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  • 1 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

  • 2 machinery

    1. организационный аппарат
    2. оборудование
    3. механизм
    4. машины и оборудование
    5. машины
    6. машинное оборудование

     

    машинное оборудование
    термин " машинное оборудование" означает:
    - сборочную единицу, состоящую из соединенных частей или компонентов, по крайней мере, одна из которых находится в движении, имеет соответствующие приводы, схему управления, цепь питания, и т.д., соединенные вместе с целью специального применения, в частности, для производства, обработки, перемещения или упаковки материала;
    - группу машин, которые для достижения той же цели организованы и управляется таким образом, что они функционируют как единое целое;
    - взаимозаменяемое оборудование, модифицирующее функции машины, которое отдельно поставляется на рынок и предназначено для установки на машине или на серии различных машин или на приводном устройстве самим оператором, при условии, что данное оборудование не является запасной частью или инструментом.
    [Директива 98/37/ЕЭС по машинному оборудованию]

    EN

    machinery
    ‘machinery’ means:
    — an assembly of linked parts or components, at least one of which moves, with the appropriate
    actuators, control and power circuits, etc., joined together for a specific application, in particular
    for the processing, treatment, moving or packaging of a material,
    — an assembly of machines which, in order to achieve the same end, are arranged and controlled so that they function as an integral whole,
    — interchangeable equipment modifying the function of a machine, which is placed on the market for the purpose of being assembled with a machine or a series of different machines or with a tractor by the operator himself in so far as this equipment is not a spare part or a tool
    [DIRECTIVE 98/37/EC OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL]

    Параллельные тексты EN-RU

    3. The following are excluded from the scope of this Directive:

    3. Из области применения данной Директивы исключаются:

    — machinery whose only power source is directly applied manual effort, unless it is a machine used for lifting or lowering loads,

    - машинное оборудование, для которых источником энергии является исключительно непосредственное применение ручной силы, за исключением механизмов для подъема и опускания грузов;

    — machinery for medical use used in direct contact with patients,

    - медицинские приборы;

    — special equipment for use in fairgrounds and/or amusement parks,

    - специальное оборудование для использования в аттракционах и/или парках для развлечений;

    — steam boilers, tanks and pressure vessels,

    - паровые котлы, резервуары и сосуды под давлением;

    — machinery specially designed or put into service for nuclear purposes which, in the event of failure, may result in an emission of radioactivity,

    - машинное оборудование, специально сконструированное или используемое в атомной отрасли, которые в случае аварии могут привести к выделению радиоактивных веществ;

    — radioactive sources forming part of a machine,

    - радиоактивные источники, составляющие часть машин;

    — firearms,

    - стрелковое оружие;

    — storage tanks and pipelines for petrol, diesel fuel, inflammable liquids and dangerous substances,

    - емкости для хранения или трубопроводы для бензина, дизельного топлива, огнеопасных жидкостей и опасных веществ;

    — means of transport, i.e. vehicles and their trailers intended solely for transporting passengers by air or on road, rail or water networks, as well as means of transport in so far as such means are designed for transporting goods by air, on public road or rail networks or on water. Vehicles used in the mineral extraction industry shall not be excluded,

    - транспортные средства, т.е. средства перевозки и их прицепы, предназначенные исключительно для перевозки пассажиров по воздуху, автодороге, железной дороге, или водными путями, а также транспортные средства, сконструированные для транспортировки грузов по воздуху, по общедоступным дорогам, железным дорогам или водным путям. Средства транспортировки, используемые в горнодобывающей промышленности, не исключаются из области применения настоящей Директивы;

    — seagoing vessels and mobile offshore units together with equipment on board such vessels or units,

    - морские суда и мобильные береговые агрегаты вместе с оборудованием на борту, такие как танки или установки;

    — cableways, including funicular railways, for the public or private transportation of persons,

    - канатные дороги, включая фуникулерные железные дороги для общественного или частного пользования, предназначенные для транспортировки людей;

    — agricultural and forestry tractors, as defined in Article 1(1) of Directive 74/150/EEC (1),

    (1) Council Directive 74/150/EEC of 4 March 1974 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to the type-approval of wheeled agricultural or forestry tractors (OJ L 84, 28.3.1974, p. 10). Directive as last amended by Decision 95/1/EC, Euratom, ECSC (OJ L 1.1.1995, p. 1).

    -сельскохозяйственные и лесные тракторы, подпадающие под определение статьи 1 (1) Директивы Совета 74/150/ЕЭС(1);

    (1) Директива Совета 74/150/ЕЭС от 4 марта 1974 г. по сближению законодательных актов Государств-членов, относящихся к одобрению типов колесных сельскохозяйственных или лесных тракторов (Официальный журнал Европейских сообществ № L 84, 28.3.1974 г., стр.10). Директива, измененная последний раз Решением 95/1/ЕЭС, Евроатом, ECSC (Официальный журнал Европейских сообществ № L 1/1/1995 г., стр 1)

    — machines specially designed and constructed for military or police purposes,

    - машины, специально сконструированные и созданные для военных и полицейских целей;

    — lifts which permanently serve specific levels of buildings and constructions, having a car moving between guides which are rigid and inclined at an angle of more than 15 degrees to the horizontal and designed for the transport of:
    (i) persons;
    (ii) persons and goods;
    (iii) goods alone if the car is accessible, that is to say, a person may enter it without difficulty, and fitted with controls situated inside the car or within reach of a person inside,

    - лифты и подъемные устройства, постоянно обслуживающие определенные уровни зданий и конструкций, имеющие транспортную тележку, движущуюся между жесткими направляющими, которые имеют угол наклона более 15 градусов к горизонтальной поверхности и сконструированы для транспортировки:
    (i) людей;
    (ii) людей и имущества;
    (iii) только имущества, в том случае, если кабина лифта открыта, т.е. человек может легко войти в такое транспортное средство и манипулировать средствами управления, находящимися внутри кабины или в пределах досягаемости для человека;

    — means of transport of persons using rack and pinion rail mounted vehicles,

    - транспортные средства для перевозки людей, с использованием зубчатых или реечных рельс, по которым перемещается транспортные средства;

    — mine winding gear,

    - шахтные канатные подъемные устройства;

    — theatre elevators,

    - театральные подъемники;

    — construction site hoists intended for lifting persons or persons and goods.

    - строительные подъемники, предназначенные для подъема людей или людей и грузов.

    4. Where, for machinery or safety components, the risks referred to in this Directive are wholly or partly covered by specific Community Directives, this Directive shall not apply, or shall cease to apply, in the case of such machinery or safety components and of such risks on the implementation of these specific Directives.

    4. Когда для машинного оборудования и компонентов безопасности риски, определенные в настоящей Директиве, полностью или частично покрываются специальными Директивами Сообщества, настоящая Директива не применяется или прекращает свое действие, такое машинное оборудование и компоненты безопасности и такие риски подпадают под действие этих специальных Директив.

    5. Where, for machinery, the risks are mainly of electrical origin, such machinery shall be covered exclusively by Directive 73/23/EEC (2).

    (2) Council Directive 73/23/EEC of 19 February 1973 on the harmonisation of the laws of Member States relating to electrical equipment designed for use within certain voltage limits (OJ L 77, 26.3.1973, p. 29). Directive as last amended by Directive 93/68/EEC (OJ L 220, 30.8.1993, p. 1).

    5. Когда риски применения машинного оборудования связаны с электрическими источниками, то такое оборудование охватываются исключительно Директивой 73/23/ЕЭС(2).

    (2) Директива Совета 73/23/ЕЭС/ от 19 февраля 1973 года о гармонизации законов Государств-Участников в отношении электрооборудования, предназначенного для использования в условиях определенных пределов напряжения (Официальный журнал Европейских сообществ № L 77, 26.03.1973, стр. 29). Директива с последней поправкой Директивой 93/68/ЕЭС (Официальный журнал Европейских сообществ № L 220, 30.08.1993, стр.1).

    Article 2
    1. Member States shall take all appropriate measures to ensure that machinery or safety components covered by this Directive may be placed on the market and put into service only if they do not endanger the health or safety of persons and, where appropriate, domestic animals or property, when properly installed and maintained and used for their intended purpose.

    Статья 2
    1. Государства - члены должны предпринимать все необходимые меры для обеспечения того, чтобы машинное оборудование или компоненты безопасности, попадающие под действие настоящей Директивы, поставлялись на рынок и вводились в эксплуатацию, только если они не составляют угрозу для здоровья и безопасности людей и домашних животных, или имуществу при условии надлежащей установки и обслуживания, а также использования по прямому назначению.

    2. This Directive shall not affect Member States’ entitlement to lay down, in due observance of the Treaty, such requirements as they may deem necessary to ensure that persons and in particular workers are protected when using the machinery or safety components in question, provided that this does not mean that the machinery or safety components are modified in a way not specified in the Directive.

    2. Настоящая Директива не ограничивает права Государств - членов устанавливать при должном соблюдении Договора такие требования, которые они посчитают необходимыми для обеспечения защиты людей, особенно работников, при использовании машинного оборудования или компонентов безопасности, при условии, что модификация такого машинного оборудования и компонентов безопасности была произведена в соответствии с положениями настоящей Директивы.

    3. At trade fairs, exhibitions, demonstrations, etc., Member States shall not prevent the showing of machinery or safety components which do not conform to the provisions of this Directive, provided that a visible sign clearly indicates that such machinery or safety components do not conform and that they are not for sale until they have been brought into conformity by the manufacturer or his authorised representative established in the Community. During demonstrations, adequate safety measures shall be taken to ensure the protection of persons.

    3. На торговых ярмарках, выставках, демонстрациях и т.п. Государства - члены не должны препятствовать демонстрации машинного оборудования или компонентов безопасности, которые не соответствуют положениям настоящей Директивы, при условии, что видимый знак четко указывает, что такое машинное оборудование или компоненты безопасности не соответствуют данной Директиве, и что они не предназначаются для продажи до тех пор, пока изготовитель или его уполномоченный представитель в Сообществе не приведет их в полное соответствие с Директивой. Во время демонстраций должны приниматься адекватные меры для обеспечения безопасности граждан.

    Article 3
    Machinery and safety components covered by this Directive shall satisfy the essential health and safety requirements set out in Annex I.

    Статья 3
    Машинное оборудование, а также компоненты безопасности, относящиеся к области действия настоящей Директивы, должны полностью удовлетворять основным требованиям по обеспечению здоровья и безопасности, изложенным в Приложении 1.

    Article 4
    1. Member States shall not prohibit, restrict or impede the placing on the market and putting into service in their territory of machinery and safety components which comply with this Directive.

    Статья 4
    1. Государства - члены не должны запрещать, ограничивать или препятствовать поставке на рынок машинного оборудования, а также компонентов безопасности, которые соответствуют
    требованиям настоящей Директивы.

    2. Member States shall not prohibit, restrict or impede the placing on the market of machinery where the manufacturer or his authorised representative established in the Community declares in accordance with point B of Annex II that it is intended to be incorporated into machinery or assembled with other machinery to constitute machinery covered by this Directive, except where it can function independently.

    ‘Interchangeable equipment’, as referred to in the third indent of Article 1(2)(a), must in all cases bear the CE marking and be accompanied by the EC declaration of conformity referred to in Annex II, point A.

    2. Государства - члены не должны запрещать, ограничивать или препятствовать поставке на рынок машинного оборудования, если изготовитель или его уполномоченный представитель в Сообществе заявляет в соответствии с Приложением II B, что они предназначены для включения в машинное оборудование или компоноваться с другим оборудованием, так, что в соединении они составят машинное оборудование, отвечающее требованиям настоящей Директивы, за исключением тех случаев, когда они могут функционировать независимо.

    "Взаимозаменяемое оборудование" в смысле третьего абзаца с черточкой в Статье 1 (2) (a) должно во всех случаях иметь маркировку "СЕ" и сопровождаться декларацией соответствия, определенной в Приложении II, пункте А.

    3. Member States may not prohibit, restrict or impede the placing on the market of safety components as defined in Article 1(2) where they are accompanied by an EC declaration of conformity by the manufacturer or his authorised representative established in the Community as referred to in Annex II, point C.

    3. Государства - члены не имеют права запрещать, ограничивать или препятствовать распространению на рынке компонентов безопасности, определенных Статьей 1 (2), если эти компоненты сопровождаются декларацией соответствия ЕС, заявленной изготовителем или его уполномоченным представителем в Сообществе, как определено в Приложении II, пункте С.

    Article 5
    1. Member States shall regard the following as conforming to all the provisions of this Directive, including the procedures for checking the conformity provided for in Chapter II:
    — machinery bearing the CE marking and accompanied by the EC declaration of conformity referred to in Annex II, point A,
    — safety components accompanied by the EC declaration of conformity referred to in Annex II, point C.

    Статья 5
    1. Государства - члены должны считать нижеследующее соответствующим всем положениям настоящей Директивы, включая процедуры проверки соответствия, предусмотренной в Главе II:
    - машинное оборудование, имеющее маркировку "СЕ" и сопровождаемое декларацией соответствия ЕС, как указано в Приложении II, пункте A;
    - компоненты безопасности, сопровождаемые декларацией соответствия ЕС, как указано в Приложении II, пункте C.

    При отсутствии гармонизированных стандартов Государства - члены должны предпринимать любые меры, которые они сочтут необходимыми, для привлечения внимания заинтересованных сторон к существующим национальным техническим стандартам и спецификациям, которые считаются важными или относятся к выполнению основных требований по обеспечению здоровья и безопасности в соответствии с Приложением 1.

    2. Where a national standard transposing a harmonised standard, the reference for which has been published in the Official Journal of the European Communities, covers one or more of the essential safety requirements, machinery or safety components constructed in accordance with this standard shall be presumed to comply with the relevant essential requirements.
    Member States shall publish the references of national standards transposing harmonised standards.

    2. В тех случаях, когда национальный стандарт, заменяющий гармонизированный стандарт, ссылка на который была опубликована в Официальном журнале Европейских сообществ, покрывает одно или несколько основных требований безопасности, машинное оборудование или компоненты безопасности, сконструированные в соответствии с таким стандартом, должны считаться соответствующими основным требованиям.
    Государства - члены должны публиковать ссылки на национальные стандарты, заменяющие гармонизированные стандарты.

    3. Member States shall ensure that appropriate measures are taken to enable the social partners to have an influence at national level on the process of preparing and monitoring the harmonised standards.

    3. Государства - члены должны обеспечивать принятие необходимых мер для того, чтобы их социальные партнеры получали возможность влиять на национальном уровне на процессы подготовки и отслеживания гармонизированных стандартов.

    Article 6
    1. Where a Member State or the Commission considers that the harmonised standards referred to in Article 5(2) do not entirely satisfy the essential requirements referred to in Article 3, the Commission or the Member State concerned shall bring the matter before the committee set up under Directive 83/189/EEC, giving the reasons therefor. The committee shall deliver an opinion without delay.
    Upon receipt of the committee’s opinion, the Commission shall inform the Member States whether or not it is necessary to withdraw those standards from the published information referred to in Article 5(2).

    Статья 6
    1. В случае, если Государство - член или Комиссия считают, что гармонизированные стандарты, рассмотренные в Статье 5 (2), не полностью соответствуют основным требованиям, определенным в Статье 3, Комиссия или заинтересованное Государство - член должны поставить этот вопрос на рассмотрение комитета, созданного в соответствии с Директивой 83/189/ЕЭС, обосновав причины такого обращения. Комитет должен безотлагательно вынести решение.
    После получения такого решения комитета Комиссия должна информировать Государства – члены, необходимо или нет отозвать эти стандарты из опубликованной информации, определенной в Статье 5 (2).

    2. A standing committee shall be set up, consisting of representatives appointed by the Member States and chaired by a representative of the Commission.

    The standing committee shall draw up its own rules of procedure.

    Any matter relating to the implementation and practical application of this Directive may be brought before the standing committee, in accordance with the following procedure:

    The representative of the Commission shall submit to the committee a draft of the measures to be taken. The committee shall deliver its opinion on the draft, within a time limit which the chairman may lay down according to the urgency of the matter, if necessary by taking a vote.

    The opinion shall be recorded in the minutes; in addition, each Member State shall have the right to ask to have its position recorded in the minutes.
    The Commission shall take the utmost account of the opinion delivered by the committee.
    It shall inform the committee of the manner in which its opinion has been taken into account.

    2. Должен быть создан постоянно действующий комитет, состоящий из представителей, назначенных Государствами – членами, и возглавляемый представителем Комиссии.

    Постоянно действующий комитет будет сам устанавливать порядок действий и процедуры.

    Любой вопрос, относящийся к выполнению и практическому применению настоящей Директивы, может быть поставлен на рассмотрение постоянно действующего комитета, в соответствии со следующими правилами:

    Представитель Комиссии должен представить комитету проект предполагаемых к принятию мер. Комитет должен выразить свое мнение по проекту за время, установленное председателем в соответствии со срочностью вопроса, при необходимости определяемого путем голосования.

    Это мнение должно быть зафиксировано в протоколе; кроме того, каждое Государство - член имеет право потребовать отразить свою позицию в протоколе. Комиссия должна максимально учитывать мнение, вынесенное комитетом.
    Она должна проинформировать комитет, каким образом было учтено его мнение.

    Article 7
    1. Where a Member State ascertains that:
    — machinery bearing the CE marking, or
    — safety components accompanied by the EC declaration of conformity, used in accordance with their intended purpose are liable to endanger the safety of persons, and, where appropriate, domestic animals or property, it shall take all appropriate measures to withdraw such machinery or safety components from the market, to prohibit the placing on the market, putting into service or use thereof, or to restrict free movement thereof.

    Member States shall immediately inform the Commission of any such measure, indicating the reason for its decision and, in particular, whether non-conformity is due to:
    (a) failure to satisfy the essential requirements referred to in Article 3;
    (b) incorrect application of the standards referred to in Article 5(2);
    (c) shortcomings in the standards themselves referred to in Article 5(2).

    Статья 7
    1. Если Государство - член устанавливает, что:
    - машинное оборудование, имеющее маркировку "СЕ", либо
    - компоненты безопасности, сопровождаемые декларацией соответствия ЕС, используемые в соответствии с их назначением, могут нести угрозу безопасности людям, и, если это имеет место, домашним животным или собственности, оно должно принять все необходимые меры для изъятия такого машинного оборудования, либо компонентов безопасности с рынка, запретить их поставку на рынок, ввод в эксплуатацию или использование, либо ограничить их свободное обращение.

    Государства - члены должны немедленно информировать Комиссию о любых подобных мерах, указать причины такого решения и, в особенности, информировать о том, явилось ли это несоответствие результатом:
    a) неспособности удовлетворить основным требованиям, определенным в Статье 3;
    b) неправильного применения стандартов, определенных в Статье 5 (п.2);
    c) недостатков самих стандартов, определенных в Статье 5 (п. 2).

    2. The Commission shall enter into consultation with the parties concerned without delay. Where the Commission considers, after this consultation, that the measure is justified, it shall immediately so inform the Member State which took the initiative and the other Member States. Where the Commission considers, after this consultation, that the action is unjustified, it shall immediately so inform the Member State which took the initiative and the manufacturer or his authorised representative established within the Community.

    Where the decision referred to in paragraph 1 is based on a shortcoming in the standards, and where the Member State at the origin of the decision maintains its position, the Commission shall immediately inform the committee in order to initiate the procedures referred to in Article 6(1).

    2. Комиссия должна безотлагательно провести консультацию с заинтересованными сторонами. В случае, если после проведения такой консультации, Комиссия полагает, что такая мера обоснована, она должна немедленно информировать об этом Государство - член, которое выдвинуло эту инициативу, а также остальные Государства - члены. Если Комиссия после проведения такой консультации полагает, что действия не были обоснованными, она немедленно извещает об этом Государство - член, проявившее инициативу, и изготовителя, либо его уполномоченного представителя в Сообществе.

    Если решение, указанное в параграфе 1, основано на недостатках в стандартах, и если Государство - член на основании такого решения сохраняет свои позиции, то Комиссия должна немедленно информировать комитет для того, чтобы начать процедуры, описанные в Статье 6 (п. 1).

    3. Where:
    — machinery which does not comply bears the CE marking,
    — a safety component which does not comply is accompanied by an EC declaration of conformity,
    the competent Member State shall take appropriate action against whom so ever has affixed the marking or drawn up the declaration and shall so inform the Commission and other Member States.

    3. Если:
    - машинное оборудование, не соответствующие требованиям, имеют маркировку "СЕ",
    - компоненты безопасности, не соответствующие требованиям, имеют декларацию соответствия ЕС,
    компетентное Государство - член должно начать соответствующие действия против любого, кто поставил маркировку, или составил декларацию, и должно проинформировать об этом Комиссию и другие Государства - члены.

    4. The Commission shall ensure that Member States are kept informed of the progress and outcome of this procedure.

    4. Комиссия должна обеспечить, чтобы Государства – члены были постоянно информированы о ходе и результатах данной процедуры.

    CHAPTER II
    CONFORMITY ASSESSMENT PROCEDURES
    Article 8
    1. The manufacturer or his authorised representative established in the Community must, in order to certify that machinery and safety components are in conformity with this Directive, draw up for all machinery or safety components manufactured an EC declaration of conformity based on the model given in Annex II, point A or C as appropriate.

    In addition, for machinery alone, the manufacturer or his authorised representatives established in the Community must affix to the machine the CE marking.

    Глава II
    Процедуры оценки соответствия
    Статья 8
    1. Для подтверждения того, что машинное оборудование, а также компоненты безопасности соответствуют положениям настоящей Директивы, изготовитель или его уполномоченный представитель в Сообществе должен составить декларацию ЕС о соответствии на произведенное машинное оборудование и компоненты безопасности по образцу, приведенному в Приложении II, соответственно пунктам A или C.

    Корме того, на машинное оборудование изготовитель или его уполномоченный представитель в Сообществе должен нанести маркировку "СЕ" в соответствии со Статьей 10.

    2. Before placing on the market, the manufacturer, or his authorised representative established in the Community, shall:
    (a) if the machinery is not referred to in Annex IV, draw up the file provided for in Annex V;
    (b) if the machinery is referred to in Annex IV and its manufacturer does not comply, or only partly complies, with the standards referred to in Article 5(2) or if there are no such standards, submit an example of the machinery for the EC type-examination referred to in Annex VI;
    (c) if the machinery is referred to in Annex IV and is manufactured in accordance with the standards referred to in Article 5(2):
    — either draw up the file referred to in Annex VI and forward it to a notified body, which will acknowledge receipt of the file as soon as possible and keep it,
    — submit the file referred to in Annex VI to the notified body, which will simply verify that the standards referred to in Article 5(2) have been correctly applied and will draw up a certificate of adequacy for the file,
    — or submit the example of the machinery for the EC type-examination referred to in Annex VI.

    2. Перед поставкой на рынок изготовитель или его уполномоченный представитель в Сообществе должен:
    (a) в случае, если машинное оборудование не указано в Приложении IV, составить документацию, предусмотренную Приложением V;
    (b) если машинное оборудование указано в Приложении IV, и их изготовитель не выполняет, либо выполняет лишь частично требования стандартов, упомянутых в Статье 5 (2), либо, если таких стандартов не существует, то представить образец машинного оборудования для его испытания ЕС, определенного в Приложении VI;
    (c) если машинное оборудование указано в Приложении IV и изготовлено в соответствии со стандартами, определенными в Статье 5 (п. 2):
    - либо составить документацию, указанную в Приложении VI, и передать ее нотифицированному органу, который подтверждает получение документации в возможно короткие сроки, а также сохраняет ее;
    - представить документацию, указанную в Приложении VI, нотифицированному органу, который просто проверит, что стандарты, упомянутые в Статье 5 (2), были применены правильно и составит сертификат соответствия по этой документации;
    - либо представить образец машинного оборудования для испытания ЕС типового образца, определенного в Приложении VI.

    3. Where the first indent of paragraph 2(c) of this Article applies, the provisions of the first sentence of paragraphs 5 and 7 of Annex VI shall also apply.

    Where the second indent of paragraph 2(c) of this Article applies, the provisions of paragraphs 5, 6 and 7 of Annex VI shall also apply.

    3. В тех случаях, когда может быть применен первый абзац параграфа 2 (с) этой Статьи должны также применяться положения первого предложения параграфов 5 и 7 Приложения VI.

    В тех случаях, когда может быть применен второй абзац пункта 2 (с), должны также применяться положения параграфов 5, 6 и 7 Приложения VI.

    4. Where paragraph 2(a) and the first and second indents of paragraph 2(c) apply, the EC declaration of conformity shall solely state conformity with the essential requirements of the Directive.

    Where paragraph 2(b) and the third indent of paragraph 2(c) apply, the EC declaration of conformity shall state conformity with the example that underwent EC type-examination.

    4. В тех случаях, когда применяется параграф 2 (а) и первый и второй абзацы параграфа 2 (c), декларация ЕС о соответствии должна удостоверить соответствие основным требованиям настоящей Директивы.

    В случае, когда применяется параграф 2 (b) и третий абзац параграфа 2 (c), декларация ЕС о соответствии должна удостоверить соответствие образцу, прошедшему испытание ЕС типового образца.

    5. Safety components shall be subject to the certification procedures applicable to machinery pursuant to paragraphs 2, 3 and 4. Furthermore, during EC type-examination, the notified body shall verify the suitability of the safety component for fulfilling the safety functions declared by the manufacturer.

    5.Компоненты безопасности должны подвергаться процедурам сертификации, применимым к машинному оборудованию в соответствии с параграфами 2, 3, 4. Более того, во время испытания ЕС типового образца нотифицированный орган должен проверить пригодность компонентов безопасности для выполнения тех функций безопасности, которые заявлены изготовителем.

    6. (a) Where the machinery is subject to other Directives concerning other aspects and which also provide for the affixing of the CE marking, the latter shall indicate that the machinery is also presumed to conform to the provisions of those other Directives.
    (b) However, where one or more of those Directives allow the manufacturer, during a transitional period, to choose which arrangements to apply, the CE marking shall indicate conformity only to the Directives applied by the manufacturer. In this case, particulars of the Directives applied, as published in the Official Journal of the European Communities, must be given in the documents, notices or instructions required by the directives and accompanying such machinery.

    6. (a) В тех случаях, когда машинное оборудование подпадает под действие Директив по другим аспектам, которые также предусматривают нанесение маркировки "СЕ", последняя указывает, что такое машинное оборудование соответствуют положениям этих прочих директив.
    (b) Тем не менее, когда одна или несколько таких Директив позволяют изготовителям в течение переходного периода выбирать, какие из положений применить, маркировка "СЕ" будет указывать на соответствие только тем Директивам, которые применялись изготовителем. В этом случае подробная информация о примененных Директивах, опубликованных в Официальном журнале Европейских сообществ, должен приводиться в документах, аннотациях или инструкциях, требуемых в соответствии с Директивами, и сопровождать такое машинное оборудование.

    7. Where neither the manufacturer nor his authorised representative established in the Community fulfils the obligations of paragraphs 1 to 6, these obligations shall fall to any person placing the machinery or safety component on the market in the Community. The same obligations shall apply to any person assembling machinery or parts thereof or safety components of various origins or constructing machinery or safety components for his own use.

    7. Если ни изготовитель, ни его уполномоченный представитель в Сообществе не выполнят своих обязательств по предыдущим параграфам, то эти обязательства должны быть выполнены любыми лицами, поставляющими машинное оборудование или компоненты безопасности на рынок Сообщества. Такие же обязательства возлагаются на любые лица, осуществляющие сборку машинного оборудования, либо его частей или компонентов безопасности различного происхождения, либо создающие машинное оборудование или компоненты безопасности для собственного пользования.

    8. The obligations referred to in paragraph 7 shall not apply to persons who assemble with a machine or tractor interchangeable equipment as provided for in Article 1, provided that the parts are compatible and each of the constituent parts of the assembled machine bears the CE marking and is accompanied by the EC declaration of conformity.

    8. Обязательства, изложенные в параграфе 7, не применяются к лицам, которые собирают с машиной, механизмом или транспортным средством взаимозаменяемое оборудование, указанное в Статье 1, при условии, что эти части совместимы, и каждая из частей машины в сборе имеет маркировку "СЕ" и Декларацию ЕС о соответствии.

    Article 9
    1. Member States shall notify the Commission and the other Member States of the approved bodies which they have appointed to carry out the procedures referred to in Article 8 together with the specific tasks which these bodies have been appointed to carry out and the identification numbers assigned to them beforehand by the Commission.
    The Commission shall publish in the Official Journal of the European Communities a list of the notified bodies and their identification numbers and the tasks for which they have been notified. The Commission shall ensure that this list is kept up to date.

    Статья 9
    1. Государства - члены должны уведомить Комиссию и другие Государства - члены об утвержденных органах, которые назначаются для выполнения процедур, описанных в Статье 8, также как и для различных особых задач, которые этим органам предназначено выполнять, и об идентификационных номерах, предварительно присвоенных им Комиссией.

    В Официальном журнале Европейских сообществ Комиссия должна публиковать список таких нотифицированных органов и их идентификационные номера, а также задачи, для решения которых они предназначены. Комиссия должна обеспечить своевременность обновления списка.

    2. Member States shall apply the criteria laid down in Annex VII in assessing the bodies to be indicated in such notification. Bodies meeting the assessment criteria laid down in the relevant harmonised standards shall be presumed to fulfil those criteria.

    2. Государства - члены должны применять критерии, изложенные в Приложении VII, для определения органов, которые будут указаны в таких назначениях. Органы, удовлетворяющие критериям, изложенным в соответствующих гармонизированных стандартах, считаются соответствующими критериям.

    3. A Member State which has approved a body must withdraw its notification if it finds that the body no longer meets the criteria referred to in Annex VII. It shall immediately inform the Commission and the other Member States accordingly.

    3. Государство - член, утвердившее такой орган, должно отменить его назначение, если оно обнаружит, что он больше не соответствует критериям, изложенным в Приложении VII. Государство - член должно немедленно известить об этом Комиссию и другие Государства - члены.

    CHAPTER III
    CE MARKING
    Article 10
    1. The CE conformity marking shall consist of the initials ‘CE’. The form of the marking to be used is shown in Annex III.

    ГЛАВА III
    МАРКИРОВКА "СЕ"
    Статья 10
    1. Маркировка "СЕ" состоит из заглавных букв "СЕ". Форма маркировки, которая будет использоваться, указана в Приложении III.

    2. The CE marking shall be affixed to machinery distinctly and visibly in accordance with point 1.7.3 of Annex I.

    2. Маркировка "СЕ" должна наноситься на машинное оборудование четко, на видном месте в соответствии с пунктом 1.7.3. Приложения I.

    3. The affixing of markings on the machinery which are likely to deceive third parties as to the meaning and form of the CE marking shall be prohibited. Any other marking may be affixed to the machinery provided that the visibility and legibility of the CE marking is not thereby reduced.

    3. Нанесение маркировок на машинное оборудование таким образом, что это может ввести в заблуждение относительно значения и формы маркировки "СЕ", запрещено. Любые другие маркировки могут быть нанесены на машинное оборудование таким образом, чтобы не мешать видимости и различимости маркировки "СЕ".

    4. Without prejudice to Article 7:
    (a) where a Member State establishes that the CE marking has been affixed unduly, the manufacturer or his authorised representative established within the Community shall be obliged to make the product conform as regards the provisions concerning the CE marking and to end the infringement under the conditions imposed by the Member State;

    (b) where non-conformity continues, the Member State must take all appropriate measures to restrict or prohibit the placing on the market of the product in question or to ensure that it is withdrawn from the market in accordance with the procedure laid down in Article 7.

    4. Без ограничения применения Статьи 7:
    (a) если Государство - член устанавливает, что маркировка "СЕ" была нанесена неправильно, изготовитель или его уполномоченный представитель в Сообществе будет обязан привести продукцию в соответствии с положениями, касающимися маркировки "СЕ" и положить конец нарушениям на условиях, установленных Государством - членом;

    (b) если такое несоответствие будет продолжаться, то Государство - член должно принять все соответствующие меры для ограничения или запрещения поставки на рынок такой продукции, либо обеспечить изъятие ее с рынка в соответствии с процедурами, изложенными в Статье 7.

    CHAPTER IV
    FINAL PROVISIONS
    Article 11
    Any decision taken pursuant to this Directive which restricts the placing on the market and putting into service of machinery or a safety component shall state the exact grounds on which it is based. Such a decision shall be notified as soon as possible to the party concerned, who shall at the same time be informed of the legal remedies available to him under the laws in force in the Member State concerned and of the time limits to which such remedies are subject.

    ГЛАВА IV
    ЗАКЛЮЧИТЕЛЬНЫЕ ПОЛОЖЕНИЯ
    Статья 11
    Любое решение, принятое в исполнение настоящей Директивы, ограничивающее поставку на рынок и ввод в эксплуатацию машинного оборудования или компонентов безопасности, должно указывать точные причины, на которых оно основано. Такое решение должно быть по возможности быстро доведено до сведения заинтересованных сторон, их также следует проинформировать о законных мерах, которые могут быть предприняты по действующему законодательству в соответствующем Государстве - члене и о сроках, в которые данные меры применяются.

    Article 12
    The Commission will take the necessary steps to have information on all the relevant decisions relating to the management of this Directive made available.

    Статья 12
    Комиссия предпримет все необходимые шаги для получения информации по всем соответствующим решениям, касающимся применения и распространения настоящей Директивы.

    Article 13
    1. Member States shall communicate to the Commission the texts of the provisions of national law which they adopt in the field governed by this Directive.

    2. The Commission shall, before 1 January 1994, examine the progress made in the standardisation work relating to this Directive and propose any appropriate measures.

    Статья 13
    1. Государства - члены должны передать Комиссии тексты положений национальных законодательных актов, принимаемых в сфере, определяемой настоящей Директивой.

    2. Комиссия должна до 1 января 1994 г. изучить развитие работ по стандартизации, относящиеся к области действия настоящей Директивы и предложить любые целесообразные меры.

    Тематики

    EN

     

    машины
    оборудование
    —
    [Я.Н.Лугинский, М.С.Фези-Жилинская, Ю.С.Кабиров. Англо-русский словарь по электротехнике и электроэнергетике, Москва]

    машины
    Машина представляет собой аппарат, использующий или применяющий механическую энергию, состоящий из нескольких частей — каждая со своими определенными функциями, которые вместе выполняют некоторые виды работ. Для целей анализа это понятие включает отдельные машины или наборы машин. См. Машины и оборудование (МСО)
    [ http://slovar-lopatnikov.ru/]

    Тематики

    Синонимы

    EN

     

    машины и оборудование
    —
    [ http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]

    машины и оборудование
    МСО
    Часть основных фондов компании (предприятия), которая включает устройства, преобразующие энергию, материалы и информацию. В аналитической и оценочной практике в общее понятие М. и о. включаются отдельно оцениваемые установки, машины, оборудование и транспортные средства, подразделяемые на виды, а каждый вид – на марки (последним термином для краткости можно обозначать разные модели и модификации машины). Разные марки машин одного вида используются для одних и тех же целей: они способны производить одну и ту же продукцию, выполнять одни и те же работы или оказывать одни и те же услуги ( в противном случае их надо относить в другому виду машин), а следовательно, «взаимозаменяемы» и являются товарами, конкурирующими между собой на рынке Рынок машин каждого вида делится на первичный (новые М..) и вторичный (бывшие в эксплуатации), для которых применяются разные оценочные приемы и инструменты.. М.и о. являются главным объектом инвестирования при разработке и реализации инвестиционного проекта, и, соответственно, одним из основных элементов оценки инвестиционных проектов. Важно, что в отличие от ценных бумаг, акций, М.и о. являются объектами реальных инвестиций, а не финансовых инвестиций.
    [ http://slovar-lopatnikov.ru/]

    EN

    machinery
    A group of parts or machines arranged to perform a useful function. (Source: MGH)
    [http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]

    Тематики

    Синонимы

    EN

    DE

    FR

     

    механизм
    Совокупность подвижно соединённых звеньев, совершающих под действием приложенных сил заранее определённые целесообразные движения
    [Терминологический словарь по строительству на 12 языках (ВНИИИС Госстроя СССР)]

    машины, механизмы
    Совокупность связанных между собой частей и устройств, как минимум одно из которых движется, имеет соответствующий привод, органы управления и энергетические узлы, соединенные вместе для определенного применения, например для обработки, переработки, производства, транспортирования или упаковки материалов.
    Термины «машина» и «механизм» также распространяются на совокупность машин, которые размещаются и управляются таким образом, чтобы функционировать как единое целое.
    Примечание
    В приложении А приведено общее схематическое изображение машины.
    [ ГОСТ Р ИСО 12100-1:2007]

    EN

    DE

    FR

     

    оборудование
    Совокупность связанных между собой частей или устройств, из которых по крайней мере одно движется, а также элементы привода, управления и энергетические узлы, которые предназначены для определенного применения, в частности для обработки, производства, перемещения или упаковки материала. К термину «оборудование» относят также машину и совокупность машин, которые так устроены и управляемы, что они функционируют как единое целое для достижения одной и той же цели.
    [ГОСТ ЕН 1070-2003]

    оборудование
    -
    [IEV number 151-11-25 ]

    оборудование
    Оснащение, материалы, приспособления, устройства, механизмы, приборы, инструменты и другие принадлежности, используемые в качестве частей электрической установки или в соединении с ней.
    [ ГОСТ Р МЭК 60204-1-2007]

    EN

    equipment
    single apparatus or set of devices or apparatuses, or the set of main devices of an installation, or all devices necessary to perform a specific task
    NOTE – Examples of equipment are a power transformer, the equipment of a substation, measuring equipment.
    [IEV number 151-11-25 ]

    equipment
    material, fittings, devices, components, appliances, fixtures, apparatus, and the like used as part of, or in connection with, the electrical equipment of machines
    [IEC 60204-1-2006]

    FR

    équipement, m
    matériel, m
    appareil unique ou ensemble de dispositifs ou appareils, ou ensemble des dispositifs principaux d'une installation, ou ensemble des dispositifs nécessaires à l'accomplissement d'une tâche particulière
    NOTE – Des exemples d’équipement ou de matériel sont un transformateur de puissance, l’équipement d’une sous-station, un équipement de mesure.
    [IEV number 151-11-25]

    Тематики

    EN

    DE

    FR

     

    организационный аппарат
    —
    [ http://www.iks-media.ru/glossary/index.html?glossid=2400324]

    Тематики

    • электросвязь, основные понятия

    EN

    3.26 машины (machinery): Устройство, состоящее из соединенных между собой частей или компонентов, по крайней мере, один из которых движется, с соответствующими исполнительными механизмами, силовыми цепями и цепями управления и т.д., объединенных вместе в целях конкретного применения, в частности, для обработки, переработки, перемещения или упаковки материала (материал означает эквивалент вещества или изделия).

    Термин «машины» одновременно означает совокупность машин и механизмов, которые для достижения одной и той же цели установлены и управляются таким образом, что они функционируют как единое целое.

    Источник: ГОСТ Р ЕН 1127-2-2009: Взрывоопасные среды. Взрывозащита и предотвращение взрыва. Часть 2. Основополагающая концепция и методология (для подземных выработок)

    Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > machinery

  • 3 time

    1. noun
    1) (the hour of the day: What time is it?; Can your child tell the time yet?) klokke(slett), tidspunkt
    2) (the passage of days, years, events etc: time and space; Time will tell.) tid
    3) (a point at which, or period during which, something happens: at the time of his wedding; breakfast-time.) tid(spunkt), periode, stund
    4) (the quantity of minutes, hours, days etc, eg spent in, or available for, a particular activity etc: This won't take much time to do; I enjoyed the time I spent in Paris; At the end of the exam, the supervisor called `Your time is up!') tid
    5) (a suitable moment or period: Now is the time to ask him.) øyeblikk, tid
    6) (one of a number occasions: He's been to France four times.) gang
    7) (a period characterized by a particular quality in a person's life, experience etc: He went through an unhappy time when she died; We had some good times together.) tid, periode
    8) (the speed at which a piece of music should be played; tempo: in slow time.) takt, tempo
    2. verb
    1) (to measure the time taken by (a happening, event etc) or by (a person, in doing something): He timed the journey.) ta tid
    2) (to choose a particular time for: You timed your arrival beautifully!) avpasse, velge tidspunktet for
    •
    - timelessly
    - timelessness
    - timely
    - timeliness
    - timer
    - times
    - timing
    - time bomb
    - time-consuming
    - time limit
    - time off
    - time out
    - timetable
    - all in good time
    - all the time
    - at times
    - be behind time
    - for the time being
    - from time to time
    - in good time
    - in time
    - no time at all
    - no time
    - one
    - two at a time
    - on time
    - save
    - waste time
    - take one's time
    - time and time again
    - time and again
    klokkeslett
    --------
    tid
    I
    subst. \/taɪm\/
    1) tid
    • where have you been all this time?
    • you're waisting your time!
    2) gang
    første gang jeg så henne, likte jeg henne
    3) ( ved tidsangivelse) klokkeslett, tidspunkt
    ved ulike tidspunkter \/ på ulike tidspunkter
    • have you got the time?
    • what time is it?
    4) arbeidstid
    5) levetid
    6) tid, periode, sesong
    7) lønn, timelønn
    8) ( musikk) takt, tempo, taktart
    9) ( militærvesen) marsjtakt
    10) ( hverdagslig) soning, fengselsdom
    11) ( ofte times) tid(er), alder, dager
    about time på tide, på høy tid
    about time too! det var sannelig på tide!
    against time i kappløp med tiden
    ahead of one's time forut for sin tid
    ahead of time i god tid, før den avtalte tiden, før avtalt tid
    all in good time ta det med ro, den tid den sorg, når tiden er inne, når den tid kommer
    • we need not hurry, we can do it all in good time
    vi trenger ikke å forhaste oss, vi kan ta det når den tid kommer
    • can I have it now? - all in good time!
    all of the time hele tiden
    all the time hele tiden (amer.) helt og fullt, helt og holdent
    any time eller anytime ( hverdagslig) når som helst
    uten tvil
    any time! ( hverdagslig) gjerne (det)! ingen årsak!
    any time now eller any minute now ( hverdagslig) veldig snart, hvert øyeblikk, når som helst
    ask (somebody) the time spørre (noen) hva klokken er
    as the time was etter den tids forhold, for den tiden, for sin tid
    as times go som tidene nå er, under de rådende forhold, etter omstendighetene
    at all times alltid, til enhver tid, til alle tider
    at a time av\/om gangen
    at no time aldri
    at one time en gang (i tiden), før i tiden, for en stund siden, for en tid siden, tidligere samtidig, på en (og samme) gang
    at the best of times under alle forhold
    at the same time på samme tidspunkt, samtidig
    på den annen side, derimot likevel, dertil
    at the time den gang, på den tiden, den gangen, på det aktuelle tidspunktet
    at the time of ved tidspunktet for
    at this time på samme tid, på denne tid(en)
    at this time of day på denne tiden (av dagen), på dette tidspunktet som forholdene nå er, nå for tiden så sent
    at times av og til, noen ganger, somme tider, til (sine) tider, iblant, stundom, tidvis, innimellom
    be a long time before være lang tid før
    before (one's) time for tidlig, før tiden
    behind the times umoderne, gammeldags, utdatert
    behind time sen, forsinket
    between times fra tid til annen, nå og da, stundom
    born before one's time ( overført) forut for sin tid
    buy on time (amer.) kjøpe på avbetaling
    by that time på det tidspunktet, innen da
    by the time når, da, på den tiden, innen
    by this time på dette tidspunktet, nå
    da var klokken allerede to \/ i mellomtiden hadde klokken rukket å bli to
    call time (amer., sport) blåse av (kampen)
    do one's time ( hverdagslig) sone sin straff
    do time ( hverdagslig) sitte inne, sone
    double time dobbel timelønn (for overtidsarbeid)
    fight against time kjempe mot tiden, slåss mot klokken
    find the time to do something eller get the time to do something finne tid til å gjøre noe, få tid til å gjøre noe
    flush times gode tider
    for all time for all fremtid, i all fremtid
    for a long time i lengre tid, i lang tid på lenge
    for a long time past i lang tid, lenge, fra lang tid tilbake
    for a long time yet på lenge, ennå
    for some time i lengre tid, en lengre tid
    for some time yet på en (god) stund ennå
    for the sake of old times for gammelt vennskaps skyld
    for the time being for øyeblikket, på det nåværende tidspunktet, inntil videre
    from time to time fra tid til annen, av og til, nå og da
    give someone the time fortelle noen hva klokken er
    • can you give me the time, please?
    give someone the time of day hilse på noen, si god morgen til noen
    good old times de gode, gamle dager
    half the time halvparten av tiden
    hard times vanskelige tider, harde tider
    have a good time (of it) ha det morsomt, more seg, ha det trivelig, ha det bra
    have a rough time ha det tøft, ha det vanskelig
    have a time of it ( hverdagslig) ha det hett (om ørene)
    have no time for ikke ha noe til overs for
    ikke ha tid å avse til
    have (the) time ha tid, rekke, nå
    have time on one's hands ha mye tid, ha tid på seg
    have you got the time? vet du hva klokken er?
    a high old time ( hverdagslig) kjempegøy
    in ancient times i gamle dager, før i tiden
    in a...'s time i løpet av..., om...
    i løpet av en uke \/ om en uke
    in due time i rett tid, i tidens fylde, når den tid kommer
    in modern times i moderne tider, i våre dager, i nåtiden
    in (less than) no time på null komma null, straks, i en håndvending
    in one's own time i sitt eget tempo utenom arbeidstid
    in one's time i sin tid
    in prehistoric times i forhistorisk tid
    in the good old times eller in the good old days i gode, gamle dager
    in time med tiden
    i rett tid
    tidsnok, i tide
    in time eller just in time (akkurat) tidsnok
    in time (to) i takt (med)
    in times long past i for lengst forgangne tider
    it has been a long time coming det har drøyd lenge
    it is about time... eller it's time det er på tide..., det er på høy tid at..., det er tid...
    it's the time tiden er inne, nå er øyeblikket
    keep good time ( om klokke) gå riktig
    keep one's eye on the time holde et øye med klokken, passe tiden
    keep time følge tidsskjemaet, holde tiden, være punktlig ( musikk) holde takten ( med stoppeklokke) ta tiden
    know the time of day ( overført) vite hva klokken er slagen, ikke være tapt bak en vogn kjenne sin besøkelsestid
    a long time ago lenge siden, for lenge siden
    long time no see! (gammeldags, hverdagslig) lenge siden sist!
    a long time since lenge siden
    make time hente inn (tapt) tid, kjøre inn (tapt) tid, ta igjen en forsinkelse kjøre fort, kjøre raskt, holde farten, holde (den fastsatte) hastigheten, holde ruten
    make time with someone ( slang) lykkes med å forføre noen
    many a time mang en gang, mange ganger (be)
    near one's time skulle føde snart, ikke ha lenge igjen til fødselen
    not before time ikke for tidlig
    not give someone the time of day ignorere noen, overse noen, ikke ville ha med noen å gjøre, ikke bry seg om noen
    now's your time! nå har du sjansen!
    of all time gjennom tidene
    off time (amer., hverdagslig) malplassert
    once upon a time (there was)... det var en gang...
    one more time ( hverdagslig) en gang til, igjen
    on one's own time (amer.) utenom arbeidstid
    on time i rett tid, presis, punktlig, i rute
    out of time ( også overført) i utakt, ute av takt
    pass the time of day utveksle hilsener, veksle noen ord med noen
    play for time hale ut tiden, prøve å vinne tid
    be pushed for time ha dårlig tid
    quick time rask marsj(takt) (120 skritt i minuttet)
    a race against time et kappløp med tiden
    take one's own time about something gjøre noe i sitt eget tempo, gjøre noe når det passer en
    take one's time ta den tiden man trenger, ikke skynde seg (spøkefullt)
    • take your time!
    ta deg (god) tid! \/ ta det rolig! \/ det haster ikke! \/ du må for all del ikke skynde deg!
    take the time from someone følge noens takt\/tempo, la noen bestemme takten, la noen bestemme tempoet
    tell the time kunne klokken
    ( også tell the right time) si hva klokken er
    there are times when det finnes øyeblikk, av og til, iblant
    this time på denne tiden, ved denne tiden
    time! slutt!, stopp!, tiden er ute!, (det er) stengetid!
    time after time eller time and again eller time again gang på gang
    time and space tid og rom
    time and tide wait for no man tiden går ubønnhørlig videre, man må benytte tiden, man må ta sjansen mens man har den, det gjelder å smi mens jernet er varmt
    time enough tidsnok, det haster ikke
    be time for være tid for, være på tide
    time is money tid er penger
    time is up! tiden er ute!, det er slutt!, det er over!, klokken er slagen!
    time off fritid, fri
    time out of mind eller time immemorial uminnelige tider
    times tider
    • those were the times!
    det var tider, det!
    time(s) to come kommende tider
    (the) time was when det fantes en tid da...
    (only) time will tell det får tiden vise, det vil tiden vise
    universal time universaltid, Greenwich-tid
    work by time arbeide på tid (mot timelønn)
    II
    verb \/taɪm\/
    1) avpasse, velge riktig tidspunkt for
    2) fastsette
    • her lecture was timed at 11.30 a.m
    forelesningen hennes skulle begynne kl. 11.30
    3) ( sport e.l.) ta tiden (på)
    • the winning horse was timed at 3.02
    vinnerhesten fikk tiden 3.02
    4) regulere, justere, stille, avpasse, tilpasse
    5) ( musikk) slå takten til, angi takten til
    6) ( militærvesen) tempere, tidsinnstille

    English-Norwegian dictionary > time

  • 4 ♦ time

    ♦ time /taɪm/
    A n. [uc]
    1 tempo; epoca; periodo; durata; (mus.) tempo, misura; circostanza: I've just time to give her a ring, ho appena il tempo di darle un colpo di telefono; It took me a long time to go there on foot, mi ci volle molto tempo per andarci a piedi; DIALOGO → - Ordering food 4- They're taking a long time to bring us our food, stanno impiegando molto tempo per portarci da mangiare; in Cromwell's time, al tempo di Cromwell; in the time of Elizabeth I, all'epoca di Elisabetta I; waltz time, tempo di valzer; We must move with the times, dobbiamo essere sempre al passo con i tempi; modern times, tempi moderni; troubled (o hard) times, tempi difficili; (mus.) to beat time, battere il tempo; a time of sorrow, una circostanza dolorosa; free time, tempo libero; a rough time, un periodo duro; to occupy one's time, impiegare il proprio tempo; to spend one's time doing st., spendere il proprio tempo facendo qc.; to waste one's time, sciupare il tempo; perdere tempo NOTA D'USO: - a lot of years o a long time?-
    2 ora; momento: DIALOGO → - Going for an interview- What time is it now? (o What's the time?), che ore sono (adesso)?; che ora è?; Do you have the time?, (Lei) ha l'ora?; che ore sono?; It's dinner time, è l'ora di cena; At what time?, a che ora?; DIALOGO → - On the Tube- What time's the last train to Upminster?, a che ora è l'ultimo treno per Upminster?; DIALOGO → - Television- What time does it start?, a che ora comincia?; DIALOGO → - Asking about routine 2- What time do you start work?, a che ora cominci a lavorare?; Time is up!, è ora! (di consegnare il compito, ecc.); tempo scaduto!; It's time to go, è ora d'andare; The time had come to set out, era giunta l'ora della partenza; Now is the time to act, questo è il momento di agire; There's no time like the present, questo è il momento giusto; local time, ora locale; peak time, orario di maggiore ascolto; prima serata; to tell the time, dire l'ora ( guardando l'orologio), leggere le ore; an inconvenient time, un'ora scomoda
    3 volta: this time, questa volta; next time, la prossima volta; every time, ogni volta; tutte le volte; another time, un'altra volta; the time before last, la penultima volta; three [four] times, tre [quattro] volte; many times, molte volte; spesso; umpteen times, un sacco di volte; DIALOGO → - Discussing books 2- There are times when I don't read a book for months, ci sono volte in cui non leggo un libro per mesi
    4 (trasp.) orario: the times of the trains to Oxford, gli orari dei treni per Oxford; on time, puntualmente; puntuale; in orario
    5 (econ.) paga; retribuzione: half time, mezza paga; double time, paga doppia
    7 (comput.) tempo: real time, tempo reale; (avv.) immediatamente; real time processing, elaborazione in tempo reale
    8 ( sport) tempo: in record time, a tempo di record
    9 ( calcio, ecc.) tempo di gioco; tempo che resta da giocare; ( anche) lo scadere del tempo: The third goal was scored (at) five minutes from time, il terzo gol è stato segnato cinque minuti prima dello scadere del tempo; stoppage time, recupero; minuti di recupero
    10 ( calcio, ecc.) sospensione del gioco; ► timeout, def. 1: ( dell'arbitro) to call time, comandare la sospensione (o la fine) del gioco
    12 (pl.) (mat.) per: Three times four gives (o makes, equals) twelve, tre per quattro fa dodici
    B a. attr.
    1 tempestivo; (fatto) in tempo: ( scherma) time thrust, uscita in tempo
    2 di tempo: time allowance, abbuono di tempo
    ● ( banca, USA) time account, conto di deposito □ time after time, più volte; tante volte; ripetutamente □ time and again, spessissimo; assai di frequente □ time and a half, paga per lavoro straordinario □ (cronot.) time and motion study, studio dei tempi e dei movimenti □ (leg.) time bar, termine di decadenza (o di prescrizione) □ (fin., Borsa) time bargain, operazione a termine □ (leg.) time-barred, prescritto per decadenza dei termini □ (fin.) time bill, cambiale a tempo; ( USA) orario ( ferroviario, ecc.) □ time bomb, bomba a tempo (o a orologeria); (fig.) situazione esplosiva □ ( ciclismo, equit.) time bonus, abbuono di tempo □ time book, registro delle presenze (o delle ore di lavoro) □ (pubbl.) time buying, acquisto di tempo ( alla radio o alla TV) □ time capsule, contenitore ( pieno di oggetti, ecc. attuali) per le generazioni future ( viene sepolto in terra) □ time card, scheda di presenza □ (naut.) time charter ( party), (contratto di) noleggio a tempo □ (gramm.) time clause, proposizione temporale □ time clerk, controllore delle ore di lavoro □ time clock, orologio marcatempo; ( anche) timer □ time-consuming, che richiede molto tempo □ (tecn.) time control, comando a tempo □ ( banca) time deposit, deposito a termine (o vincolato): time-deposit book, libretto vincolato □ time draft, tratta a tempo □ (fotogr.) time exposure, posa, tempo di posa □ (form.) time frame, arco di tempo; tempi di attuazione □ (naut.) time freight, nolo a tempo □ (mil.) time-fuse, spoletta a tempo □ ( sport) time gap, distacco, ritardo ( nelle corse) □ time-honoured, venerato per la sua antichità; venerando □ ( basket) time-in, inizio (o ripresa) del tempo di gioco □ time lag, intervallo di tempo; (fis.) ritardo; (econ.) scarto (o sfasamento) temporale □ (cinem., fotogr.) time lapse, time lapse (tecnica di montaggio in un filmato di fotogrammi scattati a intervalli di tempo lunghi) □ (cinem., fotogr.) time-lapse (attr.), in time lapse; time lapse □ time limit, (leg.) termine ultimo; ( sport: nelle corse) tempo massimo □ (fin.) time loan, prestito a tempo □ ( fantascienza) time machine, macchina del tempo □ the time of day, l'ora ( segnata dall'orologio); l'ora del giorno □ (fam.) the time of one's life, un periodo molto bello □ time of payment, termine di pagamento; scadenza ( di una cambiale, ecc.) □ ( sport) time of play, tempo di gioco; durata di una partita □ time off, tempo libero (o di vacanza); (giorni, ecc. di) congedo, permesso: I'll take some time off, mi prenderò un po' di congedo □ ( di lavoratore) time off in lieu, riposo compensativo □ time out, tempo libero; pausa; riposo; periodo di vacanza: to take time out, prendersi un po' di vacanza; fare una pausa ( nel lavoro, nello studio, ecc.) □ (fam. USA) Time out!, aspetta, aspettate!; un momento!; un attimo! □ time payment, (econ.) retribuzione a tempo; (market.) pagamento dilazionato (o rateale) □ (ass., naut.) time policy, polizza a tempo □ (cronot.) time recorder, tempista; ( anche) orologio marcatempo □ (farm.) time-release drug (o capsule), medicina (o capsula) a lento rilascio; farmaco (o capsula) retard □ (geol.) time scale, cronologia □ (demogr., stat.) time series, serie temporale (o storica) □ (stat.) time-series chart, istogramma; diagramma a colonne □ time-server, opportunista; conformista □ time-serving, (agg.) opportunistico, conformistico; (sost.) opportunismo, conformismo □ (org. az.) time sheet, foglio di presenza □ (mat.) times sign, segno di moltiplicazione □ ( radio, TV) time signal, segnale orario □ (comput.) time stamp, indicatore data e ora □ time study, cronotecnica □ time-study engineer, cronotecnico □ (tecn.) time switch, interruttore a tempo □ time taker = time recorder ► sopra □ time taking, rilevazione dei tempi □ time-tested, sperimentato; che il tempo ha dimostrato valido □ time ticket, cartellino di presenza □ ( sport: nelle corse) the time to beat, il tempo da battere (o da migliorare) □ (autom., ciclismo) time trial, corsa a cronometro; corsa contro il tempo; cronometro (sost. f.) □ time-trial specialist, cronoman □ time warp, ( fantascienza) curvatura (o distorsione) del tempo; (fig.) confusione tra passato e presente, o tra presente e futuro: to be caught (o stuck) in a time warp, essere rimasto fermo nel tempo □ time waster, q. o qc. che fa perdere tempo; perditempo; perdita di tempo □ time-wasting, che fa perdere tempo □ (econ.) time wages, salario a tempo □ times without number, innumerevoli volte; spessissimo □ (econ.) time-work, lavoro retribuito a ore; lavoro in economia □ (econ.) time-worker, operaio retribuito a ore □ (geogr.) time zone, fuso orario □ time and time again, più e più volte; non so più quante volte □ ahead of time, anzitempo; prima del tempo; di buonora □ to be ahead of (o to be born before) one's time, essere in anticipo sui tempi; essere un precursore □ all the time, per tutto il tempo, sempre, di continuo: I've known it all the time, l'ho sempre saputo □ as times go, dati i tempi; considerando come va il mondo □ at a time, alla volta: One thing at a time, una cosa alla volta □ ( sport) at full time, a tempo scaduto □ at times, a volte; talvolta; talora □ at all times, sempre; immancabilmente □ at the time, quando: At the time they arrived, I was away, quando sono arrivati, io non c'ero □ at my time of life, alla mia età □ at no time, in nessun tempo; in nessuna circostanza; giammai □ at one time, una volta; un tempo: At one time I used to swim a lot, una volta facevo molto nuoto □ at the present time, al presente; ora; adesso □ at the same time, nello stesso tempo; contemporaneamente, insieme; a un tempo, nondimeno, tuttavia: She was smiling and sobbing at the same time, sorrideva e singhiozzava nello stesso tempo □ (fig.) at this time of day, a questo punto ( delle trattative, ecc.); in questo momento ( della storia); troppo tardi □ behind the times, antiquato; vecchio □ behind time, tardi; in ritardo: We are behind time with our deliveries, siamo in ritardo con le consegne □ to die before one's time, morire anzitempo; fare una morte prematura □ (fam.) to do time, scontare una pena detentiva; essere in galera □ ( sport: calcio, ecc.) extra time, tempo supplementare □ for the time being, per il momento □ (lett.) from time immemorial ( from time out of mind), dal tempo dei tempi; da moltissimo tempo; da secoli □ from time to time, di quando in quando; ogni tanto □ from that time on, da allora in poi □ to gain time, guadagnar tempo; ( dell'orologio) andare avanti □ to give sb. a pretty hard time, far passare un brutto quarto d'ora a q. □ to grow old before one's time, invecchiare anzitempo (o troppo presto) □ ( sport) half time, metà tempo ( della partita): at half time, a metà tempo; nell'intervallo □ to have a bad time, passarsela male □ (fam.) to have an easy time, passarsela bene; star bene economicamente □ to have a good time (o the time of one's life), divertirsi un mondo; spassarsela □ to have no time for, non aver tempo per (qc.); non aver tempo da perdere con (q.) □ in time, in tempo, in tempo utile; col tempo, con l'andar del tempo, a poco a poco; DIALOGO → - Discussing football- I didn't get home in time and only caught the second half on TV, non sono tornato a casa in tempo e ho beccato solo il secondo tempo alla TV □ (mus.) to be in time, andare a tempo □ in time to come, per l'avvenire; in futuro □ in the course of time, col tempo; con l'andar del tempo; con il passare degli anni □ in double-quick time, in un baleno; in un batter d'occhio □ in due time, a tempo debito □ in good time, al momento opportuno; in tempo ( per un appuntamento, uno spettacolo e sim.) □ in one's own time, a tempo perso □ (fam.) in one's own good time, con comodo; prendendosela comoda □ in its proper time and place, a tempo e luogo □ in a month's time, fra un mese □ in no time ( at all), in un attimo; in un baleno; in un batter d'occhio □ in one's spare time, nelle ore libere; nei ritagli di tempo □ (mus.) to keep time, andare a tempo; tenere il tempo □ ( d'un orologio) to keep good [bad] time, segnare l'ora esatta [non andare bene] □ to kill time, ammazzare il tempo □ to be a long time, essere molto tempo; ( anche) metterci molto tempo (a fare qc.) □ to lose time, perdere tempo; ( dell'orologio) restare indietro NOTA D'USO: - to lose time o to waste time?- □ to lose ( all) count of time, perdere la nozione del tempo □ to make time, recuperare il tempo; ( di treno) recuperare □ to make good time, tenere una buona andatura; andare di buon passo □ (mil.) to march in time, marciare a tempo □ to march with the times, tenersi al passo con i tempi □ ( di donna) to be near one's time, essere prossima al parto □ once upon a time, una volta; al tempo dei tempi: Once upon a time there was a king, c'era una volta un re □ (mus.) to be out of time, non andare a tempo; essere fuori tempo □ to pass the time of day with sb., scambiare qualche parola di saluto con q.; intrattenersi (a conversare) con q. □ to play for time, cercare di guadagnare tempo; ( sport) fare melina □ ( radio, TV, ecc.) to be running out of time, essere in ritardo sul programma stabilito □ to serve one's time, ( di condannato) scontare la pena; ( di apprendista) prestare servizio □ to be some time, essere un po' di tempo; ( anche) metterci del tempo (a fare qc.) □ to take one's time, prendersela comoda: DIALOGO → - Asking about a journey- You took your time!, te la sei presa comoda! □ to take time off for no reason, fare delle assenze ingiustificate ( dal lavoro, ecc.) □ to tell the time, ( dell'orologio) segnare il tempo; ( di una persona) dire l'ora, leggere l'orologio □ this time last year, l'anno scorso a questa epoca □ this time next week, oggi a otto □ till the end of time, sino alla fine dei tempi; in eterno □ up to the present time, finora □ to work against time, lavorare coi minuti contati, con l'acqua alla gola; combattere contro il tempo □ (fam.) It will take me ( you, etc.) all my ( your, etc.) time to do that, c'è da lavorare ventiquattro ore su ventiquattro per farlo □ It's ( about) time I was going, sarebbe ora che me ne andassi □ My time is drawing near (o I am near my time; my time is almost over), ormai non mi resta molto da vivere □ (prov.) There's a time for everything, ogni cosa a suo tempo □ (prov.) Time is money, il tempo è denaro.
    NOTA D'USO: - time e tempo- (to) time /taɪm/
    v. t. e i.
    1 fare (qc. ) al momento buono (o a proposito); scegliere (o cogliere) il momento opportuno per (qc.); calcolare, disporre, progettare ( con riguardo al tempo): We timed our trip to arrive before noon, abbiamo predisposto (abbiamo organizzato) il nostro viaggio in modo d'arrivare prima di mezzogiorno
    2 fissare l'orario di: The arrival of the President was timed for 10 o'clock, l'arrivo del Presidente era fissato per le dieci
    3 regolare il ritmo (o la velocità) di; ritmare; rimettere ( un orologio); sincronizzare: The girl timed her steps to the music, la ragazza regolava il ritmo del passo sulla musica; He timed the speed of the two toy trains, ha sincronizzato la velocità dei due trenini; Time your watch with mine, regola (rimetti) il tuo orologio col mio!
    4 calcolare, misurare il tempo di; cronometrare: The winner was timed at 4′ 6′′, il primo arrivato è stato cronometrato a quattro minuti e sei secondi
    5 (ind.) determinare i tempi ( di lavorazione); tempificare
    6 (mecc.) mettere in fase, mettere a punto ( un motore, l'accensione)
    7 ( calcio, ecc.) fare ( un'azione, una mossa, ecc.) al momento giusto (o opportuno); calcolare bene il tempo di ( un intervento)
    ● (fotogr.) to time the exposure, regolare l'esposizione □ to time one's remarks, intercalare le proprie osservazioni al momento giusto □ The bus is timed to arrive at 4 o'clock, d'orario, l'autobus arriva alle quattro.

    English-Italian dictionary > ♦ time

  • 5 profit and loss account

    Fin
    the summary record of a company’s sales revenues and expenses over a period, providing a calculation of profits or losses during that time.
    Abbr. P&L
    EXAMPLE
    Companies typically issue P&L reports monthly. It is customary for the reports to include year-to-date figures, as well as corresponding year-earlier figures to allow for comparisons and analysis.
         There are two P&L formats, multiple-step and single-step. Both follow a standard set of rules known as Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP). These rules generally adhere to requirements established by governments to track receipts, expenses, and profits for tax purposes. They also allow the financial reports of two different companies to be compared.
         The multiple-step format is much more common, because it includes a larger number of details and is thus more useful. It deducts costs from revenues in a series of steps, allowing for closer analysis. Revenues appear first, then expenses, each in as much detail as management desires. Sales may be broken down by product line or location, while expenses such as salaries may be broken down into base salaries and commissions.
         Expenses are then subtracted from revenues to show profit (or loss). A basic multiple-step P&L looks like this:
         P&Ls of public companies may also report income on the basis of earnings per share. For example, if the company issuing this statement had 12,000 shares outstanding, earnings per share would be $5.12, that is, $61,440 divided by 12,000 shares.

    The ultimate business dictionary > profit and loss account

  • 6 profit and loss statement

    Fin
    the summary record of a company’s sales revenues and expenses over a period, providing a calculation of profits or losses during that time.
    Abbr. P&L
    EXAMPLE
    Companies typically issue P&L reports monthly. It is customary for the reports to include year-to-date figures, as well as corresponding year-earlier figures to allow for comparisons and analysis.
         There are two P&L formats, multiple-step and single-step. Both follow a standard set of rules known as Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP). These rules generally adhere to requirements established by governments to track receipts, expenses, and profits for tax purposes. They also allow the financial reports of two different companies to be compared.
         The multiple-step format is much more common, because it includes a larger number of details and is thus more useful. It deducts costs from revenues in a series of steps, allowing for closer analysis. Revenues appear first, then expenses, each in as much detail as management desires. Sales may be broken down by product line or location, while expenses such as salaries may be broken down into base salaries and commissions.
         Expenses are then subtracted from revenues to show profit (or loss). A basic multiple-step P&L looks like this:
         P&Ls of public companies may also report income on the basis of earnings per share. For example, if the company issuing this statement had 12,000 shares outstanding, earnings per share would be $5.12, that is, $61,440 divided by 12,000 shares.

    The ultimate business dictionary > profit and loss statement

  • 7 down

    I noun
    (Geog.) [baumloser] Höhenzug; in pl. Downs Pl. (an der Süd- und Südostküste Englands)
    II noun
    1) (of bird) Daunen Pl.; Flaum, der
    2) (hair) Flaum, der
    III 1. adverb
    1) (to lower place, to downstairs, southwards) runter (bes. ugs.); herunter/hinunter (bes. schriftsprachlich); (in lift) abwärts; (in crossword puzzle) senkrecht

    [right] down to something — [ganz] bis zu etwas her-/hinunter

    go down to the shops/the end of the road — zu den Läden/zum Ende der Straße hinuntergehen

    2) (Brit.): (from capital) raus (bes. ugs.); heraus/hinaus (bes. schriftsprachlich)

    get down to Reading from London — von London nach Reading raus-/hinausfahren

    come down from Edinburgh to London — von Edinburgh nach London [he]runterkommen

    3) (of money): (at once) sofort

    pay for something cash down — etwas [in] bar bezahlen

    4) (into prostration) nieder[fallen, -geschlagen werden]

    shout the place/house down — (fig.) schreien, dass die Wände zittern

    5) (on to paper)
    6) (on programme)

    put a meeting down for 2 p.m. — ein Treffen für od. auf 14 Uhr ansetzen

    7) as int. runter! (bes. ugs.); (to dog) leg dich!; nieder!; (Mil.) hinlegen!

    down with imperialism/the president! — nieder mit dem Imperialismus/dem Präsidenten!

    8) (in lower place, downstairs, in fallen position, in south) unten

    down on the floor — auf dem Fußboden

    low/lower down — tief/tiefer unten

    down there/here — da/hier unten

    his flat is on the next floor down — seine Wohnung ist ein Stockwerk tiefer

    down in Wales/in the country — weit weg in Wales/draußen auf dem Lande

    down south — unten im Süden (ugs.)

    down south/east — (Amer.) in den Südstaaten/im Osten

    down [on the floor] — (Boxing) am Boden; auf den Brettern

    down and out — (Boxing) k. o.; (fig.) fertig (ugs.)

    9) (prostrate) auf dem Fußboden/der Erde

    be down in writing/on paper/in print — niedergeschrieben/zu Papier gebracht/gedruckt sein

    11) (on programme) angesetzt [Termin, Treffen]
    12) (facing downwards, bowed) zu Boden

    be down — (brought to the ground) am Boden liegen

    down [in the mouth] — niedergeschlagen

    14) (now cheaper) [jetzt] billiger
    15)

    be down to... — (have only... left) nichts mehr haben außer...

    we're down to our last £100 — wir haben nur noch 100 Pfund

    now it's down to him to do something — nun liegt es bei od. an ihm, etwas zu tun

    16) (to reduced consistency or size)
    17) (including lower limit)

    from... down to... — von... bis zu... hinunter

    18) (in position of lagging or loss) weniger

    be three points/games down — mit drei Punkten/Spielen zurückliegen

    be down on one's luck — eine Pechsträhne haben. See also academic.ru/79258/up">up 1.

    2. preposition
    1) (downwards along, from top to bottom of) runter (bes. ugs.); herunter/hinunter (bes. schriftsprachlich)

    fall down the stairs/steps — die Treppe/Stufen herunterstürzen

    walk down the hill/road — den Hügel/die Straße heruntergehen

    3) (downwards into) rein in (+ Akk.) (bes. ugs.); hinein in (+ Akk.) (bes. schriftsprachlich)

    fall down a hole/ditch — in ein Loch/einen Graben fallen

    4) (downwards over) über (+ Akk.)

    spill water all down one's skirt — sich (Dat.) Wasser über den Rock gießen

    go down the pub/disco — (Brit. coll.) in die Kneipe/Disko gehen

    7) (at or in a lower position in or on) [weiter] unten

    further down the ladder/coast — weiter unten auf der Leiter/an der Küste

    8) (from top to bottom along) an (+ Dat.)
    9) (all over) überall auf (+ Dat.)

    I've got coffee [all] down my skirt — mein ganzer Rock ist voll Kaffee

    10) (Brit. coll.): (in, at)

    down the pub/café/town — in der Kneipe/im Café/in der Stadt

    3. adjective
    (directed downwards) nach unten führend [Rohr, Kabel]; [Rolltreppe] nach unten; nach unten gerichtet [Kolbenhub, Sog]; aus der Hauptstadt herausführend [Bahnlinie]
    4. transitive verb
    (coll.)
    1) (knock down) auf die Bretter schicken [Boxer]
    2) (drink down) leer machen (ugs.) [Flasche, Glas]; schlucken (ugs.) [Getränk]
    3)

    down tools — (cease work) zu arbeiten aufhören; (take a break) die Arbeit unterbrechen; (go on strike) die Arbeit niederlegen

    4) (shoot down) abschießen, (ugs.) runterholen [Flugzeug]
    5. noun
    (coll.)

    have a down on somebody/something — jemanden/etwas auf dem Kieker haben (ugs.); see also up 4.

    •• Cultural note:
    Der Name einer Straße in Westminster im Zentrum von London. Das Haus mit der Nummer 10 in der Downing Street ist der offizielle Sitz des Premierministers und das mit der Nummer 11 der des Finanzministers. Unter Journalisten ist der Ausdruck Downing Street oder Number 10 gebräuchlich, wenn vom Amtssitz des Premierministers die Rede ist
    * * *
    I 1. adverb
    1) (towards or in a low or lower position, level or state: He climbed down to the bottom of the ladder.) hinunter
    2) (on or to the ground: The little boy fell down and cut his knee.) zum/auf den Boden
    3) (from earlier to later times: The recipe has been handed down in our family for years.) weiter
    4) (from a greater to a smaller size, amount etc: Prices have been going down steadily.) gefallen
    5) (towards or in a place thought of as being lower, especially southward or away from a centre: We went down from Glasgow to Bristol.) hinunter
    2. preposition
    1) (in a lower position on: Their house is halfway down the hill.) hinunter
    2) (to a lower position on, by, through or along: Water poured down the drain.) hinunter
    3) (along: The teacher's gaze travelled slowly down the line of children.) entlang
    3. verb
    (to finish (a drink) very quickly, especially in one gulp: He downed a pint of beer.) hinunterkippen
    - downward
    - downwards
    - downward
    - down-and-out
    - down-at-heel
    - downcast
    - downfall
    - downgrade
    - downhearted
    - downhill
    - downhill racing
    - downhill skiing
    - down-in-the-mouth
    - down payment
    - downpour
    - downright     4. adjective
    - downstairs
    - downstream
    - down-to-earth
    - downtown
    - downtown
    - down-trodden
    - be/go down with
    - down on one's luck
    - down tools
    - down with
    - get down to
    - suit someone down to the ground
    - suit down to the ground     II noun
    (small, soft feathers: a quilt filled with down.) Daunen (pl.)
    - downie®
    - downy
    * * *
    down1
    [daʊn]
    1. (movement to a lower position) hinunter, hinab geh; (towards the speaker) herunter, herab geh
    get \down off that table! komm sofort vom Tisch herunter!
    the leaflet slipped \down behind the wardrobe die Broschüre ist hinter den Kleiderschrank gerutscht
    come further \down [the steps] komm noch etwas weiter [die Treppe] runter fam
    “\down!” (to a dog) „Platz!“
    ▪ to fall \down (drop) hinunterfallen; (fall over) umfallen; (stumble) hinfallen
    ▪ to let sth \down etw herunterlassen
    to lie sth \down etw hinlegen [o ablegen]
    to pull sth \down etw nach unten ziehen
    to put \down sth etw hinstellen [o abstellen
    2. (downwards) nach unten
    head \down mit dem Kopf nach unten
    to be [or lie] face \down auf dem Bauch [o mit dem Gesicht nach unten] liegen
    to point down nach unten zeigen
    \down here/there hier/dort unten
    \down at/by/in sth unten an/bei/in etw dat
    4. inv (in the south) im Süden, unten fam; (towards the south) in den Süden, runter fam
    things are much more expensive \down [in the] south unten im Süden ist alles viel teurer
    how often do you come \down to Cornwall? wie oft kommen Sie nach Cornwall runter? fam
    5. inv (away from the centre) außerhalb
    my parents live \down in Worcestershire meine Eltern leben außerhalb [von hier] in Worcestershire
    he has a house \down by the harbour er hat ein Haus draußen am Hafen
    \down our way hier in unserem Viertel [o unserer Gegend] [o SCHWEIZ Quartier
    6. ( fam: badly off) unten
    she's certainly come \down in the world! mit ihr ist es ganz schön bergab gegangen! fam
    to be \down on one's luck eine Pechsträhne haben
    she's been \down on her luck recently in letzter Zeit ist sie vom Pech verfolgt
    to hit [or kick] sb when he's \down jdn treten, wenn er schon am Boden liegt fig
    ▪ to be \down to sth nur noch etw haben
    when the rescue party found her, she was \down to her last bar of chocolate als die Rettungsmannschaft sie fand, hatte sie nur noch einen Riegel Schokolade
    8. (ill)
    to be \down with sth an etw dat erkrankt sein
    she's \down with flu sie liegt mit einer Grippe im Bett
    to come [or go] \down with sth an etw dat erkranken, etw kriegen fam
    I think I'm going \down with a cold ich glaube, ich kriege eine Erkältung fam
    9. SPORT im Rückstand
    Milan were three goals \down at half-time zur Halbzeit lag Mailand [um] drei Tore zurück
    10. (back in time, to a later time)
    Joan of Arc's fame has echoed \down [through] the centuries Jeanne d'Arcs Ruhm hat die Jahrhunderte überdauert
    \down to the last century bis ins vorige Jahrhundert [hinein]
    to come \down myths überliefert werden
    to pass [or hand] sth \down etw weitergeben [o überliefern
    11. (at/to a lower amount) niedriger
    the pay offer is \down 2% from last year das Lohnangebot liegt 2 % unter dem vom Vorjahr
    he quit the poker game when he was only $50 \down er hörte mit dem Pokerspiel auf, als er erst 50 Dollar verloren hatte
    to get the price \down den Preis drücken [o herunterhandeln]
    to go \down sinken
    the number of students has gone \down die Zahl der Studierenden ist gesunken
    12. (in/to a less intense degree) herunter
    let the fire burn \down lass das Feuer herunterbrennen
    settle \down, you two gebt mal ein bisschen Ruhe, ihr zwei
    to turn the music/radio \down die Musik/das Radio leiser stellen [o machen]
    to water a drink \down ein Getränk verwässern
    13. (including) bis einschließlich
    the entire administration has come under suspicion, from the mayor \down das gesamte Verwaltungspersonal, angefangen beim Bürgermeister, ist in Verdacht geraten
    everyone, from the director \down to the secretaries, was questioned by the police vom Direktor angefangen bis hin zu den Sekretärinnen, wurde jeder von der Polizei verhört
    to have sth \down in writing [or on paper] etw schriftlich [o fam schwarz auf weiß] haben
    to get [or put] sb \down for sth jdn für etw akk vormerken
    we've got you \down for five tickets wir haben fünf Karten für Sie vorbestellt
    15. (swallowed) hinunter, runter fam
    to get sth \down etw [hinunter]schlucken
    she couldn't get the pill \down sie brachte die Tablette nicht hinunter fam
    you'll feel better once you've got some hot soup \down du wirst dich besser fühlen, sobald du ein bisschen heiße Suppe gegessen hast
    16. (thoroughly) gründlich
    he washed the car \down er wusch den Wagen von oben bis unten
    17. (already finished) vorbei
    two lectures \down, eight to go zwei Vorlesungen haben wir schon besucht, es bleiben also noch acht
    18. (as initial payment) als Anzahlung
    to pay [or put] £100 \down 100 Pfund anzahlen
    ▪ to be \down to sth auf etw akk zurückzuführen sein
    the problem is \down to her inexperience, not any lack of intelligence es liegt an ihrer Unerfahrenheit, nicht an mangelnder Intelligenz
    to be [or AM also come] \down to sb jds Sache sein
    it's all \down to you now to make it work nun ist es an Ihnen, die Sache in Gang zu bringen
    20. (reduce to)
    to come \down to sth auf etw akk hinauslaufen
    what the problem comes \down to is this:... die entscheidende Frage ist:...
    well, if I bring it \down to its simplest level,... also, stark vereinfacht könnte man sagen,...
    21. (in crossword puzzles) senkrecht
    22.
    ▶ \down to the ground völlig, ganz und gar, total fam
    that suits me \down to the ground das ist genau das Richtige für mich
    1. (in a downward direction) hinunter; (towards the speaker) herunter
    my uncle's in hospital after falling \down some stairs mein Onkel ist im Krankenhaus, nachdem er die Treppe heruntergefallen [o hinuntergefallen] ist
    up and \down the stairs die Treppe rauf und runter fam
    she poured the liquid \down the sink sie schüttete die Flüssigkeit in den Abfluss
    2. (downhill) hinunter, hinab geh; (towards the speaker) herunter [o geh herab]
    to come \down the hill den Hügel heruntersteigen [o geh herabsteigen]
    to go \down the mountain den Berg hinuntersteigen [o geh hinabsteigen
    3. (along) entlang
    go \down the street gehen Sie die Straße entlang [o hinunter]
    her office is \down the corridor on the right ihr Büro ist weiter den Gang entlang auf der rechten Seite
    we drove \down the motorway as far as Bristol wir fuhren auf der Schnellstraße bis Bristol
    I ran my finger \down the list of ingredients ich ging mit dem Finger die Zutatenliste durch
    her long red hair reached most of the way \down her back ihre langen roten Haare bedeckten fast ihren ganzen Rücken
    to sail the boat \down the river mit dem Boot flussabwärts segeln
    4. (in a particular place)
    \down sb's way in jds Gegend
    they speak with a peculiar accent \down his way in seiner Ecke haben die Leute einen besonderen Akzent fam
    \down the ages von Generation zu Generation
    \down the centuries die Jahrhunderte hindurch
    \down the generations über Generationen hinweg
    6. BRIT, AUS ( fam: to)
    I went \down the pub with my mates ich ging mit meinen Freunden in die Kneipe
    to go \down the shops einkaufen gehen
    7. (inside) in + dat
    you'll feel better once you've got some hot soup \down you du wirst dich besser fühlen, sobald du ein bisschen heiße Suppe im Magen hast
    8.
    ▶ to go \down the drain [or toilet] [or tube[s]] ( fam)
    ▶ to go \down the plughole [or BRIT also pan] [or AUS gurgler] ( fam) für die Katz sein sl
    we don't want all their hard work to go \down the drain ich möchte nicht, dass ihre harte Arbeit ganz umsonst ist
    ▶ \down the road [or line] [or track] auf der ganzen Linie fig, voll und ganz
    <more \down, most \down>
    1. attr, inv (moving downward) abwärtsführend, nach unten nach n
    the \down escalator die Rolltreppe nach unten
    2. pred ( fam: unhappy, sad) niedergeschlagen, down fam
    I've been feeling a bit \down this week diese Woche bin ich nicht so gut drauf fam
    3. pred, inv ( fam: disapproving of)
    ▪ to be \down on sb jdn auf dem Kieker [o ÖSTERR, SCHWEIZ im Visier] haben fam
    4. pred, inv (not functioning) außer Betrieb
    the computer will be \down for an hour der Computer wird für eine Stunde abgeschaltet
    I'm afraid the [telephone] lines are \down ich fürchte, die Telefonleitungen sind tot
    5. attr, inv BRIT ( dated: travelling away from the city) stadtauswärts fahrend attr
    \down platform Bahnsteig m [o SCHWEIZ Perron m] für stadtauswärts fahrende Züge
    6. (sunk to a low level) niedrig
    the river is \down der Fluss hat [o geh führt] Niedrigwasser
    1. (knock down)
    ▪ to \down sb jdn zu Fall bringen; BOXING jdn niederschlagen [o sl auf die Bretter schicken
    2. (shoot down)
    ▪ to \down sth etw abschießen [o fam runterholen
    to \down tools (cease work) mit der Arbeit aufhören; (have a break) die Arbeit unterbrechen; (during a strike) die Arbeit niederlegen
    the printers are threatening to \down tools die Drucker drohen mit Arbeitsniederlegungen
    4. AM, AUS SPORT (beat)
    ▪ to \down sb jdn schlagen [o fam fertigmachen
    5.
    ▪ to \down sth (swallow) etw hinunterschlucken; (eat) etw essen; (eat quickly) etw verschlingen [o hinunterschlingen]; (drink) etw trinken; (drink quickly) etw hinunterkippen [o fam runterschütten] [o SCHWEIZ runterleeren]
    he'd \downed four beers er hatte vier Bier gekippt fam
    V. NOUN
    1. (bad fortune) Tiefpunkt m, schlechte Zeit
    ups and \downs Auf und Ab nt
    well, we've had our ups and \downs wir haben schon Höhen und Tiefen durchgemacht
    2. no pl ( fam: dislike) Groll m
    ▪ to have a \down on sb jdn auf dem Kieker [o ÖSTERR, SCHWEIZ im Visier] haben fam
    why do you have a \down on him? was hast du gegen ihn?
    3. AM FBALL Versuch m
    it's second \down es ist der zweite Versuch
    \down with taxes! weg mit den Steuern!
    \down with the dictator! nieder mit dem Diktator!
    down2
    [daʊn]
    I. n no pl
    1. (soft feathers) Daunen pl, Flaumfedern pl
    2. (soft hair or fluff) [Bart]flaum m, feine Härchen
    II. n modifier Daunen-
    \down jacket/quilt Daunenjacke f/-decke f
    down3
    [daʊn]
    n esp BRIT Hügelland nt, [baumloser] Höhenzug
    ▪ the \downs pl die Downs (an der Südküste Englands)
    * * *
    I [daʊn]
    1. ADVERB
    When down is an element in a phrasal verb, eg get down, sit down, stand down, write down, look up the verb.

    to jump down — herunter-/hinunterspringen

    on his way down from the summit — auf seinem Weg vom Gipfel herab/hinab

    down! (to dog) — Platz! __diams; down with...! nieder mit...!

    down there — da unten

    I'll stay down here —

    it needs a bit of paint down at the bottom — es muss unten herum neu gestrichen werden

    don't kick a man when he's down (fig) — man soll jemanden nicht fertigmachen, wenn er schon angeschlagen ist or wenns ihm dreckig geht (inf)

    the sun was down —

    I'll be down in a minute —

    3)

    = to or in another place usu not translated he came down from London yesterday — er kam gestern aus London

    he's down in London/at his brother's — er ist in London/bei seinem Bruder

    we're going down to the seaside/to Dover — wir fahren an die See/nach Dover

    4)

    = below previous level his temperature is down —

    his shoes were worn down the price of meat is down on last week — seine Schuhe waren abgetragen der Fleischpreis ist gegenüber der letzten Woche gefallen

    interest rates are down to/by 3% — der Zinssatz ist auf/um 3% gefallen

    I'm £20 down on what I expected — ich habe £ 20 weniger als ich dachte

    he's down to his last £10 — er hat nur noch £ 10

    See:
    → luck
    5)

    in writing I've got it down in my diary — ich habe es in meinem Kalender notiert

    let's get it down on paper — schreiben wir es auf, halten wir es schriftlich fest

    when you see it down on paper — wenn man es schwarz auf weiß sieht

    6)

    indicating range or succession usu not translated from the biggest down — vom Größten angefangen

    from 1700 down to the present —

    7) indicating responsibility __diams; to be down to sb/sth (= caused by) an jdm/etw liegen
    8)

    as deposit to pay £20 down — £ 20 anzahlen

    I've put down a deposit on a new bike —

    2. PREPOSITION
    1)

    indicating movement downwards to go/come down the hill/the stairs etc — den Berg/die Treppe etc hinuntergehen/herunterkommen

    her hair fell loose down her back — sie trug ihr Haar offen über die Schultern

    2)

    at a lower part of he's already halfway down the hill — er ist schon auf halbem Wege nach unten

    3)

    = along he was walking/coming down the street — er ging/kam die Straße entlang

    if you look down this road, you can see... — wenn Sie diese Straße hinunterblicken, können Sie... sehen

    4)

    = throughout down the centuries — durch die Jahrhunderte (hindurch)

    5)

    = to, in, at Brit inf he's gone down the pub — er ist in die Kneipe gegangen

    3. NOUN
    (= dislike) __diams; to have a down on sb (inf) jdn auf dem Kieker haben (inf) → up
    See:
    → up
    4. ADJECTIVE (inf)
    1)

    = depressed he was (feeling) a bit down — er fühlte sich ein wenig down (inf) or niedergeschlagen

    2)

    = not working to be down — außer Betrieb sein; (Comput) abgestürzt sein

    5. TRANSITIVE VERB
    opponent niederschlagen, zu Fall bringen; enemy planes abschießen, (he)runterholen (inf); (FTBL ETC, inf) player legen (inf); beer etc runterkippen or -schütten (inf) II
    n
    (= feathers) Daunen pl, Flaumfedern pl; (= fine hair) Flaum m III
    n usu pl (GEOG)
    Hügelland nt no pl
    * * *
    down1 [daʊn]
    A adv
    1. nach unten, herunter, hinunter, herab, hinab, ab-, niederwärts, zum Boden, zum Grund, (in Kreuzworträtseln) senkrecht:
    down from fort von, von … herab;
    paralysed from the waist down von der Hüfte abwärts gelähmt;
    down to bis hinunter oder hinab zu;
    down to our times bis in unsere Zeit;
    down to the last detail bis ins letzte Detail;
    down to the last man bis zum letzten Mann;
    from … down to von … bis hinunter zu;
    down to the ground umg vollständig, absolut, ganz und gar;
    suit sb down to the ground umg genau das Richtige für jemanden sein;
    a) über jemanden herfallen,
    b) jemanden auf dem Kieker haben umg
    2. nieder…: → burn down, etc
    3. (in) bar, sofort:
    ten dollars down 10 Dollar (in) bar; → pay down
    4. zu Papier, nieder…: → take down 8, etc
    5. vorgemerkt, angesetzt:
    the bill is down for the third reading today heute steht die dritte Lesung der Gesetzesvorlage auf der Tagesordnung;
    be down for Friday für Freitag angesetzt sein
    6. von einer großen Stadt ( in England: von London) weg:
    go down to the country aufs Land fahren; → go down 12
    7. besonders US
    a) zu einer großen Stadt hin
    b) zur Endstation hin
    c) ins Geschäftsviertel
    8. (nach Süden) hinunter
    9. a) mit dem Strom, flussabwärts
    b) mit dem Wind
    10. Br von der Universität: → go down 10, send down 2
    11. nieder!:
    down with the capitalists! nieder mit den Kapitalisten!;
    down on your knees! auf die Knie (mit dir)!
    12. (dr)unten:
    down there dort unten;
    down under umg in oder nach Australien oder Neuseeland
    13. unten (im Hause), aufgestanden:
    he is not down yet er ist noch oben oder im Schlafzimmer
    14. untergegangen (Sonne)
    15. a) heruntergegangen, gefallen (Preise)
    b) billiger (Waren)
    16. gefallen (Thermometer etc):
    be down by 10 degrees um 10 Grad gefallen sein
    17. Br
    a) nicht in London
    b) nicht an der Universität
    18. a) nieder-, hingestreckt, am Boden (liegend)
    b) Boxen: am Boden, unten umg:
    down and out k. o., fig (auch physisch od psychisch) erledigt umg, ruiniert
    c) erschöpft, kaputt, fix und fertig (beide umg)
    d) deprimiert, niedergeschlagen, down umg: → mouth A 1
    e) heruntergekommen, in elenden Verhältnissen (lebend): → come down 4, heel1 Bes Redew
    f) außer Betrieb (Computer)
    19. bettlägerig:
    be down with influenza mit Grippe im Bett liegen
    20. SPORT (um Punkte etc) zurück:
    he was two points down er war oder lag 2 Punkte zurück;
    they are 1-4 down sie liegen mit 1:4 im Rückstand (to gegen)
    B adj
    1. nach unten oder abwärtsgerichtet, Abwärts…:
    a down jump ein Sprung nach unten
    2. unten befindlich
    3. deprimiert, niedergeschlagen
    4. Br von London abfahrend oder kommend (Zug):
    down platform Abfahrtsbahnsteig m (in London)
    5. besonders US
    a) in Richtung nach einer großen Stadt
    b) zum Geschäftsviertel (hin), in die Stadtmitte
    6. Bar…: → down payment
    7. besonders US sl deprimierend
    C präp
    1. herunter, hinunter, herab, hinab, entlang:
    down the hill den Hügel hinunter;
    down the river den Fluss hinunter, flussab(wärts);
    down the middle durch die Mitte;
    down the street die Straße entlang oder hinunter
    2. (in derselben Richtung) mit:
    down the wind mit dem Wind
    3. a) hinunter in (akk)
    b) hinein in (akk)
    4. unten an (dat):
    further down the Rhine weiter unten am Rhein
    5. zeitlich: durch … (hindurch): → age A 4
    D s
    1. fig
    a) Abstieg m
    b) Nieder-, Rückgang m
    2. Tiefpunkt m, -stand m
    3. Depression f, (seelischer) Tiefpunkt
    4. umg Groll m:
    have a down on sb jemanden auf dem Kieker haben
    5. → downer 1
    E v/t
    1. zu Fall bringen ( auch SPORT und fig)
    2. niederschlagen
    3. niederlegen:
    down tools die Arbeit niederlegen, in den Streik treten
    4. ein Flugzeug abschießen, runterholen umg
    5. einen Reiter abwerfen
    6. umg ein Getränk runterkippen
    F v/i
    1. umg
    a) hinunterrutschen (Speise)
    b) (gut) schmecken
    2. besonders US sl Beruhigungsmittel nehmen
    down2 [daʊn] s
    1. ORN
    a) Daunen pl, flaumiges Gefieder:
    dead down Raufdaunen;
    live down Nestdaunen;
    down quilt Daunendecke f
    b) Daune f, Flaumfeder f:
    in the down noch nicht flügge
    2. ( auch Bart)Flaum m, feine Härchen pl
    3. BOT
    a) feiner Flaum
    b) haarige Samenkrone, Pappus m
    4. weiche, flaumige Masse
    down3 [daʊn] s
    1. obs
    a) Hügel m
    b) Sandhügel m, besonders Düne f
    2. pl waldloses, besonders grasbedecktes Hügelland:
    b) Reede an der Südostküste Englands, vor der Stadt Deal
    * * *
    I noun
    (Geog.) [baumloser] Höhenzug; in pl. Downs Pl. (an der Süd- und Südostküste Englands)
    II noun
    1) (of bird) Daunen Pl.; Flaum, der
    2) (hair) Flaum, der
    III 1. adverb
    1) (to lower place, to downstairs, southwards) runter (bes. ugs.); herunter/hinunter (bes. schriftsprachlich); (in lift) abwärts; (in crossword puzzle) senkrecht

    [right] down to something — [ganz] bis zu etwas her-/hinunter

    go down to the shops/the end of the road — zu den Läden/zum Ende der Straße hinuntergehen

    2) (Brit.): (from capital) raus (bes. ugs.); heraus/hinaus (bes. schriftsprachlich)

    get down to Reading from London — von London nach Reading raus-/hinausfahren

    come down from Edinburgh to London — von Edinburgh nach London [he]runterkommen

    pay for something cash down — etwas [in] bar bezahlen

    4) (into prostration) nieder[fallen, -geschlagen werden]

    shout the place/house down — (fig.) schreien, dass die Wände zittern

    put a meeting down for 2 p.m. — ein Treffen für od. auf 14 Uhr ansetzen

    7) as int. runter! (bes. ugs.); (to dog) leg dich!; nieder!; (Mil.) hinlegen!

    down with imperialism/the president! — nieder mit dem Imperialismus/dem Präsidenten!

    8) (in lower place, downstairs, in fallen position, in south) unten

    low/lower down — tief/tiefer unten

    down there/here — da/hier unten

    down in Wales/in the country — weit weg in Wales/draußen auf dem Lande

    down south/east — (Amer.) in den Südstaaten/im Osten

    down [on the floor] — (Boxing) am Boden; auf den Brettern

    down and out — (Boxing) k. o.; (fig.) fertig (ugs.)

    9) (prostrate) auf dem Fußboden/der Erde

    be down in writing/on paper/in print — niedergeschrieben/zu Papier gebracht/gedruckt sein

    11) (on programme) angesetzt [Termin, Treffen]
    12) (facing downwards, bowed) zu Boden

    be down — (brought to the ground) am Boden liegen

    down [in the mouth] — niedergeschlagen

    14) (now cheaper) [jetzt] billiger
    15)

    be down to... — (have only... left) nichts mehr haben außer...

    we're down to our last £100 — wir haben nur noch 100 Pfund

    17) (including lower limit)

    from... down to... — von... bis zu... hinunter

    be three points/games down — mit drei Punkten/Spielen zurückliegen

    be down on one's luck — eine Pechsträhne haben. See also up 1.

    2. preposition
    1) (downwards along, from top to bottom of) runter (bes. ugs.); herunter/hinunter (bes. schriftsprachlich)

    fall down the stairs/steps — die Treppe/Stufen herunterstürzen

    walk down the hill/road — den Hügel/die Straße heruntergehen

    3) (downwards into) rein in (+ Akk.) (bes. ugs.); hinein in (+ Akk.) (bes. schriftsprachlich)

    fall down a hole/ditch — in ein Loch/einen Graben fallen

    4) (downwards over) über (+ Akk.)

    spill water all down one's skirt — sich (Dat.) Wasser über den Rock gießen

    go down the pub/disco — (Brit. coll.) in die Kneipe/Disko gehen

    further down the ladder/coast — weiter unten auf der Leiter/an der Küste

    9) (all over) überall auf (+ Dat.)

    I've got coffee [all] down my skirt — mein ganzer Rock ist voll Kaffee

    10) (Brit. coll.): (in, at)

    down the pub/café/town — in der Kneipe/im Café/in der Stadt

    3. adjective
    (directed downwards) nach unten führend [Rohr, Kabel]; [Rolltreppe] nach unten; nach unten gerichtet [Kolbenhub, Sog]; aus der Hauptstadt herausführend [Bahnlinie]
    4. transitive verb
    (coll.)
    1) (knock down) auf die Bretter schicken [Boxer]
    2) (drink down) leer machen (ugs.) [Flasche, Glas]; schlucken (ugs.) [Getränk]
    3)

    down tools — (cease work) zu arbeiten aufhören; (take a break) die Arbeit unterbrechen; (go on strike) die Arbeit niederlegen

    4) (shoot down) abschießen, (ugs.) runterholen [Flugzeug]
    5. noun
    (coll.)

    have a down on somebody/something — jemanden/etwas auf dem Kieker haben (ugs.); see also up 4.

    •• Cultural note:
    Der Name einer Straße in Westminster im Zentrum von London. Das Haus mit der Nummer 10 in der Downing Street ist der offizielle Sitz des Premierministers und das mit der Nummer 11 der des Finanzministers. Unter Journalisten ist der Ausdruck Downing Street oder Number 10 gebräuchlich, wenn vom Amtssitz des Premierministers die Rede ist
    * * *
    (fluff) n.
    Flaum nur sing. m. (feathers) n.
    Daune -n f. adj.
    abwärts adj.
    herab adj.
    herunter adj.
    hinab adj.
    hinunter adj.
    nieder adj.
    rückwärts adj.
    unten adj.
    zusammengebrochen (alt.Rechtschreibung) adj.

    English-german dictionary > down

  • 8 Down

    I noun
    (Geog.) [baumloser] Höhenzug; in pl. Downs Pl. (an der Süd- und Südostküste Englands)
    II noun
    1) (of bird) Daunen Pl.; Flaum, der
    2) (hair) Flaum, der
    III 1. adverb
    1) (to lower place, to downstairs, southwards) runter (bes. ugs.); herunter/hinunter (bes. schriftsprachlich); (in lift) abwärts; (in crossword puzzle) senkrecht

    [right] down to something — [ganz] bis zu etwas her-/hinunter

    go down to the shops/the end of the road — zu den Läden/zum Ende der Straße hinuntergehen

    2) (Brit.): (from capital) raus (bes. ugs.); heraus/hinaus (bes. schriftsprachlich)

    get down to Reading from London — von London nach Reading raus-/hinausfahren

    come down from Edinburgh to London — von Edinburgh nach London [he]runterkommen

    3) (of money): (at once) sofort

    pay for something cash down — etwas [in] bar bezahlen

    4) (into prostration) nieder[fallen, -geschlagen werden]

    shout the place/house down — (fig.) schreien, dass die Wände zittern

    5) (on to paper)
    6) (on programme)

    put a meeting down for 2 p.m. — ein Treffen für od. auf 14 Uhr ansetzen

    7) as int. runter! (bes. ugs.); (to dog) leg dich!; nieder!; (Mil.) hinlegen!

    down with imperialism/the president! — nieder mit dem Imperialismus/dem Präsidenten!

    8) (in lower place, downstairs, in fallen position, in south) unten

    down on the floor — auf dem Fußboden

    low/lower down — tief/tiefer unten

    down there/here — da/hier unten

    his flat is on the next floor down — seine Wohnung ist ein Stockwerk tiefer

    down in Wales/in the country — weit weg in Wales/draußen auf dem Lande

    down south — unten im Süden (ugs.)

    down south/east — (Amer.) in den Südstaaten/im Osten

    down [on the floor] — (Boxing) am Boden; auf den Brettern

    down and out — (Boxing) k. o.; (fig.) fertig (ugs.)

    9) (prostrate) auf dem Fußboden/der Erde

    be down in writing/on paper/in print — niedergeschrieben/zu Papier gebracht/gedruckt sein

    11) (on programme) angesetzt [Termin, Treffen]
    12) (facing downwards, bowed) zu Boden

    be down — (brought to the ground) am Boden liegen

    down [in the mouth] — niedergeschlagen

    14) (now cheaper) [jetzt] billiger
    15)

    be down to... — (have only... left) nichts mehr haben außer...

    we're down to our last £100 — wir haben nur noch 100 Pfund

    now it's down to him to do something — nun liegt es bei od. an ihm, etwas zu tun

    16) (to reduced consistency or size)
    17) (including lower limit)

    from... down to... — von... bis zu... hinunter

    18) (in position of lagging or loss) weniger

    be three points/games down — mit drei Punkten/Spielen zurückliegen

    be down on one's luck — eine Pechsträhne haben. See also academic.ru/79258/up">up 1.

    2. preposition
    1) (downwards along, from top to bottom of) runter (bes. ugs.); herunter/hinunter (bes. schriftsprachlich)

    fall down the stairs/steps — die Treppe/Stufen herunterstürzen

    walk down the hill/road — den Hügel/die Straße heruntergehen

    3) (downwards into) rein in (+ Akk.) (bes. ugs.); hinein in (+ Akk.) (bes. schriftsprachlich)

    fall down a hole/ditch — in ein Loch/einen Graben fallen

    4) (downwards over) über (+ Akk.)

    spill water all down one's skirt — sich (Dat.) Wasser über den Rock gießen

    go down the pub/disco — (Brit. coll.) in die Kneipe/Disko gehen

    7) (at or in a lower position in or on) [weiter] unten

    further down the ladder/coast — weiter unten auf der Leiter/an der Küste

    8) (from top to bottom along) an (+ Dat.)
    9) (all over) überall auf (+ Dat.)

    I've got coffee [all] down my skirt — mein ganzer Rock ist voll Kaffee

    10) (Brit. coll.): (in, at)

    down the pub/café/town — in der Kneipe/im Café/in der Stadt

    3. adjective
    (directed downwards) nach unten führend [Rohr, Kabel]; [Rolltreppe] nach unten; nach unten gerichtet [Kolbenhub, Sog]; aus der Hauptstadt herausführend [Bahnlinie]
    4. transitive verb
    (coll.)
    1) (knock down) auf die Bretter schicken [Boxer]
    2) (drink down) leer machen (ugs.) [Flasche, Glas]; schlucken (ugs.) [Getränk]
    3)

    down tools — (cease work) zu arbeiten aufhören; (take a break) die Arbeit unterbrechen; (go on strike) die Arbeit niederlegen

    4) (shoot down) abschießen, (ugs.) runterholen [Flugzeug]
    5. noun
    (coll.)

    have a down on somebody/something — jemanden/etwas auf dem Kieker haben (ugs.); see also up 4.

    •• Cultural note:
    Der Name einer Straße in Westminster im Zentrum von London. Das Haus mit der Nummer 10 in der Downing Street ist der offizielle Sitz des Premierministers und das mit der Nummer 11 der des Finanzministers. Unter Journalisten ist der Ausdruck Downing Street oder Number 10 gebräuchlich, wenn vom Amtssitz des Premierministers die Rede ist
    * * *
    I 1. adverb
    1) (towards or in a low or lower position, level or state: He climbed down to the bottom of the ladder.) hinunter
    2) (on or to the ground: The little boy fell down and cut his knee.) zum/auf den Boden
    3) (from earlier to later times: The recipe has been handed down in our family for years.) weiter
    4) (from a greater to a smaller size, amount etc: Prices have been going down steadily.) gefallen
    5) (towards or in a place thought of as being lower, especially southward or away from a centre: We went down from Glasgow to Bristol.) hinunter
    2. preposition
    1) (in a lower position on: Their house is halfway down the hill.) hinunter
    2) (to a lower position on, by, through or along: Water poured down the drain.) hinunter
    3) (along: The teacher's gaze travelled slowly down the line of children.) entlang
    3. verb
    (to finish (a drink) very quickly, especially in one gulp: He downed a pint of beer.) hinunterkippen
    - downward
    - downwards
    - downward
    - down-and-out
    - down-at-heel
    - downcast
    - downfall
    - downgrade
    - downhearted
    - downhill
    - downhill racing
    - downhill skiing
    - down-in-the-mouth
    - down payment
    - downpour
    - downright     4. adjective
    - downstairs
    - downstream
    - down-to-earth
    - downtown
    - downtown
    - down-trodden
    - be/go down with
    - down on one's luck
    - down tools
    - down with
    - get down to
    - suit someone down to the ground
    - suit down to the ground     II noun
    (small, soft feathers: a quilt filled with down.) Daunen (pl.)
    - downie®
    - downy
    * * *
    down1
    [daʊn]
    1. (movement to a lower position) hinunter, hinab geh; (towards the speaker) herunter, herab geh
    get \down off that table! komm sofort vom Tisch herunter!
    the leaflet slipped \down behind the wardrobe die Broschüre ist hinter den Kleiderschrank gerutscht
    come further \down [the steps] komm noch etwas weiter [die Treppe] runter fam
    “\down!” (to a dog) „Platz!“
    ▪ to fall \down (drop) hinunterfallen; (fall over) umfallen; (stumble) hinfallen
    ▪ to let sth \down etw herunterlassen
    to lie sth \down etw hinlegen [o ablegen]
    to pull sth \down etw nach unten ziehen
    to put \down sth etw hinstellen [o abstellen
    2. (downwards) nach unten
    head \down mit dem Kopf nach unten
    to be [or lie] face \down auf dem Bauch [o mit dem Gesicht nach unten] liegen
    to point down nach unten zeigen
    \down here/there hier/dort unten
    \down at/by/in sth unten an/bei/in etw dat
    4. inv (in the south) im Süden, unten fam; (towards the south) in den Süden, runter fam
    things are much more expensive \down [in the] south unten im Süden ist alles viel teurer
    how often do you come \down to Cornwall? wie oft kommen Sie nach Cornwall runter? fam
    5. inv (away from the centre) außerhalb
    my parents live \down in Worcestershire meine Eltern leben außerhalb [von hier] in Worcestershire
    he has a house \down by the harbour er hat ein Haus draußen am Hafen
    \down our way hier in unserem Viertel [o unserer Gegend] [o SCHWEIZ Quartier
    6. ( fam: badly off) unten
    she's certainly come \down in the world! mit ihr ist es ganz schön bergab gegangen! fam
    to be \down on one's luck eine Pechsträhne haben
    she's been \down on her luck recently in letzter Zeit ist sie vom Pech verfolgt
    to hit [or kick] sb when he's \down jdn treten, wenn er schon am Boden liegt fig
    ▪ to be \down to sth nur noch etw haben
    when the rescue party found her, she was \down to her last bar of chocolate als die Rettungsmannschaft sie fand, hatte sie nur noch einen Riegel Schokolade
    8. (ill)
    to be \down with sth an etw dat erkrankt sein
    she's \down with flu sie liegt mit einer Grippe im Bett
    to come [or go] \down with sth an etw dat erkranken, etw kriegen fam
    I think I'm going \down with a cold ich glaube, ich kriege eine Erkältung fam
    9. SPORT im Rückstand
    Milan were three goals \down at half-time zur Halbzeit lag Mailand [um] drei Tore zurück
    10. (back in time, to a later time)
    Joan of Arc's fame has echoed \down [through] the centuries Jeanne d'Arcs Ruhm hat die Jahrhunderte überdauert
    \down to the last century bis ins vorige Jahrhundert [hinein]
    to come \down myths überliefert werden
    to pass [or hand] sth \down etw weitergeben [o überliefern
    11. (at/to a lower amount) niedriger
    the pay offer is \down 2% from last year das Lohnangebot liegt 2 % unter dem vom Vorjahr
    he quit the poker game when he was only $50 \down er hörte mit dem Pokerspiel auf, als er erst 50 Dollar verloren hatte
    to get the price \down den Preis drücken [o herunterhandeln]
    to go \down sinken
    the number of students has gone \down die Zahl der Studierenden ist gesunken
    12. (in/to a less intense degree) herunter
    let the fire burn \down lass das Feuer herunterbrennen
    settle \down, you two gebt mal ein bisschen Ruhe, ihr zwei
    to turn the music/radio \down die Musik/das Radio leiser stellen [o machen]
    to water a drink \down ein Getränk verwässern
    13. (including) bis einschließlich
    the entire administration has come under suspicion, from the mayor \down das gesamte Verwaltungspersonal, angefangen beim Bürgermeister, ist in Verdacht geraten
    everyone, from the director \down to the secretaries, was questioned by the police vom Direktor angefangen bis hin zu den Sekretärinnen, wurde jeder von der Polizei verhört
    to have sth \down in writing [or on paper] etw schriftlich [o fam schwarz auf weiß] haben
    to get [or put] sb \down for sth jdn für etw akk vormerken
    we've got you \down for five tickets wir haben fünf Karten für Sie vorbestellt
    15. (swallowed) hinunter, runter fam
    to get sth \down etw [hinunter]schlucken
    she couldn't get the pill \down sie brachte die Tablette nicht hinunter fam
    you'll feel better once you've got some hot soup \down du wirst dich besser fühlen, sobald du ein bisschen heiße Suppe gegessen hast
    16. (thoroughly) gründlich
    he washed the car \down er wusch den Wagen von oben bis unten
    17. (already finished) vorbei
    two lectures \down, eight to go zwei Vorlesungen haben wir schon besucht, es bleiben also noch acht
    18. (as initial payment) als Anzahlung
    to pay [or put] £100 \down 100 Pfund anzahlen
    ▪ to be \down to sth auf etw akk zurückzuführen sein
    the problem is \down to her inexperience, not any lack of intelligence es liegt an ihrer Unerfahrenheit, nicht an mangelnder Intelligenz
    to be [or AM also come] \down to sb jds Sache sein
    it's all \down to you now to make it work nun ist es an Ihnen, die Sache in Gang zu bringen
    20. (reduce to)
    to come \down to sth auf etw akk hinauslaufen
    what the problem comes \down to is this:... die entscheidende Frage ist:...
    well, if I bring it \down to its simplest level,... also, stark vereinfacht könnte man sagen,...
    21. (in crossword puzzles) senkrecht
    22.
    ▶ \down to the ground völlig, ganz und gar, total fam
    that suits me \down to the ground das ist genau das Richtige für mich
    1. (in a downward direction) hinunter; (towards the speaker) herunter
    my uncle's in hospital after falling \down some stairs mein Onkel ist im Krankenhaus, nachdem er die Treppe heruntergefallen [o hinuntergefallen] ist
    up and \down the stairs die Treppe rauf und runter fam
    she poured the liquid \down the sink sie schüttete die Flüssigkeit in den Abfluss
    2. (downhill) hinunter, hinab geh; (towards the speaker) herunter [o geh herab]
    to come \down the hill den Hügel heruntersteigen [o geh herabsteigen]
    to go \down the mountain den Berg hinuntersteigen [o geh hinabsteigen
    3. (along) entlang
    go \down the street gehen Sie die Straße entlang [o hinunter]
    her office is \down the corridor on the right ihr Büro ist weiter den Gang entlang auf der rechten Seite
    we drove \down the motorway as far as Bristol wir fuhren auf der Schnellstraße bis Bristol
    I ran my finger \down the list of ingredients ich ging mit dem Finger die Zutatenliste durch
    her long red hair reached most of the way \down her back ihre langen roten Haare bedeckten fast ihren ganzen Rücken
    to sail the boat \down the river mit dem Boot flussabwärts segeln
    4. (in a particular place)
    \down sb's way in jds Gegend
    they speak with a peculiar accent \down his way in seiner Ecke haben die Leute einen besonderen Akzent fam
    \down the ages von Generation zu Generation
    \down the centuries die Jahrhunderte hindurch
    \down the generations über Generationen hinweg
    6. BRIT, AUS ( fam: to)
    I went \down the pub with my mates ich ging mit meinen Freunden in die Kneipe
    to go \down the shops einkaufen gehen
    7. (inside) in + dat
    you'll feel better once you've got some hot soup \down you du wirst dich besser fühlen, sobald du ein bisschen heiße Suppe im Magen hast
    8.
    ▶ to go \down the drain [or toilet] [or tube[s]] ( fam)
    ▶ to go \down the plughole [or BRIT also pan] [or AUS gurgler] ( fam) für die Katz sein sl
    we don't want all their hard work to go \down the drain ich möchte nicht, dass ihre harte Arbeit ganz umsonst ist
    ▶ \down the road [or line] [or track] auf der ganzen Linie fig, voll und ganz
    <more \down, most \down>
    1. attr, inv (moving downward) abwärtsführend, nach unten nach n
    the \down escalator die Rolltreppe nach unten
    2. pred ( fam: unhappy, sad) niedergeschlagen, down fam
    I've been feeling a bit \down this week diese Woche bin ich nicht so gut drauf fam
    3. pred, inv ( fam: disapproving of)
    ▪ to be \down on sb jdn auf dem Kieker [o ÖSTERR, SCHWEIZ im Visier] haben fam
    4. pred, inv (not functioning) außer Betrieb
    the computer will be \down for an hour der Computer wird für eine Stunde abgeschaltet
    I'm afraid the [telephone] lines are \down ich fürchte, die Telefonleitungen sind tot
    5. attr, inv BRIT ( dated: travelling away from the city) stadtauswärts fahrend attr
    \down platform Bahnsteig m [o SCHWEIZ Perron m] für stadtauswärts fahrende Züge
    6. (sunk to a low level) niedrig
    the river is \down der Fluss hat [o geh führt] Niedrigwasser
    1. (knock down)
    ▪ to \down sb jdn zu Fall bringen; BOXING jdn niederschlagen [o sl auf die Bretter schicken
    2. (shoot down)
    ▪ to \down sth etw abschießen [o fam runterholen
    to \down tools (cease work) mit der Arbeit aufhören; (have a break) die Arbeit unterbrechen; (during a strike) die Arbeit niederlegen
    the printers are threatening to \down tools die Drucker drohen mit Arbeitsniederlegungen
    4. AM, AUS SPORT (beat)
    ▪ to \down sb jdn schlagen [o fam fertigmachen
    5.
    ▪ to \down sth (swallow) etw hinunterschlucken; (eat) etw essen; (eat quickly) etw verschlingen [o hinunterschlingen]; (drink) etw trinken; (drink quickly) etw hinunterkippen [o fam runterschütten] [o SCHWEIZ runterleeren]
    he'd \downed four beers er hatte vier Bier gekippt fam
    V. NOUN
    1. (bad fortune) Tiefpunkt m, schlechte Zeit
    ups and \downs Auf und Ab nt
    well, we've had our ups and \downs wir haben schon Höhen und Tiefen durchgemacht
    2. no pl ( fam: dislike) Groll m
    ▪ to have a \down on sb jdn auf dem Kieker [o ÖSTERR, SCHWEIZ im Visier] haben fam
    why do you have a \down on him? was hast du gegen ihn?
    3. AM FBALL Versuch m
    it's second \down es ist der zweite Versuch
    \down with taxes! weg mit den Steuern!
    \down with the dictator! nieder mit dem Diktator!
    down2
    [daʊn]
    I. n no pl
    1. (soft feathers) Daunen pl, Flaumfedern pl
    2. (soft hair or fluff) [Bart]flaum m, feine Härchen
    II. n modifier Daunen-
    \down jacket/quilt Daunenjacke f/-decke f
    down3
    [daʊn]
    n esp BRIT Hügelland nt, [baumloser] Höhenzug
    ▪ the \downs pl die Downs (an der Südküste Englands)
    * * *
    I [daʊn]
    1. ADVERB
    When down is an element in a phrasal verb, eg get down, sit down, stand down, write down, look up the verb.

    to jump down — herunter-/hinunterspringen

    on his way down from the summit — auf seinem Weg vom Gipfel herab/hinab

    down! (to dog) — Platz! __diams; down with...! nieder mit...!

    down there — da unten

    I'll stay down here —

    it needs a bit of paint down at the bottom — es muss unten herum neu gestrichen werden

    don't kick a man when he's down (fig) — man soll jemanden nicht fertigmachen, wenn er schon angeschlagen ist or wenns ihm dreckig geht (inf)

    the sun was down —

    I'll be down in a minute —

    3)

    = to or in another place usu not translated he came down from London yesterday — er kam gestern aus London

    he's down in London/at his brother's — er ist in London/bei seinem Bruder

    we're going down to the seaside/to Dover — wir fahren an die See/nach Dover

    4)

    = below previous level his temperature is down —

    his shoes were worn down the price of meat is down on last week — seine Schuhe waren abgetragen der Fleischpreis ist gegenüber der letzten Woche gefallen

    interest rates are down to/by 3% — der Zinssatz ist auf/um 3% gefallen

    I'm £20 down on what I expected — ich habe £ 20 weniger als ich dachte

    he's down to his last £10 — er hat nur noch £ 10

    See:
    → luck
    5)

    in writing I've got it down in my diary — ich habe es in meinem Kalender notiert

    let's get it down on paper — schreiben wir es auf, halten wir es schriftlich fest

    when you see it down on paper — wenn man es schwarz auf weiß sieht

    6)

    indicating range or succession usu not translated from the biggest down — vom Größten angefangen

    from 1700 down to the present —

    7) indicating responsibility __diams; to be down to sb/sth (= caused by) an jdm/etw liegen
    8)

    as deposit to pay £20 down — £ 20 anzahlen

    I've put down a deposit on a new bike —

    2. PREPOSITION
    1)

    indicating movement downwards to go/come down the hill/the stairs etc — den Berg/die Treppe etc hinuntergehen/herunterkommen

    her hair fell loose down her back — sie trug ihr Haar offen über die Schultern

    2)

    at a lower part of he's already halfway down the hill — er ist schon auf halbem Wege nach unten

    3)

    = along he was walking/coming down the street — er ging/kam die Straße entlang

    if you look down this road, you can see... — wenn Sie diese Straße hinunterblicken, können Sie... sehen

    4)

    = throughout down the centuries — durch die Jahrhunderte (hindurch)

    5)

    = to, in, at Brit inf he's gone down the pub — er ist in die Kneipe gegangen

    3. NOUN
    (= dislike) __diams; to have a down on sb (inf) jdn auf dem Kieker haben (inf) → up
    See:
    → up
    4. ADJECTIVE (inf)
    1)

    = depressed he was (feeling) a bit down — er fühlte sich ein wenig down (inf) or niedergeschlagen

    2)

    = not working to be down — außer Betrieb sein; (Comput) abgestürzt sein

    5. TRANSITIVE VERB
    opponent niederschlagen, zu Fall bringen; enemy planes abschießen, (he)runterholen (inf); (FTBL ETC, inf) player legen (inf); beer etc runterkippen or -schütten (inf) II
    n
    (= feathers) Daunen pl, Flaumfedern pl; (= fine hair) Flaum m III
    n usu pl (GEOG)
    Hügelland nt no pl
    * * *
    Down [daʊn] s Down n (Grafschaft in Nordirland)
    * * *
    I noun
    (Geog.) [baumloser] Höhenzug; in pl. Downs Pl. (an der Süd- und Südostküste Englands)
    II noun
    1) (of bird) Daunen Pl.; Flaum, der
    2) (hair) Flaum, der
    III 1. adverb
    1) (to lower place, to downstairs, southwards) runter (bes. ugs.); herunter/hinunter (bes. schriftsprachlich); (in lift) abwärts; (in crossword puzzle) senkrecht

    [right] down to something — [ganz] bis zu etwas her-/hinunter

    go down to the shops/the end of the road — zu den Läden/zum Ende der Straße hinuntergehen

    2) (Brit.): (from capital) raus (bes. ugs.); heraus/hinaus (bes. schriftsprachlich)

    get down to Reading from London — von London nach Reading raus-/hinausfahren

    come down from Edinburgh to London — von Edinburgh nach London [he]runterkommen

    pay for something cash down — etwas [in] bar bezahlen

    4) (into prostration) nieder[fallen, -geschlagen werden]

    shout the place/house down — (fig.) schreien, dass die Wände zittern

    put a meeting down for 2 p.m. — ein Treffen für od. auf 14 Uhr ansetzen

    7) as int. runter! (bes. ugs.); (to dog) leg dich!; nieder!; (Mil.) hinlegen!

    down with imperialism/the president! — nieder mit dem Imperialismus/dem Präsidenten!

    8) (in lower place, downstairs, in fallen position, in south) unten

    low/lower down — tief/tiefer unten

    down there/here — da/hier unten

    down in Wales/in the country — weit weg in Wales/draußen auf dem Lande

    down south/east — (Amer.) in den Südstaaten/im Osten

    down [on the floor] — (Boxing) am Boden; auf den Brettern

    down and out — (Boxing) k. o.; (fig.) fertig (ugs.)

    9) (prostrate) auf dem Fußboden/der Erde

    be down in writing/on paper/in print — niedergeschrieben/zu Papier gebracht/gedruckt sein

    11) (on programme) angesetzt [Termin, Treffen]
    12) (facing downwards, bowed) zu Boden

    be down — (brought to the ground) am Boden liegen

    down [in the mouth] — niedergeschlagen

    14) (now cheaper) [jetzt] billiger
    15)

    be down to... — (have only... left) nichts mehr haben außer...

    we're down to our last £100 — wir haben nur noch 100 Pfund

    17) (including lower limit)

    from... down to... — von... bis zu... hinunter

    be three points/games down — mit drei Punkten/Spielen zurückliegen

    be down on one's luck — eine Pechsträhne haben. See also up 1.

    2. preposition
    1) (downwards along, from top to bottom of) runter (bes. ugs.); herunter/hinunter (bes. schriftsprachlich)

    fall down the stairs/steps — die Treppe/Stufen herunterstürzen

    walk down the hill/road — den Hügel/die Straße heruntergehen

    3) (downwards into) rein in (+ Akk.) (bes. ugs.); hinein in (+ Akk.) (bes. schriftsprachlich)

    fall down a hole/ditch — in ein Loch/einen Graben fallen

    4) (downwards over) über (+ Akk.)

    spill water all down one's skirt — sich (Dat.) Wasser über den Rock gießen

    go down the pub/disco — (Brit. coll.) in die Kneipe/Disko gehen

    further down the ladder/coast — weiter unten auf der Leiter/an der Küste

    9) (all over) überall auf (+ Dat.)

    I've got coffee [all] down my skirt — mein ganzer Rock ist voll Kaffee

    10) (Brit. coll.): (in, at)

    down the pub/café/town — in der Kneipe/im Café/in der Stadt

    3. adjective
    (directed downwards) nach unten führend [Rohr, Kabel]; [Rolltreppe] nach unten; nach unten gerichtet [Kolbenhub, Sog]; aus der Hauptstadt herausführend [Bahnlinie]
    4. transitive verb
    (coll.)
    1) (knock down) auf die Bretter schicken [Boxer]
    2) (drink down) leer machen (ugs.) [Flasche, Glas]; schlucken (ugs.) [Getränk]
    3)

    down tools — (cease work) zu arbeiten aufhören; (take a break) die Arbeit unterbrechen; (go on strike) die Arbeit niederlegen

    4) (shoot down) abschießen, (ugs.) runterholen [Flugzeug]
    5. noun
    (coll.)

    have a down on somebody/something — jemanden/etwas auf dem Kieker haben (ugs.); see also up 4.

    •• Cultural note:
    Der Name einer Straße in Westminster im Zentrum von London. Das Haus mit der Nummer 10 in der Downing Street ist der offizielle Sitz des Premierministers und das mit der Nummer 11 der des Finanzministers. Unter Journalisten ist der Ausdruck Downing Street oder Number 10 gebräuchlich, wenn vom Amtssitz des Premierministers die Rede ist
    * * *
    (fluff) n.
    Flaum nur sing. m. (feathers) n.
    Daune -n f. adj.
    abwärts adj.
    herab adj.
    herunter adj.
    hinab adj.
    hinunter adj.
    nieder adj.
    rückwärts adj.
    unten adj.
    zusammengebrochen (alt.Rechtschreibung) adj.

    English-german dictionary > Down

  • 9 back

    bæk
    1. noun
    1) (in man, the part of the body from the neck to the bottom of the spine: She lay on her back.) espalda
    2) (in animals, the upper part of the body: She put the saddle on the horse's back.) lomo
    3) (that part of anything opposite to or furthest from the front: the back of the house; She sat at the back of the hall.) parte trasera, fondo
    4) (in football, hockey etc a player who plays behind the forwards.) defensa

    2. adjective
    (of or at the back: the back door.) de detrás, trasero

    3. adverb
    1) (to, or at, the place or person from which a person or thing came: I went back to the shop; He gave the car back to its owner.) de vuelta
    2) (away (from something); not near (something): Move back! Let the ambulance get to the injured man; Keep back from me or I'll hit you!) hacia atrás, para atrás
    3) (towards the back (of something): Sit back in your chair.) hacia atrás, para atrás
    4) (in return; in response to: When the teacher is scolding you, don't answer back.) de vuelta
    5) (to, or in, the past: Think back to your childhood.) atrás

    4. verb
    1) (to (cause to) move backwards: He backed (his car) out of the garage.) dar marcha atrás, mover hacia atrás
    2) (to help or support: Will you back me against the others?) apoyar
    3) (to bet or gamble on: I backed your horse to win.) apostar a
    •
    - backbite
    - backbiting
    - backbone
    - backbreaking
    - backdate
    - backfire
    - background
    - backhand
    5. adverb
    (using backhand: She played the stroke backhand; She writes backhand.) del revés; con el dorso de la mano
    - back-number
    - backpack
    - backpacking: go backpacking
    - backpacker
    - backside
    - backslash
    - backstroke
    - backup
    - backwash
    - backwater
    - backyard
    - back down
    - back of
    - back on to
    - back out
    - back up
    - have one's back to the wall
    - put someone's back up
    - take a back seat
    back1 adj trasero / de atrás
    back2 adv
    1. atrás / hacia atrás
    stand back! ¡atrás! / ¡apártate!
    2. de vuelta
    3. hace
    that was years back! ¡eso fue hace años!
    we met back in 1983 nos conocimos en 1983 back también combina con muchos verbos. Aquí tienes algunos ejemplos
    back3 n
    1. espalda
    lie on your back échate de espaldas / échate boca arriba
    2. dorso / revés
    3. parte de atrás / fondo
    can you hear me at the back? ¿me escucháis al fondo?
    back4 vb
    1. apoyar / respaldar
    2. dar marcha atrás
    he backed the car into the garage metió el coche en el garaje de culo / metió el coche en el garaje dando marcha atrás
    tr[bæk]
    1 (of person) espalda
    2 (of animal, book) lomo
    3 (of chair) respaldo
    4 (of hand) dorso
    5 (of knife, sword) canto
    6 (of coin, medal) reverso
    7 (of cheque) dorso
    8 (of stage, room, cupboard) fondo
    1 trasero,-a, de atrás
    1 (at the rear) atrás; (towards the rear) hacia atrás; (time) hace
    1 (support) apoyar, respaldar
    2 (finance) financiar
    3 (bet on) apostar por
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    back to back espalda con espalda
    back to front al revés
    to answer back replicar
    to be back estar de vuelta
    to be glad to see the back of somebody estar contento de haberse quitado a alguien de encima
    to carry on one's back llevar a cuestas
    to fall on one's back caerse de espaldas
    to have somebody on one's back tener a alguien encima
    to come back / go back volver
    to get somebody's back up mosquear a alguien
    to get off somebody's back dejar de fastidiar a alguien
    to hit back devolver el golpe 2 figurative use contestar a una acusación
    to have one's back to the wall figurative use estar entre la espada y la pared
    to lie on one's back estar acostado,-a boca arriba
    to give back devolver
    to put back volver a guardar en su sitio
    to phone back volver a llamar
    to stand back apartarse
    to turn one's back on somebody volver la espalda a alguien
    back copy número retrasado
    back door puerta trasera
    back number número atrasado
    back row última fila
    back seat asiento de atrás
    back street callejuela
    back wheel rueda trasera
    short back and sides corte nombre masculino de pelo casi al rape
    back ['bæk] vt
    1) or to back up support: apoyar, respaldar
    2) or to back up reverse: darle marcha atrás a (un vehículo)
    3) : estar detrás de, formar el fondo de
    trees back the garden: unos árboles están detrás del jardín
    back vi
    1) or to back up : retroceder
    2)
    to back away : echarse atrás
    3)
    to back downor to back out : volverse atrás, echarse para atrás
    back adv
    1) : atrás, hacia atrás, detrás
    to move back: moverse atrás
    back and forth: de acá para allá
    2) ago: atrás, antes, ya
    some years back: unos años atrás, ya unos años
    10 months back: hace diez meses
    3) : de vuelta, de regreso
    we're back: estamos de vuelta
    she ran back: volvió corriendo
    to call back: llamar de nuevo
    back adj
    1) rear: de atrás, posterior, trasero
    2) overdue: atrasado
    3)
    back pay : atrasos mpl
    back n
    1) : espalda f (de un ser humano), lomo m (de un animal)
    2) : respaldo m (de una silla), espalda f (de ropa)
    3) reverse: reverso m, dorso m, revés m
    4) rear: fondo m, parte f de atrás
    5) : defensa mf (en deportes)
    adj.
    • posterior adj.
    • trasero, -a adj.
    adv.
    • atrás adv.
    • detrás adv.
    • redro adv.
    n.
    • atrás s.m.
    • costilla s.f.
    • dorso s.m.
    • envés s.m.
    • espalda s.f.
    • espaldar s.m.
    • fondo s.m.
    • lomo s.m.
    • respaldo s.m.
    • reverso s.m.
    • revés s.m.
    • trasera s.f.
    v.
    • apadrinar v.
    • mover hacia atrás v.
    • respaldar v.
    bæk
    I
    1) c ( Anat) ( of human) espalda f; ( of animal) lomo m

    behind somebody's back: they laugh at him behind his back se ríen de él a sus espaldas; to be on somebody's back (colloq) estarle* encima a alguien; get off my back! déjame en paz (fam); to break the back of something hacer* la parte más difícil/la mayor parte de algo; to get o put somebody's back up (colloq) irritar a alguien; to put one's back into something poner* empeño en algo; to turn one's back on somebody — volverle* la espalda a alguien; scratch II d)

    2) c
    a) ( of chair) respaldo m; (of dress, jacket) espalda f; (of electrical appliance, watch) tapa f
    b) (reverse side - of envelope, photo) dorso m, revés m; (- of head) parte f posterior or de atrás; (- of hand) dorso m
    c)

    back to front: your sweater is on back to front — te has puesto el suéter al revés; hand I 2)

    3) c u ( rear part)

    I'll sit in the back — ( of car) yo me siento detrás or (en el asiento de) atrás

    (in) back of the sofa — (AmE) detrás del sofá

    he's out back in the yard — (AmE) está en el patio, al fondo

    4) c ( Sport) defensa mf, zaguero, -ra m,f

    II
    adjective (before n, no comp)
    1) ( at rear) trasero, de atrás

    back number o issue — número m atrasado

    back pay — atrasos mpl


    III
    1) (indicating return, repetition)

    meanwhile, back at the house... — mientras tanto, en la casa...

    to run/fly back — volver* corriendo/en avión

    they had us back the following week — nos devolvieron la invitación la semana siguiente; see also go, take back

    2) (in reply, reprisal)
    3)
    a) ( backward)
    b) ( toward the rear) atrás

    we can't hear you back here — aquí atrás no te oímos; see also hold, keep back

    4) (in, into the past)
    5)

    back and forth — = backward(s) and forward(s): see backward II d)


    IV
    1.
    1)
    a) \<\<person/decision\>\> respaldar, apoyar
    b) ( bet money on) \<\<horse/winner\>\> apostar* por
    2) ( reverse)
    4) ( Mus) acompañar

    2.
    vi \<\<vehicle/driver\>\> dar* marcha atrás, echar or meter reversa (Col, Méx)
    Phrasal Verbs:
    [bæk] When back is an element in a phrasal verb, eg come back, go back, put back, look up the verb.
    1. NOUN
    1) (=part of body)
    a) [of person] espalda f; [of animal] lomo m

    • I've got a bad back — tengo la espalda mal, tengo un problema de espalda

    • to shoot sb in the back — disparar a algn por la espalda

    • he was lying on his back — estaba tumbado boca arriba

    to carry sth/sb on one's back — llevar algo/a algn a la espalda

    • to have one's back to sth/sb — estar de espaldas a algo/algn

    b)
    - break the back of sth
    - get off sb's back
    - get sb's back up
    - live off the back of sb
    - be on sb's back
    - put one's back into sth
    - put one's back into doing sth
    - put sb's back up

    to see the back of sb —

    - have one's back to the wall
    flat I, 1., 1), stab 1., 1)
    2) (=reverse side) [of cheque, envelope] dorso m, revés m; [of hand] dorso m; [of head] parte f de atrás, parte f posterior more frm; [of dress] espalda f; [of medal] reverso m

    to know sth like the back of one's hand —

    3) (=rear) [of room, hall] fondo m; [of chair] respaldo m; [of car] parte f trasera, parte f de atrás; [of book] (=back cover) tapa f posterior; (=spine) lomo m

    there was damage to the back of the car — la parte trasera or de atrás del coche resultó dañada

    • at the back (of) — [+ building] en la parte de atrás (de); [+ cupboard, hall, stage] en el fondo (de)

    be quiet at the back! — ¡los de atrás guarden silencio!

    they sat at the back of the bus — se sentaron en la parte de atrás del autobús, se sentaron al fondo del autobús

    • the ship broke its back — el barco se partió por la mitad

    • back to front — al revés

    • in back of the house — (US) detrás de la casa

    • the toilet's out the back — el baño está fuera en la parte de atrás

    • they keep the car round the back — dejan el coche detrás de la casa

    beyond 2., mind 1., 1)
    4) (Sport) (=defender) defensa mf

    • the team is weak at the back — la defensa del equipo es débil

    • left back — defensa mf izquierdo/a

    • right back — defensa mf derecho/a

    2. ADVERB
    1) (in space) atrás

    stand back! — ¡atrás!

    keep (well) back! — (=out of danger) ¡quédate ahí atrás!

    keep back! — (=don't come near me) ¡no te acerques!

    meanwhile, back in London/back at the airport — mientras, en Londres/en el aeropuerto

    • back and forth — de acá para allá

    to go back and forth — [person] ir de acá para allá

    • back from the road — apartado de la carretera

    it all started back in 1980 — todo empezó ya en 1980, todo empezó allá en 1980 liter

    3) (=returned)

    • to be back — volver

    when/what time will you be back? — ¿cuándo/a qué hora vuelves?, ¿cuándo/a qué hora estarás de vuelta?

    he's not back yet — aún no ha vuelto, aún no está de vuelta

    black is back (in fashion) — vuelve (a estar de moda) el negro, se vuelve a llevar el negro

    • he went to Paris and back — fue a París y volvió

    • she's now back at work — ya ha vuelto al trabajo

    • I'll be back by 6 — estaré de vuelta para las 6

    • I'd like it back — quiero que me lo devuelvan

    • full satisfaction or your money back — si no está totalmente satisfecho, le devolvemos el dinero

    • everything is back to normal — todo ha vuelto a la normalidad

    • I want it back — quiero que me lo devuelvan

    hit back
    3. TRANSITIVE VERB
    1) (=reverse) [+ vehicle] dar marcha atrás a
    2) (=support)
    a) (=back up) [+ plan, person] apoyar
    b) (=finance) [+ person, enterprise] financiar
    c) (Mus) [+ singer] acompañar
    3) (=bet on) [+ horse] apostar por

    to back the wrong horse — (lit) apostar por el caballo perdedor

    Russia backed the wrong horse in him — (fig) Rusia se ha equivocado al apoyar a él

    to back a winner — (lit) apostar por el ganador

    he is confident that he's backing a winner — (fig) (person) está seguro de que está dando su apoyo a un ganador; (idea, project) está seguro de que va a funcionar bien

    4) (=attach backing to) [+ rug, quilt] forrar
    4. INTRANSITIVE VERB
    1) [person]
    a) (in car) dar marcha atrás
    b) (=step backwards) echarse hacia atrás, retroceder

    he backed into a table — se echó hacia atrás y se dio con una mesa, retrocedió y se dio con una mesa

    2) (=change direction) [wind] cambiar de dirección (en sentido contrario a las agujas del reloj)
    5. ADJECTIVE
    1) (=rear) [leg, pocket, wheel] de atrás, trasero
    2) (=previous, overdue) [rent, tax, issue] atrasado
    6.
    COMPOUNDS

    back alley N — callejuela f (que recorre la parte de atrás de una hilera de casas)

    back boiler N — caldera f pequeña (detrás de una chimenea)

    back burner N — quemador m de detrás

    - put sth on the back burner

    back catalogue N — (Mus) catálogo m de grabaciones discográficas

    back copy N — (Press) número m atrasado

    the back country N — (US) zona f rural (con muy baja densidad de población)

    back-country

    back door N — puerta f trasera

    - do sth by or through the back door

    back flip N — voltereta f hacia atrás

    back formation N — (Ling) derivación f regresiva

    back garden N — (Brit) jardín m trasero

    back lot N — (Cine) exteriores mpl (del estudio); [of house, hotel, company premises] solar m trasero

    back marker N — (Brit) (Sport) competidor(a) m / f rezagado(-a)

    back matter N — [of book] apéndices mpl

    back number N — [of magazine, newspaper] número m atrasado

    back pain N — dolor m de espalda, dolor m lumbar

    back passage N — (Brit) euph recto m

    back road N — carretera f comarcal, carretera f secundaria

    back room N — cuarto m interior; (fig) lugar donde se hacen investigaciones secretas

    back rub N — (=massage) masaje m en la espalda

    • to give sb a back rub — masajearle la espalda a algn, darle un masaje a algn en la espalda

    back seat N — asiento m trasero, asiento m de atrás

    - take a back seat

    back somersault N — salto m mortal hacia atrás

    back stop N — (Sport) red que se coloca alrededor de una cancha para impedir que se escapen las pelotas

    back talk * N (US) — = backchat

    back tooth N — muela f

    back view N —

    the back view of the hotel is very impressive — el hotel visto desde atrás es impresionante, la parte de atrás del hotel es impresionante

    back vowel N — (Ling) vocal f posterior

    * * *
    [bæk]
    I
    1) c ( Anat) ( of human) espalda f; ( of animal) lomo m

    behind somebody's back: they laugh at him behind his back se ríen de él a sus espaldas; to be on somebody's back (colloq) estarle* encima a alguien; get off my back! déjame en paz (fam); to break the back of something hacer* la parte más difícil/la mayor parte de algo; to get o put somebody's back up (colloq) irritar a alguien; to put one's back into something poner* empeño en algo; to turn one's back on somebody — volverle* la espalda a alguien; scratch II d)

    2) c
    a) ( of chair) respaldo m; (of dress, jacket) espalda f; (of electrical appliance, watch) tapa f
    b) (reverse side - of envelope, photo) dorso m, revés m; (- of head) parte f posterior or de atrás; (- of hand) dorso m
    c)

    back to front: your sweater is on back to front — te has puesto el suéter al revés; hand I 2)

    3) c u ( rear part)

    I'll sit in the back — ( of car) yo me siento detrás or (en el asiento de) atrás

    (in) back of the sofa — (AmE) detrás del sofá

    he's out back in the yard — (AmE) está en el patio, al fondo

    4) c ( Sport) defensa mf, zaguero, -ra m,f

    II
    adjective (before n, no comp)
    1) ( at rear) trasero, de atrás

    back number o issue — número m atrasado

    back pay — atrasos mpl


    III
    1) (indicating return, repetition)

    meanwhile, back at the house... — mientras tanto, en la casa...

    to run/fly back — volver* corriendo/en avión

    they had us back the following week — nos devolvieron la invitación la semana siguiente; see also go, take back

    2) (in reply, reprisal)
    3)
    a) ( backward)
    b) ( toward the rear) atrás

    we can't hear you back here — aquí atrás no te oímos; see also hold, keep back

    4) (in, into the past)
    5)

    back and forth — = backward(s) and forward(s): see backward II d)


    IV
    1.
    1)
    a) \<\<person/decision\>\> respaldar, apoyar
    b) ( bet money on) \<\<horse/winner\>\> apostar* por
    2) ( reverse)
    4) ( Mus) acompañar

    2.
    vi \<\<vehicle/driver\>\> dar* marcha atrás, echar or meter reversa (Col, Méx)
    Phrasal Verbs:

    English-spanish dictionary > back

  • 10 near cash

    !
    гос. фин. The resource budget contains a separate control total for “near cash” expenditure, that is expenditure such as pay and current grants which impacts directly on the measure of the golden rule.
    This paper provides background information on the framework for the planning and control of public expenditure in the UK which has been operated since the 1998 Comprehensive Spending Review (CSR). It sets out the different classifications of spending for budgeting purposes and why these distinctions have been adopted. It discusses how the public expenditure framework is designed to ensure both sound public finances and an outcome-focused approach to public expenditure.
    The UK's public spending framework is based on several key principles:
    "
    consistency with a long-term, prudent and transparent regime for managing the public finances as a whole;
    " "
    the judgement of success by policy outcomes rather than resource inputs;
    " "
    strong incentives for departments and their partners in service delivery to plan over several years and plan together where appropriate so as to deliver better public services with greater cost effectiveness; and
    "
    the proper costing and management of capital assets to provide the right incentives for public investment.
    The Government sets policy to meet two firm fiscal rules:
    "
    the Golden Rule states that over the economic cycle, the Government will borrow only to invest and not to fund current spending; and
    "
    the Sustainable Investment Rule states that net public debt as a proportion of GDP will be held over the economic cycle at a stable and prudent level. Other things being equal, net debt will be maintained below 40 per cent of GDP over the economic cycle.
    Achievement of the fiscal rules is assessed by reference to the national accounts, which are produced by the Office for National Statistics, acting as an independent agency. The Government sets its spending envelope to comply with these fiscal rules.
    Departmental Expenditure Limits ( DEL) and Annually Managed Expenditure (AME)
    "
    Departmental Expenditure Limit ( DEL) spending, which is planned and controlled on a three year basis in Spending Reviews; and
    "
    Annually Managed Expenditure ( AME), which is expenditure which cannot reasonably be subject to firm, multi-year limits in the same way as DEL. AME includes social security benefits, local authority self-financed expenditure, debt interest, and payments to EU institutions.
    More information about DEL and AME is set out below.
    In Spending Reviews, firm DEL plans are set for departments for three years. To ensure consistency with the Government's fiscal rules departments are set separate resource (current) and capital budgets. The resource budget contains a separate control total for “near cash” expenditure, that is expenditure such as pay and current grants which impacts directly on the measure of the golden rule.
    To encourage departments to plan over the medium term departments may carry forward unspent DEL provision from one year into the next and, subject to the normal tests for tautness and realism of plans, may be drawn down in future years. This end-year flexibility also removes any incentive for departments to use up their provision as the year end approaches with less regard to value for money. For the full benefits of this flexibility and of three year plans to feed through into improved public service delivery, end-year flexibility and three year budgets should be cascaded from departments to executive agencies and other budget holders.
    Three year budgets and end-year flexibility give those managing public services the stability to plan their operations on a sensible time scale. Further, the system means that departments cannot seek to bid up funds each year (before 1997, three year plans were set and reviewed in annual Public Expenditure Surveys). So the credibility of medium-term plans has been enhanced at both central and departmental level.
    Departments have certainty over the budgetary allocation over the medium term and these multi-year DEL plans are strictly enforced. Departments are expected to prioritise competing pressures and fund these within their overall annual limits, as set in Spending Reviews. So the DEL system provides a strong incentive to control costs and maximise value for money.
    There is a small centrally held DEL Reserve. Support from the Reserve is available only for genuinely unforeseeable contingencies which departments cannot be expected to manage within their DEL.
    AME typically consists of programmes which are large, volatile and demand-led, and which therefore cannot reasonably be subject to firm multi-year limits. The biggest single element is social security spending. Other items include tax credits, Local Authority Self Financed Expenditure, Scottish Executive spending financed by non-domestic rates, and spending financed from the proceeds of the National Lottery.
    AME is reviewed twice a year as part of the Budget and Pre-Budget Report process reflecting the close integration of the tax and benefit system, which was enhanced by the introduction of tax credits.
    AME is not subject to the same three year expenditure limits as DEL, but is still part of the overall envelope for public expenditure. Affordability is taken into account when policy decisions affecting AME are made. The Government has committed itself not to take policy measures which are likely to have the effect of increasing social security or other elements of AME without taking steps to ensure that the effects of those decisions can be accommodated prudently within the Government's fiscal rules.
    Given an overall envelope for public spending, forecasts of AME affect the level of resources available for DEL spending. Cautious estimates and the AME margin are built in to these AME forecasts and reduce the risk of overspending on AME.
    Together, DEL plus AME sum to Total Managed Expenditure (TME). TME is a measure drawn from national accounts. It represents the current and capital spending of the public sector. The public sector is made up of central government, local government and public corporations.
    Resource and Capital Budgets are set in terms of accruals information. Accruals information measures resources as they are consumed rather than when the cash is paid. So for example the Resource Budget includes a charge for depreciation, a measure of the consumption or wearing out of capital assets.
    "
    Non cash charges in budgets do not impact directly on the fiscal framework. That may be because the national accounts use a different way of measuring the same thing, for example in the case of the depreciation of departmental assets. Or it may be that the national accounts measure something different: for example, resource budgets include a cost of capital charge reflecting the opportunity cost of holding capital; the national accounts include debt interest.
    "
    Within the Resource Budget DEL, departments have separate controls on:
    "
    Near cash spending, the sub set of Resource Budgets which impacts directly on the Golden Rule; and
    "
    The amount of their Resource Budget DEL that departments may spend on running themselves (e.g. paying most civil servants’ salaries) is limited by Administration Budgets, which are set in Spending Reviews. Administration Budgets are used to ensure that as much money as practicable is available for front line services and programmes. These budgets also help to drive efficiency improvements in departments’ own activities. Administration Budgets exclude the costs of frontline services delivered directly by departments.
    The Budget preceding a Spending Review sets an overall envelope for public spending that is consistent with the fiscal rules for the period covered by the Spending Review. In the Spending Review, the Budget AME forecast for year one of the Spending Review period is updated, and AME forecasts are made for the later years of the Spending Review period.
    The 1998 Comprehensive Spending Review ( CSR), which was published in July 1998, was a comprehensive review of departmental aims and objectives alongside a zero-based analysis of each spending programme to determine the best way of delivering the Government's objectives. The 1998 CSR allocated substantial additional resources to the Government's key priorities, particularly education and health, for the three year period from 1999-2000 to 2001-02.
    Delivering better public services does not just depend on how much money the Government spends, but also on how well it spends it. Therefore the 1998 CSR introduced Public Service Agreements (PSAs). Each major government department was given its own PSA setting out clear targets for achievements in terms of public service improvements.
    The 1998 CSR also introduced the DEL/ AME framework for the control of public spending, and made other framework changes. Building on the investment and reforms delivered by the 1998 CSR, successive spending reviews in 2000, 2002 and 2004 have:
    "
    provided significant increase in resources for the Government’s priorities, in particular health and education, and cross-cutting themes such as raising productivity; extending opportunity; and building strong and secure communities;
    " "
    enabled the Government significantly to increase investment in public assets and address the legacy of under investment from past decades. Departmental Investment Strategies were introduced in SR2000. As a result there has been a steady increase in public sector net investment from less than ¾ of a per cent of GDP in 1997-98 to 2¼ per cent of GDP in 2005-06, providing better infrastructure across public services;
    " "
    introduced further refinements to the performance management framework. PSA targets have been reduced in number over successive spending reviews from around 300 to 110 to give greater focus to the Government’s highest priorities. The targets have become increasingly outcome-focused to deliver further improvements in key areas of public service delivery across Government. They have also been refined in line with the conclusions of the Devolving Decision Making Review to provide a framework which encourages greater devolution and local flexibility. Technical Notes were introduced in SR2000 explaining how performance against each PSA target will be measured; and
    "
    not only allocated near cash spending to departments, but also – since SR2002 - set Resource DEL plans for non cash spending.
    To identify what further investments and reforms are needed to equip the UK for the global challenges of the decade ahead, on 19 July 2005 the Chief Secretary to the Treasury announced that the Government intends to launch a second Comprehensive Spending Review (CSR) reporting in 2007.
    A decade on from the first CSR, the 2007 CSR will represent a long-term and fundamental review of government expenditure. It will cover departmental allocations for 2008-09, 2009-10 and 2010 11. Allocations for 2007-08 will be held to the agreed figures already announced by the 2004 Spending Review. To provide a rigorous analytical framework for these departmental allocations, the Government will be taking forward a programme of preparatory work over 2006 involving:
    "
    an assessment of what the sustained increases in spending and reforms to public service delivery have achieved since the first CSR. The assessment will inform the setting of new objectives for the decade ahead;
    " "
    an examination of the key long-term trends and challenges that will shape the next decade – including demographic and socio-economic change, globalisation, climate and environmental change, global insecurity and technological change – together with an assessment of how public services will need to respond;
    " "
    to release the resources needed to address these challenges, and to continue to secure maximum value for money from public spending over the CSR period, a set of zero-based reviews of departments’ baseline expenditure to assess its effectiveness in delivering the Government’s long-term objectives; together with
    "
    further development of the efficiency programme, building on the cross cutting areas identified in the Gershon Review, to embed and extend ongoing efficiency savings into departmental expenditure planning.
    The 2007 CSR also offers the opportunity to continue to refine the PSA framework so that it drives effective delivery and the attainment of ambitious national standards.
    Public Service Agreements (PSAs) were introduced in the 1998 CSR. They set out agreed targets detailing the outputs and outcomes departments are expected to deliver with the resources allocated to them. The new spending regime places a strong emphasis on outcome targets, for example in providing for better health and higher educational standards or service standards. The introduction in SR2004 of PSA ‘standards’ will ensure that high standards in priority areas are maintained.
    The Government monitors progress against PSA targets, and departments report in detail twice a year in their annual Departmental Reports (published in spring) and in their autumn performance reports. These reports provide Parliament and the public with regular updates on departments’ performance against their targets.
    Technical Notes explain how performance against each PSA target will be measured.
    To make the most of both new investment and existing assets, there needs to be a coherent long term strategy against which investment decisions are taken. Departmental Investment Strategies (DIS) set out each department's plans to deliver the scale and quality of capital stock needed to underpin its objectives. The DIS includes information about the department's existing capital stock and future plans for that stock, as well as plans for new investment. It also sets out the systems that the department has in place to ensure that it delivers its capital programmes effectively.
    This document was updated on 19 December 2005.
    Near-cash resource expenditure that has a related cash implication, even though the timing of the cash payment may be slightly different. For example, expenditure on gas or electricity supply is incurred as the fuel is used, though the cash payment might be made in arrears on aquarterly basis. Other examples of near-cash expenditure are: pay, rental.Net cash requirement the upper limit agreed by Parliament on the cash which a department may draw from theConsolidated Fund to finance the expenditure within the ambit of its Request forResources. It is equal to the agreed amount of net resources and net capital less non-cashitems and working capital.Non-cash cost costs where there is no cash transaction but which are included in a body’s accounts (or taken into account in charging for a service) to establish the true cost of all the resourcesused.Non-departmental a body which has a role in the processes of government, but is not a government public body, NDPBdepartment or part of one. NDPBs accordingly operate at arm’s length from governmentMinisters.Notional cost of a cost which is taken into account in setting fees and charges to improve comparability with insuranceprivate sector service providers.The charge takes account of the fact that public bodies donot generally pay an insurance premium to a commercial insurer.the independent body responsible for collecting and publishing official statistics about theUK’s society and economy. (At the time of going to print legislation was progressing tochange this body to the Statistics Board).Office of Government an office of the Treasury, with a status similar to that of an agency, which aims to maximise Commerce, OGCthe government’s purchasing power for routine items and combine professional expertiseto bear on capital projects.Office of the the government department responsible for discharging the Paymaster General’s statutoryPaymaster General,responsibilities to hold accounts and make payments for government departments and OPGother public bodies.Orange bookthe informal title for Management of Risks: Principles and Concepts, which is published by theTreasury for the guidance of public sector bodies.Office for NationalStatistics, ONS60Managing Public Money
    ————————————————————————————————————————
    "
    GLOSSARYOverdraftan account with a negative balance.Parliament’s formal agreement to authorise an activity or expenditure.Prerogative powerspowers exercisable under the Royal Prerogative, ie powers which are unique to the Crown,as contrasted with common-law powers which may be available to the Crown on the samebasis as to natural persons.Primary legislationActs which have been passed by the Westminster Parliament and, where they haveappropriate powers, the Scottish Parliament and the Northern Ireland Assembly. Begin asBills until they have received Royal Assent.arrangements under which a public sector organisation contracts with a private sectorentity to construct a facility and provide associated services of a specified quality over asustained period. See annex 7.5.Proprietythe principle that patterns of resource consumption should respect Parliament’s intentions,conventions and control procedures, including any laid down by the PAC. See box 2.4.Public Accountssee Committee of Public Accounts.CommitteePublic corporationa trading body controlled by central government, local authority or other publiccorporation that has substantial day to day operating independence. See section 7.8.Public Dividend finance provided by government to public sector bodies as an equity stake; an alternative to Capital, PDCloan finance.Public Service sets out what the public can expect the government to deliver with its resources. EveryAgreement, PSAlarge government department has PSA(s) which specify deliverables as targets or aimsrelated to objectives.a structured arrangement between a public sector and a private sector organisation tosecure an outcome delivering good value for money for the public sector. It is classified tothe public or private sector according to which has more control.Rate of returnthe financial remuneration delivered by a particular project or enterprise, expressed as apercentage of the net assets employed.Regularitythe principle that resource consumption should accord with the relevant legislation, therelevant delegated authority and this document. See box 2.4.Request for the functional level into which departmental Estimates may be split. RfRs contain a number Resources, RfRof functions being carried out by the department in pursuit of one or more of thatdepartment’s objectives.Resource accountan accruals account produced in line with the Financial Reporting Manual (FReM).Resource accountingthe system under which budgets, Estimates and accounts are constructed in a similar wayto commercial audited accounts, so that both plans and records of expenditure allow in fullfor the goods and services which are to be, or have been, consumed – ie not just the cashexpended.Resource budgetthe means by which the government plans and controls the expenditure of resources tomeet its objectives.Restitutiona legal concept which allows money and property to be returned to its rightful owner. Ittypically operates where another person can be said to have been unjustly enriched byreceiving such monies.Return on capital the ratio of profit to capital employed of an accounting entity during an identified period.employed, ROCEVarious measures of profit and of capital employed may be used in calculating the ratio.Public Privatepartnership, PPPPrivate Finance Initiative, PFIParliamentaryauthority61Managing Public Money
    "
    ————————————————————————————————————————
    GLOSSARYRoyal charterthe document setting out the powers and constitution of a corporation established underprerogative power of the monarch acting on Privy Council advice.Second readingthe second formal time that a House of Parliament may debate a bill, although in practicethe first substantive debate on its content. If successful, it is deemed to denoteParliamentary approval of the principle of the proposed legislation.Secondary legislationlaws, including orders and regulations, which are made using powers in primary legislation.Normally used to set out technical and administrative provision in greater detail thanprimary legislation, they are subject to a less intense level of scrutiny in Parliament.European legislation is,however,often implemented in secondary legislation using powers inthe European Communities Act 1972.Service-level agreement between parties, setting out in detail the level of service to be performed.agreementWhere agreements are between central government bodies, they are not legally a contractbut have a similar function.Shareholder Executive a body created to improve the government’s performance as a shareholder in businesses.Spending reviewsets out the key improvements in public services that the public can expect over a givenperiod. It includes a thorough review of departmental aims and objectives to find the bestway of delivering the government’s objectives, and sets out the spending plans for the givenperiod.State aidstate support for a domestic body or company which could distort EU competition and sois not usually allowed. See annex 4.9.Statement of Excessa formal statement detailing departments’ overspends prepared by the Comptroller andAuditor General as a result of undertaking annual audits.Statement on Internal an annual statement that Accounting Officers are required to make as part of the accounts Control, SICon a range of risk and control issues.Subheadindividual elements of departmental expenditure identifiable in Estimates as single cells, forexample cell A1 being administration costs within a particular line of departmental spending.Supplyresources voted by Parliament in response to Estimates, for expenditure by governmentdepartments.Supply Estimatesa statement of the resources the government needs in the coming financial year, and forwhat purpose(s), by which Parliamentary authority is sought for the planned level ofexpenditure and income.Target rate of returnthe rate of return required of a project or enterprise over a given period, usually at least a year.Third sectorprivate sector bodies which do not act commercially,including charities,social and voluntaryorganisations and other not-for-profit collectives. See annex 7.7.Total Managed a Treasury budgeting term which covers all current and capital spending carried out by the Expenditure,TMEpublic sector (ie not just by central departments).Trading fundan organisation (either within a government department or forming one) which is largely orwholly financed from commercial revenue generated by its activities. Its Estimate shows itsnet impact, allowing its income from receipts to be devoted entirely to its business.Treasury Minutea formal administrative document drawn up by the Treasury, which may serve a wide varietyof purposes including seeking Parliamentary approval for the use of receipts asappropriations in aid, a remission of some or all of the principal of voted loans, andresponding on behalf of the government to reports by the Public Accounts Committee(PAC).62Managing Public Money
    ————————————————————————————————————————
    GLOSSARY63Managing Public MoneyValue for moneythe process under which organisation’s procurement, projects and processes aresystematically evaluated and assessed to provide confidence about suitability, effectiveness,prudence,quality,value and avoidance of error and other waste,judged for the public sectoras a whole.Virementthe process through which funds are moved between subheads such that additionalexpenditure on one is met by savings on one or more others.Votethe process by which Parliament approves funds in response to supply Estimates.Voted expenditureprovision for expenditure that has been authorised by Parliament. Parliament ‘votes’authority for public expenditure through the Supply Estimates process. Most expenditureby central government departments is authorised in this way.Wider market activity activities undertaken by central government organisations outside their statutory duties,using spare capacity and aimed at generating a commercial profit. See annex 7.6.Windfallmonies received by a department which were not anticipated in the spending review.
    ————————————————————————————————————————

    Англо-русский экономический словарь > near cash

  • 11 Knowledge

       It is indeed an opinion strangely prevailing amongst men, that houses, mountains, rivers, and, in a word, all sensible objects, have an existence, natural or real, distinct from their being perceived by the understanding. But, with how great an assurance and acquiescence soever this principle may be entertained in the world, yet whoever shall find in his heart to call it into question may, if I mistake not, perceive it to involve a manifest contradiction. For, what are the forementioned objects but things we perceive by sense? and what do we perceive besides our own ideas or sensations? and is it not plainly repugnant that any one of these, or any combination of them, should exist unperceived? (Berkeley, 1996, Pt. I, No. 4, p. 25)
       It seems to me that the only objects of the abstract sciences or of demonstration are quantity and number, and that all attempts to extend this more perfect species of knowledge beyond these bounds are mere sophistry and illusion. As the component parts of quantity and number are entirely similar, their relations become intricate and involved; and nothing can be more curious, as well as useful, than to trace, by a variety of mediums, their equality or inequality, through their different appearances.
       But as all other ideas are clearly distinct and different from each other, we can never advance farther, by our utmost scrutiny, than to observe this diversity, and, by an obvious reflection, pronounce one thing not to be another. Or if there be any difficulty in these decisions, it proceeds entirely from the undeterminate meaning of words, which is corrected by juster definitions. That the square of the hypotenuse is equal to the squares of the other two sides cannot be known, let the terms be ever so exactly defined, without a train of reasoning and enquiry. But to convince us of this proposition, that where there is no property, there can be no injustice, it is only necessary to define the terms, and explain injustice to be a violation of property. This proposition is, indeed, nothing but a more imperfect definition. It is the same case with all those pretended syllogistical reasonings, which may be found in every other branch of learning, except the sciences of quantity and number; and these may safely, I think, be pronounced the only proper objects of knowledge and demonstration. (Hume, 1975, Sec. 12, Pt. 3, pp. 163-165)
       Our knowledge springs from two fundamental sources of the mind; the first is the capacity of receiving representations (the ability to receive impressions), the second is the power to know an object through these representations (spontaneity in the production of concepts).
       Through the first, an object is given to us; through the second, the object is thought in relation to that representation.... Intuition and concepts constitute, therefore, the elements of all our knowledge, so that neither concepts without intuition in some way corresponding to them, nor intuition without concepts, can yield knowledge. Both may be either pure or empirical.... Pure intuitions or pure concepts are possible only a priori; empirical intuitions and empirical concepts only a posteriori. If the receptivity of our mind, its power of receiving representations in so far as it is in any way affected, is to be called "sensibility," then the mind's power of producing representations from itself, the spontaneity of knowledge, should be called "understanding." Our nature is so constituted that our intuitions can never be other than sensible; that is, it contains only the mode in which we are affected by objects. The faculty, on the other hand, which enables us to think the object of sensible intuition is the understanding.... Without sensibility, no object would be given to us; without understanding, no object would be thought. Thoughts without content are empty; intuitions without concepts are blind. It is therefore just as necessary to make our concepts sensible, that is, to add the object to them in intuition, as to make our intuitions intelligible, that is to bring them under concepts. These two powers or capacities cannot exchange their functions. The understanding can intuit nothing, the senses can think nothing. Only through their union can knowledge arise. (Kant, 1933, Sec. 1, Pt. 2, B74-75 [p. 92])
       Metaphysics, as a natural disposition of Reason is real, but it is also, in itself, dialectical and deceptive.... Hence to attempt to draw our principles from it, and in their employment to follow this natural but none the less fallacious illusion can never produce science, but only an empty dialectical art, in which one school may indeed outdo the other, but none can ever attain a justifiable and lasting success. In order that, as a science, it may lay claim not merely to deceptive persuasion, but to insight and conviction, a Critique of Reason must exhibit in a complete system the whole stock of conceptions a priori, arranged according to their different sources-the Sensibility, the understanding, and the Reason; it must present a complete table of these conceptions, together with their analysis and all that can be deduced from them, but more especially the possibility of synthetic knowledge a priori by means of their deduction, the principles of its use, and finally, its boundaries....
       This much is certain: he who has once tried criticism will be sickened for ever of all the dogmatic trash he was compelled to content himself with before, because his Reason, requiring something, could find nothing better for its occupation. Criticism stands to the ordinary school metaphysics exactly in the same relation as chemistry to alchemy, or as astron omy to fortune-telling astrology. I guarantee that no one who has comprehended and thought out the conclusions of criticism, even in these Prolegomena, will ever return to the old sophistical pseudo-science. He will rather look forward with a kind of pleasure to a metaphysics, certainly now within his power, which requires no more preparatory discoveries, and which alone can procure for reason permanent satisfaction. (Kant, 1891, pp. 115-116)
       Knowledge is only real and can only be set forth fully in the form of science, in the form of system. Further, a so-called fundamental proposition or first principle of philosophy, even if it is true, it is yet none the less false, just because and in so far as it is merely a fundamental proposition, merely a first principle. It is for that reason easily refuted. The refutation consists in bringing out its defective character; and it is defective because it is merely the universal, merely a principle, the beginning. If the refutation is complete and thorough, it is derived and developed from the nature of the principle itself, and not accomplished by bringing in from elsewhere other counter-assurances and chance fancies. It would be strictly the development of the principle, and thus the completion of its deficiency, were it not that it misunderstands its own purport by taking account solely of the negative aspect of what it seeks to do, and is not conscious of the positive character of its process and result. The really positive working out of the beginning is at the same time just as much the very reverse: it is a negative attitude towards the principle we start from. Negative, that is to say, in its one-sided form, which consists in being primarily immediate, a mere purpose. It may therefore be regarded as a refutation of what constitutes the basis of the system; but more correctly it should be looked at as a demonstration that the basis or principle of the system is in point of fact merely its beginning. (Hegel, 1910, pp. 21-22)
       Knowledge, action, and evaluation are essentially connected. The primary and pervasive significance of knowledge lies in its guidance of action: knowing is for the sake of doing. And action, obviously, is rooted in evaluation. For a being which did not assign comparative values, deliberate action would be pointless; and for one which did not know, it would be impossible. Conversely, only an active being could have knowledge, and only such a being could assign values to anything beyond his own feelings. A creature which did not enter into the process of reality to alter in some part the future content of it, could apprehend a world only in the sense of intuitive or esthetic contemplation; and such contemplation would not possess the significance of knowledge but only that of enjoying and suffering. (Lewis, 1946, p. 1)
       "Evolutionary epistemology" is a branch of scholarship that applies the evolutionary perspective to an understanding of how knowledge develops. Knowledge always involves getting information. The most primitive way of acquiring it is through the sense of touch: amoebas and other simple organisms know what happens around them only if they can feel it with their "skins." The knowledge such an organism can have is strictly about what is in its immediate vicinity. After a huge jump in evolution, organisms learned to find out what was going on at a distance from them, without having to actually feel the environment. This jump involved the development of sense organs for processing information that was farther away. For a long time, the most important sources of knowledge were the nose, the eyes, and the ears. The next big advance occurred when organisms developed memory. Now information no longer needed to be present at all, and the animal could recall events and outcomes that happened in the past. Each one of these steps in the evolution of knowledge added important survival advantages to the species that was equipped to use it.
       Then, with the appearance in evolution of humans, an entirely new way of acquiring information developed. Up to this point, the processing of information was entirely intrasomatic.... But when speech appeared (and even more powerfully with the invention of writing), information processing became extrasomatic. After that point knowledge did not have to be stored in the genes, or in the memory traces of the brain; it could be passed on from one person to another through words, or it could be written down and stored on a permanent substance like stone, paper, or silicon chips-in any case, outside the fragile and impermanent nervous system. (Csikszentmihalyi, 1993, pp. 56-57)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Knowledge

  • 12 time

    taɪm
    1. сущ.
    1) а) время in/on one's own time ≈ в свободное время on time амер. ≈ точно, вовремя make time б) обыкн. мн. времена, эпоха before (behind) the times (или one's time) ≈ передовой (отсталый) по взглядам
    2) а) срок to do time разг. ≈ отбывать тюремное заключение serve one's time б) век, жизнь;
    возраст в) рабочее время
    3) а) раз times out of( или without) number ≈ бесчисленное количество раз б) муз. темп, такт keep time в) спорт интервал между раундами (в боксе) г) тайм, период и другие соответствующие название частей цельного матча в различных играх ∙ to sell time амер. ≈ предоставлять время для выступления по радио или телевидению (за плату), предоставлять эфирное время (за плату на радио или телевидении) lost time is never found again посл. ≈ потерянного времени не воротишь
    2. гл.
    1) а) удачно выбирать время, приурочивать б) назначать время, рассчитывать( по времени)
    2) спорт показывать такое-то время (на круге, в гонке, заезде и т. п.)
    3) танцевать в такт, играть в такт и т.п. время - absolute * абсолютное время - space and * пространство и время - with *, in (the) course of *, in (the) process of *, as * goes с течением времени;
    по мере того, как идет время;
    в конце концов - from the beginning of * с сотворения мира - to the end of * до скончания века, до конца мира - in the retrospect of * сквозь призму времени /прошлого/ - in the mists of * во мраке времени;
    канувший в Лету - the accumulation of prejudices over * рост предрассудков на протяжении( многих) веков - as old as * старый как мир - to bear the test of * выдерживать испытание временем - * will show время покажет;
    поживем - увидим - * alone could answer the question только время могло дать ответ на этот вопрос - * flies время бежит - * presses /is short/ время не терпит - * hangs heavy on one's hands время медленно тянется - * is precious время дорого - the unity of * (театроведение) единство времени время (мера длительности, система отсчета) - Moscow * московское время - Greenwich * время по Гринвичу, среднеевропейское время - mean * среднее (солнечное) время - astronomical * астрономическое время - ship's * время на борту( корабля) - sidereal * звездное время - daylight-saving /summer/ * летнее время время выполнения( чего-л.) - average * среднее время( выполнения операции) - estimated * расчетное время - real * реальный масштаб времени - countdown * время обратного счета (при запуске ракеты и т. п.) - machine * (компьютерное) машинное время - to sell (machine) * продавать машинное время период времени - a long * длительное время - he was there a long * он пробыл там долго - a long * ago много лет тому назад - after a long * много времени спустя - it took him a long * to do it /in doing it/, he took a long * doing it /over it/ ему потребовалось /у него ушло/ немало времени, чтобы сделать это;
    он немало с этим провозился - what a long * he's taking! как долго он копается!;
    сколько же можно копаться? - some * некоторое время - I didn't see him at the club for some * некоторое время я не встречал его в клубе - all the *, the whole * все( это) время, всегда - they were with us all the * /the whole */ они все время были с нами - all the * we were working в течение всего времени, что мы работали - he does it all the * он всегда /постоянно/ это делает - he's been watching us all the * /the whole */ он не переставая /неотрывно/ следил за нами, он ни на секунду не упускал нас из виду - one * and another одно время;
    время от времени - running * (of a film) (кинематографический) время демонстрации (фильма) - lead * время с начала разработки( оружия) до ввода в боевой состав - reaction * время (остающееся) для пуска ракет (при ядерном ударе) - idle * простой, перерыв в работе;
    свободное время - * of orbiting (астрономия) время обращения искусственного спутника - after a * через некоторое время - at the /that/ * в это /в то/ время - I was ill at the * я тогда болел - I didn't know it at the * тогда я (еще) не знал об этом - at the present * в настоящее время - at this * of (the) day в это время дня - at one * одно время, когда-то - at one * this book was very popular некогда /было время, когда/ эта книга была очень популярна - at no * никогда - for a * на некоторое время, временно;
    некоторое время - for vacation * на время каникул - for the * на это время - for the * being пока, до поры до времени - in * со временем - I think that we may win in * думаю, что со временем нам удастся победить - in a short * в скором времени - in no *, in less than /next to/ no * очень быстро, мигом, в два счета - I'll come back in no * я моментально вернусь;
    я обернусь в два счета - in the same flash of * в то же мгновение, в тот же миг - in two weeks' * через две недели - written in three hours' * написанный за три часа - within the required * в течение требуемого времени - to give smb. * to do smth. /for smth./ дать кому-л. время /срок/ сделать что-л. /для чего-л./ - to give smb. * to turn round дать кому-л. возможность перевести дух, дать кому-л. передышку - the patient has her good * more often now теперь больная чаще чувствует себя хорошо - it is his daily * for rest в это время он ежедневно отдыхает - it takes * это требует времени, это скоро не сделаешь сезон, пора, время - sowing * время /пора/ сева, посевной период, посевная - holiday * время каникул - at this * of the year в это время года - for this * of year на это время года - autumn is a good * of year to be in the country в осеннюю пору хорошо пожить за городом долгое время - he was gone * before you got there он ушел задолго до того, как вы туда явились - what a * it took you! долго же вы возились!;
    неужто нельзя было побыстрее? час, точное время - what *, at what * в какое время, в котором часу;
    когда - to fix /to appoint/ a * назначить время - to show * показывать время (о часах) - to tell * (американизм) определять время по часам - teach the child to tell * научите ребенка определять время по часам - to look at the * посмотреть на часы - to forget the * of the appointment забыть время свидания /встречи/ - to keep (good) * хорошо идти( о часах) - to lose * отставать( о часах) - what is the *?, what * is it? сколько времени?, который час? - what * do you make it? сколько (времени) на ваших часах?, сколько сейчас, по-вашему /по-твоему/, времени? момент, мгновение;
    определенный момент, определенное время - some * в какой-то момент, в какое-то время - I'll drop in some * next month я (к тебе) загляну как-нибудь в следующем месяце - some * (or other) когда-нибудь рано или поздно - this * last year в это (самое) время в прошлом году - this * tomorrow завтра в это же время - at *s по временам, время от времени - at the /that/ * в тот момент, в то время - at the * of delivery в момент родов - at the * I didn't notice it в тот момент я этого не заметил - at a given * в определенный момент - at the fixed * в назначенное время - at one * одновременно - at the same * в то же самое время, одновременно;
    в тот же момент - you can't be in two places at the same * нельзя быть в двух местах одновременно - at any * you like в любой момент /в любое время/, когда вам будет удобно - he may turn up (at) any * он может появиться в любой момент - at any other * в любое другое время - at the proper *, when the * comes в свое время, когда придет время - we shall do everything at the proper * мы все сделаем, когда нужно;
    всему свое время - between *s иногда, временами - by the * к этому времени - by this * к этому времени - by that * we shall be old в это время мы уже будем стариками - you ought to be ready by this * к этому времени вы должны быть готовы - it will be nearly two by the * you get down вы приедете не раньше двух часов - from that * (onwards) с этого времени - the * has come when... пришло время /наступил момент/, когда... время прибытия или отправления (поезда и т. п.) - to find out the *s of the London trains узнать расписание лондонских поездов срок, время - in * в срок, вовремя - on * в срок, вовремя - to arrive exactly on * приехать /прибыть/ минута в минуту /точно в назначенный час/ - in due * в свое время, своевременно - to be in * for smth. поспеть точно к чему-л. - to arrive in * for dinner поспеть как раз к обеду - I was just in * to see it я успел как раз вовремя, чтобы увидеть это - ahead of *, before one's * раньше срока - behind *, out of * поздно, с опозданием - to be ten minutes behind * опоздать на десять минут - the train was running (half an hour) behind * поезд опаздывал (на полчаса) - to ask for an extension of * просить отсрочки( платежей) - to make * (американизм) прийти вовремя /по расписанию/ - (it is) high * давно пора, самое время - it's about * пора - it is * to go to bed /you went to bed/ пора ложиться спать - *! время вышло!, ваше время истекло /вышло/ - the * is up срок истек - * is drawing on времени остается мало, срок приближается - she is near her * она скоро родит - my * has come мой час пробил;
    пришло время умирать - see that you are up to * смотри не опоздай - the * for feeding is nearing, it's nearing the * for feeding приближается /подходит/ время /срок/ кормления подходящий момент, подходящее время - now is the * to go on strike /for going on strike/ теперь самое время начать забастовку - this is no * /not the */ to reproach /for reproaching/ me сейчас не время упрекать меня времена, пора;
    эпоха, эра - the good old *s добрые старые времена - our *(s) наше время, наши дни - the product of our *s продукт нашей эпохи - hard *(s) тяжелые времена - peace * мирное время - the * of Shakespeare эпоха Шекспира - the * of universal peace эра всеобщего мира - the *s we live in наши дни;
    время, в котором мы живем - a sign of the *(s) знамение времени - at all *s, (американизм) all the * всегда, во все времена - at all *s and in all places всегда и везде - for its * для своего времени - a book unusual for its * книга, необычная для своего /того/ времени - from the earliest *s с давних времен - from * immemorial /out of mind/ с незапамятных времен, испокон веку /веков/;
    искони, исстари - (in) past *(s) (в) прежнее время - (in) old /ancient, (устаревшее) olden/ *(s) (в) старое время;
    в древности, в стародавние времена, во время оно - in prehistoric *s в доисторическую эпоху - in happier *s в более счастливые времена, в более счастливую пору - in *s to come в будущем, в грядущие времена - abreast of the *s вровень с веком;
    не отставая от жизни - to be abreast of the *s, to move /to go/ with the *s стоять вровень с веком, не отставать от жизни, шагать в ногу со временем - ahead of the /one's/ *(s) опередивший свою эпоху, передовой - behind one's /the/ *(s) (разговорное) отстающий от жизни, отсталый - to serve the * приспосабливаться - other *s, other manners иные времена - иные нравы - born before one's *(s) опередивший свою эпоху - to change with the *s изменяться вместе с временем - these achievements will outlast our * эти достижения переживут нас /наше время/ - * was /there was a */ when... было время, когда... - as *s go (разговорное) по нынешним временам - the * is out of joint( Shakespeare) распалась связь времен возраст - at his * of life в его возрасте, в его годы - I have now reached a * of life when... я достиг того возраста, когда... период жизни, век - it will last my * этого на мой век хватит - all these things happened in my * все это произошло на моей памяти - it was before her * это было до ее рождения;
    она этого уже не застала - he died before his * он безвременно умер;
    он умер в расцвете сил - if I had my * over again если бы можно было прожить жизнь сначала /заново/ - in my * such things were not done в мое время так не поступали - this hat has done /served/ its * эта шляпка отслужила свое /отжила свой век/ свободное время;
    досуг - to have * иметь время - to have much /plenty of, (разговорное) loads of, (разговорное) heaps of, (разговорное) oceans of/ *, to have * on one's hands иметь много /уйму/ (свободного) времени - to have no *, to be hard pressed for * совершенно не иметь времени, торопиться - I have no * to spare у меня нет лишнего времени - I have no * for such nonsense мне недосуг заниматься такой ерундой /чепухой/ - to find * to read books находить время для чтения книг - to pass the * away in knitting проводить время за вязаньем - to beguile /to while away/ the * коротать время - to waste /to squander, to idle away, to trifle away/ one's * даром /попусту/ терять время - to lose * терять время - to make up for lost * наверстать упущенное;
    компенсировать потери времени - there's no * to lose /to be lost/ нельзя терять ни минуты - to play for * пытаться выиграть время;
    тянуть /оттягивать/ время - to save * экономить время, не терять попусту времени - to take one's * не торопиться, выжидать;
    (ироничное) мешкать, копаться - I need * to rest мне нужно время, чтобы отдохнуть - my * was my own я был хозяином своего времени - my * wasn't my own у меня не было свободного времени - he did it in his own * он сделал это в нерабочее время - * enough to attend to that tomorrow у нас будет время заняться этим завтра - a lot of *, effort and money has been spent было потрачено много времени, усилий и денег время (с точки зрения того, как оно проводится) ;
    времяпровождение - to have a good /a fine/ * (of it) хорошо провести время, повеселиться - not to have much of a * неважно провести время - to have the * of one's life переживать лучшую пору своей жизни;
    повеселиться на славу;
    отлично провести время - to have a high old * переживать лучшую пору своей жизни - to have a bad /rough/ * (of it) терпеть нужду /лишения/, хлебнуть горя;
    повидать всякое;
    пережить несколько неприятных минут - he had a rough * (of it) ему пришлось туго /нелегко/ - she had a bad /rough/ * (of it) with her baby у нее были трудные роды - to give smb. a rough * заставить кого-л. мучиться;
    заставить кого-л. потерпеть, доставить кому-л. несколько неприятных минут - what a * I had with him! с ним пришлось немало помучиться;
    уж как он изводил меня! - the patient had a bad * for three hours before the medicine worked больной три часа мучился, прежде чем подействовало лекарство рабочее время - task * время для выполнения какой-л. работы - full * полный рабочий день - to work full * работать полный рабочий день - to turn to writing full * (образное) полностью посвятить себя писательству - by * на условиях почасовой оплаты - to be paid by * получать сдельно - to work /to be/ on short * работать сокращенную рабочую неделю, быть частично безработным - my normal * is 8 hours a day обычно я работаю 8 часов в день плата за работу - double * двойная плата за сверхурочную работу - to collect one's * получить зарплату - we offer straight * for work up to 40 hours and * and a half for Saturdays мы платим полную ставку за 40-часовую рабочую неделю и полторы ставки за работу по субботам (удобный) случай, (благоприятная) возможность - to watch /to bide/ one's * ждать благоприятного момента - now's your * (разговорное) теперь самое время вам действовать и т. п. (спортивное) время - the winner's * время победителя - to keep * with one's stop watch засекать время с помощью секундомера - some wonderful *s were put up многие показали отличное время - he is making excellent * он идет с отличным временем интервал между раундами (бокс) - to call * давать сигнал начать или кончить схватку тайм;
    период, половина игры (футбол) скорость, темп;
    такт;
    размер;
    ритм - simple * (музыкальное) простой размер - compound * (музыкальное) сложный размер - waltz * ритм вальса - in * ритмичный;
    ритмично - out of * неритмичный;
    неритмично - to get out of * сбиться с ритма - to march in quick * идти быстро - to keep /to beat/ * отбивать такт;
    выдерживать такт /ритм/ - to break into quick * ускорить шаг, перейти на ускоренный шаг - to quicken the * убыстрять /ускорять/ темп (стихосложение) мора (библеизм) год раз, случай - six *s шесть раз - a dozen *s много раз - every * каждый раз - last * в прошлый раз - this * (на) этот раз - next * (в) следующий раз - four *s running четыре раза подряд /кряду/ - he lost five *s running он проиграл пять раз подряд - the first * (в) первый раз - this is the third * he has come вот уже третий раз, как он приходит - another * (в) другой раз - the one * I got good cards единственный раз, когда у меня были хорошие карты - at a * разом, сразу одновременно - to do one thing at a * делать по очереди, не браться за все сразу - to do two things at a * делать две вещи одновременно /зараз/ - * after * повторно;
    тысячу раз - *s out of /without/ number бесчисленное количество раз - * and again, * and * again снова и снова - he said it * and again он не раз говорил это;
    он не уставал повторять это - I had to prove it * and again мне приходилось доказывать это вновь и вновь /снова и снова, бессчетное количество раз/ - from * to * время от времени, от случая к случаю - nine *s out of ten в девяти случаях из десяти;
    в большинстве случаев - I've told you so a hundred *s я тебе это говорил сто раз раз - three *s six is /are/ eighteen трижды шесть - восемнадцать каждый раз;
    каждый случай;
    каждая штука - it costs me 3 pounds a * to have my hair done каждый раз я плачу три фунта за укладку волос - pick any you like at 5 dollars a * (разговорное) выбирайте любую по 5 долларов штука - at a * за (один) раз, за (один) прием - to run upstairs two at a * бежать вверх по лестнице через две ступеньки - to read a few pages at a * читать не больше нескольких страниц за раз /за один присест/ раз, крат - a hundred *s greater во сто крат больше - twenty *s less в двадцать раз меньше - many *s as large во много раз больше - three *s as wide в три раза /втрое/ шире - three *s as much /as many/ втрое больше - they were five *s fewer их было в пять раз меньше - you'll get two *s your clock я заплачу вам вдвое больше, чем по счетчику (предложение таксисту) > (old) Father T. дедушка-время > the big * верхушка лестницы, верхушка пирамиды;
    сливки общества > to be in the big *, to have made the big * принадлежать к сливкам общества, входить в элиту > the * of day положение вещей /дел/;
    последние сведения /данные/ > at this * of day так поздно;
    на данном этапе;
    после того, что произошло > to know the * of day быть настороже;
    быть искушенным (в чем-л.) > to give smb. the * of day обращать внимание на кого-л. (особ. с отрицанием) ;
    здороваться с кем-л. > to pass the * of day with smb. здороваться с кем-л. > that's the * of day! такие-то дела!;
    значит, дело обстоит так! > against * в пределах установленного времени;
    с целью побить рекорд;
    с целью выиграть время;
    в большой спешке > to talk against * стараться соблюсти регламент > to work against * стараться уложить /кончить работу/ в срок > to run against * стараться побить ранее установленный рекорд > to talk against * говорить с целью затянуть время (при обструкции в парламенте) > at the same * тем не менее, однако > your statement is not groundless;
    at the same * it is not wholly true ваше замечание не лишено основания, однако оно не совсем правильно > in good * со временем, с течением времени;
    своевременно;
    заранее, заблаговременно > you'll hear from me in good * со временем я дам о себе знать > to start in good * отправиться заблаговременно > come in good *! не опаздывай! > all in good * все в свое время > in bad * не вовремя;
    поздно, с опозданием > on * (американизм) в рассрочку > to buy a Tv set on * купить в кредит телевизор > once upon a * давным-давно;
    во время оно;
    когда-то > once upon a * there lived a king давным-давно жил-был король > to buy * выигрывать время;
    оттягивать /тянуть/ время, канителить > to have a thin * переживать неприятные минуты;
    переживать трудности > to have a * переживать бурное время;
    испытывать большие трудности > to have no * for smb. плохо выносить кого-л. > I have no * for him он меня раздражает > to kill * убивать время > to make * поспешить, поторопиться > we'll have to make * to catch the train нам нужно поспешить, чтобы не /если мы не хотим/ опоздать на поезд > to make good * быстро преодолеть какое-л. расстояние > to make a * about /over/ smth. (американизм) волноваться, суетиться по поводу чего-л.;
    шумно реагировать на что-л. > to mark * шагать на месте;
    оттягивать /тянуть/ время;
    выполнять что-л. чисто формально, работать без души > to do * отбывать тюремное заключение, отсиживать свой срок > to serve /to complete/ one's * отслужить свой срок (в период ученичества) ;
    отбыть срок (в тюрьме) > to near the end of one's * заканчивать службу (о солдате) ;
    заканчивать срок (о заключенном) > to sell * (американизм) предоставлять за плату возможность выступить по радио или телевидению > to take /to catch/ * by the forelock действовать немедленно;
    воспользоваться случаем, использовать благоприятный момент > to go with the *s плыть по течению > there's no * like the present теперь самое подходящее время (для какого-л. дела) ;
    лучше не откладывай;
    лови момент > * works wonders время делает /творит/ чудеса > * cures all things время - лучший лекарь > * and tide wait for no man время не ждет > it beats my * (американизм) это выше моего понимания > lost * is never found again (пословица) потерянного времени не воротишь > a stitch in * saves nine (пословица) один стежок сделанный вовремя, сберегает десять > * is money (пословица) время - деньги связанный с временем - * advantage( спортивное) преимущество во времени снабженный часовым механизмом - * lock замок с часовым механизмом связанный с покупками в кредит или с платежами в рассрочку подлежащий оплате в определенный срок выбирать время;
    рассчитывать (по времени) - to * oneself well удачно выбрать время прихода /приезда/ - to * one's blows skilfully искусно выбирать момент для (нанесения) удара - to * one's march through the city выбрать время для марша по улицам города - the publication of the book was well *d книга была опубликована в самый подходящий момент - the remark was well *d замечание было сделано очень кстати назначать или устанавливать время;
    приурочивать - he *d his arrival for six o'clock он намечал свой приезд на шесть часов - the train was *d to reach London at 8 a.m. поезд должен был прибыть в Лондон в 8 часов утра ставить (часы) - to * all the clocks in the office according to the radio поставить все часы в конторе /в бюро/ по радио - to * one's watch by the time signal ставить часы по сигналу точного времени - * your watch with mine поставьте свои часы по моим - the alarm-clock was *d to go off at nine o'clock будильник был поставлен на девять часов задавать темп;
    регулировать( механизм и т. п.) отмечать по часам;
    засекать;
    определять время;
    хронометрировать - to * the speed of work хронометрировать трудовой процесс - to * a worker on a new job хронометрировать работу новичка - to * the horse for each half mile засекать время лошади на каждой полумиле - to * how long it takes to do it засечь, сколько времени требуется, чтобы сделать это - I *d his reading я следил за его чтением /за скоростью его чтения/ по часам рассчитывать, устанавливать продолжительность - clockwork apparatus *d to run for forty-eight hours часовой механизм, рассчитанный на двое суток работы выделять время для определенного процесса - to * one's exposure correctly( фотографическое) сделать /поставить/ нужную выдержку (to, with) делать в такт - to * one's steps to the music танцевать в такт музыке - to * one's footsteps to a march шагать в ритме марша (редкое) совпадать, биться в унисон( техническое) синхронизировать access ~ вчт. время доступа access ~ момент допуска across-the-board ~ фиксированный момент движения цен на фондовой бирже, затрагивающего все акции action ~ рабочее время active ~ активное время active ~ продолжительность обслуживания actual ~ фактическое время add ~ вчт. время сложения air ~ время выхода в эфир in good ~ заранее, заблаговременно;
    all in good time все в свое время;
    in bad time не вовремя, с опозданием, поздно all-in ~ произ. стандартный срок allowed ~ допустимое время arrival ~ вчт. время входа times to come будущее;
    as times go по нынешним временам at a ~ одновременно at my ~ of life в мои годы, в моем возрасте at ~s временами;
    some time or other когда-нибудь;
    at no time никогда at one ~ одновременно to make ~ амер. ехать на определенной скорости;
    on time амер. точно, вовремя;
    at one time некогда at the same ~ в то же самое время at the same ~ вместе с тем;
    тем не менее;
    for the time being пока, до поры до времени at the ~ в то время at the ~ of во время at ~s временами;
    some time or other когда-нибудь;
    at no time никогда attended ~ вчт. время обслуживания available ~ полезное время in ~ вовремя;
    to be in time поспеть, прийти вовремя;
    in course of time со временем;
    out of time несвоевременно ~ муз. темп;
    такт;
    to beat time отбивать такт to keep ~ = to beat time before one's ~ до (кого-л.) ;
    до (чьего-л.) рождения before (behind) the times (или one's ~) передовой (отсталый) по взглядам in no ~ необыкновенно быстро, моментально;
    before time слишком рано big ~ разг. успех bit ~ вчт. такт передачи broadcasting ~ время трансляции build-up ~ вчт. время нарастания очереди calculating ~ вчт. время счета changeover ~ время перехода к выпуску новой продукции closing ~ время закрытия closing ~ время окончания работы compensation ~ время компенсации compile ~ вчт. время трансляции computation ~ вчт. время вычислений computer ~ машинное время computer ~ вчт. машинное время computing ~ вчт. время вычмсления connect ~ вчт. продолжительность сеанса связи cooling ~ время охлаждения critical ~ предельное время cutoff ~ время прекращения data ~ вчт. время обмена данными daylight saving ~ летнее время debug ~ вчт. время отладки debugging ~ вчт. время отладки deceleration ~ вчт. время останова delay ~ время задержки delay ~ вчт. время задержки delay ~ время запаздывания delay ~ выдержка времени delivery ~ срок поставки ~ срок;
    it is time we were going нам пора идти;
    time is up срок истек;
    to do time разг. отбывать тюремное заключение double ~ ускоренный марш down ~ вчт. время неисправного состояния down ~ вчт. простой dwell ~ вчт. время пребывания в системе effective ~ полезное время effective waiting ~ вчт. эффективное время ожидания elapsed ~ астрономическое время работы elapsed ~ истекшее время elapsed ~ общее затраченное время elapsed ~ фактическая продолжительность entry ~ вчт. момент входа event ~ вчт. момент появления события fetch ~ вчт. время выборки flexible working ~ гибкий рабочий график in a short ~ в скором времени;
    for a short time на короткое время, ненадолго ~ время;
    what is the time? который час?;
    the time of day время дня, час;
    from time to time время от времени to give (smb.) the ~ of day, to pass the ~ of day (with smb.) здороваться;
    обмениваться приветствиями giving ~ предоставленное время to go with the ~s не отставать от жизни;
    идти в ногу со временем handling ~ время перемещения handling ~ время переработки handling ~ время транспортировки ~ (часто pl) эпоха, времена;
    hard times тяжелые времена;
    time out of mind с незапамятных времен;
    Shakespeare's times эпоха Шекспира to have a good ~, to make a ~ of it хорошо провести время to while away the ~ коротать время;
    to have time on one's hands иметь массу свободного времени idle ~ вчт. время простоя idle ~ нерабочий период idle ~ перерыв в работе idle ~ период бездействия idle ~ простой idle ~ вчт. простой in a short ~ в скором времени;
    for a short time на короткое время, ненадолго in good ~ заранее, заблаговременно;
    all in good time все в свое время;
    in bad time не вовремя, с опозданием, поздно in ~ вовремя;
    to be in time поспеть, прийти вовремя;
    in course of time со временем;
    out of time несвоевременно in good ~ заранее, заблаговременно;
    all in good time все в свое время;
    in bad time не вовремя, с опозданием, поздно in good ~ точно, своевременно there is no ~ to lose нельзя терять ни минуты;
    in (или on) one's own time в свободное время in ~ вовремя;
    to be in time поспеть, прийти вовремя;
    in course of time со временем;
    out of time несвоевременно ineffective ~ вчт. время простоя inoperable ~ нерабочее время instruction ~ вчт. время выполнения команды interaction ~ вчт. время взаимодействия ~ attr. повременный;
    it beats my time это выше моего понимания;
    to sell time амер. предоставлять время для выступления по радио или телевидению (за плату) ~ срок;
    it is time we were going нам пора идти;
    time is up срок истек;
    to do time разг. отбывать тюремное заключение ~ жизнь, век;
    it will last my time этого на мой век хватит to keep (good) ~ идти хорошо( о часах) ;
    to keep bad time идти плохо (о часах) to keep ~ = to beat time to keep ~ выдерживать ритм to keep ~ идти верно( о часах) to keep (good) ~ идти хорошо (о часах) ;
    to keep bad time идти плохо (о часах) knocking-off ~ рын.тр. время окончания работы lag ~ продолжительность запаздывания latency ~ вчт. время ожидания lead ~ время между принятием решения и началом действия lead ~ время на освоение новой продукции, на выполнение нового заказа lead ~ время подготовки к выпуску продукции lead ~ время протекания процесса lead ~ время реализации заказа lead ~ задержка, затягивание lead ~ срок разработки новой продукции load ~ время загрузки load ~ вчт. время загрузки loading ~ время погрузки local ~ местное время lost ~ потерянное время lost ~ is never found again посл. потерянного времени не воротишь;
    one (two) at a time по одному (по двое) maintenance ~ продолжительность технического обслуживания to have a good ~, to make a ~ of it хорошо провести время to make ~ амер. ехать на определенной скорости;
    on time амер. точно, вовремя;
    at one time некогда to make ~ амер. спешить, пытаясь наверстать упущенное make-ready ~ подготовительное время times outof (или without) number бесчисленное количество раз;
    many a time часто, много раз mean ~ between failures среднее время безотказной работы mean ~ to repair среднее время восстановления minimum ~ минимальное время multiplication ~ вчт. время умножения negotiated working ~ нормированное рабочее время negotiated working ~ согласованное рабочее время off ~ вчт. время простоя lost ~ is never found again посл. потерянного времени не воротишь;
    one (two) at a time по одному( по двое) opening ~ время открытия operable ~ вчт. время готовности operable ~ рабочее время operating ~ время эксплуатации operating ~ наработка operating ~ вчт. рабочее время operating ~ срок службы operating ~ эксплуатационное время operation ~ вчт. время выполнения операции over ~ вчт. с течением времени part ~ неполный рабочий день to give (smb.) the ~ of day, to pass the ~ of day (with smb.) здороваться;
    обмениваться приветствиями payout ~ срок выплаты preempted ~ вчт. продолжительность прерывания обслуживания prime ~ наиболее удобное время processing ~ вчт. время обработки данных processing ~ вчт. время обслуживания processing ~ продолжительность обработки processor ~ вчт. время счета production ~ вчт. производительное время productive ~ полезное время productive ~ вчт. полезное время productive ~ продуктивное время productive ~ производительно используемое время proving ~ вчт. время проверки question ~ время, отведенное в парламенте для вопросов правительству read ~ вчт. время считывания reading ~ время, уделяемое чтению real ~ истинное время real ~ истинный масштаб времени real ~ реальное время real ~ вчт. реальное время real ~ реальный масштаб времени recovery ~ вчт. время востановления redemption ~ время выкупа reference ~ вчт. начало отсчета времени remaining service ~ вчт. остаточное время обслуживания repair ~ вчт. время ремонта repair ~ продолжительность ремонта representative computing ~ вчт. эталонное время request-response ~ вчт. время между запросом и ответом resetting ~ вчт. время возврата residual waiting ~ остаточное время ожидания response ~ вчт. время ответа response ~ вчт. время отклика resting ~ время отдыха round-trip propagation ~ вчт. задержка кругового обхода running ~ вчт. время прогона sampling ~ вчт. время получения выборки scheduled ~ директивный срок scheduled ~ запланированное время scramble ~ вчт. конкурентное время search ~ comp. время поиска seek ~ вчт. время установки ~ attr. повременный;
    it beats my time это выше моего понимания;
    to sell time амер. предоставлять время для выступления по радио или телевидению (за плату) to serve one's ~ отбыть срок наказания;
    she is near her time она скоро родит, она на сносях;
    to work against time стараться уложиться в срок to serve one's ~ отбыть срок службы service ~ вчт. время обслуживания setting ~ вчт. время установки setup ~ время перестройки производства setup ~ вчт. время установки setup ~ продолжительность подготовительно-заключительных операций ~ (часто pl) эпоха, времена;
    hard times тяжелые времена;
    time out of mind с незапамятных времен;
    Shakespeare's times эпоха Шекспира to serve one's ~ отбыть срок наказания;
    she is near her time она скоро родит, она на сносях;
    to work against time стараться уложиться в срок simulation ~ вчт. модельное время ~ раз;
    six times five is thirty шестью пять - тридцать;
    ten times as large в десять раз больше;
    time after time раз за разом;
    повторно slot ~ вчт. интервал ответа so that's the ~ of day! такие-то дела!;
    take your time! не спешите!;
    to kill time убить время sojourn ~ вчт. длительность пребывания at ~s временами;
    some time or other когда-нибудь;
    at no time никогда speaking ~ время выступления spent waiting ~ вчт. время ожиданий standard operation ~ нормативная наработка standard operation ~ нормативная продолжительность эксплуатации standard operation ~ нормативный срок службы standard ~ норматив времени standard ~ нормативное время standard ~ стандартное, декретное время start ~ вчт. время разгона starting ~ время начала startup ~ вчт. время запуска stop ~ вчт. время останова storage ~ вчт. время хранения данных storing ~ время хранения swap ~ вчт. время перекачки system ~ вчт. время системы system with limited holding ~ система с ограниченным временем пребывания so that's the ~ of day! такие-то дела!;
    take your time! не спешите!;
    to kill time убить время takedown ~ вчт. время освобождения ~ раз;
    six times five is thirty шестью пять - тридцать;
    ten times as large в десять раз больше;
    time after time раз за разом;
    повторно testing ~ вчт. время проверки there is no ~ to lose нельзя терять ни минуты;
    in (или on) one's own time в свободное время throughput ~ производительное время ~ раз;
    six times five is thirty шестью пять - тридцать;
    ten times as large в десять раз больше;
    time after time раз за разом;
    повторно ~ attr. относящийся к определенному времени ~ attr. повременный;
    it beats my time это выше моего понимания;
    to sell time амер. предоставлять время для выступления по радио или телевидению (за плату) ~ between arrivals вчт. интервал между требованиями ~ for payment срок платежа ~ for performance срок исполнения ~ for presentment срок предъявления ~ for submission срок представления ~ срок;
    it is time we were going нам пора идти;
    time is up срок истек;
    to do time разг. отбывать тюремное заключение ~ of acquisition время приобретения ~ of balance sheet дата представления балансового отчета ~ of billing срок фактурирования ~ of closing of accounts дата закрытия счетов ~ of conception время зачатия ~ of crisis кризисный период ~ время;
    what is the time? который час?;
    the time of day время дня, час;
    from time to time время от времени ~ of death время смерти ~ of delivery срок поставки ~ of deposit период, на который сделан срочный вклад ~ of dispatch( TOD) время отправки ~ of distribution время размещения ~ of falling due срок платежа ~ of implementation период внедрения ~ of incurring a debt время образования долга ~ of invoicing время выписки фактуры ~ of issue время эмиссии ~ of loading время погрузки ~ of maturity срок платежа по векселю ~ of maturity срок ценной бумаги ~ of operation время выполнения операции ~ of operation наработка ~ of operation продолжительность эксплуатации ~ of operation срок службы ~ of payment срок платежа ~ of performance срок исполнения ~ of performance of contract срок исполнения договора ~ of purchase время покупки ~ of receipt( TOR) дата получения ~ of recording дата регистрации ~ of redemption срок выкупа ~ of redemption срок погашения ~ of sale время продажи ~ of sale дата продажи ~ of signature дата подписи ~ of surrender время вручения ~ of taking office дата вступления в должность ~ of taking up duties дата вступления в должность ~ of termination время прекращения действия ~ of termination дата истечения срока ~ of transmission( TOT) время передачи ~ of transportation время перевозки ~ of year время года ~ off нерабочее время ~ out вчт. тайм-аут ~ (часто pl) эпоха, времена;
    hard times тяжелые времена;
    time out of mind с незапамятных времен;
    Shakespeare's times эпоха Шекспира ~ удачно выбирать время;
    рассчитывать (по времени) ;
    приурочивать;
    to time to the minute рассчитывать до минуты times outof (или without) number бесчисленное количество раз;
    many a time часто, много раз times to come будущее;
    as times go по нынешним временам total ~ вчт. суммарное время ~ назначать время;
    the train timed to leave at
    6. 30 поезд, отходящий по расписанию в 6 ч. 30 м. transfer ~ вчт. время передачи transfer ~ срок передачи translating ~ вчт. время трансляции turnaround ~ вчт. длительность цикла обработки turnaround ~ межремонтный срок службы unexpended service ~ вчт. оставшееся время обслуживания unit ~ вчт. единичное время time: unused ~ вчт. неиспользуемое время up ~ вчт. рабочее время useful ~ вчт. полезное время user ~ вчт. время пользователя wait ~ вчт. время ожидания waiting ~ время ожидания waiting ~ вчт. время ожидания waiting ~ простой по организационным причинам waiting ~ простой по техническим причинам wasted service ~ вчт. затраченное время обслуживания ~ время;
    what is the time? который час?;
    the time of day время дня, час;
    from time to time время от времени to while away the ~ коротать время;
    to have time on one's hands иметь массу свободного времени while: ~ away бездельничать;
    to while away the time (или a few hours) проводить, коротать время word ~ вчт. время выборки слова ~ рабочее время;
    to work full (part) time работать полный (неполный) рабочий день или полную (неполную) рабочую неделю working ~ рабочее время write ~ вчт. время записи zone ~ поясное время zone: ~ attr. зональный;
    поясной;
    региональный;
    zone time поясное время

    Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > time

  • 13 even

    1. adjective,
    1) (smooth, flat) eben [Boden, Fläche]
    2) (level) gleich hoch [Stapel, Stuhl-, Tischbein]; gleich lang [Vorhang, Stuhl-, Tischbein usw.]

    be of even height/length — gleich hoch/lang sein

    even with — genauso hoch/lang wie

    on an even keel — (fig.) ausgeglichen

    3) (straight) gerade [Saum, Kante]
    4) (parallel) parallel ( with zu)
    5) (regular) regelmäßig [Zähne]; (steady) gleichmäßig [Schrift, Rhythmus, Atmen, Schlagen]; stetig [Fortschritt]
    6) (equal) gleich [groß] [Menge, Abstand]; gleichmäßig [Verteilung, Aufteilung]

    the odds are even, it's an even bet — die Chancen stehen fünfzig zu fünfzig od. (ugs.) fifty-fifty

    7) (balanced) im Gleichgewicht

    be or get even with somebody — es jemandem heimzahlen

    9) (divisible by two, so numbered) gerade [Zahl, Seite, Hausnummer]
    2. adverb
    1) sogar; selbst

    hard, unbearable even — hart, ja unerträglich

    2) with negative

    not or never even... — [noch] nicht einmal...

    3) with compar. adj. or adv. sogar noch [komplizierter, weniger, schlimmer usw.]
    4)

    even if Arsenal won — selbst wenn Arsenal gewinnen würde; (fact) obgleich Arsenal gewann

    even so — [aber] trotzdem od. dennoch

    even now/ then — selbst od. sogar jetzt/dann

    Phrasal Verbs:
    - academic.ru/86762/even_out">even out
    - even up
    * * *
    I 1. [i:vən] adjective
    1) (level; the same in height, amount etc: Are the table-legs even?; an even temperature.) gleich
    2) (smooth: Make the path more even.) eben
    3) (regular: He has a strong, even pulse.) gleichmäßig
    4) (divisible by 2 with no remainder: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 etc are even numbers.) gerade
    5) (equal (in number, amount etc): The teams have scored one goal each and so they are even now.) gleich
    6) ((of temperament etc) calm: She has a very even temper.) ausgeglichen
    2. verb
    1) (to make equal: Smith's goal evened the score.) ausgleichen
    2) (to make smooth or level.) ebnen
    •
    - evenly
    - evenness
    - be/get even with
    - an even chance
    - even out
    - even up     II [i:vən] adverb
    1) (used to point out something unexpected in what one is saying: `Have you finished yet?' `No, I haven't even started.'; Even the winner got no prize.) sogar
    2) (yet; still: My boots were dirty, but his were even dirtier.) noch
    •
    - even if
    - even so
    - even though
    * * *
    [ˈi:vən]
    I. adv
    1. (unexpectedly) selbst BRD, ÖSTERR
    \even Jim was there selbst [o sogar] Jim war da
    2. (indeed) sogar
    it might \even take a year es könnte unter Umständen ein Jahr dauern
    I never cry, not \even when I hurt myself really badly ich weine nie, noch nicht mal, wenn ich mir sehr weh tue
    he declined \even to consider the idea er lehnte es schon ab, die Idee überhaupt in Erwägung zu ziehen
    3. (despite) selbst BRD, ÖSTERR
    \even now I can't believe it ich kann es noch immer nicht ganz glauben
    ... but \even then he managed to make a mess of it... und trotzdem hat er es geschafft, alles durcheinanderzubringen
    \even if... selbst [o SCHWEIZ auch] wenn...
    \even so... trotzdem...
    I had a terrible headache but \even so I went to the concert ich hatte fürchterliche Kopfschmerzen, bin aber dennoch ins Konzert gegangen
    \even though... selbst [o SCHWEIZ auch] wenn...
    \even though he left school at 16,... obwohl er mit sechzehn bereits von der Schule abging,...
    4. (as intensifier) nahezu, fast SCHWEIZ
    I find his habits rather unpleasant, disgusting \even ich finde seine Gewohnheiten ziemlich unangenehm, um nicht zu sagen abstoßend
    5. + comp (all the more) noch
    \even colder/faster noch kälter/schneller
    II. adj
    1. (level) eben; two surfaces auf gleicher Höhe; ( fig) ausgeglichen
    to bring a boat onto an \even keel ein Boot in eine waagrechte Position bringen
    to put sth on an \even keel ( fig) etw wieder auf die Beine bringen fig
    an \even row eine gerade Reihe
    an \even surface eine glatte Oberfläche
    2. (equal) gleich [groß]; (size, amount) gleich groß
    the odds are quoted as \even money die Gewinnquote steht fünfzig fünfzig
    there is an \even chance of sth die Chancen für etw akk stehen fünfzig zu fünfzig
    there's an \even chance of rain es sieht ganz nach Regen aus
    an \even contest ein ebenbürtiger Wettkampf
    an \even distribution of wealth eine gleichmäßige Verteilung des Reichtums
    an \even game ein ausgeglichenes Spiel
    to be on \even terms gleichgestellt sein
    to get \even with sb jdm etw heimzahlen
    3. (regular) gleichmäßig
    to walk at an \even pace in gleichmäßigem Tempo gehen
    to work at an \even rate im regelmäßigen Rhythmus arbeiten
    to walk with \even steps gleichmäßigen Schrittes gehen
    to have an \even temper ausgeglichen sein
    4. (fair) günstig
    an \even bargain ein Schnäppchen
    to distribute sth with an \even hand etw gleich verteilen
    ▪ to be \even [with sb] [mit jdm] quitt sein
    5. inv MATH gerade
    an \even number eine gerade Zahl
    an \even page eine Seite mit gerader Zahl
    III. vt
    to \even a floor/surface einen Fußboden ebnen/eine Oberfläche glätten
    ▪ to \even sth etw ausgleichen
    to \even the score das Gleichgewicht wiederherstellen
    ▪ to \even out ⇆ sth etw ausgleichen
    ▪ to \even up ⇆ sth etw ausgleichen; (give parity to) aufeinander abgestimmt werden
    that should \even things up a bit das sollte alles etwas ausgleichen
    IV. vi sich ausgleichen; prices sich einpendeln
    * * *
    I ['iːvən]
    1. adj
    1) surface, ground eben

    the concrete has to be even with the ground — der Beton muss eben mit dem Boden abschließen

    2) (= regular) layer etc, voice gleichmäßig; progress stetig; breathing, pulse regelmäßig, gleichmäßig
    3) quantities, distances, values gleich

    that makes us even (in game) — damit steht es unentschieden; (fig) damit sind wir quitt

    never give a sucker an even break ( dated US inf ) — gib einem Trottel keine Chance (inf)

    4) number gerade

    even money — Wette, bei der die doppelte Einsatzsumme als Gewinn ausgezahlt wird

    I'll give you even money he's late (inf) — ich gehe jede Wette mit dir ein, dass er zu spät kommt

    5) (= exact) genau
    2. adv
    1) sogar, selbst

    that's good going, even for you — sogar or selbst für dich ist das allerhand

    it'll be difficult, impossible even — das wird schwierig sein, wenn nicht (so)gar unmöglich

    2) (with comp adj) sogar noch

    that's even better/more beautiful — das ist sogar (noch) besser/schöner

    3)

    (with neg) not even — nicht einmal

    without even a smile —

    he didn't even answer the letter — er hat den Brief (noch) nicht einmal beantwortet

    4)

    even if you were a millionaire —

    even though I live alone I'm not lonely — obwohl ich allein lebe, bin ich nicht einsam

    even as I spoke someone knocked at the door —

    even as... so (old) — genau wie... so

    3. vt
    surface glatt or eben machen, glätten II
    n (obs, poet)
    Abend m
    * * *
    even1 [ˈiːvn] adv
    1. sogar, selbst, auch (verstärkend):
    not even he nicht einmal er;
    I never even read it ich habe es nicht einmal gelesen;
    even then selbst dann;
    even though, even if selbst wenn, wenn auch;
    without even looking ohne auch nur hinzusehen
    2. noch (vor komp):
    even better (sogar) noch besser;
    even more noch mehr
    3. bereits, nur
    4. gerade (zeitlich):
    a) obs eben oder gerade jetzt,
    b) selbst jetzt oder heutzutage;
    not even now nicht einmal jetzt, selbst oder auch jetzt noch nicht
    5. eben, ganz, gerade (verstärkend):
    even as I expected obs gerade oder genau, wie ich (es) erwartete;
    even as he spoke obs gerade als er sprach;
    even so immerhin, dennoch, trotzdem, selbst dann
    6. obs nämlich, das heißt:
    God, even our own God
    7. or even oder auch (nur), oder gar
    even2 [ˈiːvn]
    A adj
    1. eben, flach, glatt, gerade:
    even with the ground dem Boden gleich
    2. auf oder in gleicher Höhe ( with mit)
    3. fig ausgeglichen, ruhig, gelassen:
    of an even temper ausgeglichen;
    an even voice eine ruhige Stimme
    4. gleichmäßig:
    even features regelmäßige (Gesichts)Züge
    5. waag(e)recht, horizontal: → keel1 A 1
    6. WIRTSCH
    a) ausgeglichen ( auch SPORT Runde etc), schuldenfrei
    b) ohne (Gewinn od) Verlust:
    be even with sb mit jemandem quitt sein umg, a. fig( → A 10);
    get even with sb mit jemandem abrechnen, mit jemandem quitt werden umg (beide a. fig); → break even
    7. im Gleichgewicht (auch fig)
    8. gerecht, unparteiisch (Gesetz etc)
    9. gleich, identisch (Teile etc):
    even bet Wette f mit gleichem Einsatz;
    even chances gleiche Chancen;
    it’s even chances that … umg die Chancen stehen fifty-fifty, dass …;
    he stands an even chance of winning er hat eine echte Chance zu gewinnen;
    meet on even ground mit gleichen Chancen kämpfen;
    even money gleicher (Wett)Einsatz;
    your letter of even date Ihr Schreiben gleichen Datums
    10. gleich (im Rang etc):
    be even with sb mit jemandem gleichstehen ( → A 6)
    11. gerade (Zahl):
    even page Buchseite f mit gerader Zahl;
    end even TYPO mit voller Zeile abschließen
    12. rund, voll (Summe)
    13. präzise, genau:
    an even dozen genau ein Dutzend
    B v/t
    1. auch even out (ein)ebnen, glätten
    a) ausgleichen,
    b) (gleichmäßig) verteilen
    3. even up eine Rechnung aus-, begleichen:
    even up accounts Konten abstimmen;
    even matters ( oder things) up sich revanchieren
    C v/i
    1. meist even out eben werden (Gelände)
    a) sich ausgleichen,
    b) sich (gleichmäßig) verteilen
    3. even up on sb mit jemandem quitt werden umg, a. fig
    even3 [ˈiːvn] s poet Abend m
    * * *
    1. adjective,
    1) (smooth, flat) eben [Boden, Fläche]
    2) (level) gleich hoch [Stapel, Stuhl-, Tischbein]; gleich lang [Vorhang, Stuhl-, Tischbein usw.]

    be of even height/length — gleich hoch/lang sein

    even with — genauso hoch/lang wie

    on an even keel — (fig.) ausgeglichen

    3) (straight) gerade [Saum, Kante]
    4) (parallel) parallel ( with zu)
    5) (regular) regelmäßig [Zähne]; (steady) gleichmäßig [Schrift, Rhythmus, Atmen, Schlagen]; stetig [Fortschritt]
    6) (equal) gleich [groß] [Menge, Abstand]; gleichmäßig [Verteilung, Aufteilung]

    the odds are even, it's an even bet — die Chancen stehen fünfzig zu fünfzig od. (ugs.) fifty-fifty

    7) (balanced) im Gleichgewicht
    8) (quits, fully revenged)

    be or get even with somebody — es jemandem heimzahlen

    9) (divisible by two, so numbered) gerade [Zahl, Seite, Hausnummer]
    2. adverb
    1) sogar; selbst

    hard, unbearable even — hart, ja unerträglich

    2) with negative

    not or never even... — [noch] nicht einmal...

    3) with compar. adj. or adv. sogar noch [komplizierter, weniger, schlimmer usw.]
    4)

    even if Arsenal won — selbst wenn Arsenal gewinnen würde; (fact) obgleich Arsenal gewann

    even so — [aber] trotzdem od. dennoch

    even now/ then — selbst od. sogar jetzt/dann

    Phrasal Verbs:
    * * *
    adj.
    eben adj.
    gerade (Mathematik) adj.
    gerade (Zahl) adj.
    gerade adj.
    gleichmäßig
    adj.
    selbst adj.
    sogar adj. n.
    Gerade -n f.

    English-german dictionary > even

  • 14 take

    I [teɪk]
    1) cinem. ripresa f.
    2) (catch) (of fish) pesca f.; (of game) carniere m.
    ••

    to be on the take — colloq. prendere bustarelle

    II 1. [teɪk]
    verbo transitivo (pass. took; p.pass. taken)
    1) (take hold of) prendere [object, money]

    to take sb. by the hand — prendere qcn. per (la) mano

    to take sth. from — prendere qcs. da [ shelf]; prendere qcs. in [ drawer]

    to take sth. out of — tirare fuori qcs. da [ box]

    to take a knife to sb. — vibrare coltellate contro qcn

    2) (have) fare [bath, shower]; fare, prendersi [ holiday]; prendere [milk, pills]

    I'll take some apples, please — vorrei delle mele, per favore

    3) (carry along) portare [ object]

    to take sb. sth. to take sth. to sb. portare qcs. a qcn.; to take the car to the garage portare la macchina dal meccanico; did he take an umbrella (with him)? — ha preso l'ombrello?

    4) (accompany, lead)

    to take sb. to school — accompagnare qcn. a scuola

    to take sb. to — [ bus] portare qcn. in [ place]; [ road] portare o condurre qcn. a [ place]

    you can't take him anywhere! — scherz. non si può andare in giro con uno così!

    5) (go by) prendere [bus, plane]; prendere, imboccare [ road]
    6) (negotiate) [ driver] prendere [ bend]; girare [ corner]; [ horse] saltare [ fence]
    7) (accept) [ machine] prendere [ coin]; [ shop] accettare [ credit card]; [ person] accettare, prendere [ bribe]; prendere [patients, pupils]; accettare [ job]; prendere [ phone call]; sopportare [pain, criticism]; accettare [ punishment]

    he can't take a joke — non accetta le battute, non sta allo scherzo

    8) (require) [activity, course of action] richiedere [skill, courage]
    9) ling. reggere [object, case]

    to take sth. well, badly, seriously — prendere qcs. bene, male, sul serio

    11) (adopt) adottare [measures, steps]

    to take sb. for o to be sth. prendere qcn. per; what do you take me for? per chi mi prendi? what do you take this poem to mean? — che significato dai a questa poesia?

    13) (consider) fare [ example]; prendere (in esempio) [person, case]

    take John (for example),... — prendi John (per esempio)

    14) (record) prendere [ notes]; prendere nota di [ statement]; misurare [temperature, blood pressure]; prendere, sentire [ pulse]

    to take sb.'s measurements — (for clothes) prendere le misure a qcn

    15) (hold) [hall, bus, tank, container] (potere) contenere
    16) (wear) (in clothes) portare, avere [ size]

    to take a size 4 — (in shoes) portare il 37

    17) fot. prendere, fare [ photograph]
    18) mat. (subtract) sottrarre [ number]
    19) scol. univ. (study) studiare, prendere [ subject]; seguire [ course]; prendere [ lessons] (in di); (sit) dare [ exam]; fare [ test]; (teach) [ teacher] fare lezione a [ students]

    to take sb. for French — fare lezione di francese a qcn

    20) (officiate at) [ priest] celebrare [ service]
    21) (capture) [ army] prendere, espugnare [fortress, city]; (in chess) [ player] mangiare [ piece]; (in cards) [ person] prendere, vincere [ prize]
    2.
    verbo intransitivo (pass. took; p.pass. taken) (have desired effect) [ drug] fare effetto; [ dye] prendere; (grow successfully) [ plant] attecchire
    ••

    to take it o a lot out of sb. chiedere tanto a qcn.; to take it upon oneself to do farsi carico di fare; to take sb. out of himself fare distrarre o divertire qcn.; you can take it from me,... — credimi

    * * *
    (to take or keep (someone) as a hostage: The police were unable to attack the terrorists because they were holding three people hostage.) prendere/tenere in ostaggio
    * * *
    take /teɪk/
    n.
    1 il prendere; presa
    2 quantità di selvaggina (di pesce, ecc.) presa; carniere (fig.): It was an excellent take, siamo tornati (sono tornati, ecc.) col carniere pieno; a great take of fish, una pesca eccezionale
    3 incasso, introito (di cinema, teatr., ecc.)
    4 (cinem., TV) ripresa
    5 (fam.) guadagno; profitto; ricavo
    6 (fisc.) gettito: the tax take, il gettito delle imposte
    7 (fam.) bottino; parte ( del bottino, del malloppo)
    8 (fam.) bustarella; pizzo; tangente
    9 (fam. USA) punto di vista; interpretazione; teoria; opinione
    ● (fam.) to be on the take, prendere la bustarella (o il pizzo); farsi corrompere.
    ♦ (to) take /teɪk/
    (pass. took, p. p. taken)
    A v. t.
    1 prendere; pigliare; afferrare; cogliere, sorprendere; catturare; conquistare, impadronirsi di; conquistare; guadagnare; ricevere; comprare; sottrarre; togliere; rubare: Will you take a glass of wine?, prendi (o vuoi) un bicchiere di vino?; to take st. (up) with one's hands, prendere qc. con le mani; to take sb. 's hand, prendere (o afferrare) la mano a q.; Let me take your coat!, posso prenderti il cappotto? ( lo metto a posto io, ecc.); I took the flat for a year, presi l'appartamento (in affitto) per un anno; Take what you like, piglia quello che vuoi!; He was taken in the act, è stato colto (o preso) in flagrante; The fortress was taken by the enemy, la fortezza fu conquistata (o presa) dal nemico; to take a Senate seat, conquistare un seggio al Senato (in Italia, ecc.); He takes three hundred pounds a month, guadagna (o prende) trecento sterline al mese; The thief took all the silver, il ladro ha rubato tutta l'argenteria; The shopkeeper took 10 p off the price, il negoziante tolse dieci penny dal prezzo; We take two newspapers daily, compriamo due giornali tutti i giorni
    2 prendere con sé; portare via; portare; condurre; accompagnare: Take your umbrella with you, prenditi l'ombrello!; Take these parcels to the post office, will you?, mi porti questi pacchi alla posta?; This path will take you to the river, questo sentiero ti porterà al fiume; I took my guest home, accompagnai a casa l'ospite; Take the children for a walk, porta i bambini a fare una passeggiata! NOTA D'USO: - to bring o to take?-
    3 prendere; accettare; assumere; accollarsi: Do you take credit cards?, accettate le carte di credito?; DIALOGO → - Paying 1- Which credit cards do you take?, quali carte di credito accettate?; to take holy orders, prendere gli ordini sacri; to take one's degree, prendere la laurea; They won't take our advice, non accettano i nostri consigli; He took the job, ha accettato il posto; They cannot take defeat, non riescono ad accettare la sconfitta; to take the blame, accollarsi (o assumersi) la colpa
    4 prendere; assumere; ingerire: to take a medicine, prendere una medicina; to take one's meals at a restaurant, prendere i pasti (o mangiare) al ristorante; to take drugs, assumere droga; drogarsi
    5 prendere; prendere in esame; considerare; giudicare; ritenere; reputare; valutare; supporre: to take sb. at his word, prendere q. in parola; to take st. as done, considerare qc. come già fatto; to take sb. as a swindler, prendere q. per un imbroglione; Let's take John, for instance, prendiamo John, per esempio; to take sb. at his face value, valutare q. per quello che sembra; I take it you're the person in charge here, se non sbaglio è lei che comanda qui; DIALOGO → - Wedding- I take it she said yes then?, suppongo che abbia detto di sì, quindi
    6 comprendere, intendere: Do you take my meaning?, intendi quel che voglio dire?
    7 portare: Take him another glass of wine, portagli un altro bicchiere di vino!
    8 fare: to take a walk [a bath], fare una passeggiata [un bagno]; to take a nap, fare un sonnellino; to take a picture (o a photograph) fare una fotografia; to take an exam, fare (o dare, sostenere) un esame; (stat.) to take a census, fare un censimento; The horse took the jump, il cavallo ha fatto il salto ( non ha rifiutato l'ostacolo)
    9 attirare; attrarre; trasportare (fig.); incantare; cattivarsi; affascinare: I was not much taken by ( o with) his behaviour, sono stato tutt'altro che attratto dal suo comportamento; This author takes his readers with him, quest'autore affascina (o trasporta) i lettori
    10 (spesso impers.) impiegare; metterci; volerci; richiedere; occorrere: I took three days to finish my work, impiegai tre giorni per finire il mio lavoro; DIALOGO → - Building work- The builders said the job would take six to eight weeks, max, i muratori dicono che per i lavori ci vorranno da sei a otto settimane al massimo; How long did it take you to go there?, quanto tempo ci hai messo per andare là?; These things take time, ci vuol tempo per queste cose; It takes a lot of patience, ci vuole molta pazienza
    11 resistere a; reggere (a); sostenere; sopportare: to take a thrust, reggere una spinta
    12 (cinem., TV) riprendere; girare: to take a scene, riprendere una scena
    13 prendere; possedere ( una donna)
    14 (comm., leg.) prendere; accettare ( in pagamento)
    15 (gramm.) reggere; prendere: Transitive verbs take a direct object, i verbi transitivi reggono il complemento oggetto
    16 provare; sentire: to take pleasure in st. [in doing st.], provare piacere in qc. [a fare qc.]
    17 misurare; rilevare; prendere: to take sb. 's temperature, misurare la temperatura (fam.: la febbre) a q.
    18 afferrare; cogliere: to take an opportunity, cogliere un'occasione
    19 ( di un recipiente, un locale, un veicolo) contenere; portare: This bottle only takes half a litre, questa bottiglia contiene solo mezzo litro; The hall can take 200 people, la sala può contenere 200 persone; The coach takes (up) 50 passengers, il pullman porta 50 passeggeri
    20 tirare, sferrare; dare: to take a shot at a bird, tirare un colpo (o sparare) a un uccello; to take a punch at sb., tirare (o sferrare) un pugno a q.
    21 portare ( una misura d'indumento): What size do you take, madam?, che misura (o numero) porta, signora?
    22 ( sport) vincere: ( boxe) to take nearly every round, vincere quasi tutte le riprese; ( tennis) to take the set, vincere il set
    24 (fam.) darle (o suonarle) a (q.); battere (q.) ( a pugni, o in una gara): The champion took the challenger in the first round, il detentore del titolo batté lo sfidante nel primo round
    25 ( boxe) incassare ( colpi): He can take blows well, incassa bene i colpi; è un buon incassatore
    26 ( calcio, ecc.) fare, effettuare, eseguire ( un tiro, una rimessa, ecc.); dare ( un calcio); battere; segnare ( un gol, un canestro): to take a penalty, tirare (o battere) un rigore; ( cricket) to take a run, effettuare una corsa ( verso il wicket); to take a free kick, battere (o tirare) una punizione
    27 (fam.) imbrogliare; truffare; fregare (fam.): The salesman tried to take me, il commesso ha cercato di fregarmi
    28 (fam.; al passivo) defraudare; derubare: The old lady was taken for all her money, la vecchia signora è stata derubata di tutti i soldi
    B v. i.
    1 ( anche mecc.) prendere; far presa; attaccare: This gear won't take, quest'ingranaggio non prende (o non fa presa); The fire took rapidly, il fuoco prese subito; This paint takes well, questa vernice attacca bene
    2 avere successo; attecchire; I don't think it will take, non credo che attecchirà
    3 agire; funzionare; avere effetto: The vaccine did not take, il vaccino non ha agito
    4 (fam.) essere fotogenico; venire bene: She does not take well, non viene bene ( in fotografia)
    ● to take advantage of, approfittare di; sfruttare □ (mil.) to take aim, prendere la mira; mirare; puntare □ to take all the fun out of st., guastare la festa; rovinare tutto □ to take sb. 's arm, prendere il braccio di q.; prender q. per il braccio □ to take st. as read, dare qc. per letto □ (fig.) to take a back seat, occupare un posto di scarsa importanza; accontentarsi di un ruolo secondario □ (leg.) to take bankruptcy, accettare di essere messo in fallimento □ (autom., ecc.) to take a bend, prendere una curva: to take a bend as tightly as possible, stringere una curva al massimo □ to take bets, accettare scommesse □ (fig.) to take the bit between one's teeth, stringere i denti (fig.) □ to take breath, prendere (o ripigliare) fiato □ to take by surprise, cogliere di sorpresa; prendere (o conquistare) di sorpresa □ to take care, stare attento; fare attenzione; badare; guardarsi: Take care what you say, fa' attenzione a quel che dici!; Take care not to break it, bada di non romperlo! □ to take care of, badare a; prendersi cura di, aver cura di; (fam. eufem.) sistemare, eliminare, uccidere: Who will take care of the baby?, chi si prenderà cura del bambino?; Take care of yourself! abbi cura di te!; riguardati! □ (fig.) to take the chair, assumere la presidenza; presiedere una seduta □ to take a chair, prendere posto; accomodarsi; sedersi □ to take a chance, correre un rischio; tentare la sorte □ to take one's chances, correre il rischio; arrischiare, azzardare; tentare la sorte; stare al gioco (fig.) □ to take no chances, non volere correre rischi; andare sul sicuro □ to take charge of st., prendere in consegna qc.; occuparsi di qc.; assumere il comando (la direzione) di qc.: The new commander took charge of the garrison, il nuovo comandante assunse (o prese) il comando della guarnigione □ to take command, prendere il comando □ (relig.) to take communion, fare la comunione □ to take courage, farsi coraggio; farsi animo □ to take a deep breath, tirare un lungo respiro □ to take a different view, essere di tutt'altro avviso; essere di parere contrario □ to take effect, ( di una medicina, ecc.) avere (o fare) effetto; ( di una legge e sim.) entrare in vigore; essere attuato; andare in porto (fig.): The new law takes effect as of July 1st, la nuova legge entra in vigore dal primo di luglio □ to take a fever, contrarre una febbre ( malarica, ecc.) □ to take fright, prendersi paura; spaventarsi □ to take hold of sb., impadronirsi di q.: A great tenderness took hold of him, una grande tenerezza si è impadronita di lui □ to take hold of st., afferrare qc.: He took hold of the bar, ha afferrato la sbarra □ to take a holiday, andare in vacanza □ to take st. in hand, prendere in mano qc. (fig.); intraprendere qc. □ to take an interest in st., interessarsi a qc. □ to take into account, tener presente; tener conto di; prendere in considerazione: We must take his youth into account, dobbiamo tener conto della sua giovinezza □ to take sb. into one's confidence, concedere a q. la propria fiducia; mettere q. a parte dei propri segreti □ (fam.) to take it, tener duro; non batter ciglio □ to take it easy, prendersela comoda, non strapazzarsi; ( anche) non prendersela, restare calmo □ to take it into one's head (o mind), mettersi in testa, figgersi in capo ( un'idea, ecc.) □ to take a joke in earnest, prender sul serio uno scherzo □ to take a leap (o a jump), fare un salto □ to take leave of sb., prendere congedo (o commiato) da q.; accomiatarsi da q. □ to take leave of one's senses, impazzire □ (leg.) to take legal action, adire le vie legali □ to take legal advice, consultare un avvocato; rivolgersi a un legale per un parere □ to take a letter, ( anche) battere una lettera sotto dettatura □ to take sb. 's life, togliere la vita a q.; uccidere q. □ (fam.) to take one's life in one's hands, rischiare la vita □ to take a look at st., dare un'occhiata a qc. □ to take a look round, dare un'occhiata in giro; guardarsi attorno (o intorno) □ (fam.) to take the mickey out of sb., prendere in giro q.; sfottere q. (fam.) □ to take minutes, mettere a verbale; verbalizzare □ to take the nonsense out of sb., togliere i grilli dalla testa a q. □ to take notes, prendere appunti □ to take notice of st., fare attenzione a qc.; occuparsi (o interessarsi) di qc.; rendersi conto di qc. □ to take an oath, fare (o prestare) un giuramento □ to take offence, offendersi □ to take other people's ideas, appropriarsi delle idee altrui □ to take pains, darsi (o prendersi) pena (di fare qc.); sforzarsi; darsi da fare; fare il possibile: to take pains to do a job well, sforzarsi di fare bene un lavoro □ to take part in st., prendere parte, partecipare a qc. □ to take place, aver luogo; accadere; avvenire; verificarsi □ (polit.) to take power, salire al potere; andare al governo □ to take pride in st., andare orgoglioso di qc. □ (mil.) to take sb. prisoner, far prigioniero q. □ ( boxe) to take punishment, subire una punizione; incassare colpi durissimi □ (fam.) to take the rap, essere incolpato (spec. per colpe altrui); prendersi la colpa □ to take refuge, trovar rifugio; rifugiarsi; riparare □ to take a seat, prendere posto; mettersi a sedere; accomodarsi □ to take sides with sb., parteggiare per q.; schierarsi con q. □ to take stock, (comm.) fare l'inventario; (fig.) valutare la situazione (e sim.) □ to take things as they are, prendere il mondo come viene □ to take things coolly, conservare il sangue freddo; mantenere la calma; non agitarsi □ to take things easy, prender le cose alla leggera; tirare a campare; fare il proprio comodo; prendersela comoda □ to take things seriously, prender le cose sul serio □ to take one's time, prendersela comoda; andare adagio: He took his time over the job, se la prese comoda col lavoro □ to take its toll on sb. [st.], farsi sentire su q. [qc.] ( in senso negativo) □ to take the train, prendere il treno; servirsi del treno ( e non dell'autobus, ecc.): DIALOGO → - Asking about routine 2- I usually take the bus, but sometimes I go by train, di solito prendo l'autobus, ma a volte vado in treno □ to take the trouble to do st., prendersi il disturbo di fare qc.; darsi la pena di fare qc. □ to take turns, fare a turno, alternarsi: (autom.) to take turns at the wheel, alternarsi al volante □ to take a vow, fare un voto □ to take a wife, prender moglie □ to take wing, levarsi a volo □ to be taken ill, ammalarsi; sentirsi male □ (fam.) to be taken short, avere un bisognino ( un bisogno impellente) □ It took a lot of doing, ci volle del bello e del buono □ Take your seats!, seduti!, a posto!; ( anche, ferr.) in carrozza! □ How old do you take me to be?, quanti anni mi dai? □ (fam.) I can take him or leave him, non mi è né simpatico né antipatico; mi lascia indifferente □ Take it or leave it!, prendere o lasciare! □ (fam.) I am not taking any, grazie, no!; ( anche) non ci sto!
    NOTA D'USO: - to take o to get?-
    * * *
    I [teɪk]
    1) cinem. ripresa f.
    2) (catch) (of fish) pesca f.; (of game) carniere m.
    ••

    to be on the take — colloq. prendere bustarelle

    II 1. [teɪk]
    verbo transitivo (pass. took; p.pass. taken)
    1) (take hold of) prendere [object, money]

    to take sb. by the hand — prendere qcn. per (la) mano

    to take sth. from — prendere qcs. da [ shelf]; prendere qcs. in [ drawer]

    to take sth. out of — tirare fuori qcs. da [ box]

    to take a knife to sb. — vibrare coltellate contro qcn

    2) (have) fare [bath, shower]; fare, prendersi [ holiday]; prendere [milk, pills]

    I'll take some apples, please — vorrei delle mele, per favore

    3) (carry along) portare [ object]

    to take sb. sth. to take sth. to sb. portare qcs. a qcn.; to take the car to the garage portare la macchina dal meccanico; did he take an umbrella (with him)? — ha preso l'ombrello?

    4) (accompany, lead)

    to take sb. to school — accompagnare qcn. a scuola

    to take sb. to — [ bus] portare qcn. in [ place]; [ road] portare o condurre qcn. a [ place]

    you can't take him anywhere! — scherz. non si può andare in giro con uno così!

    5) (go by) prendere [bus, plane]; prendere, imboccare [ road]
    6) (negotiate) [ driver] prendere [ bend]; girare [ corner]; [ horse] saltare [ fence]
    7) (accept) [ machine] prendere [ coin]; [ shop] accettare [ credit card]; [ person] accettare, prendere [ bribe]; prendere [patients, pupils]; accettare [ job]; prendere [ phone call]; sopportare [pain, criticism]; accettare [ punishment]

    he can't take a joke — non accetta le battute, non sta allo scherzo

    8) (require) [activity, course of action] richiedere [skill, courage]
    9) ling. reggere [object, case]

    to take sth. well, badly, seriously — prendere qcs. bene, male, sul serio

    11) (adopt) adottare [measures, steps]

    to take sb. for o to be sth. prendere qcn. per; what do you take me for? per chi mi prendi? what do you take this poem to mean? — che significato dai a questa poesia?

    13) (consider) fare [ example]; prendere (in esempio) [person, case]

    take John (for example),... — prendi John (per esempio)

    14) (record) prendere [ notes]; prendere nota di [ statement]; misurare [temperature, blood pressure]; prendere, sentire [ pulse]

    to take sb.'s measurements — (for clothes) prendere le misure a qcn

    15) (hold) [hall, bus, tank, container] (potere) contenere
    16) (wear) (in clothes) portare, avere [ size]

    to take a size 4 — (in shoes) portare il 37

    17) fot. prendere, fare [ photograph]
    18) mat. (subtract) sottrarre [ number]
    19) scol. univ. (study) studiare, prendere [ subject]; seguire [ course]; prendere [ lessons] (in di); (sit) dare [ exam]; fare [ test]; (teach) [ teacher] fare lezione a [ students]

    to take sb. for French — fare lezione di francese a qcn

    20) (officiate at) [ priest] celebrare [ service]
    21) (capture) [ army] prendere, espugnare [fortress, city]; (in chess) [ player] mangiare [ piece]; (in cards) [ person] prendere, vincere [ prize]
    2.
    verbo intransitivo (pass. took; p.pass. taken) (have desired effect) [ drug] fare effetto; [ dye] prendere; (grow successfully) [ plant] attecchire
    ••

    to take it o a lot out of sb. chiedere tanto a qcn.; to take it upon oneself to do farsi carico di fare; to take sb. out of himself fare distrarre o divertire qcn.; you can take it from me,... — credimi

    English-Italian dictionary > take

  • 15 take

    1. [teık] n
    1. 1) захват, взятие; получение
    2) шахм. взятие ( фигуры)
    2. 1) сл. выручка, барыши; сбор ( театральный)
    2) получка
    3. 1) улов ( рыбы)
    2) добыча ( на охоте)
    4. 1) аренда ( земли)
    2) арендованный участок
    5. разг. популярная песенка, пьеса
    6. мед. проф. хорошо принявшаяся прививка
    7. полигр. «урок» наборщика
    8. кино снятый кадр, кинокадр, дубль
    9. мед. пересадка ( кожи)
    10. запись (на пленку и т. п.)

    ♢ give and take - а) взаимные уступки, компромисс; б) обмен любезностями; обмен шутками, колкостями, пикировка

    on the take - корыстный, продажный

    2. [teık] v (took; taken)
    I
    1. брать; хватать

    to take a pencil [a sheet of paper, a spade] - взять карандаш [лист бумаги, лопату]

    to take smth. in one's hand - взять что-л. в руку

    to take smb.'s hand, to take smb. by the hand - взять кого-л. за руку

    to take smb. in one's arms - а) брать кого-л. на руки; б) обнимать кого-л.

    to take smb.'s arm - взять кого-л. под руку

    to take smth. in one's arms - взять что-л. в руки; схватить что-л. руками

    to take smb. to one's arms /to one's breast/ - обнимать кого-л., прижимать кого-л. к груди

    to take smb. by the shoulders - взять /схватить/ кого-л. за плечи

    to take smb. by the throat - взять /схватить/ кого-л. за горло /за глотку/

    to take smth. between one's finger and thumb - взять что-л. двумя пальцами

    to take smth. (up) with a pair of tongs - взять что-л. щипцами

    to take smth. on one's back - взвалить что-л. на спину

    take a sheet of paper from /out of/ the drawer - возьми лист бумаги из ящика стола

    take your bag off the table - снимите /уберите, возьмите/ сумку со стола

    take this table out of the room - уберите /вынесите/ этот стол из комнаты

    2. 1) захватывать; овладевать, завоёвывать

    to take a fortress [a town] (by storm) - брать крепость [город] (штурмом)

    to take prisoners - захватывать /брать/ пленных

    he was taken prisoner - его взяли /он попал/ в плен

    he was taken in the street - его взяли /арестовали/ на улице

    2) ловить

    a rabbit taken in a trap - заяц, попавшийся в капкан

    he managed to take the ball (off the bat) - ему удалось поймать мяч (с биты)

    to take smb. in the act - застать кого-л. на месте преступления

    to take smb. by surprise /off his guard, unawares/ - захватить /застигнуть/ кого-л. врасплох

    to take smb. at his word - поймать кого-л. на слове

    3) разг. овладевать ( женщиной), брать ( женщину)
    4) уносить, сводить в могилу

    pneumonia took him - воспаление лёгких свело его в могилу, он умер от воспаления лёгких

    3. 1) присваивать, брать (без разрешения)

    who has taken my pen? - кто взял мою ручку?

    he takes whatever he can lay his hands on - он пользуется (всем), чем только может, он берёт всё, что под руку подвернётся

    he is always taking other people's ideas - он всегда использует /присваивает себе/ чужие мысли, он всегда пользуется чужими мыслями

    2) (from) отбирать, забирать

    they took his dog from him - они у него забрали /отобрали/ собаку

    4. 1) пользоваться; получать; приобретать

    to take a taxi - брать такси [см. тж. II А 2]

    to take one's part - взять свою часть /долю/ [ср. тж. III А 2)]

    to take a quotation from Shakespeare [from a book] - воспользоваться цитатой из Шекспира [из книги], взять цитату из Шекспира [из книги]

    to take a holiday - а) взять отпуск; when are you taking your holiday? - когда ты идёшь в отпуск?; б) отдыхать; you must take a holiday - вам надо отдохнуть; I am taking a holiday today - я сегодня отдыхаю /не работаю/; сегодня у меня свободный день

    he lived in my house and took my care and nursing - он жил у меня и принимал мои заботы и уход (как должное)

    2) выбирать

    he took the largest piece of cake - он взял себе самый большой кусок пирога

    to take any means to do smth. - использовать любые средства, чтобы сделать что-л.

    which route shall you take? - какой дорогой вы пойдёте /поедете/?

    she is old enough to take her own way - она достаточно взрослая, чтобы самой выбрать свой собственный путь

    3) покупать

    I take bread here - я покупаю /беру/ хлеб здесь

    you will take - 2 lbs. - купишь /возьмёшь/ два фунта (чего-л.)

    I shall take it for $3 - я возьму /куплю/ это за три доллара

    4) выигрывать; брать, бить

    to take a bishop - взять /побить/ слона ( в шахматах)

    he took little by that move - этот ход /шаг/ мало помог /мало что дал/ ему

    5) юр. вступать во владение, наследовать

    according to the will he will take when of age - согласно завещанию он вступит во владение (имуществом) по достижении совершеннолетия

    5. 1) доставать, добывать

    to take the crop - убирать /собирать/ урожай

    2) взимать, собирать; добиваться уплаты

    to take contributions to the Red Cross - собирать пожертвования в пользу Красного Креста

    3) получать, зарабатывать
    6. 1) принимать (что-л.); соглашаться (на что-л.)

    to take an offer [presents] - принимать предложение [подарки]

    to take £50 for the picture - взять /согласиться на/ пятьдесят фунтов за картину

    how much less will you take? - на сколько вы сбавите цену?, сколько вы уступите?

    take what he offers you - возьми /прими/ то, что он тебе предлагает

    I'll take it - ладно, я согласен

    I will take no denial - отказа я не приму; не вздумайте отказываться

    to take smb.'s orders - слушаться кого-л., подчиняться кому-л.

    I am not taking orders from you - я вам не подчиняюсь, я не буду выполнять ваши приказы; ≅ вы мне не указчик

    to take a wager /a bet/ - идти на пари

    to take a dare /a challenge/ - принимать вызов

    2) получать

    take that (and that)! - получай!, вот тебе!

    7. воспринимать, реагировать

    to take smth. coolly [lightly] - относиться к чему-л. спокойно /хладнокровно/ [несерьёзно /беспечно/]

    to take smth. to heart - принимать что-л. (близко) к сердцу

    I wonder how he will take it - интересно, как он к этому отнесётся

    I can't take him [his words] seriously - я не могу принимать его [его слова] всерьёз, я не могу серьёзно относиться к нему [к его словам]

    he took the joke in earnest - он не понял шутки, он принял шутку всерьёз

    he is really kind-hearted if you take him the right way - он, в сущности, добрый человек, если (конечно) правильно его воспринимать

    this is no way to take his behaviour - на его поведение нужно реагировать не так

    take it easy! - а) не волнуйся!; б) смотри на вещи проще!; в) не усердствуй чрезмерно!

    to take things as they are /as one finds them, as they come/ - принимать вещи такими, какие они есть

    to take smth. amiss /ill, in bad part/ - обижаться на что-л.

    you must not take it ill of him - вы не должны сердиться на него; он не хотел вас обидеть

    to take kindly to smb. - дружески /тепло/ отнестись к кому-л. принять участие в ком-л.

    he took kindly to the young author - он принял участие в начинающем писателе, он «пригрел» начинающего писателя

    to take smth. kindly - благожелательно /доброжелательно/ отнестись к чему-л.

    I should take it kindly if you would answer my letter - я буду вам очень благодарен, если вы ответите на моё письмо

    8. 1) понимать; толковать

    I take your meaning - я вас понимаю, я понимаю, что вы хотите сказать

    I [don't] take you - уст. я вас [не] понимаю, я [не] понимаю, что вы хотите сказать

    how did you take his remark? - как вы поняли его замечание?

    to take smb. in the wrong way - неправильно понять кого-л.

    your words may be taken in a bad sense - ваши слова можно истолковать дурно /превратно/

    2) полагать, считать; заключать

    to take the news to be true /as true/ - считать эти сведения верными /соответствующими действительности/

    what time do you take it to be? - как вы думаете /как по-вашему/, сколько сейчас времени?

    how old do you take him to be? - сколько лет вы ему дадите?

    I take it that we are to wait here [to come early] - надо полагать /я так понимаю/, что мы должны ждать здесь [прийти рано]

    let us take it that it is so - предположим, что это так

    3) верить; считать истинным

    (you may) take it from me that he means what he says - поверьте мне, он не шутит /к тому, что он говорит, надо отнестись серьёзно/

    take it from me!, take my word for it - можете мне поверить; уж я-то знаю!, можете не сомневаться!

    we must take it at that - ничего не поделаешь, приходится верить

    9. охватывать, овладевать

    his conscience takes him when he is sober - когда он трезв, его мучают угрызения совести

    what has taken the boy? - что нашло на мальчика?

    he was taken with a fit of coughing [of laughter] - на него напал приступ кашля [смеха]

    to be taken ill /bad/ - заболеть

    10. 1) захватывать, увлекать; нравиться

    to take smb.'s fancy - а) поразить чьё-л. воображение; the story took my fancy - рассказ поразил моё воображение; б) понравиться; her new novel took the fancy of the public - её новый роман понравился читателям

    I was not taken with him - он мне не понравился, он не произвёл на меня (большого) впечатления

    he was very much taken with the idea - он очень увлёкся этой мыслью, он был весь во власти этой идеи

    2) иметь успех, становиться популярным (тж. take on)

    the play didn't take (with the public) - пьеса не имела успеха (у публики)

    11. записывать, регистрировать, протоколировать

    to take dictation - а) писать под диктовку; б) писать диктант

    12. 1) снимать, фотографировать

    to take a photograph of a tower - сфотографировать башню, сделать снимок башни

    he liked to take animals - он любил фотографировать /снимать/ животных

    2) выходить, получаться на фотографии

    he does not take well, he takes badly - он плохо выходит /получается/ на фотографии; он нефотогеничен

    13. использовать в качестве примера

    take the French Revolution - возьмите /возьмём/ (например) Французскую революцию

    take me for example - возьмите меня, например

    14. вмешать

    this car takes only five - в этой машине может поместиться только пять человек

    the typewriter takes large sizes of paper - в эту (пишущую) машинку входит бумага большого формата

    15. 1) требовать; отнимать

    it takes time, means and skill - на это нужно время, средства и умение

    the stuff takes sixty hours in burning - это вещество сгорает за шестьдесят часов

    how long will it take you to translate this article? - сколько времени уйдёт у вас на перевод этой статьи?

    it took him three years to write the book - ему потребовалось три года, чтобы написать книгу [ср. тж. 2)]

    this trip will take a lot of money - на эту поездку уйдёт /потребуется/ много денег

    it takes some pluck to do our work - для нашей работы требуется немало мужества

    it took four men to hold him - потребовалось четыре человека, чтобы его удержать

    it would take volumes to relate - нужны тома, чтобы это рассказать

    it takes a lot of doing - разг. это сделать довольно трудно, это не так-то просто сделать

    the work took some doing - работа потребовала усилий, работа попалась нелёгкая

    it took some finding [explaining] - разг. это было трудно найти /разыскать/ [объяснить]

    he has everything it takes to be a pilot - у него есть все (необходимые) качества (для того), чтобы стать лётчиком

    she's got what it takes - разг. она очень привлекательна, она нравится мужчинам

    2) требовать, нуждаться

    he took two hours to get there - ему потребовалось два часа, чтобы добраться туда; дорога туда отняла у него два часа

    wait for me, I won't take long - подожди меня, я скоро освобожусь

    he took three years to write /in writing/ the book - ему потребовалось три года, чтобы написать книгу [ср. тж. 1)]

    a plural noun takes a plural verb - существительное во множественном числе требует глагола /употребляется с глаголом/ во множественном числе

    16. (in, on) цепляться (за что-л.); застревать, запутываться (в чём-л.)
    17. жениться; выходить замуж

    she wouldn't take him - она не хотела выходить за него замуж, она ему упорно отказывала

    he took to wife Jane Smith - уст. он взял в жёны Джейн Смит

    18. с.-х. принимать

    the cow [the mare] took the bull [the stallion] - корова [кобыла] приняла быка [жеребца]

    19. 1) приниматься

    before the graft has taken - до тех пор, пока прививка не принялась

    2) действовать; приниматься

    the vaccination did not take - оспа не привилась /не принялась/

    the medicine seems to be taking - лекарство, кажется, подействовало

    3) держаться, закрепляться, оставаться

    this ink does not take on glossy paper - этими чернилами нельзя писать на глянцевой бумаге

    20. начинаться, расходиться, набирать силу
    21. 1) амер. схватываться, замерзать
    2) тех. твердеть, схватываться
    22. разг. становиться, делаться

    to take sick - заболеть, захворать; приболеть

    II А
    1. 1) принимать (пищу, лекарство)

    to take an early breakfast [dinner] - рано позавтракать [пообедать]

    will you take tea or coffee? - вы будете пить чай или кофе?

    do you take sugar in your tea? - вы пьёте чай с сахаром?

    I cannot take whiskey - я не могу пить /не выношу/ виски

    he can't take his drink - разг. он не умеет пить

    he can take his drink - разг. у него крепкая голова, он может много выпить

    that's all he ever takes - это всё, что он ест

    to take medicine [pills, sleeping powders] - принимать лекарство [пилюли, снотворное]

    I must take smth. for my headache - мне нужно принять что-л. от головной боли

    to be taken - принимать внутрь, для внутреннего употребления ( надпись на этикетке лекарства)

    2) нюхать ( табак)
    3) клевать, брать ( приманку)

    the fish doesn't take (the bait /the hook/) - рыба не клюёт

    2. ездить (на автобусе, такси и т. п.)

    to take a tram [a taxi] - поехать на трамвае [на такси] [см. тж. I 4, 1)]

    3. 1) снимать, арендовать ( помещение)

    they've taken the large hall for the conference - они сняли большой зал для конференции

    2) нанимать, приглашать (рабочих и т. п.)

    to take smb. as a servant - взять кого-л. в качестве слуги

    he took me into partnership - он сделал меня своим компаньоном, он принял /пригласил/ меня в долю

    he has been taken into the Air Ministry - его взяли /приняли на работу/ в министерство авиации

    3) брать (постояльцев и т. п.)

    to take pupils [lodgers] - брать учеников [постояльцев]

    4. выписывать или регулярно покупать (газеты и т. п.); подписываться (на газету и т. п.)

    which magazines and newspapers do you take? - какие журналы и газеты вы выписываете?

    5. 1) принимать (руководство, обязанности и т. п.); нести (ответственность и т. п.)

    to take control - брать в свои руки руководство /управление/

    to take charge of smb., smth. - взять на себя заботу о ком-л., чём-л.; осуществлять контроль /надзор/ за кем-л., чем-л.

    when I go away she is to take charge of the children - когда я уеду, она будет заботиться о детях

    I don't want to take the blame for what he did - я не хочу отвечать за то, что сделал он; ≅ он виноват, пусть он и отвечает /расхлёбывает/

    I shall take it upon myself to convince him - я беру /возьму/ на себя (задачу) убедить его

    2) вступать (в должность и т. п.)
    3) получать (степень и т. п.)

    to take a degree - получить учёную степень, стать магистром или доктором наук

    to take holy orders - принять духовный сан, стать священником

    6. занимать ( место)

    to take a front [a back] seat - садиться спереди [сзади] [ср. тж. ♢ ]

    take a seat! - садитесь!

    take the chair - садитесь /сядьте/ на (этот) стул [ср. тж. ♢ ]

    7. держаться, двигаться (в каком-л. направлении)

    to take (a little) to the right - брать /держаться/ (немного) правее

    take this street until you come to the big yellow house, then take the first street to the right, go another 100 yards and take the turning on the left - идите по этой улице до большого жёлтого дома, затем сверните в первую улицу направо, пройдите ещё сто ярдов и сверните (за угол) налево

    8. занимать ( позицию); придерживаться (мнения, точки зрения и т. п.)

    to take the attitude of an outsider - занять позицию (стороннего) наблюдателя

    if you take this attitude we shall not come to an agreement - если вы так будете к этому относиться, мы не договоримся /не придём к соглашению/

    to take a strong stand - решительно настаивать на своём, упорно отстаивать свою точку зрения; занять жёсткую позицию

    to take a jaundiced view - отнестись к чему-л. предвзято /предубеждённо, пристрастно/

    to take a practical view of the situation - смотреть на дело /положение/ практически /с практической точки зрения/; трезво смотреть на ситуацию

    9. 1) приобретать, принимать (вид, форму и т. п.)

    a pudding takes its shape from the mould - пудинг принимает форму посуды (в которой он пёкся)

    the word takes a new meaning in this text - в этом тексте слово приобретает новое значение

    this drink takes its flavour from the lemon peel - лимонная корочка придаёт этому напитку особый вкус /привкус/

    2) получать, наследовать (имя, название и т. п.)

    the city of Washington takes its name from George Washington - город Вашингтон назван в честь Джорджа Вашингтона

    this apparatus takes ifs name from the inventor - этот аппарат назван по имени изобретателя

    10. 1) преодолевать (препятствие и т. п.)

    to take a hurdle [a grade] - брать барьер [подъём]

    the horse took the ditch [the fence] - лошадь перепрыгнула через канаву [забор]

    the car took the corner at full speed - машина свернула за угол на полной скорости

    2) выигрывать, побеждать, одерживать верх (в спортивном состязании и т. п.)

    the visiting team took the game 8 to 1 - команда гостей выиграла встречу со счётом 8:1

    3) выигрывать, завоёвывать, брать (приз и т. п.); занимать ( определённое место)

    to take (the) first prize - завоевать /получить/ первую премию

    who took the first place? - кто занял первое место?

    4) поразить ( ворота в крикете)
    11. (into)
    1) посвящать (в тайну и т. п.)

    to take smb. into the secret - посвятить кого-л. в тайну

    to take smb. into one's confidence - оказать доверие /довериться/ кому-л.; поделиться с кем-л.; сделать кого-л. поверенным своих тайн

    we took him into the details - мы ознакомили его с подробностями; мы ввели его в курс дела

    2) принимать (в расчёт и т. п.)

    to take smth. into account /into consideration/ - принять что-л. во внимание, учесть что-л.

    12. 1) изучать (предмет, ремесло)

    I shall take French - я буду изучать французский язык, я буду заниматься французским

    you should take a course in physiology - вам следует заняться физиологией /прослушать курс физиологии/

    2) вести (занятия и т. п.)

    he always takes botany in the park - он всегда проводит занятия по ботанике в парке

    to take the evening service - церк. служить вечерню

    13. определять (размер, расстояние и т. п.); снимать ( показания приборов)

    to take the /a/ temperature - измерять температуру

    to take azimuth - засекать направление, брать азимут

    to take bearings - а) ориентироваться; уяснять обстановку; б) пеленговать

    14. носить, иметь размер (ноги и т. п.)

    what size do you take in shoes? - какой размер обуви вы носите?

    she takes sevens /a seven/ in gloves - она носит седьмой номер перчаток

    15. подвергаться (наказанию и т. п.); нести (потери, урон)

    to take a light [severe] punishment - воен. а) получить лёгкое [серьёзное] повреждение; б) нести незначительные [большие] потери

    to take a direct hit - воен. получить прямое попадание

    16. 1) выдерживать, переносить (неприятности, удары и т. п.)

    I don't know how he can take it - я не знаю, как он (это) выдерживает

    she takes the rough with the smooth - она стойко переносит превратности судьбы

    he always takes what comes to him - он всегда мирится с тем, что есть

    2) (take it) сл. выносить, терпеть

    he can dish it out but he can't take it - он может любого отделать /любому всыпать по первое число/, но сам такого обращения ни от кого не потерпит

    3) (take it) спорт. разг. держать ( удар)
    4) выдерживать (физические нагрузки; о балке и т. п.)
    17. заболеть; заразиться ( болезнью)
    18. поддаваться (отделке, обработке и т. п.)
    19. впитывать, поглощать ( жидкость)
    20. спорт. принимать (подачу, мяч и т. п.)
    II Б
    1. 1) to take to á place направляться куда-л.

    to take to the field - направиться в поле; выйти в поле [ср. тж. ♢ ]

    he took to the road again - он вновь вышел /вернулся/ на дорогу [см. тж. 4, 4)]

    the guerillas took to the mountains - партизаны ушли в горы /скрылись в горах/

    2) to take across smth. пересекать что-л., идти через что-л.
    3) it /smth./ takes somewhere диал. идти, течь и т. п. в каком-л. направлении (о дороге, реке и т. п.)
    2. to take smb., smth. to á place, to smb.
    1) доставлять, относить, отводить, отвозить кого-л., что-л. куда-л., к кому-л.

    to take smb. home - отвезти /отвести, проводить/ кого-л. домой

    may I take you home? - можно мне проводить вас (домой)?

    to take smb. to the hospital - доставить /отвезти/ кого-л. в больницу

    he was taken to the police station - его доставили /отвели/ в полицейский участок

    don't worry, I'll take the book to your father - не беспокойтесь, я отнесу книгу вашему отцу

    it was I who took the news to him - это /именно/ я сообщил ему эту новость

    the butler took the lawyer to the old lady - дворецкий провёл /проводил/ адвоката к старой даме

    2) приводить кого-л. куда-л.

    what took you to the city today? - что привело вас сегодня в город?

    business took him to London - он поехал в Лондон по делу, дела заставили его поехать в Лондон

    3) брать кого-л., что-л. (с собой) куда-л.

    why don't you take the manuscript to the country? - почему бы тебе не взять рукопись с собой в деревню?

    4) выводить, приводить кого-л. куда-л. (о дороге и т. п.)

    where will this road take me? - куда эта дорога выведет меня?

    3. to take smb. for smth. выводить кого-л. (на прогулку и т. п.)

    to take smb. for a ride - взять кого-л. (с собой) на прогулку ( на лошади или на автомобиле) [см. тж. ♢ ]

    4. to take to smth.
    1) пристраститься к чему-л.

    to take to drink /to drinking, to the bottle/ - пристраститься к вину, запить

    2) проявлять интерес, симпатию к чему-л.

    he didn't take to the idea - его эта идея не заинтересовала, ему эта идея не понравилась /не пришлась по вкусу/

    does he take to Latin? - он с удовольствием занимается латынью?

    I took to instant coffee - я полюбил быстрорастворимый кофе, быстрорастворимый кофе пришёлся мне по вкусу

    3) привыкать, приспосабливаться к чему-л.

    fruit trees take badly to the soil - фруктовые деревья плохо акклиматизируются на этой почве

    4) обращаться, прибегать к чему-л.

    the ship was sinking and they had to take to the boats - корабль тонул, и им пришлось воспользоваться лодками

    he took to the road again - он снова пустился в странствия, он вернулся к бродячему образу жизни [см. тж. 1, 1)]

    to take to one's bed - слечь, заболеть

    5) начинать заниматься чем-л.

    to take to literature - заняться литературой, стать писателем

    to take to the stage - поступить в театр, стать актёром

    5. 1) to take to smb. полюбить кого-л., почувствовать к кому-л. симпатию

    they have taken to each other - они понравились друг другу, они потянулись друг к другу

    2) to take against smb. выступать против кого-л.
    6. to take after smb.
    1) походить на кого-л.
    2) подражать

    his followers take after him in this particular - его сторонники следуют его примеру в этом отношении

    7. 1) to take smb., smth. for smb., smth. принимать кого-л., что-л. за кого-л., что-л.

    I am not the person you take me for - я не тот, за кого вы меня принимаете

    do you take me for a fool? - вы принимаете меня за дурака?, вы считаете меня дураком?

    2) to take smb., smth. to be smb., smth. считать кого-л., что-л. кем-л., чем-л., принимать кого-л., что-л. за кого-л., что-л.

    I took him to be an honest man - я принял его за честного человека; он мне показался честным человеком

    do you take me to be a fool? - вы считаете меня дураком?, вы принимаете меня за дурака?

    how old do you take him to be? - как по-вашему, сколько ему лет?

    8. to take smth., smb. off smth., smb.
    1) снимать что-л. с чего-л.

    to take the saucepan off the fire [the lid off the pan] - снять кастрюлю с огня [крышку с кастрюли]

    2) снимать, вычитать что-л. из чего-л.

    to take 3 shillings off the price of smth. - снизить цену на что-л. на три шиллинга

    3) заимствовать что-л. у кого-л., подражать, копировать; пародировать, передразнивать

    her hairdo was taken off a famous actress - причёску она взяла /заимствовала/ у одной известной актрисы

    she takes her manners off him - своими манерами /своим поведением/ она подражает ему

    4) отвлекать что-л., кого-л. от чего-л., кого-л.

    to take smb.'s attention off smth. - отвлечь чьё-л. внимание от чего-л.

    to take smb.'s mind off smth. - отвлечь чьи-л. мысли от чего-л.

    I hope the child will take his mind off his troubles - я надеюсь, (что) ребёнок заставит его забыть неприятности

    to take one's mind off smth. - забыть что-л.

    I can't take my mind off this misfortune - я не могу забыть об этом несчастье

    he couldn't take his eyes off the picture - он не мог оторваться /отвести глаз/ от картины

    to take smb. off his work - отвлекать кого-л. от работы, мешать кому-л. работать

    5) избавлять что-л., кого-л. от чего-л., кого-л.

    he took the responsibility [the blame] off me - он снял с меня ответственность [вину]

    he took him [the responsibility, all the worries] off my hands - он избавил меня от него [от ответственности, от всех хлопот]

    6) отстранять кого-л. от чего-л.

    to take smb. off the job - отстранить кого-л. от работы

    7) вычёркивать, изымать кого-л. из чего-л.

    to take smb. off the list - вычеркнуть /изъять/ кого-л. из списка

    to take a ship off the active list - вычеркнуть корабль из числа действующих

    8) сбивать кого-л. с чего-л.

    the waves took me off my feet - волны сбили меня с ног [ср. тж. ♢ ]

    9. 1) to take smth. from smth. вычитать что-л. из чего-л.

    if we take two from five we'll have tree left - если вычесть два из пяти, останется /в остатке будет/ три

    the storekeeper took a dollar from the price - лавочник сбавил цену на доллар

    2) to take from smth. снижать, ослаблять

    to take from the value of smth. - снижать ценность, стоимость чего-л.

    it doesn't take from the effect of the play - это не ослабляет впечатления, которое производит пьеса

    to take from the merit of smb. - умалять чьи-л. достоинства

    10. to take smth. out of smth.
    1) выносить что-л. откуда-л.

    books must not be taken out of the library - книги нельзя выносить из библиотеки

    2) вынимать что-л. откуда-л.
    3) отвлекать, развлекать кого-л.

    a drive in the country will take her out of herself - поездка за город развлечёт её /отвлечёт её от мрачных мыслей/

    4) устранять кого-л.

    to take smb. out of one's way - устранить кого-л. (со своего пути)

    11. to take smb. through smth.
    1) заставить кого-л. сделать что-л.

    I took him through a book of Livy - я заставил его прочесть (одну) книгу Ливия

    to take smb. through the first two books of English - прочитать с кем-л. первые две английские книги, помочь кому-л. справиться с двумя первыми английскими книгами

    2) заставить кого-л. пройти через что-л.; подвергнуть кого-л. чему-л.
    12. to take smth., smb. down smth. вести что-л., кого-л. вниз по чему-л.

    to take a little boat down the Mississippi - пройти /совершить путешествие/ на маленькой лодке вниз по Миссисипи

    13. to take smth. up to smth. доводить что-л. до какого-л. времени
    14. to take smb. over some place водить кого-л., показывать кому-л. что-л. (обыкн. помещение и т. п.)

    to take smb. over a house [a museum] - показывать кому-л. дом [музей], водить кого-л. по дому [по музею]

    15. to take smb. on /in, across, over/ smth. попадать кому-л. по какому-л. месту, ударять кого-л. по чему-л.

    the blow took me across the arm [over the head] - удар пришёлся мне по руке [по голове]

    16. to take upon oneself to do smth. браться за что-л., брать на себя выполнение чего-л.

    to take upon oneself to distribute food - взять на себя распределение продовольствия

    III А
    1) обыкн. в сочетании с последующим отглагольным существительным выражает единичный акт или кратковременное действие, соответствующее значению существительного:

    to take a walk - погулять; прогуляться, пройтись

    to take a turn - а) повернуть; б) прогуляться, пройтись; покататься, проехаться

    to take a step - шагнуть [ср. тж. 2)]

    to take a run - разбежаться [ср. тж. ♢ ]

    to take a jump /a leap/ - прыгнуть

    to take a nap - вздремнуть; соснуть

    to take a leak - сл. помочиться

    to take a look /a glance/ - взглянуть

    to take a shot - выстрелить [ср. тж. ♢ ]

    to take a risk /a chance/ - рискнуть

    to take (a) breath - а) вдохнуть; б) перевести дыхание; he stopped to take (a) breath - он остановился, чтобы перевести дыхание /передохнуть/

    to take (one's) leave - прощаться, уходить

    to take an examination - сдавать /держать/ экзамен

    to take an oath - а) дать клятву, поклясться; б) воен. принимать присягу

    2) обыкн. в сочетании с существительным выражает действие, носящее общий характер:

    to take action - а) действовать, принимать меры; I felt I had to take action - я чувствовал, что мне необходимо что-то сделать /начать действовать, принять меры/; б) юр. возбуждать судебное дело

    to take steps - принимать меры [ср. тж. 1)]

    what steps did you take to help them? - какие вы приняли меры /что вы предприняли/, чтобы помочь им?

    to take effect - а) возыметь, оказать действие; when the pills took effect - когда пилюли подействовали, б) вступить в силу; the law will take effect next year - закон вступит в силу с будущего года

    to take place - случаться, происходить

    to take part - участвовать, принимать участие [ср. тж. I 4, 1)]

    take post! - по местам!

    to take root - пустить корни, укорениться

    to take hold - а) схватить; he took hold of my arm - он схватил меня за руку; он ухватился за мою руку; б) овладевать; my plane had taken hold upon his fancy - мой план захватил его воображение; the fashion took hold - мода укоренилась

    to take possession - а) стать владельцем, вступить во владение; б) овладеть, захватить

    to take aim /sight/ - прицеливаться

    to take counsel - совещаться; советоваться

    to take advice - а) советоваться, консультироваться; б) следовать совету; take my advice - послушайтесь доброго совета; to take legal advice - брать консультацию у юриста

    to take account - принимать во внимание, учитывать

    you must take account of his illness - вы должны учитывать, что он был болен

    they took advantage of the old woman - они обманули /провели/ эту старую женщину

    to take the privilege - воспользоваться правом /привилегией/

    we take this opportunity of thanking /to thank/ you - мы пользуемся случаем, чтобы поблагодарить вас

    to take interest - интересоваться, проявлять интерес; увлекаться (чем-л.)

    to take pleasure /delight/ - находить удовольствие

    to take pity - проявлять жалость /милосердие/

    to take trouble - стараться, прилагать усилия; брать на себя труд

    she took great pains with her composition - она очень усердно работала над своим сочинением

    to take comfort - успокоиться, утешиться

    to take courage /heart/ - мужаться; воспрянуть духом; приободриться; не унывать

    take courage! - мужайся!, не робей!

    to take cover - прятаться; скрываться

    to take refuge /shelter/ - укрыться, найти убежище

    in his old age he took refuge from his loneliness in his childhood memories - в старости он спасался /находил убежище/ от одиночества в воспоминаниях детства

    to take fire - загораться, воспламеняться

    to take warning - остерегаться; внять предупреждению

    to take notice - замечать; обращать (своё) внимание

    to take heed - а) обращать внимание; замечать; б) быть осторожным, соблюдать осторожность

    to take care - быть осторожным; take care how you behave - смотри, веди себя осторожно

    to take care of smb., smth. - смотреть, присматривать за кем-л., чем-л., заботиться о ком-л., чём-л.

    who will take care of the baby? - кто позаботится о ребёнке?, кто присмотрит за ребёнком?

    to take a liking /a fancy/ to smb. - полюбить кого-л.

    to take a dislike to smb. - невзлюбить кого-л.

    to take the salute - воен. а) отвечать на отдание чести; б) принимать парад

    ♢

    take and - амер. диал. взять и

    I'll take and bounce a rock on your head - вот возьму и тресну тебя камнем по башке

    to take a drop - выпить, подвыпить

    to take (a drop /a glass/) too much - хватить /хлебнуть/ лишнего

    to take the chair - занять председательское место, председательствовать; открыть заседание [ср. тж. II А 6]

    to take the veil - облачиться в одежду монахини; уйти в монастырь

    to take the floor - а) выступать, брать слово; б) пойти танцевать

    to take for granted - считать само собой разумеющимся /не требующим доказательств/; принимать на веру

    to take too much for granted - быть слишком самонадеянным; позволять себе слишком много

    to take smth. to pieces - разобрать что-л.

    to take a stick to smb. - побить /отделать/ кого-л. палкой

    take it or leave it - на ваше усмотрение; как хотите, как угодно

    to take a turn for the better, to take a favourable turn - измениться к лучшему, пойти на лад

    to take a turn for the worse - измениться к худшему, ухудшиться

    to take stock (of smth., smb.) - [см. stock I ♢ ]

    to take it out of smb. - а) утомлять, лишать сил кого-л.; the long climb took it out of me - длинный подъём утомил меня; the heat takes it out of me - от жары я очень устаю жара лишает меня сил; the illness has taken it out of him - он обессилел от болезни; б) отомстить кому-л.; I will take it out of you /of your hide/ - я отомщу тебе за это; это тебе даром не пройдёт, ты мне за это заплатишь, так просто ты не отделаешься; я с тобой рассчитаюсь /расквитаюсь/; he will take it out of me /of my hide/ - он отыграется на мне, он мне отомстит за это

    to take smb.'s measure - а) снимать мерку с кого-л.; б) присматриваться к кому-л.; определять чей-л. характер; в) распознать /раскусить/ кого-л.

    to take sides - присоединиться /примкнуть/ к той или другой стороне

    to take smb.'s side /part/, to take sides /part/ with smb. - стать на /принять/ чью-л. сторону

    to take to one's heels - улизнуть, удрать, дать стрекача, пуститься наутёк

    to take one's hook - смотать удочки, дать тягу

    to take it on the lam - амер. сл. смываться, скрываться; улепётывать

    to take the cake /the biscuit, the bun/ - занять /выйти на/ первое место; получить приз

    it takes the cake! - это превосходит всё!, дальше идти некуда!

    to take off one's hat to smb. - восхищаться кем-л., преклоняться перед кем-л., снимать шляпу перед кем-л.

    to take a back seat - а) отойти на задний план, стушеваться; б) занимать скромное положение; [ср. тж. II А 6]

    to take a run at smth. - попытаться заняться чем-л. [ср. тж. III А 1)]

    to take a shot /a swing/ at smth. /at doing smth./ - попытаться /рискнуть/ сделать что-л. [ср. тж. III А 1)]

    to take liberties with smb. - позволять себе вольности по отношению к кому-л.; быть непозволительно фамильярным с кем-л.

    I am not taking any - ≅ слуга покорный!

    to take one's hair down - разойтись вовсю, разбушеваться

    to take smb. for a ride - прикончить /укокошить/ кого-л. [см. тж. II Б 3]

    to take the starch /the frills/ out of smb. - амер. сбить спесь с кого-л., осадить кого-л.

    to take smth. with a grain of salt - относиться к чему-л. скептически /недоверчиво, критически/

    to take the bit between the /one's/ teeth - закусить удила, пойти напролом

    to take to earth - а) охот. уходить в нору; б) спрятаться, притаиться

    to take a load from /off/ smb.'s mind - снять тяжесть с души у кого-л.

    you've taken a load off my mind - ты снял тяжесть с моей души; у меня от сердца отлегло

    to take a load from /off/ one's feet - сесть

    to take a leaf out of smb.'s book - следовать чьему-л. примеру, подражать кому-л.

    to take a rise out of smb. см. rise I 15

    to take in hand - а) взять в руки, прибрать к рукам; б) взять в свои руки; взяться, браться (за что-л.)

    to take smb. to task см. task I ♢

    to take smb. off his feet - вызвать чей-л. восторг; поразить /увлечь, потрясти/ кого-л. [ср. тж. II Б 8, 8)]

    to take smb. out of his way - доставлять кому-л. лишние хлопоты

    to take it into one's head - вбить /забрать/ себе в голову

    to take one's courage in both hands - набраться храбрости, собраться с духом

    to take exception to smth. - возражать /протестовать/ против чего-л.

    to take the name of God /the Lord's name/ in vain - богохульствовать, кощунствовать; упоминать имя господа всуе

    to take a /one's/ call, to take the curtain - театр. выходить на аплодисменты

    to take the field - а) воен. начинать боевые действия; выступать в поход; б) выйти на поле ( о футбольной команде); [ср. тж. II Б 1, 1)]

    to take in flank [in rear] - воен. атаковать с фланга [с тыла]

    to take out of action - воен. выводить из боя

    take your time! - не спеши(те)!, не торопи(те)сь!

    he took his time over the job - он делал работу медленно /не спеша/

    the devil take him! - чёрт бы его побрал!

    НБАРС > take

  • 16 time

    1. [taım] n
    I
    1. время

    absolute [relative, objective] time - абсолютное [относительное, объективное] время

    with time, in (the) course of time, in (the) process of time, as time goes - с течением времени; по мере того, как идёт время; в конце концов

    to the end of time - до скончания века, до конца мира

    in the retrospect of time - сквозь призму времени /прошлого/

    in the mists of time - во мраке времени; ≅ канувший в Лету

    the accumulation of prejudices over time - рост предрассудков на протяжении (многих) веков

    time will show - время покажет; ≅ поживём - увидим

    time alone could answer the question - только время могло дать ответ на этот вопрос

    time presses /is short/ - время не терпит

    the unity of time - театр. единство времени

    2. 1) время (мера длительности, система отсчёта)

    Greenwich time - время по Гринвичу, среднеевропейское время

    sidereal [solar] time - звёздное [солнечное] время

    daylight-saving /summer/ time - летнее время

    2) время выполнения (чего-л.)

    countdown time - время обратного счёта (при запуске ракеты и т. п.)

    machine time - вчт. машинное время

    3. 1) период времени

    a long [a short] time - длительное [короткое] время

    he was there a long [a short] time - он пробыл там долго [недолго]

    it took him a long time to do it /in doing it/, he took a long time doing it /over it/ - ему потребовалось /у него ушло/ немало времени, чтобы сделать это; он немало с этим провозился

    what a long time he's taking! - как долго он копается!; сколько же можно копаться?

    I didn't see him at the club for some time - некоторое время я не встречал его в клубе

    all the time, the whole time - всё (это) время, всегда [ср. тж. 5]

    they were with us all the time /the whole time/ - они всё время были с нами

    all the time we were working - в течение всего времени, что мы работали

    he does it all the time - он всегда /постоянно/ это делает

    he's been watching us all the time /the whole time/ - он не переставая /неотрывно/ следил за нами, он ни на секунду не упускал нас из виду

    one time and another - а) одно время; б) время от времени

    running time (of a film) - кино время демонстрации (фильма)

    idle time - а) простой, перерыв в работе; б) свободное время

    time of orbiting - астр. время обращения искусственного спутника

    at the /that/ time - в это /в то/ время [см. тж. 4, 2)]

    at this time of (the) day - в это время дня [ср. тж. ♢ ]

    at one time - одно время, когда-то [см. тж. 4, 2)]

    at one time this book was very popular - некогда /было время, когда/ эта книга была очень популярна

    for a time - а) на некоторое время, временно; б) некоторое время

    for the time being - пока, до поры до времени

    in time - со временем [см. тж. 4, 4) и 13, 1)]

    I think that we may win in time - думаю, что со временем нам удастся победить

    in no time, in less than /next to/ no time - очень быстро, мигом, в два счёта

    I'll come back in no time - я моментально вернусь; я обернусь в два счёта

    in the same flash of time - в то же мгновение, в тот же миг

    to give smb. time to do smth. /for smth./ - дать кому-л. время /срок/ сделать что-л. /для чего-л./

    to give smb. time to turn round - дать кому-л. возможность перевести дух, дать кому-л. передышку

    the patient has her good time more often now - теперь больная чаще чувствует себя хорошо [ср. тж. 8, 2)]

    it takes time - это требует времени, это скоро не сделаешь

    2) сезон, пора, время

    sowing time - время /пора/ сева, посевной период, посевная

    autumn is a good time of year to be in the country - в осеннюю пору хорошо пожить за городом

    3) долгое время

    he was gone time before you got there - он ушёл задолго до того, как вы туда явились

    what a time it took you! - долго же вы возились!; неужто нельзя было побыстрее?

    4. 1) час, точное время

    what time, at what time - в какое время, в котором часу; когда

    to fix /to appoint/ a time - назначить время

    to tell time - амер. определять время по часам

    to forget the time of the appointment - забыть время свидания /встречи/

    to keep (good) [bad] time - хорошо [плохо] идти ( о часах) [ср. тж. 11]

    to lose [to gain] time - отставать [спешить] ( о часах)

    what is the time?, what time is it? - сколько времени?, который час?

    what time do you make it? - сколько (времени) на ваших часах?; сколько сейчас, по-вашему /по-твоему/, времени?

    2) момент, мгновение; определённый момент, определённое время

    some time - в какой-то момент, в какое-то время

    I'll drop in some time next month - я (к тебе) загляну как-нибудь в следующем месяце

    some time (or other) - когда-нибудь, рано или поздно

    at times - по временам, время от времени

    at the /that/ time - в тот момент, в то время [см. тж. 3, 1)]

    at one time - одновременно [см. тж. 3, 1)]

    at the same time - в то же самое время, одновременно; в тот же момент [см. тж. ♢ ]

    you can't be in two places at the same time - нельзя быть в двух местах одновременно

    at any time you like - в любой момент /в любое время/, когда вам будет удобно

    at the proper time, when the time comes - в своё время, когда придёт время

    we shall do everything at the proper time - мы всё сделаем, когда нужно; ≅ всему своё время

    between times - иногда, временами

    by this [that] time - к этому [тому] времени

    you ought to be ready by this time - к этому времени вы должны быть готовы

    it will be nearly two by the time you get down - вы приедете не раньше двух часов

    the time has come when... - пришло время /наступил момент/, когда... [ср. тж. 4)]

    3) время прибытия или отправления (поезда и т. п.)

    to find out the times of the London trains - узнать расписание лондонских поездов

    4) срок, время

    in time - в срок, вовремя [см. тж. 3, 1) и 13, 1)]

    on time = in time [ср. тж. ♢ ]

    to arrive exactly on time - приехать /прибыть/ минута в минуту /точно в назначенный час/

    in due time - в своё время, своевременно

    to be in time for smth. - поспеть точно к чему-л.

    I was just in time to see it - я успел как раз вовремя, чтобы увидеть это

    ahead of time, before one's time - раньше срока [ср. тж. 5]

    behind time, out of time - поздно, с опозданием [ср. тж. 5]

    to be ten minutes behind [ahead of] time - опоздать [прийти раньше] на десять минут

    the train was running (half an hour) behind time - поезд опаздывал (на полчаса)

    to make time - амер. прийти вовремя /по расписанию/

    (it is) high time - давно пора, самое время

    it is time to go to bed /you went to bed/ - пора ложиться спать

    time! - время вышло!; ваше время истекло /вышло/

    time is drawing on - времени остаётся мало, срок приближается

    my time has come - мой час пробил; пришло время умирать [ср. тж. 2)]

    the time for feeding is nearing, it's nearing the time for feeding - приближается /подходит/ время /срок/ кормления

    5) подходящий момент, подходящее время

    now is the time to go on strike /for going on strike/ - теперь самое время начать забастовку

    this is no time /not the time/ to reproach /for reproaching/ me - сейчас не время упрекать меня

    5. времена, пора; эпоха, эра

    our time(s) - наше время, наши дни

    hard [troublesome] time(s) - тяжёлые [смутные] времена

    peace [war] time - мирное [военное] время

    the times we live in - наши дни; время, в которое мы живём

    at all times, амер. all the time - всегда, во все времена [ср. тж. 3, 1)]

    a book unusual for its time - книга, необычная для своего /того/ времени

    from time immemorial /out of mind/ - с незапамятных времён, испокон веку /веков/; искони, исстари

    (in) old /ancient, уст. olden/ time(s) - (в) старое время; в древности, в стародавние времена, во время оно

    in happier times - в более счастливые времена, в более счастливую пору

    in times to come - в будущем, в грядущие времена

    abreast of the times - вровень с веком; не отставая от жизни

    to be abreast of the times, to move /to go/ with the times - стоять вровень с веком, не отставать от жизни, шагать в ногу со временем [ср. тж. ♢ ]

    ahead of the /one's/ time(s) - опередивший свою эпоху, передовой [ср. тж. 4, 4)]

    behind one's /the/ time(s) - разг. отстающий от жизни, отсталый [ср. тж. 4, 4)]

    to serve the time - приспосабливаться [ср. тж. ♢ ]

    other times, other manners - иные времена - иные нравы

    these achievements will outlast our time - эти достижения переживут нас /наше время/

    time was /there was a time/ when... - было время, когда...

    as times go - разг. ≅ по нынешним временам

    the time is out of joint ( Shakespeare) - распалась связь времён

    6. возраст

    at his time of life - в его возрасте, в его годы

    I have now reached a time of life when... - я достиг того возраста, когда...

    7. период жизни, век

    it was before her time - это было до её рождения; она этого уже не застала

    he died before his time - он безвременно умер; ≅ он умер в расцвете сил

    if I had my time over again - если бы можно было прожить жизнь сначала /заново/

    this hat has done /served/ its time - эта шляпка отслужила своё /отжила свой век/

    8. 1) свободное время; досуг

    to have much /plenty of, разг. loads of, разг. heaps of разг. oceans of/ time, to have time on one's hands иметь много /уйму/ (свободного) времени

    to have no time, to be hard pressed for time - совершенно не иметь времени, торопиться

    I have no time for such nonsense - мне недосуг заниматься такой ерундой /чепухой/

    to beguile /to while away/ the time - коротать время

    to waste /to squander, to idle away, to trifle away/ one's time - даром /попусту/ терять время

    to make up for lost time - наверстать упущенное; компенсировать потери времени

    there's no time to lose /to be lost/ - нельзя терять ни минуты

    to play for time см. play II ♢

    to save time - экономить время, не терять попусту времени

    to take one's time - а) не торопиться, выжидать; б) ирон. мешкать, копаться

    I need time to rest - мне нужно время, чтобы отдохнуть

    time enough to attend to that tomorrow - у нас будет время заняться этим завтра

    a lot of time, effort and money has been spent - было потрачено много времени, усилий и денег

    2) время (с точки зрения того, как оно проводится); времяпрепровождение

    to have a good /a fine/ time (of it) - хорошо провести время, повеселиться [ср. тж. 3, 1)]

    to have the time of one's life - а) переживать лучшую пору своей жизни; б) повеселиться на славу; отлично провести время

    to have a high old time = to have the time of one's life б)

    to have a bad /rough/ time (of it) - а) терпеть нужду /лишения/, хлебнуть горя; повидать всякое; he had a rough time (of it) - ему пришлось туго /нелегко/; б) пережить несколько неприятных минут; she had a bad /rough/ time (of it) with her baby - у неё были трудные роды

    to give smb. a rough time - а) заставить кого-л. мучиться; б) заставить кого-л. попотеть, доставить кому-л. несколько неприятных минут

    what a time I had with him! - с ним пришлось немало помучиться; ≅ уж как он изводил меня!

    the patient had a bad time for three hours before the medicine worked - больной три часа мучился, прежде чем подействовало лекарство

    9. 1) рабочее время

    task time - время для выполнения какой-л. работы

    full [part] time - полный [неполный] рабочий день

    to work full [part] time - работать полный [неполный] рабочий день

    to turn to writing full time - образн. полностью посвятить себя писательству

    to work /to be/ on short time - работать сокращённую рабочую неделю, быть частично безработным

    2) плата за работу

    we offer straight time for work up to 40 hours and time and a half for Saturdays - мы платим полную ставку за 40-часовую рабочую неделю и полторы ставки за работу по субботам

    10. (удобный) случай, (благоприятная) возможность

    to watch /to bide/ one's time - ждать благоприятного момента

    now's your time - разг. теперь самое время вам действовать и т. п.

    11. спорт. время

    to keep time with one's stop watch - засекать время с помощью секундомера [ср. тж. 4, 1) и 13, 1)]

    12. 1) интервал между раундами ( бокс)
    2) тайм; период, половина игры ( футбол)
    13. 1) скорость, темп; такт; размер; ритм

    simple time - муз. простой размер

    compound time - муз. сложный размер

    waltz [march] time - ритм вальса [марша]

    in time - а) ритмичный; б) ритмично; [см. тж. 3, 1) и 4, 4)]

    out of time - а) неритмичный; б) неритмично

    to march in quick [in slow] time - идти быстро [медленно]

    to keep /to beat/ time - отбивать такт; выдерживать такт /ритм/ [ср. тж. 11]

    to break into quick time - ускорить шаг, перейти на ускоренный шаг

    to quicken [to slow] the time - убыстрять /ускорять/ [замедлять] темп

    2) стих. мора
    14. библ. год
    II
    1. 1) раз, случай

    a dozen [several] times - много [несколько] раз

    four times running - четыре раза подряд /кряду/

    the first [the second] time - (в) первый [(во) второй] раз

    this is the third time he has come - вот уже третий раз, как он приходит

    the one time I got good cards - единственный раз, когда у меня были хорошие карты

    at a time - разом, сразу, одновременно [см. тж. 2]

    to do one thing at a time - делать по очереди, не браться за всё сразу

    to do two things at a time - делать две вещи одновременно /зараз/

    time after time - повторно; тысячу раз

    times out of /without/ number - бесчисленное количество раз

    time and again, time and time again - снова и снова

    he said it time and again - он не раз говорил это; он не уставал повторять это

    I had to prove it time and time again - мне приходилось доказывать это вновь и вновь /снова и снова, бессчётное количество раз/

    from time to time - время от времени, от случая к случаю

    nine times out of ten - в девяти случаях из десяти; в большинстве случаев

    I've told you so a hundred [a thousand] times - я тебе это говорил сто [тысячу] раз

    2) раз

    three times six is /are/ eighteen - трижды шесть - восемнадцать

    2. каждый раз; каждый случай; каждая штука

    it costs me 3 pounds a time to have my hair done - каждый раз я плачу 3 фунта за укладку волос

    pick any you like at 5 dollars a time - разг. выбирайте любую по 5 долларов штука

    at a time - за (один) раз, за (один) приём [см. тж. 1, 1)]

    to run upstairs two at a time - бежать вверх по лестнице через две ступеньки

    to read a few pages at a time - читать не больше нескольких страниц за раз /за один присест/

    3. раз, крат

    three times as wide [as tall] - в три раза /втрое/ шире [выше]

    three times as much /as many/ - втрое больше

    you'll get two times your clock - я заплачу вам вдвое больше, чем по счётчику ( предложение таксисту)

    ♢

    the big time - верхушка лестницы, верхушка пирамиды; сливки общества

    to be in the big time, to have made the big time - принадлежать к сливкам общества, входить в элиту

    the time of day - а) положение вещей /дел/; б) последние сведения /данные/

    at this time of day - а) так поздно; б) на данном этапе; после того, что произошло; [ср. тж. I 3, 1)]

    to know the time of day - а) быть настороже; б) быть искушённым (в чём-л.)

    to give smb. the time of day - а) обращать внимание на кого-л. (особ. с отрицанием); б) = to pass the time of day with smb.

    to pass the time of day with smb. - здороваться с кем-л.

    that's the time of day! - такие-то дела!, значит, дело обстоит так!

    against time - а) в пределах установленного времени; to talk against time - стараться соблюсти регламент [см. тж. в)]; to work against time - стараться уложить /кончить работу/ в срок; б) с целью побить рекорд; to run against time - стараться побить ранее установленный рекорд; в) с целью выиграть время; to talk against time - говорить с целью затянуть время ( при обструкции в парламенте) [см. тж. а)]; г) в большой спешке

    at the same time - тем не менее, однако [см. тж. I 4, 2)]

    your statement is not groundless; at the same time it is not wholly true - ваше замечание не лишено основания, однако оно не совсем правильно

    in good time - а) со временем, с течением времени; you'll hear from me in good time - со временем я дам о себе знать; б) своевременно; в) заранее, заблаговременно; to start [to come] in good time - отправиться [прийти] заблаговременно; come in good time! - не опаздывай!; all in good time - всё в своё время

    in bad time - не вовремя; поздно, с опозданием

    on time - амер. в рассрочку [ср. тж. I 4, 4)]

    once upon a time - давным-давно; во время оно; когда-то

    to buy time - а) выигрывать время; б) оттягивать /тянуть/ время, канителить

    to have a thin time см. thin I ♢

    to have a time - а) переживать бурное время; б) испытывать большие трудности

    to have no time for smb. - плохо выносить кого-л.

    to make time - поспешить, поторопиться

    we'll have to make time to catch the train - нам нужно поспешить, чтобы не /если мы не хотим/ опоздать на поезд

    to make good time - быстро преодолеть какое-л. расстояние

    to make a time about /over/ smth. - амер. волноваться, суетиться по поводу чего-л.; шумно реагировать на что-л.

    to mark time - а) шагать на месте; б) оттягивать /тянуть/ время; в) выполнять что-л. чисто формально, работать без души

    to do time - отбывать тюремное заключение, отсиживать свой срок

    to serve /to complete/ one's time - а) отслужить свой срок ( в период ученичества); б) отбыть срок ( в тюрьме); [ср. тж. I 5]

    to sell time - амер. предоставлять за плату возможность выступить по радио или телевидению

    to take /to catch/ time by the forelock - действовать немедленно; воспользоваться случаем, использовать благоприятный момент

    to go with the times - плыть по течению [см. тж. I 5]

    time works wonders - время делает /творит/ чудеса

    it beats my time - амер. это выше моего понимания

    lost time is never found again - посл. потерянного времени не воротишь

    a stitch in time saves nine см. stitch I ♢

    time is money - посл. время - деньги

    2. [taım] a
    1. связанный с временем

    time advantage - спорт. преимущество во времени

    2. снабжённый часовым механизмом
    3. связанный с покупками в кредит или с платежами в рассрочку
    4. подлежащий оплате в определённый срок
    3. [taım] v
    1. выбирать время; рассчитывать (по времени)

    to time oneself well - удачно выбрать время прихода /приезда/

    to time one's blows skilfully - искусно выбирать момент для (нанесения) удара

    to time one's march through the city - выбрать время для марша по улицам города

    the publication of the book was well timed - книга была опубликована в самый подходящий момент

    2. назначать или устанавливать время; приурочивать

    he timed his arrival for six o'clock - он намечал свой приезд на шесть часов

    the train was timed to reach London at 8 a.m. - поезд должен был прибыть в Лондон в 8 часов утра

    3. 1) ставить ( часы)

    to time all the clocks in the office according to the radio - поставить все часы в конторе /в бюро/ по радио

    to time one's watch by the time signal - ставить часы по сигналу точного времени

    the alarm-clock was timed to go off at nine o'clock - будильник был поставлен на девять часов

    2) задавать темп; регулировать (механизм и т. п.)
    4. отмечать по часам; засекать; определять время; хронометрировать

    to time the horse for each half mile - засекать время лошади на каждой полумиле

    to time how long it takes to do it - засечь, сколько времени требуется, чтобы сделать это

    I timed his reading - я следил за его чтением /за скоростью его чтения/ по часам

    5. 1) рассчитывать, устанавливать продолжительность

    clockwork apparatus timed to run for forty-eight hours - часовой механизм, рассчитанный на двое суток работы

    2) выделять время для определённого процесса

    to time one's exposure correctly - фото сделать /поставить/ нужную выдержку

    6. (to, with)
    1) делать в такт
    2) редк. совпадать, биться в унисон
    7. тех. синхронизировать

    НБАРС > time

  • 17 tonnage tax company

    гос. фин., брит. судоходная компания, платящая налог с тоннажа* !
    возможно, нужно новое подзначение к tonnage tax! ссылок маловато, в основном в этом законодательном акте. не разобралась до конца!
    http:www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/acts2000/00017-cg.htm
    "
    1. - (1) This Schedule provides an alternative regime (""tonnage tax"") for calculating the profits of a shipping company for the purposes of corporation tax.
    " "
    (2) The regime applies only if an election to that effect ( a ""tonnage tax election"") is made (see Part II of this Schedule).
    "
    Companies that are members of a group must join in a group election.
    (a) the company or group is a qualifying company or group (see Part III of this Schedule), and
    (b) certain requirements are met as to training (see Part IV of this Schedule) and other matters (see Part V of this Schedule).
    "
    2. - (1) In this Schedule a ""tonnage tax company"" or ""tonnage tax group"" means a company or group in relation to which a tonnage tax election has effect.
    "
    (2) References in this Schedule to a company entering or leaving tonnage tax are to its becoming or ceasing to be a tonnage tax company.
    References to a company being subject to tonnage tax have a corresponding meaning.
    3. - (1) In the case of a tonnage tax company, its tonnage tax profits are brought into charge to corporation tax in place of its relevant shipping profits (see Part VI of this Schedule).
    (2) Where profits would be relevant shipping income, any loss accruing to the company is similarly left out of account for the purposes of corporation tax.
    Tonnage tax profits: method of calculation
    4. - (1) A company's tonnage tax profits for an accounting period are calculated in accordance with this paragraph by reference to the net tonnage of the qualifying ships operated by the company.
    For the purposes of the calculation the net tonnage of a ship is rounded down (if necessary) to the nearest multiple of 100 tons.
    (2) The calculation is as follows:
    Step One Determine the daily profit for each qualifying ship operated by the company by reference to the following table and the net tonnage of the ship:
    For each 100 tons up to 1,000 tons
    £0.60
    For each 100 tons between 1,000 and 10,000 tons
    £0.45
    For each 100 tons between 10,000 and 25,000 tons
    £0.30
    For each 100 tons above 25,000 tons
    £0.15
    Step Two Work out the ship's profit for the accounting period by multiplying the daily profit by-
    (a) the number of days in the accounting period, or
    (b) if the ship was operated by the company as a qualifying ship for only part of the period, by the number of days in that part.
    Step Three Follow Steps One and Two for each of the qualifying ships operated by the company in the accounting period.
    Step Four Add together the resulting amounts and the total is the amount of the company's tonnage tax profits for that accounting period.
    Tonnage tax profits: calculation in case of joint operation etc.
    5. - (1) If two or more companies fall to be regarded as operators of a ship by virtue of a joint interest in the ship, or in an agreement for the use of the ship, the tonnage tax profits of each are calculated as if each were entitled to a share of the profits proportionate to its share of that interest.
    (2) If two or more companies fall to be treated as the operator of a ship otherwise than as mentioned in sub-paragraph (1), the tonnage tax profits of each are computed as if each were the only operator.
    6. - (1) References in this Schedule to the gross or net tonnage of a ship are to that tonnage as determined-
    "
    (a) in the case of a vessel of 24 metres in length or over, in accordance with the IMO International Convention on Tonnage Measurement of Ships (ITC69);
    "
    (b) in the case of a vessel under 24 metres in length, in accordance with tonnage regulations.
    (2) A ship shall not be treated as a qualifying ship for the purposes of this Schedule unless there is in force-
    (a) a valid International Tonnage Certificate (1969), or
    (b) a valid certificate recording its tonnage as measured in accordance with tonnage regulations.
    "
    (3) In this paragraph ""tonnage regulations"" means regulations under section 19 of the Merchant Shipping Act 1995 or provisions of the law of a country or territory outside the United Kingdom corresponding to those regulations.
    "
    + мультитран:
    6.05.2006 11:56
    Тема сообщения: tonnage tax company
    Пожалуйста, помогите перевести.
    tonnage tax, если верить Мультитрану - корабельный сбор, а как это к company применить не представляю. компания, подлежащая обложению корабельным сбором?? - чушь какая-то...
    Помогите, плиз!
    Заранее спасибо Mt | Google
    6.05.2006 12:07
    "
    Tonnage Tax - это такой вид налогообложения судоходных компаний (пароходств), при котором размер налога рассчитывается в зависимости от чистой регистровой вместимости судов, составляющих флот компании (т.н. ""налог на тоннаж""). Tonnage tax company - компания подлежащая такому виду налогообложения.
    "
    Некоторые налоговые изменения коснутся мореходных компаний, для которых !подоходный налог! будет заменен на !налог с тоннажа! судна.

    Англо-русский экономический словарь > tonnage tax company

  • 18 back

    back [bæk]
    ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
    1. noun
    ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
    1. noun
       a. [of person, animal] dos m
    • to stand or sit with one's back to sb/sth tourner le dos à qn/qch
    • get off my back, will you? fiche-moi la paix !► to get sb's back up hérisser qn
    • put your back into it! (inf) allons, un peu de nerf ! (inf)► to turn one's back on sb/sth
       b. [of object] dos m ; [of chair] dossier m ; [of building] arrière m
    ► at the back [of building] derrière ; [of book] à la fin ; [of cupboard, hall] au fond
    • at the very back tout au fond► at the back of [+ building] derrière ; [+ book] à la fin de ; [+ cupboard, hall] au fond de
    ► in back of (US) [+ building, car] à l'arrière de
       c. (of part of body) [of head] derrière m ; [of hand] dos m
       d. (Football, hockey) arrière m
       a. ( = not front) [wheel] arrière inv
    • the back room [of house] la pièce du fond ; [of pub, restaurant] l'arrière-salle f
       b. [taxes] arriéré
    ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
    ► When back is an element in a phrasal verb, eg come back, put back, look up the verb.
    ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
       a. (in space, time) (stand) back! reculez !
    • stay well back! n'approchez pas !
    ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
    ► When followed by a preposition, back is often not translated.
    ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
    • meanwhile, back in London... pendant ce temps-là, à Londres...
    ► to go back and forth, to go back and forward [person] faire des allées et venues ; [phone calls, emails, letters] être échangé
       b. ( = returned)
       c. ( = reimbursed) I got/want my money back j'ai récupéré/je veux récupérer mon argent
       a. ( = support) soutenir ; [+ statement] confirmer
       b. ( = finance) financer
       c. ( = bet on) parier sur
       d. [+ vehicle] reculer
    • to back the car in/out entrer/sortir en marche arrière
    ( = move backwards) reculer
    • to back out [vehicle] sortir en marche arrière ; [person] sortir à reculons
    • to do sth by or through the back door faire qch par des moyens détournés ► back line noun (Sport) ligne f d'arrières
    ► back-lit adjective [stage] éclairé de derrière or par l'arrière ; [screen] rétro-éclairé
    ► back number noun [of newspaper] vieux numéro m
    ( = draw back) reculer
    [house]
    [person] sortir à reculons ; [car] sortir en marche arrière ; (of undertaking) revenir sur ses engagements
    [+ deal, agreement] se retirer de ; [+ undertaking] se soustraire à
       a. ( = reverse) faire marche arrière
       a. [+ theory, claim] confirmer ; [+ person] soutenir
       b. [+ vehicle] faire reculer
       c. [+ computer file] faire une copie de sauvegarde de
    * * *
    [bæk] 1.
    1) Anatomy, Zoology dos m

    to be (flat) on one's back — lit être (à plat) sur le dos; fig être au lit

    to turn one's back on somebody/something — lit, fig tourner le dos à quelqu'un/quelque chose

    to do something behind somebody's back — lit, fig faire quelque chose dans le dos de quelqu'un

    2) ( reverse side) (of page, cheque, hand, fork, envelope) dos m; ( of fabric) envers m; (of medal, coin) revers m
    3) ( rear-facing part) (of vehicle, head) arrière m; ( of electrical appliance) face f arrière; (of shirt, coat) dos m; (of chair, sofa) dossier m

    on the back of the door/head — derrière la porte/tête

    to be out back —

    to be in the back — US être dans le jardin or la cour

    there's a small garden out back ou round the back — il y a un petit jardin derrière (la maison)

    5) (of car, plane) arrière m
    6) (of cupboard, drawer, fridge, bus, stage) fond m

    at ou in the back of the drawer — au fond du tiroir

    7) Sport arrière m
    8) ( end) fin f
    2.
    1) ( at the rear) [leg, paw, edge, wheel] arrière; [bedroom] du fond; [page] dernier/-ière (before n); [garden, gate] de derrière
    2) ( isolated) [road] petit (before n)

    back alley ou lane — ruelle f

    3) Finance, Commerce

    back interest/rent/tax — arriérés mpl d'intérêts/de loyer/d'impôts

    3.

    to arrive ou come back — rentrer ( from de)

    the mini-skirt is back — ( in fashion) les mini-jupes sont de nouveau à la mode

    2) ( in return)

    to call ou phone back — rappeler

    3) ( backwards) [glance, jump, step, lean] en arrière
    4) ( away)

    ten pages back — dix pages (avant or plus tôt)

    5) ( ago)

    a week/five minutes back — il y a une semaine/cinq minutes

    meanwhile, back in France, he... — pendant ce temps, en France, il...

    4.
    back and forth adverbial phrase

    to go ou travel back and forth — ( commute) [person, bus] faire la navette ( between entre)

    to walk ou go back and forth — faire des allées et venues ( between entre)

    to swing back and forth — [pendulum] osciller

    the film cuts ou moves back and forth between New York and Paris — le film se passe entre New York et Paris

    5.
    1) ( support) soutenir [party, person, bid, bill, strike, action]; appuyer [application]; apporter son soutien à [enterprise, project]
    2) ( finance) financer [project, undertaking]
    3) ( endorse) garantir [currency]

    to back a bill — Commerce, Finance endosser or avaliser une traite

    4) ( substantiate) justifier [argument, claim] ( with à l'aide de)
    5) ( reverse)
    6) ( bet on) parier sur [horse, favourite, winner]
    7) (stiffen, line) consolider, renforcer [structure]; endosser [book]; renforcer [map]; maroufler [painting]; doubler [fabric]
    6.
    - backed combining form

    a high-/low-backed chair — une chaise avec un dossier haut/bas

    2) (lined, stiffened)

    canvas-/foam-backed — doublé de toile/de mousse

    3) ( supported)
    4) ( financed)
    •
    Phrasal Verbs:
    ••

    he's always on my back — (colloq) il est toujours sur mon dos

    to break the back of a journey/task — faire le plus gros du voyage/travail

    English-French dictionary > back

  • 19 follow

    1. I
    1) silence (applause, death, etc.) followed последовала /наступила/ тишина ц т. д.; formal negotiations followed затем начались официальные переговоры; he leads, we follow он ведет /идет впереди/, мы следуем /идем/ за ним; he went too fast for me to follow он шел слишком быстро, и я за ним не поспевал; our methods were as follows наши методы заключались в следующем; his words were as follows он сказал следующее; the general addressed his army as follows генерал обратился к войскам со следующими словами; wait and see what follows подождем и посмотрим, что произойдет /будет/ [дальше]
    2) that /it/doesn't follow это еще не доказано; такой вывод делать нельзя
    3) his arguments are too difficult for them to follow его доводы слишком сложны, [и] им трудно следить за ними или понимать их
    2. II
    follow in some manner follow at once (later, etc.) следовать немедленно и т.д., the parcel will follow later посылка будет выслана позже
    3. III
    1) follow smb. follow a guide (a leader, the master, the boys, the hounds, a procession, etc.) следовать за гидом и т. д.; you go first and I will follow you идите вперед, а я пойду /последую/ за вами; follow a retreating enemy (a thief, a fox, etc.) преследовать отступающего противника и т. д.; follow smth. follow a path (a track, a line, a river, etc.) идти по тропинке, следовать тропинкой и т. д.; the railway line follows the river железнодорожная линия идет вдоль реки; follow this road till you come to the river (to the comer, etc.) идете по этой дороге [пока вы не дойдете] до реки и т. д., Monday follows Sunday за воскресеньем идет /следует/ понедельник; night follows day ночь сменяет день; the years follow one another годы идут один за другим, идет /катится/ за годом год; sunshine followed rain после дождя выглянуло солнышко; meat followed the soup после супа было подано мясо; one misfortune followed another несчастья сыпались одно за другим
    2) follow smth..follow smb.'s example (a principle, the directions, smb.'s advice, etc.) следовать чьему-л. примеру и т. д.; follow a rule следовать правилу, действовать в соответствии с правилами; follow the fashion следить за модой, одеваться по моде; follow a command действовать в соответствии с приказом, действовать по приказу; follow this policy придерживаться этой политики; follow a strict diet соблюдать строгую диету; following the decision (the resolution, the request, etc.) в соответствии с решением и т. д.
    3) follow smb., smth. I think there's smb. following us кажется, за нами кто-то идет /следит/; follow all their movements следить за всеми их движениями; follow the speaker's words (smb.'s arguments, an explanation, his line of reasoning, etc.) понимать слова /речь/ оратора и т. д., следить за словами /речью/ оратора и т. д.; he spoke so fast that I couldn't follow him он говорил так быстро, что я не мог уловить его мысль; I followed his train of thought я следил за развитием /за ходом/ его мысли; do you follow me? вы меня понимаете?, вам понятно?; I don't quite follow you я не улавливаю смысла ваших слов
    4) follow smth. book. follow truth искать истину; follow fame (knowledge) стремиться к славе (к знаниям)
    4. IV
    1) follow smb. in some manner follow smb. quickly (immediately, instinctively, involuntarily, mechanically, reluctantly, dutifully, mutely /dumbly/, doggedly, etc.) быстро и т. д. (последовать за кем-л.; follow smb. somewhere follow smb. out выйти вслед за кем-л.; follow smb. in войти вслед за кем-л.; be entered and I followed him in он вошел, и я последовал за ним; follow smb. home следовать за кем-л. до самого дома
    2) follow smth. in some manner follow his example faithfully (smb.'s advice blindly, the course implicitly, smb.'s teachings closely, the same rule invariably and conscientiously, etc.) точно следовать его примеру и т. д., be sure to follow these instructions exactly смотрите, точно следуйте этим указаниям /точно выполните эти указания/
    5. XI
    1) be followed by smth., smb. be followed by songs (by tea, by a fight, by a discussion, etc.) заканчиваться песнями и т. д.; it was immediately followed by a loud quarrel за этим немедленно последовала шумная ссора: the lecture will be followed by questions as usual после лекции, как обычно, лектор ответит на вопросы; the hot weather was followed by several days of rain жаркая погода сменилась дождливыми днями, после жаркой погоды наступили дождливые дни; George IV was followed by William IV Вильгельм IV сменил [на престоле] Георга IV;
    2) be followed by smb. the general was followed by a large number of officers генерала сопровождало много офицеров
    3) be followed I think we are being followed мне кажется, что за нами следят; be followed with smth. be followed with intense interest (with unwavering attention, etc.) вызывать большой интерес и т. д., he was followed with flashing eyes с него не спускали горящих глаз
    6. XVI
    1) follow after /behind/ smb. he followed after (close behind) me он шел (прямо) за мной; follow on smth. follow on the event (on the difficulties, on his failure, on influenza, etc.) последовать /наступить/ [сразу] за этим событием и т.д. his death followed close on his illness за его болезнью последовала смерть, он умер в результате болезни; а spell of fine weather followed after the rain после дождей наступила хорошая погода || he followed close upon my heels он не отставал от меня ни на шаг
    2) follow front smth. follow from his story (from this, from the premises, etc.) вытекать из его рассказа и т. д., быть естественным следствием его рассказа и т. д.
    3) 0 follow in smb.'s steps /in smb.'s footsteps/ идти по чьим-л. стопам, брать с кого-л. пример
    7. XXI1
    1) follow smb. at some distance follow smb. at [the distance of] three miles идти /следовать/ за кем-л. на расстоянии трех миль; follow smb. for some distance follow the enemy for miles преследовать противника на протяжении многих миль; follow smb. (in)to some place follow smb. to school идти за кем-л. следом до самой школы; follow smb. to the grave идти за чьим-л. гробом; follow smb. into a house (into a church, into a hall, into a room, etc.) войти вслед за кем-л. в дом и т. д.follow, follow smb. in smth. follow one's senior in command of a regiment занять место командира полка; he followed his father in the estate он получил в наследство /унаследовал/ имение отца
    2) follow smth., smb. with smth. follow the bird's flight (the procession, the pretty girl, etc.) with one's eyes следить [глазами] за полетом птицы и т. д.; follow a departing vessel with a field-glass следить в бинокль за отплывающим кораблем; follow smb. in smth. follow smb. in his explanation (you in your exposition of his views, a teacher in his demonstrations, him in his arguments, etc.) следить за чьими-л. объяснениями и т. д., понимать чьи-л. объяснения и т. д.
    8. XXV
    it follows that... it follows that he must understand poetry (that he never heard me, that it was not he who did it, that he was not there, etc.) из этого следует, что он понимает поэзию и т. д.; just because I say nothing, it does not follow that I see nothing если я ничего не говорю, это не значит, что я ничего не вижу
    9. XXVII1
    follow from what. follow from what you say (from what has been discovered, etc.) следовать из того, что вы говорите и т. д.; that conclusion by no means follows from what he reported это заключение отнюдь не вытекает из того, что он сообщил; из тоге, что он доложил, никак нельзя сделать подобные выводы

    English-Russian dictionary of verb phrases > follow

  • 20 even

    [ʼi:vən] adv
    1) ( unexpectedly) selbst;
    \even Chris was there selbst Chris war da
    2) ( indeed) sogar;
    it might \even take a year es könnte unter Umständen ein Jahr dauern;
    I never cry, not \even when I hurt myself really badly ich weine nie, noch nicht mal, wenn ich mir sehr wehtue;
    he declined \even to consider the idea er lehnte es schon ab, die Idee überhaupt in Erwägung zu ziehen
    3) ( despite) selbst;
    \even now I can't believe it ich kann es noch immer nicht ganz glauben;
    ... but \even then he managed to make a mess of it... und trotzdem hat er es geschafft, alles durcheinanderzubringen;
    \even if... selbst wenn...;
    \even so... trotzdem...;
    I had a terrible headache but \even so I went to the concert ich hatte fürchterliche Kopfschmerzen, bin aber dennoch ins Konzert gegangen;
    \even though... selbst wenn...;
    \even though he left school at 16,... obwohl er mit sechzehn bereits von der Schule abging,...
    4) ( as intensifier) nahezu;
    I find his habits rather unpleasant, disgusting \even ich finde seine Gewohnheiten ziemlich unangenehm, um nicht zu sagen abstoßend
    5) + comp ( all the more) noch;
    \even colder/ faster noch kälter/schneller adj
    1) ( level) eben; two surfaces auf gleicher Höhe; ( fig) ausgeglichen;
    to bring a boat onto an \even keel ein Boot in eine waagrechte Position bringen;
    to put sth on an \even keel ( fig) etw wieder auf die Beine bringen ( fig)
    an \even row eine gerade Reihe;
    an \even surface eine glatte Oberfläche
    2) ( equal) gleich [groß];
    (size, amount) gleich groß;
    the odds are quoted as \even money die Gewinnquote steht fünfzig fünfzig;
    there is an \even chance of sth die Chancen für etw akk stehen fünfzig zu fünfzig;
    there's an \even chance of rain es sieht ganz nach Regen aus;
    an \even contest ein ebenbürtiger Wettkampf;
    an \even distribution of wealth eine gleichmäßige Verteilung des Reichtums;
    an \even game ein ausgeglichenes Spiel;
    to be on \even terms gleichgestellt sein;
    to get \even with sb jdm etw heimzahlen
    3) ( regular) gleichmäßig;
    to walk at an \even pace in gleichmäßigem Tempo gehen;
    to work at an \even rate im regelmäßigen Rhythmus arbeiten;
    to walk with \even steps gleichmäßigen Schrittes gehen;
    to have an \even temper ausgeglichen sein
    4) ( fair) günstig;
    an \even bargain ein Schnäppchen;
    to distribute sth with an \even hand etw gleich verteilen;
    to be \even [with sb] [mit jdm] quitt sein
    5) inv math gerade;
    an \even number eine gerade Zahl;
    an \even page eine Seite mit gerader Zahl vt
    1) ( level)
    to \even a floor/ surface einen Fußboden ebnen/eine Oberfläche glätten
    2) ( equalize)
    to \even sth etw ausgleichen;
    to \even the score das Gleichgewicht wiederherstellen;
    to \even out <-> sth etw ausgleichen
    to \even up <-> sth etw ausgleichen;
    ( give parity to) aufeinander abgestimmt werden;
    that should \even things up a bit das sollte alles etwas ausgleichen vi sich ausgleichen; prices sich einpendeln

    English-German students dictionary > even

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