-
1 wide
1. adjective1) (great in extent, especially from side to side: wide streets; Her eyes were wide with surprise.) širok2) (being a certain distance from one side to the other: This material is three metres wide; How wide is it?) širok3) (great or large: He won by a wide margin.) širok4) (covering a large and varied range of subjects etc: a wide experience of teaching.) bogat2. adverb(with a great distance from top to bottom or side to side: He opened his eyes wide.) široko- widely- widen
- wideness
- width
- wide-ranging
- widespread
- give a wide berth to
- give a wide berth
- wide apart
- wide awake
- wide open* * *I [wáid]adjective ( widely adverb)širok, prostran; obsežen; dalekosežen; velik, znaten, bogat (izkušnje, znanje itd.); liberalen, ki je brez predsodkov, širokogruden; splošen, obči; raztezajoč se v določenih mejah; široko odprt; ki presega meje, čezmeren; daleč oddaljen; British English slang bister, prebrisana wide domain — obsežno, obširno področjeto give a wide margin — dati široko polje, dati prost prostorto take wide views — biti velikodušen, velikopotezenII [wáid]adverb široko, širom, prostrano; oddaljeno, daleč od; v polni merifar and wide — daleč naokoli; na dolgo in na širokoto have one's eyes wide open — imeti široko odprte oči, biti buden (pazijiv, oprezen)to open one's mouth too wide figuratively biti preveč pohlepen (lakomen, častihlepen)III [wáid]nounpoetically širina, prostranost; skrajnost; sport nedosegljiva žogato the wide — do skrajnosti, popolnomabroke to the wide colloquially čisto "suh" (brez denarja) -
2 acceso
m.1 entrance (entrada).2 access (paso).3 approach road (road).4 fit (ataque).un acceso de tos a fit of coughing5 outburst, seizure, onrush, outbreak.6 attack, bout.7 gateway.8 aditus.pres.indicat.1st person singular (yo) present indicative of spanish verb: accesar.* * *1 (entrada) access, entry; (a una ciudad) approach2 (de tos) fit; (de fiebre) attack, bout4 INFORMÁTICA access\'Prohibido el acceso' "No admittance"* * *noun m.1) access, entry2) admittance, entrance* * *SM1) (=posibilidad de entrar) [a edificio, institución, mercado, documentos] access; [a competición] entryacceso prohibido, prohibido el acceso — no entry, no admittance
(código de) acceso internacional — (Telec) international (dialling) code
•
dar acceso a — [+ lugar] to lead to; [+ institución] to give entry to; [+ competición] to provide a place in; [+ información] to give access to•
de fácil acceso, un puerto de fácil acceso — a port with easy access2) (=llegada)a) [en coche] accessno es posible el acceso por carretera — there is no access by road o no road access
las inundaciones han cortado los accesos a la finca — floods have cut off access o the approaches to the estate
b) [de avión] approach3) (=entrada) entrancepuerta de acceso — entrance gate o door
4) (Univ) (=ingreso) entrance•
curso de acceso — access course•
prueba de acceso — entrance exam5) (Inform) access6) (=ataque)a) (Med) [de asma, fiebre] attack; [de tos] fitb) [de celos, cólera] fit; [de generosidad] display* * *1)a) ( a un lugar) accesslos accesos a la ciudad — roads into o approaches to the city
b) (a persona, documento) accessc) (Inf) accessacceso aleatorio/secuencial — random/sequential access
2)a) (a puesto, cargo) accession (frml)desde su acceso al poder — since coming to o assuming power
b) ( a curso) entrance3) (Med) attacken un acceso de ira/celos — in a fit of rage/jealousy
* * *= access, admittance, login, entry, approach path.Ex. Access to the contents of data bases is via some computer-searching technique, often using an online terminal.Ex. New rules have made it possible to show films publicly with free admittance.Ex. Internet access for electronic messaging, file transfer, and remote login to computer was originally only available to individuals in education and research institutions.Ex. The entry, change, and extraction of word and phrases from abstracts is described in detail in Chapter 9.Ex. Approach paths to site should be wide and non-slippery with liberal use being made of ramps.----* acceso abierto = open access (OA).* acceso a distancia = remote access.* acceso a la información por el autor = author approach.* acceso a la información por el título = title approach.* acceso a la información por la materia = subject approach to information, subject approach.* acceso aleatorio = random access.* acceso a los artículos de las publicaciones periódicas = article-level access.* acceso a los documentos = document delivery.* acceso concurrente = concurrent access.* acceso dedicado = dedicated access.* acceso de sólo lectura = read-only access.* acceso directo = direct access.* acceso en línea = online access.* acceso identificado = password access.* acceso libre = self-help, free access.* acceso mediante contraseña = password access.* acceso mediante línea telefónica = dial-access.* acceso mediante llamada telefónica = dial-in access, dial-up access, dial up phone line.* acceso múltiple = multiple access.* acceso para todos = access for all.* acceso por CD-ROM = CD-ROM access.* acceso por materias = subject access.* acceso público = public access.* acceso remoto = remote access.* acceso restringido = restricted access.* accesos = demand load.* acceso selectivo = selective access.* acceso simultáneo = concurrent access.* acceso sólo electrónico = e-only access.* acceso violento = paroxysm.* base de datos de acceso mediante suscripción = subscription database.* biblioteca de acceso restringido = closed-stack library.* biblioteca de libre acceso = open access library.* camino de acceso = approach path.* clave de acceso = password.* Comisión Europea para la Preservación y el Acceso (ECPA) = European Commission on Preservation and Access (ECPA).* conseguir acceso = gain + access, gain + admittance.* control de acceso = access control.* dar acceso = provide + access.* dar acceso a = give + access to.* de acceso público = publicly accessible.* de acceso rápido = fast-access.* de acceso restringido = closed access.* de fácil acceso = easily available, over the counter, handy.* derecho de acceso = access right.* derecho de acceso a la información = right of access to information.* estanterías de libre acceso = open shelves.* facilidad de acceso = reachability.* falta de acceso = unavailability.* fichero de acceso aleatorio = random access file.* fichero de punto de acceso = access-point file.* filtrar el acceso = filter + access.* fondo de acceso restringido = reserve collection.* fondo de recursos electrónicos de acceso restringido = electronic reserve.* fondos de acceso libre = open stacks.* fondos de acceso restringido = closed access collection, closed stacks, closed access stacks.* fondos de libre acceso = open access stacks.* igualdad de acceso = equity of access.* libertad de acceso a la lectura = freedom to read.* licencia de acceso = subscription license.* licencia de acceso a información electrónica = license [licence, -USA], licensing.* memoria de acceso aleatorio (RAM) = random access memory (RAM).* módulo de aceso de un portal = portlet.* módulo de catálogo de acceso público en línea = online public access catalogue module.* nombre de acceso = login.* nombre de acceso al sistema = system logon name.* obtener acceso = gain + access, gain + admittance.* ofrecer acceso = provide + access.* posibilidades de acceso = access capabilities.* programa de acceso a Internet = browser software.* programas de acceso = access software.* puerta de acceso = gateway.* punto de acceso = access point, entry point, entry term, index entry, retrieval access, search key, access point, service point, point of access, entrance point.* puntos de acceso = entry vocabulary.* rampa de acceso = ramp, access ramp.* servicio de acceso público = public delivery service.* sistema de acceso mediante tarjeta = card access system.* tarjeta de acceso = swipecard.* tener acceso a información confidencial = be on the inside.* tiempo de acceso = access time, seek time, access speed.* todo el mundo debe tener acceso a la información = access for all.* vía de acceso rápido = fast track.* * *1)a) ( a un lugar) accesslos accesos a la ciudad — roads into o approaches to the city
b) (a persona, documento) accessc) (Inf) accessacceso aleatorio/secuencial — random/sequential access
2)a) (a puesto, cargo) accession (frml)desde su acceso al poder — since coming to o assuming power
b) ( a curso) entrance3) (Med) attacken un acceso de ira/celos — in a fit of rage/jealousy
* * *= access, admittance, login, entry, approach path.Ex: Access to the contents of data bases is via some computer-searching technique, often using an online terminal.
Ex: New rules have made it possible to show films publicly with free admittance.Ex: Internet access for electronic messaging, file transfer, and remote login to computer was originally only available to individuals in education and research institutions.Ex: The entry, change, and extraction of word and phrases from abstracts is described in detail in Chapter 9.Ex: Approach paths to site should be wide and non-slippery with liberal use being made of ramps.* acceso abierto = open access (OA).* acceso a distancia = remote access.* acceso a la información por el autor = author approach.* acceso a la información por el título = title approach.* acceso a la información por la materia = subject approach to information, subject approach.* acceso aleatorio = random access.* acceso a los artículos de las publicaciones periódicas = article-level access.* acceso a los documentos = document delivery.* acceso concurrente = concurrent access.* acceso dedicado = dedicated access.* acceso de sólo lectura = read-only access.* acceso directo = direct access.* acceso en línea = online access.* acceso identificado = password access.* acceso libre = self-help, free access.* acceso mediante contraseña = password access.* acceso mediante línea telefónica = dial-access.* acceso mediante llamada telefónica = dial-in access, dial-up access, dial up phone line.* acceso múltiple = multiple access.* acceso para todos = access for all.* acceso por CD-ROM = CD-ROM access.* acceso por materias = subject access.* acceso público = public access.* acceso remoto = remote access.* acceso restringido = restricted access.* accesos = demand load.* acceso selectivo = selective access.* acceso simultáneo = concurrent access.* acceso sólo electrónico = e-only access.* acceso violento = paroxysm.* base de datos de acceso mediante suscripción = subscription database.* biblioteca de acceso restringido = closed-stack library.* biblioteca de libre acceso = open access library.* camino de acceso = approach path.* clave de acceso = password.* Comisión Europea para la Preservación y el Acceso (ECPA) = European Commission on Preservation and Access (ECPA).* conseguir acceso = gain + access, gain + admittance.* control de acceso = access control.* dar acceso = provide + access.* dar acceso a = give + access to.* de acceso público = publicly accessible.* de acceso rápido = fast-access.* de acceso restringido = closed access.* de fácil acceso = easily available, over the counter, handy.* derecho de acceso = access right.* derecho de acceso a la información = right of access to information.* estanterías de libre acceso = open shelves.* facilidad de acceso = reachability.* falta de acceso = unavailability.* fichero de acceso aleatorio = random access file.* fichero de punto de acceso = access-point file.* filtrar el acceso = filter + access.* fondo de acceso restringido = reserve collection.* fondo de recursos electrónicos de acceso restringido = electronic reserve.* fondos de acceso libre = open stacks.* fondos de acceso restringido = closed access collection, closed stacks, closed access stacks.* fondos de libre acceso = open access stacks.* igualdad de acceso = equity of access.* libertad de acceso a la lectura = freedom to read.* licencia de acceso = subscription license.* licencia de acceso a información electrónica = license [licence, -USA], licensing.* memoria de acceso aleatorio (RAM) = random access memory (RAM).* módulo de aceso de un portal = portlet.* módulo de catálogo de acceso público en línea = online public access catalogue module.* nombre de acceso = login.* nombre de acceso al sistema = system logon name.* obtener acceso = gain + access, gain + admittance.* ofrecer acceso = provide + access.* posibilidades de acceso = access capabilities.* programa de acceso a Internet = browser software.* programas de acceso = access software.* puerta de acceso = gateway.* punto de acceso = access point, entry point, entry term, index entry, retrieval access, search key, access point, service point, point of access, entrance point.* puntos de acceso = entry vocabulary.* rampa de acceso = ramp, access ramp.* servicio de acceso público = public delivery service.* sistema de acceso mediante tarjeta = card access system.* tarjeta de acceso = swipecard.* tener acceso a información confidencial = be on the inside.* tiempo de acceso = access time, seek time, access speed.* todo el mundo debe tener acceso a la información = access for all.* vía de acceso rápido = fast track.* * *A1 (a un lugar) accessel acceso al edificio no presenta ningún problema there is no problem gaining access to o getting into the buildingrutas de acceso approach roadslos accesos a la ciudad están bloqueados roads into o approaches to the city are blockedesta puerta es el único acceso al jardín this door is the only way into o the only means of access to the gardenrampa para acceso con silla de ruedas ramp for wheelchair access2 (a una persona) access3 (a un documento) access4 ( Inf) accessCompuestos:random accesssequential accessB1 (a un puesto, cargo) accession ( frml)desde su acceso al poder since coming to o assuming power2 (a un curso) entrancepruebas de acceso entrance examinationscurso de acceso preparatory courseCompuesto:direct entryC ( Med) attackacceso de tos coughing fitacceso de fiebre attack of feveren un acceso de ira in a fit of rageacceso de celos fit of jealousy* * *
acceso sustantivo masculino
1
c) (Inf) access
2 ( a curso) entrance;
curso de acceso preparatory course
acceso sustantivo masculino
1 (entrada) access, entry
2 (ruta, camino, vía) approach, access
3 (arrebato de ira, de alegría) fit
Med (ataque de tos, de fiebre) fit
4 Inform acceso aleatorio, random access
acceso múltiple, multiaccess
5 Univ (ingreso) prueba de acceso, entrance examination
' acceso' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
abrir
- bloquear
- cerrar
- desbloquear
- entrada
- escultórica
- escultórico
- franca
- franco
- restringir
- sellar
- clave
- directo
English:
access
- access road
- approach
- climb
- concrete
- entrance
- fit
- insider
- open
- ram
- random access
- service road
- slip-road
- spasm
- specifically
- ticket barrier
- accession
- admittance
- ease
- entry
- pass
- ramp
- slip
* * *acceso nm1. [entrada] entrance (a to);la policía vigila todos los accesos a la capital the police are watching all the approaches to the capital2. [paso] access (a to);un edificio con acceso para sillas de ruedas a building with wheelchair access;esta escalera da acceso a los pisos superiores this staircase gives access to the upper floors;tener acceso a algo to have access to sth;tiene acceso a información confidencial she has access to confidential information;quieren facilitar el acceso de los jóvenes a la vivienda they want to make it easier for young people to find a place of their own (to live)3. [a persona] access;es un profesor de fácil acceso he's a very accessible teacher4. [ataque] fit;[de fiebre, gripe] bout;un acceso de celos/de locura a fit of jealousy/madness6. Informát access;[a página Web] hit;acceso a Internet Internet accessacceso aleatorio random access;acceso directo direct access;acceso remoto remote access;acceso secuencial sequential access* * *mde difícil acceso inaccessible, difficult to get to2 INFOR access;acceso a Internet Internet accessacceso de rabia fit of anger* * *acceso nm1) : access2) : admittance, entrance* * *acceso n1. (en general) access -
3 streuen
I v/t1. (Sand etc.) scatter; (Mist) spread; (Blumen) strew, scatter; (Samen) sow; (Salz, Zucker etc.) sprinkle2. (Straße) grit; mit Salz: salt; die Wege räumen und streuen clear the paths (of snow) and salt themII v/i MIL., Geschoss, Gewehr; PHYS., Strahlen etc.: scatter* * *to sprinkle; to scatter; to strew* * *streu|en ['ʃtrɔyən]1. vtFutter, Samen to scatter; Blumen auch to strew; Dünger, Stroh, Sand, Kies to spread; Gewürze, Zucker etc to sprinkle; Straße, Gehweg etc (mit Sand) to grit; (mit Salz) to salt; (fig ) Gerüchte etc to spread; Aktien to make widely availabledie Regierung ließ stréúen, dass... — the government gave reason to believe that...
2. vi1) (= Streumittel anwenden) to grit; to put down salt2) (Salzstreuer etc) to sprinkle3) (Linse, Gewehr etc) to scatter* * *(to scatter something over something else in small drops or bits: He sprinkled salt over his food; He sprinkled the roses with water.) sprinkle* * *streu·en[ˈʃtrɔyən]I. vt1. (hinstreuen)Futter/Samen \streuen to scatter food/seedDünger \streuen to spread fertilizeretw auf einen Kuchen/ein Gericht \streuen to sprinkle sth on a cake/a dish▪ etw \streuen to grit/salt sth3. (verbreiten)▪ etw \streuen to spread sthGerüchte \streuen to spread rumours [or AM -ors]die Opposition ließ \streuen, [dass]... the opposition put it about that...II. vi2. (Geschosse verteilen) to scatter3. PHYS to scatter* * *transitives Verb1) spread <manure, sand, grit>; sprinkle <salt, herbs, etc.>; strew, scatter < flowers>; (fig.) spread < rumour>weit gestreut — (fig.) scattered or spread over a wide area
2) (auch itr.) (mit Streugut)die Straßen [mit Sand/Salz] streuen — grit/salt the roads; put grit/salt down on the roads
* * *A. v/t1. (Sand etc) scatter; (Mist) spread; (Blumen) strew, scatter; (Samen) sow; (Salz, Zucker etc) sprinkledie Wege räumen und streuen clear the paths (of snow) and salt them3. PHYS scatter;gestreute Strahlung PHYS scattered radiationB. v/i MIL, Geschoss, Gewehr; PHYS, Strahlen etc: scatter* * *transitives Verb1) spread <manure, sand, grit>; sprinkle <salt, herbs, etc.>; strew, scatter < flowers>; (fig.) spread < rumour>weit gestreut — (fig.) scattered or spread over a wide area
2) (auch itr.) (mit Streugut)die Straßen [mit Sand/Salz] streuen — grit/salt the roads; put grit/salt down on the roads
* * *v.to scatter v.to strew v. -
4 grand
grand, e [gʀɑ̃, gʀɑ̃d]1. adjectivea. ( = de haute taille) tall• quand il sera grand [enfant] when he grows up• tu es grand/grande maintenant you're a big boy/girl nowd. (en nombre, en quantité) [vitesse, poids, valeur, puissance] great ; [nombre, quantité] large ; [famille] large, bige. ( = intense) [bruit, cri] loud ; [froid, chaleur] intense ; [vent] strong ; [danger, plaisir, pauvreté] greatf. ( = riche, puissant) [pays, firme, banquier, industriel] leadingg. ( = important) great ; [ville, travail] big• je t'annonce une grande nouvelle ! I've got some great news!h. ( = principal) main• la grande difficulté consiste à... the main difficulty lies in...i. (intensif) [travailleur, collectionneur, ami, rêveur] great ; [buveur, fumeur] heavy ; [mangeur] bigj. ( = remarquable) greatk. ( = de gala) [réception, dîner] grandl. ( = noble) [âme] noble ; [pensée, principe] loftym. ( = exagéré) faire de grandes phrases to voice high-flown sentimentsn. ( = beaucoup de) cela te fera (le plus) grand bien it'll do you the world of good• grand bien vous fasse ! much good may it do you!2. adverb3. masculine nouna. ( = élève) senior boyb. (terme d'affection) viens, mon grand come here, sonc. ( = personne puissante) les grands de ce monde men in high places4. feminine nouna. ( = élève) senior girl5. compounds━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━The grandes écoles are competitive-entrance higher education establishments where engineering, business administration and other subjects are taught to a very high standard. The most prestigious include « l'École Polytechnique » (engineering), the three « Écoles normales supérieures » (arts and sciences), « l'ÉNA » (the civil service college), and « HEC » (business administration).Pupils prepare for entrance to the grandes écoles after their « baccalauréat » in two years of « classes préparatoires ». → CLASSES PRÉPARATOIRES CONCOURS ÉCOLE NATIONALE D'ADMINISTRATION* * *
1.
grande gʀɑ̃, gʀɑ̃d adjectif1) ( de dimensions importantes) ( en hauteur) tall; (en longueur, durée) long; ( en largeur) wide; (en étendue, volume) big2) (nombreux, abondant) large, biglaver à grande eau — to wash [something] in plenty of running water [légumes]; to wash [something] down [sol]
3) ( à un degré élevé) [rêveur, collectionneur, ami] great; [tricheur, joueur] big; [buveur, fumeur] heavy4) ( important) [découverte, expédition, nouvelle] great; [date] important; [rôle] major; [problème, décision] bigla grande majorité — the great ou vast majority
5) ( principal) main6) ( de premier plan) [société, marque] leading7) (brillant, remarquable) [peintre, vin, cause] great; [cœur, âme] nobleLouis le Grand — Louis the Great; esprit
les grandes classes — École the senior forms GB, the upper classes US
9) ( qualifiant une mesure) [hauteur, longueur, distance, valeur] great; [pointure, quantité, étendue] large; [vitesse] high10) (extrême, fort) [bonté, amitié, danger, intérêt] great; [bruit] loud; [froid] severe; [chaleur] intense; [vent] strong, high; [tempête] big, violentà grands cris — loudly; cas, remède
11) ( de rang social élevé) [famille, nom] great12) ( grandiose) [réception, projet] grand13) ( emphatique) [mot] big; [phrase] high-soundinget voilà, tout de suite les grands mots — there you go, straight off the deep end
2.
3.
adverbe wideouvrir grand ses oreilles — fig to prick up one's ears
4.
nom masculinles cinq grands — Politique the Big Five
5.
en grand locution adverbialePhrasal Verbs:* * *ɡʀɑ̃, ɡʀɑ̃d grand, -e1. adj1) (= de haute taille) tallIl est grand pour son âge. — He's tall for his age.
2) (= aîné)C'est sa grande sœur. — She's his big sister.
3) (= adulte)Il est assez grand pour... — He's old enough to...
4) (= gros, vaste, large) big, large5) (importance, stature) greatC'est un grand ami à moi. — He's a great friend of mine.
les grandes lignes CHEMINS DE FER — the main lines
6) (ampleur, degré)les grands blessés; Les grands blessés ont été emmenés à l'hôpital en hélicoptère. — The severely injured were taken to hospital by helicopter.
7) (intensif)Ça te fera beaucoup de bien d'être au grand air. — It'll be very good for you to be out in the open air.
2. adv3. nm/f1) (= élève, enfant) big boy, big girlIl est chez les grands maintenant. — He's in the senior school now.
C'est une grande, elle peut y aller seule. — She's a big girl now, she can go on her own.
2) (= personnage)4. nm* * *A adj1 ( de dimensions importantes) ( en hauteur) [personne, arbre, tour, cierge] tall; (en longueur, durée) [bras, enjambée, promenade, voyage] long; ( en largeur) [angle, marge] wide; (en étendue, volume) [lac, ville, salle, trou, édifice, paquet] large, big; [tas, feu] big; ( démesuré) [pied, nez, bouche] big; un homme (très) grand a (very) tall man; un grand homme brun, un homme grand et brun a tall dark man; plus grand que nature larger than life; ouvrir de grands yeux to open one's eyes wide;2 (nombreux, abondant) [famille, foule] large, big; [fortune] large; grande braderie big sale; pas grand monde not many people; faire de grandes dépenses to spend a lot of money; il fait grand jour it's broad daylight; laver à grande eau to wash [sth] in plenty of running water [légumes]; to wash [sth] down [sol]; à grand renfort de publicité with much publicity;3 ( à un degré élevé) [rêveur, collectionneur, travailleur, ami, ennemi, pécheur] great; [tricheur, joueur, lâcheur, idiot] big; [buveur, fumeur] heavy; grand amateur de ballet great ballet lover; c'est un grand timide he's very shy; les grands malades very sick people; c'est un grand cardiaque he has a serious heart condition;4 ( important) [découverte, migration, expédition, événement, nouvelle, honneur] great; [date] important; [rôle] major; [problème, décision] big; ( principal) main; c'est un grand jour pour elle it's a big day for her; une grande partie de la maison a large part of the house; une grande partie des habitants many of the inhabitants; la grande majorité the great ou vast majority; ⇒ scène;5 ( principal) main; le grand escalier the main staircase; le grand problème/obstacle the main ou major problem/obstacle; les grands axes routiers the main ou trunk GB roads; les grands points du discours the main points of the speech; les grandes lignes d'une politique the broad lines of a policy;6 ( de premier plan) Écon, Pol [pays, société, industriel, marque] leading; les grandes industries the big industries;7 (brillant, remarquable) [peintre, œuvre, civilisation, vin, cause] great; [cœur, âme] noble; c'est un grand homme he's a great man; les grands écrivains great authors; un grand nom de la musique a great musician; un grand monsieur du théâtre a great gentleman of the stage; Louis/Pierre le Grand Louis/Peter the Great; les grands noms du cinéma/de la littérature indienne the big names of the cinema/of Indian literature; de grande classe [produit] high-class; [exploit] admirable; ⇒ esprit;8 ( âgé) [frère, sœur] elder; [élève] senior GB, older; ( adulte) grown-up; mon grand frère my elder brother; les grandes classes Scol the senior forms GB, the upper classes US; quand il sera grand when he grows up; mes enfants sont grands my children are quite old; une grande fille comme toi! a big girl like you!; 12 ans! tu es assez grand pour te débrouiller 12 years old! you're old enough to cope;9 ( qualifiant une mesure) [hauteur, longueur, distance, poids, valeur, âge] great; [dimensions, taille, pointure, quantité, nombre, étendue] large; [vitesse] high; [kilomètre, mois, heure] good; il est grand temps que tu partes it's high time you were off ou you went;10 (intense, extrême, fort) [bonté, lâcheté, pauvreté, amitié, chagrin, faim, danger, différence, intérêt] great; [bruit] great, loud; [froid] severe; [chaleur] intense; [vent] strong, high; [tempête] big, violent; avec grand plaisir with great ou much pleasure; dans le plus grand secret in great secrecy; d'une grande bêtise/timidité very ou extremely stupid/shy; à ma grande honte/surprise much to my shame/surprise; sans grand espoir/enthousiasme without much hope/enthusiasm; sans grande importance not very important; il n'y a pas grand mal à cela/à faire there isn't much harm in that/in doing; avoir grand faim/soif to be very hungry/thirsty; avoir grand besoin de to be badly in need of; ça te ferait le plus grand bien it would do you a world of good; à grands cris loudly; ⇒ cas, remède;11 ( de rang social élevé) [famille, nom] great; grande dame great lady; la grande bourgeoisie the upper middle class;12 ( grandiose) [réception] grand; grands projets grand designs; avoir grande allure, avoir grand air to look very impressive;13 ( emphatique) [mot] big; [phrase] high-sounding; un grand merci a big thank you; faire de grands gestes to wave one's arms about; et voilà, tout de suite les grands mots there you go, straight off the deep end.B nm,f1 ( enfant) big boy/girl; Scol senior GB ou older pupil; il a fait ça tout seul comme un grand he did it all by himself like a big boy; il fait le ménage comme un grand he does the housework like a grown-up; pour les grands et les petits for old and young alike;C adv wide; ouvrir grand la bouche to open one's mouth wide; ouvrir tout grand les bras to throw one's arms open; les fenêtres sont grand(es) ouvertes the windows are wide open; ouvrir la porte toute grande to open the door wide; ouvrir grand ses oreilles fig to prick up one's ears; ouvrir tout grand son cœur fig to open one's heart; les bottes chaussent grand the boots are large-fitting; leurs vêtements taillent grand their clothes are cut on the large side; voir grand fig to think big.D nm ( pays) big power; ( entreprise) leader, big name; les grands de ce monde the great and the good; Pol the world's leaders; les cinq grands Pol the Big Five; les grands de l'automobile the top car manufacturers; c'est un grand de la publicité he's big in advertising.E en grand loc adv [ouvrir] wide, completely; faire de l'élevage en grand to breed animals on a large scale; quand ils reçoivent, ils font les choses en grand when they entertain they do things on the grand scale or they really go to town○.grand argentier Hist royal treasurer; hum keeper of the nation's purse, Finance minister; le grand art alchemy; grand banditisme organized crime; grand bassin ( de piscine) main pool; Anat upper pelvis; grand cacatois main royal sail; grand caniche standard poodle; le grand capital Écon big money, big investors pl; grand commis de l'État top civil servant; grand coq de bruyère capercaillie; grand corbeau raven; grand couturier couturier; grand débutant absolute beginner; grand duc Zool eagle owl; grand écart Danse, Sport splits (sg); faire le grand écart to do the splits; le grand écran the big screen; grand électeur ( en France) elector who votes in the elections for the French Senate; ( aux États-Unis) presidential elector; grand ensemble high-density housing complex; la vie dans les grands ensembles high-rise living; grand d'Espagne Spanish grandee; grand foc outer jib; grand frais Météo moderate gale; grand hunier main topsail; grand hunier fixe lower main topsail; grand hunier volant upper main topsail; grand invalide civil, GIC civilian who is registered severely disabled; grand invalide de guerre, GIG Prot Soc ex-serviceman who is registered severely disabled; le grand large Naut the high seas (pl); grand magasin Comm department store; grand maître ( aux échecs) grand master; grand maître de l'ordre des Templiers Hist Grand Master of the Knights Templar; grand mât Naut mainmast; le grand monde high society; le Grand Nord Géog the Far North; Grand Œuvre Great Work; grand officier de la Légion d'Honneur high-ranking officer of the Legion of HonourGB; le Grand Orient the Grand Lodge of France; grand panda giant panda; Grand Pardon Day of Atonement; grand patron Méd senior consultant GB, head doctor US; grand perroquet Naut main topgallant sail; grand prêtre Relig, fig high priest; grand prix Courses Aut, Sport grand prix; le grand public the general public; Comm produit grand public consumer product; grand quart Naut six-hour watch; Grand quartier général, GQG Mil General Headquarters, GHQ; grand quotidien Presse big national daily; grand roque Jeux ( aux échecs) castling long; le Grand Siècle Hist the 17th century (in France); grand teint colourfastGB; grand tétras capercaillie; grand tourisme Courses Aut, Aut GT, gran turismo; le Grand Turc the Sultan; grand veneur Chasse master of the hounds; grande Armée Hist Grande Armée (Napoleon's army); grande Baie Australienne Géog Great Australian Bight; la grande banlieue the outer suburbs (pl); Grande Barrière (de Corail) Géog Great Barrier Reef; la grande bleue the sea; la grande cuisine Culin haute cuisine; grande distribution Écon volume retailing; grand école higher education institution; la Grande Guerre Hist the First World War; grande gueule○ loud mouth○; grande hune Naut maintop; la grande muette the army; la grande muraille de Chine Géog the Great Wall of China; grande personne grown-up, adult; la grande presse Presse the popular dailies (pl); grande puissance Pol superpower; grande roue ( de foire) big wheel GB, Ferris wheel US; grande série Comm mass production; fabriqué en grande série mass-produced; grande surface Comm supermarket; grandes eaux fountains; fig ( pleurs) waterworks; dès qu'on la gronde, ce sont les grandes eaux the minute you tell her off, she turns on the waterworks; grandes lignes Rail main train routes; grandes marées spring tides; grandes ondes Radio long wave (sg); Grandes Plaines Géog Great Plains; les grands blessés the seriously injured; grands corps de l'État Admin senior branches of the civil service; grands espaces Écol open spaces; grands fauves Zool big cats; grands fonds Naut ocean depths; les grands froids the cold of winter; Grands Lacs Géog Great Lakes; grands singes Zool great apes; ⇒ école, voyage.ⓘ Grande école A prestigious third-level institution where admission is usually by competitive entrance examination or concours. Places are much sought after as they are widely considered to guarantee more promising career prospects than the standard university institutions. Many grandes écoles specialize in particular disciplines or fields of study, e.g. ENA, Sciences Po, etc.( féminin grande) [grɑ̃, grɑ̃d] (devant nom masculin commençant par voyelle ou h muet [grɑ̃t]) adjectifA.[ASPECT QUANTITATIF]grand A/B/C capital A/B/Cune grande tour a high ou tall towerun grand fleuve a long ou big riveravoir de grands pieds to have big ou large feetmarcher à grands pas to walk with great ou long strides3. [d'un certain âge - être humain] big[aîné - frère, sœur] big4. [qui dure longtemps] long5. [intense, considérable] greatpendant les grandes chaleurs in high summer, in ou at the height of summerun grand incendie a major ou great firela grande majorité de the great ou vast majority ofils plongent à une grande profondeur they dive very deep ou to a great depth7. [entier]elle m'a fait attendre une grande heure/semaine she made me wait a good hour/a good week9. GÉOGRAPHIE10. ZOOLOGIEB.[ASPECT QUALITATIF]les grands problèmes de notre temps the main ou major ou key issues of our timece sont de grands amis they're great ou very good friendsles grands blessés/brûlés/invalides the seriously wounded/burned/disabled3. [puissant, influent - banque] top ; [ - industriel] top, leading, major ; [ - propriétaire, famille] important ; [ - personnage] great4. [dans une hiérarchie]les grands dignitaires du régime the leading ou important dignitaries of the regime5. [noble]avoir grand air ou grande allure to carry oneself well, to be imposing6. [généralementéreux]il a un grand cœur he's big-hearted, he has a big heart7. [exagéré] biggrands mots high-sounding words, high-flown language8. [fameux, reconnu] greatun grand journaliste a great ou top journalistil ne descend que dans les grands hôtels he only stays in the best hotels ou the most luxurious hotelsle grand film de la soirée tonight's big ou feature filmles grandes dates de l'histoire de France the great ou most significant dates in French history9. HISTOIRE10. [omnipotent, suprême] greatC.[EN INTENSIF]sans grand enthousiasme/intérêt without much enthusiasm/interestsa grande fierté, c'est son jardin he's very proud of ou he takes great pride in his gardenun grand merci à ta sœur lots of thanks to ou a big thank you to your sistercette cuisine a grand besoin d'être nettoyée this kitchen really needs ou is in dire need of a cleantoute la famille au grand complet the whole family, every single member of the familyjamais, au grand jamais je n'accepterai never in a million years will I acceptà sa grande surprise much to his surprise, to his great surprise————————, grande [grɑ̃, grɑ̃d] (devant nom masculin commençant par voyelle ou h muet [grɑ̃t]) nom masculin, nom féminin1. [enfant - d'un certain âge][en appellatif]merci mon grand! thanks, son!allons, ma grande, ne pleure pas! come on now, love, don't cry!comme un grand: je me débrouillerai tout seul, comme un grand/toute seule, comme une grande I'll manage on my own, like a big boy/a big girl[en appellatif]alors, ma grande, tu as pu te reposer un peu? well dear, did you manage to get some rest?[personne de grande taille]pour la photo, les grands se mettront derrière for the photo, tall people ou the taller people will stand at the back————————adverbe1. [vêtement]2. (locution)3. [largement]4. ART————————nom masculin1. PHILOSOPHIE → link=infiniment infiniment2. [entrepreneur, industriel]les grands de l'automobile the major ou leading car manufacturers————————grands nom masculin plurielÉCONOMIE & POLITIQUEles grands [les puissants] the rich (and powerful)les grands de ce monde the people in (positions of) power ou in high places————————en grand locution adverbiale[complètement] on a large scaleil faut aérer la maison en grand the house needs a thorough ou good airinggrande école nom féminingrand ensemble nom masculingrande surface nom fémininThe grandes écoles are relatively small and highly respected higher education establishments. Admission is usually only possible after two years of intensive preparatory studies and a competitive entrance examination. Most have close links with industry. The grandes écoles include l'École des hautes études commerciales or HEC (management and business), l'École polytechnique or l'X (engineering) and l'École normale supérieure (teacher training). -
5 camino
m.1 path, track (sendero).camino trillado well-trodden path2 way.el camino de la estación the way to the stationcamino de on the way toestá camino de la capital it's on the way to the capitala estas horas ya estarán en camino they'll be on their way by nowme pilla de camino it's on my wayen el o de camino on the waypor este camino this way3 journey (viaje).nos espera un largo camino we have a long journey ahead of usponerse en camino to set off4 road, footpath, pathway, track.5 cart track, cart road.pres.indicat.1st person singular (yo) present indicative of spanish verb: caminar.* * *1 (vía) path, track2 (ruta) way, route3 (viaje) journey\a medio camino half-wayabrir camino to clear the way (a, for)abrir el camino to clear the way (a, for)abrirse camino to make one's wayabrirse camino en la vida to get on in lifecoger de camino / pillar de camino to be on the wayestar en camino to be on the wayir camino de to be on one's way toir por (el) buen/mal camino figurado to be on the right/wrong trackllevar buen camino to be on the right trackllevar camino de to be on the way to, be heading for, look set toponerse en camino to set off (on a journey)camino de herradura bridle pathcamino de rosas figurado bed of rosescamino forestal forest trackel Camino de Santiago (vía láctea) the Milky Wayel camino del éxito figurado the road to success* * *noun m.1) road, path, track2) way3) journey4) course* * *SM1) [sin asfaltar] track; (=sendero) path; (=carretera) roadCaminos, Canales y Puertos — (Univ) Civil Engineering
camino de ingresos, camino de peaje — toll road
camino de rosas, la vida no es ningún camino de rosas — life's no bed of roses
Camino de Santiago — pilgrims' route to Santiago de Compostela, Way of St James
camino forestal — forest track; [para paseos] forest trail
= Camino de Santiagocamino francés ( Hist) —
camino trillado, caminos turísticos no trillados — tourist routes that are off the beaten track
experimentan con nuevas técnicas, huyen de los caminos trillados — they are experimenting with new techniques and avoiding conventional approaches o the well-trodden paths
este escritor ha recorrido los caminos trillados de sus antecesores — this writer has been down the well-trodden paths followed by his predecessors
2) (=ruta)a) (lit) way, route; (=viaje) journeyvolvimos por el camino más corto — we took the shortest way o route back
¿sabes el camino a su casa? — do you know the way to his house?
¿cuánto camino hay de aquí a San José? — how far is it from here to San José?
•
abrirse camino entre la multitud — to make one's way through the crowd•
de camino a, lo puedo recoger de camino al trabajo — I can collect it on my way to work•
echar camino adelante — to strike out•
en el camino — on the way, en routetienen dos niños, y otro en camino — they have two children, and another on the way
ponerse en camino — to set out o off
•
a medio camino — halfway (there)a medio camino paramos para comer — halfway there, we stopped to eat
•
se quedaron a mitad de camino — they only got halfway (there)la verdad está a mitad de camino entre las dos posturas — the truth is somewhere between the two views
b) (fig) (=medio) path, course•
el camino a seguir, yo te explico el camino a seguir — I'll tell you the way o routeme indicaron el camino a seguir para resolver el problema — they showed me what needed to be done to solve the problem
censurar estos programas no es el camino a seguir — censoring these programmes isn't the solution o the right thing to do
allanar el camino —
ir camino de —
va camino de convertirse en un gran centro financiero — it is on its way to becoming a major financial centre
traer a algn por buen camino — (=orientar) to put sb on the right track o road; (=desengañar) to set sb straight
quedarse en el camino —
un 70% sacó el diploma y el resto se quedó en el camino — 70 per cent of them got the diploma, the rest didn't make it
en vez de seguir las normas él fue por su camino — instead of following the rules he just went his own sweet way o did his own thing
no me fijo en mis rivales, yo sigo por mi camino — I don't take any notice of what my rivals are doing, I just do my own thing
3) (Inform) pathCAMINO DE SANTIAGO The Camino de Santiago is a medieval pilgrim route stretching from the Pyrenees to Santiago de Compostela in northwest Spain, where tradition has it that the body of Saint James the Apostle (Spain's patron saint) is buried. Those who had made the long, dangerous journey returned proudly wearing on their hat or cloak the venera or concha (scallop shell) traditionally associated with this pilgrimage - Saint James' body had reportedly been found covered in scallops. Today this symbolic shell can still be seen all along the Camino de Santiago, carved on ancient buildings and painted on modern-day road signs marking the historic route for the benefit of tourists and pilgrims. In astronomy the Camino de Santiago is another name for the Vía Láctea (Milky Way), hence the title of Buñuel's famous satirical film about the route to Compostela.* * *1) ( de tierra) track; ( sendero) path; ( en general) roadabrir nuevos caminos — to break new o fresh ground
allanar or preparar or abrir el camino — to pave the way, prepare the ground
el camino trillado — the well-worn o well-trodden path
la vida no es un camino de rosas — life is no bed of roses
tener el camino trillado: tenía el camino trillado he'd had the ground prepared for him; todos los caminos llevan or conducen a Roma — all roads lead to Rome
2)a) (ruta, dirección) wayme salieron al camino — asaltantes they blocked my path o way; amigos/niños they came out to meet me
el camino a la fama — the road o path to fame
se me fue por mal camino or por el otro camino — it went down the wrong way
abrir camino a algo — to clear the way for something
abrirse camino — to make one's way
buen/mal camino: este niño va por mal camino or lleva mal camino this boy's heading for trouble; ibas por or llevabas buen camino pero te equivocaste you were on the right track but you made a mistake; las negociaciones van por or llevan muy buen camino the negotiations are going extremely well; llevar a alguien por mal camino to lead somebody astray; cruzarse en el camino de alguien: superó todos los obstáculos que se le cruzaron en el camino he overcame all the problems that arose; errar el camino to be in the wrong job o the wrong line of work; tirar por el camino de en medio — to take the middle path
b) (trayecto, viaje)lo debí perder en el camino al trabajo — I must have lost it on my o on the way to work
llevamos 300 kms/una hora de camino — we've done 300 kms/been traveling for an hour
todavía estamos a o nos quedan dos horas de camino — we still have two hours to go
paramos a mitad de camino or a medio camino — we stopped halfway
cortar o acortar camino — to take a shortcut
a mitad de or a medio camino — halfway through
c) (en locs)camino de/a: me encontré con él camino del or al mercado I ran into him on the o on my way to the market; ya vamos camino del invierno winter's on the way o on its way; llevar or ir camino de algo: una tradición que va camino de desaparecer a tradition which looks set to disappear; de camino on the way to; pilla de camino it's on the way; me queda de camino I pass it on my way; de camino a on the way; está de camino a la estación it is on the way to the station; en el camino or de camino al trabajo on my/his/her way o the way to work; en camino on the way; tiene un niño y otro en camino she has one child and another on the way; deben estar ya en camino they must be on their way already; por el camino — on the way
•* * *= avenue, path, road, route, footpath, lane, pathway, way.Ex. In the attempt to match the above criteria, there are two fundamentally distinct avenues to the construction of the schedules of a classification scheme.Ex. It can be in only one place, unless duplicates are used; one has to have rules as to which path will locate it, and the rules are cumbersome.Ex. Use of Woolston Library has declined slightly: the area is isolated by the River Itchen, a busy main road, and a natural escarpment.Ex. Each packet includes the address of the final destination, and the packets travel separately, perhaps taking different routes through the network.Ex. Equivalence relationships normally imply the selection of one form as the preferred term, as we have seen, so we make a cross-reference pointing from the non-preferred term to the preferred term: footpaths See Trails; Bovines USE Cattle.Ex. The title of the article is 'Changing lanes on the information superhighway: academic libraries and the Internet'.Ex. This system automates the scientific task of determining the pathway of steps underlying a chemical reaction.Ex. He has chosen self-denial and altruism as the way to follow.----* abrir camino a = make + way (for).* abrir nuevos caminos = break + new ground, push + Nombre + into new latitudes, break + ground, blaze + trail.* abrirse camino = plough through, elbow + Posesivo + way into, elbow into, foist + Posesivo + way into, make + Posesivo + way in the world.* abrirse camino (a empujones) = push + Posesivo + way across/into.* abrirse camino en el mundo = make + Posesivo + way in the world.* abrirse camino en la vida = get on in + life.* abrir un camino = chart + direction.* al borde del camino = at the roadside.* alto en el camino = stopover.* a medio camino = halfway [half-way/half way].* a mitad de camino = halfway [half-way/half way].* a mitad de camino entre... y... = midway between, half way between... and....* a mitad de camino entre... y... = astride... and....* andar camino trillado = tread + well-worn ground.* apartarse del buen camino = go off + the rails, stray from + the straight and narrow.* apartarse del camino de la verdad = stray from + the straight and narrow.* apartarse de los caminos principales = go + off-road.* borde del camino = roadside, wayside.* buen camino, el = straight and narrow (path), the.* buscar el camino = wind + Posesivo + way.* cambiar de opinión a mitad de camino = change + horses in midstream.* cambiar de parecer a mitad de camino = change + horses in midstream.* cambiar de política a mitad de camino = change + horses in midstream.* camino apartado = byway.* camino a seguir, el = way forward, the.* camino correcto, el = way forward, the.* camino de acceso = approach path.* camino definido = charted route.* camino de herradura = bridle path, bridleway.* camino de la verdad, el = straight and narrow (path), the.* camino de tierra = dirt track, dirt road.* camino elevado = causeway.* camino hacia el estrellato = road to stardom.* camino hacia la fama = road to stardom.* camino largo y difícil = long haul.* camino largo y tortuoso = long and winding road.* camino lleno de baches = bumpy road.* camino más fácil, el = path of least resistance, the.* camino muy largo = circuitous route.* camino pecuario = cattle lane.* camino por recorrer, el = road ahead, the.* camino rural = country lane, country road.* camino seguro al desastre = blueprint for disaster.* camino seguro al éxito = blueprint for success.* camino seguro al fracaso = blueprint for failure.* camino sin rumbo = the road to nowhere.* camino trillado = worn path, beaten road.* camino vecinal = country road, minor road, back road.* construcción de caminos = road construction.* continuar + Posesivo camino = continue on + Posesivo + way.* cruce de caminos = crossroads, fork in the road.* cruzar en el camino de Alguien = cross + Posesivo + path.* cruzársele a Uno en el camino = come + Posesivo + way.* de camino = on the way, while we're at it.* de camino a = en route for, on + Posesivo + way to, en route to.* descanso en el camino = rest stop.* desviarse del buen camino = go off + the rails.* detener en el camino = waylay.* detenerse en el camino = stop along + the way.* detenerse en el lado del camino = pull over.* el camino a seguir = the way ahead, the way to go.* el camino correcto = the way ahead, the way to go.* el camino hacia + Nombre + está lleno de + Nombre = the road (to/towards) + Nombre + is paved with + Nombre.* el camino hacia + Nombre + está plagado de + Nombre = the road (to/towards) + Nombre + is paved with + Nombre.* el camino por recorrer = the way ahead.* el camino que lleva a = a/the doorway to.* el camino recorrido = the road travelled so far.* el camino se hace andando = actions speak louder than words.* elegir el camino más fácil = take + the path of least resistance.* en camino = on the way.* encontrar el camino = wayfinding.* encontrar el camino de vuelta = find + Posesivo + way back.* en el camino = along the way, en route, in the process.* estar a medio camino entre... y... = lie + midway between... and....* estar de camino a = be on the road to.* estar en camino de = be on the way to.* fuera de los caminos trillados = off the beaten track.* hacerse camino = foist + Posesivo + way into.* hacer una parada en el camino = stop along + the way.* hallar el camino de la verdad = think + Posesivo + way to the truth.* indicar el camino a seguir = point + the way forward.* indicar el camino a seguir para = point + the way to.* indicar el camino correcto = point + Nombre + in the right direction.* ingeniería de caminos = civil engineering.* ingeniero de caminos = civil engineer.* ir por buen camino = be on the right track.* ir por el buen camino = be right on track.* ir por mal camino = be on the wrong track, be headed down the wrong track.* junto al camino = by the roadside.* lado del camino = wayside.* ¡la vida no es un camino de rosas! = the course of true love never did run smooth!.* llevar camino de enfrentamiento con = be on a collision course with.* llevar por el camino de = lead + Pronombre + down the road to.* llevar por el mal camino = lead + astray.* llevar por mal camino = mislead.* mantener Algo en el buen camino = keep + Nombre + on track.* marcar el camino correcto = point + Nombre + in the right direction.* mostrar el camino = blaze + the way, light + the way.* mostrar el camino a seguir = point + the way forward.* mostrar el camino para = point + the way to, show + the way to.* no apartarse del buen camino = keep on + the right track.* parada en el camino = rest stop, stop along the way.* parapeto del camino = road bank.* pararse en el lado del camino = pull over.* perderse por los caminos secundarios = go + off-road.* por buen camino = a step in the right direction.* por caminos apartados = off-road.* por mal camino = astray.* preparar el camino = set + the scene, smooth + the way, open + the way, set + the stage, pave + the path (for/towards/to), pave + the way (for/towards/to), pave + the road (for/towards/to).* preparar el camino para = smooth + the path of.* quedarse en el camino = fall by + the wayside.* retomar el camino = get back on + Posesivo + path.* retomar su camino = get back on + track.* seguir el buen camino = keep on + the right track, keep on + the straight and narrow.* seguir el camino de la verdad = keep on + the straight and narrow.* seguir el camino más ético = take + the high ground, take + the high road.* seguir este camino = go along + this road.* seguir por el buen camino = keep out of + trouble, keep on + the right track.* seguir un camino = take + path, take + direction, tread + path, walk + path.* seguir un camino diferente = strike out on + a different path.* tener mucho camino que recorrer = have + a long way to go.* un alto en el camino = a stop on the road, a pit stop on the road.* un camino largo y difícil = a long haul.* volver a su camino = get back on + track, get back on + Posesivo + path.* * *1) ( de tierra) track; ( sendero) path; ( en general) roadabrir nuevos caminos — to break new o fresh ground
allanar or preparar or abrir el camino — to pave the way, prepare the ground
el camino trillado — the well-worn o well-trodden path
la vida no es un camino de rosas — life is no bed of roses
tener el camino trillado: tenía el camino trillado he'd had the ground prepared for him; todos los caminos llevan or conducen a Roma — all roads lead to Rome
2)a) (ruta, dirección) wayme salieron al camino — asaltantes they blocked my path o way; amigos/niños they came out to meet me
el camino a la fama — the road o path to fame
se me fue por mal camino or por el otro camino — it went down the wrong way
abrir camino a algo — to clear the way for something
abrirse camino — to make one's way
buen/mal camino: este niño va por mal camino or lleva mal camino this boy's heading for trouble; ibas por or llevabas buen camino pero te equivocaste you were on the right track but you made a mistake; las negociaciones van por or llevan muy buen camino the negotiations are going extremely well; llevar a alguien por mal camino to lead somebody astray; cruzarse en el camino de alguien: superó todos los obstáculos que se le cruzaron en el camino he overcame all the problems that arose; errar el camino to be in the wrong job o the wrong line of work; tirar por el camino de en medio — to take the middle path
b) (trayecto, viaje)lo debí perder en el camino al trabajo — I must have lost it on my o on the way to work
llevamos 300 kms/una hora de camino — we've done 300 kms/been traveling for an hour
todavía estamos a o nos quedan dos horas de camino — we still have two hours to go
paramos a mitad de camino or a medio camino — we stopped halfway
cortar o acortar camino — to take a shortcut
a mitad de or a medio camino — halfway through
c) (en locs)camino de/a: me encontré con él camino del or al mercado I ran into him on the o on my way to the market; ya vamos camino del invierno winter's on the way o on its way; llevar or ir camino de algo: una tradición que va camino de desaparecer a tradition which looks set to disappear; de camino on the way to; pilla de camino it's on the way; me queda de camino I pass it on my way; de camino a on the way; está de camino a la estación it is on the way to the station; en el camino or de camino al trabajo on my/his/her way o the way to work; en camino on the way; tiene un niño y otro en camino she has one child and another on the way; deben estar ya en camino they must be on their way already; por el camino — on the way
•* * *= avenue, path, road, route, footpath, lane, pathway, way.Ex: In the attempt to match the above criteria, there are two fundamentally distinct avenues to the construction of the schedules of a classification scheme.
Ex: It can be in only one place, unless duplicates are used; one has to have rules as to which path will locate it, and the rules are cumbersome.Ex: Use of Woolston Library has declined slightly: the area is isolated by the River Itchen, a busy main road, and a natural escarpment.Ex: Each packet includes the address of the final destination, and the packets travel separately, perhaps taking different routes through the network.Ex: Equivalence relationships normally imply the selection of one form as the preferred term, as we have seen, so we make a cross-reference pointing from the non-preferred term to the preferred term: footpaths See Trails; Bovines USE Cattle.Ex: The title of the article is 'Changing lanes on the information superhighway: academic libraries and the Internet'.Ex: This system automates the scientific task of determining the pathway of steps underlying a chemical reaction.Ex: He has chosen self-denial and altruism as the way to follow.* abrir camino a = make + way (for).* abrir nuevos caminos = break + new ground, push + Nombre + into new latitudes, break + ground, blaze + trail.* abrirse camino = plough through, elbow + Posesivo + way into, elbow into, foist + Posesivo + way into, make + Posesivo + way in the world.* abrirse camino (a empujones) = push + Posesivo + way across/into.* abrirse camino en el mundo = make + Posesivo + way in the world.* abrirse camino en la vida = get on in + life.* abrir un camino = chart + direction.* al borde del camino = at the roadside.* alto en el camino = stopover.* a medio camino = halfway [half-way/half way].* a mitad de camino = halfway [half-way/half way].* a mitad de camino entre... y... = midway between, half way between... and....* a mitad de camino entre... y... = astride... and....* andar camino trillado = tread + well-worn ground.* apartarse del buen camino = go off + the rails, stray from + the straight and narrow.* apartarse del camino de la verdad = stray from + the straight and narrow.* apartarse de los caminos principales = go + off-road.* borde del camino = roadside, wayside.* buen camino, el = straight and narrow (path), the.* buscar el camino = wind + Posesivo + way.* cambiar de opinión a mitad de camino = change + horses in midstream.* cambiar de parecer a mitad de camino = change + horses in midstream.* cambiar de política a mitad de camino = change + horses in midstream.* camino apartado = byway.* camino a seguir, el = way forward, the.* camino correcto, el = way forward, the.* camino de acceso = approach path.* camino definido = charted route.* camino de herradura = bridle path, bridleway.* camino de la verdad, el = straight and narrow (path), the.* camino de tierra = dirt track, dirt road.* camino elevado = causeway.* camino hacia el estrellato = road to stardom.* camino hacia la fama = road to stardom.* camino largo y difícil = long haul.* camino largo y tortuoso = long and winding road.* camino lleno de baches = bumpy road.* camino más fácil, el = path of least resistance, the.* camino muy largo = circuitous route.* camino pecuario = cattle lane.* camino por recorrer, el = road ahead, the.* camino rural = country lane, country road.* camino seguro al desastre = blueprint for disaster.* camino seguro al éxito = blueprint for success.* camino seguro al fracaso = blueprint for failure.* camino sin rumbo = the road to nowhere.* camino trillado = worn path, beaten road.* camino vecinal = country road, minor road, back road.* construcción de caminos = road construction.* continuar + Posesivo camino = continue on + Posesivo + way.* cruce de caminos = crossroads, fork in the road.* cruzar en el camino de Alguien = cross + Posesivo + path.* cruzársele a Uno en el camino = come + Posesivo + way.* de camino = on the way, while we're at it.* de camino a = en route for, on + Posesivo + way to, en route to.* descanso en el camino = rest stop.* desviarse del buen camino = go off + the rails.* detener en el camino = waylay.* detenerse en el camino = stop along + the way.* detenerse en el lado del camino = pull over.* el camino a seguir = the way ahead, the way to go.* el camino correcto = the way ahead, the way to go.* el camino hacia + Nombre + está lleno de + Nombre = the road (to/towards) + Nombre + is paved with + Nombre.* el camino hacia + Nombre + está plagado de + Nombre = the road (to/towards) + Nombre + is paved with + Nombre.* el camino por recorrer = the way ahead.* el camino que lleva a = a/the doorway to.* el camino recorrido = the road travelled so far.* el camino se hace andando = actions speak louder than words.* elegir el camino más fácil = take + the path of least resistance.* en camino = on the way.* encontrar el camino = wayfinding.* encontrar el camino de vuelta = find + Posesivo + way back.* en el camino = along the way, en route, in the process.* estar a medio camino entre... y... = lie + midway between... and....* estar de camino a = be on the road to.* estar en camino de = be on the way to.* fuera de los caminos trillados = off the beaten track.* hacerse camino = foist + Posesivo + way into.* hacer una parada en el camino = stop along + the way.* hallar el camino de la verdad = think + Posesivo + way to the truth.* indicar el camino a seguir = point + the way forward.* indicar el camino a seguir para = point + the way to.* indicar el camino correcto = point + Nombre + in the right direction.* ingeniería de caminos = civil engineering.* ingeniero de caminos = civil engineer.* ir por buen camino = be on the right track.* ir por el buen camino = be right on track.* ir por mal camino = be on the wrong track, be headed down the wrong track.* junto al camino = by the roadside.* lado del camino = wayside.* ¡la vida no es un camino de rosas! = the course of true love never did run smooth!.* llevar camino de enfrentamiento con = be on a collision course with.* llevar por el camino de = lead + Pronombre + down the road to.* llevar por el mal camino = lead + astray.* llevar por mal camino = mislead.* mantener Algo en el buen camino = keep + Nombre + on track.* marcar el camino correcto = point + Nombre + in the right direction.* mostrar el camino = blaze + the way, light + the way.* mostrar el camino a seguir = point + the way forward.* mostrar el camino para = point + the way to, show + the way to.* no apartarse del buen camino = keep on + the right track.* parada en el camino = rest stop, stop along the way.* parapeto del camino = road bank.* pararse en el lado del camino = pull over.* perderse por los caminos secundarios = go + off-road.* por buen camino = a step in the right direction.* por caminos apartados = off-road.* por mal camino = astray.* preparar el camino = set + the scene, smooth + the way, open + the way, set + the stage, pave + the path (for/towards/to), pave + the way (for/towards/to), pave + the road (for/towards/to).* preparar el camino para = smooth + the path of.* quedarse en el camino = fall by + the wayside.* retomar el camino = get back on + Posesivo + path.* retomar su camino = get back on + track.* seguir el buen camino = keep on + the right track, keep on + the straight and narrow.* seguir el camino de la verdad = keep on + the straight and narrow.* seguir el camino más ético = take + the high ground, take + the high road.* seguir este camino = go along + this road.* seguir por el buen camino = keep out of + trouble, keep on + the right track.* seguir un camino = take + path, take + direction, tread + path, walk + path.* seguir un camino diferente = strike out on + a different path.* tener mucho camino que recorrer = have + a long way to go.* un alto en el camino = a stop on the road, a pit stop on the road.* un camino largo y difícil = a long haul.* volver a su camino = get back on + track, get back on + Posesivo + path.* * *camino Camino de Santiago (↑ camino a1)sigan por ese camino continue along that path ( o road etc)han abierto/hecho un caminito a través del bosque they've opened up/made a path o little track through the woodestán todos los caminos cortados all the roads are blockedabrir nuevos caminos to break new o fresh groundallanar or preparar or abrir el camino to pave the way, prepare the groundel camino trillado the well-worn o well-trodden pathla vida no es un camino de rosas life is no bed of roses, life isn't a bowl of cherriestener el camino trillado: tenía el camino trillado he'd had the ground prepared for himtodos los caminos llevan or conducen a Roma: por todos los caminos se va a Roma all roads lead to Romeel camino del infierno está empedrado de buenas intenciones the road to hell is paved o strewn with good intentionsCompuestos:bridle pathtowpath( Hist) highway● Caminos, Canales y Puertoscivil engineering ingenierominor road ( built and maintained by local council)B1 (ruta, dirección) waytomamos el camino más corto we took the shortest route o way¿sabes el camino para ir allí? do you know how to get there?, do you know the way there?me salieron al camino «asaltantes» they blocked my path o way;«amigos/niños» they came out to meet meafrontaron todas las dificultades que se les presentaron en el camino they faced up to all the difficulties in their pathéste es el mejor camino a seguir en estas circunstancias this is the best course to follow in these circumstancespor ese camino no vas a ninguna parte you won't get anywhere that way o like thatal terminar la carrera cada cual se fue por su camino after completing their studies they all went their separate wayssigue caminos muy diferentes de los trazados por sus predecesores he is taking very different paths from those of his predecessorsse me fue por mal caminoor por el otro camino it went down the wrong wayabrir(le) camino (a algo/algn) to clear the way (for sth/sb)los vehículos que abrían camino a los corredores the vehicles that were clearing the way for the runnersabrirse camino to make one's wayse abrió camino entre la espesura/a través de la multitud she made her way through the dense thickets/through the crowds of peopleno es fácil abrirse camino en esa profesión it's not easy to carve a niche for oneself in that professionestas técnicas se están abriendo camino entre nuestros médicos these techniques are gaining ground o are beginning to gain acceptance with our doctorstuvo que luchar mucho para abrirse camino en la vida he had to fight hard to get on in lifebuen/mal camino: este niño va por mal caminoor lleva mal camino this boy's heading for troubleya tiene trabajo, va por buen camino he's found a job already, he's doing wellibas por or llevabas buen camino pero te equivocaste aquí you were on the right track o lines, but you made a mistake herelas negociaciones van por or llevan muy buen camino the negotiations are going extremely well o very smoothlyllevar a algn por mal camino to lead sb astraycruzarse en el camino de algn: la mala suerte se cruzó en su camino he ran up against o came up against some bad lucksupo superar todos los obstáculos que se le cruzaron en el camino he was able to overcome all the problems which arose o which he came acrosserrar el camino to be in the wrong job o the wrong line of work2(trayecto, viaje): emprendimos el camino de regreso we set out on the return journeyse me hizo muy largo el camino the journey seemed to take foreverlo debí perder en el camino de casa al trabajo I must have lost it on my o on the way to workse pusieron en camino al amanecer they set off at dawnllevamos ya una hora de camino we've been traveling for an hour now, we've been on the road for an hour nowestamos todavía a dos horas de camino we still have two hours to go o two hours ahead of usparamos a mitad de caminoor a medio camino a descansar we stopped halfway to restpor aquí cortamos or acortamos camino we can take a shortcut this way o this way's shorterhizo todo el camino a pie he walked the whole way, he did the whole journey on footse ha avanzado mucho en este campo, pero queda aún mucho camino por recorrer great advances have been made in this field, but there's still a long way to goel camino será largo y difícil, pero venceremos the road will be long and difficult, but we shall be victoriousquedarse a mitad de or a medio camino: iba para médico, pero se quedó a mitad de camino he was studying to be a doctor, but he never completed the course o he gave up halfway through the courseel programa de remodelación se quedó a medio camino the renovation project was left unfinishedno creo que terminemos este año, ni siquiera estamos a mitad de camino I don't think we'll finish it this year, we're not even half way through yet3 ( en locs):camino de/a: me encontré con él camino del or al mercado I ran into him on the o on my way to the marketya vamos camino del invierno winter's coming o approaching, winter's on the way o on its wayllevar or ir camino de algo: un actor que va camino del estrellato an actor on his way o on the road to stardom, an actor heading for stardom, an actor who looks set for stardomvan camino de la bancarrota they are on the road to o heading for bankruptcy, they look set to go bankruptuna tradición que va camino de desaparecer a tradition which looks set to disappearde camino: tu casa me queda de camino I pass your house on my way, your house is on my wayve por el pan y, de camino, compra el periódico go and get the bread and buy a newspaper on the way o your wayde camino a: íbamos de camino a Zacatecas we were on our way o the way to Zacatecasestá de camino a la estación it is on the way to the stationen el caminoor de camino al trabajo paso por tres bancos I pass three banks on my way o the way to worken camino: deben estar ya en camino they must be on the o on their way alreadytiene un niño y otro en camino she has one child and another on the waypor el camino on the wayte lo cuento por el camino I'll tell you on the wayCompuestos:Inca trail( Astron) the Milky Way* * *
Del verbo caminar: ( conjugate caminar)
camino es:
1ª persona singular (yo) presente indicativo
caminó es:
3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) pretérito indicativo
Multiple Entries:
caminar
camino
caminar ( conjugate caminar) verbo intransitivo
1 ( andar) to walk;
podemos ir caminando we can walk, we can go on foot;
camino hacia algo ‹hacia meta/fin› to move toward(s) sth
2 (AmL) [reloj/motor] to work;◊ el asunto va caminando (fam) things are moving (colloq)
verbo transitivo ‹ distancia› to walk
camino sustantivo masculino
1 ( en general) road;
( de tierra) track;
( sendero) path;
2
me salieron al camino [ asaltantes] they blocked my path o way;
[ amigos] they came out to meet me;
el camino a la fama the road o path to fame;
se abrió camino entre la espesura she made her way through the dense thickets;
abrirse camino en la vida to get on in life;
buen/mal camino: este niño va por mal camino this boy's heading for trouble;
ibas por buen camino pero te equivocaste you were on the right track but you made a mistake;
llevar a algn por mal camino to lead sb astrayb) (trayecto, viaje):
se pusieron en camino they set off;
todavía nos quedan dos horas de camino we still have two hours to goc) ( en locs)◊ camino de/a … on my/his/her way to …;
ir camino de algo: una tradición que va camino de desaparecer a tradition which looks set to disappear;
de camino on the way;
pilla de camino it's on the way;
me queda de camino I pass it on my way;
de camino a la estación on the way to the station;
en camino on the way;
deben estar ya en camino they must be on their way already;
por el camino on the way;
a mitad de or a medio camino halfway through
caminar
I verbo intransitivo to walk
II verbo transitivo (recorrer a pie) to cover,walk: camino un par de kilómetros diarios, I walk two kilometres every day
camino sustantivo masculino
1 (estrecho, sin asfaltar) path, track
(en general) road
2 (itinerario, ruta) route, way
3 (medio, modo) way
♦ Locuciones: coger o pillar de camino, to be on the way
estar en camino, to be on the way
ir camino de, to be going to
figurado ir por buen/mal camino, to be on the right/wrong track
ponerse en camino, to set off
a medio camino, halfway: lo deja todo a medio camino, she drops everything she starts halfway through
figurado una casa de turismo rural es un sitio a medio camino entre un hotel y una casa de labranza, a rural tourism house is something halfway between a hotel and a farmhouse
de camino a, on the way to
' camino' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
abrirse
- acceso
- ahorrar
- andar
- baja
- bajo
- bifurcación
- borde
- caminar
- como
- conducir
- cruzarse
- desbloquear
- desviarse
- dificultosa
- dificultoso
- división
- empinada
- empinado
- enderezar
- enfilar
- enrevesada
- enrevesado
- enseñar
- entorpecer
- escultórica
- escultórico
- franca
- franco
- ir
- guiar
- horqueta
- indicar
- interponerse
- intersectarse
- intrincada
- intrincado
- lado
- marcha
- margen
- media
- mitad
- mostrar
- obstáculo
- orientar
- orilla
- paso
- pillar
- por
- promedio
English:
astray
- blaze
- bridle path
- circuitous
- claw
- concrete
- devious
- dirt road
- drive
- driveway
- en route
- fight
- footpath
- guide
- half-way
- lane
- midway
- passable
- path
- pathway
- pave
- road
- rocky
- rough
- set off
- set out
- show
- signpost
- sloping
- stray
- strike out
- struggle on
- thrust aside
- towpath
- track
- up
- uphill
- wade through
- way
- wayside
- weave
- wind
- winding
- work
- work up to
- bound
- by
- continue
- direct
- do
* * *camino nm1. [sendero] path, track;[carretera] road;han abierto un camino a través de la selva they've cleared a path through the jungle;acorté por el camino del bosque I took a shortcut through the forest;UnivCaminos(, Canales y Puertos) [ingeniería] civil engineering;la vida no es un camino de rosas life is no bed of roses;todos los caminos llevan a Roma all roads lead to Romecamino de acceso access road; Fam Fig camino de cabras rugged path;camino forestal forest track;camino de grava gravel path;camino de herradura bridle path;camino de hierro railway, US railroad;Am camino de mesa table runner; Hist camino real king's highway;Camino de Santiago Rel = pilgrimage route to Santiago de Compostela;Astron Milky Way;camino de sirga towpath;Fig camino trillado well-trodden path; Figtiene el camino trillado the hard work has already been done for him;camino vecinal country lane2. [ruta, vía] way;el camino de la estación the way to the station;equivocarse de camino to go the wrong way;indicar el camino a alguien to show sb the way;no recuerdo el camino de vuelta I can't remember the way back;iremos por el camino más corto we'll go by the shortest route, we'll go the quickest way;está camino de la capital it's on the way to the capital;me encontré a Elena camino de casa I met Elena on the way home;de camino [de paso] on the way;ve a comprar el periódico, y de camino sube también la leche go for the newspaper and bring the milk up while you're at it;me pilla de camino it's on my way;a estas horas ya estarán en camino they'll be on their way by now;en el camino on the way;por este camino this way3. [viaje] journey;nos espera un largo camino we have a long journey ahead of us;se detuvieron tras cinco horas de camino they stopped after they had been on the road for five hours;estamos casi a mitad de camino we're about halfway there;pararemos a mitad de camino we'll stop halfway;hicimos un alto en el camino para comer we stopped (along the way) to have a bite to eat;también Figtodavía nos queda mucho camino por delante we've still got a long way to go;ponerse en camino to set off4. [medio] way;el camino para conseguir tus propósitos es la honestidad the way to get what you want is to be honest5. Compabrir camino a to clear the way for;el hermano mayor ha abierto camino a los pequeños the older brother cleared the way for the younger ones;dos jinetes abrían camino a la procesión two people rode ahead to clear a path for the procession;abrirse camino to get on o ahead;se abrió camino entre la maraña de defensas he found a way through the cluster of defenders;abrirse camino en el mundo to make one's way in the world;le costó mucho abrirse camino, pero ahora tiene una buena posición it wasn't easy for him to get on, but he's got a good job now;allanar el camino to smooth the way;no permitiré que nadie se cruce en mi camino I won't let anyone stand in my way;Famtienen un bebé en camino they've got a baby on the way;ir por buen camino to be on the right track;ir por mal camino to go astray;con su comportamiento, estos alumnos van por mal camino the way they are behaving, these pupils are heading for trouble;fueron cada cual por su camino they went their separate ways;van camino del desastre/éxito they're on the road to disaster/success;a medio camino halfway;siempre deja todo a medio camino she always leaves things half-done;estar a medio camino to be halfway there;está a medio camino entre un delantero y un centrocampista he's somewhere between a forward and a midfielder;quedarse a medio camino to stop halfway through;el proyecto se quedó a medio camino por falta de presupuesto the project was left unfinished o was abandoned halfway through because the funds dried up;iba para estrella, pero se quedó a mitad de camino she looked as if she would become a star, but never quite made it;traer a alguien al buen camino to put sb back on the right trackCAMINO DE SANTIAGOThe Galician city of Santiago de Compostela in northwestern Spain, traditionally held to be the burial site of the Apostle St James, was one of the most important Christian pilgrimage centres in Europe during the Middle Ages, second only to Rome. Countless pilgrims made the journey from different parts of Europe to Santiago along recognized pilgrimage routes. The main one crosses the north of Spain from the Pyrenees to Galicia and is known as the Camino de Santiago. Although its religious significance has declined, it has become a popular tourist route attracting a wide range of travellers: nature lovers on day trips, hikers and cyclists, and even latter-day pilgrims, whether solitary walkers or on package tours. Many of them avail themselves of the free or low-cost accommodation provided along the way by local councils and religious institutions.* * *m1 ( senda) path;no es (todo) un camino de rosas it isn’t all a bed of roses2 INFOR path3 ( ruta) way;a medio camino halfway;de camino a on the way to;por el camino on the way;camino de on the way to;abrirse camino fig make one’s way;estar en camino be on the way;ponerse en camino set out;ir por buen/mal camino fig be on the right/wrong track;abrir camino hacia algo fig pave the way for sth;mitad de camino fig leave sth half finished* * *camino nm1) : path, road2) : journeyponerse en camino: to set off3) : waya medio camino: halfway there* * *camino n1. (sendero) path2. (ruta, medio) waycamino de on the way / on your way -
6 auseinander
Adv. apart; (getrennt) auch separated; weit auseinander räumlich: be, live a long way away from each other; move apart ( oder away) from each other; zeitlich: (be) years (oder decades etc.) apart; fig. be light-years away from each other; auseinander bekommen get s.th. apart; auseinander biegen bend s.th. apart; auseinander brechen (einen Gegenstand) break (up); in zwei Teile: break in two; Freundschaft, Beziehung, Bündnis etc.: break up; auseinander breiten (Arme, Flügel) unfold; (Landkarte etc.) auch spread out; auseinander bringen (Menschen) separate, split up; (etw.) get s.th. apart; auseinander dividieren (Rechnung) break down; (Meinungen etc.) draw a clear dividing line between; (Leute) drive a wedge between; sich auseinander entwickeln grow apart from each other; in einer Beziehung: drift apart; auseinander fahren fig. jump ( Köpfe: jerk) apart; auseinander fallen fall apart ( oder to pieces); disintegrate; auseinander falten unfold; (Landkarte etc.) auch spread out; (auch Zeitung) open up; auseinander fließen Farbe etc.: run; auseinander gehen (sich verabschieden) say goodbye; Menge: break up, disperse; (eine Beziehung beenden) split up, break up, go one’s separate ways; Ehe: break up; Verlobung: be broken off; Linien, Wege: diverge; Meinungen: be divided; umg. Geklebtes etc.: come ( oder fall) apart; umg. (dick werden) fill out, get fat; auseinander gehend Linien etc.: divergent; Meinungen auch: differing; auseinander halten fig. (unterscheiden) distinguish (between); visuell: auch tell... apart; (trennen) keep... apart; auseinander klaffen gape; fig. Meinungen: differ enormously; auseinander klamüsern umg. sort out allg.; jemandem etw. auseinander klamüsern umg. spell s.th. out to ( oder for) s.o., explain the ins and outs of s.th. to s.o.; auseinander klauben südd., österr., schw. sort out; auseinander kriegen umg. get s.th. apart; auseinander laufen Personen: run in different directions; Linien, Wege: diverge; Farbe etc.: run; sich auseinander leben drift ( oder grow) apart; auseinander nehmen take apart, tear to pieces (auch umg., fig. Gegner, Buch etc.); auseinander reißen tear apart; auseinander schneiden cut s.th. apart; (zerteilen) cut s.th. in two; etw. auseinander schreiben write s.th. as two words; auseinander sein (nicht mehr befreundet sein) have split up, have had a parting of the ways; sie sind nicht weit auseinander altersmäßig: they’re quite close in age, there’s not much between them; sie sind drei Jahre auseinander they’re three years apart, there are three years between them; auseinander setzen (Kinder) separate, make the children sit apart; jemandem etw. auseinander setzen fig. explain ( schriftlich: set out) s.th. to s.o.; sich mit jemandem auseinander setzen argue with s.o. ( über + Akk about oder over); gründlich: have it out with s.o. umg.; sich mit einem Problem etc. auseinander setzen go into, tackle; stärker: grapple with; auseinander spreizen (Finger, Zehen) spread out, splay; auseinander sprengen mit Sprengstoff: blow up; (Menge) disperse, scatter; weit auseinander stehen Augen: be wide-set; Zeilen: have big gaps (between them); auseinander stellen (Tische etc.) place ( oder put) apart from each other; auseinander stieben scatter; auseinander streben Linien: diverge; auseinander strebend diverging; auseinander treiben Boote etc.: drift apart; (Tiere) scatter; (Demonstranten) disperse; auseinander wickeln unwrap, unwind; auseinander ziehen in Teile: pull apart; in die Länge: stretch; (eine gemeinsame Wohnung aufgeben) move out (into separate accommodation); sich auseinander ziehen Autokolonne, Teilnehmerfeld bei einem Rennen: string out* * *apart; asunder* * *aus|ei|nạn|der [aus|ai'nandɐ]adv1) (= voneinander entfernt, getrennt) apartweit auseinander — far apart; Augen, Beine etc wide apart; Zähne widely spaced; Meinungen very different
die beiden sind ( im Alter) ein Jahr auseinander — there is a year between the two of them
auseinander sein (inf: Paar) —
die Verlobung ist auseinander (inf) — the engagement is off
2) (= jedes aus dem anderen) from one another, one from another or the otherdiese Begriffe kann man nur auseinander erklären — one can only explain these concepts in relation to one another
* * *aus·ei·nan·der[ausʔaiˈnandɐ]1. (räumlich)2. (zeitlich)▪ \auseinander sein:die beiden sind [im Alter] ein Jahr \auseinander there is a year between the two of them, the two are a year apart in agesie sind altersmäßig weit \auseinander there is a great gap in their ages▪ \auseinander sein to have broken [or split up]* * *1) (voneinander getrennt) apartetwas auseinander schreiben — write something as separate words
auseinander! — get away from each other!; break it up!
auseinander sein — (ugs.) < couple> have separated; have split up; < engagement> have been broken off, be off; <marriage, relationship, friendship> have broken up
auseinander gehen — (sich trennen) part; < crowd> disperse; (fig.) <opinions, views> differ, diverge; (ugs.) <relationship, marriage> break up; (ugs.): (dick werden) get round and podgy
zwei Dinge auseinander halten — keep two things apart; (unterscheiden) distinguish between two things
auseinander laufen — run off in different directions; < crowd> scatter; <paths, roads, etc.> diverge
auseinander leben — grow apart ( mit from)
etwas auseinander nehmen — take something apart; dismantle something
sich mit jemandem auseinander setzen — have it out with somebody
die Vögel/Tiere auseinander treiben — scatter the birds/animals
die Menge/Demonstranten/Wolken auseinander treiben — disperse the crowd/demonstrators/clouds
2) (eines aus dem anderen)Behauptungen/Formeln usw. auseinander ableiten — deduce propositions/formulae etc. one from another
* * *weit auseinander räumlich: be, live a long way away from each other; move apart ( oder away) from each other; zeitlich: (be) years (oder decades etc) apart; fig be light-years away from each other;auseinander sein (nicht mehr befreundet sein) have split up, have had a parting of the ways;sie sind nicht weit auseinander altersmäßig: they’re quite close in age, there’s not much between them;sie sind drei Jahre auseinander they’re three years apart, there are three years between them* * *1) (voneinander getrennt) apartauseinander! — get away from each other!; break it up!
auseinander sein — (ugs.) < couple> have separated; have split up; < engagement> have been broken off, be off; <marriage, relationship, friendship> have broken up
auseinander gehen — (sich trennen) part; < crowd> disperse; (fig.) <opinions, views> differ, diverge; (ugs.) <relationship, marriage> break up; (ugs.): (dick werden) get round and podgy
zwei Dinge auseinander halten — keep two things apart; (unterscheiden) distinguish between two things
auseinander laufen — run off in different directions; < crowd> scatter; <paths, roads, etc.> diverge
auseinander leben — grow apart ( mit from)
etwas auseinander nehmen — take something apart; dismantle something
die Vögel/Tiere auseinander treiben — scatter the birds/animals
die Menge/Demonstranten/Wolken auseinander treiben — disperse the crowd/demonstrators/clouds
Behauptungen/Formeln usw. auseinander ableiten — deduce propositions/formulae etc. one from another
-
7 red
f.1 net (malla).echar o tender las redes (también figurative) to cast one's netred de arrastre dragnetred de deriva drift net2 network, system (sistema).red ferroviaria rail networkred viaria road network o system3 ring (organización) (de espionaje).4 network (computing).red local/neuronal local (area)/neural network5 snare, trap, web.6 Red.* * *1 (gen) net2 (redecilla) hairnet3 (sistema) network, system4 ELECTRICIDAD mains plural5 INFORMÁTICA network6 (estadística) graph\caer en la red / caer en las redes figurado to fall into the trapechar las redes to cast one's netsred barredera dragnetred comercial sales networkred de carreteras road networkred de espionaje spy ringred de supermercados chain of supermarketsred ferroviaria rail network, railway network* * *noun f.1) net2) network* * *SF1) [para pescar] net; [de portería] net; [del pelo] hairnet; (=malla) mesh; (=para equipajes) (luggage) rack; (=cerca) fence; (=enrejado) grillered de alambre — wire mesh, wire netting
2) [de cosas relacionadas] network; [de agua, suministro eléctrico] mains, main (EEUU), supply system; [de tiendas] chainla Red — (Internet) the Net
con agua de la red — with mains water, with water from the mains
red de área local — local network, local area network
red ferroviaria — railway network, railway system
red local — (Inform) local network, local area network
3) (=trampa) snare, trapaprisionar a algn en sus redes — to have sb firmly in one's clutches, have sb well and truly snared
* * *1)a) ( para pescar) netcaer en las redes de alguien — to fall into somebody's clutches
b) (Dep) netc) ( para pelo) hairnetd) ( en tren) (luggage) rack2) (de comunicaciones, emisoras, transportes) network; (de comercios, empresas) chain, network; (de espionaje, contrabando) ring3) ( de electricidad) power supply, mains; ( de gas) mainsantes de conectarlo a la red — before connecting it to the house current (AmE) o (BrE) to the mains
4)la Red — (Inf) the Net
* * *= mesh [meshes, -pl.], network, nexus, dragnet, net, grid.Ex. Wholly new forms of encyclopedias will appear, ready-made with a mesh of associative trails running through them, ready to be dropped into the memex and there amplified.Ex. Classification schemes specialise in showing networks of subjects and displaying the relationships between subjects, and thus are particularly suited to achieving the first objective.Ex. The future OPAC is likely to be one building block in a larger nexus of information structures.Ex. Now dragnets are being established ostensibly to feed children perceived to be hungry.Ex. Prior to releasing the ferret the rabbit holes are covered by nets held in place by stakes.Ex. Each card has a grid covering most of the body of the card which provides for the coding of document numbers.----* ADONIS (Distribución automática de documentos a través de sistemas de inform = ADONIS (Automated Document Delivery Over Networked Information Systems).* aprendizaje a través de la red = electronic learning [e-learning].* ASTNFO (Red Regional para el Intercambio de Información y Experiencias de la = ASTINFO (Regional Network for the Exchange of Information and Experience in Science and Technology in Asia and the Pacific).* biblioteca en red = network library.* conectado a la red = wired.* conectado en red = networked.* conectar en red = network.* conexión a las redes = networking service.* cooperación en red = networking.* en red = networked.* entorno de redes = network environment, online environment.* escaparse de la red = fall through + the net.* estar accesible en red = go + online.* estructura de red = network structure.* fichero con estructura de red = networked file.* Grupo Asesor sobre Redes (NAG) = Network Advisory Group (NAG).* guerra a través de la red = netwar.* guerra en red = netwar.* hiper-red = metanetwork.* inclusión en el mundo de las redes = e-inclusion.* interconexión en red = networking.* LAN (red local) = LAN (Local Area Network).* navegar por la red = surf + the net, surf + the Web.* navegar por la red en busca de información = surf for + information.* nodo de la red = network node.* participación en red = networking.* poner en la red + Documento Impreso = webify + Documento Impreso.* programa de navegación por las redes = network navigator.* proveedor de información a través de la red = content provider.* recurso de la red = network resource.* red arterial de carreteras = road network.* red barredera = dragnet.* Red Bibliográfica Australiana (ABN) = Australian Bibliographic Network (ABN).* red comunitaria = networking community.* red cooperativa de bibliotecas = cooperative network.* red de agua potable = water mains.* red de agua potable, la = mains, the.* red de alcantarillado = drainage system.* red de antiguos compañeros = old boy network.* red de bibliotecas = library network, library system, library networking.* red de carreteras = road network.* red de catalogación = cataloguing network.* red de catálogos = catalogue network.* red de citación = citation network.* red de cocitas = cocitation cluster.* red de comunicaciones = communication(s) network.* red de comunicaciones europea = EURONET.* red de conocimiento = knowledge network.* red de contactos personales = referral network.* red de contrabando = smuggling ring.* red de electricidad = mains electricity.* red de electricidad, la = mains, the, mains supply, the.* red de fibra óptica = fibre optic network.* red de información = data network, information network.* red de intriga = web of intrigue.* red de larga distancia = long haul network.* red de ordenadores = computer network.* red de pescar = fishnet, fishing net.* red de préstamo interbibliotecario = interlibrary loan network.* red de recursos distribuidos = distributed environment.* red de seguridad = safety net.* red de suministro de agua potable = water mains.* red de suministro de agua potable, la = mains, the.* red de suministro de documentos = document supply network.* red de suministro eléctrico = mains electricity.* red de suministro, la = mains, the, mains supply, the.* red de supercomputación = grid computing.* red de telecomunicaciones = telecommunications network, trunking network.* red de telefonía móvil = mobile network.* red de teletexto = viewdata network.* red de trabajo = peer-to-peer network.* red de valor añadido (VAN) = VAN (value added network).* red de ventas = sales network.* red eléctrica = power grid, mains electricity.* red eléctrica, la = mains, the, mains supply, the.* red en forma de estrella = star network [star-network].* red en línea = online network.* redes sociales = social networking.* red inalámbrica = wireless network.* red informática = computer network.* Red Informativa de las Bibliotecas de Investigación en USA = RLIN.* red, la = Net, the.* red multibibliotecaria = multi-library network.* red neuronal = neural net, neural network.* red óptica = optical network.* red policial de captura = dragnet.* red por cable = cable network.* red privada = peer-to-peer network.* red privada virtual (VPN) = virtual private network (VPN).* red semántica = semantic network.* red social = network, social network.* red telefónica = telephone network, telephone system, phone system.* red telefónica conmutada = switched telephone network.* red telefónica por conmutación = PSTN (Public Switched Telephone Network).* seguridad de las redes = network security.* servicio de conexión a las redes = networking service.* servicios de red de valor añadido (VANS) = value added network services (VANS).* sistema en red = network system.* supercomputación en red = grid computing.* superred = super network.* tecnología de redes = networking technology.* teoría de actor-red = actor network theory.* trabajar en red = network.* trabajo en red = networking.* utilizar la red = go + online.* WAN (red de área amplia) = WAN (wide area network).* WAN (red de gran alcance) = WAN (wide area network).* * *1)a) ( para pescar) netcaer en las redes de alguien — to fall into somebody's clutches
b) (Dep) netc) ( para pelo) hairnetd) ( en tren) (luggage) rack2) (de comunicaciones, emisoras, transportes) network; (de comercios, empresas) chain, network; (de espionaje, contrabando) ring3) ( de electricidad) power supply, mains; ( de gas) mainsantes de conectarlo a la red — before connecting it to the house current (AmE) o (BrE) to the mains
4)la Red — (Inf) the Net
* * *la red= Net, theEx: New measures aimed at tightening up the control of pornography on the Net could result in the sacrifice of freedom of speech.
= mesh [meshes, -pl.], network, nexus, dragnet, net, grid.Ex: Wholly new forms of encyclopedias will appear, ready-made with a mesh of associative trails running through them, ready to be dropped into the memex and there amplified.
Ex: Classification schemes specialise in showing networks of subjects and displaying the relationships between subjects, and thus are particularly suited to achieving the first objective.Ex: The future OPAC is likely to be one building block in a larger nexus of information structures.Ex: Now dragnets are being established ostensibly to feed children perceived to be hungry.Ex: Prior to releasing the ferret the rabbit holes are covered by nets held in place by stakes.Ex: Each card has a grid covering most of the body of the card which provides for the coding of document numbers.* ADONIS (Distribución automática de documentos a través de sistemas de inform = ADONIS (Automated Document Delivery Over Networked Information Systems).* aprendizaje a través de la red = electronic learning [e-learning].* ASTNFO (Red Regional para el Intercambio de Información y Experiencias de la = ASTINFO (Regional Network for the Exchange of Information and Experience in Science and Technology in Asia and the Pacific).* biblioteca en red = network library.* conectado a la red = wired.* conectado en red = networked.* conectar en red = network.* conexión a las redes = networking service.* cooperación en red = networking.* en red = networked.* entorno de redes = network environment, online environment.* escaparse de la red = fall through + the net.* estar accesible en red = go + online.* estructura de red = network structure.* fichero con estructura de red = networked file.* Grupo Asesor sobre Redes (NAG) = Network Advisory Group (NAG).* guerra a través de la red = netwar.* guerra en red = netwar.* hiper-red = metanetwork.* inclusión en el mundo de las redes = e-inclusion.* interconexión en red = networking.* LAN (red local) = LAN (Local Area Network).* navegar por la red = surf + the net, surf + the Web.* navegar por la red en busca de información = surf for + information.* nodo de la red = network node.* participación en red = networking.* poner en la red + Documento Impreso = webify + Documento Impreso.* programa de navegación por las redes = network navigator.* proveedor de información a través de la red = content provider.* recurso de la red = network resource.* red arterial de carreteras = road network.* red barredera = dragnet.* Red Bibliográfica Australiana (ABN) = Australian Bibliographic Network (ABN).* red comunitaria = networking community.* red cooperativa de bibliotecas = cooperative network.* red de agua potable = water mains.* red de agua potable, la = mains, the.* red de alcantarillado = drainage system.* red de antiguos compañeros = old boy network.* red de bibliotecas = library network, library system, library networking.* red de carreteras = road network.* red de catalogación = cataloguing network.* red de catálogos = catalogue network.* red de citación = citation network.* red de cocitas = cocitation cluster.* red de comunicaciones = communication(s) network.* red de comunicaciones europea = EURONET.* red de conocimiento = knowledge network.* red de contactos personales = referral network.* red de contrabando = smuggling ring.* red de electricidad = mains electricity.* red de electricidad, la = mains, the, mains supply, the.* red de fibra óptica = fibre optic network.* red de información = data network, information network.* red de intriga = web of intrigue.* red de larga distancia = long haul network.* red de ordenadores = computer network.* red de pescar = fishnet, fishing net.* red de préstamo interbibliotecario = interlibrary loan network.* red de recursos distribuidos = distributed environment.* red de seguridad = safety net.* red de suministro de agua potable = water mains.* red de suministro de agua potable, la = mains, the.* red de suministro de documentos = document supply network.* red de suministro eléctrico = mains electricity.* red de suministro, la = mains, the, mains supply, the.* red de supercomputación = grid computing.* red de telecomunicaciones = telecommunications network, trunking network.* red de telefonía móvil = mobile network.* red de teletexto = viewdata network.* red de trabajo = peer-to-peer network.* red de valor añadido (VAN) = VAN (value added network).* red de ventas = sales network.* red eléctrica = power grid, mains electricity.* red eléctrica, la = mains, the, mains supply, the.* red en forma de estrella = star network [star-network].* red en línea = online network.* redes sociales = social networking.* red inalámbrica = wireless network.* red informática = computer network.* Red Informativa de las Bibliotecas de Investigación en USA = RLIN.* red, la = Net, the.* red multibibliotecaria = multi-library network.* red neuronal = neural net, neural network.* red óptica = optical network.* red policial de captura = dragnet.* red por cable = cable network.* red privada = peer-to-peer network.* red privada virtual (VPN) = virtual private network (VPN).* red semántica = semantic network.* red social = network, social network.* red telefónica = telephone network, telephone system, phone system.* red telefónica conmutada = switched telephone network.* red telefónica por conmutación = PSTN (Public Switched Telephone Network).* seguridad de las redes = network security.* servicio de conexión a las redes = networking service.* servicios de red de valor añadido (VANS) = value added network services (VANS).* sistema en red = network system.* supercomputación en red = grid computing.* superred = super network.* tecnología de redes = networking technology.* teoría de actor-red = actor network theory.* trabajar en red = network.* trabajo en red = networking.* utilizar la red = go + online.* WAN (red de área amplia) = WAN (wide area network).* WAN (red de gran alcance) = WAN (wide area network).* * *A1 (para pescar) netcaer en las redes de algn to fall into sb's clutches2 ( Dep) netsubir a la red to go up to o go into the net3 (para el pelo) hairnet4 (en el tren) rack, luggage rackCompuesto:drift net, trawl netB (de comunicaciones, emisoras) network; (de comercios, empresas) chain, networkred de carreteras/ferrocarriles network of roads/railwaysred hotelera hotel chainuna red de espionaje/narcotraficantes a spy ring/drug-trafficking ringCompuestos:● red de área extendida or extensa( Inf) wide area network, WANlocal area network, LANvice ringtelevision networkintegrated services digital network, ISDN( Inf) neural networkC (de electricidad) power supply, mains; (de gas) mainstodavía no han conectado el barrio a la red the neighborhood has not been connected up to the mains o to the power supply yetantes de conectarlo a la red before connecting it to the mains o ( AmE) to the house currentCompuesto:sewage system* * *
red sustantivo femenino
1
b) (Dep) net
2 (de comunicaciones, emisoras, transportes) network;
(de comercios, empresas) chain, network;
(de espionaje, contrabando) ring
3 ( de electricidad) power supply, mains;
( de gas) mains
4
red sustantivo femenino
1 (de pesca, etc) net
(del pelo) hairnet
(malla) mesh
2 (de comunicaciones, transporte, distribución, etc) network
red de espionaje, spy ring
red de seguridad, safety net
(eléctrica) mains pl
3 (comercio, empresa) chain
red hotelera, hotel chain
4 fig (trampa) trap
♦ Locuciones: (ser engañado) caer en la red, to fall into the trap
(ser embaucado) caer en las redes de alguien, to fall into sb's clutches
' red' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
amargada
- amargado
- barrio
- bofetada
- brasa
- cadena
- candente
- Caperucita Roja
- capricho
- cartulina
- casa
- colorada
- colorado
- conectar
- cruz
- cuestación
- dedo
- dentro
- desarticular
- dos
- encenderse
- enchufar
- enrojecer
- ser
- escollo
- espionaje
- estancarse
- expeler
- flagrante
- fogón
- fondo
- formulismo
- ir
- glóbulo
- hematíe
- in fraganti
- infrarroja
- infrarrojo
- lombarda
- mancha
- mano
- minio
- morrón
- ninguna
- ninguno
- número
- obnubilarse
- pelirroja
- pelirrojo
- pimentón
English:
balding
- blood
- blusher
- cast
- convertible
- crash
- fishing net
- grid
- hereditary
- highlight
- in
- infrared
- infrastructure
- main
- net
- network
- nickname
- ours
- paint
- pepper
- poppy
- probably
- push
- radio network
- rag
- read
- readily
- readiness
- ready
- ready-cooked
- ready-made
- red
- red light
- red light district
- Red Riding Hood
- Red Sea
- red tape
- red-haired
- red-handed
- red-hot
- redden
- reddish
- regiment
- register
- registered
- registrar
- registration
- registry
- ring
- safety net
* * *red nf1. [de pesca, caza] net;también Figcaer en las redes de alguien to fall into sb's trapred de arrastre dragnet;red de deriva drift net2. [en tenis, voleibol, fútbol] net;subir a la red [en tenis] to go into the net3. [para cabello] hairnet4. [sistema] network, system;[de electricidad] esp Br mains [singular], US source; [de agua] esp Br mains [singular], esp US main;una red de traficantes a network o ring of traffickers;conectar algo a la red to connect sth to the mainsred de distribución distribution network;red eléctrica mains [singular];red ferroviaria rail network;red hidrográfica river system o network;Biol red trófica food chain;red viaria road network o system5. [organización] [de espionaje] ring;[de narcotraficantes] network; [de tiendas, hoteles] chain6. Informát network;la Red [Internet] the Net;lo encontré en la Red I found it on the Net;la Red de redes [Internet] the Internetred en anillo ring network;red de área extensa wide area network;red de área local local area network;red ciudadana freenet;red de datos (data) network;red local local (area) network;red neuronal neural network;red troncal backbone* * *fnet;echar la red cast the net;caer en las redes de fig fall into the clutches of2 INFOR, fignetwork;red de transportes/comunicaciones transportation/communications network* * *red nf1) : net, mesh2) : network, system, chain3) : trap, snare* * *red n1. (malla) net2. (comunicaciones) network -
8 steam roller
(a type of vehicle driven by steam, with wide and heavy wheels for flattening the surface of newly-made roads etc.) damptromle* * *(a type of vehicle driven by steam, with wide and heavy wheels for flattening the surface of newly-made roads etc.) damptromle -
9 bloquear
v.1 to block (comunications, roads).los manifestantes bloqueaban la salida de la fábrica the demonstrators were blocking the exit to the factoryLos huelguistas bloquearon la calle The strikers blocked the road.Las hojas bloquearon los tubos The leaves blocked the pipes.2 to blockade.Los huelguistas bloquearon el edificio The strikers blanked off the building3 to freeze (finance).4 to block (acuerdo).5 to jam (mecanismo).la centralita del ministerio está bloqueada the ministry's switchboard is jammed6 to block (sport).7 to lock (computing) (archivo).8 to lock (automobiles).9 to close off.* * *1 (gen) to block2 MILITAR to blockade3 (precios, cuentas) to freeze4 (mecanismo) to jam; (coche etc) to immobilize1 (persona) to have a mental block* * *verb1) to block2) blockade3) jam* * *1. VT1) (=obstaculizar) [+ entrada, salida] to block (off); [+ camino, proyecto, proceso] to blockun tractor bloqueaba la carretera — the road was blocked by a tractor, a tractor was blocking the road
bloquearon la puerta con un sillón — they blocked o barricaded the door with an armchair
los manifestantes bloquearon la calle en protesta — the demonstrators blocked the street as a protest
2) (=atascar) [+ mecanismo] to jam (up), block; [+ cerradura, línea telefónica] to jam; [+ volante] to locklos oyentes bloquearon la centralita de la emisora — listeners jammed the radio station's switchboard
3) (=aislar) to cut off4) (Mil) to blockade5) (Com, Econ) to freeze6) (Dep) [+ jugador] to tackle; [+ balón] to stop, trap2.See:* * *1.verbo transitivo1)a) <camino/acceso> to block; <entrada/salida> to block, obstructb) (Mil) to blockadec) <proceso/iniciativa> to blockd) (Dep) to block3) <cuenta/fondos> to freeze, block2.bloquearse v pron2) negociaciones to reach deadlock* * *= block, lock, clog up, stymie, come under + siege, shut down, jam, barricade, tie up, block in.Ex. If loans to this borrower have been blocked, the system displays the screen shown in Figure 88 and sounds the alarm at the terminal.Ex. It is wise to fan the paper to separate the sheets and let air in between them, otherwise several sheets might stick together and clog up the printer.Ex. So, in a lot of cases the ability to take advantage of technologically sophisticated younger faculty is stymied by these conflicting interests.Ex. The author describes the destruction and dispersal of the contents of the Hanlin library in Beijing during the uprising in 1900, when the Western government diplomatic offices came under siege by the Chinese government.Ex. Cyberattacks involve routers acting at a predesignated time or trigger time and flooding various targeted Web sites with data -- effectively shutting down the Web site.Ex. In the wake of the terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center, New York, on 11th September 2001, the main World Wide Web based news Web sites were jammed by users seeking information.Ex. When he looked through his window he saw two coarse man in reflecting traffic jackets barricade the entrance to the dunes with large rocks.Ex. Your estate will be tied up in probate if you do not name a beneficiary in your will.Ex. A man who blocked in a rubbish lorry with his car in a dispute over waste collection was allegedly hit on the head and sworn at by a binman.----* tecla de Bloquear Desplazamiento = Scroll Lock key.* * *1.verbo transitivo1)a) <camino/acceso> to block; <entrada/salida> to block, obstructb) (Mil) to blockadec) <proceso/iniciativa> to blockd) (Dep) to block3) <cuenta/fondos> to freeze, block2.bloquearse v pron2) negociaciones to reach deadlock* * *= block, lock, clog up, stymie, come under + siege, shut down, jam, barricade, tie up, block in.Ex: If loans to this borrower have been blocked, the system displays the screen shown in Figure 88 and sounds the alarm at the terminal.
Ex: It is wise to fan the paper to separate the sheets and let air in between them, otherwise several sheets might stick together and clog up the printer.Ex: So, in a lot of cases the ability to take advantage of technologically sophisticated younger faculty is stymied by these conflicting interests.Ex: The author describes the destruction and dispersal of the contents of the Hanlin library in Beijing during the uprising in 1900, when the Western government diplomatic offices came under siege by the Chinese government.Ex: Cyberattacks involve routers acting at a predesignated time or trigger time and flooding various targeted Web sites with data -- effectively shutting down the Web site.Ex: In the wake of the terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center, New York, on 11th September 2001, the main World Wide Web based news Web sites were jammed by users seeking information.Ex: When he looked through his window he saw two coarse man in reflecting traffic jackets barricade the entrance to the dunes with large rocks.Ex: Your estate will be tied up in probate if you do not name a beneficiary in your will.Ex: A man who blocked in a rubbish lorry with his car in a dispute over waste collection was allegedly hit on the head and sworn at by a binman.* tecla de Bloquear Desplazamiento = Scroll Lock key.* * *bloquear [A1 ]vtA1 ‹camino/acceso› to block; ‹entrada/salida› to block, obstructestamos bloqueados por un camión there's a truck blocking our way2 ( Mil) ‹ciudad/puerto› to blockade3 ‹proceso/iniciativa› to blocksu negativa bloqueó las negociaciones her refusal blocked negotiations o brought negotiations to a standstill4 ( Dep) to blockB1 ‹mecanismo› to jam2 ( Auto) ‹dirección› to lockC ‹cuenta/fondos› to freeze, blockA «mecanismo» to jam; «frenos» to jam, lock on; «ruedas» to lockB «negociaciones» to reach deadlock, come to a standstillC ( fam)«persona»: me bloqueé en la entrevista my mind went blank in the interviewahora mismo tengo la mente bloqueada I can't think straight right now* * *
bloquear ( conjugate bloquear) verbo transitivo
1
b) (Mil) to blockade
2 ‹cuenta/fondos› to freeze, block
bloquearse verbo pronominal
1 [ mecanismo] to jam;
[ frenos] to jam, lock on;
[ ruedas] to lock
2 [ negociaciones] to reach deadlock
bloquear verbo transitivo
1 (impedir el movimiento, el acceso) to block: ese coche bloquea el paso, that car is blocking the access
2 (impedir una gestión, paralizar) to block
3 (una cuenta) to freeze
4 (colapsar un servicio, un aparato) to jam, seize up
' bloquear' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
cerrar
- interceptar
- intervenir
- obstruir
English:
bar
- block
- obstruct
- way
- blockade
* * *♦ vt1. [comunicaciones, carreteras] [por nieve, inundación] to block;los manifestantes bloqueaban la salida de la fábrica the demonstrators were blocking the exit to the factory2. [mecanismo] to jam;la centralita del ministerio está bloqueada the ministry's switchboard is jammed3. [acuerdo] to block;bloqueó todo avance en este asunto durante la reunión she blocked o prevented any progress on this issue during the meeting5. [con ejército, barcos] to blockade6. Aut to lock[en baloncesto] to block out, to screen* * *v/t1 block3 ( atascar) jam4 MIL blockade5 COM freeze* * *bloquear vt1) obstruir: to block, to obstruct2) : to blockade* * *bloquear vb to block -
10 SKILJA
* * *(skil, skilda; skiliðr, later skildr, skilinn), v.1) to part, divide, separate (sú er nú kölluð Jökulsá ok skirl landsfjórðunga);skilr hann flokk sinn, he divides his band;2) to break off, break up (þessi sótt mun skilja samvistu okkra);síðan skildu þau talit, they broke off their talk;3) to part company, take leave (skildu þeir með mikilli vináttu);4) impers.; þar er leidir (acc.) skildi, þá skildi ok slóðina, where the roads parted, there the tracks too parted;mundi skilja vegu þeirra, their ways would diverge;með þessu skilr skipti þeirra, thus ended their dealings;it differs, mikit (acc.) skilr hamingju okkra, there is a wide difference between our fortunes;þá skilr á um e-t, they disagree about a thing;ef skrár skilr á, if the scrolls differ;5) to distinluish, discern, with the eyes (nú má ek þann eigi sjá eða biða mér fulltings, er ek má harm eigi skilja);with the ears, to hear (eru þeir hér svá, at þeir megi skilja mál mitt);6) to understand, find out (þá þóttist Þórr skilja hvat látum verity hafði of nóttina);7) to decide, settle (skildi konungr erendi Sighvats svá, at honum líkaði vel);8) to set apart, reserve for one (þó at konungr hafi mér skilit eignir minar eða landsvist í Orkneyjum);eiga e-t skilit, to have reserved, stipulated (þat átta ek skilit við þik, at);skilja sér e-t, to reserve to oneself (jarðir hafði hann hygt ok skilit sér allar landskyldir);skilja e-t í sætt, to lay down, stipulate, in an agreement (þat var skilit í sæt- várri, at);9) with preps.:skilja e-t á við e-n, to stipulate (þó vil ek skilja á við þik einn hlut);skilja e-t eptir, to leave behind;skilja e-t frá e-u, to separate from (hann skildi sik sjálfr frá ríki ok fór í klaustr);to exeinpt from (hverr maðr skyldi gjalda konungi fimm aura, sá er eigi væri frá því skiliðr);skilja fyrir e-u, to formulate, dictate (skilja fyrir eiðstafinum);skilja fyrir heiti, to formulate, pronounce a vow;skilja með mönnum, to part, separate (nótt skildi þá með þeim);impers., skilr með þeim, they part (eptir þetta skildi með þeim);skilja e-t í sundr, to part asunder (hinir skildu í sundr skipin ok gerðu hlið í millum skipanna);skilja e-t til, to stipulate (vil ek ok til skilja, at);skilja e-t undan, to except, to make a reservation for (at undan skildum, heraðssektum);skilja e-t undan e-m, to deprive one of;skilja e-t undir e-n, to leave it to one (Njáll kvaðst þat vilja skilja undir Höskuld);skilja e-n undir sætt, to include one in an agreement (hversu marga menn viltu skilja undir sættir okkar);skilja undir eið, to make an oath with reservation;skilja við e-n, to part with, put away;skilja við konu, bónda, to divorce one’s wife, one’s husband;segja skilit við konu, to declare oneself separated from;10) refl., skiljast.* * *pres. skil, skill, Grág.; pret. skilði, skildi; part. skiliðr, and later, skildr and skilinn; neut. skilið and skilt: [the original sense, viz. to cut, Lat. secare, appears in Goth. skilja = a butcher; A. S. scylan = to separate.]A. To part, separate, divide; Tanais skilr heims-þriðjunga, Al. 131; sú er nú kölluð Jökulsá ok skilr lands-fjórðunga, Landn. 251; Gautelfr skilr Noregs-konungs ríki ok Svía-konungs, Rb. 330:—to break off, break up, þessi sótt mun skilja vára samvistu, Ld. 286; mun sá einn hlutr vera at s. mun með okkr, Nj. 112; mun þat s. með okkr, Fs. 16: segja Rúti at betra mun at s. ykkr, of fighters, Nj. 32; Höskuldr skildi þær, Ld. 36; þá er barsmíð skilið, Grág. ii. 114; s. ræðu, s. talit, to break off the conversation, Ld. 36, Fms. ii. 262, Nj. 48, Bjarn. 22; s. boðinu (dat.), Gísl. 116, is prob. an error; skilja hjúskap, to divorce, K. Á. 6; váru skilið ráð þeirra Sigríðar, Fms. x. 219; skilr hann flokk sinn, then he divided his band, viii. 59; þá skildi ekki nema hel, vii. 233.2. with prepp.: s. frá, to separate, Fms. xi. 350, Blas. 42; frá skildr, excepted, Dipl. v. 22, K. Á. 182; frá skiliðr, Grág. i. 16; skilja mik frá trú, Blas. 42; at engu frá skildu, nothing excepted. Dipl. v. 22; eiðar frá skildir, K. Á. 182; sá maðr er nú var frá skiliðr, Grág;. i. 16, 17:—s. sundr, to put asunder, Nj. 42:—s. við, to part with, put away; s. við konu, s. við bónda, 686 B. 14, Þórð. 46 new Ed.; at ek vilja s. við félaga minn, Grág. i. 326; ok sé hann skildr við ( have forfeited) ábúð jarðar, Gþl 337:—s. eptir, to leave behind, Mag.: passim in mod. usage, eg skildi það eptir heima.3. to part company, leave; svá skildu vér næstum, at…, Nj. 49; eptir þat skildu þeir, 98; skildu þeir með mikilli vináttu, 138; hefir þú mér heitið, at vit skyldim aldri s., 201.4. impers. one parts; hence followed by acc., one parts a thing, i. e. it branches off, is separated; þar skilr Spán inn Kristna ok Spán inn heiðna, Fms. vii. 80; þar er leiðir skildi ( where the roads parted) þá skildi ok slóðna, there the tracks too parted, Eg. 579; mundi skilja vegu þeirra, their ways would diverge, 126; með þessu skilr skipti þeirra, thus ended their dealings, Ísl. ii. 274; er þat nú bezt at skili með oss, Finnb. 334; skilr þá með þeim, Nj. 112.β. it differs; at mikit (acc.) skili hamingju okkra, there is a wide difference between, Eg. 719; hvat skilr þær ástgjafar, 656 A. i. 12; þvíat mennina skildi, Sks. 733 B.γ. it falls out, comes to a difference; even with a double acc. of person and of thing, e-n skilr á um e-t; þá skildi aldri á orð (acc.) né verk, Nj. 147; ef þá skill á, Grág. ii. 70; þeir skyldu sik láta á, skilja um einhvern hlut, Ld. 60; þeir urðu missáttir, ok skildi þá (á) um eignina á Auslrátt, Fms. ix. 458; skildi þá ekki (acc.) á ek Rúnólf, they and R. disagreed in nought, Nj. 178; hver-vitna þess er menn skilr á um sætr, N. G. L. i. 42; nú skilr menn á (um) markteig, id.; ef menn skilr á (um) merki, id.; hann (acc.) hafði skilt á við gesti jarls, Fms. ix. 449; ek vil at þú látir þik á skilja við einhvern húskarl minn, Rd. 318; ef skrár skilr á, if the scrolls differ, Grág. i. 7.B. Metaph. usages:I. [Old Engl. to skill], to distinguish, discern, understand; vóru svá skilið nöfn með þeim, Ísl. ii. 332; eru þeir hér svá, at þeir megi s. mál mitt ( hear it), Eg. 735; spilltisk svá sýnin at eingi þeirra mátti s. hann, Hom. 120; s. ljós frá myrkum, Sks. 626 B; kunna drauma at skilja, to know how to ‘skill’ dreams, Fms. iv. 381: to understand, þat er at skilja ( that is to say) á vára tunga, Anecd. 16, 18; konungr skildi at þetta var með spotti gört, Fms. i. 15; vér þykkjumk hitt s., at …, Ld. 180; ef þat er rétt skilt, sem þar kveðr at, Grág. ii. 37; hón skildi þó raunar hvat hann mælti til hjálpar manninum, Fs. 76; kunnu vér alira þjóða tungur at mæla ok skilja, 656 A. ii. 10: very freq. in mod. usage, skilr þú þetta? eg skil ekki hvat þú segir, það er ó-skiljandi.II. as a law term, to decide; skildi konungr erendi Sighvats svá, at …, Fms. v. 180; þá er kviðir eigu at s. mál manna, Grág. i. 49; skulu heimilis-búar hans fimm skilja þat, hvárt …, 58; allt þat sem lögbók skilr eigi, Gþl. 18; enir sömu búar skolu um þat skilja, Grág. i. 43; at þeir eru þess kviðar kvaddir er þeir eigu eigi um at s., 55; skulu vetfangs-búar s. um hvárt-tveggja, ii. 37; tólflar-kviðr átti um at s., Eb., Nj. 238.2. to set apart, reserve; þat skil ek er ek vil, Nj. 55; þessu sem nú var skilt með þeim, Fms. xi. 100; nú hefir maðr kú skilt í skyld sína, Gþl. 503; þat var skilit í sætt vára, Nj. 257; þat var skilið í sæll þeirra Þóris föður míns ok Bjarnar, at …, Eg. 345; var þat skilit til brigða um áðr-nefnt kaup, Dipl. iii. 10; hann skildi af sér ( declined responsibility) um fyrnd á kirkju alla ábyrgð, iv. 4; þat er stórmæl ok skilit ( express) boðorð, Anecd. 46; nema þat væri skilt (expressly reserved), Fms. x. 447: eiga skilit, to have reserved, stipulated; þat átta ek skilit við þik, at …, ii. 93; sem Hrani átti skilt, iv. 31; at hann vill hafa gripina svá sem hann átti skilit, vi. 60: hence the mod. phrase, eg á það ekki skilið, ‘tis not due to reserve this for me, i. e. I do not deserve it; hann á það skilið, it is owing to him, it serves him right:—s. sér e-t, to reserve to oneself, Fas. i. 527, Fms. v. 293, ix. 323, Landn. 304; Njáll kveðsk þat vilja s. undir Höskuld, to make a reservation, reserve it for H., Nj. 149; þeir sem gáfu, skildu æfinlig forræði þeirra undir sik ok sína arfa, reserved it for themselves and their heirs, Bs. i. 689.3. esp. with a prep.; s. á, fyrir, til, undan, to stipulate, reserve; vil ek s. á við þik einn hlut, Hrafn. 6; skaltú s. þat á við hann, Fms, x. 334:—s. fyrir, hversu var skilt fyrir félagi þeirra, Grág. i. 330; ok skili þeir þá fyrir þegar, 118; skal einn maðr s. fyrir ( pronounce) en aðrir gjalda samkvæði á, i. 2; at svá fyrir-skildu ( so stipulated), Dipl, v. 19; handa-band þeirra var svá fyrir skilit, iv. 9; þá skilði Sverrir konungr fyrir eidstafinum ( dictated it), Fms. viii. 150; er hann hafði fyrir skilt heitinu, made (said) the vow, 55:—þann hlut vilda ek til s., at vér værim austr hér. Nj. 149; þat vil ek þá s. til, segir Hallr, at …, 156; þat vil ek ok til s. við ykkr bræðr jarla mína, at …, Ó. H. 98; megu þeir eigi aðra göra sekð hans en til var skilit fyrir váttum, Grág. i. 118:—s. undir eið, to take an oath with reservation, Grág. i. 56, Sturl. i. 66:—s. undan, to reserve, make a reservation; s. undan goðorð, utanferðir, sektir, Ld. 308, Sturl. ii. 63.C. Reflex. to separate, break up; skildisk þá ok riðlaðisk fylkingin, Fms. vii. 277; at þau væri skild, Grág. i. 307; vóru þau þá skilið, Nj. 268:—s. við e-n, to part from; sá er skiliðr við konuna, Grág. i. 33; segja skilið við, konu, bónda, to declare oneself separated from, Nj. 14, 50; ef kona skilsk við bónda sinn ( divorces), 656 A. 15; hvar hann skildisk við Þórólf, Ld. 44: to forsake. Fms. i. 34, Nj. 250; s. við mál e-s, Ld. 308, Nj. 177; þeir er ekki vildu við skiljask ( leave off) ok láta af heiðninni, Fms. iv. 144.2. recipr. to part company; at vit skilimk í orrostu, Eg 293; þótt vit skilimk, Korm. 88; þeir skiljask fóstrar, Fms. xi. 99; skildusk þeir með blíðskap. feðgar, Eg. 790.β. to be divorced, Grág. i. 325, 326, K. Á. 116.II. impers., e-m skilsk e-t, ‘it skills one’, one perceives; honum hafði þat skilisk, Eg. 715; haun kenndi honum atferli—Nú skaltú vita hvárt mér hafi skilisk, Ísl. ii. 206; konunginum skildusk vel orð jarls, Fms. xi. 13; má mér þat eigi skiljask, Sks. 61; hón lét sér þat ok vel skiljask, to make up one’s mind to it, Hkr. ii. 88; Barði lætr sér skiljask at svá er, Ísl. ii. 327; þú vill þér ekki skiljask (láta) þat er á mót er þínum vilja. 625. 68.III. part. skilinn, q. v. -
11 schneiden
das Schneidencrosscutting* * *schnei|den ['ʃnaidn] pret schni\#tt [ʃnɪt] ptp geschni\#tten [gə'ʃnɪtn]1. vito cut; (MED) to operate; (bei Geburt) to do an episiotomyjdm ins Gesicht/in die Hand etc schnéíden — to cut sb on the face/on the hand etc
die Kälte schneidet —
jdm ins Herz or in die Seele schnéíden — to cut sb to the quick
2. vt1) Papier etc, Haare, Hecke to cut; Getreide to mow, to cut; (= klein schneiden) Schnittlauch, Gemüse etc to chop; (SPORT ) Ball to slice, to cut; (= schnitzen) Namen, Figuren to carve; (MATH) to intersect with, to cut; (Weg) to crosseine Kurve schnéíden — to cut a corner
jdn schnéíden (beim Überholen) — to cut in on sb
sein schön/scharf geschnittenes Gesicht — his clean-cut/sharp features or face
Gesichter or Grimassen schnéíden — to make or pull faces
weit/eng geschnitten sein (Sew) — to be cut wide/narrow
2) Film, Tonband to edit3) (inf = operieren) to operate on; Furunkel to lancejdn schnéíden — to cut sb open (inf); (bei Geburt) to give sb an episiotomy
4) (fig = meiden) to cut3. vr1) (Mensch) to cut oneselfsich in den Finger etc schnéíden — to cut one's finger etc
See:→ Fleisch2) (inf = sich täuschen)da hat er sich aber geschnitten! — he's made a big mistake, he's very mistaken
3) (Linien, Straßen etc) to intersect* * *1) (to make an opening in, usually with something with a sharp edge: He cut the paper with a pair of scissors.) cut2) (to make by cutting: She cut a hole in the cloth.) cut3) (to shorten by cutting; to trim: to cut hair; I'll cut the grass.) cut4) (to remove: They cut several passages from the film.) cut5) (to wound or hurt by breaking the skin (of): I cut my hand on a piece of glass.) cut6) (to meet and cross (a line or geometrical figure): An axis cuts a circle in two places.) cut7) ((also cut dead) to ignore completely: She cut me dead in the High Street.) cut8) (the act of intersecting.) intersection9) (a sharp stinging quality, or coldness in the weather: a nip in the air.) nip10) (to cut and gather (corn etc): The farmer is reaping the wheat.) reap11) ((past tense shorn: often with off) to cut (hair) off: All her curls have been shorn off.) shear12) ((past tense shorn: especially with of) to cut hair from (someone): He has been shorn (of all his curls).) shear13) (to cut (as) with a sharp blade or knife: The blade slipped and sliced off the tip of his forefinger.) slice* * *schnei·den<schnitt, geschnitten>[ˈʃnaidn̩]I. vt▪ etw \schneiden1. (zerteilen) to cut sthWurst in die Suppe \schneiden to slice sausage into the soup2. (kürzen) to cut [or trim] stheinen Baum \schneiden to prune a treedas Gras \schneiden to cut [or mow] the grassjdm die Haare \schneiden to cut sb's hairsie hat sich die Haare ganz kurz \schneiden lassen she has had her hair cut really short3. (gravieren) to carve sthein markant geschnittenes Gesicht craggy featuresmit mandelförmig geschnittenen Augen almond-eyed4. (einschneiden) to cut sthein Loch in den Stoff \schneiden to cut a hole in the material▪ jdn \schneiden to cut sb6. (kreuzen) to cut [or intersect] [or cross] stheinen Furunkel/Karbunkel \schneiden to lance a boil/carbunclezu eng/zu weit geschnitten sein to be cut too tight/too looseeine gut geschnittene Wohnung a well-designed flat [or AM apartment10. (meiden)II. vr3.III. vi2. (zerteilen) to cutdas Messer schneidet gut the knife cuts well▪ etw schneidet sth is biting▪ jdm [irgendwohin] \schneiden to hit sb [somewhere]der eisige Wind schnitt ihr ins Gesicht the icy wind hit her in the face; s.a. Herz* * *1.unregelmäßiges intransitives Verb1) cut (in + Akk. into)2) (Medizinerjargon) operate3)2.schneidend — biting <wind, cold, voice, sarcasm>
unregelmäßiges transitives Verb1) cut; cut, reap <corn etc.>; cut, mow < grass>; (in Scheiben) slice <bread, sausage, etc.>; (klein schneiden) cut up, chop <wood, vegetables>; (zuschneiden) cut out < dress>; (stutzen) prune <tree, bush>; trim < beard>sich (Dat.) von jemandem die Haare schneiden lassen — have one's hair cut by somebody
hier ist eine Luft zum Schneiden — (fig.) there's a terrible fug in here (coll.)
ein eng/weit/gut geschnittenes Kleid — a tight-fitting/loose-fitting/well-cut dress
2) (Medizinerjargon): (aufschneiden) operate on < patient>; cut [open] <tumour, ulcer, etc.>; lance <boil, abscess>jemanden/einen anderen Wagen schneiden — cut in on somebody/another car
5) (kreuzen) <line, railway, etc.> intersect, crossdie Linien/Straßen schneiden sich — the lines/roads intersect
6) (Tennis usw.) slice, put spin on < ball>; (Fußball) curve <ball, free kick>; (Billard) put side on < ball>7)8) (ignorieren)3.jemanden schneiden — cut somebody dead; send somebody to Coventry (Brit.)
reflexives Verbich habe mir od. mich in den Finger geschnitten — I've cut my finger
* * *schneiden; schneidet, schnitt, hat geschnittenA. v/t1. cut (in Stücke schneiden cut into pieces, cut up;in zwei Teile schneiden cut in two;seinen Namen in den Stamm schneiden carve one’s name in the trunk;der Abszess/Furunkel muss geschnitten werden MED the abscess/boil must be lanced2. fig:hier ist eine Luft zum Schneiden! umg it’s really stuffy in here, Br auch there’s a terrible fug in here;man konnte die Luft schneiden umg you could cut the atmosphere with a knife4.eine Kurve schneiden cut a corner;jemanden schneiden beim Überholen: cut in on sb5. (kreuzen)sich schneiden Linien: intersect;wo die Bahnlinie die Straße schneidet where the railway line (US railroad) and the road cross ( oder intersect)6. RADIO7. umg (ignorieren)jemanden schneiden (nicht grüßen) cut sb dead;sie wird von den Dorfbewohnern geschnitten she is ostracized by the villagers; → Gesicht1, Grimasse, Haar 1 etcda schneidet er sich aber (gewaltig) umg, fig he’s very much mistaken thereC. v/idas Messer schneidet gut/schlecht this knife cuts well/doesn’t cut well;in die Hand schneiden Band: cut into one’s hand;jemandem ins Herz schneiden Trauer etc: cut sb to the quick* * *1.unregelmäßiges intransitives Verb1) cut (in + Akk. into)2) (Medizinerjargon) operate3)2.schneidend — biting <wind, cold, voice, sarcasm>
unregelmäßiges transitives Verb1) cut; cut, reap <corn etc.>; cut, mow < grass>; (in Scheiben) slice <bread, sausage, etc.>; (klein schneiden) cut up, chop <wood, vegetables>; (zuschneiden) cut out < dress>; (stutzen) prune <tree, bush>; trim < beard>sich (Dat.) von jemandem die Haare schneiden lassen — have one's hair cut by somebody
hier ist eine Luft zum Schneiden — (fig.) there's a terrible fug in here (coll.)
ein eng/weit/gut geschnittenes Kleid — a tight-fitting/loose-fitting/well-cut dress
2) (Medizinerjargon): (aufschneiden) operate on < patient>; cut [open] <tumour, ulcer, etc.>; lance <boil, abscess>jemanden/einen anderen Wagen schneiden — cut in on somebody/another car
5) (kreuzen) <line, railway, etc.> intersect, crossdie Linien/Straßen schneiden sich — the lines/roads intersect
6) (Tennis usw.) slice, put spin on < ball>; (Fußball) curve <ball, free kick>; (Billard) put side on < ball>7)8) (ignorieren)3.jemanden schneiden — cut somebody dead; send somebody to Coventry (Brit.)
reflexives Verbich habe mir od. mich in den Finger geschnitten — I've cut my finger
* * *n.crosscutting n. -
12 बहु _bahu
बहु a. (हु orही f.; compar. भूयस्; super. भूयिष्ठ)1 Much, plentiful, abundant, great; तस्मिन् बहु एतदपि Ś.4. 'even this was much for him' (was too much to be expected of him); बहु प्रष्टव्यमत्र Mu.3; अल्पस्य हेतोर्बहु हातुमिच्छन् R.2.47.-2 Many, numerous; as in बह्वक्षर, बहुप्रकार.-2 Frequented, repeated.-4 Large, great.-5 Abounding or rich in (as first member of comp.); बहुकण्टको देशः &c. ind.1 Much, abundantly, very much, exceedingly, greatly, in a high degree.-2 Somewhat, nearly, almost; as in बहुतृण. (किं बहुन 'why say much', 'in short'; बहु मन् to think or esteem highly, rate high, prize, value; त्वत्संभावितमात्मानं बहु मन्यामहे वयम् Ku.6.2; ययातेरिव शर्मिष्ठा भर्तुर्बहुमता भव Ś.4.7;7. 1; R.12.89; येषां च त्वं बहुमतो भूत्वा यास्यसि लाघवम् Bg.2. 35; Bk.3.53;5.84;8.12.)-Comp. -अक्षर a. having many syllables, polysyllabic (as a word).-अच्, -अच्क a. having many vowels, polysyllabic.-अनर्थ a. fraught with many evils.-अप्, -अप a. watery.-अपत्य a.1 having a numerous progeny.-2 (in astrol.) promising a numerous progeny.(-त्यः) 1 a hog.-2 a mouse, rat. (-त्या) a cow that has often calved.-अपाय a. exposed to many risks; स्वगृहो- द्यानगते$पि स्निग्धैः पापं विशङ्क्यते मोहात् । किमु दुष्टबह्वपायप्रतिभय- कान्तारमध्यस्थे ॥ Pt.2.166.-अर्थ a.1 having many senses.-2 having many objects.-3 important.-आशिन् a. voracious, gluttonous, बह्वाशी स्वल्पसन्तुष्टः सुनिद्रो लघुचेतनः । प्रभुभक्तश्च शूरश्च ज्ञातव्याः षट् शुनो गुणाः ॥ Chāṇakya. -m. N. of a son of Dhṛitarāṣṭra.-उदकः a kind of mendicant who lives in a strange town and maintains himself with alms got by begging from door to door; cf. कुटीचक.-उपयुक्त a. made to serve a manifold purpose; बहूप- युक्ता च बुद्धिः Dk.2.4.-उपाय a. effective.-ऋच् a. having many verses. (-f.) a term applied to the Ṛigveda.-ऋच a. having many verses. (-चः) one conversant with the Ṛigveda. (-ची) The wife of one who studies the Ṛigveda. Hence ˚ब्राह्मणम् means the Aitareya Brāhmaṇa which belongs to the Ṛigveda; बह्वृचब्राह्मणे श्रूयते ŚB. on MS.6.3.1.-एनस् a. very sinful.-कर a.1 doing much, busy, industrious.-2 useful in many ways.(-रः) 1 a sweeper, cleaner.-2 a camel.-3 the sun; बहुकरकृतात् प्रातःसंमार्जनात् N.19.13. (-री) a broom.-कारम् abundance; बहुकारं च सस्यानाम् Mb.12.193.21.-कालम् ind. for a long time.-कालीन a. of a long standing, old, ancient.-कूर्चः a kind of cocoa-nut tree.-क्रमः a Krama of more than three words; cf. क्रम.-क्षम a. patient; अतो$त्र किंचिद्भवतीं बहुक्षमां द्विजाति- भावादुपपन्नचापलः Ku.5.4.(-मः) 1 a Buddha.-2 a Jaina deified saint.-क्षारम् Soap; Nigh. Ratn. (-रः) a kind of alkali.-क्षीरा a cow giving much milk.-गन्ध a. strong-scented. (-न्धम्) cinnamon.-गन्धदा musk.-गन्धा 1 the Yūthikā creeper.-2 a bud of the Champaka tree.-गुण a. having many threads or qualities.-गुरुः One who has read much but superficially; sciolist.-गोत्रज a. having many blood relations.-ग्रन्थिः Tamarix Indica (Mar. वेळु ?).-च्छल a. deceitful.-छिन्ना a species of Cocculus (Mar. गुळवेल).-जनः a great multitude of people. ˚हितम् the common weal.-जल्प a. garrulous, talkative, loquacious.-ज्ञ a. knowing much, well informed, possessed of great knowledge.-तन्त्रीक a. many-stringed (as a musical instrument).-तृणम् anything much like grass; (hence) what is unimportant or contemptible; निदर्शनम- साराणां लघुर्बहुतृणं नरः Śi.2.5; N.22.137.-2 abounding in grass.-त्वक्कः, -त्वच् m. a kind of birch tree.-द a. liberal, generous.-दक्षिण a.1 attended with many gifts or donations.-2 liberal, munificent.-दर्शक, -दर्शिन् a. prudent, circumspect; कृत्येषु वाली मेधावी राजानो बहुदर्शिनः Rām.4.2.23.-दायिन् a. liberal, munificent, a liberal donor; Ch. Up.-दुग्ध a. yielding much milk. (-ग्धः) wheat. (-ग्धा) a cow yielding much milk.-दृश्वन् a. greatly experienced, a great observer.-दृष्ट a. very experienced.-दोष a.1 having many faults or defects, very wicked or sinful.-2 full of crimes of dangers; बहुदोषा हि शर्वरी Mk.1.58.-दोहना yielding much milk.-धन a. very rich, wealthy.-धारम् 1 the thunderbolt of Indra.-2 a diamond.-धेनुकम् a great number of milch-cows.-नाडिकः the body.-नाडीकः 1 day.-2 pillar; L. D. B.-नादः a conch-shell.-पत्नीकता polygamy.-पत्रः an onion. (-त्रम्) talc. (-त्री) the holy basil.-पद्, -पाद्, -पाद m. the fig-tree.-पुष्पः 1 the coral tree.-2 the Nimba tree.-पर्वन् m. (see -ग्रन्थिः).-प्रकार a. of many kinds, various, manifold. (-रम्) ind. in many ways, manifoldly.-प्रकृति a. consisting of many pri- mary parts or verbal elements (as a compound).-प्रज a. having many children, prolific.(-जः) 1 a hog.-2 the munja grass.-प्रज्ञ a. very wise.-प्रतिज्ञ a.1 comprising many statements or assertions, compli- cated.-2 (in law) involving many counts, as a plaint; बहुप्रतिज्ञं यत् कार्यं व्यवहारेषु निश्चितम् । कामं तदपि गृह्णीयाद् राजा तत्त्वबुभुत्सया Mitā.-प्रत्यर्थिक a. having many opponents.-प्रत्यवाय a. connected with many difficul- ties.-प्रद a. exceedingly liberal, a munificent donor.-प्रपञ्च a. very diffuse or prolix.-प्रसूः the mother of many children.-प्रेयसी a. having many loved ones.-फल a. rich in fruits. (-लः) the Kadamba tree. (-ली) the opposite-leaved fig-tree.-बलः a lion.-बीजम् the fruit of Anona Reticulata (Mar. सीताफल). (-जा) a kind of Musa (Mar. रानकेळ).-बोलक a. a great talker; Buddh.-भाग्य a. very lucky or fortunate.-भाषिन् a. garrulous, talkative.-भाष्यम् talkativeness, garrulity; उत्थानेन जयेत्तन्द्री वितर्कं निश्चयाज्जयेत् । मौनेन बहुभाष्यं च शौर्येण च भयं त्यजेत् ॥ Mb.12.274.11.-भुजा an epithet of Durgā.-भूमिक a. having many floors or stories.-भोग्या a prostitute.-भोजिन् a. voracious.-मञ्जरी the holy basil.-मत a.1 highly esteemed or prized, valued, respected; येषां च त्वं बहुमतो भूत्वा यास्यसि लाघवम् Bg.2.35.-2 having many different opinions.-मतिः f. great value or estimation; कान्तानां बहुमतिमाययुः पयोदाः Ki.7. 15.-मध्यग a. belonging to many; न निर्हारं स्त्रियः कुर्युः कुटुम्बाद्बहुमध्यगात् Ms.9.199.-मलम् lead.-मानः great respect or regard, high esteem; पुरुषबहुमानो विगलितः Bh.3.9; वर्तमानकवेः कालिदासस्य क्रियायां कथं परिषदो बहुमानः M.1; V.1.2; Ku.5.31. (-नम्) a gift given by a superior to an inferior.-मान्य a. respectable, esteem- able; Kull. on Ms.2.117.-माय a. artful, deceitful. treacherous; परदेशभयाद्भीता बहुमाया नपुंसकाः । स्वदेशे निधनं यान्ति Pt.1.321.-मार्गः a place where many roads meet.-मार्गगा 1 N. of the river Ganges; तद्युक्तं बहुमार्गगां मम पुरो निर्लज्ज वोढुस्तव Ratn.1.3.-2 a wanton or un- chaste woman.-मार्गी a place where several roads meet.-मुख a.1 much, excessive; अस्या भर्तुर्बहुमुखमनुरागम् Ś.6.-2 Speaking variously.-मूत्र a. suffering from diabetes.-मूर्ति a. multiform, variously shaped. (-र्तिः f.) the wild cotton-shrub.-मूर्धन् m. an epithet of Viṣṇu.-मूला Asparagus Racemosus (शतावरी).-मूल्य a. costly, high-priced. (-ल्यम्) a large sum of money, heavy or costly price.-मृग a. abounding in deer.-रजस् a. very dusty.-रत्न a. rich in jewels.-रस a. juicy, succulent. (-सः) sugar-cane.-राशि a. (in arith.) consisting of many terms. (-शिः) m. a series of many terms.-रूप a.1 many-formed, multiform, manifold.-2 variegated, spotted, chequered; वैश्वदेवं बहुरूपं हि राजन् Mb.14.1.3.(-पः) 1 a lizard, chameleon.-2 hair.-3 the sun.-4 N. of Śiva.-5 of Viṣṇu.-6 of Brahmā.-7 of the god of love.-रूपक a. multiform, manifold.-रेतस् m. an epithet of Brahmā.-रोमन् a. hairy. shaggy. (-m.) a sheep.-लवणम् a soil impregnated with salt.-वचनम् the plural number (in gram.); द्व्यैकयोर्द्विवचनैकवचने, बहुषु बहुवचनम्.-वर्ण a. many-coloured.-वादिन् a. garrulous.-वारम् ind. many times, often.-वारः, -वारकः Cordia Myxa (Mar. भोकर).-वार्षिक a. lasting for many years.-विक्रम a. very powerful, heroic, a great warrior.-विघ्न a. presenting many difficulties, attended with many dangers.-विध a. of many kinds, manifold, diverse.-वी(बी)जम् the custard apple.-वीर्य a. very powerful or efficacious. (-र्यः) N. of various plants (such as Terminalia Bel- lerica, Mar. बेहडा).-व्ययिन् a. lavish, prodigal, spendthrift.-व्यापिन् a. far-spreading, wide.-व्रीहि a. possessing much rice; तत्पुरुष कर्मधारय येनाहं स्यां बहुव्रीहिः Udb. (where it is also the name of the compound). (-हिः) one of the four principal kinds of compounds in Sanskrit. In it, two or more nouns in apposition to each other are compouded, the attributive member (whether a noun or an adjective) being placed first, and made to qualify another substantive, and neither of the two members separately, but the sense of the whole compound, qualifies that substantive; cf. अन्य- पदार्थप्रधानो बहुव्रीहिः. This compound is adjectival in character, but there are several instances of Bahuvrīhi compounds which have come to be regarded and used as nouns (their application being restricted by usage to particular individuals); i. e. चक्रपाणि, शशिशेखर, पीताम्बर, चतुर्मुख, त्रिनेत्र, कुसुमशर &c.-शत्रुः a sparrow.-शल्यः a species of Khadira.-शस्त a. very good, right or happy.-शाख a. having many branches or ramifica- tions.-शिख a. having many points.-शृङ्गः an epithet of Viṣṇu.-श्रुत a.1 well-informed, very learned तस्मिन् पुरवरे हृष्टा धर्मात्मानो बहुश्रुताः Rām. H.1.1; Pt.2. 1; R.15.36.-2 well-versed in the Vedas; गुरुं वा बाल- वृद्धौ वा ब्राह्मणं वा बहुश्रुतम् । आततायिनमायान्तं हन्यादेवाविचारयन् ॥ Ms.8.35. (-तिः) the occurrence of the plural in a text.-संख्याक a. numerous.-सत्त्व a. abounding in animals.-संतति a. having a numerous progeny. (-तिः) a kind of bamboo.-सार a. possessed of great pith or essence, substantial. (-रः) the Khadira tree.-साहस्र a. amounting to many thousands.-सूः 1 a mother of many children.-2 a cow.-सूतिः f.1 a mother of many children.-2 a cow that often calves.-स्वन a. vociferous. (-नः) an owl.-स्वामिक a. owned by many. -
13 شبك
شَبَّكَ \ (en)tangle, enmesh, entwine. \ شَبَكَة \ net: a piece of netting that is used for catching sth., or for protection: a fishing net; a hair net. network: a set of lines that cross each other, as in a net: a network of roads, an arrangement that is carefully planned so as to cover a wide area a radio network. system: a planned way of doing sth.; an orderly arrangement: a system of roads and railways. \ شَبَكَة الأنابيب (في بنَايَة) \ plumbing: a plumber’s work; all the pipes that provide supplies of water and gas inside a building. \ شَبَكَة تَصْريف المياه القذِرة \ drainage: pipes, etc., often under the ground, used for carrying water and waste away from houses. \ شَبَكَة معدنيّة \ grid: a frame of iron bars. \ شَبَكَة معدنيّة للشِّوَاء \ grill: a frame of iron bars, esp. one that is used for cooking meat over or under a hot fire. -
14 net
شَبَكَة \ net: a piece of netting that is used for catching sth., or for protection: a fishing net; a hair net. network: a set of lines that cross each other, as in a net: a network of roads, an arrangement that is carefully planned so as to cover a wide area a radio network. system: a planned way of doing sth.; an orderly arrangement: a system of roads and railways. -
15 network
شَبَكَة \ net: a piece of netting that is used for catching sth., or for protection: a fishing net; a hair net. network: a set of lines that cross each other, as in a net: a network of roads, an arrangement that is carefully planned so as to cover a wide area a radio network. system: a planned way of doing sth.; an orderly arrangement: a system of roads and railways. -
16 system
شَبَكَة \ net: a piece of netting that is used for catching sth., or for protection: a fishing net; a hair net. network: a set of lines that cross each other, as in a net: a network of roads, an arrangement that is carefully planned so as to cover a wide area a radio network. system: a planned way of doing sth.; an orderly arrangement: a system of roads and railways. -
17 avenue
['ævənjuː] [AE -nuː]1) (lined with trees) viale m.; AE (wide street) via f., corso m.; (path, driveway) viale m.2) fig. (possibility) possibilità f.* * *['ævinju:]1) (a road, often with trees along either side.) viale2) ((often abbreviated to Ave. when written) a word used in the names of certain roads or streets: His address is 14 Swan Avenue.) viale* * *['ævənjuː] [AE -nuː]1) (lined with trees) viale m.; AE (wide street) via f., corso m.; (path, driveway) viale m.2) fig. (possibility) possibilità f. -
18 cover
1. III1) cover smb., smth. - a sleeping child (a feverish patient, one's knees, smb.'s shoulders, etc.) укрывать / накрывать, укутывать / спящего ребенка и т. д.; cover a saucepan накрывать кастрюлю крышкой; cover one's head покрывать / повязывать / голову; надевать шляпу / шапку / ; cover oneself укрываться, накрываться, укутываться; snow covered the fields (the hills, the roads, etc.) снег покрыл поля и т. д.; clouds covered the sun тучи закрыли солнце; dust covered his shoes его ботинки были покрыты пылью; the troops (the Roman legions, etc.) covered the country войска и т. д. наводнили страну2) cover smth. cover one's face (one's head, etc.) закрывать / прятать / лицо и т. д.; cover one's confusion (one's annoyance, one's nervousness, one's mistake, etc.) скрывать свое смущение и т. д., не показывать своего смущения и т. д.; cover one's tracks заметать свои следы; he only said that to cover himself он сказал это для перестраховки3) cover smth. cover the distance (five miles, thirty kilometres, etc.) покрыть / пройти, проехать / расстояние и т. д.4) cover smth. cover the whole subject исчерпать тему; cover a wide field (a wide area) охватывать / затрагивать / широкую область (широкий круг вопросов); the law covers all such matters закон предусматривает все подобные случаи; the law does not cover this case на этот случай закон не распространяется5) cover smth. cover the talks освещать переговоры; cover the trial вести репортаж из зала суда; cover the fire поместить в газете репортаж о пожаре6) cover smth. cover the expense (all one's expenses, the advance made to smb., the deficit, etc.) покрывать / оплачивать / расходы и т. д; this will cover your carfare to school этого тебе хватит на дорогу в школу; the price covers the cost and delivery цена включает стоимость и доставку7) cover smth., smb. cover the passage (the man, every approach to the positions held by our infantry, etc.) держать под прицелом или под наблюдением проход и т. д.; cover the retreat (the march of the army, the advance of the main army, the landing of the invading troops, etc.) прикрывать / обеспечивать / отступление / отход / и т. д.2. IV1) cover smth. in some manner cover smth. partly (all over, etc.) покрывать что-л. не полностью / частично / и т. д.; the snow completely covered the mountain снег покрыл / окутал / всю гору2) cover smth. in some manner cover one's face instinctively инстинктивно закрыть лицо [руками]; cover one's head protectively защитить голову, закрыв ее руками3) cover smth. in some manner cover three miles quickly (slowly, etc.) быстро и т. д. пройти три мили; cover smth. in some time cover thirty miles that day (every day, etc.) пройти тридцать миль за этот день и т. д.4) cover smth. in some man ner cover the subject completely (the question exhaustively, etc.) исчерпать тему полностью и т. д., he covered the ground thoroughly он тщательно изучил проблему3. XI1) be covered that hole should be filled, not covered яму надо засыпать, а не просто накрыть / прикрыть / ; be covered with / by / smth. be covered with mud (with fur, with hair, with grass, etc.) быть покрытым грязью и т. д.; the streets are covered with snow улицы занесены снегом; her face is covered with freckles у нее все лицо в веснушках / усеяно веснушками / ; her face is covered with pimples у нее все лицо в прыщах / покрыто прыщами /. the table was covered with books стол был завален книгами; the bush was covered with blossom куст был усыпан цветами, куст был в цвету; the meal was covered with flies мухи облепили мясо; the wall is covered with ivy стена увита плющом; the rocks (the mountainsides, etc.) are covered with pine-trees скалы и т. д. поросли соснами; the top of the mountain was covered by clouds вершина горы была скрыта за облаками; the floor was completely covered by a large rug большой ковер покрывал весь пол; have smth. covered with / in / smth. have the seats of these chairs (the sofa, the walls, the sides of the box, etc.) covered with leather (in gold brocade etc.) обивать стулья и т. д. кожей и т. д.; have the walls covered with good wallpaper оклейте стены хорошими обоями2) be covered by smth. I am covered by a contract гарантией мне служит контракт. be covered in some manner the loan was covered many times over долг был оплачен с лихвой; be covered by smth. against smth. be covered by insurance against fire (against burglary, against accidents.. etc.) быть застрахованным от пожара и т. д.3) be covered don't move! you are covered! ни с места / не двигайтесь / - буду стрелять!; be covered in some manner the road was well covered дорога хорошо простреливалась4. XVIIIcover oneself behind smth. cover oneself behind a tree (behind a house, etc.) укрыться / спрятаться / за дерево и т. д.5. XXI11) cover smb., smth. with smth. cover the child with a blanket (smb.'s knees with a rug, young plants with straw, etc.) накрывать / укрывать, укутывать / ребенка одеялом и т. д.; cover oneself with furs укутываться в меха; cover a pan with a lid накрывать, кастрюлю крышкой; cover the paths with sand (the cake with sugar, etc.) покрывать / посыпать / дорожки песком и т. д.; rain covered the streets with mud после дождя улицы были покрыты грязью; cover smb. with kisses (with ridicule, etc.) осыпать кого-л. поцелуями и т. д., cover smb. (oneself) with disgrace / with shame, with ignominy / (with glory, etc.) покрывать кого-л. (себя) позором и т. д. cover smth., smb. in smth. cover rose-trees and vine in winter укутывать / накрывать / розы и вино град на зиму; cover the child in blankets укутать ребенка в одеяла; cover smth. on smth. the floods covered a large area on both sides of the river полая вода покрыла больную площадь по обоим берегам реки2) cover smth., smb. with smth. cover one's eyes with one's hand (one's head with a scarf, etc.) прикрывать / закрывать / глаза рукой и т. д.; cover the child with one's own body прикрыть / защитить / ребенка собственным телом; cover smb., smth. from smth. the rock covered us (our things, etc.) from fir" (from the wind, etc.) скала защищала нас в т. д. от неприятельского огня / от пуль / и т. д.3) cover smth. in some time cover the distance in two hours (two miles in half the time, etc.) пройти / покрыть / расстояние за два часа и т. д., cover smth. on smth. cover three miles on foot пройти три мили пешком; cover this distance on a bicycle покрыть / пройти / Это расстояние на велосипеде4) cover smth. around / in / smth. cover the whole area in the vicinity (every problem in this field, etc.) изучать весь близлежащий район и т. д.', the expedition covered the ground around the village экспедиция изучила / обследовала / весь район вокруг деревни5) cover smth. for smth. cover the event for the radio (a fire for a newspaper, the trial for our magazine, etc.) писать о событии для радио и т. д., освещать событие по радио и т. (3. -
19 Historical Portugal
Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims inPortugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and theChurch (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict untilUN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU. -
20 cover
ˈkʌvə
1. сущ.
1) а) крышка, покрышка, колпак, колпачок The jewel box had a carved wooden cover. ≈ Крышка коробки для драгоценностей была украшена деревянной резьбой. б) обложка, переплет;
одна сторона обложки to read from cover to cover ≈ прочесть от корки до корки( о книге) Don't judge a book by its cover. ≈ Не суди о книге по ее обложке. Syn: binding
1. в) футляр;
чехол a mattress cover ≈ чехол на матрац г) конверт, пакет;
обертка under the same cover ≈ в том же конверте under separate cover ≈ в отдельном пакете, в отдельном конверте д) покрывало;
одеяло Do you want another cover on the bed? ≈ Ты хочешь другое покрывало на кровать? Syn: blanket
1., comforter, quilt
1., coverlet, eiderdown ∙ Syn: lid
1., top I
1., cap I
1., covering
1. ;
wrapper, case II
1., encasement, envelope, jacket
1.
2) а) убежище, укрытие;
воен. прикрытие, заслон under cover ≈ в укрытии, под защитой to take cover ≈ укрыться When the rain started, we took cover under a large tree. ≈ Когда начался дождь, мы спрятались под большим деревом. air cover ≈ воздушная защита Syn: protection, shelter
1., shield
1., guard
1., defence;
asylum, refuge
1., sanctuary, concealment б) покров under cover of darkness ≈ под покровом темноты Syn: cloak
1. в) перен. ширма;
предлог, отговорка under cover of friendship ≈ под личиной дружбы Syn: screen
1., disguise
1., pretence
3) а) охот. укрытие, логово( зверя) б) растительный покров
4) а) коммерч. гарантийный фонд б) страхование
5) прибор (обеденный)
2. гл.
1) накрывать, закрывать, покрывать to cover a wall with paper ≈ оклеивать стену обоями Grandmother always covered the table with a lace cloth. ≈ Бабушка всегда покрывает стол кружевной скатертью. The roof was covered with wooden shingles. ≈ Крыша была покрыта кровельной дранкой. to cover (one's head) ≈ надевать( шляпу и т. п.) Syn: put on, put over, lay on, overlay
2., blanket
3., clothe, sheathe, shroud, envelop, wrap
2., enwrap
2) защищать, ограждать, укрывать The tent covered the campers from the rain. ≈ Палатка предохранила отдыхающих от дождя. to cover a siege ≈ выдерживать осаду some woods which covered their retreat ≈ леса, которые прикрыли их отступление Syn: protect, shield
2., guard
2., shelter
2., defend
3) а) закрывать;
скрывать, маскировать, прятать She covered her face with her hands. ≈ Она закрыла лицо руками. Frank laughed to cover his anxiety. ≈ Фрэнк засмеялся, чтобы скрыть тревогу. to cover the retreat ≈ прикрывать отступление to cover one's tracks ≈ заметать свои следы Syn: hide II
2., conceal, obscure
2., secrete;
cloak
2., veil
2., hood
2., screen
2. ;
mask
2., disguise
2., camouflage
2. б) спорт закрывать, прикрывать (игрока соперника) ;
прикрывать (участок поля)
4) включать, содержать, охватывать;
относиться( к чему-л.) The history book covers the years of Eisenhower's presidency. ≈ Эта книга по истории охватывает годы президентства Эйзенхауэра. Syn: deal with, include, involve, contain;
embrace
2., embody, comprise, take in, comprehend
5) освещать (события и т. п.) в печати, на телевидении, по радио The reporter covered the convention for the local newspaper. ≈ Журналист давал материалы о партийном съезде в местную газету. Syn: report
2., tell of, describe, chronicle, write up
6) лежать, покрывать;
расстилаться;
распространяться Water covered the floor. ≈ Вода покрывает пол. His brewery covers nearly four acres of ground. ≈ Его пивоварня занимает почти четыре акра земли.
7) преодолевать, проходить( какое-л. расстояние) ;
спорт пройти( дистанцию) The distance covered was close on twenty miles. ≈ Пройденное расстояние равнялось почти двадцати милям. We covered three states in two days. ≈ Мы проехали три штата за два дня. Syn: travel through, pass over, pass through, traverse
2., cross
3.
8) а) комерч. покрывать, обеспечивать( денежным) покрытием б) страховать This insurance covers the traveler in any accident. ≈ Эта страховка страхует путешественника от любого несчастного случая. Syn: insure
9) предусматривать, разрешать The rules covers all cases. ≈ Правила предусматривают все случаи.
10) покрывать (кобылу;
по отношению к другим животным употребляется редко)
11) сидеть( на яйцах)
12) держать под прицелом ∙ cover for cover in cover over cover up (по) крышка;
обертка;
покрывало;
чехол;
футляр, колпак - a * for a saucepan крышка кастрлюли - a * for a chair чехол для стула - glass * стеклянный колпак конверт;
обертка;
упаковка - under plain * в конверте без фирменного штампа, в простом конверте - under separate * (канцелярское) в отдельном конверте - this is a receipt, the goods will be sent under separate * посылаем вам расписку, а товар будет выслан отдельно переплет;
обложка - soft * мягкая обложка - to read a book from * to * прочесть книгу от корки до корки убежище, укрытие;
прикрытие, "крышка" - * from fire (военное) укрытие от огня - * from view (военное) укрытие от наблюдения - under * в укрытиии - to take * найти убежище, спрятаться - to break * внезапно появиться;
выйти из укрытия - the spy's * was to act as a bartender шпион скрывался под видом бармена (спортивное) прикрытие, защита покров - land * растительный покров - sky * облачность, облачный покров (of) покрывало, покров - under * of darkness под покровом темноты лесной покров, полог леса (ботаника) покров семяпочки или семени (охота) нора, логовище - to break * поднять из логовища личина, маска - under * of friendship под личиной дружбы - under * of patriotism прикрываясь патриотизмом прибор, куверт - *s were laid for four стол был накрыт на четыре персоны плата "за куверт" (в ресторане, ночном клубе) (коммерческое) гарантийный фонд;
страхование (геология) покрывающие породы( автомобильное) покрышка (театроведение) замена;
заменяющий актер или -ая актриса;
исполнитель из второго состава > under * тайный;
секретный;
> he kept his activities under * он держал свою деятельность в тайне;
тайно;
секретно;
> they met under * они встречались тайно покрывать, закрывать, накрывать - to * a saucepan закрывать кастрюлю - to * up a baby укутать ребенка - to * plants with straw прикрыть растения соломой (редкое) покрывать (голову, плечи) ;
укрывать - to * one's head надеть шляпу - to remain *ed не снять шляпы - pray be *ed (устаревшее) прошу надеть шляпу прикрывать, ограждать, защищать - to * a retreat прикрывать отступление - the warships *ed the landing of the army военные корабли прикрывали высадку армии - the father *ed the boy from the fire with his own body отец своим телом укрыл мальчика от огня( спортивное) держать, закрывать (игрока) прятать, скрывать - to * one's face with one's hands закрыть лицо руками - the enemy were *ed from our sight by woods лес скрывал от нас неприятеля - to * one's shame скрыть стыд - to * one's tracks замести следы покрывать;
находить оправдания - his family kept *ing for him семья постоянно покрывала его - to * up for a friend покрывать друга;
выручать друга (книжное) покрыть, увенчать;
запятнать - to * oneself with glory покрыть себя славой покрывать, обдавать - you are *ed with dust ты весь в пыли - a passing motor *ed me with mud проезжавшая мимо машина обдала меня грязью обивать;
оклеивать - to * the seat of a chair with leather обить кожей сиденье стула - to * with wall-paper оклеить обоями покрывать;
распространяться;
расстилаться - snow *ed the ground земля была покрыта снегом, на земле лежал снег - enemy troops *ed the whole country вражеские войска наводнили всю страну - the floods *ed a large area наводнение распространялось на большую территорию покрывать, охватывать;
относиться - his researches * a wide field его исследования охватывают широкую область - documents *ing the sale документы, касающиеся продажи( for) (разговорное) заменять, подменять - please * for me at the counter for a few minutes пожалуйства, подмени меня у прилавка на несколько минут( театроведение) заменять держать под наблюдением - the police got all the roads *ed полиция перекрыла все дороги пройти, проехать - he *ed the distance in an hour он прошел расстояние за час - by evening we had *ed sixty miles к вечеру мы проехали шестьдесят миль( спортивное) пробежать дистанцию - to * the distance in great style показать на дистанции высокую технику бега освещать в печати - to * football matches давать репортаж о футбольных матчах - to * the theatres освещать театральную жизнь предусматривать - the rules * all cases правила предусматривают все случаи (коммерческое) обеспечить покрытие;
покрывать - to * one's expenses покрыть расходы - the loan was *ed many times сумма займа была перекрыта во много раз страховать - my policy *s me against loss from fire мое имущество застраховано от пожара - you should get yourself *ed as soon as possible тебе надо поскорее застраховаться( карточное) покрывать, крыть принять пари;
поставить( сельскохозяйственное) случать;
крыть (матку) сидеть (на яйцах) (военное) держать под обстрелом;
держать под прицелом - don't move, I have you *ed не шевелись, буду стрелять additional premium for short-term ~ дополнительная страховая премия за краткосрочное покрытие рисков advance ~ авансовое покрытие all risks ~ покрытие всех рисков back ~ четвертая сторонка обложки bank-note ~ покрытие банкнот blanket ~ общее страхование blanket ~ полный перечень рисков, охватываемых страховым полисом ~ охватывать;
относиться (к чему-л.) ;
the book covers the whole subject книга дает исчерпывающие сведения по всему предмету cash ~ денежное покрытие ~ разрешать, предусматривать;
the circumstances are covered by this clause обстоятельства предусмотрены этим пунктом ~ расстилаться;
распространяться;
the city covers ten square miles город занимает десять квадратных миль cost escalation ~ покрытие роста издержек cover = cover-point ~ ком. гарантийный фонд ~ гарантийный фонд ~ гарантировать ~ давать материал, отчет( для прессы) ~ закрывать;
покрывать;
накрывать;
прикрывать;
перекрывать;
to cover a wall with paper оклеивать стену обоями ~ конверт;
under the same cover в том же конверте ~ конверт ~ (по) крышка;
обертка;
чехол;
покрывало;
футляр, колпак ~ обеспечение ~ обеспечивать покрытие ~ обеспечить покрытие (денежное) ~ обложка, переплет, крышка переплета;
to read from cover to cover прочесть от корки до корки (о книге) ~ полигр. обложка ~ обшивка ~ относиться (к чему-л.) ~ охватывать;
относиться (к чему-л.) ;
the book covers the whole subject книга дает исчерпывающие сведения по всему предмету ~ охватывать ~ полигр. переплет ~ перечень рисков, охватываемых страховым полисом ~ покров;
under cover of darkness под покровом темноты ~ покрывать (кобылу и т. п.) ~ покрывать ~ покрытие ~ покрытие (денежное) ~ покупка ценных бумаг при сделках на срок ~ преодолевать, проходить (какое-л. расстояние) ;
спорт. пройти (дистанцию) ~ прибор (обеденный) ~ принимать на страх ~ разрешать, предусматривать;
the circumstances are covered by this clause обстоятельства предусмотрены этим пунктом ~ распространяться ~ расстилаться;
распространяться;
the city covers ten square miles город занимает десять квадратных миль ~ сидеть (на яйцах) ~ скрывать;
to cover one's confusion (annoyance) чтобы скрыть (или не показать) свое смущение( досаду) ~ страхование ~ страховать ~ убежище, укрытие;
прикрытие;
заслон;
under cover в укрытии, под защитой ;
to take cover укрыться ~ укрывать, ограждать, защищать;
he covered his friend from the blow with his own body он своим телом закрыл друга от удара ~ уплата( по счету, векселю) ~ целиться( из ружья и т. п.) ;
держать под угрозой ~ ширма;
предлог;
отговорка;
личина, маска;
under cover of friendship под личиной дружбы ~ закрывать;
покрывать;
накрывать;
прикрывать;
перекрывать;
to cover a wall with paper оклеивать стену обоями ~ for losses покрытие убытков ~ girl хорошенькая девушка, изображение которой помещают на обложке журнала;
журнальная красотка ~ in забросать землей( могилу) ~ in закрыть ~ of loss покрытие убытков ~ of loss покрытие ущерба ~ on death сумма страхового возмещения при смертельном исходе ~ скрывать;
to cover one's confusion (annoyance) чтобы скрыть (или не показать) свое смущение (досаду) to ~ one's face with one's hands закрыть лицо руками to ~ the retreat прикрывать отступление;
to cover one's tracks заметать свои следы ~ over скрыть, прикрыть to ~ the retreat прикрывать отступление;
to cover one's tracks заметать свои следы ~ up прятать ~ up спрятать, тщательно прикрыть cover = cover-point cover-point: cover-point спорт. защитник( в крикете) ~ спорт. место защитника (в крикете) demand for ~ требование покрытия depot under ~ хранилище под крышей dust ~ полигр. суперобложка exchange rate risk ~ страхование от риска изменения валютного курса exchange risk ~ страхование от валютного риска extended ~ расширенное страхование forward ~ бирж. срочное покрытие forward ~ бирж. форвардное покрытие front ~ первая сторонка обложки front ~ передняя часть обложки full ~ полное покрытие ~ укрывать, ограждать, защищать;
he covered his friend from the blow with his own body он своим телом закрыл друга от удара inside back ~ третья сторонка обложки inside front ~ вторая сторонка обложки insurance ~ объем страховой ответственности interest ~ обеспечение выплаты процентов liability insurance ~ риски, охватываемые страхованием гражданской ответственности margin ~ бирж. покрытие маржи master ~ суперобложка maximum ~ максимальный объем страховой ответственности minimum ~ минимальное покрытие molded ~ формованная накладка open ~ генеральный полис open ~ открытый полис primary ~ первичное страхование provide forward ~ бирж. предоставлять срочное обеспечение provide forward ~ бирж. предоставлять форвардное обеспечение ~ обложка, переплет, крышка переплета;
to read from cover to cover прочесть от корки до корки (о книге) reinsurance ~ объем ответственности при перестраховании reserve fund ~ покрытие резервного фонда risk ~ перечень рисков, охватываемых страховым полисом subsequent ~ последующая уплата по счету surplus ~ избыточное покрытие ~ убежище, укрытие;
прикрытие;
заслон;
under cover в укрытии, под защитой ;
to take cover укрыться ~ убежище, укрытие;
прикрытие;
заслон;
under cover в укрытии, под защитой ;
to take cover укрыться under: ~ heavy penalty под страхом сурового наказания;
under the necessity( of smth.) под давлением( каких-л.) обстоятельств;
under cover под прикрытием ~ покров;
under cover of darkness под покровом темноты ~ ширма;
предлог;
отговорка;
личина, маска;
under cover of friendship под личиной дружбы ~ конверт;
under the same cover в том же конверте vegetative ~ растительный покров vertex ~ вершинное покрытие
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