...+to+begin+with

οἴκοθεν (also [full] οἴκοθε Chor.in Rev.Phil.1877.227), Adv.

A from one's house, from home,

ὃ οἴ. ἦγ' ὁ γεραιός Il.11.632

;

οἴ. ὥρμησαν Th.4.90

; οἴ. οἴκαδε from home to home, implying security and ease, Pi.O.6.99, cf. 7.4, Lib.Ep. 149 ;

οἴ. ἐκ Κλαζομενῶν Pl.Prm. 126a

;

δεῦρο οἴ. Id.Hp. Ma.282b

; εὐθὺς οἴ. ὑπάρχει παισὶν οὖσιν, i.e. from childhood, Arist. Pol. 1295b16 : freq. without any sense of motion, νόμοι οἱ οἴ., = οἱ πάτριοι, A.Supp. 390, cf. E.Ph. 294 (lyr.) ;

οἱ οἴ. φίλοι Id.Med. 506

;

τὰ οἴ.

domestic affairs,

Id.IA 1000

;

τὸ οἴ. Pi.P.8.51

;

στρατηγοὺς εἵλοντο ἐκ τῶν οἴ. X.HG1.4.10

;

οἴ. τὸν πολέμιον ἔχειν

at home, within,

Pl.Sph. 252c

; τὸ γένος οἴ., = οἰκογενής, of a slave, GDI2307.5 (Delph.).

2 from one's household stores,

πάντ' ἐθέλω δόμεναι καὶ οἴ. ἄλλ' ἐπιθεῖναι Il.7.364

;

οἴ. ἄλλο Εὐμήλῳ ἐπιδοῦναι 23.558

; εἰ καί νύ κεν οἴ. ἄλλο μεῖζον ἐπαιτήσειας ib. 592 : metaph., τὸν νοῦν διδάσκαλον οἴ. ἔχουσα χρηστόν having in my own mind a wise teacher, E.Tr. 653 ; δεῖ μάντιν εἶναι, μὴ μαθοῦσαν οἴ. one must needs be externally inspired with the vision of truth, if one has not learned it by one's own intellect, Id.Med. 239 ; πόθεν ἂν λάβοιμι ῥῆμα.. ; οὐ γὰρ εἶχον οἴ. I have it not of my own, Ar. Pax 522, cf. Lys.4.7 ;

θρασύ μοι τόδ' εἰπεῖν.. ὁδὸν κυρίαν λόγων οἴ. Pi.N.7.51

; οἴ. μάτευε ib.3.31 : with a Subst., = οἰκεῖος, ἀρεταῖσιν οἴ., ἀνορέαις οἴ., by his own prowess, valour, Id.O.3.44, I.4(3).12.

3 from one's own financial resources, at one's own expense (cf. ϝοίκω), PEleph.11.7 (iii B.C.), Wilcken Chr.176.17 (i A. D.), etc. ;

τὰς πολιτείας οἴ. ἐνδόξως ἐκτελεῖν IG4.672

([place name] Nauplia), cf. 716 ([place name] Hermione) ;

ἀγωνοθετεῖν Παναθηναίων οἴ. SIG869.7

(ii A. D.) ; παρεχέτω οἴ. τὸ θερμόλυχνον ib.1109.151 (ii A. D.).

4 like ἀρχῆθεν, to begin with, originally, ψευδεῖς οἴ. δόξας ἔχοντες entertaining false notions to begin with, Aeschin.3.59, cf. 60 ; εἰς ὑπέρχρεων οὐσίαν καὶ οἴ. into an estate already overburdened with debt, Is.10.17.

ἄρχω (ἄρχει; ἄρχε; ἄρχειν: impf. ἆρχε: aor. ἄρξαι: med. ἄρχονται; ἀρχομένου, -μενοι, -μένοις, -μεναι: fut. ἄρξεται dub.: impf. ἄρχετο: aor. ἄρξατο.)

οὗτος, αὕτη, τοῦτο, gen. τούτου, ταύτης, τούτου, etc.: the dual fem. never in [dialect] Att., v. ὁ, ἡ, τό, init.:—demonstr. Pron.,

A this, common from Hom. downwds.

A ORIGIN and FORMS: οὗτος, αὕτη, τοῦτο prob. arose from a reduplication of the demonstr. ὁ, ἡ, τό with insertion of - υ- (= Skt. Particle u), e.g. ταῦτα fr. τα-υ-τα: [dialect] Dor. gen. sg. fem.

τούτας Philol.11

; nom. pl.

τοῦτοι, ταῦται A.D.Synt.111.23

: the former occurs Sophr.24, GDI 3045 B 6 ([place name] Selinus), SIG339.16 (Rhodes, iii B. C.), etc., the latter is dub. in Sophr.97, certain in SIG 241 B117 (Delph., iv B. C.): in [dialect] Boeot. all forms begin with οὑτ-, as gen. sg. neut.

οὕτω Supp.Epigr.3.359.11

(iii B. C.); acc. sg. fem.

οὕταν Corinn. Supp.2.80

; acc. pl. neut.

οὗτα SIG1185.20

(Tanagra, iii B. C.), etc.: gen. pl. fem. [dialect] Att. τούτων, Cret.

ταυτᾶν Leg.Gort.5.19

; neut.

ταύτων Michel 1334.10

(Elis, iv B. C.).—In [dialect] Ion. sts. written ταότην, ταο̄τα, SIG283.19 (Chios, iv B. C.), 46.7 (Halic., v B. C.), al.—In [dialect] Att. οὗτος was freq. strengthd. by the demonstr. -ί, οὑτοσί, αὑτηί, τουτί, gen. τουτουί, dat. τουτῳί, acc. τουτονί; pl. nom. οὑτοιί, neut. ταυτί, etc., this man here: sts. a Particle is inserted between the Pron. and -ί, as αὑτηγί for αὑτηί γε, Ar.Ach. 784; τουτογί for τουτί γε, Id.V. 781, Av. 894, al.; ταυταγί for ταυτί γε, Id.Eq. 492, Pax 1057, al.; τουτοδί for τουτὶ δέ, Id.Pl. 227; τουτουμενί for τουτουὶ μέν, Id.Ra. 965.—In codd. the ν ἐφελκυστικόν is sts. added in the forms οὑτοσίν, οὑτωσίν, and οὑτοσίν is said to be [dialect] Att. by A.D.Pron.59.24, 82.11. [This ι is always long, and a long vowel or diphthong before it becomes short, as αὑτη?οὗτοςXί, τουτω?οὗτοςXί, οὑτοῐί, Ar.Nu. 201, Pl.44, Ach.40, etc.]

B USAGE in regard to CONCORD. οὗτος is freq. used as a Pron. Subst.: hence neut. is folld. by gen.,

κατὰ τοῦτο τῆς ἀκροπόλιος Hdt. 1.84

;

εἰς τοῦθ' ὕβρεως ἐλήλυθεν D.4.37

;

εἰς τοῦθ' ἥκεις μανίας Id.36.48

;

ταῦτα τῶν μαθημάτων Pl.Euthd. 278b

: but quite as freq. as Adj., in which case its Subst. commonly takes the Art., οὗτος ὁ ἀνήρ or ὁ ἀνὴρ οὗτος.—But the Art. is absent,

1 always in [dialect] Ep. Poets (exc. Od.18.114),

οὗτος ἀνήρ Il.14.471

, Od.1.406, etc.: sts. also in Trag., A.Pers. 122 (lyr.), 495, S.Ph. 406, OC 471, 1177: once in an Inscr., τοπεῖα:

τούτων τὰ ἡμίσεα τοπείων IG22.1622.135

(iv B. C.).

2 sts. when the Noun is so specified that the Art. is not needed,

ἐς γῆν ταύτην.., ἥντινα νῦν Σκύθαι νέμονται Hdt.4.8

;

ταύτας ἃς οἱ πατέρες παρέδοσαν μελέτας Th. 1.85

, cf. Pl.R. 449d, etc.;

πατὴρ σὸς οὗτος, ὃν θρηνεῖς ἀεί S.El. 530

.

3 when οὗτος is used in local sense, here, v. infr. c. 1.5.

4 when the Noun with which οὗτος agrees stands as its Predicate,

αὕτη γὰρ ἦν σοι πρόφασις S.Ph. 1034

; δικαστοῦ αὕτη ἀρετή [ἐστι] Pl.Ap. 18a: this exception extends to cases in which the Predicate is not so distinctly separated from the Subject, αἰτίαι μὲν αὗται προυγεγένηντο these were the grievances which already existed, Th.1.66; ταύτην φήμην παρέδοσαν this was the report which.., Pl.Phlb. 16c: freq. with a [comp] Sup., κίνησις αὕτη μεγίστη δὴ.. ἐγένετο this was notably the greatest movement which.., Th.1.1, cf. 3.113: with

πρῶτος Id.1.55

,98, 6.31, Ev.Luc. 2.2.

5 when [ per.] 3rd pers. is used for [ per.] 2nd to express contempt, οὗτος ἀνήρ, οὑτοσὶ ἀνήρ, Pl.Grg. 467b, 489b, etc.

II though οὗτος usu. agrees with the Noun that serves as Predicate, it is not rare to find it in the neut.,

μανία δὲ καὶ τοῦτ' ἐστί E.Ba. 305

;

τοῦτο γάρ εἰσι.. εὔθυναι D.19.82

, etc.: and in pl.,

οὐκ ἔστι ταῦτα ἀρχή Aeschin. 3.13

;

ταῦτ' ἐστὶν ὁ προδότης Id.2.166

: so with an explanatory clause added,

τοῦτο γάρ ἐστιν ὁ συκοφάντης, αἰτιᾶσθαι μὲν πάντα ἐξελέγξαι δὲ μηδέν D.57.34

.

2 so also with a Noun in apposition,

τούτοισιν μὲν ταῦτα μέλει, κίθαρις καὶ ἀοιδή Od.1.159

;

τούτου τιμῶμαι, ἐν πρυτανείῳ σιτήσεως Pl.Ap. 36e

, cf. E.Fr.323.3, etc.

3 the neut. also may refer to a masc. or fem. Noun, καρπὸν φορέει κυάμῳ ἴσον: τοῦτο ἐπεὰν γένηται πέπον κτλ. Hdt.4.23, cf. X.An.1.5.10, etc.

4 the neut. is also used of classes of persons, μελιτοπῶλαι καὶ τυροπῶλαι:

τοῦτο δ' εἰς ἕν ἐστι συγκεκυφός Ar.Eq. 854

, cf. Pl.Lg. 711a; or of an abstract fact,

οὐκ Ἰοφῶν ζῇ;—τοῦτο γάρ τοι καὶ μόνον ἔτ' ἐστὶ λοιπὸν ἀγαθόν Ar.Ra.73

.

III with Prons.,

1 personal, οὗτος σύ, in local sense, v. infr. c.1.5.

2 interrog., τί τοῦτ' ἔλεξας; what is this that.. ? S.Ph. 1173 (lyr.), cf. Ant.7; ποίοισι τούτοις; for ποῖά ἐστι ταῦτα οἷς [ἔχεις ἐλπίδα]; Id.OC 388, cf.Ant. 1049; Νέστορ' ἔρειο ὅν τινα τοῦτον ἄγει whom he brings here, Il.11.612.

3 with οἷος, Od.20.377, Pl.Phd. 61c.

4 possess., πατὴρ σὸς οὗτος this father of thine, S.El. 530, cf. X.An.7.3.30.

5 demonstr., οὗτος ἐκεῖνος, τὸν σὺ ζητέεις, where ἐκεῖνος is the Predicate, Hdt.1.32;

τοῦτ' ἔστ' ἐκεῖνο E. Hel. 622

, cf. Or. 804; αὐτὸ τοῦτο, v. αὐτός 1.7; τοῦτον τὸν αὐτὸν ἄνδρα this same man, S.Ph. 128.

b exceptionally,

Διφίλου οὗτος ὅδ' ἐστὶ τύπος IG12(5).300

([place name] Paros).

6 ἄλλος τις οὗτος ἀνέστη another man here, Od.20.380.

IV with Numerals, τέθνηκε ταῦτα τρία ἔτη these three years, Lys.7.10codd.; [στρατείαν] ἑνδέκατον μῆνα τουτονὶ ποιεῖται for these eleven months, D.8.2, cf. 3.4;

τριακοστὴν ταύτην ἡμέραν Men.Epit.27

;

ταύτας τριάκοντα μνᾶς D.27.23

, cf. Pl.Grg. 463b, etc.

C SIGNIFICATION AND SPECIAL IDIOMS:

I this, to designate the nearer, opp. ἐκεῖνος, that, the more remote, ταῦτα, like τὰ ἐνταῦθα, things round and about us, earthly things, Pl.Phd. 75e (v. l.); cf. ὅδε init.: but οὗτος sts. indicates that which is not really nearest, but most important, δεῖ.. τὸ βέλτιστον ἀεί, μὴ τὸ ῥᾷστον λέγειν: ἐπὶ ἐκεῖνο μὲν γὰρ ἡ φύσις αὐτὴ βαδιεῖται, ἐπὶ τοῦτο δὲ κτλ. D.8.72, cf. 51.3 and 18.

2 when, of two things, one precedes and the other follows, ὅδε prop. refers to what follows, οὗτος to what precedes,

οὐκ ἔστι σοι ταῦτ', ἀλλά σοι τάδ' ἔστι S.OC 787

, cf. ὅδε III. 2: freq., however, where there are not two things, οὗτος refers to what follows, Il. 13.377, Od.2.306, etc.; οὔκουν.. τοῦτο γιγνώσκεις, ὅτι .. ; A.Pr. 379, etc.

3 οὗτος is used emphat., generally in contempt, while ἐκεῖνος denotes praise, ὁ πάντ' ἄναλκις οὗτος, i.e. Aegisthus, S.El. 301;

τούτους τοὺς συκοφάντας Pl.Cri. 45a

; so D.de Coron. uses οὗτος of Aeschines, ἐκεῖνος of Philip; but οὗτος is used of Philip, D.2.15, 4.3.

b of what is familiar, τούτους τοὺς πολυτελεῖς χιτῶνας, of the Persians, X.An.1.5.8;

οἱ τὰς τελετὰς.. οὗτοι καταστήσαντες Pl.Phd. 69c

, cf. Men. 80a; τὸ θυλακῶδες τοῦτο the familiar bag-like thing, Thphr.HP3.7.3, cf. 3.18.11, 4.7.1;

οἱ τὰς κόρας ταύτας ὠνούμενοι τοῖς παισίν D.Chr.31.153

.

4 in [dialect] Att. law-language, οὗτος is commonly applied to the opponent, whether plaintiff (as in Aeschin. 2.130 ) or defendant (as in Id.1.1); so, in the political speeches of D., οὗτοι are the opposite party, 4.1, 8.7, etc.; but in the forensic speeches, οὗτοι freq. means the judges, the court, 21.134, 36.47.

5 much like an Adv., in local sense (cf. ὅδε init.), τίς δ' οὗτος κατὰ νῆας.. ἔρχεαι; who art thou here that comest.. ? Il.10.82; freq. in [dialect] Att., τίς οὑτοσί; who's this here? Ar.Ach. 1048; πολλὰ ὁρῶ ταῦτα πρόβατα I see many sheep here, X.An.3.5.9 (as v.l.): with Pron. of 2 pers., οὗτος σύ ho you! you there! S.OT 532, 1121, E.Hec. 1280, etc.: and then οὗτος alone like a voc., οὗτος, τί ποιεῖς; A.Supp. 911,cf.S.Aj.71, E.Alc. 773, Ar.Eq. 240, Nu. 220, al.: with a pr. n.,

ὦ οὗτος, Αἴας S.Aj.89

;

ὦ οὗτος οὗτος, Οἰδίπους Id.OC 1627

, cf. Ar.V. 1364: with voc.,

βέντισθ' οὗτος Theoc.5.76

:—the fem. is rarer,

αὕτη E.Med. 922

;

αὕτη σύ Ar.Th. 610

.—This phrase mostly implies anger, impatience, or scorn.

II simply as antec. to ὅς, Od.2.40, S.OT 1180, etc.: freq. following relat. clause,

ἅ γ' ἔλαβες,.. μεθεῖναι ταῦτα Id.Ph. 1247

, cf. 1319,Ant. 183, 203, Pl.Grg. 469c.

III = τοιοῦτος, οὗτος ἐγὼ ταχυτᾶτι Pi.O. 4.26;

σὺ τοίνυν οὗτος εὑρέθης D.18.282

, cf. 173.

IV after a parenthesis, the Subject, though already named, is freq. emphat. repeated by

οὗτος, οὐδὲ γὰρ οὐδὲ Ἀριστέης.., οὐδὲ οὗτος προσωτέρω.. ἔφησε ἀπικέσθαι Hdt.4.16

, cf.81 (s. v. l.), 1.146, Pl.Phd. 107d, etc.

V καὶ οὗτος is added to heighten the force of a previous word,

ξυνεστῶτες.. ναυτικῷ ἀγῶνι, καὶ τούτῳ πρὸς Ἀθηναίους Th.4.55

, cf. Hdt.1.147, 6.11, etc.; so

οὐδὲ τούτου Aeschin.2.100

; v. infr. VIII.2.

VI repeated, where for the second we should merely say he or it,

τοῖσιν τούτου τοῦτον μέλεσιν.. κελαδοῦντες Ar.Ra. 1526

, cf. Pl.La. 200d.

VII ταῦτα is used in some special phrases,

1 ταῦτ', ὦ δέσποτα yes Sir (i. e. ἔστι ταῦτα, ταῦτα δράσω, etc.), Ar.V. 142, Pax 275, cf. Eq.III; so

ταῦτα δή Id.Ach. 815

;

ταῦτά νυν Id.V. 1008

; so also ἦν ταῦτα even so, true, E.Ph. 417.

2 ταῦτα μὲν δὴ ὑπάρξει so it shall be, Pl.Phd. 78a.

3 καὶ ταῦτα μὲν δὴ ταῦτα so much for that, freq. in [dialect] Att., as Pl.Smp. 220c.

4 ταῦτα at end of a formula in epitaphs, etc., prob. short for ταῦτα οὕτως ἔχει or ὁ βίος ταῦτά ἐστιν, e.g. οὐδὶς ( = -εὶς) ἀθάνατος:

ταῦτα IG14.420

; Προκόπι ταῦτα ib.1824; χαίρεται ( = -τε) ταῦτα ib.1479, etc.: similarly perh. in a letter,

ἂμ μὴ πέμψῃς, οὐ μὴ φάγω, οὐ μὴ πείνω. ταῦτα POxy.119.15

(ii/iii A. D.).

VIII Adverbial usages:

1 ταῦταabs., therefore, that is why.., Il.11.694;

ταῦτ' ἄρα Ar.Ach.90

,Nu. 319, 335, 394, al., X.Smp.4.55;

ταῦτα δή A.Pers. 159

, Pl.Smp. 174a;

ταῦτ' οὖν S.Tr. 550

, Ar.V. 1358, etc.; αὐτὰ ταῦτα ἥκω, ἵνα .. Pl.Prt. 310e: τοῦτο is rare in this sense,

τοῦτ' ἀφικόμην, ὅπως.. εὖ πράξαιμί τι S. OT 1005

; αὐτὸ γὰρ τοῦτο just because of this, Pl.Smp. 204a.

b πρὸς ταῦτα so then, therefore, prop. used in indignant defiance, A.Pr. 992, 1043, S.Aj. 971, 1115, 1313, OT 426, OC 455, etc.

2 καὶ ταῦτα, adding a circumstance heightening the force of what has been said, and that,

ἄνδρα γενναῖον θανεῖν, καὶ ταῦτα πρὸς γυναικός A.Eu. 627

: but mostly with a part.,

ὅς γ' ἐξέλυσας ἄστυ.., καὶ ταῦθ' ὑφ' ἡμῶν οὐδὲν ἐξειδὼς πλέον S.OT37

, cf. Ar.Ra. 704, Pl.Phdr. 241e, etc.; or with a part. omitted, ἥτις.. τὴν τεκοῦσαν ὕβρισεν, καὶ ταῦτα τηλικοῦτος (sc. οὖσα) S.El. 614; so

καὶ ταῦτα μέντοι Pl.Erx. 400b

.

b καὶ ταῦτα anyhow, no matter what happens (or happened), ἐπεχείρησας, οὐδὲν ὢν καὶ ταῦτα you tried, but were no good anyhow, i.e. try as you might, Id.R. 341c, cf. Diod.Com.3.5.

3 τοῦτο μέν.., τοῦτο δέ .. on the one hand.., on the other.., partly.., partly.., very freq. in Hdt., as 1.161, al.; τοῦτο μέν is sts. answered by δέ only, 4.76, S.Aj. 670, OC 440; by δὲ αὖ, Hdt.7.176; by ἔπειτα δέ, S.Ant.61; by ἀλλά, D.22.13; by εἶτα, S.Ph. 1345; by τοῦτ' αὖθις, Id.Ant. 165.

4 dat. fem. ταύτῃ,

a on this spot, here, ταύτῃ μὲν.., τῇδε δ' αὖ .. Id.Ph. 1331;

ἀλλ' ἐὰν ταύτῃ γε νικᾷ, ταυτῃὶ πεπλήξεται Ar.Eq. 271

, cf. Th. 1221.

b in this point, herein,

μηδὲν ταύτῃ γε κομήσῃς Id.Pl. 572

, cf. X.Hier.7.12, etc.

c in this way, thus, A.Pr. 191, S.OC 1300, etc.;

οὐ.. ταῦτ' ἐστί πω ταύτῃ Ar.Eq. 843

;

ἀλλ' οὔτι ταύτῃ ταῦτα E. Med. 365

, cf. A.Pr. 511: antec. to ὥσπερ, Pl.R. 330c; to ὅπῃ, X.Cyr. 8.3.2;

οὕτω τε καὶ ταύτῃ γίγνοιτο Pl.Lg. 681d

; καὶ οὕτω καὶ ταύτῃ ἂν ἔχοι ib. 714d; ταύτῃ καλεῖσθαι, etc., like οὕτω κ., Sch.Pl.Smp. 215b.

5 ἐκ τούτου or τούτων thereupon, X.HG3.1.6, Oec.2.1; therefore, Id.An.3.3.5.

6 ἐν τούτῳ in that case, Pl.R. 440c.

b in the meantime, Hdt.1.126, Th.3.72, X.Mem.2.1.27.

7 πρὸς τούτοις ([etym.] - οισι) besides, Hdt.2.51, Pl.Prt. 326a, X.Mem.2.4.4, Ar.Pl. 540.

ἀ-, as insep. Prefix in compos.:

I α στερητικόν (Sch.Od. 3.279, etc., cf. Eust.985.16), expressing want or absence (cf. Arist. Metaph. 1022b32), as σοφός wise, ἄσοφος unwise: for n?ἀX, the weak form of the negative ne, commonly used in the formation of adjs. and advbs., very rarely in that of vbs. and substs., cf. ἀδώτης, ἀτιμάω, ἀτίω. Before a vowel it usu. appears as ἀν- (exc. where ϝ or spiritus asper has been lost, as ἄ-οινος, ἄ-υπνος, when it sts. coalesces with the following vowel, as ἀργός = ἀ-ϝεργός): the forms ἀνάεδνος, ἀνάελπτος are probably misspelt for ἀν-έϝεδνος, -έϝελπτος. Adjs. formed with it freq. take gen., esp. in Trag., cf. ἀλαμπὲς ἡλίου, = ἄνευ λάμψεως ἡλίου, S.Tr. 691. [ᾰ, exc. in adjs. which begin with three short syllables, which have [pron. full] ᾱ in [dialect] Ep., and freq. also in Lyr., Trag., and Com.; ἀθάνατος invariably has ᾱθ.]

II α ἀθροιστικόν (Eust. 641.61;

τὸ ἄλφα σημαίνει πολλαχοῦ τὸ ὁμοῦ Pl.Cra. 405c

), properly ἁ- since it represents sm- (cf. ἅμα, εἷς = sems), and so in ἁπλόος, ἁθρόος: but freq. ἀ- by dissimilation from following aspirate, as ἄ-λοχος, and hence by analogy in ἄ-κοιτις, etc., q.v.: sts. in the form ὀ-, as in ὄπατρος, ὀγάστριος, ὄζυξ. [ᾰ.]

III α ἐπιτατικόν (Eust. 641.61), strengthening the force of compds., as ἀ-τενής; prob. identical in etymology with 11, from which it is distinguished by Gramm., who sts. confuse it with 1; v. ἀδάκρυτος. [ᾰ.]

------------------------------------

ἀ- as a prothetic vowel, usually before a double consonant, as ἀ-βληχρός, ἀ-σπαίρω; sts. before a single consonant, as ἀ-μέλγω; before a vowel where ϝ is lost, as ἀ-ϝείδω. [ᾰ.]

νηρίτης (- εί-)

Grammatical information: m.

Meaning: `several kinds of sea-snails (Arist.); Thompson Fishes s.v.

Other forms: Besides ἀνᾱρίτᾱς (Ibyc., Epich.), ἀνηρίτης (Herod.); on the Anlaut Lejeune Rev. ét. anc. 45, 141 n. 4.

Compounds: νηριτοτρόφος (A. Fr. 312), but see Leumann, Hom. Wörter 245.

Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]X [probably]

Etymology: The usual notation with - εί- may rest on association with Νήρειος, Νηρεύς; the in itself not probable connection with νηρόν `water' is strongly endangered by the forms ἀναρ-, ἀνηρ- that begin with a vowel. Cf. Redard 81 a. 248 n. 3. Fur. 372 takes the varying initial as evidence for Pre-Greek.

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διαθήκη, ης, ἡ (Democr., Aristoph.+; ins, pap, LXX, En, TestSol, TestAbr, Test12Patr; ParJer 6:21; ApcEsdr, ApcMos; AssMos Fgm. a; Philo, Joseph., Just.; Mel., HE 4, 26, 14) apart from the simplex θήκη ‘case, chest’, for the mng. of this word one must begin with the mid. form of the verb διατίθεμαι, which is freq. used in legal and commercial discourse of disposition of things (s. L-S-J-M s.v. διατιθημι B), w. implication of promissory obligation. Disposition of one’s personal effects would naturally come under testamentary law, hence

① last will and testament (so exclusively in Hellenistic times, Eger [s. 3 below] 99 note; exx. e.g. in Riggenbach 292ff; Behm 10, 1; 2; Philo, Joseph., Test12Patr; loanw. in rabb.) Hb 9:16f; δ. κεκυρωμένη a will that has been ratified Gal 3:15; cp. 17, where δ. shades into mng. 2 (s. κυρόω 1, προκυρόω); s. also EBammel, below, and JSwetnam, CBQ 27, ’65, 373–90. On Jewish perspective s. RKatzoff, An Interpretation of PYadin 19—A Jewish Gift after Death: ProcXXCongPap 562–65.

② As a transl. of בְּרִית in LXX δ. retains the component of legal disposition of personal goods while omitting that of the anticipated death of a testator. A Hellenistic reader would experience no confusion, for it was a foregone conclusion that gods were immortal. Hence a δ. decreed by God cannot require the death of the testator to make it operative. Nevertheless, another essential characteristic of a testament is retained, namely that it is the declaration of one person’s initiative, not the result of an agreement betw. two parties, like a compact or a contract. This is beyond doubt one of the main reasons why the LXX rendered בְּרִית by δ. In the ‘covenants’ of God, it was God alone who set the conditions; hence covenant (s. OED s.v. ‘covenant’ sb. 7) can be used to trans. δ. only when this is kept in mind. So δ. acquires a mng. in LXX which cannot be paralleled w. certainty in extra-Biblical sources, namely ‘decree’, ‘declaration of purpose’, ‘set of regulations’, etc. Our lit., which is very strongly influenced by LXX in this area, seems as a rule to have understood the word in these senses (JHughes, NovT 21, ’79, 27–96 [also Hb 9:16–20; Gal 3:15–17]). God has issued a declaration of his purpose Ro 11:27 (Is 59:21); 1 Cl 15:4 (Ps 77:37); 35:7 (Ps 49:16), which God bears in mind (cp. Ps 104:8f; 105:45 al.) Lk 1:72; it goes back to ancestral days Ac 3:25 (PsSol 9:10; ParJer 6:21). God also issued an ordinance (of circumcision) 7:8 (cp. Gen 17:10ff). Since God’s holy will was set forth on more than one occasion (Gen 6:18; 9:9ff; 15:18; 17:2ff; Ex 19:5 and oft.), one may speak of διαθῆκαι decrees, assurances (cp. διαθῆκαι πατέρων Wsd 18:22; 2 Macc 8:15.—But the pl. is also used for a single testament: Diog. L. 4, 44; 5, 16. In quoting or referring to Theophr. sometimes the sing. [Diog. L. 5, 52; 56] is used, sometimes the pl. [5, 51; 57]) Ro 9:4; Eph 2:12. Much emphasis is laid on the δ. καινή, mentioned as early as Jer 38:31, which God planned for future disposition (Hb 8:8–10; 10:16). God’s decree or covenant directed toward the Christians is a καινὴ δ. (δ. δευτέρα Orig., C. Cels. 2, 75) Lk 22:20; 1 Cor 11:25; 2 Cor 3:6; Hb 8:8; 9:15a; PtK 2 p. 15, 5, or δ. νέα Hb 12:24; PtK 2 p. 15, 6 which, as a δ. αἰώνιος (cp. Jer 39:40; En 99:2) Hb 13:20, far excels 7:22; 8:6 the παλαιὰ δ. 2 Cor 3:14, or πρώτη δ. Hb 9:15b, with which it is contrasted. Both are mentioned (Did., Gen. 46, 4; 235, 26) Gal 4:24; B 4:6ff (Ex 34:28; 31:18; Just., D. 67, 9). Blood was shed when the old covenant was proclaimed at Sinai Hb 9:20 (Ex 24:8); the same is true of the new covenant Hb 10:29. τὸ αἷμά μου τ. διαθήκης Mt 26:28; Mk 14:24 (ELohse, Märtyrer u. Gottesknecht², ’63, 122–29) is prob. to be understood in connection w. this blood (s. WWrede, ZNW 1, 1900, 69–74; TRobinson, My Blood of the Covenant: KMarti Festschr. 1925, 232–37; for a critique of this view s. GWalther, Jesus, D. Passalamm des Neuen Bundes, ’50, 22–27 and JJeremias TLZ, ’51, 547. For Syriac background JEmerton, JTS 13, ’62, 111–17; s. also ÉDelebrecque, Études grecques sur l’vangile de Luc ’76, 109–21).—The v.l. Lk 22:29 may be derived from Jer 39:40 or Is 55:3 LXX (for the cognate acc. s. Aristoph., Aves 440).—δ. may also be transl. decree in the Ep. of Barnabas (4:6ff; 6:19; 9:6; 13:1, 6; 14:1ff δ. δοῦναί τινι); but the freq. occurrence of the idea of inheritance (6:19; 13:1, 6; 14:4f), makes it likely that the ‘decree’ is to be thought of as part of a will.

③ The mng. compact, contract seems firmly established for Gr-Rom. times (FNorton, A Lexicographical and Historical Study of Διαθήκη, Chicago 1908, 31ff; EBruck, D. Schenkung auf d. Todesfall im griech. u. röm. Recht I 1909, 115ff; JWackernagel, D. Kultur d. Gegenw. I 8² 1907, 309). It remains doubtful whether this mng. has influenced our lit. here and there (exc. quite prob. Lk 22:29 v.l. with its administrative tenor; the phrase διατίθεμαι δ. as Aristoph., Av. 440 of a treaty agreement), but the usage of the term δ. in such sense would again serve as a bridge to LXX usage.—The expr. ἡ κιβωτὸς τ. διαθήκης covenant chest i.e. the sacred box (Eng. ‘ark’ as loanw. from Lat. arca) that symbolized God’s pledge of presence w. Israel (Ex 31:7; 39:14 al.) Hb 9:4; Rv 11:19 or αἱ πλάκες τ. διαθ. (Ex 34:28; Dt 9:9, 11) Hb 9:4 would have required some acquaintance with Israelite tradition on the part of ancient readers.—ERiggenbach, D. Begriff d. Διαθήκη im Hb: Theol. Stud. f. TZahn 1908, 289ff, Hb² 1922, 205ff al.; ACarr, Covenant or Testament?: Exp. 7th ser., 7, 1909, 347ff; JBehm, D. Begriff D. im NT 1912; ELohmeyer, Diatheke 1913; WFerguson, Legal Terms Common to the Macedonian Inscr. and the NT, 1913, 42–46 (testamentary exhibits); HKennedy, Exp. 8th ser., 10, 1915, 385ff; GVos, Hebrews, the Epistle of the Diatheke: PTR 13, 1915, 587–632; 14, 1916, 1–61; OEger, ZNW 18, 1918, 84–108; EBurton, ICC Gal 1921, 496–505; LdaFonseca, Διαθήκη foedus an testamentum?: Biblica 8, 1927; 9, 1928; EBammel, Gottes διαθήκη (Gal 3:15–17) u. d. jüd. Rechtsdenken, NTS 6, ’60, 313–19; NDow, A Select Bibliography on the Concept of Covenant, Austin Seminary Bulletin 78, 6, ’63; CRoetzel, Biblica 51, ’70, 377–90 (Ro 9:4); DMcCarthy, Berit and Covenant (Deut.), ’72, 65–85; EChristiansen, The Covenant in Judaism and Paul ’95.—DELG s.v. θήκη. M-M. TW. Sv.

πρῶτος, η, ον (Hom.+; loanw. in rabb.).

① pert. to being first in a sequence, inclusive of time, set (number), or space, first of several, but also when only two persons or things are involved (=πρότερος; exx. in Hdb. on J 1:15; Rdm.² 71f; Thackeray 183; s. also Mlt. 79; 245; B-D-F §62; Rob. 516; 662; and s. Mt 21:31 v.l.).

ⓐ of time first, earliest, earlier

α. as adj. ἀπὸ τῆς πρώτης ἡμέρας ἄχρι τοῦ νῦν Phil 1:5; cp. Ac 20:18 (on the absence of the art. [also Phil 1:5 v.l.] s. B-D-F §256; Rob. 793). ἡ πρώτη ἀπολογία 2 Ti 4:16 (MMeinertz, Worauf bezieht sich die πρώτη ἀπολογία 2 Ti 4:16?: Biblica 4, 1923, 390–94). ἡ πρ. διαθήκη Hb 9:15. τὰ πρῶτα ἔργα Rv 2:5. ἡ ἀνάστασις ἡ πρώτη 20:5f. ἡ πρώτη ὅρασις Hv 3, 10, 3; 3, 11, 2; 4. ἡ ἐκκλησία ἡ πρ. 2 Cl 14:1.—Subst. τὰ πρ. … τὰ ἔσχατα (Job 8:7): γίνεται τὰ ἔσχατα χείρονα τῶν πρώτων Mt 12:45; cp. Lk 11:26; 2 Pt 2:20; Hv 1, 4, 2. οἱ πρῶτοι (those who came earlier, as Artem. 2, 9 p. 93, 19 those who appeared earlier) Mt 20:10; cp. vs. 8. ἀπέστειλεν ἄλλους δούλους πλείονας τῶν πρώτων 21:36. Cp. 27:64. πρῶτος ἐξ ἀναστάσεως νεκρῶν the first to rise from the dead Ac 26:23. ὁ πρῶτος the first one J 5:4; 1 Cor 14:30. On the self-designation of the Risen Lord ὁ πρ. καὶ ὁ ἔσχατος Rv 1:17; 2:8; 22:13; s. ἔσχατος 2b (πρ. of God: Is 44:6; 48:12).—As a predicate adj., where an adv. can be used in English (ParJer 1:8 εἰ μὴ ἐγὼ πρῶτος ἀνοίξω τὰς πύλας; B-D-F §243; Rob. 657), as the first one = first ἦλθεν πρῶτος he was the first one to come = he came first J 20:4; cp. vs. 8. πρῶτος Μωϋσῆς λέγει Ro 10:19. Ἀβραὰμ πρῶτος περιτομὴν δούς Abraham was the first to practice circumcision B 9:7. οἱ ἄγγελοι οἱ πρῶτοι κτισθέντες the angels who were created first Hv 3, 4, 1; Hs 5, 5, 3.—1 Ti 2:13; 1J 4:19; AcPlCor 2:9.—ἐν ἐμοὶ πρώτῳ in me as the first 1 Ti 1:16.—Used w. a gen. of comparison (Ocelus Luc. 3 ἐκεῖνο πρῶτον τοῦ παντός ἐστιν=prior to the All; Manetho 1, 329; Athen. 14, 28 p. 630c codd.) πρῶτός μου ἦν he was earlier than I = before me J 1:15, 30 (PGM 13, 543 σοῦ πρῶτός εἰμι.—Also Ep. 12 of Apollonius of Tyana: Philostrat. I p. 348, 30 τὸ τῇ τάξει δεύτερον οὐδέποτε τῇ φύσει πρῶτον). So perh. also ἐμὲ πρῶτον ὑμῶν μεμίσηκεν 15:18 (s. β below) and πάντων πρώτη ἐκτίσθη Hv 2, 4, 1.—As a rule the later element is of the same general nature as the one that precedes it. But it can also be someth. quite different, even its exact opposite: τὴν πρώτην πίστιν ἠθέτησαν 1 Ti 5:12. τὴν ἀγάπην σου τὴν πρώτην ἀφῆκες Rv 2:4.—Used elliptically ἡ πρώτη (i.e. ἡμέρα sim. Polyb. 5, 19, 1; 18, 27, 2 τῇ πρώτῃ) τῶν ἀζύμων Mt 26:17. πρώτῃ σαββάτου on the first day of the week Mk 16:9. In some of the passages mentioned above the idea of sequence could be predom.

β. the neuter πρῶτον as adv., of time first, in the first place, before, earlier, to begin with (Peripl. Eryth. 4; Chariton 8, 2, 4; ApcEsdr 3:11; Just., D. 2, 4) πρῶτον πάντων first of all Hv 5:5a. ἐπίτρεψόν μοι πρῶτον ἀπελθεῖν καὶ θάψαι let me first go and bury Mt 8:21. συλλέξατε πρῶτον τὰ ζιζάνια gather the weeds first 13:30. Cp. 17:10, 11 v.l.; Mk 7:27; 9:11f; 13:10; Lk 9:59, 61; 12:1 ( first Jesus speaks to his disciples, and only then [vs. 15] to the people. If one prefers to take πρ. w. what follows, as is poss., it has mng. 2a); 14:28, 31; J 7:51; 18:13; Ac 26:20; Ro 15:24 al. in NT; B 15:7; Hv 3, 1, 8; 3, 6, 7; 3, 8, 11; 5:5b. τότε πρῶτον then for the first time Ac 11:26 D. πρῶτον … καὶ τότε first … and then (Sir 11:7; Jos., Ant. 13, 187) Mt 5:24; 7:5; 12:29; Mk 3:27; Lk 6:42; IEph 7:2. τότε is correlative w. πρῶτον without καί J 2:10 v.l. Likew. πρῶτον … εἶτα (εἶτεν) first … then (Just., D. 33, 2 al.; s. εἶτα 1) Mk 4:28; 1 Ti 3:10; B 6:17. πρῶτον … ἔπειτα (ἔπειτα 2) 1 Cor 15:46; 1 Th 4:16. πρῶτον … μετὰ ταῦτα Mk 16:9, s. vs. 12. πρῶτον … εἶτα … μετὰ ταῦτα 1 Cl 23:4; 2 Cl 11:3 (in both cases the same prophetic saying of unknown origin). πρῶτον … ἐν τῷ δευτέρῳ Ac 7:12.—Pleonastically πρῶτον πρὸ τοῦ ἀρίστου Lk 11:38.—W. gen. (Chariton 5, 4, 9 cod. πρῶτον τ. λόγων=before it comes to words) ἐμὲ πρῶτον ὑμῶν μεμίσηκεν it hated me before ( it hated) you J 15:18 (but s. 1aα).—W. the art. τὸ πρῶτον (Hom. et al.; Jos., Ant. 8, 402; 14, 205) the first time J 10:40; 19:39; at first (Diod S 1, 85, 2; Jos., Ant. 2, 340) 12:16; 2 Cl 9:5. τὰ πρῶτα (Hom. et al.; Appian, Syr. 15 §64; Ps.-Phoc. 8) the first time, at first MPol 8:2.

ⓑ of number or sequence (the area within which this sense is valid cannot be marked off w. certainty from the area 1aα)

α. as adj. Mt 21:28; 22:25; Mk 12:20; Lk 14:18; 16:5; 19:16; 20:29; J 19:32; Ac 12:10; 13:33 v.l.; Rv 4:7; 8:7; 21:19; Hs 9, 1, 5. τὸ πρῶτον … τὸ δεύτερον (Alex. Aphr., An. p. 28, 9 Br.) Hb 10:9. On πρώτης τῆς μερίδος Μακεδονίας πόλις Ac 16:12 s. μερίς 1 and RAscough, NTS 44, ’98, 93–103.—Since πρῶτος can stand for πρότερος (s. 1 at beg.; also Mlt-Turner 32), it by no means follows from τὸν μὲν πρῶτον λόγον Ac 1:1 that the writer of Luke and of Ac must have planned to write a third book (Zahn, NKZ 28, 1917, 373ff, Comm. 1919, 16ff holds that he planned to write a third volume; against this view s. EGoodspeed, Introd. to the NT ’37, 189; Haenchen, et al.—Athenaeus 15, 701c mentions the first of Clearchus’ two books on proverbs with the words ἐν τῷ προτέρῳ περὶ παροιμιῶν, but 10, 457c with ἐν τῷ πρώτῳ περὶ παροιμιῶν. Diod S 1, 42, 1 the first half of a two-part work is called ἡ πρώτη βίβλος and 3, 1, 1 mentions a division into πρώτη and δευτέρα βίβ. In 13, 103, 3 the designation for the first of two works varies between ἡ πρώτη σύνταξις and ἡ προτέρα ς. See Haenchen on Ac 1:1).—πρῶτος is also used without any thought that the series must continue: τὸν πρῶτον ἰχθύν the very first fish Mt 17:27. αὕτη ἀπογραφὴ πρώτη ἐγένετο Lk 2:2, likewise, does not look forward in the direction of additional censuses, but back to a time when there were none at all (Ael. Aristid. 13 p. 227 D. παράκλησις αὕτη [=challenge to a sea-fight] πρώτη ἐγένετο; for interpolation theory s. JWinandy, RB 104, ’97, 372–77; cp. BPearson, CBQ, ’99, 262--82).—τὰ τείχη τὰ πρῶτα Hs 8, 6, 6 does not contrast the ‘first walls’ w. other walls; rather it distinguishes the only walls in the picture (Hs 8, 7, 3; 8, 8, 3) as one edifice, from the tower as the other edifice.

β. adv., the neuter πρῶτον of sequence in enumerations (not always clearly distinguished fr. sense 1aβ) first πρῶτον ἀποστόλους, δεύτερον προφήτας, τρίτον … 1 Cor 12:28 (Mitt-Wilck. I/2, 20 II, 10ff [II A.D.] τὸ πρ. … τὸ δεύτερον … τὸ τρίτον. Without the art. 480, 12ff [II A.D.]; Diod S 36, 7, 3; Tat. 40, 1). See Hb 7:2; Js 3:17.—Not infrequently Paul begins w. πρῶτον μέν without continuing the series, at least in form (B-D-F §447, 4; Rob. 1152. For πρ. without continuation s. Plat., Ep. 7, 337b, Plut., Mor. 87b; Jos., Ant. 1, 182; Ath. 27, 1 πρῶτα μέν) Ro 1:8; 3:2; 1 Cor 11:18. S. also 2 Cl 3:1.

ⓒ of space outer, anterior σκηνὴ ἡ πρώτη the outer tent, i.e. the holy place Hb 9:2; cp. vss. 6, 8.

② pert. to prominence, first, foremost, most important, most prominent

ⓐ adj.

α. of things (Ocellus [II B.C.] 56 Harder [1926] πρώτη κ. μεγίστη φυλακή; Ael. Aristid. 23, 43 K.=42 p. 783 D.: πόλεις; Ezk 27:22; PsSol 17:43; χρυσίον τὸ πρῶτον τίμιον; JosAs 15:10) ἡ μεγάλη καὶ πρώτη ἐντολή Mt 22:38; cp. Mk 12:29. ἐντολὴ πρώτη πάντων vs. 28 (OLehmann, TU 73, ’59, 557–61 [rabb.]; CBurchard, ZNW 61, ’70, cites JosAs 15:10; 18:5). Without superl. force ἐντολὴ πρώτη ἐν ἐπαγγελίᾳ a commandment of great importance, with a promise attached Eph 6:2 (the usual transl. ‘first commandment w. a promise’ [NRSV, REB et al.] loses sight of the fact that Ex 20:4–6=Dt 5:8–10 has an implied promise of the same kind as the one in Ex 20:12=Dt 5:16. πρ. here is best taken in the same sense as in Mk 12:29 above). στολὴν τὴν πρώτην the special robe Lk 15:22 (JosAs 15:10).—ἐν πρώτοις among the first = most important things, i.e. as of first importance 1 Cor 15:3 (Pla., Pol. 522c ὸ̔ καὶ παντὶ ἐν πρώτοις ἀνάγκη μανθάνειν; Epict., Ench. 20; Mitt-Wilck I/2, 14 II, 9 ἐν πρώτοις ἐρωτῶ σε; Josh 9:2d).

β. of persons (Dio Chrys. 19 [36], 35 πρ. καὶ μέγιστος θεός; TestAbr B 4 p. 108, 18 [Stone p. 64]; ApcSed 5:2; Jos., Ant. 15, 398; Just., A I, 60, 5 al. τὸν πρῶτον θεόν) ὸ̔ς ἂν θέλῃ ἐν ὑμῖν εἶναι πρῶτος whoever wishes to be the first among you Mt 20:27; Mk 10:44; cp. 9:35. πρῶτος Σίμων Mt 10:2 is not meant to indicate the position of Simon in the list, since no other numbers follow, but to single him out as the most prominent of the twelve. W. gen. ὧν (=τῶν ἁμαρτωλῶν) πρῶτός εἰμι 1 Ti 1:15. Pl. (οἱ) πρῶτοι in contrast to (οἱ) ἔσχατοι Mt 19:30; 20:16; Mk 9:35; 10:31; Lk 13:30; Ox 654, 25f (cp. GTh 4; sim. Sallust. 9 p. 16, 21f τοῖς ἐσχάτοις … τοῖς πρώτοις; s. ἔσχατος 2).—αἱ πρώται prominent women (in the phrase γυναικῶν τε τῶν πρώτων οὐκ ὀλίγαι) Ac 17:4 (s. New Docs 1, 72). οἱ πρῶτοι the most prominent men, the leading men w. gen. of place (Jos., Ant. 7, 230 τῆς χώρας) οἱ πρ. τῆς Γαλιλαίας Mk 6:21; cp. Ac 13:50 (in phrasing sim. to πολλὰς μὲν γυναῖκας εὐγενεῖς καὶ τῶν πρώτων ἀνδρῶν ἤισχυναν=‘they dishonored many well-born women as well as men of high station’ Theopomp.: 115 Fgm. 121 Jac. p. 563, 33f), or of a group (Strabo 13, 2, 3 οἱ πρ. τῶν φίλων; Jos., Ant. 20, 180) οἱ πρ. τοῦ λαοῦ (Jos., Ant. 11, 141) Lk 19:47; cp. Ac 25:2; 28:17. On ὁ πρῶτος τῆς νήσου vs. 7 (πρῶτος Μελιταίων IGR I, 512=IG XIV, 601; cp. CB I/2, 642 no. 535 ὁ πρῶτος ἐν τῇ πόλει; p. 660 no. 616; SEG XLI, 1345, 14f; cp. CIL X, 7495, 1; s. Hemer, Acts 153, n. 152; Warnecke, Romfahrt 119ff) s. Πόπλιος.

ⓑ adv. πρῶτον of degree in the first place, above all, especially (Jos., Ant. 10, 213) ζητεῖτε πρῶτον τὴν βασιλείαν Mt 6:33. Ἰουδαίῳ τε πρῶτον καὶ Ἕλληνι Ro 1:16; cp. 2:9f.—Ac 3:26; 2 Pt 1:20; 3:3. Of the Macedonian Christians ἑαυτοὺς ἔδωκαν πρῶτον τῷ κυρίῳ καὶ ἡμῖν they gave themselves first of all to the Lord, and (then) to us 2 Cor 8:5. παρακαλῶ πρῶτον πάντων first of all I urge 1 Ti 2:1.—B. 939. DELG. M-M. EDNT. TW. Sv.

Grammatical information: adj.

Meaning: `steep' (Il.)

Other forms: Other stem in αἰπά ( αἰπὰ ῥέεθρα Θ 369) and αἰπήν ( πόλιν... αἰπήν γ 130 etc.), maybe a metrical device.

Derivatives: αἰπήεις (Hom.), s. Schwyzer 527: 3 - αἶπος n. (E.) with αἰπεινός (\< *αἰπεσ-νός).

Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]X [probably]

Etymology: No etym. - Here perhaps αἶψα, s. s.v. - Fur. 158 further connects ἐξαιφνής \/ ἐξαπίνης, ἄφνω \/ ἄφαρ, which is as good as that with αἶψα (π\/φ is well known, lab. \/ ψ also, cf. δέφω \/ δέψω, βίττκαος \/ ψιττακός); many Pre-Greek words begin with αἰ-.

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θλίβω fut. θλίψω; 1 aor. ἔθλιψα. Pass.: fut. 3 sg. θλιβήσεται Job 20:22; 2 aor. ἐθλίβην; pf. ptc. τεθλιμμένος (s. next entry; Hom.+; ins, pap, LXX, pseudepigr.; Philo; Jos., Bell. 3, 330, Ant. 20, 111; SibOr; Mel., P. 80, 587).

① to press or crowd close against, press upon, crowd τινά someone (Sir 16:28 v.l.; JosAs 23:8 τὸν πόδα) Mk 3:9 (cp. Appian, Bell. Civ. 4, 45, §194 ἐπιθλίβω τινά=crowd around someone).

② to cause someth. to be constricted or narrow, press together, compress, make narrow (Dionys. Hal. 8, 73 βίοι τεθλιμμένοι, provisions that have become scarce; ὁ θεὸς ἔθλιψεν τὴν σελήνην GrBar 9:7); pass. of space that is limited (of small living quarters Theocr. 21, 18 θλιβομένα καλύβα= tight quarters; Lucian, Alex. 49 τ. πόλεως θλιβομένης ὑπὸ τ. πλήθους =the city jammed full w. a multitude) ἔν τινι τόπῳ τεθλιμμένῳ καὶ πεπληρωμένῳ ἑρπετῶν πονηρῶν a tight place and full of bad snakes = a place jammed full with bad snakes ApcPt 10:25 (the misery is twofold: tight quarters to begin with and being totally surrounded by snakes). Of a road (w. a corresp. στενὴ πύλη) ὁδὸς τεθλιμμένη a narrow, confined road and therefore a source of trouble or difficulty to those using it Mt 7:14 (TestAbr A 11 p. 88, 30 [Stone p. 24]; s. KBornhäuser, Die Bergpredigt 1923, 177ff); on the imagery s. AMattill, JBL 98, ’79, 531–46; Betz, SM 527: “The chances of failure are greater than the chances of success, a sobering message.”

③ to cause to be troubled, oppress, afflict τινά someone (Dt 28:53; Lev 19:33; SibOr 3, 630) 2 Th 1:6. τὸ πνεῦμα τὸ ἅγιον oppress the Holy Spirit Hm 10, 2, 5; χρεώστας θ. oppress debtors 8:10.—Pass. be afflicted, distressed (UPZ 42, 22 [162 B.C.]; PsSol 1:1 al.) 2 Cor 1:6; 4:8; 7:5; Hb 11:37; Hm 2:5. θλιβείς by suffering B 7:11. θλιβεὶς τῇ γνώμῃ τινός distressed by someone’s scheming IPhld 6:2. ψυχὴ θλιβομένη distressed soul Hs 1:8 (PGM 1, 213 θλίβεταί[?] μου ἡ ψυχή; TestSol 1:4 θλιβομένης μου τῆς ψυχῆς; Mel., P. 80, 587; Proclus on Pla., Crat., 72, 3 Pasqu. δαίμονες θλίβουσι τ. ψυχάς; Nicetas Eugen. 2, 27 H. ψυχὴ τεθλιμμένη; cp. Philo, De Ios. 179). On Hs 8, 10, 4 s. Bonner 113 note.—Subst. ὁ θλιβόμενος the oppressed (one) (TestSol D 4, 11 παραμυθία των θ.; JosAs 12:11 τῶν θλιβομένων βοηθός; Diod S 13, 109, 5 οἱ θλιβόμενοι=those who were hard pressed) 1 Ti 5:10; ISm 6:2; B 20:2; D 5:2. Esp., as in some of the aforementioned pass., of the persecution of Christians 1 Th 3:4; 2 Th 1:7. θλιβῆναι πάσῃ θλίψει suffer every kind of affliction Hs 6, 3, 6; cp. 7:1ff; 8, 10, 4. ὑπὲρ τοῦ νόμου θλιβέντες persecuted for the law (i.e., for the way of life that is in accordance with the instructions of Jesus) 8, 3, 7.—DELG. M-M. EDNT. TW.

αὐτίκᾰ [pron. full] [ῐ], Adv.

A forthwith, at once, in a moment, which notion is strengthd. by Hom. in

αὐ. νῦν, μάλ' αὐ.

on the spot,

Od.10.111

, al.: c. part., αὐτίκ' ἰόντι immediately on his going, 2.367; beginning a sentence, Sapph.Supp. 20a.13: in Prose, αὐ. γενόμενος as soon as born, Hdt.2.146;

αὐ. μάλα Id.7.103

, IG12.39.47, Pl.Prt. 318b; αὐ. δὴ μάλα presently (at the end of a sentence), D.21.19,23;

αὐ. νυκτός Theoc.2.119

.

2 now, for the moment,

αὐ. καὶ μετέπειτα Od.14.403

;

ὁ μὲν αὐτίχ' ὁ δ' ἥξει A.Ch. 1020

; ἡδὺ μὲν γὰρ αὐ... ἐν δὲ χρόνῳ .. E.Andr. 781 (lyr.); Th. opposes τὸ αὐ. and

ὁ μέλλων πόλεμος 1.36

, cf. 2.41: with a Subst.,

τὴν μὲν αὐτίχ' ἡμέραν S.OC 433

; ὁ αὐ. φόβος momentary fear, Th.3.112, cf. 1.41, 124.

3 in a slightly future sense, immediately, presently,

αὐτίκ' ἀκούσεσθε D.19.17

, cf. S.Ph.14, 1001, Ar.Pl. 347, etc.; opp. νῦν, Pl.Grg. 459c, R. 420c;

ἐμπέπτωκεν εἰς λόγους οὓς αὐ. μᾶλλον.. ἁρμόσει λέγειν D.18.42

.

II for example, to begin with, Hp.Epid.1.25, Acut.16;

αὐ. γὰρ ἄρχει διὰ τίν' ὁ Ζεύς; Ar.Pl. 130

, cf. Au.166,574, Pl.Prt. 395e, R. 340d, Dialex.2.2, al.;

αὐ. δὴ μάλα

for example now,

D.25.29

; at any rate, Plu.2.1137d.

III = αὖθις, Arat.880, 1076 (but = εὐθέως, Sch.).

τέως, [dialect] Ep. prob. [full] τῆος (not in codd. of Hom., v. sub fin.):—Adv. of Time,

A so long, in the meantime, correlat. to

ἕως, ἧος ἐγὼ.. ἠλώμην, τῆός μοι ἀδελφεὸν ἄλλος ἔπεφνεν Od.4.91

, cf. Il.20.42; to ὄφρα, 19.189; so in [dialect] Att.,

ἐσθίων τ. ἕως.. Ar. Pax32

: sts. without a Relat., until then, during that time, referring to a time already indicated,

ἐς γάμου ὥρην.. · τῆος δὲ.. παρὰ μητρὶ κεῖσθαι ἐνὶ μεγάρῳ Od.15.127

; τελεσφόρον εἰς ἐνιαυτὸν.. · ὁ δὲ τῆος (Nauck, for τέως μὲν) .. δέδετο ib. 231, cf.S.Aj. 558; ποσσῆμαρ μέμονας.., ὄφρα τ... μένω, i.e. for that number of days, Il.24.658, cf. Od.16.370; ἐγὼ δ' οἴσω τ. E.Heracl. 725, cf. Ar. Pax 687, 729 (anap.).

2 rarely for ἕως, Hdt.4.165, Hp.Int.26, Mul.2.165, Pl.Smp. 191e, D.19.326, 21.16, A.R.4.821, 1617, Sardis7(1)No. 1 ii 12,19.

II for a time, a while (cf. ἕως B), mostly with some answering word or phrase, as

τῆος μὲν.., αὐτὰρ νῦν Od.16.139

;

τῆος.., ἀλλ' ὅτε δή 24.162

(Nauck, for τέως μὲν.. )

; φίλον τ., νῦν δ' ἐχθρόν A.Ch. 1001(993)

;

τ. μὲν.., ὡς δὲ.. Th.6.61

, Pl.Phd. 117c; τ. μὲν.., ἐπεὶ or ἐπειδὴ δὲ.. , X.Cyr.5.3.17, Lys.31.8;

τ. μὲν.., ἡνίκα δὲ.. X.HG4.3.17

;

τ. μὲν.., μετὰ δὲ.. Hdt.1.11

;

τ. μὲν.., ἔπειτα δὲ.. Id.6.83

;

τ. μὲν.., τέλος δὲ.. Id.1.82

;

τ. μὲν.., νῦν δὲ.. Ar.Th. 449

; τ. μὲν.., ἔπειτα or εἶτα.., without δέ, Th.5.7, X.HG 2.2.17, Ar.Nu.66:—without answering phrase, A.R.2.132.

III up to this time, hitherto, Hdt.6.112, Ar.Pl. 834, Pl.Smp. 191b, IG12.57.21, 108.48;

ἐν τῷ τ. χρόνῳ Lys.7.12

, 27.16 (but ἐν τῷ τ. in the meantime, Polyaen.1.39.4, 8.47.1, Ael.NA2.25, 11.38, Steph. in Hp. 1.217 D., condemned by Hdn.Philet.p.434 P.; διὰ τὸ τ. for the present, Zos.Alch.p.231 B.);

φίλοι τ. ὄντες Is.1.9

.

IV τ. εἰδέναι χρή you must know to begin with, Gp.9.11.1, 9.19.1;

νυνὶ δ' αὐτὸ τὸ κεφάλαιον.. ἄκουσον εἰς ὀλίγους τ. ἀνενηνεγμένον σκοπούς Gal.15.764

. [As a trochee before a vowel, Il.20.42, Od.16.370; as a trochee (spondee) before a consonant, Il.15.277 (Zenod.), Od.4.91, 15.127, 16.139; as an iambus, only Il.19.189 (sed leg. αὐτόθι τῆος, om. περ), 24.658, Od.18.190; as a monosyll., 15.231, 24.162, never in Il.; in codd. of Hom. written τείως, Od.4.91, al. (so in A.R.2.132, al.);

τέως Il.24.658

, al.; rarely τεῖος, one cod. in Il.20.42.] (Cret. [full] τάως Hsch.: but the dialect forms of the correlative ἕως (ἇς etc.) indicate a primitive Gr. Τᾱος, Old [dialect] Ion. Τῆος (cf. Skt. tāvat 'so great, so long'), whence later [dialect] Ion. and [dialect] Att. τέως.)

Τροία, [dialect] Ion. Τροίη, ἡ,

A Troy, whether of the city, 'Troy-town', Il. 9.46, etc.; or the country, the Troad,

Τροίην ἐριβώλακα 3.74

, etc.:—also [full] Τροΐα as trisyll., Sapph.Supp.5.9, Scol.17,18, dub. in S.Aj. 1190 (lyr., v. ad fin.); [dialect] Dor. [full] Τρωΐα Pi.N.2.14, 3.60, A.Ch. 363 (lyr.); [var] contr. [full] Τρῴα Pi.O.2.81 (cj. Boeckh for Τροίας):—hence [full] Τροίᾱθεν, [dialect] Ion. -ηθεν, from Troy, Od.3.257, etc.;

ἀπὸ Τροίηθεν Il.24.492

; [dialect] Dor.

Τρωΐᾱθεν Pi.N.7.41

:—[full] Τροίανδε, [dialect] Ion. -ηνδε, to Troy, Il.7.390, etc.; [dialect] Dor.

Τρῴανδε Pi.I.4(3).36(54)

.

II a game, the Lat. Troja (Verg.A.5.602),

Τροίαν ἱππεῦσαι D.C.59.7

, cf. 11. [Zenod. and Aristarch. scanned Τροίη ([place name] Troy) as disyll. everywhere in Hom., but Aristarch. scanned (and wrote) ([etym.] πόλιν) Τροΐην as trisyll. in Il.1.129, Od.11.510, understanding 'a Trojan city (city of the Troad)', v. Sch. Il. l.c.; cf. Τρώϊος: Τροίη ([etym.] - ης -ῃ -ην ) stands at the beginning of the line in the phrase

Τροίῃ ἐν εὐρείῃ Il.24.256

, 494, Od.1.62, 4.99, 5.307; in the other 82 occurrences the trisyll. form is admitted by the metre, but should perh. not be restored, as disyll. Τροίη (- ης etc.) is almost inevitably so placed in a hexam.:—codd.Pi. (in contrast to codd.Hom.) have

Τρωΐα N.4.25

, al., and Τροΐα ib.2.14, al. (with either spelling the word may begin with ?ΤροίαX ?ΤροίαX), cf. Eust.65.22.]

ἀρχή, ἡ, (v. ἄρχω)

A beginning, origin,

νείκεος ἀ. Il.22.116

;

πήματος Od.8.81

;

φόνου 21.4

, etc.; opp. τέλος, Hdt.7.51, etc.; opp. τελευτή, Thgn.607, cf. Pl.Lg. 715e, Hp.Morb.1.1;

ἀ. γενέσθαι κακῶν Hdt.5.97

;

ἀ. ποιήσασθαί τινος Th.1.128

, And.2.37, Isoc.12.120, etc.;

ἀ. λαβεῖν τινός Aeschin.1.11

;

τὰς ἀρχὰς εἰληφέναι Plb.4.28.3

; ἀρχὴν ὑποθέσθαι lay a foundation, D.3.2, etc.;

βαλέσθαι Pl.Ep. 326e

(and [voice] Pass.,

ἀρχαὶ βέβληνται Pi.N.1.8

);

ἀρχὴν ἄρχεσθαί τινος Pl.Ti. 36e

; source of action, [

ὁ ἄνθρωπος] ἔχει ἀρχὴν ἐλευθέραν Plot.3.3.4

.

b with Preps. in adverbial usages, ἐξ ἀρχῆς from the beginning, from the first, from of old, Od.1.188, Xenoph.10, etc.;

οὑξ ἀ. φίλος S.OT 385

;

ἡ ἐξ ἀ. ἔχθρα D.54.3

;

τὸ ἐξ ἀ. X.Cyn.12.6

; but

πλουτεῖν ἐξ ἀ. πάλιν

anew, afresh,

Ar.Pl. 221

;

λόγον πάλιν ὥσπερ ἐξ ἀ. κινεῖν Pl.R. 450a

; ὁ ἐξ ἀ. λόγος the original argument, Id.Tht. 177c, etc.; τὰ ἐξ ἀ. the principal sum, Arist.Pol. 1280a30:—also

ἀπ' ἀ. Hes.Th. 425

, Hdt.2.104, Pi.P.8.25, A.Supp. 344, Pl.Tht. 206d; κατ' ἀρχάς in the beginning, at first, Hdt.3.153, 7.5;

αὐτίκα κατ' ἀ. Id.8.94

;

τὸ κατ' ἀ. Pl. Lg. 798a

, al.

c acc. ἀρχήν, abs., to begin with, at first, Hdt. 1.9, 2.28, 8.132;

τὴν ἀρχήν And.3.20

: pl.,

τὰς ἀρχάς Plb.16.22.8

: freq. followed by a neg., not at all,

ἀρχὴν μηδὲ λαβών Hdt.3.39

, cf. 1.193, al.;

ἀ. δὲ θηρᾶν οὐ πρέπει τἀμήχανα S.Ant.92

;

ἀ. κλύειν ἂν οὐκ.. ἐβουλόμην Id.Ph. 1239

, cf. El. 439, Philol.3, Antipho5.73, Pl. Grg. 478c; sts. c. Art.,

τοῦτο οὐκ ἐνδέκομαι τὴν ἀ. Hdt.4.25

;

τὴν ἀ. γὰρ ἐξῆν αὐτῷ μὴ γράφειν D.23.93

.

2 first principle, element, first so used by Anaximander, acc. to Simp. in Ph.150.23, cf. Arist. Metaph. 983b11, etc.;

Ἡράκλειτος τὴν ἀ. εἶναί φησι ψυχήν Id.de An. 405a25

; of ὕλη and θεός, opp. στοιχεῖα, Placit.1.3.25; practical principle of conduct,

τῶν πράξεων τὰς ἀρχὰς καὶ τὰς ὑποθέσεις D. 2.10

; principles of knowledge, Arist.Metaph. 995b8, al.

3 end, corner, of a bandage, rope, sheet, etc., Hdt.4.60, Hp.Off.9, E.Hipp. 762, Aen.Tact.18.14, Act.Ap.10.11; of a compound pulley, Hero Bel.84.14.

4 Math., origin of a curve,

τῆς ἕλικος Archim.Spir. 11

Def.2, etc.;

ξυνὸν ἀ. καὶ πέρας ἐπὶ κύκλου περιφερείας Heraclit. 103

.

5 branch of a river, LXX Ge.2.10 (pl.).

6 sum, total, ib.Nu.1.2.

7 vital organs of the body, Gal.1.318, al.

II first place or power, sovereignty (not in Hom.),

Διὸς ἀρχά Pi.O.2.64

, cf. Hdt.1.6, etc.;

γενέσθαι ἐπ' ἀρχῆς Arist.Pol. 1284b2

: metaph., μεγάλην μεντἂν ἀ. εἴης εὑρηκώς, of a stroke of fortune, D.21.196: pl.,

ἀρχαὶ πολισσονόμοι A.Ch. 864

(lyr.);

τὰς ἐμὰς ἀρχὰς σέβων S.Ant. 744

, etc.: c. gen. rei,

τῆσδ' ἔχων ἀρχὴν χθονός S.OT 737

; ἀ. τῶν νεῶν, τῆς θαλάσσης, power over them, Th.3.90, X.Ath.2.7, etc.: prov., ἀ. ἄνδρα δείξει Biasap.Arist.EN 1130a1, cf. D.Prooem.48; method of government,

οὐδὲ τὴν ἄλλην ἀ. ἐπαχθής Th.6.54

.

2 empire, realm, Κύρου, Περδίκκου ἀ., Hdt.1.91, Th.4.128, etc.

3 magistracy, office, ἀρχὴν ἄρχειν, παραλαμβάνειν, Hdt.3.80, 4.147;

καταστήσας τὰς ἀ. καὶ ἄρχοντας ἐπιστήσας Id.3.89

; εἰς ἀ. καθίστασθαι Th.8.70; εἰς τὴν ἀ. εἰσιέναι D.59.72, etc.; ἀ. λαχεῖν to obtain an office, Id.57.25;

Ἑλληνοταμίαι τότε πρῶτον κατέστη ἀ. Th.1.96

;

ἐνιαύσιος ἀ. Id.6.54

; ἀ. χειροτονητή, κληρωτή, Lex ap.Aeschin.1.21; withsg. Noun,

Κυθηροδίκης ἀ. ἐκ τῆς Σπάρτης διέβαινεν αὐτόσε Th.4.53

; term of office,

ἀρχῆς λοιποὶ αὐτῷ δύο μῆνες Antipho6.42

;

ἀρχαὶ καὶ λειτουργίαι POxy.119.16

(iii A.D.).

4 in pl.,

αἱ ἀρχαί

the authorities, the magistrates,

Th.5.47

, cf. Decr. ap. And.1.83; ἐν ταῖς ἀ. εἶναι Th.6.54; ἡ ἀρχή collectively, 'the board', D.47.22, cf. IG1.229, etc.;

παραδιδόναι τινὰ τῇ ἀ. Antipho5.48

; but ἡ ἀ., of a single magistrate, PHal.1.226 (iii B.C.); κατ' ἀρχῆς γὰρ φιλαίτιος λεώς against authority, A.Supp. 485;

πομποὺς ἀρχάς Id.Ag. 124

(anap.).

5 command, i.e. body of troops, LXX 1 Ki.13.17, al.

6 pl., heavenly powers, Ep.Rom.8.38, al., cf. Dam. Pr.96; powers of evil, Ep.Eph.6.12, al.

III = εἶδος μελίσσης ἀκέντρου, Hsch.

ὑπαρκ-τέον,

A one must begin with, τι Pl.R. 467c; τῶν ἴσων ὑ. αὐτῷ he must render equal initial services (to others), Aristid.Or.23(42).29.

ἀπαρχή, ῆς, ἡ (cp. ἀπάρχομαι ‘make a beginning’ in sacrifice; orig. of hair cut from the forehead and cast into the fire Il. 19, 254; Od. 14, 422 al., hence ἀπαρχή=‘beginning of a sacrifice’ Eur., Or. 96; such sacrifices would begin with ‘firstlings’ or ‘first fruits’, freq. distinguished also for quality) (Soph., Hdt. et al.; ins, pap, LXX; PsSol 15:3; Test12Patr, Philo, Joseph.; Celsus 8, 33)

① cultic t.t. first fruits, first portion of any kind (incl. animals, both domesticated and wild [for the latter Arrian, Cyneg. 33, 1]), which were holy to the divinity and were consecrated before the rest could be put to secular use (cp. Theopomp. [IV B.C.]:115 Fgm. 344 Jac. p. 608, 5; Cornutus 28 p. 55, 9; Ael. Aristid. 45 p. 136 D.; Theophyl. Sym., Ep. 29 Πανὶ τοῦ ποιμνίου τὰς ἀπαρχάς; OGI 179, 12 [I B.C.]; PSI 690, 14; Porphyr., Abst. 2, 61 θεοῖς ἀρίστη μὲν ἀπαρχὴ νοῦς καθαρός; SEG XLII, 17 lit.).

ⓐ lit. εἰ ἡ ἀ. ἁγία, καὶ τὸ φύραμα if the first fruits ( of dough) are holy, so is the whole lump Ro 11:16 (on first fruits of bread dough, Num 15:18–21, cp. The Mishnah, tr. HDanby ’58 [’33] 83–88 [Hallah]). In full ἀ. γεννημάτων ληνοῦ καὶ ἅλωνος, βοῶν τε καὶ προβάτων the first fruits of the produce of winepress and threshing floor, of cattle and sheep D 13:3, cp. 5f (s. Ex 22:28); ἀ. τῆς ἅλω 1 Cl 29:3. Assigned to a prophet, as to the priests and seers among the gentiles (Artem. 3, 3) and in the OT to the priest D 13:3, 6f.

ⓑ fig., w. the components of a above strongly felt

α. of persons first fruits of Christians ἀ. τῆς Ἀσίας, i.e. the first convert in Asia Ro 16:5. ἀ. τῆς Ἀχαί̈ας 1 Cor 16:15. Also 2 Th 2:13 (v.l. ἀπʼ ἀρχῆς) the first converts of Thessalonica (so Harnack, SBBerlAk 1910, 575ff); pl. 1 Cl 42:4. Gener. ἀ. τις τῶν αὐτοῦ κτισμάτων a kind of first fruits of his creatures Js 1:18 (cp. Philo, Spec. Leg. 4, 180 of the Jews: τοῦ σύμπαντος ἀνθρώπων γένους ἀπενεμήθη οἷά τις ἀπαρχὴ τῷ ποιητῇ καὶ πατρί; Alex. Aphr., Fat. 1, II 2 p. 164, 10 τινὰ ἀπαρχὴν τῶν ἡμετέρων καρπῶν=a sort of first fruit of our [spiritual] harvest. LElliott-Binns, NTS 3, ’56/57, 148–61). Here as Rv 14:4 the emphasis is less on chronological sequence than on quality (schol. on Eur., Or. 96 ἀπαρχὴ ἐλέγετο οὐ μόνον τ. πρῶτον τῇ τάξει, ἀλλὰ καὶ τ. πρῶτον τ. τιμῇ). The orig. mng. is greatly weakened, so that ἀ. becomes almost = πρῶτος; of Christ ἀ. τῶν κεκοιμημένων the first of those who have fallen asleep 1 Cor 15:20; cp. vs. 23 (HMontefiore, When Did Jesus Die? ET 62, ’60, 53f; s. also BSpörlein, Die Leugnung der Auferstehung, ’71 [ 1 Cor 15]); 1 Cl 24:1.

β. of things (Dio Chrys. 54 [71], 2 ἀπαρχαὶ τῆς σοφίας) τὴν ἀ. τοῦ πνεύματος ἔχοντες since we possess the first fruits of the Spirit, i.e. as much of the Spirit as has been poured out so far and a foretaste of things to come Ro 8:23 (cp. Thieme 25f), but s. 2 below. διδόναι ἀπαρχὰς γεύσεώς τινος give a foretaste of someth. B 1:7.—ESanders, Jewish Law fr. Jesus to the Mishnah ’90, 283–308.

② birth-certificate also suits the context of Ro 8:23; cp. Mitt-Wilck. II/2, 372, 4, 7; PFlor 57, 81; 86; 89; PTebt 316, 10; 49; 82; HJones, JTS 23, 1922, 282f; RTaubenschlag, Opera Minora 2, ’59, 220–21 (identification card); L-S-J-M s.v. 7.—HBeer, Ἀπαρχή, diss., Würzb. 1914; EMoutsonlas: Sacris erudiri XV 5–14 (Steenbrugge, ’64); COke, Int 11, ’57, 455–60.—DELG s.v. ἄρχω A. O. Wilck I 345f §140. EDNT. M-M. TW. Sv.

ἄρχω, [dialect] Ep. inf.

A

ἀρχέμεναι Il.20.154

: [tense] impf. ἦρχον ib.2.378, etc.; [dialect] Dor.

ἆρχον Pi.O.10(11).51

: [tense] fut.

ἄρξω Od.4.667

, A.Pr. 940, Th.1.144: [tense] aor. ἦρξα, [dialect] Ep.

ἄρξα Od.14.230

, etc.: [tense] pf.

ἦρχα CIG3487.14

([place name] Thyatira), Decr. ap. Plu.2.851f:—[voice] Med., Od.8.90, etc.; non-thematic part.

ἄρχμενος Call.Aet.3.1.56

, al.: [tense] impf., Il.9.93, Hdt.5.28: [tense] fut. ἄρξομαι (in med. sense, v. infr.) Il.9.97, E.IA 442, X.Cyr.8.8.2; [dialect] Dor.

ἀρξεῦμαι Theoc.7.95

: [tense] aor.

ἠρξάμην Od.23.310

, etc.:—[voice] Pass., [tense] pf. ἦργμαι only in med. sense, v. infr. 1.2: [tense] aor.

ἤρχθην, ἀρχθῆναι Th.6.18

, Arist.Pol. 1277b13, v. infr.11.4:—to be first,

I in Time, begin, make a beginning, [voice] Act. and [voice] Med. (in Hom. the [voice] Act. is more freq., in [dialect] Att. Prose the [voice] Med., esp. where personal action is emphasized),

πολέμου ἄρχειν

to be the aggressor,

Th.1.53

; π. ἄρχεσθαι to begin one's operations, X.HG6.3.6; ἄρχειν τοῦ λόγου to open a conversation, Id.An.1.6.6; ἄρχεσθαι τοῦ λόγου to begin one's speech, ib.3.2.7. Constr.:

1 mostly c. gen., make a beginning of,

ἄρχειν πολέμοιο Il.4.335

;

μύθων Od.3.68

;

τῶν ἀδικημάτων πρῶτον τοῦτο ἄρξαι Hdt. 1.2

;

ἦρξεν ἐμβολῆς A.Pers. 409

; τοῦ κακοῦ ib. 353; ἄρχειν χειρῶν ἀδίκων, ἄρχειν τῆς πληγῆς, strike the first blow, Antipho 4.2.1 and 2:— in [voice] Med. in religious sense, = ἀπάρχεσθαι, ἀρχόμενος μελέων beginning with the limbs, Od.14.428, cf. E. Ion 651; but [voice] Act.,

σπονδαῖσιν ἄρξαι Pi.I.6(5).37

.

2 c. gen., begin from or with..,

ἐν σοὶ μὲν λήξω σέο δ' ἄρξομαι Il.9.97

;

ἄρχεσθαι Διός Pi.N.5.25

; πόθεν ἄρξωμαι; A.Ch. 855;

πόθεν ποτὲ ἦρκται Hp. VM5

; ἄρχεσθαι, ἦρχθαι ἔκ τινος, Od.23.199, Hp.Off.11; ἀπό τινος freq. in Prose, ἀρξάμενοι αὐτίκα ἀπὸ παιδίων even from boyhood, Hdt.3.12; but more commonly ἐκ παίδων, ἐκ παιδός, etc., Pl.R. 408d, Thg. 128d:— ἀπό in non-temporal relations, ἀρξάμενος ἀπὸ σοῦ. i.e. including yourself, Pl.Grg. 471c, cf. D.18.297;

ἀπὸ τῶν πατέρων X.Mem.3.5.15

;

μέχρι τῶν δώδεκα ἀπὸ μιᾶς ἀρξάμενος Pl.Lg. 771c

; ἀφ' ἱερῶν ἠργμένη ἀρχή ib. 771a;

ἀφ' Ἑστίας ἀρχόμενος Ar.V. 846

.

3 c. gen. rei et dat. pers., ἄρχε θεοῖς δαιτός begin a banquet to the gods, Il.15.95;

τοῖς ἄρα μύθων ἦρχε 2.433

, etc.;

τῇσι δὲ.. ἄρχετο μολπῆς Od.6.101

;

ἦρξε τῇ πόλει ἀνομίας τὸ νόσημα Th.2.53

, cf. 12;

τὴν ἡμέραν ἄρχειν ἐλευθερίας τῇ Ἑλλάδι X.HG2.2.23

;

ἡμὶν οὐ σμικρῶν κακῶν ἦρξεν τὸ δῶρον S.Tr. 871

.

4 c. acc., ἄρχειν ὁδόν τινι, show him the way, Od.8.107 (but also ἄρχειν ὁδοῖο lead the way, 5.237): abs. (sc. ὁδόν)

, ἄρχε δ' Ἀθήνη 3.12

;

σὺ μὲν ἄρχε Il.9.69

;

ἦ ῥα καὶ ἄρχε λέχοσδε κιών 3.447

;

ἦρχε δ' ἄρα σφιν Ἄρης 5.592

, cf. infr. 11.2: with other accusatives,

ἄρχειν ὕμνον Pi.N.3.10

;

ἅπερ ἦρξεν A.Ag. 1529

(lyr.);

λυπηρόν τι S.El. 552

;

ὕβριν Id.Fr. 368

.

5 of actions,

σέο δ' ἕξεται ὅττι κεν ἄρχῃ Il.9.102

: freq. c. inf., τοῖσιν δ' ἦρχ' ἀγορεύειν among them, Il.1.571, etc.; ἦρχε νέεσθαι, ἦρχ' ἴμεν, 2.84, 13.329;

ἄρχετε νῦν νέκυας φορέειν Od.22.437

, etc.;

ὑφαίνειν ἤρχετο μῆτιν Il.7.324

;

ἤρξαντο οἰκοδομεῖν Th.1.107

;

ἡ νόσος ἤρξατο γενέσθαι Id.2.47

: c. part., of continued action or condition,

ἦρχον χαλεπαίνων Il.2.378

;

ἢν ἄρξῃ ἀδικέων Hdt.4.119

;

ἡ ψυχὴ ἄρχεται ἀπολείπουσα X.Cyr.8.7.26

;

πόθεν ἂν ὀρθῶς ἀρξαίμεθα ἐπαινοῦντες; Pl.Mx. 237a

, cf. Tht. 187a (but

ἄ. ἐπαινεῖν Id.Phdr. 241e

);

ἄρξομαι διδάσκων X.Cyr.8.8.2

(but

ἤρξω μανθάνειν Id.Mem.3.5.22

).

6 abs.,

ἄρχε

take the lead!

Il.9.69

: generally, begin, ἄρχειν [τὴν ἐκεχειρίαν] τήνδε τὴν ἡμέραν Indut. ap. Th.4.118, cf. Lex ap.D.24.42; τὸ ἄρχον, opp. τὸ ἑπόμενον, Dam.Pr. 234: part.

ἀρχόμενος

at first,

X.Eq.9.3

, Cyn.3.8, Isoc.2.54; at the beginning,

ἀρχομένου δὲ πίθου καὶ λήγοντος Hes.Op. 368

, cf. Fr.192.4;

ἀρχομένοισιν ἢ καταπαυομένοισι Ar.Eq. 1246

;

ἄρχεται ὁ πόλεμος ἐνθένδε Th.2.1

; ἅμα ἦρι ἀρχομένῳ ibid.; θέρους εὐθὺς ἀρχομένου ib.47.

7 Gramm., of a word,

ἄ. ἀπὸ φωνήεντος D.T.633.27

; ἡ ἄρχουσα (sc. συλλαβή) A.D.Synt.130.13.

II in point of Place or Station, rule, govern, command,

1 mostly c. gen., rule, be leader of..,

Βοιωτῶν Il.2.494

, cf. Hdt.5.1, etc.

2 less freq. c. dat.,

ἀνδράσιν ἦρξα Od.14.230

, cf. 471, Il.2.805, Pi.P.3.4, A.Pr. 940, E.Andr. 666, IA 337, IG7.2830 ([place name] Hyettus), etc.; also ἐν δ' ἄρα τοῖσιν ἦρχ' held command among them, Il.13.690, cf. Pl.Phdr. 238a: c. inf. added, ἄρχε Μυρμιδόνεσσι μάχεσθαι led them on to fight, Il.16.65.

3 abs., rule,

ὅσον τό τ' ἄρχειν καὶ τὸ δουλεύειν δίχα A.Pr. 927

, cf. Pers. 774; esp. hold a magistracy,

ὁκοῖόν τε εἴη ἄρχειν μετὰ τὸ βασιλεύειν Hdt.6.67

; at Athens, etc., to be archon, D.21.178; ἀρχάς, ἀρχὴν ἄρχειν, Hdt.3.80, Th.6.54; ἄρχειν τὴν ἐπώνυμον (with or without ἀρχήν) IG3.659, 693, SIG872.7.

4 [voice] Pass., with [tense] fut.

ἄρξομαι Hdt.7.159

, Pi.O.8.45, A.Pers. 589, Lys.28.7; but

ἀρχθήσομαι Arist.Pol. 1259b40

, D.C.65.10:—to be ruled, governed, etc.,

ὑπό τινος Hdt.1.127

;

ἔκ τινος S.El. 264

, Ant.63;

ὑπό τινι Hdt.1.91

, 103;

σφόδρα ὑπό τινος Lys.12.92

;

ἄρχε πρῶτον μαθὼν ἄρχεσθαι Sol.

ap.D.L.1.60, cf. Pl.Prt. 326d;

δύνασθαι καὶ ἄρχεσθαι καὶ ἄρχειν Arist. Pol. 1277b14

;

οἱ ἀρχόμενοι

subjects,

X.An.2

6.19, etc.

κατάρχ-ω,

A make beginning of a thing, c.gen., τίνες κατῆρξαν.. μάχης; A.Pers. 351; ὁδοῦ κατάρχειν lead the way, S.OC 1019;

δεινοῦ λόγου Id.Tr. 1135

;

λόγων Χρησίμων Ar.Lys. 638

, cf. Pl.Prt. 351e, etc.;

τραυμάτων Ascl.Tact.7.1

; τὸ κατάρχον αἰσθήσεως, τῆς κινήσεως, the source of perception, of motion, Gal. 5.588: rarely c. acc., begin a thing,

θαυμαστόν τινα λόγον Pl.Euthd. 283b

: c. part., begin doing, X.Cyr.1.4.4, 4.5.58: abs., Pl.Smp. 177e, Arist.Mu. 399a15.

2 θανόντα δεσπόταν γόοις κατάρξω I will lead the dirge over.., E.Andr. 1199 (lyr., with reference to the religious sense, infr. 11.2).

II [voice] Med., begin, like [voice] Act., c. gen.,

ἐχθρᾶς ἡμέρας κατάρχεται Id.Ph. 540

;

τοῖς κατηργμένοις τῆς πορείας Pl.Phdr. 256d

;

κ. τῆς προσβολῆς Plb.2.67.1

;

τοῦ λόγου Plu.2.151e

: c. acc., κ. νόμον, στεναγμόν, E.Hec. 685 (s. v. l.), Or. 960 (both lyr.): abs., κατάρχεται μέλος is beginning, Id.HF 750 (lyr.), cf. 891 (lyr.);

τὸ -άρξασθαι Ael. Tact.17

.

2 in religious sense, begin the sacrificial ceremonies, once in Hom.,

Νέστωρ Χέρνιβά τ' οὐλοχύτας τε κατήρχετο Nestor

began [the sacrifice] with the washing of hands and sprinkling the barley on the victim's head, Od.3.445: abs., Hdt.4.60, 103, And.1.126; κατάρχομαι μέν, σφάγια δ' ἄλλοισιν μέλει I begin the rite, but leave the slaughter of the victim to others, E.IT40; ἐπὶ τῶν θυσιῶν κριθαῖς κ. D.H.2.25: c. gen., κατάρχεσθαι τοῦ τράγου make a beginning of the victim, i. e. consecrate him for sacrifice by cutting off the hair of his forehead, Ar.Av. 959; ἐπεὶ δὲ αὐτοῦ (sc. Ἡρακλέος)

πρὸς τῷ βωμῷ κατάρχοντο Hdt.2.45

; πῶς δ' αὖ κατάρξῃ θυμάτων; E.Ph. 573, cf.IT56, 1154;

κατάρξασθαι τῶν ἱερῶν D.21.114

: metaph.,

σκυτάλην λαβών μου κατήρξατο Luc.Somn.3

, cf. Plu.Caes.66:—so later in [voice] Act., Hld.2.34, al.

b sacrifice, slay, ξίφει, φασγάνῳ κ., E.Alc.74, El. 1222 (lyr.):— [voice] Pass., ᾗ (sc. τῇ θεᾷ) σὸν κατῆρκται σῶμα hath been devoted, Id.Heracl. 601.

III [voice] Act., rule, govern, c. gen., Alciphr.3.44 (s.v.l.).

IV κατάρξω ὑμᾶς ἐν σκορπίοις will chastise you.., LXX 3 Ki.12.24r.

νευρά

Grammatical information: f.

Meaning: `string of a bow, sinew' (Il., X., Arist.); diminutive νευρίον n. (AP). Lengthened form νευρειή (Theoc. 25, 213; verse-begin); cf. ἐγχείη (: ἔγχος) a.o.; oxytonon after νευρή.

Other forms: Ion. -ή

Compounds: Many compp., e.g. νευρό-σπαστος `drawn by strings', pl. subst. n. `puppets' (Hdt., X.) with νευροσπάστ-ης, - ικός, - ία, - έω (Arist., hell.).

Derivatives: Besides νεῦρον n. `sinew, bowstring, cord, string, male member', metaph. in plur. `strength, power' (Il.). 1. diminut. νευρίον (Hp.). -- 2. plantname νευράς, - άδος f. = ποτίρριον (Dsc., Plin.), δορύκνιον (Plin.). -- 3. Adj. νευρ-ώδης `sinewy' (IA.), - ινος `made from sinews' (Pl., Arist.), - ικός `have problems with the sinews' (medic.). -- 4. Verb νευρόομαι, - όω, also with ἀπο-, ἐκ-, `be provided with sinews' (Ar., Ph., Gal.) with ἀπονεύρωσις f. `the end of the muscels, where the sinews begin' (Gal.). On νεῦρον: νευρά cf. φῦλον: φυλή and, with masc. ο-stem, the numerous verbal nouns of the type τόμος: τομή.

Origin: IE [Indo-European] [977] *sneh₁-ur\/n- `band, sinew'

Etymology: With νεῦρον agrees except for the gender Lat. nervus `sinew, muscel, nerve' from * neuros ; in both words we have a thematic enlargement of the r-stem in Av. snāvarǝ n. `sinew', Toch. B ṣñaura `sinews, nerves', Arm. neard `sinew, Faser, Fiber' (with final IE -t; cf. on ἧπαρ); beside it the alternating n-stem in Skt. snāvan- n. `band, sinew'; IE *sneh₁-u̯(e)r \/ n-, deriv. in -u̯er \/ n- from a verb for ` twist together (threads)' in 2. νέω `spin'. -- W.-Hofmann s. nervus w. rich lit., Benveniste Origines 21 a. 111; on the old- a. m.ind. forms s. Tedesco Μνήμης χάριν 2, 182ff.

Page in Frisk: 2,

Grammatical information: adj.

Meaning: `new, newly found, unexpected' (IA.).

Compounds: Often as 1st member, e. g. in καινο-τομέω (: καινὰ τέμνειν), prop. expression of mining `cut out a new (type of) stone'', metaphor. `introduce innovations (in the state)' with - τομία, - τόμος (Att.), καινο-ποιέω `introduce innovations, renovate' (S., Plb.) with - ποιΐα, - ποιητής, s. Fraenkel Nom. ag. 2, 90f.

Derivatives: Ab (NT) with ( ἀνα-)καίνωσις (J., NT). - EN Καινίας, Καίνιος a. o. (Bechtel Hist. Personennamen 229), Καινεύς with Καινεΐδης (Boßhardt Die Nom. astracts καινότης `innovation' (Att.). - Denomin. verbs: 1. καινίζω `innovate' (Trag.), also with prefix, esp. ἀνα- (Isoc., Str., Plu.), ἐγ- (LXX, NT); from there ( ἐγ-)καίνισις, - ισμός (LXX); postverbal ἐγκαίνια pl. `consecration of a temple' (LXX, NT). - 2. καινόω `innovate' (Hdt., Th.), ἀνα-καινόςuf - ευς 128, Debrunner Άντίδωρον 32).

Origin: IE [Indo-European] [563] * ken- `new fresh'.

Etymology: One compares Av. kaⁱnī̆(n)-, Skt. gen. pl. kanī́nām `girls', with the full grade nom. ag. kanyā̀ `girl' (reinterpreted as ā-stem) and the adj. kanī́na- `young' (Wackernagel-Debrunner Ai. Gramm. 3, 112f.; also K. Hoffmann Münch. Stud. 6, 38); primary comp. kánīyas-, kániṣṭha-. Doubtful is however OWelsh cein `beautiful' (Pedersen Vergl. Gramm. 1, 23). - A remote cognate further Lat. recēns `fresh, new, young'; if from re-cen-t-, it belongs as primary t-derivation to a verb `rise freshly, come up, begin' in OIr. cinim `rise', OCS. vъ-, na-čьnǫ, -čęti `begin' (IE. * ken-). More forms in Bq s. v., W.-Hofmann s. recēns, Pok. 563f. - Not with Wackernagel Verm. Beiträge 38f. (= Kl. Schr. 1, 799f.) to καίνυμαι, κέκασμαι from *καιδνός.

Page in Frisk: 1,754

ὁρμάω, [tense] fut.

A

- ήσω Pl.Lg. 875b

: [tense] aor.

ὥρμησα Il.6.338

, Pl. Ion 534c; [dialect] Lacon. imper. ὅρμᾱον, i.e. ὅρμαὁν, = ὅρμησον, Ar.Lys. 1247: [tense] pf.

ὥρμηκα Pl.Plt. 265a

:—[voice] Med. and [voice] Pass., Pi.N.1.5, A.Pr. 339, Hdt.1.17, etc.: [dialect] Ep. [tense] impf.

ὡρμᾶτο Il.3.142

: [tense] fut.

ὁρμήσομαι Hdt.5.34

, X.Cyr.7.1.9,

ὁρμηθήσομαι Gal.5.85

: [tense] aor.

ὡρμησάμην Il.21.595

, v.l. in Hes.Sc. 127 ([etym.] ἐφ-), never in Prose, exc.

ἐξ- X.HG6.5.20

codd.: more freq. in pass. form

ὡρμήθην Il.5.12

, al., Th.3.98, etc.: [tense] pf.

ὥρμημαι S.El.70

, E. El. 340, Th.6.33, etc.: [dialect] Ion. [ per.] 3pl. [tense] pf. and [tense] plpf. ὁρμέαται and - έατο (with vv. ll. ὡρμ-) Hdt.5.121, 8.35 ; in Hom. codd. usu. have the augm., but Aristarch. read ὁρμήθησαν in Il.10.359: ([etym.] ὁρμή):

A [voice] Act.,

I causal, set in motion, urge on, cheer on,

τινὰ εἰς πόλεμον Il.6.338

, Th.1.127 ;

τινὰ ποτὶ κλέος Pi.O.10(11).21

;

τὸ στράτευμα ὁ. ἐπὶ τὰς Ἀθήνας Hdt.8.106

, cf. S.Aj. 174 (lyr.), E.Or. 352 (anap.);

ἡ φύσις ὁρμήσει τινὰ ἐπὶ πλεονεξίαν Pl.Lg. 875b

, cf. Ion 534c ;

[τὰ] ὁρμῶντα [σώματα] Hp.Epid.6.8.7

;

μέριμναν ὁρμήσασ' ἐπ' ἔργον E.Ph. 1064

(lyr.); ὁ. τινὰ ἐκ χερός tear from one's arms, Id.Hec. 143 (anap.):—[voice] Pass., ὁρμηθεὶς θεοῦ ἄρχετο inspired by the god he began, Od.8.499 ;

πρὸς θεῶν ὡρμημένος S.El.70

;

ὑπὸ ἔρωτος Pl.Smp. 181d

; ἵπποι.. ὁρμηθέντες ὑπὸ πληγῇσιν ἱμάσθλης urged on by.., Od.13.82.

2 with a thing as the object, stir up,

πόλεμον 18.376

: c. acc. et inf.,

τὰς διόδους τῶν πτερῶν.. ὥρμησε πτεροφυεῖν Pl.Phdr. 255d

:—[voice] Pass.,

ὡρμάθη πλαγά

was sped,

S.El. 196

(lyr.).

II more freq. intr., start,

1 c. inf., ἴρηξ ὃς ὁρμήσῃ διώκειν ὄρνεον ἄλλο starts in chase of.., Il.13.64; ὁσσάκι δ' ὁρμήσειε πυλάων.. ἀντίον ἀΐξασθαι whenever he started to rush for the gates, 22.194 ;

ὁσσάκι δ' ὁρμήσειε.. στῆναι ἐναντίβιον 21.265

; ἐξελαύνειν ὁρμῆσαι τὸν στρατόν began to lead out.., Hdt.1.76, cf.7.150 ;

νίκην ὁρμῶντ' ἀλαλάξαι

eager to..,

S.Ant. 133

(lyr.);

ὥρμα ἀντιλαμβάνεσθαι τοῦ λόγου Pl.R. 336b

.

2 c. gen., rush headlong at one,

Τρώων Il.4.335

: more freq. with Preps.,

ὁ. ἐπί τινα Hes.Sc. 403

, Hdt. 1.1, etc.;

πύργωμα Καδμείων ἔπι E.Supp. 1220

;

εἴς τινας X.Cyr.7.1.17

;

καθ' αὑτούς Id.An.5.7.25

; also ὁ. ἐς μάχην hasten to battle, A.Pers. 394 ;

εἰς ἀγῶνα E.Ph. 259

(lyr.) ;

εἰς τὸ διώκειν X.An.1.8.25

;

ἐπὶ ἁρπαγάς Pl.R. 391d

;

ἐπὶ τοὺς Ἀθηναίους Th.7.34

; ὥρμασε ([dialect] Dor.)

ἐπὶ τὰ βασίλεια τῶν Σκυθᾶν SIG709.19

(Chersonesus, ii B. C.): without any sense of hostility, rush,

τᾶσδ' ἀπὸ πέτρας πηδήσασα πυρὸς ἔσω E.Supp. 1015

(lyr.);

ἐς πατρὸς δόμους Id.Med. 1178

; set out,

ἀπὸ [τῆς Οἰνόης] Th.2.19

;

ἐς φυγήν Hdt.7.179

, etc.;

εἰς τὸ ἐπ' ἐκεῖνα τῆς γῆς Pl.Phd. 112b

;

ἐπ' ἄλλον λόγον Antipho 3.4.5

;

ἐπὶ τὸ σκοπεῖν X.Mem.3.7.9

; ἐπὶ τραγῳδίαν ὥρμηκε has turned to tragedy, Alex.135.14 ; δηλώσεις.. τὴν φύσιν ἐπὶ τί μάλισθ' ὥρμηκε, i. e. what your natural bent is, ib.8 ;

φυσικῶς ἐπὶ τὴν ὀργὴν ὁρμᾶν Phld.Ir.93

W.;

πρὸς τὰς πράξεις Id.Mus.p.71

K.;

ἐπὶ φιλοσοφίαν Id.Acad.Ind.p.64

M. ;

πρὸς τὰς ὀχείας Arist.HA 546a15

: c. acc. cogn.,

ὁδόν X.An.3.1.8

;

στρατείαν Id.Cyr.8.6.20

.

3 abs., start, begin,

ὥσπερ ὡρμήσαμεν, ἴωμεν Pl.Prt. 314b

, cf. R. 425c; αἱ μάλιστα ὁρμήσασαι [νῆες] the ships that were hottest in pursuit, Th.8.34.

B [voice] Med. and [voice] Pass., like the intr. [voice] Act., A. II:

1 c. inf., μὴ φεύγειν ὁρμήσωνται that they put not themselves in motion, set not themselves to flee, Il.8.511 ; so

διώκειν ὁρμήθησαν 10.359

, cf. Od.4.282 ; ὡρμήθη κόρυθα κρατὸς ἀφαρπάξαι he rushed to snatch.., Il.13.188, cf. 182 ; ἦτορ ὡρμᾶτο πτολεμίζειν ἠδὲ μάχεσθαι was eager to.., 21.572 ; μᾶλλον ὅρμητο στρατεύεσθαι was eager to march, Hdt.7.1, cf. 19, al., Th.3.45 ; ὅδε ὁ λόγος ὅρμηται λέγεσθαι this account has begun to be given, Hdt.4.16, cf. 6.86.δ' ( λέγεσθαι is restored for λέγεται in 3.56); but λόγον, τὸν ὅρμητο λέγειν which he purposed to make, Id.5.50.

2 the object for or after which one goes is sts. in gen., Il.14.488, 21.595 : a case with a Prep.,

ὡρμήθησαν ἐπ' ἀνδράσιν Od.10.214

;

ἐπί τινα S.Aj.47

, etc.;

εἴς τινα X.Cyr.7.1.9

; μετά τινα after one, Il.17.605 ; so

ὁ. ἐπὶ τὸ ἱρόν Hdt.8.35

;

ἐς πύλας A.Th.31

;

πρὸς δόμους E.Hipp. 1152

;

ἐπ' ἀλήθειαν Pl.Sph. 228c

;

ἐς φυγήν Th.4.14

;

πρὸς τίσιν S.OC 1328

;

πρὸς τὸ κρατεῖν Pl.R. 581a

;

[ἡ ποίησις] πρὸς ἡδονὴν ὥρμηται Id.Grg. 502c

; οἱ περὶ λόγον ἢ παιδείαν ὁρμώμενοι persons keen about.., Vett.Val.199.5 : rarely c. acc. loci,

νερτέρας πλάκας S.OC 1576

(lyr.).

b the starting-point is expressed by

ἐκ, ὡρμᾶτ' ἐκ θαλάμοιο Il.3.142

, cf. 9.178, etc. ; or ἀπό, S.Tr. 156, Pl. Phd. 101d, etc.;

ἀπὸ φιλοσοφίας Phld.Rh.1.357

S.; or by a form in

-θεν, σέθεν.. ὕμνος ὁρμᾶται θέμεν αἶνον Pi.N.1.5

: in historical Prose, ὁρμᾶσθαι ἐκ.. start from, begin from, esp. of the place where one carries on any regular operations, ἐνθεῦτεν ὁρμώμενοι living there and going out from thence to do their daily work, Hdt.1.17 ; of fishers,

ἐκ πλοίων ὁρμώμενοι Id.3.98

; of a general, making that place his head-quarters or base of operations, Id.8.133, cf. 5.125, al., Th.1.64, 2.69, al.; ἀπ' ἐλασσόνων ὁρμώμενος setting out, beginning with smaller means, ib.65, cf. 1.144 ; of rivers,

ἐκ τῆς Ἴδης ὁ.

rising..,

Pl.Lg. 682b

.