; strengthd.,

μάλα μ. Il.17.723

;

δμαθέντες μ. A.Pers. 907

(lyr.); with Adjs., Hdt. 1.4, 7.190.

II more freq. neut. sg. μέγα as Adv., very much, exceedingly, μ. χαῖρε all hail!, v. l. for μάλα in Od.24.402; esp. with Verbs expressing strong feeling,

μ. κεν κεχαροίατο Il.1.256

;

μ. κήδεται 2.27

, etc.: with Verbs expressing power, might,

μ. πάντων.. κρατέει 1.78

;

ὃς μ. πάντων.. ἤνασσε 10.32

;

πατρὸς μ. δυναμένοιο Od.1.276

, cf. Hom.Epigr.15.1, A.Eu. 950 (anap.), E.Hel. 1358 (lyr.), Ar.Ra. 141, Pl.R. 366a;

μ. δύνασθαι παρά τινι Th.2.29

;

πλουτέειν μ. Hdt.1.32

; or those expressing sound, loudly, μ. ἰάχειν, ἀῧσαι, βοῆσαι, εὔξασθαι, ἀμβῶσαι, Il.2.333, 14.147, 17.334, Od.17.239, Hdt.1.8 (also pl.,

μεγάλ' εὔχετο Il.1.450

; μ. αὐδήσαντος, μ. ἤπυεν, Od.4.505, 9.399): strengthd.,

μάλα μ. Il.15.321

;

μ. δ' ἔβραχε φήγινος ἄξων 5.838

, etc.: so in Trag. with all kinds of Verbs, μ. στένειν, σθένειν, χλίειν, A.Ag. 711 (lyr.), 938, Ch. 137: also in pl.,

μεγάλα.. δυστυχεῖς Id.Eu. 791

(lyr.).

2 of Space, far,

μέγα προθορών Il.14.363

; ἄνευθε μέγα far away, 22.88;

οὐκ ἂν μέγα τι τῆς ἀληθείας παρεξέλθοις Pl.Phlb. 66b

.

3 with Adjs., as μέγ' ἔξοχος, μέγα νήπιος, Il.2.480, 16.46; μ. νήπιε Orac. ap. Hdt.1.85;

μ. πλούσιος Id.1.32

, 7.190;

ὦ μέγ' εὔδαιμον κόρη A.Pr. 647

: with [comp] Comp. and [comp] Sup., by far, μέγ' ἀμείνονες, ἄριστος, φέρτατος, Il.4.405, 2.82, 16.21.

C degrees of Comparison (regul. μεγαλώτερος, -ώτατος late, EM780.1,2):

1 [comp] Comp. μείζων, ον, gen. ονος, [dialect] Ep., [dialect] Att. (also Delph., SIG 246 H 260 (iv B. C.)); [dialect] Ion., Arc., [dialect] Dor., [dialect] Aeol. μέζων, ον, Heraclit. 25, Hp.Acut.44, Hdt.1.26, IG7.235.16 ([place name] Oropus), 5(2).3.18 ([place name] Tegea), Epich.62 (also early [dialect] Att., IG12.22.65, but [με] ίζων ib.6.93, by analogy of ὀλείζων ib.76,95); dat. pl.

μεζόνεσσι Diotog.

ap. Stob.4.7.62: written μέσδων in Sapph.Supp.7.6, Plu.Lyc.19: cf. [full] μέττον· μεῖζον, Hsch. (dub.); later

μειζότερος 3 Ep.Jo.4

(used as title, elder, POxy. 943.3 (vi A. D.), etc.);

μειζονώτερος A.Fr. 434

:—greater, longer, taller, Il.3.168, 9.202, etc.; freq. also, too great,

γέρας Pl.Sph. 231a

; Μηνόφιλος μείζων M. the elder, Ostr.Bodl.vC 2 (ii A. D.); as title, μειζων κώμης headman of a village, POxy.1626.5 (iv A. D.), etc.: generally, the higher authority, PLond.2.214.22 (iii A. D.), POxy.1204.17 (pl., iii A. D.); οὔτε μεῖζον οὔτε ἔλαττον, a strong form of denial, nothing whatever, D.H.Comp.4;

οὐδαμὰ προὔφηνεν οὔτε μείζον' οὔτ' ἐλάττονα S.Tr. 324

. Adv.

μειζόνως E.Hec. 1121

, Th.1.130, X.Cyn.13.3, Isoc.9.21, etc.; [dialect] Ion.

μεζόνως Hdt.3.128

, Herod.4.80, etc.: neut. as Adv.,

μεῖζον σθένειν S.Ph. 456

, E.Supp. 216;

μ. ἰσχύειν D.Ep.3.28

;

ἐπὶ μ. ἔρχεται S.Ph. 259

.

2 [comp] Sup. μέγιστος, η, ον, Il.2.412, etc.: neut. as Adv.,

μέγιστον ἴσχυσε S.Aj. 502

; δυνάμενος μ., c. gen., Hdt.7.5, 9.9: with another [comp] Sup.,

μέγιστον ἐχθίστη E.Med. 1323

: in pl.,

χαῖρ' ὡς μέγιστα S.Ph. 462

;

θάλλει μ. Id.OC 700

(lyr.);

τὰ μέγιστ' ἐτιμάθης Id.OT 1203

(lyr.); ἐς μέγιστον ib. 521;

ἐς τὰ μ. Hdt.8.111

:—late [comp] Sup.

μεγιστότατος PLond.1.130.49

(i/ii A. D.). (Cf. Skt. majmán- 'greatness', Lat. magnus, Goth. mikils 'great'.)

Grammatical information: adj.

Meaning: unknown; said of Hera (Θ 209).

Origin: IE [Indo-European]X [probably] [806] * sengʷʰ- 'sing'

Etymology: Wackernagel BB 4, 2 83f. analyzes as *ἀ-επτο-επής `who speaks words that should not be spoken'; no very convincing. Meier-Brügger ( MSS 50 (1989) 91-96) suggests that it contains *n̥-sngʷʰ-to- `what cannot be sung', cf. ModHG sing- ; it would be the same element as in ἄαπτος (which is not evident); also not very convincing.

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Grammatical information: m.

Meaning: The data are very complicated.1. a bird (a waterbird Arist. HA 609^a23, but a singing bird (v.l. βρίνθος) Arist. HA 15^a16 = κόσσυφον (`blackbird') Η.; s. Thompson Birds s. v.); 2. `pride' (Ath.); 3. πυθμήν, τύμβος H. 4. a perfume βρένθον μύρον (`perfume') τι \< τῶν παχέων\>, ὡς βάκκαρις (`unguent'), οἱ δε ἄνθινον μύρον H. cf. βρενθινῳ̃ ἀνθινῳ̃ H. 5. βρένθινα ῥιζάρια τινά, οἷς ἐρυθραίνονται αἱ γυναῖκες τὰς παρειάς οἱ δε ἄγχουσαν, οὐκ εὖ... οἱ δε φῦκος (`orchil'?) παραμφερες κύδει Α᾽φροδίτης H. 6. βρένθις = θρίδαξ (Nic. fr. 120), βρένθιξ θριδακίνη. Κύπριοι H.

Derivatives: βρένθειον ( μύρον; Sapph.). - βρένθυς, - υος f. `perfume of βρένθειον μύρον' (Phld.). - More usual is βρενθύομαι (pres. only) `bear oneself haughtily, swagger' (Ar.), also βρενθύνομαι (AP),

Origin: XX [etym. unknown]

Etymology: DELG thinks the bird is the same word as that for `arrogance', which is quite doubtful. DELG suggests that there were two groups, the bird (+ arrogance) and the plants and the perfurme. The word for = `τύμβος' may be another group. So nothing is certain. - Hardly here βρινδεῖν θυμοῦσθαι, ἐρεθίζειν H. as Illyrian (v. Blumenthal, Hesychst. 6, Krahe DLZ 1930, 1654); also Alessio, Studi Etruschi 15, 190ff. If the v.l. βρίνθος is reliable, the (a?) bird may be Pre-Gr., as is to be expected.

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