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1 μάσσω
Grammatical information: v.Meaning: `knead (dough), press a plastic material in a form, strike, wipe off, pull, represent' (τ 92).Other forms: Att. μάττω, - ομαι, aor. μάξαι, - σθαι, pass. μαγῆναι, μαχθῆναι, perf. midd. μέμαγμαι, act. μέμαχα (Ar.).Derivatives: Many derivv. 1. ἐκμαγεῖον ( μαγεῖον Longin.) `mass, in which prints are made, offprint, mould, towel, serviette' (IA.). 2. μαγίς, - ίδος f. `kneaded mass, cake, kneading trough, dresser' (Hp., Com, S.). 3. μάγμα n. `kneaded mass, thick salve, smear' (pap., Plin.), ἔκ-, ἀπό-μαγμα `offprint, duster, wiped off dirt' (Hp., S., Thphr.), μαγμον τὸ καθάρσιον H. 4. ἔκ-, ἀνά-μαξις `wiping off' (Arist.). -- 5. μαγεύς m. `kneeader, baker, who wipes off' (Poll., AP, H.), prob. directly from verb (after Boßhardt 81 from *μαγή). 6. μακτήρ ἡ κάρδοπος, ἡ πυελίς. καὶ διφθέρα. καὶ ὀρχήσεως σχῆμα H. (on the dance name Lawler AmJPh 71, 70ff.); ( ἀπο-, κατα-)μάκτης `kneader, who wipes off' ( Com. Adesp., H.), f., ἀπομάκτρια (Poll.). 7. μάκτρα f. `baking trough' (Com., X.), `trough, bathing tub, sarcophagus' (hell.; wr. μάκρα, Schwyzer 337); ( ἔκ-, ἀπό-)-μάκτρον `offprint, towel etc.' (E., Ar.). 8. μακτήριον = μάκτρα (Plu.). 9. μακτρισμός name of a dance (Ath.; after κορδακισμός; cf. on μακτήρ above) with - ίστρια name of a danceress (ebd.). -- 10. ἀπομαγδαλιά (Ar., Plu., Gal.), μαγδαλιά (Gal.; - έα Hippiatr.) `bread crumb for handwashing'; like ἁρμαλιά, φυταλιά etc. (Scheller Oxytonierung 90), but with unexplained δ (after *ἀπομάγδην?). -- 11. With auslaut. κ: μακαρία βρῶμα ἐκ ζωμοῦ καὶ ἀλφίτων H. -- On μᾶζα s. v.Etymology: For comparison we have words with final g, IE *maǵ-, esp. in Germanic and Baltoslavic, e.g. NHG machen, OS makōn `make, erect, build', if prop. `knead, form', OCS mažǫ, mazati `smear, salve'; further Celt., e.g. Bret. meza `knead'; uncertain Arm. macanim, macnum `stick fast, congeal'. On the other hand we find a final k with nasal, IE * menk-, in Lith. mìnkau, mánkau, - yti `knead a weak masse', OCS mǫka, Russ. muká `flour' and many other Baltoslavic words; from Germ. one might consider NHG mengen, OE mengan etc., if prop. `knead together'; from Skt. macate `crush etc.' (Dhātup.). Further there are a few longvowel words without nasal: Latv. màcu, màkt `press, plague' and Lat. māceria `wall)kneaded from loam'. -- Of the Greek word only the isolated μακαρία has a clear tenuis, as μάσσω (first from *μακ-ι̯ω) can be explained as a deviation. As however also μαγῆναι as well as the nominal γ-forms can be so explained (cf. Schwyzer 760), one can explain Greek if necessary with IE * menk. A suppletive system * menk (: μακαρία, μάσσω): maǵ-(: μαγῆναι) is conceivable -- WP. 2, 224, 226f., 268, Pok. 696f., 698, 730f., W.-Hofmann s. māceria, Fraenkel s. mìnkyti u. mė́šlas, Vasmer s. mázatь, muká, mjágkij; s. also Bq. - One retains some doubts however; note among other things the form - μαγδαλιά; further the supposed interchange * menk-: *meh₂ǵ- arouses suspicion.Page in Frisk: 2,180-181Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > μάσσω
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2 σπάω
σπάω, σπάομαιGrammatical information: v.Meaning: `to draw', e.g. a sword, `to pull out, to tug, to wince, to attract, to snatch, to pull off, to sprain, to drag or to lure somewhere, to pull in, to suck in, to slurp down' (S., Ar. a. o.)Other forms: Aor. σπάσαι, σπάσ(σ)ασθαι, pass. σπασθῆναι (Il.), fut. σπάσω, - ομαι, perf. midd. ἔσπασμαι (IA.), act. ἔσπακα (Ar., Arist. a. o.).Compounds: Very often w. prefix in different shades of meaning, e.g. ἀνα-, ἀπο-, δια-, ἐπι-, κατα-, περι-.Derivatives: A. From the unenlarged root: 1. σπάσις, mostly to the prefixed verbs, e.g. ἀνάσπα-σις (: ἀνα-σπάσαι, - σπᾶν) `pulling in' etc. (Hp., Arist. etc.). 2. σπασμός ( ἐπισπασμός etc.) m. `wincing, spasm, violent movement' (IA.) with σπασμ-ώδης, κατα-σπασμ-ικός. 3. σπάσμα ( ἀπόσπασμα etc.) n. `spasm, sprain, shred, scrap' (IA); on σπάσις, - σμός, - σμα Chantraine Form. 145 a. 147. -- 4. - σπαστος in ἐπίσπασ-τος `brought upon oneself, incurred' (Od. etc.) a.o.; σπαστικός ( κατα-, περι-) `pulling in, slurping in' (Arist.). -- 5. - σπα-στήρ, - ῆρος m. in ἐπισπαστήρ (Hdt., AP; - σπατήρ inscr.), ποτισπαστήρ (Epid. IV--IIIa) "attractor", `thong which draws the door, bird string, net'; ἐπίσπαστρον n. `id.' (LXX, D.S. a. o.). --B. With δ-enlargement: 1. παρα-σπάς, - άδος f. `shoot torn off and planted' (Thphr.), ἀπο- σπάω `twig torn off' (AP, Nonn.). 2. σπάδῑξ, -ῑκος m. `(torn off) twig, espec. palm twig' (Nic., Plu. etc.); Lat. LW [loanword] spădīx `date-coloured' (s. W.-Hofmann s.v.). 2. σπάδιον n. `race-track' (Argos, H; "the lenghty one"; cf. στάδιον). 3. σπαδών, - όνος f. `spasm, convulsion' (Hp., Nic.) with - ονίζω, - ονισμός. 4. σπάδων, - ωνος m. `eunuch' (LXX, Plb. a.o.), also σπάδος (Eust.; vgl. E. Maass RhM 74, 432ff.). -- C. With τ-enlargement: σπάτος n. `(removed) skin' (H., sch. Ar. Pax 48 [Boeot.]) with σπάτειος in σπατείων δερματίνων H., as 1. member in Σ\<πα\> το-ληασταί m. pl. guild of fullers in Argos (Rom. time; Fraenkel Nom. ag. 1, 176). -- D. Derived verbs: σπάζει σκυζᾳ̃. Άχαιοί H.; σπαδίξας aor. ptc. of σπαδίζω `to remove' (Hdt. 5, 25); σπατίζει τῶν \<σ\> πατέων ἕλκει, τῶν δερμάτων, τῶν τιτθῶν H. -- On σπάθη s. v.Origin: XX [etym. unknown]Etymology: The regular inflectional system of σπάω may have developed from the aorist σπάσαι. From there first σπασθῆναι, ἔσπασμαι, σπάσω, further σπάω, lastly ἔσπακα (cf. on κλάω). The σ-forms σπασθῆναι etc. are prob. analogical beside σπα-δ-, σπα-τ- (diff. Schwyzer 761; doubting 706). -- No immediate agreement outside Greek. Semantically very tempting is the comparison with Toch. B pāss- `draw off (the skin)' in the preterital forms passāre-ne (3. pl. act.), passāmai (1. sg. midd.), s. v. Windekens Orbis 11, 343; 12, 191, though the absence of the "movable" s- must raise doubts (- ss- moreover from - sw- acc. to v. W.). An old verbal noun seems preserved in the Lat. relict-word spatium `space etc.' (: σπάδιον with alternative dental, Schwyzer 498 n. 13 w. lit.). -- The other under spē(i)- grouped words `draw, stretch etc.' in WP. 2, 655ff. (similar Pok. 981 ff.) after Persson Beitr. 1, 386--415, a. o. OHG spanan `allure, entice' (prop. *"allure"), spāti `late', are because of the extensible meaning, the short size of the words and the variating phonetics not well usable for an exact, detailed etymological demonstration and do not help to undertsand σπάω. -- Cf. σπίδιος and σφαδάζω; also cf. σπατάλη and σπατίλη.Page in Frisk: 2,759-761Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > σπάω
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3 σπάομαι
σπάω, σπάομαιGrammatical information: v.Meaning: `to draw', e.g. a sword, `to pull out, to tug, to wince, to attract, to snatch, to pull off, to sprain, to drag or to lure somewhere, to pull in, to suck in, to slurp down' (S., Ar. a. o.)Other forms: Aor. σπάσαι, σπάσ(σ)ασθαι, pass. σπασθῆναι (Il.), fut. σπάσω, - ομαι, perf. midd. ἔσπασμαι (IA.), act. ἔσπακα (Ar., Arist. a. o.).Compounds: Very often w. prefix in different shades of meaning, e.g. ἀνα-, ἀπο-, δια-, ἐπι-, κατα-, περι-.Derivatives: A. From the unenlarged root: 1. σπάσις, mostly to the prefixed verbs, e.g. ἀνάσπα-σις (: ἀνα-σπάσαι, - σπᾶν) `pulling in' etc. (Hp., Arist. etc.). 2. σπασμός ( ἐπισπασμός etc.) m. `wincing, spasm, violent movement' (IA.) with σπασμ-ώδης, κατα-σπασμ-ικός. 3. σπάσμα ( ἀπόσπασμα etc.) n. `spasm, sprain, shred, scrap' (IA); on σπάσις, - σμός, - σμα Chantraine Form. 145 a. 147. -- 4. - σπαστος in ἐπίσπασ-τος `brought upon oneself, incurred' (Od. etc.) a.o.; σπαστικός ( κατα-, περι-) `pulling in, slurping in' (Arist.). -- 5. - σπα-στήρ, - ῆρος m. in ἐπισπαστήρ (Hdt., AP; - σπατήρ inscr.), ποτισπαστήρ (Epid. IV--IIIa) "attractor", `thong which draws the door, bird string, net'; ἐπίσπαστρον n. `id.' (LXX, D.S. a. o.). --B. With δ-enlargement: 1. παρα-σπάς, - άδος f. `shoot torn off and planted' (Thphr.), ἀπο- σπάομαι `twig torn off' (AP, Nonn.). 2. σπάδῑξ, -ῑκος m. `(torn off) twig, espec. palm twig' (Nic., Plu. etc.); Lat. LW [loanword] spădīx `date-coloured' (s. W.-Hofmann s.v.). 2. σπάδιον n. `race-track' (Argos, H; "the lenghty one"; cf. στάδιον). 3. σπαδών, - όνος f. `spasm, convulsion' (Hp., Nic.) with - ονίζω, - ονισμός. 4. σπάδων, - ωνος m. `eunuch' (LXX, Plb. a.o.), also σπάδος (Eust.; vgl. E. Maass RhM 74, 432ff.). -- C. With τ-enlargement: σπάτος n. `(removed) skin' (H., sch. Ar. Pax 48 [Boeot.]) with σπάτειος in σπατείων δερματίνων H., as 1. member in Σ\<πα\> το-ληασταί m. pl. guild of fullers in Argos (Rom. time; Fraenkel Nom. ag. 1, 176). -- D. Derived verbs: σπάζει σκυζᾳ̃. Άχαιοί H.; σπαδίξας aor. ptc. of σπαδίζω `to remove' (Hdt. 5, 25); σπατίζει τῶν \<σ\> πατέων ἕλκει, τῶν δερμάτων, τῶν τιτθῶν H. -- On σπάθη s. v.Origin: XX [etym. unknown]Etymology: The regular inflectional system of σπάω may have developed from the aorist σπάσαι. From there first σπασθῆναι, ἔσπασμαι, σπάσω, further σπάω, lastly ἔσπακα (cf. on κλάω). The σ-forms σπασθῆναι etc. are prob. analogical beside σπα-δ-, σπα-τ- (diff. Schwyzer 761; doubting 706). -- No immediate agreement outside Greek. Semantically very tempting is the comparison with Toch. B pāss- `draw off (the skin)' in the preterital forms passāre-ne (3. pl. act.), passāmai (1. sg. midd.), s. v. Windekens Orbis 11, 343; 12, 191, though the absence of the "movable" s- must raise doubts (- ss- moreover from - sw- acc. to v. W.). An old verbal noun seems preserved in the Lat. relict-word spatium `space etc.' (: σπάδιον with alternative dental, Schwyzer 498 n. 13 w. lit.). -- The other under spē(i)- grouped words `draw, stretch etc.' in WP. 2, 655ff. (similar Pok. 981 ff.) after Persson Beitr. 1, 386--415, a. o. OHG spanan `allure, entice' (prop. *"allure"), spāti `late', are because of the extensible meaning, the short size of the words and the variating phonetics not well usable for an exact, detailed etymological demonstration and do not help to undertsand σπάω. -- Cf. σπίδιος and σφαδάζω; also cf. σπατάλη and σπατίλη.Page in Frisk: 2,759-761Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > σπάομαι
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4 λύω
Grammatical information: v.Meaning: `loosen, liberate, make loose, destroy, pay'.Other forms: aor. λῦσαι, fut. λύσω, perf. midd. λέλῠμαι, aor. pass. λῠθῆναι (Il.), aor. midd. also λύμην, λύ(ν)το (Hom.), perf. act. λέλῡκα.Compounds: very often with prefix, e.g. ἀνα, ἀπο-, δια-, ἐκ-, κατα-, παρα-. As 1. member λῦσ(ι)- in governing compp., e.g. λυσί-πονος, λυσι-τελής (s. v.), PN like Λυσί-μαχος, shortname Λυσίας a. o.; as 2. member in βου-λῡ-τός (s. v.).Derivatives: 1. λύσις `loosenig, liberation' (Ω 655 a. ι 421; cf. Krarup Class. et Med. 10, 4f.. Benveniste Noms d'agent 77, Holt Les noms d'action en - σις 71ff., Porzig Satzinhalte 196), from the prefixcompp. ἀπό-, ἀνά-, διά-, κατά-, ἔκ-λυσις etc. (Thgn., Sol., IA; cf. Holt [s. Index]); davon ( κατα-, ἀπο-)λύσιμος `good for loosening etc.' (trag., Pl., Arist.; Arbenz 66 u. 68); also λύσιος `bringing loosening', surn. of the gods, esp. Dionysos (Pl., Plu.). 2. λύματα pl. = ἐνέχυρα (Suid.); but κατάλῠ-μα n. `inn' (hell.) with - μάτιον (hell. pap.) from κατα-λύω `dismiss, unloose'. 3. Aeol. Dor. λύα f. (Alc., Pi.), λύη (Hdn. Gr.) `loosening, saparation, στάσις'; from it, but deviant in meaning, Λυαῖος, - αία surn. of Dionysos resp. the Great Goddess ( Anakreont., IG 5: 2, 287 [I--IIp]; Tim. Pers. 132), cf. Danielsson Eranos 5, 52 and Sandsjoe Adj. auf - αιος 11 w. n. 1, Lat. LW [loanword] Lyaeus. - 4. ( ἀνα-, κατα-) λυτήρ, - ῆρος m. `liberator, looser, arbiter' (A., E., hell. inscr.) with ( ἐκ-)λυτήριος `loosing, liberating' (Hp., trag.); λυτήριον = λύτρον (Pi., A. R.), but καταλυτήριον = κατάλυμα (Poll., s. above). Fem. λύτειρα (Orph.; Fraenkel Nom. ag. 1, 128), also λυτηριάς (Orph.). 5. δια-, κατα-, ἀνα-, συν-λύτης `looser, resp. loging guest, looser, conciliator' (Th., resp. Plb.); here and after λύσις, λύω ( ἀνα-, κατα-, ἐκ-, παρα- etc.) λυτικός `good for loosing.' (Pl., Arist.). - 6. λύτρον `ransom' (usu. pl.), `substitute, retribution' (Pi., IA.; Fraenkel Nom. ag. 1, 203 f., Chantraine Formation 332) with ( ἀπο-, παρα-, ἐκ-)λυτρόω, - όομαι `give free for ransom etc.' (Att.), from where (-) λύτρωσις, λυτρώσι-μος, λυτρωτής, ἀπολυτρωτικός (hell.).Etymology: The regular Greek formal system is the result of nivellation. Old was the athematic aorist λύ-μην, λύ-το (Schwyzer 740, Chantraine Gramm. hom. 1, 382), new prob. the themat. present λύω with original short (Hom.), then also long (Att.; sts. also Hom.) υ, prob. after λῦσαι etc. (cf. Schwyzer 686, Chantraine 1, 372; also Schulze Q. 387 f., Bonfante Emerita 1, 117). Further agrees with λῠ́ω Lat. luō `mend, pay', to which solvō (from *sĕ-luō) `solve'; the long vowel in so-lū-tus and in Skt. lū-na- `cut off' has an agreement in βου-λῡ-τός (against λύ-το, λύ-σις etc.). The Skt. verb deviates both formally and semantically ('cut off, divide, destroy usw.') with the nasal presents lu-nā́-ti, lu-no-ti; the other finite forms are much later; on full grade verbal nouns (e.g. laví-, lavítra-) s. on λαῖον (not in λοι-δορέω). - From other languages there are isolated verbal nouns or verb forma, which are unimportant for Greek, like Goth. lun acc. sg. ' λύτρον, ransom'; with n-suffix Alb. laj `pay a debt' (from IE *lǝu̯n-i̯ō?). Besides with s-enlargement Germ. e.g. Goth. fra-liusan `lose' (IE * leus-) wiht fralusts `loss' (IE. * lus-ti-), fra-lus-nan `be lost'. - More forms WP. 2, 407 f., Pok. 681 f., W.-Hofmann s. 2. luō.Page in Frisk: 2,149-150Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > λύω
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5 εἴδωλον
A phantom, Il.5.451, Od.4.796, Hdt.5.92.ή, Pl. Lg. 959b; βροτῶν εἴδωλα καμόντων, of ghosts, Od.11.476, etc.;ψυχῶν Procl.Inst.64
.2 any unsubstantial form,εἴδωλον σκιᾶς A.Ag. 839
, S.Fr.659.6, Chaerem.14.15;οὐδὲν ἄλλο πλὴν εἴδωλα.. ἢ κούφην σκιάν S.Aj. 126
; εἴ. ἄλλως a mere form, Id.Ph. 947; αἰῶνος εἴ. Pi.Fr.131.3.4 in the system of Epicurus, film given off by any object and conveying an impression to the eye, Epicur.Ep.1p.10U., Nat.2.1, al., Cic.Fam.15.16.1, etc.II image in the mind, idea, X.Smp.4.21; phantom of the mind, fancy, Pl.Phd. 66c;εἴ. καὶ ψεῦδος Id.Tht. 150c
.V εἴ. οὐράνια constellations, A.R.3.1004, cf. Max.56.Greek-English dictionary (Αγγλικά Ελληνικά-λεξικό) > εἴδωλον
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6 συνείρω
A string together, Ar.Av. 1079; ; σ. [ὀνόματα] connect them with their roots, Id.Cra. 425b; σ. ἐπανελθόντες ἐπὶ τὴν ἀρχὴν μέχρι τῆς τελευτῆς τὸν λόγον trace its connexion, Id.Plt. 267a; σ. [τοὺς κύνας] ἀπό τινος lead them on connectedly from a point, X.Cyn.6.21;σ. στεφάνους Aristid.1.143J.
; ὄρπακας ἀνήτοιο (- τω codd.) Sapph. l.c.:—[voice] Pass., συνείρεται τὸ ἐφεξῆς is closely connected, follows of itself, Arist.GA 741b9, cf. GC 336b33; συνειρομένη πραγματεία a connected system, Id.Metaph. 986a7.II in speaking, freq. in a disparaging sense,σ. λόγους ἀπνευστεί D.18.308
;συνείρουσι μὲν τοὺς λόγους, ἴσασι δ' οὔπω Arist.EN 1147a21
, cf.Phld.Rh.1.247 S.; ὑπὸ τὴν ἀναπνοὴν ἑπτὰ καὶ πέντε στίχους ς., in a breath, Plb.10. 47.9;σ. λήρους Luc.Tim.9
, cf. Nigr.8, Bacch.7; also simply of a continuous speech,σ. καθ' ἓν ἕκαστον Isoc.15.184
;σ. τὰς ἑξῆς πράξεις D.S.16.76
;τὴν κατηγορίαν Luc.Pisc.22
;τὸ γνῶθι σαυτὸν πολλάκις Id.DMort.2.2
.2 seemingly intr. (sc. λόγους), discourse,περὶ τῆς κλοπῆς Id.Prom.5
; connect one's reasoning, continue the subject, Arist.Top. 158a37, Metaph. 995a10, 1093b27;σ. εἰς τὸ πρόσω Id.Div. Somn.464b4
;ἀπὸ τῶν εἰρημένων Id.GA 716a4
: and then, more generally, continue, c. part., συνεῖρον ἀπιόντες, i.e. they went off without pausing, X.Cyr.7.5.6; σ. κινούμενος continue moving, Arist.Ph. 262a16, cf. Diocl.Fr.142: abs., to be continuous or connected, Arist.SE 175a30, Mete. 362b29, GC 318a13, al., Epicur.Ep.3p.64U.Greek-English dictionary (Αγγλικά Ελληνικά-λεξικό) > συνείρω
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7 ἕξις
I ( ἔχω trans.) having, being in possession of, possession, ἐπιστήμης ἕ., opp. κτῆσις, Pl.Tht. 197b; ;ἡ τῶν ὅπλων Id.Lg. 625c
, cf. R. 433e, Sph. 247a, al., Arist. Metaph. 1022b4; opp. στέρησις, ib. 1055b13, S.E.P.3.49.2 in surgery, posture, Hp.Off.3; ἕ. ἢ θέσις ib.15.II ( ἔχω intr.) a being in a certain state, a permanent condition as produced by practice ([etym.] πρᾶξις), diff. from σχέσις (which is alterable) (v. infr.):1 state or habit of body, Id.Aph.2.34, cf. Pl.Tht. 153b; ἕ. ὑγιεινή (so also X.Mem.1.2.4), opp. διάθεσις ἀθλητική, Hp.Alim.34;σχέσις καὶ ἕ. καὶ ἡλικίη Id.Mochl.41
;ἡ φύσις καὶ ἡ ἕ. Id.Acut.43
: pl., Thphr. Sens.69: generally, condition,ἐν ἕξει τοῦ δρᾶν D.H.Comp. 25
;ἕ. λεπτὴ κατὰ τοῦτο τὸ μέρος Hp.Art.12
;τῷ θερμὴν ἕ. ἔχοντι Polystr. p.26W.
; outward appearance,ἡ ἕ. τοῦ σώματος κρείσσων LXXDa. 1.15
, cf. 1 Ki.16.7, Sm.La.4.7; habit of a vine, Thphr.CP3.14.5; of material objects,ὑπὸ μιᾶς ἕξεως συνέχεσθαι S.E.M.7.102
, cf. Ph.2.511, Stoic.2.124,al.b medic., the system, Ath.2.45e, Mnesith. ib. 54b, Paul.Aeg.3.59.2 state or habit of mind,ἕ. κακίης Democr. 184
; , etc.; ἡ ἐν τῇ ψυχῇ ἕ., opp. ἡ τῶν σωμάτων ἕ., Id.Tht.l.c.; πονηρᾶς ψυχῆς ἕξει ib. 167b; .b esp. acquired habit, opp. ἐνέργεια, Arist.EN 1098b33,al.3 trained habit, skill, Pl.Phdr. 268e, Arist.Pr. 955b1, Plb.10.47.7, D.S.2.29; τέχνη defined asἕ. ἢ διάθεσις ἀπὸ παρατηρήσεως Phld.Rh.1.69S.
;ἄκρα ἕ. D.H.Comp.11
: c. gen., τὴν τῶν Ἰουδαϊκῶν γραμμάτων ἕξιν Aristeas 121;ἕ. πολιτικῶν λόγων Phld.Rh.2.35
S. (Almost confined to Prose, but cf. Orph.A. 391.) -
8 ῥέω
ῥέω, Il.22.149, etc.; [dialect] Ep. [full] ῥείω Hes.Fr. 263 (dub.), D.P.1074, AP7.36 (Eryc.), but not in Hom.: [tense] impf. [ per.] 3sg.Aἔρρει Il.17.86
, Telecl.1.4, but elsewhere in Hom. ἔρρεε or ῥέε: [tense] fut.ῥεύσομαι Thgn.448
, E.Fr. 384, Crates Com.15.4, Pherecr.130.5, Hp.Haem.5; also ῥευσοῦμαι, Arist.Mete. 356a16, 361a33; later ῥεύσω, AP5.124 (Bass.): [tense] aor. (anap.), Hp.Loc.Hom.11, Int.23, Mosch.3.33, AP5.32 (Parmen.), Plb.5.15.7 ([pref] ἀπ-), Paus.5.7.4, etc.:—but the [dialect] Att. [tense] fut. and [tense] aor. are of pass. form,ῥῠήσομαι Isoc.8.140
, cf. Hp.Nat.Hom.5; ἐρρύην [ῠ] Th.3.116, X.Cyr.8.3.30, Pl.Ti. 84c, etc., as also in Hdt.8.138; [dialect] Dor. ἐξ-ερρύα, v. ἐκρέω; [ per.] 3sg. subj.ἐ[γ]ρυᾷ GDI3591a51
([place name] Calymna); [dialect] Ep. [ per.] 3sg.ῥύη Od.3.455
: [tense] pf.ἐρρύηκα Hp.Loc.Hom.10
, Pl.R. 485d, Isoc.8.5; later ἔρρυκα, Gal.5.398.—A [tense] pres. [voice] Med. [full] ῥέομαι occurs also in Orac. ap. Hdt.7.140 (v. infr.), Plu.Cor.3, Luc.Salt.71, Philostr. VS1.25.9, etc.; so , Philostr.VA8.31, etc.—This Verb does not [var] contr. εη, εο, εω:—flow, run, stream, gush, Od.19.204, Il.3.300, 17.86, etc.: with dat. of that which flows, [πηγὴ] ὕδατι ῥέει the fountain runs with water, 22.149, cf. Od.5.70, IG12.54.7;ῥέε δ' αἵματι γαῖα Il.8.65
, etc.;φάραγγες ὕδατι.. ῥέουσαι E.Tr. 449
(troch.);ῥεῖ γάλακτι πέδον ῥεῖ δ' οἴνῳ Id.Ba. 142
(lyr.); οἴνῳ.. ἔρρει χαράδρα Telecl.l.c.(v. sub fin.); (also in [voice] Med., ἱδρῶτι ῥεούμενοι (metri gr. for ῥεόμενοι, cf. μαχεούμενοι) Orac. ap. Hdt.7.140;φόνῳ ναῦς ἐρρεῖτο E. Hel. 1602
);πόλιν χρυσῷ ῥέουσαν Id.Tr. 995
: so metaph.,πολλῷ ῥ. ἐπαίνῳ Ar.Eq. 527
: rarely with acc. in the same sense (v. infr. 11.2): also with gen.,ἀσφάλτου Str.7.5.8
;πολλοῦ ὕδατος Arr.An. 5.9.4
: sts. with nom.,Ζεὺς χρυσὸς ῥυείς Isoc.10.59
, cf. AP5.32 (Parmen.).b the post-Hom. expression for a full stream isμέγας ῥεῖ, ῥέουσι μεγάλοι Hdt.2.25
;μέγας ἐρρύη Id.8.138
, cf. Th.2.5;ῥ. οὐδὲν ἧσσον ἢ νῦν Hdt.7.129
; also πολὺς ῥεῖ, metaph. of men,ῥεῖ πολὺς ὅδε λεώς A.Th.80
(lyr.);Κύπρις ἢν πολλὴ ῥυῇ E.Hipp. 443
(cf. infr. 2); soῥ. μου τὸ δάκρυον πολύ Ar.Lys. 1034
; also ἐς ἔρωτα ἅπας ῥ. Ps.-Phoc.193;πρὸς τὸν Ἀλκιβιάδην ὁ δῆμος ὅλος ἐρρύη Plu.Alc. 21
.c of a river, also ῥ. ἀπὸ τηκομένης χιόνος derive its stream from melted snow, Hdt.2.22.d prov., ἄνω ῥεῖν flow upwards, of inversion of the usual or right order, E.Supp. 520;ἄνω ποταμῶν ἐρρύησαν οἱ.. λόγοι D.19.287
; cf. ἄνω (B)1.e ταῦτα μὲν ῥείτω κατ' οὖρον (v. οὖρος (A))S.Tr. 468.2 metaph. of things, ἐκ χειρῶν βέλεα ῥέον from their hands rained darts, Il.12.159;ῥεῖ μάλιστα ὁ ἀὴρ ῥέων ἐν τοῖς ὑψηλοῖς Arist.Mete. 347a34
, cf. 349a34;φλὸξ ῥυεῖσα Plu.Brut.31
; soτὴν Αἴτνην ῥυῆναι Ael.Fr.2
; esp. of a flow of words, , cf. Hes.Th.39.97; ἔπε' ἐκ στόματος ῥεῖ μείλιχα ib.84: abs., of the tongue, run glibly, A.Th. 557; so : hence, of words or sentiments, to be current, .3 fall, drop off, e.g. of hair, Od.10.393, Hes.Fr.29, Theoc. 2.89, etc.; of ripe fruit, Plb.12.4.14, Gp.9.12; of over-ripe corn,ἤδη ῥέοντα τὸν στάχυν Babr.88.14
; wear out,εἰ ῥέοι τὸ σῶμα καὶ ἀπολλύοιτο Pl.Phd. 87d
; of a house, to be in a tumble-down condition, Gorg. ap. Stob.4.51.28, Teles p.27 H.; ῥέουσαν σύγκρισιν στῆσαι to stay a collapse of the system, Herod.Med. ap. Orib.5.27.1.4 of molten objects, liquefy, run,ῥεῖ πᾶν ἄδηλον S.Tr. 698
;τήκεται ὁ λίθος.. ὥστε καὶ ῥεῖν Arist.Mete. 383b6
, cf. Thphr.Lap.9.5 to be in perpetual flux and change,ἅπανθ' ὁρῶ ἅμα τῇ τύχῃ ῥέοντα μεταπίπτοντά τε Com.Adesp.200
; , cf. 411c;κινεῖται καὶ ῥεῖ.. τὰ πάντα Id.Tht. 182c
: hence οἱ ῥέοντες, of the Heraclitean philosophers, opp. οἱ τοῦ ὅλου στασιῶται, ib. 181a.b ' run', of ink, etc., metaph.,στιγμῆς ῥυείσης γραμμὴν φαντασιούμεθα.., γραμμῆς δὲ ῥυείσης πλάτος ἐποιήσαμεν S.E.M.7.99
; cf.ῥυίσκομαι 11
.6 of persons, ῥ. ἐπί τι to be inclined, given to a thing, Isoc.8.5; ; οἱ ταύτῃ ῥυέντες ib. 495b.7 leak, of a ship, opp. στεγανὸν εἶναι, Arist.Fr. 554, cf. Paus.8.50.7; λύχνοι ῥέοντες prob.in Roussel Cultes Egyptiens p.222(Delos, ii B.C.); of a roof, Men.Sam. 248; [ἀγγεῖον] ῥέον Plu.2.782e
;οἰνοχόαι ῥέουσαι Michel 815.131
(Delos, iv B.C.).9 impers.,ἐκ ῥινῶν ἐρρύη Hp.Epid.1.19
.II very rarely trans., let flow, pour,ἔρρει χοάς E.Hec. 528
(as v.l. for αἴρει):—this differs from the usage2 c. acc. cogn., ῥείτω γάλα, μέλι, let the land run milk, honey, Theoc.5.124, 126; αἷμα ῥυήσεται, of the Nile, Ezek.Exag. 133;οἶνον ῥέων Luc.VH1.7
, cf. LXXJl.3(4).18, Sch.Ar.Pl. 287:—in place of this acc. the best writers commonly used the dat., v. supr. 1.1. -
9 κλᾰω
κλᾰ́ωGrammatical information: v.Meaning: `break, break off'Other forms: ( ἐνι-κλᾶν, κατ-έκλων) Il., aor. κλάσ(σ)αι, pass. κλασθῆναι (Il.), athem. ptc. ἀπο-κλά̄ς (Anacr. 17; cf. below), fut. κλάσω, perf. pass. κέκλασμαι (IA.),Derivatives: κλάσις `breaking' (IA.), κλάσμα `broken piece' (Att.) with κλασμάτιον (Delos IIIa), ἀνα-κλασμός `bending back' (Heliod.), κλάστης ἀμπελουργός H., also ὀστο-κλάστης (Kyran.) a. o., κλαστήριον `knife for clipping the vine' (Delos IIa u. a.); sec. κλαστάζω `clip the vine', metaph. `chastize' (Ar. Eq. 166); on the formation Schwyzer 706. - On κλών, κλωνός m. `sprout' (Att.) with the diminutives κλωνίον, - ίδιον, - άριον, - ίσκος (Thphr., hell. inschr., Gp.), further κλωνίτης `with sprouts' (Hdn.), κλῶναξ = `κλάδος' (H.), κλωνίζω `clip' (Suid.) see on κλάδος; not from *κλα-ών (Schwyzer 521; s. also 487 n. 3). On κλῶμαξ, ἀπόκλωμα below. - With diff. ablaut κλῆμα `twig (of the vine), tendril of the vine', κλῆρος ( κλᾶρος) `lot', κλῶμαξ `heap of stones' (s. vv.), ἀπόκλωμα. ἀπολογία ἐπὶ τὸ χεῖρον H. - Quite doubtful Κλαζομεναί PlN (Anatolia), acc. to Fraenkel KZ 42, 256; 43, 216 "where the waves break" (free imagination).Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]Etymology: The uniform verbale system, is based on κλᾰ(σ)-; it may be the result of simplification. Whether this started from a presens or an aorist cannot be decided because there are no non-Greek cognates; cf. the presentation in Schwyzer 676 a. 752 and in Chantraine Gramm. hom. 1, 354 (who considers the present κλάω as secondary against κλάσαι). In the isolated ἀπο-κλά̄ς an old athematic form (present or aorist? Schwyzer 676 a. 742) could have been preserved; but an analogical innovation (as after φθᾰ́σαι: φθάς?) cannot be excluded however. For the old passive κλασθῆναι one might think of κλαδ- (Schwyzer 761), but extension of an aorist-stems κλασ- combined with analogy is also possible (Chantraine Gramm. hom. 1, 404f.). An old s-present *κλά[σ]-ω from IE. *kl̥-s-ō (Brugmann Grundr.2 2: 3, 342, Schwyzer 706) has no support. - The primary verbs of the other languages are completely deviant: Lith. kalù, kálti `forge, hammer' = OCS koljǫ, klati, Russ. kolótь `sting, split, hew' (full grade IE. * kolH-; on the meaning WP. 1, 438 and Vasmer Russ. et. Wb. s. v.); Lith. kuliù, kùlti (zero grade, IE. kl̥H-); Lat. per-cellō `smash' (basis uncertain). Further forms Pok. 545ff., W.-Hofmann s. clādēs. S. also κλαδαρός, κλάδος, κόλος etc. So no IE etym. It cannot comes from IE *klas- as this form cannot be made from IE. So prob. the word is of Pre-Greek origin.Page in Frisk: 1,866-867Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > κλᾰω
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10 κρούω
Grammatical information: v.Meaning: `push, strike, stamp' (Hp., Att.).Derivatives: Also from the prefixcompp. in several meanings (here not esp. noted): κροῦμα, - σμα `sound made through bumping, tone, melody' (Hp., Att.) with κρου(σ)-ματικός (hell.), κροῦσις `striking, esp. of the strings, string music' (Hp., Att.), κρουσμός `id.' (hell.); ἀνακρουσ-ία παιδιᾶς εἶδος ἐπὶ σφαίρας H.; ἐπικρούσ-τιον name of a rnedic. instrument (medic.), - τήριον `hammer' (Gloss.); κρουστικός `good for pushing' (Hp., Ar., Arist.); Προκρούσ-της name of a mythical brigand (X.). -- For κρούω Homer has the enlarged κροαίνω (Z 507 = O 264 κροαίνων `stamping, galopping'; after these Opp., Philostr.); cf. Debrunner IF 21, 43.Etymology: To κροιός s. below and s. v. The Greek verbal system and the deriv. nouns is based on a stem κρουσ-; the present can be *κρούσ-ω or *κρούσ-ιω. The pair κρούω: κροαίνω agrees with ἀκούω: ἀκοή and must be explained in the same way; a base-form *κροϜάν-ι̯ω without σ (Bechtel Lex. s. v. with Fraenkel Denom. 23 n. 2) is unnecessary. Also κροιός (s. v.) can go back on *κρουσ-ι̯ός (with functional - ιο- retained). - With κρούω from IE krous- agrees exactly Slav., e.g. OCS sъ-krušǫ, - šiti, Russ. krušitь ' συντρίβειν, θραύειν, κρούειν'; the same fullgrade also in Latv. kràusêt `stamp (off)', Lith. kraušýti `id.'. Beside it with zero grade, IE. krus-, e.g. CS ORuss. krъcha, Russ. krochá `morsel, crumb', Lith. krušù, krùšti `stamp, push (apart)'; with fullgrade kreus- Lith. kriaũšti `sting'. - Solmsen KZ 29, 97 a. n., Pok. 622f., Fraenkel Wb. s. krùšti, Vasmer Wb. s. krochá a. krušítь.Page in Frisk: 2,27-28Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > κρούω
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11 μάρπτω
Grammatical information: v.Meaning: `catch, seize, lay hold off, overtake' (Il.; cf. Ruijgh L'élém. ach. 166);Derivatives: μάρπτις m. `robber' (A. Supp. 826 [lyr.]; Schwyzer 271, 504 w. n. 3); κάμμαρψις μέτρον σιτικόν, τὸ ἡμιμέδιμνον. Αἰολεῖς H.Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]Etymology: Analogically formed system without cognate outside Greek. Note the H.-glosses βράψαι συλλαβεῖν, ἀναλῶσαι, κρύψαι, θηρεῦσαι and βράπτειν ἐσθίειν, κρύπτειν, ἀφανίζειν, τῳ̃ στόματι ἕλκειν, η στενάζειν (with βρ- \< mr-); besides with deviating auslaut βρακεῖν συνιέναι, βράξαι συλλαβεῖν, δακεῖν, καταπιεῖν, which are compared with Skt. mr̥śáti `touch, take' (cf. s. v.). The variation κ: π is unexplained; on an improbable theory of assimilation (μ -- κ \> μ -- π) s. Schwyzer 302 and on βρακεῖν. Positing varying root-enlargements mer-ḱ-: mer-kʷ- (s. WP. 2, 283) does not help much. -- Older lit. in Bq. Cf. μαπέειν. - For the variation one thinks of Pre-Greek * mr(a)kʷ-, which became βραπ- or βρακ-, with developments differring from the IE labio-velars.Page in Frisk: 2,178Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > μάρπτω
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12 ὀρέγω
ὀρέγω, - ομαιGrammatical information: v.Meaning: `to reach out (one's hand), to hand, to stretch oneself out, to stretch out for'; on the Hom. use Trümpy Fachausdrücke 118f. Other presentforms: 1. ptc. ὀρεγ-νύς (Α 351, Χ 37), - νύμενος (AP, Mosch.); 2. ὀριγ-νάομαι (Hes. Sc. 190, Herod., Theoc.), with the innovated aor. ὠριγν-ήθην (Antipho Soph., Isoc.), fut. - ήσομαι (D. C.); on ι as stemvowel cf. κίρνημι (s. κεράννυμι w. lit.).Other forms: Aor. ὀρέξαι, - ασθαι, fut. ὀρέξω, - ομαι (Il.), pf. a. plqu. midd. pl. ὀρωρέχαται, - το (Il.), ὤρεγμαι (Hp.), aor. pass. ὀρεχθῆναι (E., X., Hp. Ep.).Compounds: Also w. prefix, esp. ἐπ-.Derivatives: 1. ὀρεκτός `stretched out' (Β 543, Str.; see Ammann Μνήμης χάριν 1, 20) `desired, longed for' (Arist.) with ὀρεκτ-εῖν ἐπι-θυμεῖν, - ιῶν ἐπιθυμῶν H.; ἀν-όρεκτος `without desire for, undesired' (Arist.; functionally to ὄρεξις) with ἀνορ-εκτέω, - εξία (late). 2. ὄρεγμα n. `the stretching out (e.g. of the hand, also of the foot), step', also as measure of length (A., E., Arist., Tab. Heracl.). 3. ὄρεξις f. `desire, appetency' (Democr., Arist.; Holt Les noms d'action en - σις 126) with ὀρεκτικός `inclined, prone to desire' (Arist., Arr.), `rousing the appetite' (Dsc.). 4. ὀρέγ-δην `by stretching out' (sch., H.). -- On ὄργυια s. v.Origin: IE [Indo-European] [854] *h₃reǵ- `make straight, direct'Etymology: Exept for init. ὀ-, rather because of the o-colour a prefix than in ὀ-κέλλω a prothesis (diff. Schwyzer 411), ὀρέγω agrees as themat. root-present with Lat. regō `direct straight, lead, direct, govern' and OIr. rigim `stretch out'; also agree, butß for the vowelquantity, ὀρέξαι to Lat. rēxī and ὀρεκτός to rēctus (ē can be secondary length.), to which also Germ., e.g. Goth. raíhts ` recht', Av. rā̆šta- `directed, ordened, straight'. Genetically independent are the formally agreeing ὄρεγμα, Av. rasman- m. n. `line of battle', Lat. reg-i-men n. `leadership'. Whether there is old connection between the isolately attested ptc. ὀρεγ-νύς, - νύμενος and the Av. adj. raš-nu- `straight' is uncertain; the present ὀριγ-νάομαι with suffixed nasal is rather far off from the nasalinfixed Skt. r̥-ñ-játi `stretches itself, runs'. The group presents many forms, presentformations and verbal nouns, which are not useful for the straight and very regular Greek system (on ὀρωρέχαται, - το s. Schwyzer 771). -- WP. 2, 362ff., Pok. 854ff., W.-Hofmann s. regō, w. rich lit.; Ernout-Meillet s. rĕgō with important notes; also Gonda KZ 73, 151 ff. -- (There is no connection with ἀρήγω.)Page in Frisk: 2,412-413Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ὀρέγω
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13 πέμπω
Grammatical information: v.Meaning: `to send, to dispatch, to guide, to accompany', midd. (mostly w. prefix) also `to send for smn., to fetch smn.'.Other forms: Aor. πέμψαι, fut. πέμψω (Hom.), aor. pass. πεμφθῆναι (Pi.), perf. πέπομφα (IA.), midd. πέπεμμαι (Att.).Derivatives: 1. πομπή ( ἀνα-, ἀπο-, ἐκ-, προ- a.o.) f. `conduct, escort, procession, pompa' (Il.). 2. πομπός m., also f. `escort, bearer of a message' (Il.), also adj. `guiding, bringing a message' (A., Ael.); from the the prefixcompp. e.g. προπομπ-ός `escort, escortess, guide (m.\/f.), by way of guidance, by way of escort' (A., X.); as 2. member in compp., e.g. ψυχο-πομπ-ός m. `guide of souls' (E.). From 1. or 2. (not always discernable): a. πομπ-αῖος `guiding, leading' (Pi., trag.) ἀπο- πέμπω (LXX, Ph.); b. - ιμος `id.' (Pi., trag.), `sent off' (S.), ἀνα-, δια- πέμπω a.o. (D. S., Luc.); Arbenz 78 a. 89; c. - ικός `belonging to the procession' (X., hell. a. late); d. - ιος `led' (Plot.); e. - ίλος m. name of a fish that accompanies ships, `Naucrates ductor' (Erinna, A. R.; Strömberg Fischnamen 58f., Thompson Fishes s. v.); f. πομπεύω ( προ-, συμ-, ἐπι-, δια-) `to escort, to guide, to partake in a procession' (Il.; also from πομπεύς?, s.bel.); from there πόμπευ-σις, - τής, - τήριος, - τικός; - εῖα pl., - εία f.; prob. also, as backformation, πομπεύς m. `escort, partaker of a procession' (Od., Att., Bosshardt 26f.). -- 3. πέμψις (mostly with ἀπό-, ἔκ-, ἐπι-, μετά- etc.) f. `sending' (IA.). 4. πεμπτήρ m. `escort' (S.Fr. 142 II 10 [lyr.]); προπεμπτήρ-ιος `escorting' (Philostr. VA), ἀπο-, προ-πεμπ-τικός (Men. Rh.); 5. εὑπέμπελος, s.v.Origin: XX [etym. unknown]Etymology: The above system of forms including the nominal formations follows wellknown patterns and makes no archaic impression. Semantically however, the assumption of a loan is not esp. obvious; innovation with Greek elements can also not be demonstrated. So etymol. quite unclear; vain attempts by Fick BB 18, 137 (s. Bq), by v. Windekens Sprache 7, 52f. (to κομψός a. Lith. švánkus). To be rejected also Deroy Ant. class. 32, 439 ff. (referring to the unclear Myc. peqota).Page in Frisk: 2,502-503Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > πέμπω
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14 πί̄πτω
πί̄πτωGrammatical information: v.Meaning: `to fall, to fall off, to drop down, to fall out' (Il.).Other forms: Fut. πεσέομαι (ep. Ion.), - οῦμαι (Att.), aor. πετεῖν, ἔπετον (Dor. Aeol.), πεσεῖν, ἔπεσον (IA.), perf. ptc. acc. πεπτ-εῶτ', - εῶτας (ep.), nom. - ηώς (Ion.; also of πτήσσω), - ώς (trag.), ind. πέπτωκα, ptc. - ωκώς (Att.).Derivatives: Many derivv. 1. πότ-μος m. `(falling) fate, destiny, (the fate of) death' (ep. poet. Il.). 2. πτῶ-μα n., often w. prefix ( σύμ-πί̄πτω etc. from συμ-πίπτειν etc.) in diff. senses, `fall, plunge, the fallen, the corpse' (Att. A., hell.) with dimin. - μάτιον (inscr. Asia Minor), - ματίς f. `tumbling cup' (Mosch. ap. Ath.), - ματικός `inclined towards falling etc.' (hell.), - ματίζω `to bring down' (hell.) with - ματισμός m. `falling sickness' (Ptol.). 3. πτῶ-σις ( σύμ-πί̄πτω etc.) f. `fall' (Hp., Att.), a.o. `fall of the die', from where as gramm. term `form of flection, case' (Arist.), with - σιμος `brought down' (A.; after ἁλώσιμος? Arbenz 80), - τικός ( μετα-πί̄πτω a.o.) `inflectable' (Gramm.). 4. πέσ-ος n. `corpse' (E. in lyr.), - ημα n. `fall, the fallen down, the corpse' (trag.; Chantraine Form. 184, v. Wilamowitz Eur. Her. to v. 1131), - ωμα n. `plunge' (vase-inscr.; after πτῶμα). 5. - πετής a.o. in περι-, προ-πετής `falling down, blundering into smth.' resp. `falling over, prepared, rash' with περι-, προ-πέτ-εια f. (IA.); also in compounds as εὑ-πετής `to turn out well, convenient, fortunate' with - εια f. (IA.); διι-πετής s. v. 6. - πτώς in ἀ-πτώς, - ῶτος `not falling' (Pi., Pl.); also - πτης in ἀπτης (inscr. Olympia)? -- On ποταμός s. v.Etymology: The remarkable σ for τ in IA. πεσέομαι, - οῦμαι and πεσεῖν is secondary and not convincingly explained; cf. Schwyzer 271 Zus. 2 w. lit., 746 n. 6 and Chantraine Gramm. hom. 1, 451. -- The pair πί̄πτω (with ī after ῥί̄πτω?): πετεῖν agrees with γίγνομαι: γενέσθαι; to this the disyllabic fut. πεσέ-ομαι for *πετέ-[σ]ομαι and the full grades πτω-, πτη- in πέ-πτω-κα, πτῶ-μα, - σις, πε-πτη-ώς cannot be compared with γενέ-τωρ, γνή-σιος which has *ǵenh₁-, ǵn̥h₁- (not here γνωτός?; s. on γίγνομαι), s. Schwyzer 746, 784 a. 360. The origin of the alternative root forms is not well known. An innovation is πίτ-νω (- νῶ) with ι as in several ν-presents (Schwyzer 695). -- The whole system is a specific Greek development of the old verb also found in πέτομαι `fly'; the meaning `fall' is also found a.o. in Skt. pátati. A point of contact show the fut. *πετέ-[σ]ομαι: Skt. pati-ṣyáti; morpholog. close are also πότμος and Skt. pát-man- n. `flight, course, path' (would be Gr. *πέτμα). -- Further s. πέτομαι; cf. also πτήσσω and πίτυλος (which hardly belongs here).Page in Frisk: 2,542-543Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > πί̄πτω
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15 σείω
Grammatical information: v.Meaning: `shake, agitate, sway', midd. a. pass. also `to quake, to shiver'.Other forms: (ep. ἐπι-σσείω, s. bel.), aor. σεῖσαι (Il.), aor. 2. ptc. acc. σιόντα (Anacr.), pass. σεισθῆναι, fut. σείσω (IA.), perf. midd. σέσεισμαι (Pi. etc.), act. σέσεικα (hell. a. late).Compounds: Very often w. prefix, e.g. ἀνα-, κατα-, ἀπο-, δια-, ἐν-, ἐπι-. -- Some compp., e.g. σεισ-άχθεια (: *σεισ-αχθής) f. `burden-', i. e. `the casting off of debts', des. of a law of Solon. (Arist., Plu. a. o.); δορυ-σσόος, s. δόρυ and Schwyzer 450 n. 4.Derivatives: 1. σεῖ-σις ( ἀπό-, κατά- a. o.) f. `shaking' (medic. a.o.); 2. - σμός ( ἀνα-, δια- a.o.) m. `shock, earthquake, extortion' (IA.) with - σμώδης `earthquake-like' (late); 3. - σμα ( παρά-, διά- a.o.) f. `shaking' (LXX), `extortion' (pap.) with - σματίας m. `concerning an earthquake' (D. L., Plu.; Chantraine Form. 95); 4. - στρον n. `rattle', Lat. sistrum (Delos IIa, Plu. a.o.); - στρος m. plantname `Rhinanthus maior' (Arist., Plu.; after the trembling fruit-group, Strömberg 77); 5. - σων, - σωνος m. "shaker", kind of vase (middl. com.; as καύσων, s. on καίω w. lit.); 6. - στης m. kind of earthquake (Lyd.); 7. - στός `shaken' (Ar.), `rattling', of ear-pendants (Delos III--IIa).Origin: IE [Indo-European] [1099] *tu̯ei(s)- `excite, sparkle'Etymology: Except the isolated zero-grade ptc. σιόντα, which because of the form σείω that stands beside it must be taken as aorist, and the ablauting nominal -( σ)σόος, the whole system is built on a full grade σει(σ)-. The geminate in ep. ἐπι-σσείω, ἐ-σσείοντο shows an orig. consonantgroup, so that σείω from *tu̯eis-ō can be identified with Skt. tvéṣati (gramm.) `excite', almost only midd. `be excited, inflame, sparkle' (rejecteing Wackernagel KZ 25, 277 = Kl. Schr. 1, 221). The two languages have developped diff. in this sense, that in OInd. the middle forms have become almost completely dominating and the zero grades (e.g. ipf. 3. pl. a-tvis-anta, perf. 3. sg. ti-tviṣ-é) strongly predominate. -- Beside this stands in Iran. forms without -s- and in slightly deviating meaning, e.g. Av. ʮway-ah- n., ʮwy-ā f. `fright, danger' (IE *tu̯ei-os-, *tu̯i-ā), thus with -s- in ʮwaēšah- n. `fear'. A further member of this group is supposed in Σείριος, s. v. w. lit.; see also Mayrhofer s. tvéṣati.Page in Frisk: 2,689Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > σείω
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16 σκάλλω
Grammatical information: v.Meaning: `to hack, to scrape' (Hdt., Arist., Thphr., LXX).Other forms: only pres. a. ipf. (aor. ipv. περίσκαλον Gp.; correct?)Compounds: Rarely w. δια- a. o. (partly controversial).Derivatives: 1. σκαλ-ίς, - ίδος f. `hack' (Att. onscr. IVa, Str., J.) with - ιδεύω `to hack' (gloss.); 2. - σις f. `the hacking' (Thphr.); 3. - μός m. `id.' (pap. IIIp; on σκαλμός `thole' s. v.); 4. - ηνός (- ηνής) `craggy, rough, uneven'; of numbers `odd', of triangles `scalene', of cones `slant' (s. Mugler Dict. géom. 377; Democr. ap. Thphr., Hp., Pl., Arist. etc.; on the formation cf. γαληνός; s. also σκολιός) with - ηνία, - ηνόομαι (Plu.); 5. ἄ-σκαλος `unhacked' (Theoc.; prob. metri c. for ἀσκάλευτος). Secondary verbs: 1. σκαλ-εύω, aor. σκαλεῦσαι, also w. ἀνα-, ἐκ-, ὑπο- a. o. `to hack, to scrape, to stir up' (Hp., Ar., Arist. etc.) with several derivv.: σκαλ-εύς m. `hack' (X., Poll.; not with Bosshardt 54 from *σκαλή), - ευσις f. `the scraping' (Aq.), - ευμα n. `scrapings' (sch., H.), - ευθρον n. `poker' (Poll.; cf. Bechtel Dial. 1, 210), - εία f. `the hacking' (Gp. tit.). 2. σκαλ-ίζω (ἀ- σκάλλω) `id.' (Phryn.) with - ισμός m. `the hacking' (pap., Eun.), - ιστή-ριον n. `hack' (sch.). - On σκαλίας s.v.Etymology: As zero grade yot-present σκάλλω can be formally identified with Lith. skiliù, inf. skìlti `strike fire': IE *skl̥-i̯ō [but the accent shows that the root is disyllabic; s. bel.]. Semantically closer are the innovated nasalpresents skįlù (skylù) `split off, get a tear' and the full grade skeliù, skélti `split', also `strike fire (ùgnį) (from a stone)', the last of which is also found in Germ., e.g. ONord. skilja `separate, distinguish'. Diff. again MLG schelen `id.' (PGm. * skelōn; type Lat. secāre), Arm. c'elum `split' (u-pesent; anlaut unclear), Hitt. iškallāi- `split, tear apart' (formation uncertain; s. Kronasser Etymologie $ 200 f., 214). -- The Greek derivv. go all back on ungeminated σκαλ-, which must not be old, but may have originated after σφαλ- (: σφάλλω), θαλ- (: θ άλλω) etc. Sophie Minon ( RPh. LXXIV 282) reconstructs *skl̥h₁-ye\/o-, assuming that the laryngeal disappeared in this position, after Pinault 1982, 265-272; cf. LIV 500. On σκαλαθύρω s.v. -- To the same formal system, but independent of σκάλλω, belong also σκαλμός `thole', σκῶλος, σκόλοψ etc.; s. vv. A clear separation from the semant. cognate κολάπτω, κόλος, κλάω, κελεός etc. cannot be achieved; [not here σκύλλω]. -- The non-Greek formations are innumerable; on this WP. 2, 590ff., Pok. 923ff. w. rich lit.Page in Frisk: 2,715-716Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > σκάλλω
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17 στέλλω
στέλλω, - ομαιGrammatical information: v.Meaning: `to put in order, to make ready, to equip, dress with weapons, clothes etc.; to prepare (for a journey), to dispatch'; also `to furl, take in the sails, to tie up, to constrain'; midd. esp. `to summon, to fetch, to prepare (for a journey), to set off' (also act. intr.). `to dress'.Other forms: Aor. στεῖλαι, - ασθαι (Il.), Aeol. ἀπο-, ἐπι-στέλλαι, fut. στελ-έω (β 287 a.o.), -ῶ, - οῦμαι (Att.). Aor. pass. σταλ-ῆναι (Pi., IA.), - θῆναι (hell.), perf. pass. ἔσταλμαι (IA.), act. ἔσταλκα (Att.), ἔστολα (gramm.).Compounds: Very often w. prefix with variaous shades of neaning, e.g. ἀπο-, δια-, ἐπι-, κατα-, περι-, συν-, ὑπο-. As 2. member e.g. ἰδιό-στολος `having one's own equipment, equipped at one's own expense, making one's own journey' (Plu. a.o.), πυγο-στόλος adjunct of γυνή (Hes. Op. 373; on the debated meaning Martinazzoli Par. del Pass. 15, 203ff.); ναυ-στολ-έω `to send on a ship, to navigate, to steer (a ship)' (Pi., S., E., late prose; ναύ-στολος only A. Th. 858 [lyr.; doubted]; cf. ναυ-μαχέω, οἰνο-χοέω a.o. in Schwyzer 726); ἀκρο-στόλ-ιον n. `decorated end of the rostrum' (Callix., Str., D.S. etc.); ἀπόστολ-ος (: ἀπο-στέλλω) m. `envoys, fleet-expedition' (IA.), `apostle' (LXX, NT). As 2. member e.g. μελανό-στολος `with a black garment' (Plu.).Derivatives: A. 1. στόλος m. `equipment (of a campaign), campaign by water and by land, fleet, army, troop, legion, march' (Pi., IA.); also `rostrum' (Pi., trag.)`outgrowth, stump, appendage' (Arist.); cf. below. 2. στολή (Aeol. σπόλα; cf. below) f. `armor', usu. `dress, garment' (IA.), `obstruction, pressure, constraint' (Epicur., medic.); ἀπο-, δια- ἐπι-στολή a.o. (: ἀπο-στέλλω) `sending resp. extension, mission or letter' (IA. etc.) with ἀποστολ-εύς m. `officials for equipping and dispatching the fleet' (Att.) a.o., s. Bosshardt 53 f. From this the dimin. στόλ-ιον n. (Delos IIa, AP a.o.); στολ-άς f. `jacket' (Ael.); στολ-ίς f. `dress', pl. `folds' (E., Arist. etc.) with - ίδιον, - ιδώδης, - ιδόομαι, - ίδωμα, - ιδωτός. - From στολή and στόλος: στολ-ίζω, also w. κατα-, συν-, ὑπο- `to place in order, to equip, to dress' (Hes. Op. 628, E., hell. a. late), - ισις, - ισμα, ισμός, - ιστής, - ιστήριον, - ιστεία; - άζομαι `to dress' in ἐστολάδαντο (metr. inscr. Marathon IIp; cf. ἐρράδαται a.o. Schwyzer 672). -- 3. στολμός m. `equipment, clothing' (A., E.). -- B. στέλμα στέφος, στέμμα H. (correct?); στελμονίαι ζώματα H. (= X. Cyr. 6, 1); cf. ἁρ-μον-ία a.o., Scheller Oxytonierung 58f. -- C. 1. - σταλ-μα, only from the prefixed ἐπι-στέλλω etc.: ἐπί-, διά-, ἀπό-σταλμα n. `public mission etc.' (Thphr., pap.). 2. διασταλ-μός m. `assessment' (pap. VIp). 3. στάλ-σις f. `obstruction' (Gal.), διά- στέλλω `destination, treaty' (LXX). 4. ἀνα-, δια-, περι- etc. - σταλτικός (late). --5. On στάλιξ s. v.Origin: IE [Indo-European]X [probably] [1019] * stel- `put (up), stand'; also [985] * spel- `split'?Etymology: The above forms form in spite of all semantic differentiation a well kept together formal system. Outside the wide semantic cadre are, however, στόλος in the sense of `ships beak a.o.', a meaning which seems difficult to connect with στέλλω `prepare, equip, send out', but which can without difficulty be connected with στελεά, στέλεχος, στήλη [which in my view do not belong to στέλλω]. When judging the etymology some seemingly Aeolic, mostly only lexically attested forms with σπ- (against inscr. ἀπο-, ἐπι-στέλλαι) must not be overlooked: σπελλάμεναι στειλάμεναι, σπολεῖσα σταλεῖσα, εὔσπολον εὑεί-μονα, εὑσταλέα, κασπέλλει (cod. - έλη) στορνύει (all H.); σπόλα = στολή (Sapph.), κασπολέω (- σπελ-?) ὑποστορέσω (Sapph., H.). So ΙΑ. στελ-, Aeol. σπελ- from IE skʷel- (lit. in Persson Beitr. 1, 422)? After Bechtel Dial. 1, 125f. (with Schulze; cf. on this Hamm Grammatik 15 w. n. 3) in IA. στέλλω IE * stel- `send' and skʷel- `equip' (from where Aeol. σπελ-) would have fallen together. The difficulty to find IE * skʷel- back in other languages, as well as the meagre documentation of the σπ-forms both arouse suspicion against such a supposition. For some of the relevant words ( σπόλα, εὔσπολος) one might sonsider a connection with IE * spel- `split' (s. σπολάς). -- Exact cognates outside Greek are missing. Nearest comes Arm. steɫc-anem, aor. steɫc-i `prepare, creare' with unclear c (ɫc from l + s with Pedersen KZ 39, 427 ?); beside it steɫn, pl. steɫun-k` `stem, stalk, twig' (cf. στέλεχος, στελεά). Also several other words go back on IE * stel-, but deviate semantically from στέλλω: Alb. shtiell `wind up, reel up, collect' (IE * stel-n-ō); Germ. nouns as OE stela m. `stalk of a plant', OWNo. stiolr m. `tail-bone', NNorw. stjøl `stalk, stem' (\< * stelu-; cf. στελεχος, στελεά). Here belong also the unclear OWNo. stallr m. `constitution, crib, stable', OHG stal m. `living, seat, stable' (to which stellen) from PGm. * stalla- or * staðla-(IE * stol-no- or * st(h)h₂-dhlo- [to st(h)ā- `stand'; s. ἵστημι]); Skt. sthálam n. `continent, earth-bottom', sthálā f. `raised earth' etc. (cf. on στήλη). -- Further forms w. lit. in WP. 2, 643ff., Pok. 1019f., W.-Hofmann s. locus; older lit. also in Bq. -- The evidence for IE origin is meagre; could the word be Pre-Greek?Page in Frisk: 2,786-788Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > στέλλω
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18 σχίζω
Grammatical information: v.Meaning: `to split, to cut, to separate' (Pi., Hdt., Att. etc.).Other forms: Aor. σχίσ(σ)αι (Od.), pass. σχισθ-ῆναι (P 316), fut. - ήσομαι, act. σχίσω, perf. midd. ἔσχισμαι (hell. a. late).Derivatives: A. With unchanged root-auslaut: 1. σχίδα σχίδος σινδόνος, ῥῆγμα (cod. π-) H. like κλάδ-α acc. sg. (Schwyzer 507); if not Dor. or hell. nom. (Kretschmer Glotta 10, 170); as 2. member in ἀπο-, δια-, παρα-σχίδες pl. (rarely sg. - σχίς) f. `secessions, branchings etc.' (medic. a.o.). 2. σχίδ-αξ, - ᾰκος m. `split wood, piece of wood, splinter' (LXX, D. S. a.o.) with - ακηδόν, ὑπο- σχίζω - ακώδης (medic.); cf. χάραξ, κάμαξ a.o. 3. σχίδος την ἀπόσχισιν H.; but - σχιδής, e.g. in ἀ-, ἀκρο-, νεο- σχίζω (hell. a. late) directly from the verb. 4. σχίδ-ια ὠμόλινα H., Lat. schidia f. sg. `chip of wood' (Vitr.). 5. σχιδανός (as πιθανός) in σχίζω - πους (Arist.) = σχιζό-πους `with split feet, toes' (Arist.). -- B. With altered root-auslaut: 1. σχίζα f. `split wood, piece of wood etc.' (Hom., Ar., pap. a.o.), `shaft, javelin' (LXX,AP); from *σχίδ-ι̯α or adapted to σχίζω (Schwyzer 474); dimin. - ίον n. (Poll., Alciphr.); - ίας m. `lath, lath-like' (Cratin., Dikaiarch., hell. pap. a.o.). 2. σχιστός (ἄ- σχίζω etc.) `split' (Hp., Att.). 3. σχίσις ( ἀπό-, διά- a.o.) f. `split, carving' (Pl., Arist. etc.). 4. σχισ-μός ( δια-, περι-, ὑπο-, ἐν-) m. `id.' (A. Ag. 1149, Delph. inscr., pap. a.o.); - μα (also w. ἀπό-, διά- a.o.) n. `split, tear' (Arist., Thphr. etc.); - μή f. `id.' (LXX, H.); from - σμο-, - σμα or from σχιδ-μ- reshaped (Schwyzer 321 a. 493).Etymology: The above words form a system built on an IE basis, which was richly developed inside Greek. For closer comparison esp. the following form can be used: 1. ἀπο-σχίδ-ες = Skt. apa-chíd- f. `section, clipping'. 2. σχιστός = Lat. scissus (from * scid-to-s), Av. a-sista-; diff. Skt. chinná- (from *chid-ná-). 3. Aor. σχίσαι, - ασθαι: Skt. aor. midd. chit-s-i (cf. the reserved remarks in Schwyzer 751). 4. A trace of the old nasalpresent in Lat. sci-n-dō, Skt. chi-ná-d-mi, pl. chi-n-d-ánti `cut off, split' not retained in σκινδάλαμος etc. s.v.. On the other hand the yod-present σχίζω is isolated and is like the other verbforms notably a Greek. innovation. Against identification of σχίζεται and the Skt. pass. chid-yá-te Wackernagel Unt. 133. Beside σχίζω stands with full grade Lith. skíedžiu `separate, divide'. 5. Independent of σχίσις (innovation; cf. πίστις) is Skt. ví-chitti- `interruption'. -- Further cognates, a.o. Arm. c'tim (from * c'it-im) `tear itself, scratch', for Greek without direct interest, in Bq, WP. 2, 543 f., Pok. 920f., W.-Hofmann s. scindō w. lit. -- Lat. LW [loanword] scheda f. `stroke of papyrus' from *σχίδη (or σχίδα?; s. above A. 1), also `concept' through influence of schedium n. `unprepared speech, draft, scetch' = late- a. NGr. σχέδιον `id.' (on the meaning s. σχέδιος to σχεδόν), σχεδάριον; on this till Ital. schizzo, Fr. esquisse, NHG Skizze; s. Kretschmer Glotta 10, 168 ff. == Other words mentioned by Frisk but not cognate with σχίζω s.vv: σκινδαλ(α)μός, σκινδύλιον, σκιδαρόν, σκοιδ-.Page in Frisk: 2,838-840Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > σχίζω
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19 τελώνης
τελώνης, ου, ὁ (τέλος, ὠνέομαι or the related noun ὠνή ‘buying, purchasing’; Aristoph., Aeschin. et al.; ins, pap, ostraca) tax-collector, revenue officer (cp. τέλος 5; Goodsp., Probs. 28; on the semantic range of τελώνη s. New Docs 5, 103; cp. JVergote, Eos 48, ’56, 149–60, s. p. 149). The τελ. in the synoptics (the only part of our lit. where they are mentioned) are not the holders (Lat. publicani) of the ‘taxfarming’ contracts themselves, but subordinates (Lat. portitores) hired by them; the higher officials were usu. foreigners, but their underlings were, as a rule, taken fr. the native population. The prevailing system of tax collection afforded a collector many opportunities to exercise greed and unfairness. Hence tax collectors were particularly hated and despised as a class (s. these condemnatory judgments on the τελῶναι: Demochares [300 B.C.] 75 Fgm. 4 Jac. τελ. βάναυσος; Xeno Com. III 390 Kock πάντες τελῶναι ἅρπαγες; Herodas 6, 64; Diogenes, Ep. 36, 2; Lucian, Necyom. 11; Artem. 1, 23; 4, 42; 57; Heraclid. Crit., Reisebilder 7 p. 76, 6 Pfister; Ps.-Dicaearchus p. 143, 7 Fuhr.; Iambl. Erot. 34; Cicero, De Off. 1, 150; UPZ 113, 9; 16 [156 B.C.]; O. Wilck I 568f; PPrinc II, 20, 1ff [on this OReinmuth, ClPh 31, ’36, 146–62]; Philo, Spec. Leg. 2, 93ff. Rabbinic material in Schürer I 374–76; Billerb. I 377f, 498f). A strict Israelite was further offended by the fact that tax-collectors had to maintain continual contact w. non-Israelites in the course of their work; this rendered an Israelite tax-collector ceremonially unclean. The prevailing attitude is expressed in these combinations: τελῶναι καὶ ἁμαρτωλοί (s. ἁμαρτωλός bβ) Mt 9:10f; 11:19; Mk 2:15, 16ab (RPesch, BRigaux Festschr., ’70, 63–87; cp. Theophr., Characters 6, 47); Lk 5:30; 7:34; 15:1 (JJeremias, ZNW 30, ’31, 293–300). ὁ ἐθνικὸς καὶ ὁ τελώνης Mt 18:17. οἱ τελῶναι καὶ αἱ πόρναι 21:31f. As typically selfish 5:46.—Lk 3:12 (Sb 8072, 6 [II A.D.] a prefect reprimands τελ. who demand τὰ μὴ ὀφιλόμενα αὐτοῖς); 5:29; 7:29. A Pharisee and a tax-collector Lk 18:10f, 13. Μαθθαῖος ὁ τελώνης Mt 10:3 (Jos., Bell. 2, 287 Ἰωάννης ὁ τελώνης). τελ. ὀνόματι Λευί Lk 5:27 (cp. Λευί 4).—Schürer I 372–76; JMarquardt, Staatsverw. II2 1884, 261ff; 289ff; AJones, Studies in Rom. Gov’t. and Law, ’60, 101–14; JDonahue, CBQ 33, ’71, 39–61; EBadian, Publicans and Sinners ’72; WWalker, JBL 97, ’78, 221–38; FHerrenbrück, ZNW 72, ’81, 178–94, Jesus und die Zöllner ’90; DBraud, Gabinus, Caesar, and the ‘publicani’ of Judaea: Klio 65, ’83, 241–44; MGoodman, The Ruling Class of Judaea ’87. S. κῆνσος.—Kl. Pauly V 1551; BHHW III 2245f.—New Docs 5, 103, also 8, 47–56. DELG s.v. τέλο and ὀνέομαι. Frisk s.v. τέλο and ὦνο. M-M. EDNT. TW. -
20 ἀνάστασις
ἀνάστασις, εως, ἡ (s. ἀνίστημι; Aeschyl., Hdt.+ in var. mngs.).① a change for the better in status, rising up, rise (La 3:63; Zech 3:8; Jos., Ant. 17, 212; 18, 301 [here of the ‘erection’ of a statue]) κεῖται εἰς πτῶσιν καὶ ἀ. πολλῶν he is destined for the fall and rise of many of Jesus Lk 2:34, i.e. because of him many will fall and others will rise, viz. in relation to God (for contrast w. πτῶσις cp. Evagrius Pont., Sent. 5, 19 p. 327 Frankenberg: ἡ μικρὰ τ. σώματος ἀνάστασίς ἐστιν ἡ μετάθεσις αὐτοῦ ἐκ πτώσεως τ. ἀσελγείας εἰς τὴν τ. ἁγιασμοῦ ἀνάστασιν).—Esp.② resurrection from the dead, resurrection (Aeschyl., Eum. 648 ἅπαξ θανόντος οὔτις ἐστʼ ἀ. [cp. Job 7:9f; 16:22]; Ps.-Lucian, De Salt. 45; Ael. Aristid. 32, 25 K.=12 p. 142 D.; 46 p. 300 D.; IGR IV 743, 25 [ο]ἱ δὴ δ[είλ]αιοι πάντ[ες] εἰς ἀ[νά]στασιν|[----][the stone breaks off after ἀ. and some think that βλέποντες or the like is to be supplied]; 2 Macc 7:14; 12:43), and soⓐ in the past: of Jesus’ res. (Orig., C. Cels. 5, 57, 25) Ac 1:22; 2:31; 4:33; Ro 6:5; Phil 3:10 (JFitzmyer, BRigaux Festschr., ’70, 411–25); 1 Pt 3:21; 1 Cl 42:3; ISm 3:1, 3; in more detail ἀ. ἐκ νεκρῶν 1 Pt 1:3; ἀ. νεκρῶν res. from the dead Ro 1:4; w. the passion of Jesus IEph 20:1; Mg 11; Tr ins; Phld ins; 8:2; 9:2; Sm 7:2; 12:2; cp. 1:2. τὸν Ἰησοῦν καὶ τὴν ἀ. εὐαγγελίζεσθαι proclaim Jesus and the res. i.e. his res., and in consequence, the possibility of a general res. Ac 17:18 (but s. 3 below. τὸν Ἰησοῦν καὶ τὴν ἀνάστασιν could also mean ‘the res. of Jesus’, as perh. Nicol Dam.: 90 Fgm. 130, 18 p. 400, 17 Jac. μνήμη τἀνδρὸς καὶ φιλοστοργίας=‘… the love of the man’); cp. vs. 32 and 4:2. Of the raisings from the dead by Elijah and Elisha ἔλαβον γυναῖκες ἐξ ἀ. τοὺς νεκροὺς αὐτῶν women (i.e. the widow of Zarephath and the Shunammite woman 3 Km 17:23; 4 Km 4:36) received their dead by res. Hb 11:35.ⓑ of the future res. (Theoph. Ant. 1, 13 [p. 86, 25]), linked with Judgment Day: described as ἀ. νεκρῶν (Did., Gen. 96, 13) Mt 22:31; Ac 23:6; 24:15, 21; 26:23; 1 Cor 15:12f; 21; 42; Hb 6:2; D 16:6; or ἀ. ἐκ νεκρῶν Lk 20:35; B 5:6; AcPlCor 2:35 (cp. Ar. 15, 3; Just., D. 45, 2); cp. IPol 7:1; Pol 7:1; MPol 14:2. ἀ. σαρκός (not found in the NT) AcPlCor 1:12; 2:24 (Just., D. 80, 5; σωμάτων Tat. 6, 1; Ath., R. 11 p. 59, 14). Of Jesus: τὴν ἀ. ποιεῖν bring about the res. (of the dead) B 5:7. Jesus’ Passion as our res. ISm 5:3. ἀθάνατος τῆς ἀ. καρπός 2 Cl 19:3. Described as ἀ. κρείττων Hb 11:35 in contrast w. the res. of the past, because the latter was, after all, followed by death. ἡ μέλλουσα ἀ. (Theoph. Ant. 2, 15 [p. 138, 17]) the future res. 1 Cl 24:1. ἡ κατὰ καιρὸν γινομένη ἀ. the res. that comes at regular intervals (i.e. seasons, day and night), as a type of the future res. 24:2.—More details in J, who mentions an ἀ. ἐν τῇ ἐσχάτῃ ἡμέρᾳ on the Last Day J 11:24 and differentiates betw. the ἀ. κρίσεως res. for judgment for the wicked and the ἀ. ζωῆς res. to life for those who do good 5:29. Christ calls himself ἡ ἀ. and ἡ ζωή 11:25, since he mediates both to humans.—Paul seeks to demonstrate the validity of belief in Jesus’ res. in terms of the res. of the dead in general 1 Cor 15:12ff (s. MDahl, The Res. of the Body. A Study of 1 Cor 15, ’62 and s. τάγμα 1b). γνῶναι … τὴν δύναμιν τῆς ἀ. αὐτου Phil 3:10.—Lk 14:14 mentions only a res. of the just, as in some intertestamental belief; likew. B 21:1. Hebraistically υἱοὶ τῆς ἀ. (w. υἱοὶ θεοῦ) children of the res.=sharers in the resurrection Lk 20:36. A second res. is presupposed by the ἀ. ἡ πρώτη of Rv 20:5f. Denial of res. by the Sadducees Mt 22:23, 28, 30f; Mk 12:18, 23; Lk 20:27, 33, 35f (on this see Schürer II 391; 411); by the Epicureans Ac 17:18 (ERohde, Psyche3 1903 II 331–35; cp. the ins 2 above, beg.); and by Christians 1 Cor 15:12 (prob. in the sense of Just., D. 80, 4 λέγουσι μὴ εἶναι νεκρῶν ἀνάστασιν, ἀλλʼ ἅμα τῷ ἀποθνῄσκειν τὰς ψυχὰς αὐτῶν ἀναλαμβάνεσθαι εἰς τ. οὐρανόν ‘they say there is no resurrection of the dead, but that at the time of death their souls are taken up into heaven’; s. JWilson, ZNW 59, ’68, 90–107); 2 Ti 2:18 (cp. Menander in Iren. 1, 23, 5 [Harv. I 195] resurrectionem enim per id quod est in eum baptisma, accipere eius discipulos, et ultra non posse mori, sed perseverare non senescentes et immortales [Menander teaches that] ‘his followers receive resurrection by being baptized into him, and that they face death no more, but live on without growing old, exempt from death’; cp. Just., A I, 26, 4; Valentinus in Clem. of Alex., Str. 4, 13, 91; Tertull., Carn. Resurr. 25 agnitio sacramenti [=ἡ τοῦ μυστηρίου γνῶσις] resurrectio).—FNötscher, Altoriental. u. atl. Auferstehungsglaube 1926; JLeipoldt, Sterbende u. auferstehende Götter 1923; Cumont3 ’31; ANikolainen, D. Auferstehungsglauben in d. Bibel u. in ihrer Umwelt. I Relgesch. Teil ’44. II NT ’46.—WBousset, Rel.3, 1926, 269–74 al.; Billerb. IV 1928, 1166–98.—AMeyer, D. Auferstehung Christi 1905; KLake, The Historical Evidence of Res. of Jesus Christ 1907; LBrun, D. Auferst. Christi in d. urchr. Überl. 1925; PGardner-Smith, The Narratives of the Resurrection 1926; SMcCasland, The Res. of Jesus ’32; MGoguel, La foi à la résurr. de Jésus dans le Christianisme primitif ’33; EFascher, ZNW 26, 1927, 1–26; EFuchs, ZKG 51, ’32, 1–20; AThomson, Did Jesus Rise from the Dead? ’40; EHirsch, D. Auferstehungsgeschichten u. d. chr. Glaube ’40; PAlthaus, D. Wahrheit des kirchl. Osterglaubens2 ’41; WMichaelis, D. Erscheinungen des Auferstandenen ’44; ARamsey, The Res. of Christ ’45; JLeipoldt, Zu den Auferstehungsgeschichten: TLZ 73, ’48, 737–42 (rel.-Hist.); KRengstorf, Die Auferstehung Jesu2 ’54; GKoch, Die Auferstehung J. Christi ’59; HGrass, Ostergeschehen u. Osterberichte ’56; ELohse, Die Auferstehung J. Chr. im Zeugnis des Lk ’61; HvCampenhausen, Tradition and Life in the Early Church, ’68, 42–89; WCraig, Assessing the NT Evidence for the Historicity of the Resurrection of Jesus ’89; GLüdemann, Die Auferstehung Jesu ’94. S. also τάφος 1.—KDeissner, Auferstehungshoffnung u. Pneumagedanke b. Pls 1912; GVos, The Pauline Doctrine of the Res.: PTR 27, 1929, 1–35; 193–226; FGuntermann, D. Eschatologie d. hl. Pls ’32; HMolitor, Die Auferstehung d. Christen und Nichtchristen nach d. Ap. Pls ’33; LSimeone, Resurrectionis iustorum doctr. in Ep. S. Pauli ’38; DStanley, Christ’s Resurrection in Pauline Soteriology ’61; CMoule, NTS 12, ’65/66, 106–23; MdeBoer, The Defeat of Death ’88; JHolleman, A Traditio-Historical Study of Paul’s Eschatology in 1 Cor 15 (NovT Suppl. 84), ’96.—RGrant, Miracle and Nat. Law ’52, 221–63. JBuitkamp, Auferstehungsglaube in den Qumrantexten, diss. Groningen ’64; GWild, Auferstehungsglaube des späten Israel, diss. Bonn. ’67; W. Pannenberg, Grundzüge der Christologie6 ’82, 74ff.③ a deity within a polytheistic system, Resurrection Ac 17:18. This interpr., first set forth by Chrysostom (Hom. in Act. 38, 1), has found modern supporters (s. Haenchen ad loc.). The semantic issue arises from the fact that the narrative presents the auditors as theologically ignorant. Their assumption is that Paul seemed to be a proclaimer of ‘new divinities’ (vs. 18a). From their perspective the term ἀ. suggests a divinity named Resurrection (abstractions identified as divinities were not uncommon in the Gr-Rom. world, s. EA 19 ’92, 71–73). But the omniscient author informs the reader that bodily resurrection (as in 2 above) is meant.—DELG s.v. ἵστημι. M-M. TW. Sv.
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