problem+problem+problem

Grammatical information: m.

Meaning: `wolf' (Il.) ; often metaph., a. o. as name of a kind of daw (Arist.; v. l. λύκιος, cf. Thompson Birds s. v.), of a fish (Hikes. ap. Ath.; Strömberg Fischnamen 105), = `hook, sting' (Plu., Poll.) etc.

Compounds: Compp., e.g. Λυκό-(Ϝ)οργος \> Λυκοῦργος prop. "holding off the wolves " ( εἴργω), Λυκοσ-ούρα town in Arcadia, after the contraction Κυνοσ-ούρα (Risch IF 59, 266 w. n. 1); λυκ-αψός ( λύκ-) m., also - ψίς f., name of a venomous plant, `Echium italicum' (Nic., Dsc., Gal.), prop. "attacking wolves" (cf. Strömberg Wortstudien 100f. on χορδαψός), because of its poison as λυκο-κτόνον a. o. (Strömberg Pflanzennamen 66 u. 70 f.); but see s.v.

Derivatives: Feminines: λύκαινα `she-wolf' (Arist.; after λέαινα etc.) with - αίνιον (Poll.; of a woman); λυκώ name of the moon (PMag. Par.); diminut.: λυκιδεύς m. `younger wolf' (Sol. ap. Plu., Theoc.; Boßhardt 65), λυκίσκος ἡ μη ἔχουσα ἀξονίσκον τροχαλία, τρῆμα δε μόνον H.; also PN (Schwyzer 542). Further: λυκέη, -ῆ `wolfsskin' (K 459 a.o.), λύκειος δορά `id.' (E. Rh. 208), substantiv. λυκεία f. (Plb. 6, 22, 3); λυκώδης `wolf-like' (Arist.), λυκηδόν `as a wolf' (A.), λυκηθμός `howling of wolves' (Anon. ap. Suid.; after μυκηθμός); λυκόομαι `be lacerated by wolves' (X.). On λύσσα s. v.

Origin: IE [Indo-European] [1178] *u̯l̥kʷos `wolf'

Etymology: With λύκος agrees formally exactly the Northgerm. name of the lynx, Swed. lō (PGm. * luha- from IE * luko-; s. 2. λύγξ). But of course one prefers to connect the widespread name of the wolf, which is preserved e. g. in Skt. vŕ̥ka-, Lith. vil̃kas, OCS vlьkъ, Goth. wulfs, Alb. ulk. With the resulting IE *u̯l̥kʷos can λύκος be combined if we assume, that the labiovelar coloured the preceding sonant with loss of the labialisation, cf. Schwyzer 298 and 352; s. also on κύκλος. A comparable problem gives Lat. lupus. Far remains however Arm. gayl (rather to Ir. gāel `wolf' with Fick 2, 259 a. o.). With the name of the wolf taboo-ideas may have played a part (Havers Sprachtabu 37ff.) which may have caused phonetic irregularities. Also for IE *u̯l̥kʷos such an origin is possible; the interpretation as `lacerater' (to u̯el(k)- `lacerate' not counting the labiovelar; s. Specht KZ 66, 26f.) remains hypothetic. - Details in WP. 1, 316f., Pok. 1178f., W.-Hofmann s. lupus, Vasmer s. volk; also Benveniste BSL 44, 53.

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Grammatical information: v.

Meaning: `flash, sparkle, gleam' (Il., late also prose); only present

Compounds: Rarely with ἀνα-, παρα-, περι-, ὑπο-. πυρι-, περι-μάρμαρος `sparkling (of fire)' (Man., Hymn. Is.)

Derivatives: Besides μαρμάρεος `gleaming, flashing, sparkling' (Il.) with μαρμαρίζω = μαρμαίρω (Pi., D. S.); μαρμαρυγή f. `flashing, sparkling', a. o. of rapid movements (cf. on 1. ἀργός; IA., since θ 265), after ἀμαρυγή (Debrunner IF 21, 243 f., Porzig Satzinhalte 229) with μαρμαρυγώδης `flashing-like' (Hp.), μαρμαρύσσω (: ἀμαρύσσω) = μαρμαίρω (Them., Jul.); with μαρμάρυγμα (Cael. Aur.).

Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]

Etymology: On μάρμαρος s. v. The reduplicated intensive yot-present μαρμαίρω (\< *μαρ-μαρ-ι̯ω) stands beside μαρμάρεος like δαιδάλλω beside δαιδάλεος (cf. Schulze Kl. Schr. 118 n. 3; on - εος Schmid - εος u. - ειος 34). As simplex μαρ- is found in Μαῖρα f. "the sparkling"(?), name of the Sirius (Call., Eratosth., as PN in Hom.; Scherer Gestirnnamen 114f.); in μαρ-αυγέω, ἀ-μαρ-ύσσω, prob. also in μαρίλη and μαριεύς (s. vv.); further perhaps the PN Άμφί-μαρος, son of Poseidon (Paus. 9, 29, 6; Lesky RhM 93, 54ff.; \< *Άμφι-μάρ-μαρος?). -- As certain cognate outside Greek was considered Skt. márīci- f. (m.) `beam of light, (air)mirage' (cf. μαρί̄-λη, *μαρι̯α \> μαῖρα?). Though accepted by Mayrhofer ( KEWA 2, 589, EWAia 2, 321), the connection must be rejected, as Greek μαρ- cannot be explained in this comparison (it is an old comparison, from the time when *a was not a problem; Pok. 733 writes simply * mer-). Further suppositions (Lat. merus `unmixed, pure', also mare `sea' ?, OE ā-merian `purify, taste', Russ. mar `ardour of the sun' etc.), cf. WP. 2, 273f., Pok. 733, W.-Hofmann s. merus, Vasmer s. mar are also most doubtful. - The reduplication μαρ-μαρ- is hardly IE. ᾽Αμαρυγή has a prothetic vowel, which is typical of Pre-Greek (as is the suffix - υγ-). So the word is no doubst Pre-Greek.

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Grammatical information: m.

Meaning: `battle-din' (Il., Hes. Sc., Nic.; cf. Trümpy Fachausdrücke 158).

Compounds: Comp. μοθούρας τὰς λαβὰς τῶν κωπῶν H. (expl. in Solmsen Wortforsch. 56 A. 2).

Derivatives: μόθαξ, - ακος m. `children of the Helotes or Perioikoi, who has got a common education with a Spartan' (Phylarch. Hist. [III<sup>a</sup>], Plu., Ael.); μόθων, - ωνος m. = μόθαξ (sch., EM., H.), also about `impudent man' (Ar. Pl. 279), also parodising presented as demon (beside Κόβαλοι a.o., Ar. Eq. 635); name of a vulgar dance, practised by seamen (Ar., Poll.), also name of a melody on the flute accompanying the dance (Trypho ap. Ath. 14, 618 c). -- μοθωνικός `like the μόθωνες' (Ion ap. Plu. Per. 5), μοθωνία ἀλαζονεία τις τοῦ σώματος κινητική (EM).

Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]X [probably]

Etymology: The relation between the words mentioned is not convincingly explained. Remarkable is esp. the great stilistic difference between ep. μόθος and Doric μόθαξ and μόθων. A common basic meaning `noise, tumbler(sic?)' does not help much. (I don't see a problem here.) -- Outside Greek no cognates. Against the connection with Slav., e.g. CS. motati sę `agitari', Russ. motátь `throw to and fro, waste, reel, wind up' (further forms in Vasmer s. mot) tells Gr. θ against Slav. t (cf. Meillet BSL 28, c. r. 79); against further connection of Skt. mánthati, mathnā́ti `stir, shake' (WP. 2, 269, Pok. 732, W.-Hofmann s. mamphur m.) further the inner nasal of the group menth- (Kuiper Nasalpräs. 104). Untenable Ehrlich KZ 41, 287f. (s. Bq and WP. l.c.); new theory by Kuiper l.c. n. 2: -o- Central Greek representative of IE *n̥ (to be rejected). - Perhaps the word is Pre-Greek.

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Grammatical information: v.

Meaning: `deal out, dispense, distribute (among themselves, possess, inhabit, manage, pasture, consume, devour'.

Other forms: - ομαι, aor. νεῖμαι (Il.), - ασθαι, pass. νεμηθῆναι, fut. νεμῶ, - οῦμαι (Ion. - έομαι, late - ήσω, - ήσομαι), perf. νενέμηκα,- ημαι (Att. etc.).

Compounds: Often w. prefix, e.g. ἀπο-, ἐπι-, κατα-, προσ-.

Derivatives: Several derivv: A. νομή f. `pasture', metaph. `spreading', e.g. of an ulcer, `distribution' (IA.), `possession, possessio' (hell.). With ἐπι-, προ-νομή etc. from ἐπι-, προ-νέμειν, - εσθαι etc. Also νομός m. `*place of) pasture' (Il.), `habitation' (Pi., Hdt., S.), `province' (Hdt., D. S., Str.). From νομή or νομός (not always with certainty to be distinguished): 1. νομάς, - άδος `roaming the pasture', subst. pl. `pastoral people, nomads' (IA.), as PN `Numidians' (Plb.); from this νομαδ-ικός `roaming, belonging to pastoral peoples, Numidian' (Arist.), - ίτης `id.' (Suid.), - ίαι f. pl. `pasture' with - ιαῖος (Peripl. M. Rubr.). -- 2. νομεύς m. `herdsman' (II.), also `distributor' (Pl.), pl. `ribs of a ship' (Hdt.); from this (or from νομός?) νομεύω `pasture' (Il.) with νόμευ-μα n. `herd' (A.), - τικός `belonging to pasturage' (Pl.; Chantraine Études 135 u. 137); διανομ-εύς (: διανομή), προνομ-εύω (: προ-νομή) etc. -- 3. νόμιος `regarding the pasture', also as adjunct of several gods (Pi., Ar., Call.); cf. on νόμος; νομαῖος `id.' (Nic., Call.); νομώδης `spreading', of an ulcer (medic.). -- 4. νομάζω, - ομαι `pasture' (Nic.). -- B. νόμος m. `custom, usage, law, composition' (since Hes.) with several compp., e.g. Ἔννομος PN (Il.), εὔ-νομος `with good laws' (Pi.) with εὑνομ-ίη, - ία `good laws' (since ρ 487; on the meaning Andrewes Class Quart. 32, 89 ff.). From νόμος: 1. adj. νόμιμος `usual, lawful' (IA.; extens. Arbenz 72ff.) with νομιμότης f. (Iamb.); νομικός `regarding the laws, forensic, lawyer' (Pl., Arist.; Chantraine Études 132); νόμαιος = νόμιμος (Ion. a. late); νόμιος `id.' (Locris; cf. on νομός). -- 2. Verb νομίζω, rarely w. prefix, e.g. συν-, κατα-, `use customarily, use to, recognize, believe' (IA., Dor.; Fournier Les verbes "dire" passim) with νόμισις f. `belief' (Th.), νόμισμα n. `use, recognized belief, (valid) coin' (IA.), - άτιον dimin. (Poll.); νομιστός `generally recognized' with νομιστεύομαι `be generally valid' (Plb.), also νομιτεύομαι `id., use' (hell. a. late inscr.; cf. θεμι(σ)-τεύω). -- C. νεμέτωρ, - ορος m. `dispensor (of justice), avenger' (A. Th. 485); νέμησις f., also ἀπο-, δια-, ἐπι- etc. from ἀπο-νέμω etc., `distribution' (Is., Arist.); νεμ-ητής = νεμέτωρ (Poll.) with - ήτρια f. (inscr. Rom, IV<sup>p</sup>); uncertain Νεμήϊος surname of Zeus (Archyt. ap. Stob.); perh. for Νέμειος (from Νεμέα). On νέμεσις s. v. -- D. Deverbatives: νεμέθω, - ομαι `pasture' (Λ 635, Nic.); νωμάω, - ῆσαι also with ἐπι-, ἀμφι-, προσ-, `distribute, maintain, observe' (Il., Hdt.; Schwyzer 719, Risch Gnomon 24, 82) with νώμ-ησις (Pl. Cra. 41 1d), - ήτωρ `distributor, maintainer etc.' (Man., Nonn.).

Origin: IE [Indo-European] [763] * nem- `dispense, distribute; take'

Etymology: The whole Greek system including ablauting νομή, νόμος, νομός is built on the present νέμω. The full grade νεμέ-τωρ, νέμε-σις, νέμη-σις a.o. follow wellknown patterns ( γενέ-τωρ γένε-σις u.a.; but these are disyllabic roots); an agreeing zero grade fails. There never existed a "disyllabic root" e.g. Fraenkel Nom. ag. 2, 11). -- The widespread meanings of νέμω plus derivations provide a problem, which has hardly been definitely solved; Benveniste Noms d'agent 79 rightly stresses the idea of lawfull, regular, which characterizes the verb νέμω ("partager légalement, faire une attribution régulière"). Further lit.: E. Laroche Histoire de la racine nem- en grec ancien (Paris 1949; Études et Comm.VI); on νόμος esp. Stier Phil. 83, 224ff., Pohlenz Phil. 97, 135ff., Porzig Satzinhalte 260, Bolelli Stud. itfilcl. N.S.24, 110f.; on νομή, - ός Wilhelm Glotta 24, 133ff. (ἐν χειρῶν νομῳ̃, - αῖς). -- Of non-Greek words, that are interesting for the etymology, the Germanic verb for `take' agrees best to νέμω, Goth. niman etc.; further Latv. ńęmu, ńem̂t `take' (with secondary palatalisation of the anlaut). One might mention several nouns, which tell nothing for Greek: Av. nǝmah- n. `loan', Lat. numerus `number etc.', OIr. nem f. `gift' (cf. Gift: geben; also δόσις), Lith. nùoma f. `rent' (vowel as in νω-μάω). -- The with νέμω also formally identical verb Skt. námati `bow, bend' can only be combined with uncontrollable hypotheses. After Laroche (s. above) p. 263 νέμω would prop be. `faire le geste de se pencher en tendant la main'. -- Lit. and further details in WP. 2, 330f., Pok. 763 f., W.-Hofmann s. numerus and nummus (from νόμιμος?), also emō, Fraenkel Wb. s. núoma(s), and nãmas, Mayrhofer s. námati. Cf. also νέμος.

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Grammatical information: v.

Meaning: `to go (away), to leave, to disappear, to die' (Il.), mostly to indicate an entered situation, where the accompanying or preceding action is expressed by a pres. ptc.: `gone away, vanished, be away, gone thither'; on the aspect Schwyzer-Debrunner 274 a. 392, Bloch Suppl. Verba 28ff.;

Other forms: fut. οἰχήσομαι (Att.), perf. ᾤχωκα, οἴ- (Κ 252), ᾤχηκα (Κ 252 v. l., hell.), midd. ᾤχημαι, οἴ- (Ion.).

Compounds: Often w. prefix, e.g. ἀπ-, ἐπ-, παρ-, δι-, μετ-.

Derivatives: Besides οἰχνέω `to go, to come, to walk, to approach', also with ἐξ-, εἰσ- a.o. (Hom., Pi., trag.), also = οἴχομαι (S.). -- No derivv. A hypothesis on the PlN Οἰχαλία in Ziehen Arch. f. Religionswiss. 24, 51 f.

Origin: XX [etym. unknown]

Etymology: With οἴχ-ομαι: οἰχ-νέ-ω cf. ὑπ-ίσχ-ομαι: ὑπ-ισχ-νέ-ομαι and Schwyzer 696. The enlarging η of the fut. also came into the perfect; from some semant. close example ( μέμβλωκα?) came the early attested οἴχ-ω-κα (Schwyzer 774 w. n. 2 a. lit.; cf. Chantraine Gramm. hom. 1, 424 w. n. 3). -- The main problem with οἴχομαι concerns the curious meaning, which seems to have been foreign to the durative-infective οἰχνέω (so οἴχομαι orig. aoristpres.?). An acceptable connection provides Arm. iǰanem (nasal pres. like οἰχνέω), aor. 3. sg. ēǰ (\< * oigh-e-t; cf. ᾤχετο) `come down, alight' (Scheftelowitz BB 28, 311); further there are some isolated Celt. and Lith. nouns: OIr. óegi `guest' (\< * oigh-ēt-; as γόης, πένης; meaning like Arm. iǰ-awor); Lith. eigà f. `course' (Pedersen Vergl. Gramm. 1, 101, Prellwitz s.v.). Polyinterpretable are Hitt. igāi- `perish' and Toch. B yku `gone'; cf. Kronasser Studies Whatmough 125. If one separates the velar media asp. gh, we get ei- `go', so hat the etymological analysis ends in a bloodless abstraction. Details w. further lit. in WP. 1, 104 (Pok. 296). S. also ἴχνος.

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Grammatical information: adj.

Meaning: ὀλισθηρόν, λεῖον, ἐπισφαλές H. besides ὠλίβραξαν ὤλισθον and, without ρ, ὀλιβάξαι ὀλισθεῖν H.

Origin: IE [Indo-European]X [probably] [663] * s(h₃)lib-ro- `slippery, smooth'

Etymology: Can be identical with OE slipor, OHG sleffar `slippery, smooth' (with Norw. slipra `glide') from IE * slib-ro- (ὀ- prothetic; laryngal-explanation by Austin Lang. 17, 87). Here the primary verb OHG slīfan, MLG slīpen `glide, schleifen' [= grind, sharpen]' a.o. Further closer or farther cognates (w. lit.) in Bq, WP. 2, 391 f., Pok. 663 u. 960, W.-Hofmann s. lībō. S. also λίμβος and ὀλισθάνω. - The problem of s- beside prothetic vowel has not been solved; s. Beekes Devel. 82-87. One might assume * sh₃-.

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Grammatical information: adj.

Meaning: A. of κόμη, λάχνη, χλαῖνα, τάπητες etc. (Il.), as 1. member in οὑλό-θριξ, - κάρηνος, - κομος a.o. (Od., Hdt., Alex., Arist.); also of plants as ἕλιξ, σέλινον (Simon., Hdt.), `frizzy, shaggy, woolly, crinkly'; B. later of ξύλον, δένδρον a.o. (Thphr.), also of the voice (Plu., AP), of movements (Call.) `compact, dense, thick, πυκνός, συνεστραμμένος'.

Derivatives: To A. οὑλάς f. of χαίτη (Nic.); to B οὔλιος of χλαμύς; οὑλάς also as subst. = πήρα, θύλακος (Call., AP, H.).

Origin: XX [etym. unknown]

Etymology: In the meaning `frizzy etc.' οὖλος can be connected with our problem with εἰλέω `roll, turn, wind' (Bechtel Lex. with Buttmann). The later attested meaning `compact, thick etc.' agrees in fact better with εἰλέω `press together', but we may have a semantic shift ('twisted' \> `compact'; cf. συστρέφειν), and the two verbs can in general not always be separated (cf. s.vv.). -- But the morphology is difficult; the (pace Bechtel s.v.) phonetically possible bases *Ϝόλσος or *Ϝόλνος fit better for a subst. (improbable is a form *ὄ-Ϝλ-ος proposed by B., zero grade with prothesis as was - wrongly - supposed for ὄ-τλ-ος); a reduplicated *Ϝό-Ϝλ-ος is also improbable (on the digamma Chantraine Gramm. hom. 1, 125). Cf. ἴουλος.

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Grammatical information: n.

Meaning: `ear'; metaph. `handle'(Il.; IA).

Other forms: ὦς (Theoc., hell.). Gen. ὠτός, nom. acc. pl. ὦτα etc. (IA.), οὔατος, - ατα etc., with n. a. sg. οὖας (Simon.); besides ἆτα (cod. ἄτα) ὦτα. Ταραντῖνοι H.; prob. also sg. αὖς (Paul. Fest. 100, 4; Wackernagel IF 45, 312ff. = Kl. Schr. 2, 1252ff.); further details on the inflexion in Schwyzer 520.

Dialectal forms: Myc. anowoto; also anowe like ἀμφ-ώης `with two ears or handles' (Theoc.; ἄμφ-ωτος Od.).

Compounds: Compp., e.g. ὠτ-ακουστέω `to eavesdrop, to listen, to attend' (Hdt., X., D., Plb.), compound of ὠτὶ ἀκουστόν (opposite ἀν-ηκουστέω: οὑκ ἀκουστόν; cf. ἀμνηστέω and Schwyzer 726; not correct Fraenkel Nom. ag. 2, 68), with ὠτακουστής m. `eavesdropper, listener' (Arist.); ἀν-ούατος `without ears, without handles' (Theoc.), ἄ-ωτος `id.' (Philet., Plu.); μυόσ-ωτ-ον ( μύ-ωτον) n., - ίς f. "mouse-ear" (the plant) `madwort, Asperugo', from μυὸς ὦτα `id.' (Dsc.; Strömberg Pfl.namen 42). On λαγώς s. v.

Derivatives: ὠτ-ίον n. `handle, ear' (Theopomp. Com., LXX, NT), - άριον n. `id.' (com. IV^a); οὑατ-όεις `with ears, handles' (Simon., Call.; also in Hom. a. Hes. for ὠτώεις to be reconstructed; Wackernagel Unt. 168f.), ὠτ-ικός `belonging to the ear' (Gal., Dsc.). Also ὠτ-ίς, - ίδος f. `bustard' (X., Arist.; after the cheek-plumes or the tuft?; Thompson Birds s.v.); besides ὦτ-ος m. `eared owl' (Arist.; after the ear-plumes). -- On ἐνῴδιον, ἐνώτιον s. v.

Origin: IE [Indo-European] [785] *h₂(e\/o)us- `ear'.

Etymology: The pair οὖς, ὦς (cf. βοῦς, βῶς) can be derived from IE * ōus; Lat. aur-is, aus-cultō a.o. contain an e-grade (* h₂eus-), which may also be found in ἆτα from *αὔσ-ατα; s. also on ἀάνθα. To be noted old Att. ΟΣ, which seems to point to a contraction; one wanted to construct (since J. Schmidt Pluralbild. 407) a basis * ous-os, for which a support was seen in OCS ucho n. `ear', gen. ušes-e ; but it is also possible to read ὦς (after ὠτός etc.). The other forms can without problem be derived from IE * ōus-n-tos etc. with diff. phonetic developments, s. the extensive treatment in Schwyzer 520 a. 348, WP. 1,18 w. rich lit. The in οὔ-α-τος incorporated n-enlargement is also found in Arm. un-kn (with -kn after akn `eye'; so not comparable with ὠκίδες ἐνώτια H.) and in Germ., e.g. Goth. auso, ausin-s. -- From the further forms are especially notable the old duals Av. uš-i (IE * h₂us-ī, with zero grade); OCS uš-ī (IE * h₂us-ī ). Further details from diff. languages w. rich lit. in WP. (s. ab.), Pok. 785, W.-Hofmann and Ernout-Meillet s. auris, Vasmer s. úcho; older lit. also in Bq. -- (See also παρειαί, παρήϊον; not here ἀκούω, ἀκροάομαι.)

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Grammatical information: v.

Meaning: `to owe, to have to pay, to be obliged, to be due' (IA., also Il.)

Other forms: ὀφέλλω (Aeol., Arc., also Hom.), ὀφήλω (Cret., Arc., Arg.), aor. 1. ὀφειλ-ῆσαι, pass. - ηθῆναι, fut. - ήσω (hell. also - έσω), perf. ὠφείληκα (Att.), aor. 2. ὤφελον, ὄφελον (Il., Att.). Beside it ὀφρλισκάνω, fut. ὀφλ-ήσω, aor. 1. - ῆσαι, perf. ὤφληκα (Att.), ptc. dat. pl. Ϝοφληκόσι, 3. pl. [Ϝο]φλέασι (Arc.), aor. 2. ὀφλεῖν (IA.), also wit ἐπ-, προσ-, `to be guilty, to incur a punishment, to be sentenced'.

Dialectal forms: On Myc. opero etc. Lejeune Rev. ét. anc. 58, 19f. w. n. 58, BSL 52, 197 n. 5.

Compounds: Also w. prefix, e.g. προ-, προσ-.

Derivatives: A. From pres. ὀφείλω: ὀφειλ-έτης m., - έτις f. `debtor' (S., Pl.; Fraenkel Nom. ag. 1, 62 a. 241 f.) with - έσιον n. `small debt' (Eust.), - ημα n. (Th., Pl., Arist.; ὀφήλωμα [Cret.] after ἀνάλωμα), - ησις f. (pap. III^a) `debt, indebted sum'; -ή f. `debt, leasing' (pap., NT). B. From the aorist ὀφλεῖν: ὄφλ-ημα n. (D., Arist., pap.), - ησις f. (LXX) `penalty, fine'; - ητής m. `debtor' (gloss.), ὀφλοί ὀφειλέται, ὀφειλαί H.

Origin: IE [Indo-European]X [probably] [not in Pok.] * h₃bʰel- `owe, be obliged'

Etymology: The system ὀφλεῖν: ὀφλισκ-άνω: ὀφλήσω: ὤφληκα agrees with (except for the enlarging - άνω; Schwyzer 700) the group εὑρεῖν: εὑρίσκω, εὑρήσω, εὕρηκα; to this came the aorist ὀφλῆσαι (Lys. a. late); also [Ϝο]φλέ-ασι has the same enlarged zero grade without second. κ. Beside this system built on a zero grade themat. aorist stands another, based on the full grade aorist ὤφελον, to which came the nasal present *ὀφέλ-νω ( \> ὀφείλω, ὀφέλλω, ὀφήλω) like ἔτεμον: τέμνω. As the formation of the present ὀφείλω became unclear through the phonetic development, it could become the basis of another system. Also semantically the formal pairs went different ways. -- An old problem provides Ϝο- which appears only in an Arc. inscription. While some, e.g. Brugmann IF 29, 241 (cf. on οἴγνυμι), want to see in it a prefix (to Lat. au-, vē-, Skt. áva `away (from)'; diff. Vollgraff Mél. Bq 2, 339), others are inclined, e.g. Solmsen KZ 34, 450f., Fraenkel Phil. 97, 162, to see Ϝο- as reversed writing for ὀ- (further in Schwyzer 226 n. 1). -- Further quite isolated and dark; an attempt to connect ὀφείλω etc. with ὀφέλλω `augment' in v. Windekens Ling.Posn. 8, 35 ff. -- On the explanation of the individual forms Schwyzer 709 and 746 w. n. 9 (partly diff.), also Chantraine Gramm. hom. 1, 314 (w. lit.) a. 394;

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Grammatical information: v.

Meaning: `to besprinkle, to stain, to taint' (Il.)

Other forms: Fut. inf. παλαξέμεν, perf. ptc. πεπαλαγμένος, plqupf. πεπάλακτο.

Compounds: ἐμ-παλάσσομαι `to be tampered, to be entangled', Fr. s' embour-ber (Hdt., Th.), ἐμπαλάξαι ἐμπλέξαι H., with ἐμπαλάγματα pl. `entanglements, embracements' (A. Supp. 296).

Derivatives: πάλαξις f. `sprinkling' = `prime coat' (Epid. III^a);

Origin: XX [etym. unknown]

Etymology: By Curtius 288 with παλύνω connected with πάλη `fine flour', which in spite of Bechtel Lex. s.v. seems semantically without problem; formation after σταλάσσω, αἱμάσσω a.o.; on anal. - άσσω Schwyzer 733. After Fick 1, 478 however to πάλκος πηλός H., to which belong further Lith. pélkė `marsh, peat-moor' a.o.; diff. on πάλκος Schulze BerlAkSb. 1910, 788 (Kl. Schr. 112): to Lith. pálšas `sallow'. Further hypothet. combinations by Bq., WP. 2, 65 f., W.-Hofmann s. 2. palūs, with rich lit.; s. also Krahe Beitr. z. Namenforsch. 3, 232 f. (on the Span. riv.name Palantia, supp. "marsh-river"). So no good etym.

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Grammatical information: m.

Meaning: `forearm, arm' (cf. βραχίων), also as measure = `cubit' and metaph. in diff. meanings (Il.).

Other forms: Dor. Aeol. πᾶχυς, - εος, - εως.

Compounds: Often as 2. member, e.g. δί-πηχυς `two cubits long' (IA.).

Derivatives: 1. dimin. πηχίσκος m. (Anon. ap. Suid.); 2. adj. πηχυ-αῖος (IA., παχυ- Epich.), - ιος (Mimn., A. R.) `cubits long'; 3. verbs: πηχίζω `to measure by the cubit' (LXX) with πηχ-ισμός m. `measuring by the cubit' (LXX, pap.), - ισμα n. `cubit-measure' (Sm.); πηχύνω ( περι-πῆχυς) `to embrace' (hell. a. late epic).

Origin: IE [Indo-European] [108] * bʰeh₂gʰu- `lower arm, elbow'

Etymology: Old inherited name of a member, in several languages retained: Skt. bāhú-, Av. bāzu- m. `lower arm, arm, foreleg of an animal', Germ., e.g. OWNo. bōgr, OHG buog m. `the upper part of the foreleg, Bug'; IE *bhāǵhu-; here, with unclear transformation of the stem, Toch. A poke, B obl. pokai `arm' (on the phonetics v. Windekens Orbis 11, 191 f. a. 12, 190). Also on Italic bottom the word was once alive, if with Pisani KZ 71, 44 Lat. trifāx, - ācis `a three ell long weapon' as Oscan LW [loanword] belongs here. -- A basic verb, IE *bhaǵh-, Benveniste BSL 52, 60 ff. wants to see on Iran. soil in Oss. i-væz- `stretch out' (Iran. *băz-); not very credible, cf. Mayrhofer s. bāhúḥ w. lit. (the short vowel makes a problem.

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Grammatical information: m.

Meaning: `bottom of a vessel' (Pherecr., Arist. a.o.), metaph. = `hilt of a sword' (S. Fr. 311).

Other forms: ἀπυνδάκωτος ἀπύθμενος H.

Origin: XX [etym. unknown]

Etymology: Formation like κάμαξ, πίναξ, στύραξ etc. etc.; further reminding of Lat. fundus with the same meaning and so close to πυθμήν (s.v.). Inlaut. - νδ- for - νθ- cannot be explained as - μβ- in ὄμβρος (Schwyzer 333; see s.v.); on π- for φ- "sind mehrere Auswege versucht": reshaping after πυθμήν (Curtius a. o.); Germ.-Maced. LW [loanword] (Kretschmer Glotta 22, 115ff.; cf. on πύργος); Maced. LW [loanword] (Pisani Rev. int. ét. balk. 3,18ff.); all unconvincing. Further on πύνδαξ a. cogn. Mayer Glotta 32, 73f. (here with Porzig WuS 15, 129, Kretschmer a.o. also the Pl N Πύδνα, but this is no doubt Pre-Greek). -- The suffix - ακ- is typical for Pre-Greek; of course, the suffix may have been taken from the Pre-Greekwords, but this seems very rare. Furnée does not discuss it. Was the IE form adopted in Pre-Greek? In that case the - νδ- and the π- would be no problem.

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Grammatical information: f.

Meaning: `root', also metaph. `origin, stem, base' (Il.).

Other forms: Aeol. βρίζα, βρίσδα).

Dialectal forms: Myc. wiriza \/wriza\/.

Compounds: Several compp., a.g. ῥιζο-τόμος m. `root-cutter, -gatherer, herbalist', πολύ-ρριζος `having many roots, rich in roots' (Hp., Thphr.).

Derivatives: 1. ῥιζίον n. `little root' (Ar., Thphr.), pl. - έα (Nic., - εῖα Al. 265), prob. after ὀστέα beside (Dor.) ὀστία. 2. ῥιζίας m. ( ὀπός) `root juice' (: καυλίας; Thphr.). 3. adj. ῥίζ-ώδης `rootlike' (Thphr., Hero), - ικός `belonging to roots' (Plu.), - ινος `made of roots' ( PHolm.), - αῖος `serving as a base' (Sardes). 4. adv. ῥίζ-ηθεν (A. R.), - όθεν (Nic., Luc.) `out of the root'; - ηδόν `in a rootlike way' (Hld.). 5. verb ῥιζόομαι ( ἐρρίζωται), - όω (- ῶσαι), also w. ἐν-, ἐκ-, κατα- a.o. `to strike root, to root, to provide with roots, to affirm, to consolidate' (Od.; cf. Schwyzer 731, Ure Class Quart. N. S. 5, 226f.) with ῥίζ-ωμα n. `original ground, origin, rootworks' (A., Emp., Thphr.; Porzig Satzinhalte 188f.), - ωσις f. `striking root' (Philol., Thphr. a.o.). -- On ῥίζα and compounds and derivv. extens. Strömberg Theophrastea 5 8 ff.

Origin: XX [etym. unknown]

Etymology: From Aeol. βρίζα appears PGr. *Ϝρίδ-ι̯α, which differs in vocalism from Lat. rādīx = rād-ī-c-s (with enlarging -c- as e.g. in genetrī-x); in both cases we have a ι̯α-, resp. ī-deriv. of a noun, which is also found in Germ. and Celt.: ONorse rōt f. `root' from PGm. *u̯rōt-, IE *u̯rād-, which may be seen also in Lat. rād-īx (cf. below); beside it, with i-stem and zero grade Goth. waurts, OE wyrt, OHG MHG wurz `herb, root', PGm. *u̯urt-i-, IE *u̯r̥d(-i)-; Celt., e.g. Welsh gwraidd coll. `roots' with ī-suffix but the root vocalism has not been explained. The Germ. and Celt. forms and ῥίζα cannot represent a weak- or reduced grade; in spite of Schwyzer 352 who wants to assume a vowel i representing a reduced grade. (Lat. rādīx, but not ONorse rōt, can represent IE *u̯rHd-, but in other forms there is no laryngeal.) So the foms cannot be explained as yet, and we must reckon with loans. (Vine UCLA Indo-European Studies I 1999, 5-30 does not solve the problem.) -- Toch. B witsako `root' remains to be explained (hypothesis by v. Windekens Lex. étym. s.v.). Further forms w. lit. in WP. 1, 288 Pok. 1167, W.-Hofmann s. rādīx. Cf. ῥάδαμνος, ῥάδιξ. Cf. also NGr. (Rhodos) ῥόζος `root', a cross of ῥίζα and ὄζος `branch' (Hatzidakis Άθ. 29, 180ff.).

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Grammatical information: n.

Meaning: `light, glow, beam' (ep. poet. Il., Arist. etc.; on the use in Hom. Graz Le feu dans l'Il. et l'Od. 310ff.).

Compounds: σελασ-φόρος `bringing light' (A. a. o.), with analog. - η-: σελαη-φόρος (Man.), - γενέτης (AP).

Derivatives: 1. σελά-ω `to shine, to glow' (Nic. Th. 691) with - σμα, - σμός `glow' (Man.); 2. - γέομαι (E., Ar.), - γέω (Opp.) `to glow, to radiate' with - γησις f. `glow' (Zonar.); backformation - γος n. `beam' (Hymn. Is.); 3. enlarged - γίζω `id.' (Nonn. a. o.) with - γισμα n. `lightning, flash' (Man.); 4. - σσομαι `to shine, to glow' (Nic. Th. 46); with σελα-γέομαι: - σσομαι cf. πατα-γέω, - σσω a. o., Debrunner IF 21, 220f.; 5. - σκω `to glow' (Theognost.). -- On σελήνη, σέλαχος s. v.

Origin: XX [etym. unknown]

Etymology: No flawless etymology. Semant. attractive is the connection with Av. x^varǝnah- n. `glory of fame' (and Skt. svàrnara- approx. `splendour of light'?), where also the word for `sun' (s. ἥλιος) and the expressions for `smoulder, singe' (s. 2. εἵλη `heatof the sun') are relevant. Yet `glow, gleam, glory' and `smoulder' can at least not directly be combined with each other (cf. WP. 2, 531 f.). A special problem is moreover presented by the preservation of the anlaut. σ- in σέλας, for which several explanations have been advanced (Kretschmer KZ 31, 422f., Prellwitz s. v., Solmsen Unt. 209 n. 2; s. also Schwyzer 322). Already for this reason the comparison of σελαγ-έω with Skt. svarg-á- m. `heaven' (Persson Beitr. 2, 579 n. 2) is hardly recommendable, what however does not exclude, that the γ-element in σελαγέω may have a high age (Benveniste Origines 28; also Specht Ursprung 212). -- Diff. attempts at explanation from IE by Pisani Rend. Acc. Lincei Scr. VI: 7, 75 and Jb. f. kleinas. Forsch. 3, 150.

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Grammatical information: f.

Meaning: `crossbeam of a building, of a ship, cross-piece, transverse wall, transverse row of benches or seats in the theatre, cross stripe or column in a papyrus-roll' (Att. inscr., hell. a. late inscr. a. pap., LXX, Plb., AP a. o.).

Other forms: often im plur. - ίδες.

Compounds: As 2. member (with transition in the ο-decl.) ἐΰ-(σ)σελμος ( εὔ-) `with beautiful σέλματα' (ep. poet. Il.).

Derivatives: Dimin. σελίδ-ιον n. `papyrus column' (Ptol., Vett. Val. a.o.); enlarged - ωμα n. `broad plank' (sch.). -- Besides σέλμα, often in plur. - ατα n. `deck-, rowing plank, rowing bench, deck, scaffolds' (h. Bacch., Archil., trag., Str.), metaph. of the seat of the gods (A. Ag. 183 [lyr.]); -- From H.: σελμίς... καὶ τὰ ἴκρια and σελμῶν σανίδων.

Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]X [probably]

Etymology: For σελίς, formed like σανίς, δοκίς etc., both nominal and verbal basis can be considered; σέλμα belongs to the frequent primary nouns in - μα ( δέρμα, βῆμα etc.). If correctly handed down, σελμίς H. is a cross; σελμῶν as if from *σελμός. -- Without convincing etymology. Since J. Schmidt Voc. 2, 78 compared with a Germ. word for `beam', esp. `girder', a. o. OHG swelli n. (also = Schwelle), PGm.. *su̯ali̯a-, ONord. OE syll f., PGm. prob. *suli̯ō-; we find there the same phonetic problem as in σέλας (s. v.). Beside it, in suffix agreeing with σέλμα, OE selma, sealma, OS selmo m. `basis of a bed', which can phonetically be combined with ἕλματα... σανιδώματα H.. -- Farreaching, partly quite doubtful or rejectable combinations (esp. after Person Beitr. 1, 379ff.) in Bq and WP. 2, 503f., Pok. 898 f. -- In judging the etymology of σελίς it seems that the idea of transverse is essential ( σέλμα is in this respect unclear), while for the Germ. words the idea of a girder is most important. It is doubtful, then, whether for the Greek a. Germ. words a common notion `beam' may be assumed. ̊̊ Does σέλμα\/ ἕλμα point toa Pre-Greek word?

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Grammatical information: v.

Meaning: `to look around, to look back, to spy, to contemplate, to consider, to survey' (Il; Att. has fo it σκοπέω, - έομαι; s. below)

Other forms: Aor. σκέψασθαι (Od.), fut. σκέψομαι, perf. ἔσκεμμαι (IA.), aor. pass. σκεφθῆναι (Hp.), σκεπ-ῆναι w. fut. - ήσομαι (LXX).

Compounds: Often w. ἐπι-, κατα-, προ-, δια- a. o.

Derivatives: A. With ε-vowel: 1. σκέψις ( ἐπί-, κατά- σκέπτομαι a.o.) `contemplation, deliberation, examination' (IA.). 2. σκέμ-μα (rarely w. δια- a. o.) `examination, problem' (Hp., Pl. a. o.). 3. σκεπτ-οσύνη f. = σκέψις (Timo, Cerc.). 4. - ήριον n. `test' (Man.). 5. - ικός ( ἐπι-, δια- σκέπτομαι) `cogitating, revising', οἱ σκέπτομαι name of a philos. sect (hell. a. late). B. With ο-ablaut: 1. σκοπός m. (f.) `spy, guard, scout; goal, purpose' (Il.) with hypostases: ἐπί-σκοπος, adv. -α `hitting the goal' (Hdt., trag., late), ἀπό-σκοπος `missing the goal' (Emp.); σκόπ-ιμος `purposive, appropriate' (late; Arbenz 97); as 2. member, e.g. οἰωνο-σκόπος m. `bird-watcher' with - έω, - ία, - ικός, - εῖον (E., hell. a. late). 2. To the prefixcompp.: ἐπί-, κατά-, πρό-σκοπος m. `spy, supervisor, foresighted etc.' (Hom., Pi., IA.). 3. σκοπή ( κατα-, ἐπι- a. o.) f., the spying, watch-tower' (Att. etc.) with σκοπάω (Ar. Fr. 854). 4. σκοπιά, Ion. - ιή f. `mountain-, castle-watching-place, mountain-summit, watch-tower' (ep. Ion. poet. Il., also hell. a. late prose; favoured by the metre, Scheller Oxytonierung 82 f.) with σκοπ-ιήτης m. `summit dweller' = Πάν (Paus.), - ιάζω ( ἀπο-) `to spy, to look out' (ep. Il.), - ιάομαι `to percieve' (Il.; only w. δια-). 5. σκοπέω, - έομαι iterat.-intensive to σκέπτομαι (Pi., IA.), non-pres. forms late: σκοπ-ῆσαι, - ήσασθαι, - ήσω, - ήσομαι, ἐσκόπημαι. 6. σκοπεύω ( κατα-, ἀπο-, ἐπι-), prob. second. for σκοπέω (Schwyzer 732; X., LXX, pap. etc.) with σκόπ-ευσις, - ευτής (Aq.), - εῖα n. pl. (Procl.). -- S. also σκόπελος and σκώψ.

Origin: IE [Indo-European] [984] *speḱ- `see sharply, spy'

Etymology: As old yot-present σκέπτομαι stands with metathesis (Schwyzer 268) for *σπέκ-ι̯ομαι, which is identical with Lat. speciō, Av. spasyeiti and (except for anl. s-) with Skt. páśyati `see'. The aor. σκέψασθαι too can in the same way be identified with Lat. spexī ; in both cases we have however to do with innovations against the suppletive Skt. ádarśam, 3. pl. ádr̥śan (s. δέρκομαι). Through the iterative-intensive σκοπέω, - έομαι a new opposition was created in Greek to σκέψασθαι etc. in the same way as Skt. pásyati: ádarśam, ὁράω: εἶδον. -- Semant. and phonetic identity is also found in σκοπός and Skt. spaśa- `spy', which is enlarged from spaś- (s. below; Wackernagel-Debrunner II: 2, 90); to this further OWNo. spār `predicting' from PGm. * spaha- (IE *spóḱo-). Thus σκοπή agrees, but for the accent, with OWNo. spā f. `prophesy' from PGm. * spahō (IE *spóḱā). Greek does not have the old root noun Skt. spaś-, Av. spas- `spy', Lat. haru-spex a. o., from which σκέπτομαι etc. prob. arose as denominative. -- Further details w. lit. in WP. 2, 659f., Pok. 984, W.-Hofmann and Ernout-Meillet s. speciō. NGr. forms in Caratzas Glotta 33, 322 ff.

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Grammatical information: v.

Meaning: `to draw, to trail, to drag, to pull, to ravish, to sweep'(IA.).

Other forms: Aor. σῦραι, pass. σῠρῆναι (late), fut. συρῶ (LXX), perf. σέσυρμαι, - κα (hell. a. late).

Compounds: Very often w. prefix in diff. shades of meaning, e.g. δια- (also `to hackle, to mock'), ἐπι- (also `to be, treat neglectful etc.'), κατα-, παρα-. As 1. member in σύργαστρος (s.v.)?

Derivatives: 1. σύρμα ( ἀπό-, ἐπί-, παρά-, περί-) n. `train-dress, sweepings, dragging movement' (Ion., X., hell. a. late) with συρμα-τῖτις κόπρος `manure-heap consisting of sweepings' (Thphr.; Redard 109), - τικη φωνή `drawn-out accent' (VII<sup>p</sup>), - τὶς στρατιά ἡ τὰ συμψήγματα καὶ φρύγανα σύρουσα καὶ συλλέγουσα H. 2. συρμός ( ἐπι-, περι-, ὑπο-) m. `grinding, dragging, pulling movement' (of a wind, a gulf, a meteor, a snake a.o.; Arist. etc), `the vomiting' (Nic.); δια- σύρω `the pulling apart, to bemock' (hell. a. late); from this συρ-μάδες f. pl. `snowdrifts' (late), - μαία, Ion. - μαίη f. `vomitive, radish' (Ion., Ar. etc.), also name of a Lacon. priestrank (inscr., H.), with - μαΐζω `to take a vomitive', -μαϊσμός m. (Hdt., medic.), - μίον λάχανόν τι σελίνῳ ἐοικός H., - μιστήρ ξυλο-πώλης H. 3. συρμή f. `trailing tail of a snake' (sch.). -- 4. σύρ-της m. `towing-rope' (Man., H.), - τῶν gen. pl. (nom. sg. - της or - τός) name of a dance (Akraiphia I<sup>p</sup>), διασύρ-της m. `slanderer' (Ptol.), δια-, ἐκ-συρτικός (hell. a. late). 5. ἀνασυρτ-όλις f. `lewd woman' (Hippon.; cf. οἰφόλις and Chantraine Form. 237 f.). 6. Prob. also Σύρτις f. name of a sea-gulf on the northcoast of Africa with sandy shores and dangerous breakers (Hdt. etc.) as "the pulling one" (cf. v. Wilamowitz on Tim. Pers. 99); metaph. `destruction' (Tim. Pers. 99, H.). 7. σύρσις f. ( διά- σύρω) `the drawing of a plough' (late). -- With φ -enlargement: 8. σύρφη φρύγανα H. 9. συρφ-ετός m. `sweepings, filth' (Hes., Call., Plu. a.o.), `rabble' (Pl. a.o.) with - ετώδης `vulgar' (Plb., Luc. a.o.); cf. νιφετός a.o. (Chantraine Form. 300, Schwyzer 501). 10. -ᾱξ m. `rabble' (Ar. V. 673 [anap.], Luc.), popular-hypocoristic formation. -- On σύρφος s. σέρφος. Cf. ἀσυρής.

Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]X [probably]

Etymology: Prob. to σαίρω `sweep' (s. v. w. lit.), but without certain cognates outside Greek. With σύρφ-η, - ετός, - αξ one compares a Germ. word for `sweep, turn (sweep turning), wipe off' in Goth. af-, bi-swairban ' εξαλεῖψαι, ἐκμάξαι', OHG swerban `drive quickly to and fro, whirl, wipe off' etc., to which also Celt., e.g. Welsh chwerfu `whirl, turn around' (Persson Stud. 55, WP. 2, 529f., Pok. 1050f. w. lit.). The semant. certainly possible connection presents the same phonetic problem as σέλας, σῦς etc. (s. vv.). In auslaut agrees σύρφη, prob. not accidentally, to the synonymous κάρφη; so formally influenced by it? An old variation bh: m in σύρ-φη: συρ-μός (Specht Ursprung 269) does not help; but it would show Pre-Greek origin -- The connection with σαίρω, both from *tu̯r̥- is hardly convincing.

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Grammatical information: PN

Meaning: The Greek commander before Troy (Il.)

Other forms: Att. vases Άγαμέσμων, also Άγαμέμμων, - μέν(ν)ων (Nachmanson Glotta 4, 246).

Origin: XX [etym. unknown]

Etymology: Prellwitz BB 17, 171f. assumed *Αγα-μέδ-μων `mächtig waltend'; s. Stolz, Innsbrucker Festgruß 13ff. The development - δμ- \> - νμ- \> - μν- is known (Lejeune, Phonét. 77 n. 5. Kretschmer Glotta 3, 330f. connected the second part with μένος und μένειν, explaining - σμ- as a kind of vulgar assimilation. S. also Fiesel Namen 65ff. However, the development to - σμ- is phonetically less easy. On the problem Schwyzer 208. But a variation dental\/σ is known from PreGreek, as in τεῦτλον\/ σεῦτλον; cf. Μέδμα\/ Μέσμα, a town of the Locrians in Bruttium; cf. Furnée 263 ἀσμωλεὶν\/ ἀδμωλή Κάδμος\/ Κάσμος We might assume an affricate as the origin (*- medm-\/- mesm- \< *- mecm-). Thus Agamemnon, like Achilles, would be a Pre-Greek name.

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Grammatical information: m. pl.

Meaning: name of an (the) older Pre-Greek population of the Agaean area, sg. - ός `Pelasgian' (Il.).

Derivatives: Πελασγ-ικός `Pelasgian' (Il., Hdt.), - ιος `id.' (A., E.), f. - ίς (Hdt., A. R.), - ιάς (Call.); - ίη f. = Έλλάς (Hdt.); - ιῶται m. pl., - ιῶτις f. sg. inhabitants of the Πελασγιῶτις f. landscape in southern Thessalia (Hdt.). -- Πελαργικὸν τεῖχος n. name of the ground at the northerly river of the Acropolis in Athens (Hdt., Att.) with old transition of σγ (= zg) to ργ (Schwyzer 218)?

Origin: XX [etym. unknown]

Etymology: No etymology. Widely accepted was the hypothesis of Kretschmer (first Glotta 1, 16 f.) which explained Πελασγοί from *Πελαγσ-κοί as "inhabitant of flat land", from πέλαγος in orig. sense of `plain'. This semantically uncertain, formally contestable interpretation was also several times doubted; s. F. Lochner-Hüttenbach Die Pelasger (Arb. Inst. Sprachw. 6. Wien 1960) 143ff. with referee of also other proposals and extensive treatment of the whole problem (on Πελαργικόν ibd. 116 w. n. 74); cf. the dicussion by Kronassers, Sprache 7, 218ff.

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βαπτίζω fut. βαπτίσω; 1 aor. ἐβάπτισα. Mid.: ἐβαπτισάμην. Pass.: impf. ἐβαπτιζόμην; fut. βαπτισθήσομαι; 1 aor. ἐβαπτίσθην; pf. ptc. βεβαπτισμένος (Hippocr., Pla., esp. Polyb.+; UPZ 70, 13 [152/151 B.C.]; PGM 5, 69; LXX; ApcSed 14:7 [p. 136, 8f Ja.]; Philo; Joseph.; SibOr 5, 478; Just.; Mel., Fgm. 8, 1 and 2 Goodsp.=8b, 4 and 14 P.—In Gk. lit. gener. to put or go under water in a variety of senses, also fig., e.g. ‘soak’ Pla., Symp. 176b in wine) in our lit. only in ritual or ceremonial sense (as Plut.; Herm. Wr. [s. 2a below]; PGM 4, 44; 7, 441 λουσάμενος κ. βαπτισάμενος; 4 Km 5:14; Sir 34:25; Jdth 12:7; cp. Iren. 1, 21, 3 [Harv. I 183, 83]).

① wash ceremonially for purpose of purification, wash, purify, of a broad range of repeated ritual washing rooted in Israelite tradition (cp. Just., D. 46, 2) Mk 7:4; Lk 11:38; Ox 840, 15.—WBrandt, Jüd. Reinheitslehre u. ihre Beschreibg. in den Ev. 1910; ABüchler, The Law of Purification in Mk 7:1–23: ET 21, 1910, 34–40; JDöller, D. Reinheits-u. Speisegesetze d. ATs 1917; JJeremias, TZ 5, ’49, 418–28. See 1QS 5:8–23; 2:25–3:12; 4:20–22.

② to use water in a rite for purpose of renewing or establishing a relationship w. God, plunge, dip, wash, baptize. The transliteration ‘baptize’ signifies the ceremonial character that NT narratives accord such cleansing, but the need of qualifying statements or contextual coloring in the documents indicates that the term β. was not nearly so technical as the transliteration suggests.

ⓐ of dedicatory cleansing associated w. the ministry of John the Baptist (Orig., C. Cels. 1, 47, 4), abs. J 1:25, 28; 3:23a; 10:40; hence John is called ὁ βαπτίζων Mk 1:4; 6:14, 24 (Goodsp., Probs. 50–52).—Pass. Mt 3:16; ISm 1:1; oft. have oneself baptized, get baptized Mt 3:13f; Lk 3:7, 12, 21; 7:30; J 3:23b; GEb 18, 35f; IEph 18:2 al. (B-D-F §314; s. §317).—(ἐν) ὕδατι w. water Mk 1:8a; Lk 3:16a; Ac 1:5a; 11:16a; ἐν (τῷ) ὕδατι J 1:26, 31, 33; ἐν τῷ Ἰορδ. (4 Km 5:14) Mt 3:6; Mk 1:5; εἰς τὸν Ἰορδ. (cp. Plut., Mor. 166a βάπτισον σεαυτὸν εἰς θάλασσαν; Herm. Wr. 4, 4 βάπτισον σεαυτὸν εἰς τὸν κρατῆρα) Mk 1:9.—W. the external element and purpose given ἐν ὕδατι εἰς μετάνοιαν Mt 3:11a (AOliver, Is β. used w. ἐν and the Instrumental?: RevExp 35, ’38, 190–97).—βαπτίζεσθαι τὸ βάπτισμα Ἰωάννου undergo John’s baptism Lk 7:29. εἰς τί ἐβαπτίσθητε; Ac 19:3 means, as the answer shows, in reference to what (baptism) were you baptized? i.e. what kind of baptism did you receive (as the context indicates, John’s baptism was designed to implement repentance as a necessary stage for the reception of Jesus; with the arrival of Jesus the next stage was the receipt of the Holy Spirit in connection with apostolic baptism in the name of Jesus, who was no longer the ‘coming one’, but the arrived ‘Lord’)? β. βάπτισμα μετανοίας administer a repentance baptism vs. 4; GEb 13, 74.—S. the lit. on Ἰωάν(ν)ης 1, and on the baptism of Jesus by John: JBornemann, D. Taufe Christi durch Joh. 1896; HUsener, D. Weihnachtsfest² 1911; DVölter, D. Taufe Jesu durch Joh.: NThT 6, 1917, 53–76; WBundy, The Meaning of Jesus’ Baptism: JR 7, 1927, 56–75; MJacobus, Zur Taufe Jesu bei Mt 3:14, 15: NKZ 40, 1929, 44–53; SHirsch, Taufe, Versuchung u. Verklärung Jesu ’32; DPlooij, The Baptism of Jesus: RHarris Festschr. (Amicitiae Corolla), ed. HWood ’33, 239–52; JKosnetter, D. Taufe Jesu ’36; HRowley, TManson memorial vol., ed. Higgins ’59, 218–29 (Qumran); JSchneider, Der historische Jesus u. d. kerygmatische Christus ’61, 530–42; HKraft, TZ 17, ’61, 399–412 (Joel); FLentzen-Dies, D. Taufe Jesu nach den Synoptikern, ’70. More reff. s.v. περιστερά.

ⓑ of cleansing performed by Jesus J 3:22, 26; 4:1; difft. 4:2 with disclaimer of baptismal activity by Jesus personally.

ⓒ of the Christian sacrament of initiation after Jesus’ death (freq. pass.; s. above 2a; Iren. 3, 12, 9 [Harv. II 63, 3]) Mk 16:16; Ac 2:41; 8:12f, 36, 38; 9:18; 10:47; 16:15, 33; 18:8; 22:16; 1 Cor 1:14–17; D 7 (where baptism by pouring is allowed in cases of necessity); ISm 8:2.—β. τινὰ εἰς (τὸ) ὄνομά τινος (s. ὄνομα 1dγב) baptize in or w. respect to the name of someone: (τοῦ) κυρίου Ac 8:16; 19:5; D 9:5; Hv 3, 7, 3. Cp. 1 Cor 1:13, 15. εἰς τ. ὄν. τ. πατρὸς καὶ τ. υἱοῦ καὶ τ. ἁγίου πνεύματος Mt 28:19 (on the original form of the baptismal formula see FConybeare, ZNW 2, 1901, 275–88; ERiggenbach, BFCT VII/1, 1903; VIII/4, 1904; HHoltzmann, Ntl. Theologie² I 1911, 449f; OMoe: RSeeberg Festschr. 1929, I 179–96; GOngaro, Biblica 19, ’38, 267–79; GBraumann, Vorpaulinische christl. Taufverkündigung bei Paulus ’62); D 7:1, 4. Likew. ἐν τῷ ὀν. Ἰ. Χριστοῦ Ac 2:38 v.l.; 10:48; ἐπὶ τῷ ὀν. Ἰ. Χρ. Ac 2:38 text; more briefly εἰς Χριστόν Gal 3:27; Ro 6:3a. To be baptized εἰς Χρ. is for Paul an involvement in Christ’s death and its implications for the believer εἰς τὸν θάνατον αὐτοῦ ἐβαπτίσθημεν vs. 3b (s. Ltzm. ad loc.; HSchlier, EvTh ’38, 335–47; GWagner, D. relgeschichtliche Problem von Rö 6:1–11, ’62, tr. Pauline Bapt. and the Pagan Mysteries, by JSmith, ’67; RSchnackenburg, Baptism in the Thought of St. Paul ’64, tr. of D. Heilsgeschehen b. d. Taufe nach dem Ap. Paulus ’50). The effect of baptism is to bring all those baptized εἰς ἓν σῶμα 1 Cor 12:13 (perh. wordplay: ‘plunged into one body’).—W. the purpose given εἰς ἄφεσιν τ. ἁμαρτιῶν Ac 2:38 (IScheftelowitz, D. Sündentilgung durch Wasser: ARW 17, 1914, 353–412).—Diod S 5, 49, 6: many believe that by being received into the mysteries by the rites (τελεταί) they become more devout, more just, and better in every way.—ὑπὲρ τ. νεκρῶν 1 Cor 15:29a, s. also vs. * 29b, is obscure because of our limited knowledge of a practice that was evidently obvious to the recipients of Paul’s letter; it has been interpr. (1) in place of the dead, i.e. vicariously; (2) for the benefit of the dead, in var. senses; (3) locally, over (the graves of) the dead; (4) on account of the dead, infl. by their good ex.; of these the last two are the least probable. See comm. and HPreisker, ZNW 23, 1924, 298–304; JZingerle, Heiliges Recht: JÖAI 23, 1926; Rtzst., Taufe 43f; AMarmorstein, ZNW 30, ’31, 277–85; AOliver, RevExp 34, ’37, 48–53; three articles: Kirchenblatt 98, ’42 and six: ET 54, ’43; 55, ’44; MRaeder, ZNW 46, ’56, 258–60; BFoschini, 5 articles: CBQ 12, ’50 and 13, ’51.—On the substitution of a ceremony by another person cp. Diod S 4, 24, 5: the boys who do not perform the customary sacrifices lose their voices and become as dead persons in the sacred precinct. When someone takes a vow to make the sacrifice for them, their trouble disappears at once.

③ to cause someone to have an extraordinary experience akin to an initiatory water-rite, to plunge, baptize. Cp. ‘take the plunge’ and s. OED ‘Plunge’ II 5 esp. for the rendering of usage 3c, below.

ⓐ typologically of Israel’s passage through the Red Sea εἰς τὸν Μωϋσῆν ἐβαπτίσαντο they got themselves plunged/ baptized for Moses, thereby affirming his leadership 1 Cor 10:2 v.l. (if the pass. ἐβαπτίσθησαν is to be read with N. the point remains the same; but the mid. form puts the onus, as indicated by the context, on the Israelites).

ⓑ of the Holy Spirit (fire) β. τινὰ (ἐν) πνεύματι ἁγίῳ Mk 1:8 (v.l. + ἐν); J 1:33; Ac 1:5b; 11:16b; cp. 1 Cor 12:13 (cp. Just., D. 29, 1). ἐν πν. ἁγ. καὶ πυρί Mt 3:11b; Lk 3:16b (JDunn, NovT 14, ’72, 81–92). On the oxymoron of baptism w. fire: REisler, Orphischdionysische Mysterienged. in d. christl. Antike: Vortr. d. Bibl. Warburg II/2, 1925, 139ff; CEdsman, Le baptême de feu (ASNU 9) ’40. JATRobinson, The Baptism of John and Qumran, HTR 50, ’57, 175–91; cp. 1QS 4:20f.

ⓒ of martyrdom (s. the fig. uses in UPZ 70, 13 [152/151 B.C.]; Diod S 1, 73, 6; Plut., Galba 1062 [21, 3] ὀφλήμασι βεβ. ‘overwhelmed by debts’; Chariton 2, 4, 4, βαπτιζόμενος ὑπὸ τ. ἐπιθυμίας; Vi. Aesopi I c. 21 p. 278, 4 λύπῃ βαπτιζόμενος; Achilles Tat. 3, 10, 1 πλήθει βαπτισθῆναι κακῶν; Herm. Wr. 4, 4 ἐβαπτίσαντο τοῦ νοός; Is 21:4; Jos., Bell. 4, 137 ἐβάπτισεν τ. πόλιν ‘he drowned the city in misery’) δύνασθε τὸ βάπτισμα ὸ̔ ἐγὼ βαπτίζομαι βαπτισθῆναι; Mk 10:38 (perh. the stark metaph. of impending personal disaster is to be rendered, ‘are you prepared to be drowned the way I’m going to be drowned?’); cp. vs. 39; Mt 20:22 v.l.; in striking contrast to fire Lk 12:50 (GDelling, Novum Testamentum 2, ’57, 92–115).—PAlthaus, Senior, D. Heilsbedeutung d. Taufe im NT 1897; WHeitmüller, Im Namen Jesu 1903, Taufe u. Abendmahl b. Paulus 1903, Taufe u. Abendmahl im Urchristentum 1911; FRendtorff, D. Taufe im Urchristentum 1905; HWindisch, Taufe u. Sünde im ältesten Christentum 1908; ASeeberg, D. Taufe im NT² 1913; AvStromberg, Studien zu Theorie u. Praxis der Taufe 1913; GottfrKittel, D. Wirkungen d. chr. Wassertaufe nach d. NT: StKr 87, 1914, 25ff; WKoch, D. Taufe im NT³ 1921; JLeipoldt, D. urchr. Taufe im Lichte der Relgesch. 1928; RReitzenstein, D. Vorgesch. d. christl. Taufe 1929 (against him HSchaeder, Gnomon 5, 1929, 353–70, answered by Rtzst., ARW 27, 1929, 241–77); FDölger, Ac I 1929, II 1930; HvSoden, Sakrament u. Ethik bei Pls: ROtto Festschr., Marburger Theologische Studien ’31, no. 1, 1–40; MEnslin, Crozer Quarterly 8, ’31, 47–67; BBacon, ATR 13, ’31, 155–74; CBowen: RHutcheon, Studies in NT, ’36, 30–48; GBornkamm, ThBl 17, ’38, 42–52; 18, ’39, 233–42; HSchlier, EvTh ’38, 335–47 ( Ro 6); EBruston, La notion bibl. du baptême: ÉTLR ’38, 67–93; 135–50; HMarsh, The Origin and Signif. of the NT Baptism ’41; KBarth, D. kirchl. Lehre v. d. Taufe² ’43 (Eng. tr., The Teaching of the Church Regarding Baptism, EPayne ’48); FGrant, ATR 27, ’45, 253–63; HSchlier, D. kirchl. Lehre v. d. Taufe: TLZ 72, ’47, 321–26; OCullmann, Baptism in the NT (tr. JReid) ’50; MBarth, D. Taufe ein Sakrament? ’51; RBultmann, Theology of the NT, tr. KGrobel ’51, I 133–44; JSchneider, D. Taufe im NT ’52; DStanley, TS 18, ’57, 169–215; EFascher, Taufe: Pauly-W. 2. Reihe IV 2501–18 (’32); AOepke, TW I ’33, 527–44; GBeasley-Murray, Baptism in the NT ’62; MQuesnel, Baptisés dans l’Esprit ’85 (Acts); DDaube, The NT and Rabbinic Judaism ’56, 106–40; NMcEleney, Conversion, Circumstance and the Law: NTS 20, ’74, 319–41; HBraun, Qumran u. d. NT II ’66, 1–29; OBetz, D. Proselytentaufe der Qumransekte u. d. NT: RevQ 1, ’58, 213–34; JYsebaert, Gk. Baptismal Terminology, ’62. S. τέκνον 1aα.—B. 1482. DELG s.v. βάπτω. M-M. EDNT. TW. Sv.