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21 μάσταξ
μάσταξ, - ακοςGrammatical information: f.Meaning: `mouth, mouthfull, morsel' (I 324), also metaph. `locust' (S. Fr. 716, Nic.; after Clitarch. ap. EM 216, 9 Ambraciotic), because of its voracity (cf. Strömberg Wortstudien 17 f.).Derivatives: μαστάζω `chew' (Nic. Th. 918), συμ μάσταξ ( Hippiatr.), with expressive byforms: 1. μασταρύζω (v. l. - ίζω) `chew fervently, without uttering a word' (of an old man, Ar. Ach. 689); cf. μασταρίζειν μαστιχᾶσθαι. καὶ τρέμειν. η σφοδρῶς η κακῶς μασᾶσθαι H., μαστηρύζειν τὸ κακῶς μασᾶσθαι Phot.; formation like κελαρύζω, βατταρίζω etc. 2. μαστιχάω, only ptc. dat. sg. μαστιχόωντι (Hes. Sc. c389, verse-end) `from anger chew violently' = `grind the teeth, foam' (of a boar), μαστιχᾶσθαι H. s. μασταρίζειν (s. above; example ?); backformation μαστίχη f. `the resin of the mastixtree' (Com. Adesp., Thphr.) with μαστίχ-ινος (Dsc.), - ηρά f. `plaster from mastich' (Aet.; after ἐλαιηρός etc.; Chantraine Form. 232 f.).Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]X [probably]Etymology: Both μάσταξ and μαστάζω, which must not belong to each other directly, go back on a τ-derivation beside the yot-present μασάομαι (from *μαθ-ι̯-?), μασ-τ- (from *μαθ-τ-?), of which the function remains unknown. With μαστάζω cf. βαστάζω, κλαστάζω (: κλά[σ]-ω) a. o. (Schwyzer 706); with the popular μάσταξ e.g. πόρταξ (: πόρτις), μύλαξ (: μύλος); on this Chantraine Form. 377ff. The in the vowel deviating μέστακα την μεμασημένην τροφήν H. has certainly no (IE) old full grade * menth-to- (since Froehde BB 7, 330), but is just folketymologically re-shaped after μεστός ('mouthfull'). So if we start from μαθ-, the word is prob. of Pre-Greek origin.See also: -- Weiteres s. μασάομαι.Page in Frisk: 2,182Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > μάσταξ
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22 μελῐνη
μελῐ́νηGrammatical information: f.Meaning: `millet, Kolbenhirse (=?)' (IA.).Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]X [probably]Etymology: As old culture-word cognate with the formally deviating Lat. milium n. `millet, Rispenhirse= ?'. Uncerrain however Lith. málnos f. pl. `smoke, Kolbenhirse (= ?)'; after Nieminen KZ 74, 167 f. rather to bibl.-Gr.-Lat. manna `bread from heaven'. Often as "meal-fruit" drawn to Lat. molō `meal' etc.; acc. to Niedermann Symb. Rozwadowski 1, 113 however to μέλας (cf. Fr. millet noir, G. Mohrenhirse); thus Porzig Gliederung 178 (opposed to ἄλφι to ἀλφός `white'). Is the word Pre-Greek? Fur. 246 compares ἔλυμος `millet' and ἐλίμαρ κέγχρῳ ὅμοιον η μελίνῃ Ώὑπο Λακώνων H. which may have been Ϝελ-. -- On meaning and spread in gen. Schrader-Nehring Reallex. 1, 504 f.Page in Frisk: 2,202Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > μελῐνη
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23 μέμονα
Grammatical information: v.Meaning: `have in mind, strive' (Il.).Other forms: pl. μέμαμενEtymology: Old perfect of situation, identical with Lat. meminī `remember', IE *mé-mon-a (-ai); without reduplication Germ., e.g. Goth. man `think, believe', ga-man `remember'. Besides with zero grade μέ-μα-μεν \< *mé-mn̥-me like Goth. pl. mun-um; complete identity may be found in ipv. με-μά-τω and Lat. me-men-tō, IE *mé-mn̥-tōd. Anal. zero grade in the ptc. με-μα-ώς, pl. με-μα-ῶτες and (w. metr. lenthening) με-μᾱ-ότες; further details in Schwyzer 769, 540 n. 4, 541, Chantraine Gramm. hom. 1, 100; 425, 430 f.; on μέμονα: man etc. also Fraenkel Lexis 2, 196 f. -- A present with deviating meaning is μαί-νομαι, another μιμνήσκω; here the old verbal noun μένος and the compound αὑτό-μα-τος, s. vv. with further connections from several languages. -- On the supposed ἐμμεμαώς (Hom.), with ἐμμέμονεν (S. Tr 982, lyr.), s. Leumann Hom. Wörter 52.Page in Frisk: 2,206-207Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > μέμονα
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24 μέμφομαι
Grammatical information: v.Meaning: `reprove, reproach, be discontent, deplore' (Il.), `accuse' (Gortyn; Bechtel Dial. 1, 391).Compounds: Also with prefix, esp. ἐπι-, κατα-. As 1. member in governing comp. μεμψί-μοιρος `reproving fate' (Isoc., Arist.).Derivatives: 1. ( ἐπί-, κατά-)μέμψις `reproof, reproach, objection (Att. since A.; Holt Les noms d'action en - σις 125 n. 3). 2. ( ἐπι-)μομφή `id.' (poet. since Pi., Ep. Col. 3, 13), μόμφος m. `id.' (E. Fr. 633, Mantinea Va); ἐπί-, κατά-μομφος `subject to reproaches, reproachable, reproaching' (A., E.), hypostases from ἐπὶ, κατὰ μομφῆς or Bahuvrihi; also ἐπιμεμφ-ής `reproachable' (Nic., AP), ἰμμεμφ-ής `subject to complaints' (Mantinea Va), from ἐπι-, ἐμ-μέμφομαι transmitted to the σ-stems (Schwyzer 513), opposite ἄ-μομφος (A.), ἀ-μεμφής (Pi., A.) with ἀμεμφ-ία (A., S., cf. Schwyzer 469). -- 3. μέμφειρα f. = μέμψις Telecl. Con... 62), prob. personified after πρέσβειρα, κτεάτειρα a. o. (Schwyzer 474 n. 3). 4. μεμφωλή = μέμψις (H., Suid.).Origin: IE [Indo-European]X [probably]Etymology: A remarkable similarity shows the isolated Goth. verb bi-mampjan `mock, insult' (Ev. Luc. 16, 14) with deviating p (quite uncertain explanation by Specht Ursprung 261 n. 2); one adduces also (Stokes, Fick) some Celtic words for `contumely, infamy', which however miss the inner nasal, e.g. OIr. mebul `shame'. Well founded doubts a.o. in WP. 2, 261 f., Feist Vgl. Wb. d. got. Spr. s. v.Page in Frisk: 2,207Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > μέμφομαι
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25 μένος
Grammatical information: n.Meaning: `mind, courage, anger, strength, impulse' (Il.).Compounds: Compp., e.g. δυσ-μενής `evilminded, hostile' (Il.) with δυσμέν-εια, - ίη, - αίνω a. o.; metr. enlarged δυσμενέων, - έοντες (Od.; Leumann Hom Wörter 116 n. 83); ἀ-μενής `forceless' (E.); here the PN Άμενέας, Άμενίσκος and (with unexplained - νν-) Άμεννάμενος? (Bechtel, Namenst. 6 f.); on ἀμενηνός s. v.; PN like Κλεο-μένης; as 1. member in μενο-εικής `suited to the desired, agreeable, richly' (Hom.).Derivatives: To μένος belong two verbs with remarkable formation: 1. μενεαίνω, - ῆναι `desire strongly, rage' (Il.); prob. with analog. - αίνω from uncontracted μένε-ος etc. (Fraenkel Nom. ag. 1, 54 n. 2 a. 2, 211, Schwyzer 440; cf. κτερε-ΐζω, μελε-ϊστί); diff. Solmsen Wortforsch. 51 n. 2, Chantraine Mél. Pedersen 205ff. (from *μενέ[σ]-ων; but δυσ-μενέων must be explained diff., s. above); cf. on βλεμεαίνω. --2. μενοινάω (- ώω), - ῆσαι `have in mind, aim at, wish, desire' (Il.) with μενοινή f. `intention, desire' (Call., A. R., AP; prob. backformation); origin unclear; quite uncertain hypothesis by Solmsen Wortforsch. 51 f. (from *μενώ f.; cf. Μενοίτης, - οίτιος, which however certainly belongs to οἶτος `fate'); not better Brugmann IF 29, 237f., 12, 152, Wiedemann BB 28, 51, Specht Ursprung 167.Etymology: As old verbal noun identical with Skt. mánas- n., Av. manah- n. `pirit, thought, will', IE *ménos n.; here OP Haxā-maniš m. PN prop. "who has the mind of a friend", `friendly minded' (Gr. Άχαιμένης; s. v.). Adj. δυσ-μενής = Av. duš-manah- `evilminded', Skt. dur-manas- `sorrowful'; εὑ-μενής: Skt. su-mánas- `wellminded'. But Lith. mẽnas m. `rememberance' is innovation to menù `remember' (cf. Fraenkel s. v.). -- A perfect of situation belonging here is μέμονα (s.v.), cf. γένος: γέγονα; with deviating meaning the present μαίνομαι (s. v.). On μένος: μαίνομαι cf. Z 100f. (of Achilleus): ἀλλ' ὅδε λίην | μαίνεται, οὑδέ τίς οἱ δύναται μένος ἰσοφαρίζειν (Porzig Satzinhalte 34). With diff. formation e.g. Lat. mēns, - tis f. `mind' = Skt. ma-tí- `id.' etc.; IE *mn̥-tí- f.; cf. gēns beside genus = γένος. Further s. μιμνήσκω; cf. also on μένω.Page in Frisk: 2,208Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > μένος
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26 μετανάστης
μετανάστης, - ουGrammatical information: m.Meaning: On the meaning below; in Hom. only in ἀτίμητον μετανάστην (I 648 = P 59); posthom. `migrant, emigrant, fugitive' (Hdt. 7, 161 of the Athenians, Arat., Ph., pap.), f. - στις (Ph.) and - στρια (AP; like ἀγύρτης: ἀγύρτρια etc.); adj. μετανάστ-ιος `migrating, wandering' (AP, Nonn.), verb μεταναστ-εύω, - εύομαι `drive out, wander out, flee' (LXX, Str., Ph.).Origin: GR [a formation built with Greek elements]Etymology: Already by Hdt. and his contemporaries understood as `wanderer' and as μετ-ανά-στη-ς connected with μετ-ανα-στῆ-ναι, μετ-ανάστασις `move, amigrate', resp. `removal, emigration' (Hdt., Th., Hp.), an interpretation, which J. Schmidt Pluralbild. 346 f. with Eust. a. o. (s. Schulze KZ 33, 137 = Kl. Schr. 372) with general approval (Schulze l.c., Bechtel Lex. s.v., Fraenkel KZ 42, 262 a. Nom. ag. 1, 129, Schwyzer 424 a. 451) worked out further. It would then however with metric-rhythmically conditioned haplology stand for *μετανα-στά-της (Fraenkel Glotta 1, 270ff.; cf. ἐπι-, παρα-, προ-στά-της etc.); an old root-noun μετανά-στη-ς as Skt. ni-ṣṭhā́-s, prati-ṣṭhā́-s a. o. (Schmidt l.c.) has no immediate agreement in Greek. As however this apparently further convincing interpretation is in conflict with the Homer. use of μετά and ἀνίστασθαι, Wackernagel Syntax 2, 246f. went back with Funck Curt. Stud. 9, 134 to the explanation (already given in the Thes.) as μετα-νάσ-της, from *μετα-ναίω `live with' like μεταναιέ-της (Hes.), - τάω (h. Cer.) `who lives with, live with'. As old parallel formation to Att. μέτ-οικος, Arg. πεδά-Ϝοικος and to μετοικέται κατὰ μέσον οἰκοῦντες H. μετανάστης will originally and still in Hom. have meant `who lives with, who lives among others (as foreigner), inhabitant'. Because of the disappearance of the verbal form with - νασ- and the gradual advance of μετα- `around' against μετα- `with' μετανάστης was already in class. times associted with the living μεταναστῆναι, μετανά-στασις. -- The deviating view of Leumann, Hom. Wörter 183 w. n. 30, μετα-νάσ-της would prop. be `migrant, in-wandrer', from μετα-ναίω `move', has the same objections as the connection with μεταναστῆναι.Page in Frisk: 2,217-218Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > μετανάστης
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27 μιαίνω
Grammatical information: v.Meaning: `stain, soil, defile, esp. defile through bloodcrime'.Other forms: aor. μιᾶναι, μιῆναι, pass. μιανθῆναι (Il.), fut. μιανῶ (Cyrene, Antipho), pass. fut. a. perf. μιανθήσομαι, μεμίασμαι (Att.), act. perf. μεμίαγκα (Plu.), pass. aor. subj. 3. sg. μιᾳ̃ w. fut. μιασεῖ (Cyrene; Schwyzer 743 w. n. 9 a. 786),Compounds: Rarely w. prefix as ἐκ-, κατα- συν-. Comp. μιαι-φόνος `committing a defiling murther, stained by murther', adjunct of Ares (in E und Φ, B., Hdt., E.; μιη-φόνος Archil.) with - έω (Att.), - ία (D., D. S., Plu.). -- Isolated are w. χ-suffix (Schwyzer 498, Chantraine Form. 403f.) the expressive μίαχος μίασμα, μιαχρόν \<οὑ?\> καθαρόν H.Derivatives: μίασμα n. `defilement, abomination, horrible stain' (IA; on the formation etc. Porzig Satzinhalte 241), μιασμός m. `defilement' (LXX, Plu.), μίανσις f. `id.' (LXX); μιάστωρ m. `defiler, avenging ghost, avenger' (trag., late prose; - σ- as in μίασμα, cf. also ἀλάστωρ and Schwyzer 531; unnecessary objections in Fraenkel Nom. ag. 2, 24); μιάντης m. `id.' (EM), ἀ-μίαν-τος `unstained' (Thgn., Pi.), w. des. of a stone = asbestos (Arist., Plin., Dsc.). -- Beside μιαρός (Il.), μιερός (Call.) `defiled, soilt, polluted, esp. through bloodcrime' with μιαρ-ία (Att.), - ότης (An. Ox.).Etymology: "With the r-n-change - αίνω: - αρός, μιαίνω: μιαρός ( ἰαίνω: ἱερός?; s. Fraenkel Glotta 20, 92 f. with Debrunner IF 21, 32 a. 43) follow a wellknown scheme" says Frisk; a certain non-Greek agreement is however not known; but r\/n after a is hard to explain as IE. Improbable or quite uncertain hypotheses: to Skt. mū́tram n. `urine', Av. mūÞra- n. `impureness' (Fick GGA 1881, 1427; agreeing Bechtel Lex. 227; in vowel deviating); to Lith. máiva `marsh-bottom', miẽlės `yeast', Germ., e.g. OHG meil(a) `stain, blemish' (Persson Beitr. 1, 221; the last with Grienberger and Wiedemann), to which after H. Petersson Heteroklisie 180 ff. (w. further uncertain combinations) also Arm. mic, gen. mc-i `dirt, mud' (IE *miǵ-). -- The 1. member in μιαι-φόνος is prob. as in ταλαί-πωρος to be taken as verbal (" ὁ μιαίνων φόνῳ"); beside it μιη-φόνος like Άλθη- beside Άλθαι-μένης [but this remains unexplained]; a long syllable was metr. needed. Details in Schwyzer 448. A subst. *μι(Ϝ)ᾱ, esp. with a supp. loc. μιαι- (Persson Stud. 155, Bechtel Lex. s.v. a. Dial. 3, 118f.) is not credible. -- WP. 2, 243 w. more forms, Pok. 697, Fraenkel Wb. s. máiva. - Blanc, BSL 96(2001)153-179 tries to connect Goth. bi-smeitan `besmear, strike', bur there is no certain evidence for s- in Greek, which would have unlengthened * smei-; the development of the meaning in Germanic is difficult. If there is no etymology, the word will rather be Pre-Greek. Did it have *mya(n)-, with palatal *m-? We know that an \/a\/ could be pronounced as [e] after a palatalized consonant; so here we may have the origin of the ε\/α- alternation in Greek.Page in Frisk: 2,235-236Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > μιαίνω
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28 μύκλος
Grammatical information: adj.Meaning: `lascivious, debauched' (Archil. 183 as PN, Lyc. 771, H.), as adjunct of the pack-mule (Lyc. 816), also name of the ass itself? ( PTeb. 409, 7, Ip; written μοικ-, reading at all uncertain). After H. μύκλοι or μύκλαι are `black stripes at the neck and feet of an ass', after EM594, 18 and sch. Lyc. 771 μύκλος is properly `a callous fold at the neck of an ass'.Other forms: Cf. μύσκλοι below.Derivatives: Besides μυχλός, after H. Phocaean name of a breeder-ass, but also = σκολιός, ὀχευτής, λάγνης, μοιχός, ἀκρατής; cf. also μύσκλοι σκολιοί H.Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]Etymology: As μυχλός may stand for *μυκσλός (Schwyzer 327), it may be identified with Lat. mūlus `mule', if from * mucslos; a deviating formation is shown by Alb. mušk `mule' as well as by the Slav. forms, e.g. ORuss. mъskъ, Russ. (CSlav.) mesk `mule' (from Illyrian ?). As the breeding of mules originates from Pontic Asia Minor (cf. on ὄνος), we have here prob. a wandering word. (Frisk adds that this makes genetic identitity of μυχλός and mūlus doubtful, which I do not think.) Further there is the unaspirated μύκλος with the (original?) meaning `black stripe etc.', which must be explained (Fur. 299 n. 25 thinks that this is a separate word.) -- Further details in W.-Hofmann s. mūlus, also Vasmer s. mesk. Thevariants, notably k\/ks and sk, are typical for Pre-Greek.Page in Frisk: 2,267-268Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > μύκλος
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29 νειός
Grammatical information: f.Meaning: `fallow field' (Hom., Hes., Call., Arist., Thphr.); on the meaning below.Derivatives: Besides, in meaning quite deviating, the adv. νει-όθεν `from below (K 10, hell. poet.), νει-όθε `id.' (poet. inscr. IIIp, Luc.), νει-όθι `below' (Φ 317, Hes. Th. 567, hell. poet.). -- Sup. νείατος (ep.), νέατος, Arc. νήατος, H. νῆτος `most below, utmost' (Il.), after ἔσχατος, πύματος, cf. μέσος: μέσατος; f. νεάτη (Cratin., Pl.), contr. νήτη (Arist., Ptol.), sc. χορδή `the lowest string' (with the highest tone); νειότατον κατώτατον H.; also νήϊστος in νήϊστα ἔσχατα, κατώτατα H., prob also in Νήϊσται (Boeot. -ϊτται) πύλαι in Thebes (A. Th. 460, E. Ph. 1104). -- Fem. νείαιρα ( νέαιρα Simon.) `the lowest', as subst. (sc. γαστήρ) `belly, abdomen' (Il., Hp., hell.), cf. γέραιρα a.o. (Chantraine Form. 104, 234; cf. also Benveniste Origines 112); contr. νεῖρα (A. Ag. 1479, E. Rh. 794 [readings not quite certain], H.), here m. νειρός (Lyc., H.) with f. νειρη κοίλη κοιλία ἐσχάτη H. (Schwyzer 475). Cf. on the whole Schwyzer 503. -- Denomin. νεάω `plough a fallow land' (Hes. Op. 462, com., Thphr.), early connected with νέος `new', if not even derived from it, cf. on νέος; νεατός m. `working of fallow land' (X. Oik. 7, 20; like ἀλοατός), νέασις f. `id.' (Thphr.) with νεάσιμος (Gloss.; Arbenz 87).Etymology: If νειόθεν, νείατος, νείαιρα are at all cognate with νειός, νειός (sc. γῆ, χώρα), it must have meant prop. *'lying low, lowlying plain'; the meaning `fallow land', which is also possible for Homer, but not compulsory (rather `field, plain' ?), could rest on the early connection with νέος `new'; cf. Lat. novalis, -e `fallow land'. -- Except for the ending νειός \< *νειϜός can be identical with a Slavic word fur `field', e.g. OCS njiva (with dark nj-), Russ. níva f., IE *neiu̯ó-s (Slav. -ā secondary); Fick BB 1, 335f., Schulze KZ 27, 603f. (= Kl. Schr. 373f.). If we separate a formantic u̯o-element, we can connect the IE adv. *ni `low' in Skt. ní etc.; here a.o. OHG ni-dar `to below', OE neowol `slanting' from * ni-wol (cf. νει-Ϝό-ς). The writing νη- in νήϊστος, νήατος is not convincingly explained. As old lengthened grade, esp. in a superlative, is very improbable, the η must be secondary. Hypotheses in Seiler Steigerungsformen 110ff., esp. on Νήϊται πύλαι; s. also WP. 2, 335 (= Pok. 313: η = closed ē from ει before palat. vowel?). On the Slav. words s. also Vasmer s. níva, with other explanations. -- Cf. also νέατος s. νέος.Page in Frisk: 2,Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > νειός
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30 νείφει
Grammatical information: v.Meaning: `it snows' (Il.).Other forms: Aor. νεῖψαι, νειφθῆναι, fut. νείψει. Cf. νίφ-α f. acc. sg. `(falling) snow' (Hes. Op. 535).Compounds: Sometimes with prefix, e.g. κατα-. Compp., e.g. νιφ-ό-βολος `snow-covered' (Ar., E.), ἀγά-ννιφ-ος `with much snow' (A 420, Σ 186, Epich.; Sommer Nominalkomp. 64).Derivatives: 1. νιφ-άδες pl., also sg. νιφ-άς, - άδος f. `snow-flake, snowstorm' (Il., Pi., trag.), as adj. `rich in snow' (S.); 2. νιφ-ετός m. `falling snow, snowstorm' (Il., Arist.; Schwyzer 501, Fraenkel Nom. ag. 1, 51 n.1; to be rejected Porzig Satzinhalte 245) with νιφετ-ώδης `connected with snow-fall' (Arist., Plb.); -- 3. νιφ-όεις `snowy, rich in snow' (Il.; on the formation Debrunner Άντίδωρον 28 f.).Etymology: The high-grade thematic root-present νείφει (νῑφέμεν M 280 wrong for νειφ-; Wackernagel Unt. 75), from which the other Greek verbal forms come, agrees with Av. snaēža- (e.g. subj. snaēžāt̃), OHG OE snīwan, Lith. sniẽg-a, -ti, perh. also Lat. nivit (only Pacuv., prob. ī), IE * sneigʷʰ-( eti ` it snows'; beside it with zero grade, also thematic, OIr. snigid `it drops, rains' (on the meaning below). A nasal present is found in Lat. ninguit = Lith. sniñga (: νείφει like linquō: λείπω, s.v.). Further, in meaning deviating, the zero-grade Skt. yotpresent sníhyati `gets wet, sticky', metaph. `finds affection', with sneha- `stickyness, affection etc.', with a shift of meaning from the mild climate as in Celtic (s. above); comparable in Greek, e.g. Nonn. D. 22, 283 αἵματι νείφεις of sticky blood, Lyc. 876 ὀμβρία νιφάς of rain-shower. Diff. Benveniste Μνήμης χάριν 1, 35 ff.: orig. meaning of IE * sneigʷʰ- `clot (together)'; thus Gonda KZ 72, 228 ff. One traces of the meaning `snow' in Mind. (Prākr. siṇeha- `snow' etc.) Turner BSOAS 18, 449ff. and 19, 375; s. Mayrhofer A.I.O.N. 1, 235). The noun acc. νίφ-α (nom. νιφετός, νιφάς, χιών; cf. Schwyzer 584) is identical with Lat. nix, nivis; IE * snigʷʰ-s ( ἀγά-ννιφ-ος \< *- snigʷʰ-); with dental enlargement (cf. νιφετός, but not identical) OIr. snechte `snow'; here prob. also νίβα χιόνα H. as Illyrian, Krahe IF 58, 133. Besides the o-stem IE * snoigʷho-s in Germ., e.g. Goth. snaiws, NHG Schnee, Slav., e.g. OCS sněgъ a.o. -- More forms in WP. 2, 695, Pok. 974, W.-Hofmann s. ninguit etc.Page in Frisk: 2,Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > νείφει
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31 νέω 1
νέω 1Grammatical information: v.Meaning: `swim' (Il.), ipf. ἔ-ννεον (Φ 11), aor. νεῦσαι, perf. νένευκα (Att.), fut. νεύσομαι (H.), - σοῦμαι (v. l. X. An. 4, 3, 12).Derivatives: νεῦσις f. `schwimming' (Arist.), ἀνάνευ-σις prop. "swimming up(ward)", `coming up, the living up' (LXX). -- Besides νήχω, usu. - ομαι (on the variation of diathesis Schwyzer-Debrunner 232), Dor. (Ps.-Theoc.) νά̄χω, - ομαι, fut. νήξομαι (ep. poet. Od.), aor. νήξασθαι (Plb., Lyc., AP), perf. midd. νενῆχθαι (Ath.), very often w. prefix (mostly midd.), e.g. παρα-, δια-, ἐκ-, ἐπι-, `swim'. From this νῆξις f. ` swimming' (Batr., Plu., medic.), διάνηξ-ις `swimming through' (Herm. ap. Stob.), νηχαλέος `swimming' (Xenocr.), after μυδαλέος a.o.Etymology: The present νή-χ-ω, νά-χ-ω, from which νήξομαι etc., has a velar enlargement of IE snā- in Skt. snā́-ti `bathes', Lat. nā-re `swim', OIr. snāim `swim, creep'; cf. σμῆ-ν: σμή-χ-ω etc. (Schwyzer 702; hypotheses on the aspect by Chantraine BSL 33, 81 ff., Gramm. hom. 1, 331.). The in vocalism deviating νέω, νεῦσαι agrees with πλέω: πλεῦσαι and can be a rhime-formation; verbal nouns with o-ablaut are supposed in νόα (rather with Bechtel Dial. 2, 378, Wackernagel Phil. 95, 178 = Kl. Schr. 2, 877 νοά) πηγή. Λάκωνες H. and in Νοῦς ποταμός (Arcadia, Asia Minor; cf. Schwyzer 310), a zero grade aorist in ἔννυθεν ἐκέχυντο H. (tradition correct?). Beside νήχω, νέω there is νάω `bubble up, stream' (s.v.). -- More hypotheses on IE snā-, snāu-, sneu- etc. (after Brugmann IF 20, 221 ff.) in WP. 2, 692ff., Pok. 971 ff., W.-Hofmann s. nō; also w. rich lit. Cf. νῆσος and νότος.Page in Frisk: 2,Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > νέω 1
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32 νύξ
νύξ, νυκτόςGrammatical information: f.Meaning: `night' (Il.).Compounds: Often as 1. member, e.g. νυκτο-μαχ-ία, - ίη f. abstract formation as if from *νυκτο-μάχος; νυκτο-μαχέω Plu.), νυκτί-πλαγκτος `causing to wander by night' (A.; with locativ. 1. member, partly prob. also analogical; cf. below); as 2. member e.g. in ἀωρό-νυκτ-ος `in untimely nightly hour' (A. Ch. 34), μεσο-νύκτ-ιος `in the middle of the night' (Pi., Hp.; from μέσαι νύκτες); besides - νυχ-, e.g. ἔν-νυχ-ος, ἐν-νύχ-ιος `nightly, in the night' (Il.), νύχιος `nightly' (Hes.), νυχεύω `wake through the night' (E., Nic.); cf. below.Derivatives: Many derivv., most with ρ-suffix (s. below): 1. νύκτωρ adv. `at night' (Hes., Archil.); 2. νύκτερος `nightly' (trag.) with νυκτερίς, - ίδος f. `bat' (Od., cf. Lommel Femininbild. 53), also as fish- and plantname (Opp., resp. Aët.; Strömberg Fischn. 111, s. also Pflanzenn. 74 on ἑσπερίς a.o.), νυκτερῖτις, - ιδος f. ' ἀναγαλλὶς ἡ κυανῆ' (Ps.-Dsc.; Redard 74f.), νυκτερεύω `pass the night waking', also with δια-, ἐν- etc. (X.), from which νυκτερ-εία f. `nightly chase' (Pl.), - ευμα n. `nightquarters' (Plb.), - ευτής m. `nightly hunter' (Pl.), - ευτικός `useful in nightly hunt' (X.); 3. νυκτέριος `nightly' (Aret., Luc.), τὰ νυκτέρεια = ἡ νυκτερεία (Eun.); 4. νυκτερινός `id.' (IA.) with νυκτερινία or - εία f. `direction of night watch' (Ephesos Ip; wr. - ηα); 5. νυκτερήσιος `id.' (Luc., S. E.; for - ίσιος?, s. Fraenkel 2, 151, n. 1 a. below). -- Further the rare νύκτιος `nightly' (AP), νυκτῳ̃ον n. `temple of the night' (Luc.), after μητρῳ̃ον a. o., Νυκτεύς m. PN (Apollod., prob. shortname; Bosshardt 125 f.). -- On itself stands with λ-sufflx νυκτάλωψ, s. v. But νυκτέλιος adjunct of Dionysos (AP, Plu., Paus.) haplologically for *νυκτι-τέλιος as hypostasis of νύξ and τέλος ( τελέω), cf. νυκτελεῖν ἐν νυκτὶ τελεῖν H. and Schwyzer 483.Etymology: Old inherited word for `night', in most IE languages retained: Lat. nox, gen. pl. nocti-um, Germ., e.g. Goth. nahts, Skt. nák, acc. nákt-am (as adv.), Lith. naktìs, gen. pl. nakt-ų̄, Slav., e.g. OCS noštь etc., all from IE * nokt-; the i-stem in Lat. nocti-um, Lith. nakt-ìs, OCS nošt-ь etc. comes from innovations of the separate languages. The deviating υ in νύξ is often explained as reduced grade e.g. by Brugmann (e.g. Grundr.2II: 1,435), who sees in it the reflex of a following labiovelar; basis then * nokʷt-, what is confirmed by Hitt. nekuz (gen. sg.) from IE * nekʷt-s. Diff. W. Petersen AmJPh. 56, 56f. (υ after *λύξ in ἀμφι-λύκ-η etc.); Sapir Lang. 14, 274 (υ from a laryngal, which is certainly wrong); diff. still H. Petersson LUÅ, NF 11: 5, 12 f. (rejected by imself Heteroklisie 122 f.). -- The pregr. existence of the r-stem in νύκτωρ (formation like ὕδωρ?; Schwyzer 519 a. n. 4) etc. is proven by Lat. nocturnus; the further formation of the adjectives goes partly parallel to the derivv. from ἦμαρ, ἡμέρα: νυκτερινός: ἡμερινός, νυκτέριος: ἡμέριος, νυκτερήσιος: ἡμερήσιος (s.v.); also νυκτερεύω: ἡμερεύω. Diff., hardly correct on νύκτερος Szemerényi Glotta 38, 120: innovation after ἕσπερος. An i-stem, alternating with the r-stem, is supposed by Benveniste Origines 81 with doubtful right in the 1. member νυκτι--; cf. above. -- The aspirated and t-less form in νύχα νύκτωρ H., ἔν-νυχ-ος, - ιος, εἰνά-νυχ-ες, `nine nights long', νύχιος etc. is attested only for Greek; a convincing explanation has not yet been given; s. the lit. in W.-Hofmann s. nox (with many details) and WP. 2, 338; also Specht Ursprung 220 and Austin Lang. 18, 24 (with Belardi Doxa 3, 215). On - νυχ- as 2. member also Sommer Nominalkomp. 64 f.Page in Frisk: 2, 327Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > νύξ
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33 νυκτός
νύξ, νυκτόςGrammatical information: f.Meaning: `night' (Il.).Compounds: Often as 1. member, e.g. νυκτο-μαχ-ία, - ίη f. abstract formation as if from *νυκτο-μάχος; νυκτο-μαχέω Plu.), νυκτί-πλαγκτος `causing to wander by night' (A.; with locativ. 1. member, partly prob. also analogical; cf. below); as 2. member e.g. in ἀωρό-νυκτ-ος `in untimely nightly hour' (A. Ch. 34), μεσο-νύκτ-ιος `in the middle of the night' (Pi., Hp.; from μέσαι νύκτες); besides - νυχ-, e.g. ἔν-νυχ-ος, ἐν-νύχ-ιος `nightly, in the night' (Il.), νύχιος `nightly' (Hes.), νυχεύω `wake through the night' (E., Nic.); cf. below.Derivatives: Many derivv., most with ρ-suffix (s. below): 1. νύκτωρ adv. `at night' (Hes., Archil.); 2. νύκτερος `nightly' (trag.) with νυκτερίς, - ίδος f. `bat' (Od., cf. Lommel Femininbild. 53), also as fish- and plantname (Opp., resp. Aët.; Strömberg Fischn. 111, s. also Pflanzenn. 74 on ἑσπερίς a.o.), νυκτερῖτις, - ιδος f. ' ἀναγαλλὶς ἡ κυανῆ' (Ps.-Dsc.; Redard 74f.), νυκτερεύω `pass the night waking', also with δια-, ἐν- etc. (X.), from which νυκτερ-εία f. `nightly chase' (Pl.), - ευμα n. `nightquarters' (Plb.), - ευτής m. `nightly hunter' (Pl.), - ευτικός `useful in nightly hunt' (X.); 3. νυκτέριος `nightly' (Aret., Luc.), τὰ νυκτέρεια = ἡ νυκτερεία (Eun.); 4. νυκτερινός `id.' (IA.) with νυκτερινία or - εία f. `direction of night watch' (Ephesos Ip; wr. - ηα); 5. νυκτερήσιος `id.' (Luc., S. E.; for - ίσιος?, s. Fraenkel 2, 151, n. 1 a. below). -- Further the rare νύκτιος `nightly' (AP), νυκτῳ̃ον n. `temple of the night' (Luc.), after μητρῳ̃ον a. o., Νυκτεύς m. PN (Apollod., prob. shortname; Bosshardt 125 f.). -- On itself stands with λ-sufflx νυκτάλωψ, s. v. But νυκτέλιος adjunct of Dionysos (AP, Plu., Paus.) haplologically for *νυκτι-τέλιος as hypostasis of νύξ and τέλος ( τελέω), cf. νυκτελεῖν ἐν νυκτὶ τελεῖν H. and Schwyzer 483.Etymology: Old inherited word for `night', in most IE languages retained: Lat. nox, gen. pl. nocti-um, Germ., e.g. Goth. nahts, Skt. nák, acc. nákt-am (as adv.), Lith. naktìs, gen. pl. nakt-ų̄, Slav., e.g. OCS noštь etc., all from IE * nokt-; the i-stem in Lat. nocti-um, Lith. nakt-ìs, OCS nošt-ь etc. comes from innovations of the separate languages. The deviating υ in νύξ is often explained as reduced grade e.g. by Brugmann (e.g. Grundr.2II: 1,435), who sees in it the reflex of a following labiovelar; basis then * nokʷt-, what is confirmed by Hitt. nekuz (gen. sg.) from IE * nekʷt-s. Diff. W. Petersen AmJPh. 56, 56f. (υ after *λύξ in ἀμφι-λύκ-η etc.); Sapir Lang. 14, 274 (υ from a laryngal, which is certainly wrong); diff. still H. Petersson LUÅ, NF 11: 5, 12 f. (rejected by imself Heteroklisie 122 f.). -- The pregr. existence of the r-stem in νύκτωρ (formation like ὕδωρ?; Schwyzer 519 a. n. 4) etc. is proven by Lat. nocturnus; the further formation of the adjectives goes partly parallel to the derivv. from ἦμαρ, ἡμέρα: νυκτερινός: ἡμερινός, νυκτέριος: ἡμέριος, νυκτερήσιος: ἡμερήσιος (s.v.); also νυκτερεύω: ἡμερεύω. Diff., hardly correct on νύκτερος Szemerényi Glotta 38, 120: innovation after ἕσπερος. An i-stem, alternating with the r-stem, is supposed by Benveniste Origines 81 with doubtful right in the 1. member νυκτι--; cf. above. -- The aspirated and t-less form in νύχα νύκτωρ H., ἔν-νυχ-ος, - ιος, εἰνά-νυχ-ες, `nine nights long', νύχιος etc. is attested only for Greek; a convincing explanation has not yet been given; s. the lit. in W.-Hofmann s. nox (with many details) and WP. 2, 338; also Specht Ursprung 220 and Austin Lang. 18, 24 (with Belardi Doxa 3, 215). On - νυχ- as 2. member also Sommer Nominalkomp. 64 f.Page in Frisk: 2, 327Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > νυκτός
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34 ξύλον
Grammatical information: n.Meaning: `wood, construction-wood-, firewood, tree, beam, stick, foot-, neckblock, banc, table' (Il.); also as length-measure = `the side of the ναύβιον' (Hero Geom., pap.).Compounds: Very many compp., e.g. ξυλουργός (- οργός, - εργός) m. `carpenter' with - έω, - ία, - ικός (IA.; cf. on δημιουργός); μονό-ξυλος `made from one piece of wood', of πλοῖον a.o. (IA.). On ξύλοχος s. v.Derivatives: 1. Dimin.: ξυλ-άριον `small piece of wood' (LXX, pap. a.o.), - ήφιον `piece of wood' (Hp., hell.), - άφιον `id.' (Eust.; on - ήφιον, - άφιον Wackernagel Glotta 4, 243 f. [Kl. Schr. 2, 1200f.]); ξύλιον `piece of wood' (pap. IVp). Further subst.: 2. ξυλ-εύς m. `woodcutter', name of a sacrificial attendant in Olympia (inscr. Ia, Paus., H.) with - εύω, - εύομαι `fetch wood' (hell. inscr., Men., H.), - εία f. `fetching wood, store of wood, construction-wood' (Plb., Str., pap.); Bosshardt 75; 3. ξυλ-ίτης ἰχθῦς ποιός H. (explan. in Strömberg Fischnamen 25); - ῖτις (γῆ, χέρσος) f. `shrub-coutry' (pap.; Redard 109 w. n.); 4. ξυλών, - ῶνος m. `place for wood' (Delos III--IIa). Adj. 1. ξύλ-ινος `of wood, wooden' (Pi., B., IA.), 2. - ικός `id.' (Arist.) with - ικάριος `woodhandler (?)' (Korykos; from Lat. - ārius), 3. - ηρός `regarding wood' (Delos IIIa), - ηρά f. `woodzmarket'? (pap. Ip), 4. - ώδης `woodlike, -coloured' (Hp., Arist., Thphr.). Verbs. 1. ξυλ-ίζομαι `fetch wood' (X., Plu.) with - ισμός `fetching wood' (Str., D.H.), - ιστής `who fetches wood' (sch.); 2. ξυλ-όομαι, - όω `become wood, make, make of wood' (Thphr., LXX) with - ωσις f. `woodwork' (Th., hell. inscr.), - ωμα, - ωμάτιον `id.' (Delos IIIa a.o.); 3. ξυλ-εύω, s. above on ξυλεύς.Etymology: With ξύλον (from where on younger Att. vases σύλον, σύλινος; Schwyzer 211) agrees Lith. šùlas `(bucket-, ton-) stave, stander, pillar', if from IE *ḱsulo-; besides, in vokalism deviating, several Slav. forms, e.g. Russ. šúlo n. `garden-pole', Scr. šûlj m. `block' (IE *ḱseulo-?). Similarly with ū and anlaut. s-, Germ., e.g. OHG sūl f. `style, pole', with au (IE ou?) Goth. sauls `pillar'. The relation between the Slav., Balt. and Germ. words has been amply discussed but hardly explained; s. Vasmer and Fraenkel s. vv. with ric lit. and further forms. Older lit. also in Bq, WP. 2, 503 f. and W.-Hofmann s. silva. Mann Slavon. Rev. 37, 134 still adduces Alb. shul `bar, nail, siphon'. -- Original connection with ξύω (e.g. Fick 3, 446, also as supposition Schwyzer 329) is not probable, secondary influence (Chantraine Form. 240) well acceptable.Page in Frisk: 2,Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ξύλον
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35 ὀγκάομαι
Grammatical information: v.Meaning: `to cry, to roar', of an ass (Theopomp. Com., Arist., Luc.).Derivatives: ὄγκησις f. (Corn., Ael.), - ηθμός m. (Luc., Nonn.), - ημα n. (gloss.) `roaring, bellowing', also of oxen; - ηστής m. `crier' (AP), - ηστικός `inclined to crying' (sch.); ὀγκώδης `id.' (Ael.).Etymology: Intensive formation like βοάω, γοάω, μυκάομαι etc.; s. vv. and Schwyzer 683. -- A direct formal agreement gives the also semantically very close Lat. uncāre `drone', of a bear (Suet.). Beside it with orig. initial *e- (IE * enk-) and semantically a little deviating Slav., e.g. Russ. jaču, -átь `groan, call plaintively', Alb. nëkónǰ, Geg. angój `groan, sigh, lament'. Celt. and Germ. give in the same meaning diverse forms with orig. media (IE * ong-), e.g. MIr. ong `groan, sigher, lament', MLG anken `groan, sigh'; from Balt. we have Lith. iñksti `groan, sigh', ùngti `id.' a.o. More forms in WP. 1, 133, Pok. 322, Vasmer s. jacátь, also Fraenkel s. angùs (with much material). Whether the word was in origin onomatop., is unknown (cf. Snell Hermes 70, 355). -- Lat. LW [loanword] oncāre `cry', of an ass (Suet.). S. also 2. ὄκνος `bittern'. - See now De Lamberterie RPh. 73 (1999) 37f. (derived from ὄγκος `gonflement').Page in Frisk: 2,346-347Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ὀγκάομαι
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36 ὄζος 1
ὄζος 1.Grammatical information: m.Meaning: `branch, bough, sapling' (Il.), also `knot in a tree or stem' (Thphr.).Other forms: Aeol. ὔσδος (Sapph., Schwyzer 182)Compounds: As 2. member e.g. in πέντ-οζος `with five knots', as name of the hand (Hes. Op. 742), πεντά-οζος `with five knots' (Thphr.).Derivatives: ὀζ-ώδης `branchy, having many knots' (Thphr., Dsc.), - ωτός `branchy', - αλέος `id.' (AP; nach ἀζαλέος; also after τρηχαλέος?, Debrunner IF 23, 32), - όομαι `to put forth branches' (Hp., Thphr.).Etymology: Old inherited word for `branch', identical with Arm. ost, gen. -oy, Germ., Goth. asts OHG a. NHG ast, IE * osdo-s. Besides with deviating length (IE *ō?) OS MLG ōst `knot in wood, knag'. -- Since Brugmann IF 19, 379 n. 1 and Grundr.2 II: 2, 816 analysed as * o-sd-o-s `sitting (on the stem) ', "Ansitzer", from 2. ὀ- (s. v.) and zero grade of sed- in ἵζω (s. ἕζομαι). But because of equally built Lat. nīdus `nest' from * ni-sd-o-s, prop. "sitting down, place to sit down" rather to be understood with Bloornfield Lang. 3, 213f. as "place to sit on", referring to birds. -- From dimin. ὀζάριον MGr. ἀζάρι, from where NGr. ζαρώνω `shrink, contract' (Hatzidakis Glotta 11, 176 ff.). The connection with Hitt. hasduir has been given up as its meaning is not quite certain (`weeds, waste'?; Tischler 206).Page in Frisk: 2,353Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ὄζος 1
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37 οἰδέω
Grammatical information: v.Meaning: `to swell' (ε 455).Other forms: Also οἰδάω (Plu., Luc.), οἰδαίνω (hell. poet.); οἰδάνομαι, -ω (Ι 646 a. 554, Ar., A. R.), οἰδίσκομαι, -ω (medic.) `swell' resp. `make swell', aor. οἰδῆσαι (IA.), rare οἰδῆναι (Q. S.: οἰδαίνω), perf. ὤδηκα (Hp., Theoc.);Derivatives: 1. οἶδμα n. `torrent of water' (Il.), after κῦμα (Porzig Satzinhalte 242); cf. κυέω: κῦμα, δοκέω: δόγμα (if not from a lost primary verb; cf. below); οἰδματ-όεις `flowing' (A. Fr. 69 = 103 Mette, Opp.). 2. οἶδος n. `swelling' (Hp., Nic., Aret.); cf. κρατέω: κράτος. 3. οἴδ-ημα n. `swelling' (Hp., D.) with - ημάτιον (Hp., Aët.), - ηματώδης (medic.); ( ἀν-, δι-, ἐξ- etc.) οίδησις f. `bulge' (Pl., medic., Thphr.). 4. ( ἐπ-, ὑπ-)οιδαλέος `swollen' (Archil., Hp.: οἰδαίνω like κερδαλέος: κερδαίνω). 5. οἴδᾱξ m. `unripe fig' (Poll., Choerob.; from οἶδος or οἰδέω). 6. Backformations: ὕποιδος `somewhat swollen' (Gal.: ὑπ-οιδέω), ἐνοιδής `swollen' (Nic.: ἐν-οιδέω). -- On Οἰδίπους s. v.Etymology: Of the presentforms only οἰδέω will be old. Through enlargement arose the causat. οἰδάνω with intr. οἰδάνομαι (cf. on Οἰδίπους), in the same way οἰδίσκομαι, -ω (Schwyzer 700 a. 709 f.); οἰδαίνω will be analog. after κυμαίνω, ὀργαίνω u.a., perh. also to οἰδῆσαι after κερδῆσαι: κερδαίνω a. o.; to οἰδῆσαι the late and rare οἰδάω. In οἰδέω some see an iterativ-intensive formation; but an agreeing primary verb is not attested. -- A certain cognate is Arm. ayt-nu-m `swell' with the primaryn aor. ayte-ay and the noun ayt (i-stem) `cheek', IE * oidi- (poss. * aidi-; cf. below); the nu-present is an Arm. innovation. Germ. presents some isolated nouns, a.o. OHG eiz, NHG dial. Eis `abscess, ulcer', PGm. * aita-z, IE * oido-s (* aido-s?; cf. formally close οἶδος n.); with r-suffix e.g. OHG eittar n. ' Eitar', PGm. * aitra- n. (cf. on Οἰδίπους), also in waternames, e.g. Eiter-bach (Krahe Beitr. z. Namenforsch. 7, 105 ff.). Isolated also Lat. aemidus (prob. after the synon. tumi-dus), in the vowel deviating from οἰδέω (ablaut oi: ai?, which could be * h₂ei-\/ h₂oi-); the non-Greek. forms can further continue both IE oi and ai. -- The Slav. forms adduced are polyinterpretable: OCS jadъ `poison'; even more doubtful Russ. etc. jadró, PSl. *jędro `kernel, testicle etc.' (with nasal infix?). Also other nasalised forms wit zero grade have been connected, e.g. Skt. índu- m. `drop', Balt. rivernames like Indus, Indura; all of it rather doubtful and for Greek unimportant. Further details w. rich lit. in WP. 1, 166f., Pok. 774, W.-Hofmann s. aemidus, Vasmer s. jád and jadró, also Mayrhofer s. índuḥ and Indraḥ.Page in Frisk: 2,357-358Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > οἰδέω
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38 οἶτος
Grammatical information: m.Meaning: `fate of men, (unfortunate) destiny' (Il., trag. in lyr.).Compounds: As 2. member in μεγάλ-οιτος `burdened with a heavy fate, unhappy' (Theoc.) and in PN, e.g. Έχ-οίτης (Athens; Bechtel Namenst. 25, cf. also Hist. PN 345); as 1. member in Οἰτό-λινος m. "Fate-linos" (Sapph. 140b, from Pamphos).Etymology: Not certainly explained. Formally very close and semantically possible, but of course uncertain is connection of οἶ-τος (on the formation Schwyzer 501) with ἰ-έναι `go' (Brugmann IF 37, 241 a.o.); then prop. `course (of the world)'. An identical formation is supposed in he Celtogerm. word for `oath', OIr óeth, Germ., e.g. Goth. aiÞs, OHG eid (e.g. Meringer IF 18, 295), if orig. `(Eid)gang' (walk to confirm an oath); cf. Swed. ed-gång. Av. aēta- m. `punishment, guilt', by Bartholomae IF 12, 139 identified with οἶτος (prop. `part, share'), can, as not to be separated from αἰσα, αἰτία etc. (s. vv. a. αἴνυμαι), because of the deviating vowel hardly at the same time belong to it (ablaut ai: oi \< h₂ei\/ h₂oi is possible). -- Details w. rich lit. in WP. 1, 102f. (Pok. 295), W.-Hofmann s. 1 eō (1, 408) and ūtor (2, 848); also still Krause Glotta 25, 143f., also w. lit.Page in Frisk: 2,370-371Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > οἶτος
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39 ὄμβρος
Grammatical information: m.Meaning: `rain, shower, thunder rain', also `rainwater', metaph. `water' (Il.).Compounds: As 1. member e.g. in ὀμβρο-φόρος `bringing rain' (A., Ar.); often as 2. member, e.g. ἔπ-, κάτ-ομβρος `rainy, wet because of rain' (Hp., Arist.; Strömberg Prefix Studies 108f., 145).Derivatives: Several adj.: ὄμβρ-ιος `belonging to rain, like rain' (Pi., Ion.), - ηρός `wet' (Hes.), - ηλός `id.' (Theognost.: cf. ὑδρηλός and Chantraine Form. 242), - ώδης `abundant in rain' (Thphr.), - ικός `id.' (Vett. Val.), - ιμος = `belonging to rain, rainy' (Nic. Th. 388, v.l., PMag. Lond.; Arbenz 25); also ἀνομβρήεις `abundant in rain' (Nic. Al. 288, Ὄλυμπος, from ἀν-ομβρέω; cf. below). -- Subst. ὀμβρία f. `rain' (sch.; cf. ἀντλία, ὑετία a.o., Scheller Oxytonierung 54f.). -- Verbs: 1. ὀμβρέω, - ῆσαι, also with ἀν-, ἐπ- a.o., `to (make) rain, to bewet' (Hes., LXX, A. R.) with ( ἐπ-)όμβρησις f. `raining etc.' (Suid., sch.), ὄμβρημα n. `rainwater' (LXX); 2. ὀμβρίζω = - έω (Eust.); 3. ὀμβροῦται imbricitur (Gloss.).Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]X [probably]Etymology: With ὄμβρος one compares first Lat. imber, - ris -n. `rain(shower)' with the same meaning with perh. second. i-flexion; Further, with slightly deviating meaning, Skt. abhrá-m n. `cloud'. One assumed that β after nasal could represent an aspirate, which is wrong (pace Schwyzer 333), so abhra- must be left out (for imber also * embhro- is possible). One assumed in these words an r-stem and beside it an s-stem, which was seen in Skt. ámbhas n. `water', also `rainwater' [for the same reason Arm. amb, amp, gen. -oy `cloud' must be left out.] -- There is no connection with νέφος, νεφέλη etc. -- Further several Europ. rivernames of Celt. origin(?) have been compared with ὄμβρος, e.g. NHG Amper, Engl. Amber. -- So wrong Pok. 315f. - So ομβρος has no etymology; Szemerenyi, Syncope 241f, 249 assumes a loanword (= a Pre-Greek word).Page in Frisk: 2,384-385Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ὄμβρος
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40 ὅμῑλος
ὅμῑλοςGrammatical information: m.Meaning: `throng, band of warriors, crowd, turmoil of battle' (Il.);Other forms: (Aeol. ὄμιλλος [EM], prob. hyperdial., s. below).Compounds: As 2. member a.o. in ἐξ-όμιλος `standing out of the crowd, strange, uncommon' (S. in lyr.).Derivatives: Usu. denomin. ὁμιλέω (Aeol. pres. ὀμίλλει Alc.), also w. prefix like καθ-, προσ-, ἐξ-, `to be together, to associate with (friendly or adversely), to keep company, to discourse on' (Il.) with ὁμιλ-ία, - ίη f. `being together, intercourse, association, speech, sermon' (IA.; formally from ὅμιλος, s. Schwyzer 469), - ημα n. `association' (Pl., E.), - ητής ( συν- ὅμῑλος) m. `companion, adherant, student' (X., Luc.), f. - ήτρια (Philostr. VA), - ητικός `sociable, affable, conversable' (Isoc., Plu.). -- Adv. ὁμιλᾰδόν `in bands' (Il.; - ηδόν Hes. Sc.), `together with' (A. R., Opp.); supposition on the origin by Haas Μνήμης χάριν 1, 143. -- Detail on ὅμιλος etc. in Trümpy Fachausdrücke 145 ff.Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]Etymology: As ὄμιλλος, ὀμίλλει can very well be hyperAeolic (Hamm Gramm. $ 73b 3 a. 158f), we must start from ὅμ-ῑλο-ς (: ὁμός etc.) with the rare ῑλο-suffix ( στρόβιλος, πέδιλον a. o.; Chantraine Form. 249); from other languages we must esp. refer to the stemidentical and sense-cognate Skt. sam-īká- n. `battle', s. Hirt IF 31, 12 f. with a hypothesis on the origin of the ī (to - īno-, - īko-, - īto- etc. Meid IF 62, 260ff. a. 63, 14ff.). After H. here also Lat. mīles `soldier' from * sm-īlo- `turmoil of battle' (then only in ablaut deviating from ὅμιλος; diff. on mīles Kretschmer Glotta 31, 156 n. 6; s. also Szemerényi Arch. Linguist. 6, 41). A similar, but quite independent formation is ἅμιλλα (s. v.); (in my view Pre-Greek). -- Improbable on ὅμιλος Johansson IF 2, 34 n. (s. Bq, WP. 2, 491, W.-Hofmann s. mīles) and Adrados Emer. 17, 119ff. ( ὁμ(ο)- and ἴλη: "whole of ἴλαι"; similar already Curtius). - I think that he word is Pre-Greek; suffixes with V̄C are frequent there; - ιλ-ο-\/- ιλλ-ο- can represent -ily-o-.Page in Frisk: 2,386-387Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ὅμῑλος
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