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101 АИИС КУЭ
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102 СКУЭ
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103 автоматизированная информационно-измерительная система контроля и учёта электрической энергии
Универсальный русско-английский словарь > автоматизированная информационно-измерительная система контроля и учёта электрической энергии
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104 система коммерческого учёта электроэнергии
Универсальный русско-английский словарь > система коммерческого учёта электроэнергии
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105 financial
- ʃəladjective (concerning money: financial affairs.) financierofinancial adj financiero / económicotr[faɪ'nænʃəl]1 financiero,-a\SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALLfinancial year ejercicio, año fiscalfinancial [fə'nænʧəl, faɪ-] adj: financiero, económicoadj.• bancario, -a adj.• financiera adj.• financiero, -a adj.• monetario, -a adj.• rentístico, -a adj.fə'næntʃəl, faɪ'nænʃəladjective <system/risk> financiero; <difficulties/independence> económico; < news> ( Journ) de economía, de negociosfinancial advice — asesoría f económica
financial management — gestión f financiera
••
Cultural note:
Son listas que se publican diariamente en el Financial Times y que contienen los índices de los precios de las acciones en la Bolsa de Valores de Londres ( London Stock Exchange). Sirven para mostrar la tendencia general de los mercados financieros de Gran Bretaña. El más conocido es el FTSE 100 Share Index y se calcula tomando como base el valor de las acciones de las 100 empresas más grandes de Gran Bretaña[faɪ'nænʃǝl]1.ADJ [services, aid, backing, affairs, security] financiero; [policy, resources, problems] económico; [page, section] de economía, de negocios2.CPDfinancial adviser N — asesor(a) m / f financiero(-a)
financial institution N — entidad f financiera
financial management N — gestión f financiera
financial plan N — plan m de financiación
financial services NPL — servicios mpl financieros
financial statement N — estado m financiero, balance m
Financial Times Index N — índice m bursátil del Financial Times
financial year N — [of company] ejercicio m (financiero); [of government] año m fiscal
* * *[fə'næntʃəl, faɪ'nænʃəl]adjective <system/risk> financiero; <difficulties/independence> económico; < news> ( Journ) de economía, de negociosfinancial advice — asesoría f económica
financial management — gestión f financiera
••
Cultural note:
Son listas que se publican diariamente en el Financial Times y que contienen los índices de los precios de las acciones en la Bolsa de Valores de Londres ( London Stock Exchange). Sirven para mostrar la tendencia general de los mercados financieros de Gran Bretaña. El más conocido es el FTSE 100 Share Index y se calcula tomando como base el valor de las acciones de las 100 empresas más grandes de Gran Bretaña -
106 finansowy
adj* * *a.2. pot. (= ekonomiczny) financial, money; sytuacja finansowa financial l. money situation; trudności finansowe financial l. money problems l. trouble(s).The New English-Polish, Polish-English Kościuszko foundation dictionary > finansowy
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107 abogado
f. & m.1 lawyer, attorney, attorney-at-law, advocate.2 public attorney, solicitor.past part.past participle of spanish verb: abogar.* * *► nombre masculino,nombre femenino1 lawyer, solicitor (tribunal supremo) barrister2 figurado advocate, champion\ejercer de abogado to practise law, be a lawyerabogado de oficio legal -aid lawyerabogado defensor counsel for the defenseabogado del diablo devil's advocateabogado del Estado public prosecutor, US attorney generalabogado laborista union lawyer* * *(f. - abogada)nounlawyer, attorney* * *abogado, -aSM / F1) lawyer, attorney(-at-law) (EEUU)ejercer de abogado — to practise o (EEUU) practice law
recibirse de abogado — esp LAm to qualify as a lawyer
abogado/a auxiliar — Méx junior lawyer
abogado/a criminalista — criminal lawyer
abogado/a defensor(a) — defending counsel
abogado/a del Estado — public prosecutor, attorney general (EEUU)
abogado/a de oficio — court-appointed counsel, duty solicitor, public defender (EEUU)
abogado/a de secano — barrack-room lawyer
abogado/a laboralista — labour lawyer, labor lawyer (EEUU)
abogado/a matrimonialista — divorce lawyer
abogado/a penalista — Méx criminal lawyer
2) (=defensor, partidario) champion, advocate* * *- da masculino, femenino ( en general) lawyer, solicitor ( in UK); ( ante un tribunal superior) attorney ( in US), barrister ( in UK)* * *= attorney, lawyer, prosecutor, barrister-at-law, barrister, trial lawyer.Ex. For example, an unwed woman who fears she is pregnant may have appointments made with an attorney in a legal assistance society and conselors in abortion clinics or maternity homes.Ex. Conceived initially to demonstrate a potential tool to assist lawyers in adjudicatory proceedings, the system appears to have potential for addressing a broad spectrum of record management requirements.Ex. This article discusses one case that illustrates how even well trained federal prosecutors can grow confused about how to apply the intellectual property law.Ex. A barrister-at-law Barry quickly adjusted himself to the particular problems of the library profession.Ex. An MP, a barrister, and a financial consultant present the case for charging Value Added Tax (VAT) on books.Ex. All this deterioration has been to complicate and thereby fatten the pockets of trial lawyers in collusion with our judges.----* abogado civil = civilian lawyer, people's lawyer.* abogado defensor = defence attorney [defense attorney, -USA].* abogado de la corona = Queen's Counsel (QC).* abogado del diablo = devil's advocate.* abogado del estado = Queen's Counsel (QC).* abogado de oficio = legal aid.* abogado especializado en divorcios = divorce lawyer.* abogado fiscal = prosecuting attorney, district attorney, district counsel.* abogado general = advocate-general.* abogado matrimonialista = divorce lawyer.* abogado procurador = solicitor.* abogado que asesora a los presos = jailhouse lawyer.* abogado sin escrúpulos = shyster, shark lawyer.* ayudante de abogado = paralegal [para-legal].* bufete de abogados = law centre, law firm, law office.* Colegio de Abogados = Law Society.* despacho de abogados = law centre, law office.* firma de abogados = legal assistance society, law firm.* jerga de los abogados = legalease.* * *- da masculino, femenino ( en general) lawyer, solicitor ( in UK); ( ante un tribunal superior) attorney ( in US), barrister ( in UK)* * *= attorney, lawyer, prosecutor, barrister-at-law, barrister, trial lawyer.Ex: For example, an unwed woman who fears she is pregnant may have appointments made with an attorney in a legal assistance society and conselors in abortion clinics or maternity homes.
Ex: Conceived initially to demonstrate a potential tool to assist lawyers in adjudicatory proceedings, the system appears to have potential for addressing a broad spectrum of record management requirements.Ex: This article discusses one case that illustrates how even well trained federal prosecutors can grow confused about how to apply the intellectual property law.Ex: A barrister-at-law Barry quickly adjusted himself to the particular problems of the library profession.Ex: An MP, a barrister, and a financial consultant present the case for charging Value Added Tax (VAT) on books.Ex: All this deterioration has been to complicate and thereby fatten the pockets of trial lawyers in collusion with our judges.* abogado civil = civilian lawyer, people's lawyer.* abogado defensor = defence attorney [defense attorney, -USA].* abogado de la corona = Queen's Counsel (QC).* abogado del diablo = devil's advocate.* abogado del estado = Queen's Counsel (QC).* abogado de oficio = legal aid.* abogado especializado en divorcios = divorce lawyer.* abogado fiscal = prosecuting attorney, district attorney, district counsel.* abogado general = advocate-general.* abogado matrimonialista = divorce lawyer.* abogado procurador = solicitor.* abogado que asesora a los presos = jailhouse lawyer.* abogado sin escrúpulos = shyster, shark lawyer.* ayudante de abogado = paralegal [para-legal].* bufete de abogados = law centre, law firm, law office.* Colegio de Abogados = Law Society.* despacho de abogados = law centre, law office.* firma de abogados = legal assistance society, law firm.* jerga de los abogados = legalease.* * *abogado -damasculine, feminine(en general) lawyer, solicitor ( BrE); (ante un tribunal superior) attorney ( AmE), barrister ( BrE)no necesito abogados, yo me sé defender ( fam); I don't need anyone to defend me, I can stand up for myselfCompuestos:● abogado criminalista, abogada criminalistamasculine, feminine criminal lawyer● abogado defensor, abogada defensoramasculine devil's advocate● abogado de oficio, abogada de oficio● abogado general, abogada general(UE) masculine, feminine advocate general● abogado del estado, abogada del estado● abogado laboralista, abogada laboralistamasculine, feminine labor* lawyer ( AmE), employment lawyer● abogado matrimonialista, abogada matrimonialistamasculine, feminine divorce lawyer● abogado penalista, abogada penalistamasculine, feminine criminal lawyer● abogado procesalista, abogada procesalista* * *
Del verbo abogar: ( conjugate abogar)
abogado es:
el participio
Multiple Entries:
abogado
abogar
abogado
( ante un tribunal superior) attorney ( in US), barrister ( in UK);
abogado del diablo devil's advocate
abogado,-a sustantivo masculino y femenino lawyer, solicitor, US attorney, US counsellor
(en tribunal supremo) barrister
abogado criminalista, criminal lawyer
abogado de oficio, legal aid lawyer
abogado del diablo, Devil's advocate
abogado del Estado, public prosecutor
abogado defensor, counsel for the defense
abogado laboralista, union lawyer
El término general es lawyer. Un solicitor prepara documentos legales, representa a su cliente en los tribunales inferiores y ayuda al barrister, quien representa a su cliente en los tribunales superiores. En algunos Estados de EE. UU. se emplea la palabra attorney y en otros counsellor, aunque las dos significan lo mismo: lawyer, abogado.
abogar verbo transitivo to plead
abogar en favor de, to plead for, defend
abogar por una causa, to advocate o champion sthg
' abogado' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
abogada
- bufete
- criminalista
- defensor
- defensora
- diablo
- estado
- estudiar
- laboralista
- letrada
- letrado
- minuta
- monta
- notaria
- notario
- oficio
- casar
- cliente
- clientela
- consultorio
- ejercer
- licenciado
- patrocinar
- preciarse
- procurador
- qué
English:
advice
- advocate
- attorney
- barrister
- charge
- client
- contact
- counsel
- counsellor
- counselor
- cross-examine
- dispose
- draw up
- lawyer
- local
- prosecution
- see
- service
- solicitor
- strike off
- brief
- from
- legal
- prosecutor
* * *abogado, -a nm,fabogado criminalista criminal lawyer;abogado defensor counsel for the defence;abogado del Estado public prosecutor;abogado de familia family lawyer;abogado laboralista labour lawyer;abogado matrimonialista divorce lawyer;abogado de oficio legal aid lawyer2. [intercesor] intermediary;[defensor] advocate;siempre ha sido un abogado de los pobres he has always stood up for the poorabogado del diablo devil's advocate;hacer de abogado del diablo to play devil's advocate* * *m, abogada f lawyer, Brbarrister;no le faltaron abogados fig there were plenty of people who defended him* * *abogado, -da n: lawyer, attorney* * *abogado n1. (en general) lawyer / solicitor2. (en tribunal superior) barrister -
108 estatal
adj.1 state.una empresa estatal a state-owned companyla política estatal government policy2 state-owned, state, state-operated, state-run.f. & m.stater, resident of a state.* * *► adjetivo1 state* * *ADJ1) (=del estado) state antes de s2) Esp (=nacional) national* * *adjetivo state (before n)* * *= statewide [state-wide], state-owned, all-Russian, state-operated, state, state-run.Ex. Statewide boards would have to be set up to monitor books and periodicals.Ex. We are state-owned and in a monopolistic situation because of our size, status and/or the uniqueness of our collection.Ex. Of considerable value is documentation produced by the all-Russian Bureau of Military Organisations which reflects the transformation of the army into an active revolutionary force.Ex. All state-operated colleges of arts and science in New York state were given funds in fiscal year 1987-88 for collection preparation and barcoding.Ex. Slower economic growth coupled with federal and state budget restraints puts a great deal of uncertainty into the outlook for library budgets.Ex. The nucleus of the system is composed of state-run information centres.----* a nivel estatal = statewide [state-wide].* apoyo estatal = state support.* archivo estatal = state archive.* autoridad estatal = state official.* ayuda estatal = state aid, state support.* capital estatal = state capital.* colegio universitario estatal = state college.* de alcance estatal = nationwide [nation-wide].* documento estatal = state document.* intervención estatal = state intervention.* paraestatal = parastatal [para-statal].* policía estatal = state police, state troops, state trooper, trooper.* propiedad estatal = state property.* subvención estatal = state aid, state support.* * *adjetivo state (before n)* * *= statewide [state-wide], state-owned, all-Russian, state-operated, state, state-run.Ex: Statewide boards would have to be set up to monitor books and periodicals.
Ex: We are state-owned and in a monopolistic situation because of our size, status and/or the uniqueness of our collection.Ex: Of considerable value is documentation produced by the all-Russian Bureau of Military Organisations which reflects the transformation of the army into an active revolutionary force.Ex: All state-operated colleges of arts and science in New York state were given funds in fiscal year 1987-88 for collection preparation and barcoding.Ex: Slower economic growth coupled with federal and state budget restraints puts a great deal of uncertainty into the outlook for library budgets.Ex: The nucleus of the system is composed of state-run information centres.* a nivel estatal = statewide [state-wide].* apoyo estatal = state support.* archivo estatal = state archive.* autoridad estatal = state official.* ayuda estatal = state aid, state support.* capital estatal = state capital.* colegio universitario estatal = state college.* de alcance estatal = nationwide [nation-wide].* documento estatal = state document.* intervención estatal = state intervention.* paraestatal = parastatal [para-statal].* policía estatal = state police, state troops, state trooper, trooper.* propiedad estatal = state property.* subvención estatal = state aid, state support.* * *1 (de la nación) state ( before n)* * *
estatal adjetivo
state ( before n)
estatal adjetivo state
una empresa estatal, a state-owned company
' estatal' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
nacionalizar
- pública
- público
- colegio
English:
health service
- ITV
- public
- state
- state-owned
- Medicaid
- Medicare
* * *estatal adj1. [público] state;una escuela estatal a state school;una empresa estatal a state-owned company;la política estatal government policy2. [del estado] state;una universidad estatal a state university* * *adj state atr* * *estatal adj: state, national* * *estatal adj state -
109 nacional
adj.national (equipo, moneda, monumento).f. & m.national, citizen.* * *► adjetivo1 national2 (producto, mercado) domestic3 (vuelo) domestic; (noticias) national1 HISTORIA the Nationalists supporters of Franco during the Spanish Civil War* * *1. adj.1) national2) domestic2. noun mf.* * *1.ADJ (=de la nación) national; (Econ, Com) domestic, home antes de ssolo consumen productos nacionales — they buy only home-produced goods o British/Spanish etc goods
carretera, fiesta 2), moneda 2)páginas de nacional — (Prensa) home news pages
2. SMF1) LAm (=ciudadano) national2)los nacionales — [en la guerra civil española] the Franco forces
* * *Ia) ( de la nación) <deuda/reservas> nationalb) ( no internacional) < vuelo> domesticc) ( no extranjero) < industria> nationalcompre productos nacionales — ≈buy Spanish (o Argentinian etc)
IIla ginebra nacional es muy buena — Spanish (o Argentinian etc) gin is very good
* * *= countrywide [country-wide], domestic, home, national, state-owned, nationwide [nation-wide], all-nation, state-operated, state-run.Ex. There is an urgent need for a survey of private libraries on a countrywide scale.Ex. Results indicate that bibliographers at these libraries depend on inadequate reviewing sources and domestic approval plans for developing these literatures.Ex. Exports of school texts seem to do well, with a total contribution of 7.34 per cent to total turnover compared to 9.21 per cent from the home sales.Ex. National agencies creating MARC records use national standards within their own country, and re-format records to UNIMARC for international exchange.Ex. We are state-owned and in a monopolistic situation because of our size, status and/or the uniqueness of our collection.Ex. Most of the packaging for cassettes provided by commercial vendors that are known nationwide is lousy, falls apart, looks bad, and so on.Ex. The article 'New Czechoslovak database centres on the first all-nation level' describes the services offered by these centres and presents the results of a survey.Ex. All state-operated colleges of arts and science in New York state were given funds in fiscal year 1987-88 for collection preparation and barcoding.Ex. The nucleus of the system is composed of state-run information centres.----* agencia nacional bibliográfica = national bibliographic agency.* a nivel nacional = nationally, countrywide [country-wide].* Archivo Nacional Americano = United States National Archives.* Asociación Nacional para Adquisiciones (NAG) = National Acquisitions Group (NAG).* Audiencia Nacional, la = High Court, the.* bibliografía nacional = national bibliography.* Bibliografía Nacional Británica (BNB) = British National Bibliography (BNB).* biblioteca nacional = national library.* Biblioteca Nacional Central = National Central Library.* Biblioteca Nacional de Alemania = Deutsche Bibliothek.* Biblioteca Nacional de Medicina (NLM) = National Library of Medicine (NLM).* Biblioteca Nacional Francesa = Bibliotheque Nationale.* Catálogo Colectivo Nacional = National Union Catalog, NUC.* catálogo nacional = national catalogue.* catástrofe nacional = national disaster.* Centro Nacional de Préstamos = National Lending Centre.* Comité Nacional de Asesoramiento (NACO) = National Advisory Committee (NACO).* Consejo Nacional de Profesores de Inglés = National Council of Teachers of English (NCTE).* de alcance nacional = nationwide [nation-wide].* desarrollo de la identidad nacional = nation building.* deuda nacional, la = national debt, the.* Federación Nacional de Asesorías Independientes (FIAC) = National Federation of Independent Advice Centres (FIAC).* Fundación Nacional para las Humanidades (NEH) = National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH).* Guardia Nacional, la = National Guard, the.* himno nacional = national anthem.* idiosincracia nacional = national ethos.* Instituto Nacional de la Salud (INSALUD) = National Institutes of Health (NIH).* intercambio nacional = national exchange.* liberación nacional = national liberation.* MARC de la Bibliografía Nacional Británica = BNB MARC.* Matica Slovenca (Biblioteca Nacional de Yugoslavia) = Matica Slovenska.* mercado nacional = home market, domestic market.* moneda nacional = local currency.* monumento nacional = heritage site, national monument.* movimiento de liberación nacional = national liberation movement.* nacional socialista = National Socialist.* NASA (Administración Nacional para la Aeronáutica y el Espacio) = NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration).* NISTF (Grupo de Trabajo sobre los Sistemas Nacionales de Información de la A = NISTF (Society of American Archivists National Information Systems Task Force).* número de bibliografía nacional = national record number.* número de la bibliografía nacional = national bibliographic record number.* número nacional de identificación bibliográfica = national bibliography number.* orgullo nacional = national pride.* Partido Socialista Nacional, el = National Socialist Party, the.* patrimonio nacional = cultural heritage, heritage site.* política de información nacional = national information policy.* política nacional = national politics.* prioridad nacional = national priority.* SCONUL (Sociedad de Bibliotecas Nacionales y Universitarias) = SCONUL (Society of College, National and University Libraries).* seguridad nacional = homeland security.* servicio nacional = domestic service.* Sindicato Nacional de Agricultores (NFU) = National Farmers' Union (NFU).* tesoro nacional = national treasure.* universidad nacional de educación a distancia (UNED) = open university.* vuelo nacional = domestic flight.* * *Ia) ( de la nación) <deuda/reservas> nationalb) ( no internacional) < vuelo> domesticc) ( no extranjero) < industria> nationalcompre productos nacionales — ≈buy Spanish (o Argentinian etc)
IIla ginebra nacional es muy buena — Spanish (o Argentinian etc) gin is very good
* * *= countrywide [country-wide], domestic, home, national, state-owned, nationwide [nation-wide], all-nation, state-operated, state-run.Ex: There is an urgent need for a survey of private libraries on a countrywide scale.
Ex: Results indicate that bibliographers at these libraries depend on inadequate reviewing sources and domestic approval plans for developing these literatures.Ex: Exports of school texts seem to do well, with a total contribution of 7.34 per cent to total turnover compared to 9.21 per cent from the home sales.Ex: National agencies creating MARC records use national standards within their own country, and re-format records to UNIMARC for international exchange.Ex: We are state-owned and in a monopolistic situation because of our size, status and/or the uniqueness of our collection.Ex: Most of the packaging for cassettes provided by commercial vendors that are known nationwide is lousy, falls apart, looks bad, and so on.Ex: The article 'New Czechoslovak database centres on the first all-nation level' describes the services offered by these centres and presents the results of a survey.Ex: All state-operated colleges of arts and science in New York state were given funds in fiscal year 1987-88 for collection preparation and barcoding.Ex: The nucleus of the system is composed of state-run information centres.* agencia nacional bibliográfica = national bibliographic agency.* a nivel nacional = nationally, countrywide [country-wide].* Archivo Nacional Americano = United States National Archives.* Asociación Nacional para Adquisiciones (NAG) = National Acquisitions Group (NAG).* Audiencia Nacional, la = High Court, the.* bibliografía nacional = national bibliography.* Bibliografía Nacional Británica (BNB) = British National Bibliography (BNB).* biblioteca nacional = national library.* Biblioteca Nacional Central = National Central Library.* Biblioteca Nacional de Alemania = Deutsche Bibliothek.* Biblioteca Nacional de Medicina (NLM) = National Library of Medicine (NLM).* Biblioteca Nacional Francesa = Bibliotheque Nationale.* Catálogo Colectivo Nacional = National Union Catalog, NUC.* catálogo nacional = national catalogue.* catástrofe nacional = national disaster.* Centro Nacional de Préstamos = National Lending Centre.* Comité Nacional de Asesoramiento (NACO) = National Advisory Committee (NACO).* Consejo Nacional de Profesores de Inglés = National Council of Teachers of English (NCTE).* de alcance nacional = nationwide [nation-wide].* desarrollo de la identidad nacional = nation building.* deuda nacional, la = national debt, the.* Federación Nacional de Asesorías Independientes (FIAC) = National Federation of Independent Advice Centres (FIAC).* Fundación Nacional para las Humanidades (NEH) = National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH).* Guardia Nacional, la = National Guard, the.* himno nacional = national anthem.* idiosincracia nacional = national ethos.* Instituto Nacional de la Salud (INSALUD) = National Institutes of Health (NIH).* intercambio nacional = national exchange.* liberación nacional = national liberation.* MARC de la Bibliografía Nacional Británica = BNB MARC.* Matica Slovenca (Biblioteca Nacional de Yugoslavia) = Matica Slovenska.* mercado nacional = home market, domestic market.* moneda nacional = local currency.* monumento nacional = heritage site, national monument.* movimiento de liberación nacional = national liberation movement.* nacional socialista = National Socialist.* NASA (Administración Nacional para la Aeronáutica y el Espacio) = NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration).* NISTF (Grupo de Trabajo sobre los Sistemas Nacionales de Información de la A = NISTF (Society of American Archivists National Information Systems Task Force).* número de bibliografía nacional = national record number.* número de la bibliografía nacional = national bibliographic record number.* número nacional de identificación bibliográfica = national bibliography number.* orgullo nacional = national pride.* Partido Socialista Nacional, el = National Socialist Party, the.* patrimonio nacional = cultural heritage, heritage site.* política de información nacional = national information policy.* política nacional = national politics.* prioridad nacional = national priority.* SCONUL (Sociedad de Bibliotecas Nacionales y Universitarias) = SCONUL (Society of College, National and University Libraries).* seguridad nacional = homeland security.* servicio nacional = domestic service.* Sindicato Nacional de Agricultores (NFU) = National Farmers' Union (NFU).* tesoro nacional = national treasure.* universidad nacional de educación a distancia (UNED) = open university.* vuelo nacional = domestic flight.* * *1 (de la nación) ‹deuda/reservas› nationalen todo el territorio nacional throughout the countryla bandera nacional the national flagel entrenador de la selección nacional the national team's coach, the Spanish ( o Colombian etc) team's coach2 (no regional) ‹prensa/comité› nationalun programa de difusión nacional a program broadcast nationwideuna campaña a nivel nacional a nationwide o countrywide o national campaigna escala nacional on a national scale3 (no internacional) ‹vuelo› domestic, internal; ‹mercado› home ( before n), domestic[ S ] salidas nacionales domestic departures4 (no extranjero) nationalproteger la industria nacional to protect national industrycompre productos nacionales ≈ buy British ( o American etc)la ginebra nacional es muy buena Spanish ( o Argentinian etc) gin is very goodpasamos ahora a la información nacional now, the national news1 ( frml) (ciudadano) national2los Nacionales (fuerzas franquistas) the Nationalists* * *
nacional adjetivo
un programa de difusión nacional a program broadcast nationwide
■ sustantivo masculino y femenino (frml) ( ciudadano) national
nacional
I adjetivo
1 national
un coche de fabricación nacional, a home-produced car
2 (interior, no internacional) domestic: la nueva empresa está ganando terreno en el mercado nacional, the new company is gaining ground in the home market
llegadas nacionales, domestic arrivals
3 Hist el frente nacional, the national front
II m pl los nacionales, the Nationalists
dos nacionales vinieron en busca de reclutas, two Nationalists came looking for recruits
' nacional' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
ámbito
- carretera
- CNMV
- dicotomía
- DNI
- documento
- fiesta
- himno
- INEM
- Insalud
- INSERSO
- mercado
- parador
- PNB
- policía
- salud
- sanear
- selección
- territorio
- UNED
- canción
- ejecutar
- guardabosque
- herencia
- instituto
- monumento
- ONCE
- patrimonio
- RENFE
- vuelo
English:
advertise
- anthem
- bank holiday
- domestic
- edge
- GNP
- Gross National Product
- holiday
- home
- ID
- legal holiday
- NASA
- national
- national costume
- National Health Service
- national park
- National Trust
- nationally
- nationwide
- preclude
- route
- state-owned
- country
- gross
- involve
- major
- star
* * *♦ adj1. [de la nación] national;el equipo nacional the national team;la moneda nacional the national currency;el ron es la bebida nacional rum is the national drink2. [del Estado] national;monumento/biblioteca nacional national monument/library3. [vuelo] domestic4. [mercado, noticias] domestic, home;una cadena de televisión de ámbito nacional a national television channel;consuma productos nacionales buy British/Spanish/ etc products♦ nacionales nmplEsp Histlos nacionales the Nationalists* * *adj national* * *nacional adj: nationalnacional nmfciudadano: national, citizen* * *nacional adj1. (en general) national2. (producto, mercado, vuelo) domestic -
110 número
m.1 number, amount, quantity, sum.2 number, numeral, Arabic numeral, cipher.3 size, number.4 issue, copy, number.5 act, number.* * *1 (gen) number2 (de una publicación) number, issue3 (de zapatos) size■ ¿qué número calzas? what's your shoe size?, what size shoe do you take?4 (de un espectáculo) act5 (de lotería) lottery ticket number6 (cargo sin graduación) officer7 LINGÚÍSTICA number8 familiar scene\en números redondos in round figuresen números rojos in the redhacer números to do the figuresmontar un número familiar to make a scenepedir número to take a numbered ticketser el número uno to be the number oneser miembro de número to be a full membernúmero arábigo Arabic numeralnúmero atrasado back numbernúmero de matrícula registration number, US license numbernúmero de serie serial numbernúmero entero whole numbernúmero extraordinario (en prensa) special edition, special issuenúmero fraccionario fractionnúmero impar odd numbernúmero ordinal ordinal numbernúmero par even numbernúmero primo prime numbernúmero quebrado fractionnúmero romano Roman numeral* * *noun m.1) number2) issue3) figure4) size* * *SM1) (Mat) numbervolver a números negros — to get back into the black, return to profitability
•
de número, miembro de número — full memberprofesor de número — tenured teacher, teacher with a permanent post
•
sin número, calle Aribau, sin número — Aribau street, no numbernúmero binario — (Inform) binary number
número de identificación fiscal — ID number used for tax purposes
número de lote — batch number, batch code
número de matrícula — (Aut) registration number
número de teléfono — telephone number, phone number
número dos — (lit) number two
el número dos del partido — the second in command of the party, the party's number two
número personal de identificación — (=clave) personal identification number
para mí, Sinatra será siempre el número uno — for me Sinatra will always be number one
el jugador número uno de su país — the number one player in his country, the top player in his country
2) [de zapatos] size3) [de periódico, revista] number, issuenúmero cero — dummy number, dummy run
número extraordinario — special edition, special issue
4) (=billete de lotería) ticket5) (Teat) act, number6) (Gram) number7) (Mil) man; (=soldado raso) private; (=policía) policeman* * *1)a) (Mat) numberproblemas sin número — innumerable o countless problems
en números redondos — in round numbers
estar en números rojos — (fam) to be in the red (colloq)
hacer números — to do one's arithmetic o (BrE) sums
b) ( de zapatos) size¿qué número calzas? — what size shoe do you take?
c) ( billete de lotería) lottery ticket2) (Espec) actmontar un/el número — (Esp fam) to kick up a fuss (colloq)
3) ( de publicación) issue* * *= extent, incidence, issue, number, numeral, percentage, tally [tallies, pl.], scale.Ex. The extent of searchable elements will vary from one data base to another.Ex. The number of entries in pre-co-ordinate system will depend upon the incidence of references and multiple entries.Ex. This is an issue devoted in part to papers presented at the conference arranged and hosted by the State Library of New South Wales.Ex. The headings will be arranged according to the filing sequence of the notation (for example, alphabetically for letters or numerically for numbers).Ex. Records can be retrieved by character strings (that is, sequences of letters and numerals).Ex. But those institutions, and I am referring particularly to public libraries, serve a very large percentage of the nation's library users.Ex. As the various parts of the record are entered, the document summary indicates the additions by the tallies opposite the record parts.Ex. I have a feeling that all our old technologies are getting progressively more expensive and more inefficient, and that all our new technologies are getting progressively cheaper and more efficient because of questions of scale.----* acción de marcar un número = dialling.* admitir un número de reservas mayor a las plazas existentes = overbook.* área del número normalizado y de las condiciones de adquisición = International Standard Book Number and terms of availability area, standard number and terms of availability area.* aumentar en número = grow in + numbers, increase in + numbers.* base de un número = subscript numeral.* colorear por números = paint by + numbers.* con el número = numbered.* con un gran número de lectores = widely-read.* cuadrar números = add up + figures.* el mismo número = as many.* en el mismo número de años = in as many years.* enemigo público número uno = public enemy number one.* en grandes números = in record numbers.* en gran número = numerously.* en números redondos = in round figures.* en números reducidos = in small numbers.* en un número cada vez mayor = in increasing numbers.* exceder en número = outnumber.* exponente de un número = superscript numeral.* ficha de número de registro = accessions card.* gran número de = great numbers of.* integridad de los números = integrity of numbers.* línea de números = number line.* marcar un número de teléfono = dial + number.* montar un número = kick up + a fuss, kick up + a stink, raise + a stink, make + a stink (about), make + a racket, make + a row, make + a ruckus, kick up + a row.* nº (número) + Número = # (number) + Número, no. (number) + Número.* Norma Británica 1749: Recomendaciones para la ordenación alfabética y el ord = BS (British Standard) 1749: Recommendations for alphabetical arrangement and the filing order of numerals and symbols.* número actual = current issue.* Número + al año = Número + annually.* Número + al día = Número + a day.* número anterior = backrun, back issue.* número aproximado = ballpark number.* número arábigo = Arabic numeral.* número atrasado = back issue, back copy.* número binario = binary digit.* Número + cada año = Número + annually.* número cada vez mayor = rising numbers.* número capicúo = palindrome.* número consecutivo = running number.* número de adquisiciones = acquisition rate.* número de alumnos matriculados = enrolment [enrollment, -USA].* Número + de ancho = Número + wide.* número de aprobados = pass rate.* número de asientos = seating.* número de bibliografía nacional = national record number.* número de búsquedas fallidas = failure rate.* número decimal = decimal number.* número de citas = number of citations.* número de clasificación = class mark [classmark], class number, classification number, rank number.* número de control = control number.* número de documentos devueltos a los estantes = shelving statistics.* número de ejemplar = copy number.* número de emergencia = hotline [hot-line].* número de exportaciones = export figures.* número de fascículo = issue number.* número de identificación = ID number (identification number).* número de identificación del documento = library registration number.* número de intentos fallidos = failure rate.* número de la bibliografía nacional = national bibliographic record number.* número de la búsqueda = set number.* Número + de largo = Número + long.* número de la tarjeta de crédito = credit card number.* número del documento = document identification number, document number.* número de lector = borrower number.* número del editor = publisher's number (música).* número de matrícula = registration number, car registration number.* número de modelo = model number.* número de muertos = death toll.* número de opus = opus number.* número de orden = rank number.* número de páginas = pagination.* número de palabras = wordage.* número de participantes = turnout.* número de pedido = order number.* número de plancha = plate number.* número de préstamo = charging number.* número de préstamos = circulation figures.* número de publicaciones = publication count.* número de referencia del documento = document reference number.* número de referencias = number of citations.* número de registro = accession number, card number.* número de relación = linking number.* número de respuestas recibidas = response rate, rate of response.* número de serie = serial number.* número de solicitudes denegadas = failure rate.* número de suspensos = failure rate.* número de tarjeta de proceso = transaction card number.* número de teléfono = phone number, telephone number, dial-up number, dial-up number, dial-up number.* número de teléfono de llamada gratuita = toll free telephone number, toll-free number.* número de teléfono que no está incluido en el directorio telefónico = unlisted telephone number.* número de tema = thematic index number.* número determinado de = nth.* número de víctimas = death toll.* número de volumen = volume number.* número entero = integer.* número entero positivo = positive integer.* Número + en total = Número + in number.* número equivocado = wrong number.* número especial = special issue, special number.* número identificado de un ordenador en una red = network address.* número impar = odd number.* número indicador de materia = SIN, Subject Indicator Number.* Número Internacional Normalizado para Libros (ISBN) = ISBN (International Standard Book Number).* Número Internacional Normalizado para Publicaciones Seriadas (ISSN) = ISSN (International Standard Serial Number).* número limitado de alumnos matriculados = limited enrolment.* número mágico = magic number.* número matriz = master number.* número monográfico = thematic issue.* número nacional de identificación bibliográfica = national bibliography number.* número normalizado = standard number.* número ordinal = ordinal, ordinal number.* número par = even number.* número pin = PIN (personal identification number), PIN number.* Número + por ciento = by + factor of + Número, Número + percentage points.* número reclamado = claimed issue.* número romano = roman numeral.* números recientes de las revistas = current journals.* número total = head count.* número trascendente = transcendental number.* número trece = thirteenth.* número uno = number one.* Número + vez = Número + time.* número y distribución de personal = staffing conditions.* ordenación por número curren = accession order, accession order, arrangement by accession number.* ordenado por número de clasificación = in class number order.* ordenar por número curren = arrange by + accession number.* PIN (número de identificación personal) = PIN (personal identification number).* poner a + Número = set to + Número.* procesador de números = number cruncher.* redondear al número entero más cercano = round up to + the nearest whole number.* sección de últimos números de publicaciones periódicas = current periodicals area.* ser de número limitado = be limited in number.* superar en número = outnumber.* tarifa por el número de operaciones = volume-based tariff.* último número, el = latest issue, the.* una gran número de = a broad variety of.* un buen número de = a good number of.* un cierto número de = a number of.* un gran número de = a good deal of, a great deal of, a plethora of, a wide range of, a full roster of, a fair number of, a great number of, a wide variety of, a broad range of, a vast corpus of.* un número cada vez mayor = growing numbers.* un número cada vez mayor de = a growing number of, a growing body of.* un número de = a series of.* un número reducido de = a residue of, a small number of.* un número variado de + Nombre = any number of + Nombre.* * *1)a) (Mat) numberproblemas sin número — innumerable o countless problems
en números redondos — in round numbers
estar en números rojos — (fam) to be in the red (colloq)
hacer números — to do one's arithmetic o (BrE) sums
b) ( de zapatos) size¿qué número calzas? — what size shoe do you take?
c) ( billete de lotería) lottery ticket2) (Espec) actmontar un/el número — (Esp fam) to kick up a fuss (colloq)
3) ( de publicación) issue* * *= extent, incidence, issue, number, numeral, percentage, tally [tallies, pl.], scale.Ex: The extent of searchable elements will vary from one data base to another.
Ex: The number of entries in pre-co-ordinate system will depend upon the incidence of references and multiple entries.Ex: This is an issue devoted in part to papers presented at the conference arranged and hosted by the State Library of New South Wales.Ex: The headings will be arranged according to the filing sequence of the notation (for example, alphabetically for letters or numerically for numbers).Ex: Records can be retrieved by character strings (that is, sequences of letters and numerals).Ex: But those institutions, and I am referring particularly to public libraries, serve a very large percentage of the nation's library users.Ex: As the various parts of the record are entered, the document summary indicates the additions by the tallies opposite the record parts.Ex: I have a feeling that all our old technologies are getting progressively more expensive and more inefficient, and that all our new technologies are getting progressively cheaper and more efficient because of questions of scale.* acción de marcar un número = dialling.* admitir un número de reservas mayor a las plazas existentes = overbook.* área del número normalizado y de las condiciones de adquisición = International Standard Book Number and terms of availability area, standard number and terms of availability area.* aumentar en número = grow in + numbers, increase in + numbers.* base de un número = subscript numeral.* colorear por números = paint by + numbers.* con el número = numbered.* con un gran número de lectores = widely-read.* cuadrar números = add up + figures.* el mismo número = as many.* en el mismo número de años = in as many years.* enemigo público número uno = public enemy number one.* en grandes números = in record numbers.* en gran número = numerously.* en números redondos = in round figures.* en números reducidos = in small numbers.* en un número cada vez mayor = in increasing numbers.* exceder en número = outnumber.* exponente de un número = superscript numeral.* ficha de número de registro = accessions card.* gran número de = great numbers of.* integridad de los números = integrity of numbers.* línea de números = number line.* marcar un número de teléfono = dial + number.* montar un número = kick up + a fuss, kick up + a stink, raise + a stink, make + a stink (about), make + a racket, make + a row, make + a ruckus, kick up + a row.* nº (número) + Número = \# (number) + Número, no. (number) + Número.* Norma Británica 1749: Recomendaciones para la ordenación alfabética y el ord = BS (British Standard) 1749: Recommendations for alphabetical arrangement and the filing order of numerals and symbols.* número actual = current issue.* Número + al año = Número + annually.* Número + al día = Número + a day.* número anterior = backrun, back issue.* número aproximado = ballpark number.* número arábigo = Arabic numeral.* número atrasado = back issue, back copy.* número binario = binary digit.* Número + cada año = Número + annually.* número cada vez mayor = rising numbers.* número capicúo = palindrome.* número consecutivo = running number.* número de adquisiciones = acquisition rate.* número de alumnos matriculados = enrolment [enrollment, -USA].* Número + de ancho = Número + wide.* número de aprobados = pass rate.* número de asientos = seating.* número de bibliografía nacional = national record number.* número de búsquedas fallidas = failure rate.* número decimal = decimal number.* número de citas = number of citations.* número de clasificación = class mark [classmark], class number, classification number, rank number.* número de control = control number.* número de documentos devueltos a los estantes = shelving statistics.* número de ejemplar = copy number.* número de emergencia = hotline [hot-line].* número de exportaciones = export figures.* número de fascículo = issue number.* número de identificación = ID number (identification number).* número de identificación del documento = library registration number.* número de intentos fallidos = failure rate.* número de la bibliografía nacional = national bibliographic record number.* número de la búsqueda = set number.* Número + de largo = Número + long.* número de la tarjeta de crédito = credit card number.* número del documento = document identification number, document number.* número de lector = borrower number.* número del editor = publisher's number (música).* número de matrícula = registration number, car registration number.* número de modelo = model number.* número de muertos = death toll.* número de opus = opus number.* número de orden = rank number.* número de páginas = pagination.* número de palabras = wordage.* número de participantes = turnout.* número de pedido = order number.* número de plancha = plate number.* número de préstamo = charging number.* número de préstamos = circulation figures.* número de publicaciones = publication count.* número de referencia del documento = document reference number.* número de referencias = number of citations.* número de registro = accession number, card number.* número de relación = linking number.* número de respuestas recibidas = response rate, rate of response.* número de serie = serial number.* número de solicitudes denegadas = failure rate.* número de suspensos = failure rate.* número de tarjeta de proceso = transaction card number.* número de teléfono = phone number, telephone number, dial-up number, dial-up number, dial-up number.* número de teléfono de llamada gratuita = toll free telephone number, toll-free number.* número de teléfono que no está incluido en el directorio telefónico = unlisted telephone number.* número de tema = thematic index number.* número determinado de = nth.* número de víctimas = death toll.* número de volumen = volume number.* número entero = integer.* número entero positivo = positive integer.* Número + en total = Número + in number.* número equivocado = wrong number.* número especial = special issue, special number.* número identificado de un ordenador en una red = network address.* número impar = odd number.* número indicador de materia = SIN, Subject Indicator Number.* Número Internacional Normalizado para Libros (ISBN) = ISBN (International Standard Book Number).* Número Internacional Normalizado para Publicaciones Seriadas (ISSN) = ISSN (International Standard Serial Number).* número limitado de alumnos matriculados = limited enrolment.* número mágico = magic number.* número matriz = master number.* número monográfico = thematic issue.* número nacional de identificación bibliográfica = national bibliography number.* número normalizado = standard number.* número ordinal = ordinal, ordinal number.* número par = even number.* número pin = PIN (personal identification number), PIN number.* Número + por ciento = by + factor of + Número, Número + percentage points.* número reclamado = claimed issue.* número romano = roman numeral.* números recientes de las revistas = current journals.* número total = head count.* número trascendente = transcendental number.* número trece = thirteenth.* número uno = number one.* Número + vez = Número + time.* número y distribución de personal = staffing conditions.* ordenación por número curren = accession order, accession order, arrangement by accession number.* ordenado por número de clasificación = in class number order.* ordenar por número curren = arrange by + accession number.* PIN (número de identificación personal) = PIN (personal identification number).* poner a + Número = set to + Número.* procesador de números = number cruncher.* redondear al número entero más cercano = round up to + the nearest whole number.* sección de últimos números de publicaciones periódicas = current periodicals area.* ser de número limitado = be limited in number.* superar en número = outnumber.* tarifa por el número de operaciones = volume-based tariff.* último número, el = latest issue, the.* una gran número de = a broad variety of.* un buen número de = a good number of.* un cierto número de = a number of.* un gran número de = a good deal of, a great deal of, a plethora of, a wide range of, a full roster of, a fair number of, a great number of, a wide variety of, a broad range of, a vast corpus of.* un número cada vez mayor = growing numbers.* un número cada vez mayor de = a growing number of, a growing body of.* un número de = a series of.* un número reducido de = a residue of, a small number of.* un número variado de + Nombre = any number of + Nombre.* * *A1 ( Mat) numbervive en el número 15 she lives at number 15el número premiado es el 10895 the winning number is (number) 10895pagó una suma de seis números he paid a six figure sumun número cada vez mayor de emigrantes more and more emigrantsel gran número de respuestas recibidas the large number of replies receivedproblemas sin número innumerable o countless problemsen números redondos in round numberstengo la cuenta en números rojos my account is o I'm in the red ( colloq)hacer números to do one's arithmetic o ( BrE) sums2 (de zapatos) [ Vocabulary notes (Spanish) ] size¿qué número calzas? what size shoe do you take?3 (billete de lotería) lottery ticketCompuestos:random numberArabic numeralatomic numberbinary numbercardinal numbercomplex numberdecimalvehicle identification numberaccount numberfax numberidentity number(de persona) identity number; (de producto) identification number● número de identificación fiscal or tributariaPIN number, Personal Identification Number(en Esp) national identity card numbermass numberserial numbertelephone numberflight numberwhole numberfractionodd numbermixed numberordinal numbereven numberperfect numberprime numberreal numberRoman numerales el número uno de su clase he's top of o the best in his classel número uno egipcio the Egyptian leaderB ( Espec) actun excelente número cómico an excellent comedy act o ( BrE) turnC (de una publicación) issueel número del mes de mayo the May issue o editionun número especial or extraordinario a special issue o editionnúmeros atrasados back numbers o issuesD (en gramática) number* * *
Del verbo numerar: ( conjugate numerar)
numero es:
1ª persona singular (yo) presente indicativo
numeró es:
3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) pretérito indicativo
Multiple Entries:
numerar
número
numerar ( conjugate numerar) verbo transitivo
to number
número sustantivo masculino
1a) (Mat) number;
número de matrícula license number (AmE), registration number (BrE);
número de serie serial number;
número de teléfono/fax phone/fax number;
una suma de seis números a six figure sum;
problemas sin número innumerable o countless problems
◊ ¿qué número calzas? what size shoe do you take?
2a) (Espec) act
numerar verbo transitivo to number
número sustantivo masculino
1 number: me equivoqué al escribir el último número, I made a mistake writting the last figure
soy el número tres de la lista, I'm third on the list
número de teléfono, telephone number
número par/impar, even/odd number
un buen número de personas, a large number of people
2 (de una revista) number, issue
número atrasado, back number
3 (de calzado) size
4 (de un espectáculo) sketch, act
5 familiar montar un número, to make a scene
6 (billete de juego de azar) ticket: tengo un número de lotería de Navidad, I have a Christmas lottery ticket
♦ Locuciones: números rojos, in the red: mi cuenta está en números rojos, my account is in the red
' número' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
acrecentar
- acrobacia
- aforo
- arábiga
- arábigo
- atrasada
- atrasado
- cabeza
- calzar
- cantidad
- capicúa
- cardinal
- cifra
- espectáculo
- espuma
- herida
- herido
- imaginaria
- imaginario
- indeterminada
- indeterminado
- matrícula
- n.º
- núm.
- otra
- otro
- par
- pasada
- pasado
- plato
- premiada
- premiado
- prima
- primo
- quedarse
- redonda
- redondo
- referencia
- repetida
- repetido
- rey
- salir
- serie
- superior
- teléfono
- terminación
- abundar
- buscar
- ciento
- cinco
English:
accurate
- act
- admission
- alarming
- Arabic numeral
- army
- back
- copy
- death toll
- dial
- eight
- even
- exact
- fascism
- flock
- grand finale
- grand total
- growth
- intake
- integer
- issue
- licence number
- low
- lucky
- membership
- myriad
- N
- no.
- number
- numeral
- O
- odd
- one
- ordinal
- outnumber
- over
- poll
- prime
- registration number
- round
- round down
- round up
- routine
- scene
- serial
- size
- special
- stock up
- strength
- strong
* * *número nm1. [signo] number;mi número de la suerte my lucky number;en números rojos in the red;hacer números to reckon up;ser el número uno to be number one;[en lista de éxitos] to top the charts;fue el número uno de su promoción he was the best in his year;el número dos del partido republicano the number two o second in command of the Republican Party;sin número [muchos] countless, innumerable;un sin número de modelos diferentes countless o innumerable different modelsnúmero de afiliación a la seguridad social Br national insurance number, US social security number;número atómico atomic number;número binario binary number;número cardinal cardinal number;número complejo complex number;número de cuenta account number;número entero whole number, integer;Fot número f f number;número de fax fax number;número fraccionario fraction;número de identificación personal PIN (number);número impar odd number;Informát número IP IP number;número irracional irrational number;[de alumno] matriculation number;número natural natural number;número ordinal ordinal number;número par even number;número primo prime number;número quebrado fraction;número racional rational number;número redondo round number;número de referencia reference number;Informát número de registro registration number;número romano Roman numeral;número de serie serial number;número de sucursal [de banco] sort code;número de teléfono telephone number2. [tamaño, talla] size;¿qué número calzas? what size shoe are you?, what size shoe do you take?3. [de publicación] issue, numbernúmero atrasado back number;número extraordinario special edition o issue4. [de lotería] ticket5. Gram number6. [de espectáculo] turn, number;Esp Fammontar el número to make o cause a scene* * *m1 number;un gran número de a large number of;sin número countless;ser el número uno be number one, be the best;en números redondos in round figures;en números rojos fig in the red;hacer números fam add up the figures, Brdo one’s sums2 de publicación issue3 de zapato size4:montar un número fam make a scene5:* * *número nm1) : numbernúmero impar: odd numbernúmero ordinal: ordinal numbernúmero arábico: Arabic numeralnúmero quebrado: fraction2) : issue (of a publication)3)sin número : countless* * *número n1. (en general) number2. (de calzado) size¿qué número calzas? what size do you take in shoes?3. (publicación) issue4. (espectáculo) act / number -
111 refugio
m.1 shelter, refuge (place).refugio antiaéreo air-raid shelterrefugio atómico nuclear bunkerrefugio subterráneo bunker, underground shelter2 refuge, comfort (amparo, consuelo).3 traffic island (automobiles).4 Refugio.pres.indicat.1st person singular (yo) present indicative of spanish verb: refugiar.* * *1 (gen) shelter, refuge2 figurado refuge3 AUTOMÓVIL traffic island\refugio antiaéreo air-raid shelterrefugio atómico (nuclear) fallout shelter* * *noun m.haven, refuge, shelter* * *SM1) (=sitio) refuge, shelteracogerse a un refugio — to take refuge, (take) shelter (en in)
refugio antiatómico, refugio antinuclear, refugio atómico — fallout shelter
refugio subterráneo — (Mil) underground shelter, dugout
2) Esp (Aut) street island* * *a) (contra la lluvia, bombardeo) shelter; ( en montaña) refuge, shelterb) ( contra perseguidores) refugec) ( en calzada) traffic island* * *= haven, refuge, shelter, bolt-hole, sanctuary, safe haven, safe harbour, redoubt, asylum, retreat, hideaway.Ex. During the parliamentary debates he pointed out the advantages to the public that would accrue from such havens of quiet and reasonableness as the library.Ex. 'Small, near-sighted, dreaming, bruised, an outlander in the city of his birth,' thirteen-year-old Aremis Slake fled one day to the only refuge he knew, the New York subway system.Ex. The basic needs of any worker are food, water, shelter, sleep, which sustain life on its most minimal level.Ex. Book clubs do not have to be cliquish, pretentious, stuffily self-inflated, or bolt-holes for ethereal literary spirits.Ex. The article 'A sanctuary for sciences: architecture projects for the Bibliotheque Nationale during the revolution' relates the history of the various conversion projects prepared for the national library before the French Revolution.Ex. While there are features of public libraries which are to be cherished - the role as a community meeting place, a place to borrow books, a safe haven -- we must look for new opportunities.Ex. One of the proposals made to protect children from the harmful effects of violence on television is to limit the showing of violent programmes to safe harbours when children are not viewing.Ex. Privatization and liberalization have attacked the redoubts of workplace unionism.Ex. The most significant of these projects are the international festival for literature and freedom of expression and the city's role as an asylum for persecuted authors.Ex. The retreat, held in an off-campus community room during the Christmas break following an unusually hectic autumn term, lasted a full day.Ex. This the perfect hideaway for newlyweds.----* buscar refugio = seek + shelter.* ofrecer refugio = provide + a home.* refugio antiaéreo = bomb shelter.* refugio antiatómico = fallout shelter.* refugio antinuclear = fallout shelter.* refugio atómico = fallout shelter.* refugio de animales = wildlife centre.* refugio de trinchera = dugout.* refugio nuclear = fallout shelter.* refugio para animales = animal sanctuary.* refugio subterráneo = dugout.* salir de + Posesivo + refugio = raise + Posesivo + head above the parapet.* * *a) (contra la lluvia, bombardeo) shelter; ( en montaña) refuge, shelterb) ( contra perseguidores) refugec) ( en calzada) traffic island* * *= haven, refuge, shelter, bolt-hole, sanctuary, safe haven, safe harbour, redoubt, asylum, retreat, hideaway.Ex: During the parliamentary debates he pointed out the advantages to the public that would accrue from such havens of quiet and reasonableness as the library.
Ex: 'Small, near-sighted, dreaming, bruised, an outlander in the city of his birth,' thirteen-year-old Aremis Slake fled one day to the only refuge he knew, the New York subway system.Ex: The basic needs of any worker are food, water, shelter, sleep, which sustain life on its most minimal level.Ex: Book clubs do not have to be cliquish, pretentious, stuffily self-inflated, or bolt-holes for ethereal literary spirits.Ex: The article 'A sanctuary for sciences: architecture projects for the Bibliotheque Nationale during the revolution' relates the history of the various conversion projects prepared for the national library before the French Revolution.Ex: While there are features of public libraries which are to be cherished - the role as a community meeting place, a place to borrow books, a safe haven -- we must look for new opportunities.Ex: One of the proposals made to protect children from the harmful effects of violence on television is to limit the showing of violent programmes to safe harbours when children are not viewing.Ex: Privatization and liberalization have attacked the redoubts of workplace unionism.Ex: The most significant of these projects are the international festival for literature and freedom of expression and the city's role as an asylum for persecuted authors.Ex: The retreat, held in an off-campus community room during the Christmas break following an unusually hectic autumn term, lasted a full day.Ex: This the perfect hideaway for newlyweds.* buscar refugio = seek + shelter.* ofrecer refugio = provide + a home.* refugio antiaéreo = bomb shelter.* refugio antiatómico = fallout shelter.* refugio antinuclear = fallout shelter.* refugio atómico = fallout shelter.* refugio de animales = wildlife centre.* refugio de trinchera = dugout.* refugio nuclear = fallout shelter.* refugio para animales = animal sanctuary.* refugio subterráneo = dugout.* salir de + Posesivo + refugio = raise + Posesivo + head above the parapet.* * *1 (lugar) shelter; (en la montaña) refuge, shelter2 (en la calzada) traffic island3 (de un ataque) refuge; (de la lluvia) shelterbuscar refugio en otro país to seek refuge in another countryCompuestos:air-raid shelter● refugio antinuclear or antiatómicofallout shelternuclear shelter* * *
Del verbo refugiar: ( conjugate refugiar)
refugio es:
1ª persona singular (yo) presente indicativo
refugió es:
3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) pretérito indicativo
Multiple Entries:
refugiar
refugio
refugiar ( conjugate refugiar) verbo transitivo
to give … refuge
refugiarse verbo pronominal
to take refuge;
refugiose DE algo ‹de bombardeo/ataque› to take refuge from sth;
‹de lluvia/tormenta› to take shelter from sth
refugio sustantivo masculino
( en montaña) refuge, shelter
refugiar verbo transitivo to give refuge, shelter
refugio sustantivo masculino refuge, shelter: buscaron refugio en un país extranjero, they sought refuge in a foreign country
' refugio' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
amanecer
- antinuclear
- cabaña
- improvisada
- improvisado
- nido
- resguardo
- techo
- abrigo
- amparar
- amparo
- casa
- santuario
English:
crude
- fallout shelter
- haunt
- haven
- lodge
- refuge
- retreat
- shelter
- air
- dug
- fall
- harbor
- sanctuary
* * *refugio nm1. [lugar] shelter, refugerefugio antiaéreo air-raid shelter;refugio antinuclear nuclear bunker;refugio atómico nuclear bunker;refugio de montaña [muy básico] mountain shelter;[albergue] mountain refuge;refugio subterráneo bunker, underground shelter2. [amparo, consuelo] refuge, comfort;la gente busca refugio en la religión people seek refuge in religion3. Aut traffic island4. refugio fiscal tax shelter;refugio tributario tax shelter* * *m refuge;buscar refugio look for shelter, seek refuge* * *refugio nm: refuge, shelter* * *refugio n refuge / shelter -
112 sobrepasar
v.1 to exceed.2 to surpass, to get beyond, to exceed, to top.Antonio sobrepasó los límites Anthony surpassed the limits.3 to overtake, to be overpassing, to move past, to overpass.El auto sobrepasó a Ricardo The car overtook Richard.* * *1 to exceed, surpass, be in excess of2 (competición) to beat* * *verbto surpass, exceed* * *1.VT [+ límite, esperanzas] to exceed; [+ rival, récord] to beat; [+ pista de aterrizaje] to overshoot2.See:* * *1.verbo transitivoa) <nivel/cantidad> to exceed, go abovesobrepasar el límite de velocidad — to exceed o go over o break the speed limit
sobrepasó el tiempo permitido en 2 segundos — she went over o exceeded the time allowed by 2 seconds
b) < persona> ( en capacidad) to outstrip; ( en altura) to overtakec) (Aviac) < pista> to overshoot2.sobrepasarse v prona) ( excederse)b) ( propasarse) to go too far* * *= outrun [out-run], outweigh, surpass, go far beyond, extend + far beyond, go over, top, outbalance, overstep, go + past.Ex. But he was wiry and wily, too, and he could often out-run, track, back-track, double-back, and finally dodge unseen in the subway.Ex. It may be decided that the practical impediments to the distribution and assignment of such numbers outweigh their potential usefulness.Ex. The advantages of the system far surpass any disadvantages.Ex. These changes in the physical form of the catalog have implications which go far beyond changes in form or even in improvements in speed and convenience to the catalog user.Ex. We have seen that the relationships of the Publications Office with the institutions and other bodies of the European Communities may in theory, but do not yet in practice extend far beyond those with the six managing institutions.Ex. Unless corrective action is taken the library will go over the budgeted amount in that category.Ex. As public library circ declines, spending continues to top inflation.Ex. The large profits to be made in this field will outbalance the problems that may lie ahead.Ex. Permission is not sought when purchasing other categories of materials and so the board is overstepping its policy and fiscal authority and assuming management responsibilities.Ex. Unfortunately, its conclusions are completely pedestrian, rarely going past the fact that there were old people in England in the late Middle Ages.----* sobrepasar con creces = be well in excess of.* sobrepasar las posibilidades de Alguien = be beyond + Posesivo + capabilities.* sobrepasarse = overreach + Reflexivo.* * *1.verbo transitivoa) <nivel/cantidad> to exceed, go abovesobrepasar el límite de velocidad — to exceed o go over o break the speed limit
sobrepasó el tiempo permitido en 2 segundos — she went over o exceeded the time allowed by 2 seconds
b) < persona> ( en capacidad) to outstrip; ( en altura) to overtakec) (Aviac) < pista> to overshoot2.sobrepasarse v prona) ( excederse)b) ( propasarse) to go too far* * *= outrun [out-run], outweigh, surpass, go far beyond, extend + far beyond, go over, top, outbalance, overstep, go + past.Ex: But he was wiry and wily, too, and he could often out-run, track, back-track, double-back, and finally dodge unseen in the subway.
Ex: It may be decided that the practical impediments to the distribution and assignment of such numbers outweigh their potential usefulness.Ex: The advantages of the system far surpass any disadvantages.Ex: These changes in the physical form of the catalog have implications which go far beyond changes in form or even in improvements in speed and convenience to the catalog user.Ex: We have seen that the relationships of the Publications Office with the institutions and other bodies of the European Communities may in theory, but do not yet in practice extend far beyond those with the six managing institutions.Ex: Unless corrective action is taken the library will go over the budgeted amount in that category.Ex: As public library circ declines, spending continues to top inflation.Ex: The large profits to be made in this field will outbalance the problems that may lie ahead.Ex: Permission is not sought when purchasing other categories of materials and so the board is overstepping its policy and fiscal authority and assuming management responsibilities.Ex: Unfortunately, its conclusions are completely pedestrian, rarely going past the fact that there were old people in England in the late Middle Ages.* sobrepasar con creces = be well in excess of.* sobrepasar las posibilidades de Alguien = be beyond + Posesivo + capabilities.* sobrepasarse = overreach + Reflexivo.* * *sobrepasar [A1 ]vt1 ‹nivel/cantidad› to exceed, go abovesobrepasar el límite de velocidad to exceed o go over o break the speed limitsobrepasaron los límites establecidos por las autoridades they went beyond o exceeded the limits set by the authoritiessobrepasó el tiempo permitido en 2 segundos she went over o exceeded the time allowed by 2 secondsen marzo las entradas sobrepasaron $100.000 income in March topped o exceeded $100,000sobrepasar la barrera del sonido to break the sound barrier2 ‹persona› (en capacidad) to outstrip; (en altura) to overtake3 ( Aviac) ‹pista› to overshoot1(excederse): me he sobrepasado en los gastos I've overspentno te vayas a sobrepasar con el vino go easy with the wine2 (propasarse) to go too far* * *
sobrepasar ( conjugate sobrepasar) verbo transitivo
◊ sobrepasar el límite de velocidad to exceed o go over the speed limit
( en altura) to overtake
sobrepasar verbo transitivo
1 (un límite, una cantidad) to exceed: no debemos sobrepasar ciertos límites, we must not go beyond certain limits
2 (aventajar) to be ahead of: te sobrepasa en altura, he's already taller than you
' sobrepasar' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
adelantar
- pasar
- rebasar
- traspasar
English:
exceed
- out
- over
- pass
- transgress
* * *♦ vt1. [exceder] to exceed;su sueldo no sobrepasa el de sus compañeros his pay is no higher than that of his colleagues;sobrepasó la barrera del sonido it broke the sound barrier;en este caso, la realidad sobrepasa a la ficción in this instance, reality is stranger than fictionlo sobrepasa en inteligencia she's more intelligent than he is* * *v/t exceed, surpass;me sobrepasa en altura he is taller than me* * *sobrepasar vt: to exceed, to surpass* * *sobrepasar vb1. (cantidad, límite) to exceed -
113 tipo1
1 = category, class, degree, form, kind, nature, sort, type, ilk, stripe.Ex. For some categories of materials it can be difficult to distinguish publishers from distributors and/or producers.Ex. The following highlights are what this first class of Fellows recall of their time overseas.Ex. This degree of standardisation is not the pattern outside of this specific area of application.Ex. It is under the chosen form of heading that the catalogue entry for a particular document is filed and hence located.Ex. Document descriptions may be drafted for a wide variety of different kinds of library material, but some common principles can be established.Ex. Since all of the headings are alphabetical words, it is possible to interfile entries regardless of the nature of their heading.Ex. Thoughts of this sort kept running about like clockwork mice in his head, while the murmur of chatter filled the room and outside dusk had yielded to black night.Ex. There are a number of types of abstracts or labels that can be applied to abstracts.Ex. Perhaps she would be well advised to read that book and others of its ilk to see if she could learn something about surviving in the corporate world.Ex. The field of computational linguistics is exciting insomuch as it permits linguists of different stripes to model language behaviour.----* algún tipo de = some, some sort of.* algún tipo de + Nombre = one kind of + Nombre + or another.* almuerzo tipo bufé = lunch buffet, buffet lunch.* asociación de compradores de un tipo de productos = consumers union.* con todo tipo de comodidades = with all mods and cons.* con todo tipo de lujos = with all mods and cons.* contra todo (tipo) de riesgo = against all risks.* de algún tipo = of some description.* de algún tipo u otro = of some sort.* de cierto tipo = of a sort, of sorts.* de cualquier tipo = in any way [in anyway], in all forms.* de diversos tipos = of one type or another, of one sort or another, of one kind or another.* de diverso tipo = of one type or another, of one sort or another, of one kind or another.* del mismo tipo que las oficinas = office-type.* de tipo general = broad scoped.* de tipo medio = middle-range.* de todos los tipos = of all stripes.* de todo tipo = of all sorts, of every sort, of all stripes, of all shapes and sizes.* de un tipo u otro = of one type or another, of one sort or another, of one kind or another, of some description.* de varios tipos = multitype [multi-type].* diabetes del tipo 2 = type 2 diabetes.* el tipo de = the range of.* ese tipo de cosas = that sort of thing.* este tipo de = such.* este tipo de cosas = this sort of thing.* examen tipo test = multiple choice test.* existen de muchos tipos = come in + many guises.* gente de todo tipo = people from all walks of life.* haber de muchos tipos = come in + all/many (sorts of) shapes and sizes.* haber de muy diversos tipos = come in + all/many (sorts of) shapes and sizes.* identidad clase-tipo = type-token identity.* índice permutado del tipo KWIC = KWICed index.* mismo tipo de = same range of.* necesitar tomar cierto tipo de decisiones = require + judgement.* Nombre + de este tipo = such + Nombre.* para todo tipo de tiempo = all-weather.* pregunta tipo test = multiple choice question.* que combina diferentes tipos de re = multi-source [multi source].* recorte de los tipos de interés = rate cut, interest-rate cut.* reducción de los tipos de interés = interest-rate cut.* reducción de tipo impositivo = tax abatement.* relación clase-tipo = type-token ratio.* ser de un tipo diferente = be different in kind, differ in + kind (from).* sin ningún tipo de restricciones = no holds barred.* sistema bibliotecario de bibliotecas de un sólo tipo = single-type library system.* sistema bibliotecario de bibliotecas de varios tipos = multitype library system.* subida de los tipos de interés = rate increase, interest-rate increase.* tipo de cambio = exchange rate, rate of exchange.* tipo de cuidado = nasty piece of work.* tipo de gravamen = tax rate.* tipo de gravamen marginal = marginal tax rate.* tipo de impuestos = band of taxation.* tipo de interés = interest rate.* tipo de interés base = base rate, prime rate.* tipo de interés preferente = base rate, prime rate.* tipo de persona = public.* tipo de resumen = abstracting format.* tipo de servicio = style of service.* tipo fiscal = tax rate.* tipo fiscal marginal = marginal tax rate.* tipo impositivo = income tax bracket, tax rate, tax bracket.* tipo impositivo marginal = marginal tax rate.* tipo noticias = news-type.* tipo preferencial = preferential rate.* tipo preferente = preferential rate.* tipo publicitario = display type.* tipos como = the likes of.* tipos de búsqueda = retrieval facilities, search facilities.* tipos reducción de los tipos de interés = rate cut.* tipo televisor = television-type.* todo tipo de = all sorts of, all manner of.* todo tipo de gustos = all shades of opinion.* un tipo de = a kind of.* variación de los tipos de cambio = exchange rate change.* y todo este tipo de cosas = and all this sort of thing. -
114 cierre
m.1 closing, shutting.cierre patronal lockout2 fastener (mecanismo).cierre de combinación combination lock3 zip (fastener) (British), zipper (United States) (cremallera). (Andean Spanish (Bolivia, Chilean Spanish, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru), Mexican Spanish, River Plate)4 closedown, closing, closing down, closure.5 clasp, fastener, zip.6 lock, lock primitive.pres.subj.1st person singular (yo) Present Subjunctive of Spanish verb: cerrar.* * *\cierre centralizado centralized locking systemcierre de seguridad safety lockcierre patronal lockout* * *noun m.1) closure, closing2) clasp, fastener* * *SM1) (=acto) [de verja, puerta] [gen] closing, shutting; [con llave] locking; [automático] central locking; [de edificio, establecimiento, frontera] closingun dispositivo especial controla el cierre de la puerta — the door is closed o shut by a special device
cuatro horas después del cierre de los colegios electorales — four hours after the polling stations closed
el mal tiempo obligó al cierre del aeropuerto — the airport was forced to close due to the bad weather
cierre empresarial, cierre patronal — lockout
2) (=fin) [de una emisión] closedown; [de campaña electoral] end, close; [de la Bolsa] close; [de año fiscal] end•
al cierre, al cierre de esta edición de noticias — at the end of this news bulletin•
precio de cierre — closing price3) [de negocio, carretera, instalaciones] closurelos vecinos piden el cierre de la factoría — local residents are demanding the closure of the factory
muchos comerciantes se verán obligados al cierre de sus comercios — many traders will find themselves having to close down their businesses
4) (=mecanismo) [de maleta, puerta] catch; [de collar, pulsera, libro] clasp; [de vestido] fastener, snap fastenercierre centralizado — (Aut) central locking
cierre de dirección — (Aut) steering lock
cierre eclair — Chile zip, zip fastener, zipper ( esp EEUU)
cierre metálico — (=persiana) metal shutter; (=cremallera) metal zip
cierre relámpago — Cono Sur, Perú zip, zip fastener, zipper ( esp EEUU)
5)•
echar el cierre —a) [a un local, comercio] [temporalmente] to close; [definitivamente] to close downestaba echando el cierre a la tienda — he was locking the shop up o locking up the shop
b) Esp* (=callar)¡echa el cierre! — give it a rest!
* * *1) ( acción)a) (de fábrica, empresa, hospital) closureb) ( de establecimiento) closingc) ( de frontera) closingd) ( de emisión) end, closehora de cierre — close, closedown
e) ( de negociación) endf) (Fin) close2)a) (de bolso, pulsera) clasp, fastener; (de puerta, ventana) lockb) ( cremallera) zipper (AmE), zip (BrE)•* * *1) ( acción)a) (de fábrica, empresa, hospital) closureb) ( de establecimiento) closingc) ( de frontera) closingd) ( de emisión) end, closehora de cierre — close, closedown
e) ( de negociación) endf) (Fin) close2)a) (de bolso, pulsera) clasp, fastener; (de puerta, ventana) lockb) ( cremallera) zipper (AmE), zip (BrE)•* * *cierre11 = closure, closing, shutdown.Ex: Some of the common auxiliaries are allocated notations in which the facet indicators possess both an opening and a closure sign.
Ex: This article argues that the closings of the University of Chicago Graduate Library School and the Columbia University School of Library Service do not signal a trend.Ex: With our students, with our employees, the stress of the pulp and paper mill's shutdown is starting to hit home.* cierre de plazo = deadline, dateline.* cierre y despedida = sign-off.* fecha de cierre = closed date.* hora de cierre = closing hour, closing time.* horario de cierre = closing hour, closing time.cierre22 = fastener.Ex: Most types of door fasteners and deadbolts extend into a recess in the door jamb when engaged, making the strength of the door jambs vitally important to the overall security of the door.
* cerrar con cierre metálico = shutter.* cierre hermético = seal.* cierre metálico = shutter, security shutter.* dispositivo de cierre = fixing arrangement.* mecanismo de cierre = closing mechanism, fastener.* sistema de cierre = locking system.* válvula de cierre = stop valve.* * *A (acción)1 (de una fábrica, empresa, hospital) closure2 (de un establecimiento) closingla hora de cierre closing time3 (de una frontera) closing4 (de una emisión) end, closeal cierre de esta edición at the time of going to presshora de cierre close, closedown5 (de una negociación) end6 ( Fin) closeprecio al cierre closing priceCompuesto:lockoutB1(dispositivo): ¿me abrochas el cierre del vestido? will you fasten/zip up my dress o ( BrE) do my dress up?el cierre de esta pulsera the clasp on this braceletfrasco con cierre hermético airtight containerCompuestos:central locking● cierre cler or eclairsteering lock* * *
Del verbo cerrar: ( conjugate cerrar)
cierre es:
1ª persona singular (yo) presente subjuntivo3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) presente subjuntivo3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) imperativo
Multiple Entries:
cerrar
cierre
cerrar ( conjugate cerrar) verbo transitivo
1
‹ojos/boca› to shut, close;
‹ frasco› to put the lid on;
‹ sobre› to seal
‹ libro› to close, shut;
‹ puño› to clench
‹ persianas› to lower, pull down;
‹ abrigo› to fasten, button up;
‹ cremallera› to do … up
‹ válvula› to close, shut off
2
( definitivamente) to close (down)
3
d) ‹acto/debate› to bring … to an end
verbo intransitivo
1 (hablando de puerta, ventana):
¿cerraste con llave? did you lock up?
2 [puerta/ventana/cajón] to close, shut
3 [comercio/oficina] ( en el quehacer diario) to close, shut;
( definitivamente) to close (down)
cerrarse verbo pronominal
1
2 ( refl) ‹ abrigo› to fasten, button up;
‹ cremallera› to do … up
3 [acto/debate/jornada] to end
cierre sustantivo masculino
1 ( acción)
e) (Fin) close
2a) (de bolso, pulsera) clasp, fastener;
(de puerta, ventana) lock
cierre relámpago (CS, Per) zipper (AmE), zip (BrE)
cerrar
I verbo transitivo
1 to shut, close
(con llave) to lock
(un grifo abierto) to turn off
(el ordenador) to turn off, switch off
(subir una cremallera) to do up
(un sobre) to seal
(los puños) to clench
2 (un negocio temporalmente) to close
(definitivamente) to close down
3 (un trato, un acuerdo) to finalize
(liquidar una cuenta bancaria) to close
4 (un acceso, un servicio de transporte) to close
(bloquear) cerrarle el paso a alguien, to block sb's way
II verbo intransitivo
1 to close, shut
2 (un negocio temporalmente) to close
(definitivamente) to close down
♦ Locuciones: familiar cerrar el pico, to shut one's trap
cierre sustantivo masculino
1 (acción de cerrar) closing, shutting
2 (cese de un negocio) shutdown, closing-down
3 (artefacto para cerrar un bolso) clasp
(una puerta) catch
(un collar) fastener
4 TV (final de emisión) close-down
5 cierre centralizado, central locking
cierre de seguridad, safety lock
cierre metálico, metal shutter
cierre patronal, lockout
♦ Locuciones: echar el cierre, to close down
' cierre' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
clip
- corchete
- hermética
- hermético
- atorar
- automático
- definitivo
- seguro
- trabar
English:
clasp
- closing
- closing price
- closing time
- closure
- collapse
- fastener
- lockout
- mismanagement
- rundown
- seal
- self-closing
- should
- shutdown
- tight
- wedge
- catch
- lock
- press
- shut
- snap
- threat
- zip
- zipper
* * *cierre nm1. [de fábrica, tienda, colegio] [permanente, administrativo] closure;el juez ordenó el cierre del bar the judge ordered the closure of the bar, the judge ordered the bar to be closed;se encarga del cierre de la tienda al final del día he locks up the shop at the end of each day;el horario de cierre de las tiendas the shops' closing times;echar el cierre [a tienda] [cada día] to close up;[permanentemente] to close up shop, to call it a day Ind cierre patronal lockout3. Rad & TV [de emisión] Br closedown, US sign-off;la hora de cierre closedownprecio de cierre closing price5. [finalización] end;las elecciones supusieron el cierre de una época oscura en el país the elections brought to an end o a close a dark chapter in the country's history;al cierre del plazo se habían presentado cinco candidaturas by the closing date, five candidates had put their names forward;según los datos del cierre del ejercicio 1998… according to the figures for the end of the 1998 Br financial o US fiscal year…6. [mecanismo] fastenerAut cierre centralizado central locking;cierre de combinación combination lock;cierre metálico [de tienda] metal shutter7. Andes, Méx, RP [cremallera] Br zip (fastener), US zipperAndes, Méx cierre relámpago, Chile cierre eclair, Urug cierre metálico Br zip (fastener), US zipper8. [de herida] closing up9. [de fronteras] closing* * *mcierre de la Bolsa close of the stock exchange;al cierre de la edición at the time of going to press* * *cierre nm1) : closing, closure2) : fastener, clasp, zipper* * *cierre n1. (de collar, pulsera) clasp / fastener2. (de puerta, caja) lock3. (acción) closure -
115 tipo
m.1 guy, chap, fellow, character.2 type, category, kind, class.Un nuevo orden de dificultad A new kind of difficulty.3 letter type, type.* * *1 (clase) type, kind2 FINANZAS rate5 (en impresión) type\aguantar el tipo figurado to keep cool, keep calmdar el tipo figurado to fit a description, fit the billjugarse el tipo figurado to risk one's necktodo tipo de all kind of, all kinds oftipo bancario FINANZAS bank ratetipo de cambio FINANZAS rate of exchangetipo de descuento FINANZAS bank ratetipo de interés FINANZAS rate of interesttipo raro weirdo, oddball* * *1. noun m.1) type2) kind, sort3) style•2. (f. - tipa)nounguy / gal* * *tipo, -a1.SM / F * (=individuo) (=hombre) guy *, bloke *; (=mujer) chick *, bird *, dame (EEUU) *tipa¿quién es ese tipo? — who's that guy o bloke? *
2. SM1) (=clase) type, kind, sortun coche de otro tipo pero del mismo precio — a different type o kind o sort of car but for the same price
todo tipo de... — all sorts o kinds of...
tuvimos todo tipo de problemas — we had all sorts o kinds of problems
2) (Bot, Literat, Zool) type3) (Com, Econ) ratetipo bancario, tipo base — base rate
4) (=figura, cuerpo) [de hombre] build; [de mujer] figuretener buen tipo — [hombre] to be well built; [mujer] to have a good figure
5) (Tip) type3. ADJ INV1) (=similar a)2) (=típico) average, typicaldos conductores tipo — two average o typical drivers
* * *I- pa masculino, femenino (fam) (m) guy (colloq), bloke (BrE colloq); (f) womanII1) ( clase) kind, type, sort2)a) ( figura - de mujer) figure; (- de hombre) physiquejugarse el tipo — (Esp fam) to risk one's neck (colloq)
b) ( aspecto) appearancedar el tipo — (Esp) to be the type
3) (Fin) rate4) (Impr) type5) (como adj inv) typicaluna serie tipo `Dallas' — a `Dallas'-type series
6) (como adv) (CS fam) around, about* * *I- pa masculino, femenino (fam) (m) guy (colloq), bloke (BrE colloq); (f) womanII1) ( clase) kind, type, sort2)a) ( figura - de mujer) figure; (- de hombre) physiquejugarse el tipo — (Esp fam) to risk one's neck (colloq)
b) ( aspecto) appearancedar el tipo — (Esp) to be the type
3) (Fin) rate4) (Impr) type5) (como adj inv) typicaluna serie tipo `Dallas' — a `Dallas'-type series
6) (como adv) (CS fam) around, about* * *tipo11 = category, class, degree, form, kind, nature, sort, type, ilk, stripe.Ex: For some categories of materials it can be difficult to distinguish publishers from distributors and/or producers.
Ex: The following highlights are what this first class of Fellows recall of their time overseas.Ex: This degree of standardisation is not the pattern outside of this specific area of application.Ex: It is under the chosen form of heading that the catalogue entry for a particular document is filed and hence located.Ex: Document descriptions may be drafted for a wide variety of different kinds of library material, but some common principles can be established.Ex: Since all of the headings are alphabetical words, it is possible to interfile entries regardless of the nature of their heading.Ex: Thoughts of this sort kept running about like clockwork mice in his head, while the murmur of chatter filled the room and outside dusk had yielded to black night.Ex: There are a number of types of abstracts or labels that can be applied to abstracts.Ex: Perhaps she would be well advised to read that book and others of its ilk to see if she could learn something about surviving in the corporate world.Ex: The field of computational linguistics is exciting insomuch as it permits linguists of different stripes to model language behaviour.* algún tipo de = some, some sort of.* algún tipo de + Nombre = one kind of + Nombre + or another.* almuerzo tipo bufé = lunch buffet, buffet lunch.* asociación de compradores de un tipo de productos = consumers union.* con todo tipo de comodidades = with all mods and cons.* con todo tipo de lujos = with all mods and cons.* contra todo (tipo) de riesgo = against all risks.* de algún tipo = of some description.* de algún tipo u otro = of some sort.* de cierto tipo = of a sort, of sorts.* de cualquier tipo = in any way [in anyway], in all forms.* de diversos tipos = of one type or another, of one sort or another, of one kind or another.* de diverso tipo = of one type or another, of one sort or another, of one kind or another.* del mismo tipo que las oficinas = office-type.* de tipo general = broad scoped.* de tipo medio = middle-range.* de todos los tipos = of all stripes.* de todo tipo = of all sorts, of every sort, of all stripes, of all shapes and sizes.* de un tipo u otro = of one type or another, of one sort or another, of one kind or another, of some description.* de varios tipos = multitype [multi-type].* diabetes del tipo 2 = type 2 diabetes.* el tipo de = the range of.* ese tipo de cosas = that sort of thing.* este tipo de = such.* este tipo de cosas = this sort of thing.* examen tipo test = multiple choice test.* existen de muchos tipos = come in + many guises.* gente de todo tipo = people from all walks of life.* haber de muchos tipos = come in + all/many (sorts of) shapes and sizes.* haber de muy diversos tipos = come in + all/many (sorts of) shapes and sizes.* identidad clase-tipo = type-token identity.* índice permutado del tipo KWIC = KWICed index.* mismo tipo de = same range of.* necesitar tomar cierto tipo de decisiones = require + judgement.* Nombre + de este tipo = such + Nombre.* para todo tipo de tiempo = all-weather.* pregunta tipo test = multiple choice question.* que combina diferentes tipos de re = multi-source [multi source].* recorte de los tipos de interés = rate cut, interest-rate cut.* reducción de los tipos de interés = interest-rate cut.* reducción de tipo impositivo = tax abatement.* relación clase-tipo = type-token ratio.* ser de un tipo diferente = be different in kind, differ in + kind (from).* sin ningún tipo de restricciones = no holds barred.* sistema bibliotecario de bibliotecas de un sólo tipo = single-type library system.* sistema bibliotecario de bibliotecas de varios tipos = multitype library system.* subida de los tipos de interés = rate increase, interest-rate increase.* tipo de cambio = exchange rate, rate of exchange.* tipo de cuidado = nasty piece of work.* tipo de gravamen = tax rate.* tipo de gravamen marginal = marginal tax rate.* tipo de impuestos = band of taxation.* tipo de interés = interest rate.* tipo de interés base = base rate, prime rate.* tipo de interés preferente = base rate, prime rate.* tipo de persona = public.* tipo de resumen = abstracting format.* tipo de servicio = style of service.* tipo fiscal = tax rate.* tipo fiscal marginal = marginal tax rate.* tipo impositivo = income tax bracket, tax rate, tax bracket.* tipo impositivo marginal = marginal tax rate.* tipo noticias = news-type.* tipo preferencial = preferential rate.* tipo preferente = preferential rate.* tipo publicitario = display type.* tipos como = the likes of.* tipos de búsqueda = retrieval facilities, search facilities.* tipos reducción de los tipos de interés = rate cut.* tipo televisor = television-type.* todo tipo de = all sorts of, all manner of.* todo tipo de gustos = all shades of opinion.* un tipo de = a kind of.* variación de los tipos de cambio = exchange rate change.* y todo este tipo de cosas = and all this sort of thing.tipo22 = font, face, type, fount.Nota: Un grupo de caracteres tipográficos de un tamaño determinado, como por ejemplo Roman 8.Ex: No longer is the user constrained to a supplied set of fonts.
Ex: The demand for the old faces came to an abrupt end and the founders withdrew them from sale, some even destroying the old punches and matrices as so much scrap.Ex: Plaster was mixed with water and poured over the type, and allowed to set; when it had hardened it was lifted off the page (the oil preventing it from sticking to the type), and baked hard in an oven.Ex: Incunabulists, indeed, work on the assumption that a fount belonging to a fifteenth-century printer was unique to him, which is likely to be true enough of the fount as cast, but is not necessarily true of its punches.* altura del tipo movible = height-to-paper, type height.* diseñador de tipos = type designer.* diseño de tipos = type design [type-design].* fundición de tipos = typefounding.* fundidor de tipos = punch-cutter [punchcutter], type-founder [typefounder], cutter of type.* fundir tipos = cast + type.* machacar los tipos = batter + type.* máquina fundidora de tipos = typecasting machine.* taller de fundición de tipos = type-foundry.* tipo autoespaciador = self-spacing type.* tipo decorativo = display type.* tipo de imprenta = book face, printing type, type.* tipo de letra = type face [typeface], typing, type font [typefont], fount, type specimen [type-specimen], fount of type.* tipo fundido = cast type.* tipo movible = punch.* tipo movible de acento = accent punch.* tipo móvil = moveable type.* tipos móviles = movable type.tipo33 = fellow, chap, guy, dude, joker, bloke.Nota: Coloquial.Ex: From the skimming he had given their writings he knew that something like a chemical agent was working in Balzac's defenseless mind, and that the hapless fellow was trying not to succumb to it.
Ex: In practice, however, such democratic attitudes among the mighty seem to have as little effect on the behaviour of those who serve them as did the remark made by King George V at his Jubilee in 1935, 'I'm really quite an ordinary sort of chap'.Ex: The general opinion of Edward Wood seemed to be summed up in the words of one staff member, who said, 'Ed Wood's a prince of a guy'.Ex: This is one of those movies that preaches nonviolence, even as the good guy is knocking the hell out of a few dozen dudes.Ex: Then I followed these two jokers to a liquor store where they got them some alchy.Ex: The blokes don't bat an eyelid that you're a girl -- they take no prisoners when they're trying to get the ball!.* jugarse el tipo (por) = stick + Posesivo + neck out (for).* mantener el tipo = keep + a stiff upper lip.* * *masculine, feminineme parece una tipa sensacional I think she's an amazing woman¿pero qué se habrá creído este tipo? but who does this guy o character think he is?tipo2A (clase) kind, type, sorttiene todo tipo de herramientas en el taller he has all kinds of tools in his workshop¿qué tipo de música te gusta más? what sort of music do you like best?es muy simpático, pero no es mi tipo he's very nice, but he's not my typeC1 (figura — de una mujer) figure; (de un hombre) physiqueaguantar or mantener el tipo ( Esp); to put on a brave facejugarse el tipo ( Esp); to risk one's necklucir el tipo ( Esp); to parade around2 (aspecto) appearanceserá conde, pero no tiene tipo de aristócrata he may well be a count, but he doesn't look like an aristocratuna mujer de tipo distinguido a distinguished-looking womandar el tipo ( Esp); to be the typeno parece que dé el tipo he doesn't seem the typeD ( Fin) rateCompuestos:exchange ratecross exchange rate● tipo de interés preferencial or preferenteprime rateE ( Impr) typeF ( como adj inv) typicalel/la profesional tipo the typical o average professional personexámenes tipo specimen papersuna serie tipo Dallas a Dallas-type seriesvénganse tipo cuatro come around o about four o'clock* * *
tipo 1
(f) woman
tipo 2 sustantivo masculino
1 ( clase) kind, type, sort;
no es mi tipo he's not my type
2 ( figura — de mujer) figure;
(— de hombre) physique
3 ( como adv) (CS fam) around, about;
tipo sustantivo masculino
1 (modelo, clase) type, kind, sort: María no es mi tipo, Maria isn't my type
me gusta ese tipo de gente, I like that kind of people
no es de ese tipo de personas, he's not that sort of person
ese tipo de coche, that type o kind of car
2 fam (individuo) guy, bloke, fellow
tipo raro, weirdo
un buen tipo, a good sort
un tipo simpático, a nice chap
3 (constitución física) build, physique
(de mujer) figure: tiene buen tipo, she has a good figure
4 Econ rate
tipo de cambio, exchange rate
tipo de descuento, bank rate
tipo de interés, interest rate
5 Tip (de letra) type
Tip Inform font
♦ Locuciones: dar el tipo, to live up to other people's expectations
figurado jugarse el tipo, to risk one's neck
mantener o aguantar el tipo, to keep one's cool
' tipo' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
beneficio
- callada
- callado
- cambiar
- catalogar
- clase
- cuidada
- cuidado
- delgada
- delgado
- desbordar
- determinada
- determinado
- elemento
- especie
- estaquilla
- fibra
- fiebre
- género
- índole
- lectura
- macanuda
- macanudo
- más
- mina
- naturaleza
- orden
- puñetera
- puñetero
- scud
- sedán
- silueta
- speed
- suerte
- tan
- antipático
- corriente
- cuate
- divertido
- forma
- fresco
- fulano
- grande
- individuo
- interés
- interesar
- loco
- particular
- pata
- pesado
English:
ale
- all
- arrogant
- bloke
- boogie
- brand
- build
- chap
- class
- clause
- crook
- current
- delicatessen
- deposit
- description
- duck
- dude
- exchange rate
- figure
- flaky
- flat
- form
- freely
- going
- guy
- high tops
- individual
- interest rate
- kid
- kind
- lending
- LIBOR
- marmalade
- muffin
- neck
- neither
- nut
- open
- prime rate
- rate
- send down
- shapely
- sort
- suited
- survey
- tax bracket
- tough
- trim
- type
- typeface
* * *tipo, -a♦ nm,fFam [hombre] guy, Br bloke; [mujer] woman; [mujer joven] girl♦ nm1. [clase] type, sort;no es mi tipo he's not my type;todo tipo de all sorts of;vinieron personas de todo tipo all sorts of people came;no me gustan las películas de ese tipo I don't like movies like that o those sorts of movies2. [cuerpo] [de mujer] figure;[de hombre] build;tiene muy buen tipo she has a very good body;Famjugarse el tipo to risk one's neck;Famdar el tipo to be up to standard o scratch3. Econ ratetipo básico [de interés] base rate; [de impuestos] basic rate;tipo de cambio exchange rate, rate of exchange;tipo de descuento discount rate;tipo impositivo tax rate;tipo de interés interest rate;tipo de interés bancario bank rate;tipo de interés fijo fixed interest rate;tipo de interés hipotecario mortgage rate;tipo de interés variable variable o floating interest rate;tipo marginal marginal rate;tipo mínimo minimum rate;tipo preferencial prime (lending) rate4. Imprenta type5. Biol type♦ adj inv1. [estándar]el boliviano/la dieta tipo the average Bolivian/diet2.un pantalón tipo pitillo a pair of drainpipe trousers;una película tipo Rambo a Rambo-style movie♦ advRP Fam [aproximadamente] like;llegaron tipo nueve they arrived at, like, nine o'clock;se casó hace tipo cinco años she got married something like five years ago* * *m1 type, kind;no es mi tipo he’s not my type2 fampersona guy fam3 COM rate4:jugarse el tipo fam risk one’s neck;mantener oaguantar el tipo fam keep one’s cool* * *tipo nm1) clase: type, kind, sort2) : figure, build, appearance3) : ratetipo de interés: interest rate4) : (printing) type, typeface5) : style, modelun vestido tipo 60's: a 60's-style dress* * *tipo n1. (clase) type / kind / sort¿qué tipo de coche quieres? what sort of car do you want?2. (de mujer) figurees modelo, tiene buen tipo she's a model, she's got a good figure3. (de hombre) body4. (individuo) guy / bloke -
116 Chronology
15,000-3,000 BCE Paleolithic cultures in western Portugal.400-200 BCE Greek and Carthaginian trade settlements on coast.202 BCE Roman armies invade ancient Lusitania.137 BCE Intensive Romanization of Lusitania begins.410 CE Germanic tribes — Suevi and Visigoths—begin conquest of Roman Lusitania and Galicia.714—16 Muslims begin conquest of Visigothic Lusitania.1034 Christian Reconquest frontier reaches Mondego River.1064 Christians conquer Coimbra.1139 Burgundian Count Afonso Henriques proclaims himself king of Portugal; birth of Portugal. Battle of Ourique: Afonso Henriques defeats Muslims.1147 With English Crusaders' help, Portuguese seize Lisbon from Muslims.1179 Papacy formally recognizes Portugal's independence (Pope Alexander III).1226 Campaign to reclaim Alentejo from Muslims begins.1249 Last Muslim city (Silves) falls to Portuguese Army.1381 Beginning of third war between Castile and Portugal.1383 Master of Aviz, João, proclaimed regent by Lisbon populace.1385 April: Master of Aviz, João I, proclaimed king of Portugal by Cortes of Coimbra. 14 August: Battle of Aljubarrota, Castilians defeated by royal forces, with assistance of English army.1394 Birth of "Prince Henry the Navigator," son of King João I.1415 Beginning of overseas expansion as Portugal captures Moroccan city of Ceuta.1419 Discovery of Madeira Islands.1425-28 Prince D. Pedro, older brother of Prince Henry, travels in Europe.1427 Discovery (or rediscovery?) of Azores Islands.1434 Prince Henry the Navigator's ships pass beyond Cape Bojador, West Africa.1437 Disaster at Tangier, Morocco, as Portuguese fail to capture city.1441 First African slaves from western Africa reach Portugal.1460 Death of Prince Henry. Portuguese reach what is now Senegal, West Africa.1470s Portuguese explore West African coast and reach what is now Ghana and Nigeria and begin colonizing islands of São Tomé and Príncipe.1479 Treaty of Alcáçovas between kings of Portugal and Spain.1482 Portuguese establish post at São Jorge da Mina, Gold Coast (now Ghana).1482-83 Portuguese navigator Diogo Cão reaches mouth of Congo River and Angola.1488 Navigator Bartolomeu Dias rounds Cape of Good Hope, South Africa, and finds route to Indian Ocean.1492-93 Columbus's first voyage to West Indies.1493 Columbus visits Azores and Portugal on return from first voyage; tells of discovery of New World. Treaty of Tordesillas signed between kings of Portugal and Spain: delimits spheres of conquest with line 370 leagues west of Cape Verde Islands (claimed by Portugal); Portugal's sphere to east of line includes, in effect, Brazil.King Manuel I and Royal Council decide to continue seeking all-water route around Africa to Asia.King Manuel I expels unconverted Jews from Portugal.1497-99 Epic voyage of Vasco da Gama from Portugal around Africa to west India, successful completion of sea route to Asia project; da Gama returns to Portugal with samples of Asian spices.1500 Bound for India, Navigator Pedro Álvares Cabral "discovers" coast of Brazil and claims it for Portugal.1506 Anti-Jewish riots in Lisbon.Battle of Diu, India; Portugal's command of Indian Ocean assured for some time with Francisco de Almeida's naval victory over Egyptian and Gujerati fleets.Afonso de Albuquerque conquers Goa, India; beginning of Portuguese hegemony in south Asia.Portuguese conquest of Malacca; commerce in Spice Islands.1519 Magellan begins circumnavigation voyage.1536 Inquisition begins in Portugal.1543 Portuguese merchants reach Japan.1557 Portuguese merchants granted Chinese territory of Macau for trading factory.1572 Luís de Camões publishes epic poem, Os Lusíadas.1578 Battle of Alcácer-Quivir; Moroccan forces defeat army of King Sebastião of Portugal; King Sebastião dies in battle. Portuguese succession crisis.1580 King Phillip II of Spain claims and conquers Portugal; Spanish rule of Portugal, 1580-1640.1607-24 Dutch conquer sections of Asia and Brazil formerly held by Portugal.1640 1 December: Portuguese revolution in Lisbon overthrows Spanish rule, restores independence. Beginning of Portugal's Braganza royal dynasty.1654 Following Dutch invasions and conquest of parts of Brazil and Angola, Dutch expelled by force.1661 Anglo-Portuguese Alliance treaty signed: England pledges to defend Portugal "as if it were England itself." Queen Catherine of Bra-ganza marries England's Charles II.1668 February: In Portuguese-Spanish peace treaty, Spain recognizes independence of Portugal, thus ending 28-year War of Restoration.1703 Methuen Treaties signed, key commercial trade agreement and defense treaty between England and Portugal.1750 Pombal becomes chief minister of King José I.1755 1 November: Massive Lisbon earthquake, tidal wave, and fire.1759 Expulsion of Jesuits from Portugal and colonies.1761 Slavery abolished in continental Portugal.1769 Abandonment of Mazagão, Morocco, last Portuguese outpost.1777 Pombal dismissed as chief minister by Queen Maria I, after death of José I.1791 Portugal and United States establish full diplomatic relations.1807 November: First Napoleonic invasion; French forces under Junot conquer Portugal. Royal family flees to colony of Brazil and remains there until 1821.1809 Second French invasion of Portugal under General Soult.1811 Third French invasion of Portugal under General Masséna.1813 Following British general Wellington's military victories, French forces evacuate Portugal.1817 Liberal, constitutional movements against absolutist monarchist rule break out in Brazil (Pernambuco) and Portugal (Lisbon, under General Gomes Freire); crushed by government. British marshal of Portugal's army, Beresford, rules Portugal.Liberal insurrection in army officer corps breaks out in Cadiz, Spain, and influences similar movement in Portugal's armed forces first in Oporto.King João VI returns from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and early draft of constitution; era of constitutional monarchy begins.1822 7 September: João VI's son Pedro proclaims independence ofBrazil from Portugal and is named emperor. 23 September: Constitution of 1822 ratified.Portugal recognizes sovereign independence of Brazil.King João VI dies; power struggle for throne ensues between his sons, brothers Pedro and Miguel; Pedro, emperor of Brazil, abdicates Portuguese throne in favor of his daughter, D. Maria II, too young to assume crown. By agreement, Miguel, uncle of D. Maria, is to accept constitution and rule in her stead.1828 Miguel takes throne and abolishes constitution. Sections of Portugal rebel against Miguelite rule.1831 Emperor Pedro abdicates throne of Brazil and returns to Portugal to expel King Miguel from Portuguese throne.1832-34 Civil war between absolutist King Miguel and constitutionalist Pedro, who abandons throne of Brazil to restore his young daughter Maria to throne of Portugal; Miguel's armed forces defeated by those of Pedro. Miguel leaves for exile and constitution (1826 Charter) is restored.1834-53 Constitutional monarchy consolidated under rule of Queen Maria II, who dies in 1853.1851-71 Regeneration period of economic development and political stability; public works projects sponsored by Minister Fontes Pereira de Melo.1871-90 Rotativism period of alternating party governments; achieves political stability and less military intervention in politics and government. Expansion of colonial territory in tropical Africa.January: Following territorial dispute in central Africa, Britain delivers "Ultimatum" to Portugal demanding withdrawal of Portugal's forces from what is now Malawi and Zimbabwe. Portugal's government, humiliated in accepting demand under threat of a diplomatic break, falls. Beginning of governmental and political instability; monarchist decline and republicanism's rise.Anglo-Portuguese treaties signed relating to delimitation of frontiers in colonial Africa.1899 Treaty of Windsor; renewal of Anglo-Portuguese defense and friendship alliance.1903 Triumphal visit of King Edward VII to Portugal.1906 Politician João Franco supported by King Carlos I in dictatorship to restore order and reform.1908 1 February: Murder in Lisbon of King Carlos I and his heir apparent, Prince Dom Luís, by Portuguese anarchists. Eighteen-year-old King Manuel II assumes throne.1910 3-5 October: Following republican-led military insurrection in armed forces, monarchy falls and first Portuguese republic is proclaimed. Beginning of unstable, economically troubled, parliamentary republic form of government.May: Violent insurrection in Lisbon overturns government of General Pimenta de Castro; nearly a thousand casualties from several days of armed combat in capital.March: Following Portugal's honoring ally Britain's request to confiscate German shipping in Portuguese harbors, Germany declares war on Portugal; Portugal enters World War I on Allied side.Portugal organizes and dispatches Portuguese Expeditionary Corps to fight on the Western Front. 9 April: Portuguese forces mauled by German offensive in Battle of Lys. Food rationing and riots in Lisbon. Portuguese military operations in Mozambique against German expedition's invasion from German East Africa. 5 December: Authoritarian, presidentialist government under Major Sidónio Pais takes power in Lisbon, following a successful military coup.1918 11 November: Armistice brings cessation of hostilities on Western Front in World War I. Portuguese expeditionary forces stationed in Angola, Mozambique, and Flanders begin return trip to Portugal. 14 December: President Sidónio Pais assassinated. Chaotic period of ephemeral civil war ensues.1919-21 Excessively unstable political period, including January1919 abortive effort of Portuguese monarchists to restore Braganza dynasty to power. Republican forces prevail, but level of public violence, economic distress, and deprivation remains high.1921 October: Political violence attains peak with murder of former prime minister and other prominent political figures in Lisbon. Sectors of armed forces and Guarda Nacional Republicana are mutinous. Year of financial and corruption scandals, including Portuguese bank note (fraud) case; military court acquits guilty military insurrectionists, and one military judge declares "the country is sick."28 May: Republic overthrown by military coup or pronunciamento and conspiracy among officer corps. Parliament's doors locked and parliament closed for nearly nine years to January 1935. End of parliamentary republic, Western Europe's most unstable political system in this century, beginning of the Portuguese dictatorship, after 1930 known as the Estado Novo. Officer corps assumes reins of government, initiates military censorship of the press, and suppresses opposition.February: Military dictatorship under General Óscar Carmona crushes failed republican armed insurrection in Oporto and Lisbon.April: Military dictatorship names Professor Antônio de Oliveira Salazar minister of finance, with dictatorial powers over budget, to stabilize finances and rebuild economy. Insurrectionism among military elements continues into 1931.1930 Dr. Salazar named minister for colonies and announces balanced budgets. Salazar consolidates support by various means, including creation of official regime "movement," the National Union. Salazar engineers Colonial Act to ensure Lisbon's control of bankrupt African colonies by means of new fiscal controls and centralization of authority. July: Military dictatorship names Salazar prime minister for first time, and cabinet composition undergoes civilianization; academic colleagues and protégés plan conservative reform and rejuvenation of society, polity, and economy. Regime comes to be called the Estado Novo (New State). New State's constitution ratified by new parliament, the National Assembly; Portugal described in document as "unitary, corporative Republic" and governance influenced by Salazar's stern personality and doctrines such as integralism, Catholicism, and fiscal conservatism.1936 Violent instability and ensuing civil war in neighboring Spain, soon internationalized by fascist and communist intervention, shake Estado Novo regime. Pseudofascist period of regime features creation of imitation Fascist institutions to defend regime from leftist threats; Portugal institutes "Portuguese Youth" and "Portuguese Legion."1939 3 September: Prime Minister Salazar declares Portugal's neutrality in World War II. October: Anglo-Portuguese agreement grants naval and air base facilities to Britain and later to United States for Battle of the Atlantic and Normandy invasion support. Third Reich protests breach of Portugal's neutrality.6 June: On day of Allies' Normandy invasion, Portugal suspends mining and export of wolfram ore to both sides in war.8 May: Popular celebrations of Allied victory and Fascist defeat in Lisbon and Oporto coincide with Victory in Europe Day. Following managed elections for Estado Novo's National Assembly in November, regime police, renamed PIDE, with increased powers, represses opposition.1947 Abortive military coup in central Portugal easily crushed by regime. Independence of India and initiation of Indian protests against Portuguese colonial rule in Goa and other enclaves.1949 Portugal becomes founding member of NATO.1951 Portugal alters constitution and renames overseas colonies "Overseas Provinces." Portugal and United States sign military base agreements for use of air and naval facilities in Azores Islands and military aid to Lisbon. President Carmona dies in office, succeeded by General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58). July: Indians occupy enclave of Portuguese India (dependency of Damão) by means of passive resistance movement. August: Indian passive resistance movement in Portuguese India repelled by Portuguese forces with loss of life. December: With U.S. backing, Portugal admitted as member of United Nations (along with Spain). Air force general Humberto Delgado, in opposition, challenges Estado Novo's hand-picked successor to Craveiro Lopes, Admiral Américo Tomás. Delgado rallies coalition of democratic, liberal, and communist opposition but loses rigged election and later flees to exile in Brazil. Portugal joins European Free Trade Association (EFTA).January and February: Estado Novo rocked by armed African insurrection in northern Angola, crushed by armed forces. Hijacking of Portuguese ocean liner by ally of Delgado, Captain Henrique Galvão. April: Salazar defeats attempted military coup and reshuffles cabinet with group of younger figures who seek to reform colonial rule and strengthen the regime's image abroad. 18 December: Indian army rapidly defeats Portugal's defense force in Goa, Damão, and Diu and incorporates Portugal's Indian possessions into Indian Union. January: Abortive military coup in Beja, Portugal.1965 February: General Delgado and his Brazilian secretary murdered and secretly buried near Spanish frontier by political police, PIDE.1968 August and September: Prime Minister Salazar, aged 79, suffers crippling stoke. President Tomás names former cabinet officer Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor. Caetano institutes modest reforms in Portugal and overseas.1971 Caetano government ratifies amended constitution that allows slight devolution and autonomy to overseas provinces in Africa and Asia. Right-wing loyalists oppose reforms in Portugal. 25 April: Military coup engineered by Armed Forces Movement overthrows Estado Novo and establishes provisional government emphasizing democratization, development, and decolonization. Limited resistance by loyalists. President Tomás and Premier Caetano flown to exile first in Madeira and then in Brazil. General Spínola appointed president. September: Revolution moves to left, as President Spínola, thwarted in his program, resigns.March: Military coup by conservative forces fails, and leftist response includes nationalization of major portion of economy. Polarization between forces and parties of left and right. 25 November: Military coup by moderate military elements thwarts leftist forces. Constituent Assembly prepares constitution. Revolution moves from left to center and then right.March: Constitution ratified by Assembly of the Republic. 25 April: Second general legislative election gives largest share of seats to Socialist Party (PS). Former oppositionist lawyer, Mário Soares, elected deputy and named prime minister.1977-85 Political pendulum of democratic Portugal moves from center-left to center-right, as Social Democratic Party (PSD) increases hold on assembly and take office under Prime Minister Cavaco Silva. July1985 elections give edge to PSD who advocate strong free-enterprise measures and revision of leftist-generated 1976 Constitution, amended modestly in 1982.1986 January: Portugal joins European Economic Community (EEC).1987 July: General, legislative elections for assembly give more than 50 percent to PSD led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva. For first time, since 1974, Portugal has a working majority government.1989 June: Following revisions of 1976 Constitution, reprivatization of economy begins, under PS government.January: Presidential elections, Mário Soares reelected for second term. July: General, legislative elections for assembly result in new PSD victory and majority government.January-July: Portugal holds presidency of the Council of the European Economic Community (EEC). December: Tariff barriers fall as fully integrated Common Market established in the EEC.November: Treaty of Maastricht comes into force. The EEC officially becomes the European Union (EU). Portugal is signatory with 11 other member-nations.October: General, legislative elections for assembly result in PS victory and naming of Prime Minister Guterres. PS replace PSD as leading political party. November: Excavations for Lisbon bank uncover ancient Phoenician, Roman, and Christian ruins.January: General, presidential elections; socialist Jorge Sampaio defeats PSD's Cavaco Silva and assumes presidency from Dr. Mário Soares. July: Community of Portuguese Languages Countries (CPLP) cofounded by Portugal and Brazil.May-September: Expo '98 held in Lisbon. Opening of Vasco da Gama Bridge across Tagus River, Europe's longest (17 kilometers/ 11 miles). June: National referendum on abortion law change defeated after low voter turnout. November: National referendum on regionaliza-tion and devolution of power defeated after another low voter turnout.October: General, legislative elections: PS victory over PSD lacks clear majority in parliament. Following East Timor referendum, which votes for independence and withdrawal of Indonesia, outburst of popular outrage in streets, media, and communications of Portugal approves armed intervention and administration of United Nations (and withdrawal of Indonesia) in East Timor. Portugal and Indonesia restore diplomatic relations. December: A Special Territory since 1975, Colony of Macau transferred to sovereignty of People's Republic of China.January-June: Portugal holds presidency of the Council of the EU; end of Discoveries Historical Commemoration Cycle (1988-2000).United Nations forces continue to occupy and administer former colony of East Timor, with Portugal's approval.January: General, presidential elections; PS president Sampaio reelected for second term. City of Oporto, "European City of Culture" for the year, hosts arts festival. December: Municipal elections: PSD defeats PS; socialist prime minister Guterres resigns; President Sampaio calls March parliamentary elections.1 January: Portugal enters single European Currency system. Euro currency adopted and ceases use of former national currency, the escudo. March: Parliamentary elections; PSD defeats PS and José Durão Barroso becomes prime minister. Military modernization law passed. Portugal holds chairmanship of Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE).May: Municipal law passed permitting municipalities to reorganize in new ways.June: Prime Minister Durão Barroso, invited to succeed Romano Prodi as president of EU Commission, resigns. Pedro Santana Lopes becomes prime minister. European Parliament elections held. Conscription for national service in army and navy ended. Mass grave uncovered at Academy of Sciences Museum, Lisbon, revealing remains of several thousand victims of Lisbon earthquake, 1755.February: Parliamentary elections; PS defeats PSD, socialists win first absolute majority in parliament since 1975. José Sócrates becomes prime minister.January: Presidential elections; PSD candidate Aníbal Cavaco Silva elected and assumes presidency from Jorge Sampaio. Portugal's national soccer team ranked 7th out of 205 countries by international soccer association. European Union's Bologna Process in educational reform initiated in Portugal.July-December: Portugal holds presidency of the Council of the European Union. For reasons of economy, Portugal announces closure of many consulates, especially in France and the eastern US. Government begins official inspections of private institutions of higher education, following scandals.2008 January: Prime Minister Sócrates announces location of new Lisbon area airport as Alcochete, on south bank of Tagus River, site of air force shooting range. February: Portuguese Army begins to receive new modern battle tanks (Leopard 2 A6). March: Mass protest of 85,000 public school (primary and secondary levels) teachers in Lisbon schools dispute recent educational policies of minister of education and prime minister. -
117 económico
adj.1 economic, economical, saving, sparing.2 cost-reducing, cost-cutting, cash-saving, economical.3 economic, related to economics.4 cheap to run, economic, cost-effective.5 inexpensive, cheap, low-priced, knockdown.* * *► adjetivo1 (gen) economic2 (barato) cheap, economical, inexpensive3 (persona) thrifty, careful with money\crisis económica economic crisis, recession* * *(f. - económica)adj.1) economic2) economical* * *ADJ1) [gen] economic; [año] fiscal, financial2) (=barato) economical, inexpensiveedición económica — cheap edition, popular edition
3) (=ahorrativo) thrifty; pey miserlyECONÓMICO ¿"Economic" o "economical"? ► El adjetivo económico se traduce por economic cuando se refiere al comercio o las finanzas: China ha vivido cinco años de reformas económicas China has lived through five years of economic reforms ... el ritmo del crecimiento económico...... the pace of economic growth... ► Económico se traduce por economical cuando se usa para describir algo que presenta una buena relación calidad-precio: Resulta más económico tener un coche de gasoil It is more economical to have a diesel-engined car Economic se puede usar en inglés para traducir rentable: Mantendremos las tarifas altas para que el servicio resulte rentable We shall keep the fares high to make the service economic Para otros usos y ejemplos ver la entrada* * *- ca adjetivo1) <crisis/situación> economic (before n); <problema/independencia> financial2)a) <piso/comida> cheap; <restaurante/hotel> cheap, inexpensiveb) ( que gasta poco) < motor> economical; < persona> thrifty* * *- ca adjetivo1) <crisis/situación> economic (before n); <problema/independencia> financial2)a) <piso/comida> cheap; <restaurante/hotel> cheap, inexpensiveb) ( que gasta poco) < motor> economical; < persona> thrifty* * *económico11 = economic, financial, fiscal, monetary, monied, pecuniary, budget, moneyed.Ex: Generally, the availability of centralised cataloguing records will, if the economic aspects are favourable, encourage uniformity.
Ex: SIA in the United Kingdom covers information on travel and transport, economics in EEC countries, construction of nuclear power stations, and financial information.Ex: The effect of fiscal pressures is particularly evident for government on-line systems, such as DOE/RECON.Ex: For example, if the local currency is Belgian francs, monetary amount are always entered in whole francs.Ex: This will shift the dynamics of information flow to policymakers to favour monied special interests, which threatens the democratic process.Ex: George Watson Cole refers to his mental derangement and pecuniary embarrassment.Ex: The aricle has the title ' budget CD-Rewritable drives: to get the best deal, buy a CD-RW drive that's not top of the line'.Ex: It is generally recognized that collecting money from moneyed deadbeats is as much a social problem as street thuggery.* apoyo económico = financial backing.* ayuda económica = fund assistance, financial assistance, grant money, grant, cash grant.* bache económico = economic doldrums.* brigada de delitos económicos = fraud squad.* burbuja económica = price bubble.* capacidad económica = earning capacity, earning power.* capital económico = financial capital.* Clasificación Industrial General de las Actividades Económicas = General Industrial Classification of Economic Activities (NACE).* clima económico = economic climate.* comprobación de las necesidades económicas = means-testing, means test.* comprobar las necesidades económicas = means test.* Comunidad Económica Europea (CEE) = European Economic Community (EEC).* con poco recursos económicos = low-budget.* crisis económica = economic crisis, economic slump, difficult economic times, economic depression, economic doldrums.* crisis económica mundial = global economic slump.* cuestión económica = economic issue, financial issue.* depresión económica = economic depression, economic doldrums.* de recesión económica = recessionary.* desastre económico = financial disaster, economic disaster.* desde un punto de vista económico = economically.* de un modo económico = economically.* donación económica = monetary donation.* donación económica de fundación = endowment fund.* económico-técnico = economic-technical.* eficacia económica = economic efficiency.* ejercicio económico = business year, accounting year.* en tiempos de recesión económica = in recessionary times.* equiparación económica = economic levelling.* estatus económico = economic status.* evaluación de las necesidades económicas = means-testing, means test.* evaluar las necesidades económicas = means test.* fondo económico = funds.* hastiado de la recesión económica = recession-weary.* historiador económico = economic historian.* incertidumbre económica = economic uncertainty.* índice económico = economic index.* influencia económica = economic influence.* información económica = business news.* informe económico = economic report.* interés económico = economic interest.* mala racha económica = economic doldrums.* medida económica = economic measure.* memoria económica = economic report.* modelo económico = economic model.* necesidad económica = economic necessity, economic need.* nivelación económica = economic levelling.* no económico = non-economic [noneconomic].* pasar apuros económicos = lead + a precarious existence.* política económica = political economy.* político-económico = politico-economic.* presión económica = economic pressure.* que se concede en función de las necesidades económicas = means-tested.* recesión económica = economic recession, difficult economic times, economic depression.* recortes económicos = economic retrenchment.* recuperación económica = economic recovery.* reforma económica = economic reform.* respaldo económico = financial backing.* riesgo económico = financial risk.* sanción económica = economic penalty, economic sanction.* sistema económico = economic system.* situación económica = economic status.* situación económica, la = economics of the situation, the.* socioeconómico = socioeconomic [socio-economic].* teoría económica = economic theory.* trastorno económico = economic upheaval.* valor económico = economic value, monetary worth.económico22 = cheap [cheaper -comp., cheapest -sup.], cost-effective [cost effective], economical, inexpensive, cost-efficient [cost efficient], dollar-saving, money-saving, thrifty [thriftier -comp., thriftiest -sup.], cut-price, cut-rate, affordable.Ex: These indexes are both cheap and quick to produce.
Ex: OFFSEARCH is a means of running a search overnight on more than one data base, in a cost-effective mode.Ex: Fixed length fields the are economical on storage space, and records using fixed length fields are quick and easy to code.Ex: a microcomputer will need an inexpensive software package in order to suitable for external communication.Ex: Good libraries are a cost-efficient integral part of an effective correctional programme in a detention centre.Ex: The article 'Two dollar-saving search tips' explains how to eliminate duplicate citations when printing out search results.Ex: It is ironic that reduced funding may threaten money-saving automation plans.Ex: As such, the library serves a large blue collar population of thrifty, hardworking people with a predilection toward conservatism in lifestyle and thought.Ex: Turkey is heavily promoted by tour operators as an idyllic holiday destination, the cut-price alternative to Greece or Cyprus.Ex: Most of these cut-rate laptops include a one-year parts and labor warranty.Ex: Information will become more affordable, accessible, and plentiful.* alojamiento económico = budget accommodation.* de forma económica = cost-effectively.* de un modo económico = thriftily.* de un modo poco económico = wastefully.* hotel económico = budget hotel.* * *económico -caA ‹crisis/situación› economic ( before n)tienen problemas económicos they have financial problemsB1 ‹piso/comida› cheap; ‹restaurante/hotel› cheap, inexpensive2 (que gasta poco) ‹motor› economical; ‹persona› thrifty* * *
económico◊ -ca adjetivo
1 ‹crisis/situación› economic ( before n);
‹problema/independencia› financial
2
‹restaurante/hotel› cheap, inexpensive
‹ persona› thrifty
económico,-a adjetivo
1 (país, empresa) economic
(persona) financial: tienen problemas económicos, they have financial troubles
2 (barato) economical, inexpensive: el traje me salió muy económico, the suit was very cheap
comidas económicas, cheap meals
3 (persona ahorradora) thrifty
Recuerda que el adjetivo economic, relativo a la economía, no es igual al adjetivo economical, que significa económico, barato.
' económico' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
ajuste
- ámbito
- beneficio
- bloqueo
- desajuste
- despegue
- económica
- ejercicio
- holgura
- nivel
- respaldo
- revés
- auge
- clima
- desbarajuste
- orden
- plan
- refugiado
- sostén
English:
budget
- business
- cheap
- diner
- ease
- economic
- economical
- fall back on
- financial
- inexpensive
- thrifty
- wasteful
- café
- economics
- support
- third
- uneconomical
* * *económico, -a adj1. [asunto, doctrina, crisis] economic;la política económica del gobierno the government's economic policy;una familia con problemas económicos a family with financial problems;mi situación económica es desesperante my financial situation is desperate2. [barato] cheap, low-cost;pagándolo al contado te sale más económico it works out cheaper if you pay in cash3. [que gasta poco] [motor, aparato] economical;[persona] thrifty* * *adj1 economic2 ( barato) economical* * *económico, -ca adj: economic, economical* * *económico adj1. (de la economía) economic2. (que gasta poco) economical3. (que cuesta poco) inexpensive -
118 tax
tax [tæks]1. noun• before/after tax avant/après l'impôt• how much tax do you pay? combien d'impôts payez-vous ?a. [+ goods] taxer ; [+ income, person] imposer ; [+ patience] mettre à l'épreuve ; [+ strength] éprouverb. ( = accuse) to tax sb with (doing) sth accuser qn de (faire) qch3. adjective[system, incentive] fiscal4. compounds• for tax purposes pour des raisons fiscales ► tax return noun (feuille f de) déclaration f de revenus* * *[tæks] 1. 2.transitive verb1) imposer [earnings, person]; taxer [luxury goods]2) Automobile3) ( strain) mettre [quelque chose] à l'épreuve [patience] -
119 taxation
taxation [tæk'seɪʃən]1 noun (UNCOUNT)∎ taxation at source prélèvement m de l'impôt à la source, imposition f à la source(system) fiscal►► taxation authorities administration f fiscale, fisc m;taxation year année f fiscale d'imposition, exercice m fiscal -
120 CULTURE, LITERATURE, AND LANGUAGE
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Dictionary of Brazilian Literature. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1988.■ TRAVEL AND TOURIST GUIDES ON PORTUGAL■ Ballard, Sam, and Jane Ballard. Pousadas of Portugal: Unique Lodgings in State-owned Castles, Palaces, Mansions and Hotels. Boston: Harvard Common, 1986.■ Bridge, Ann, and Susan Lowndes Marques. The Selective Traveller in Portugal. London: Chatto & Windus, 1968.■ Ellingham, Mark, et al. Portugal: The Rough Guide. London: Rough Guides, 2008 ed.■ Hogg, Anthony. Travellers' Portugal. London: Solo Mio, 1983.■ Kite, Cynthia, and Ralph Kite. Portuguese Country Inns & Pousadas. New York: Warner Books; Karen Brown's Country Inn Series, 1988.■ Lowndes, Susan, ed. Fodor's Portugal 1991. New York: Fodor's, 1990.■ Proença Raúl, and Sant'anna Dionísio, eds. Guía De Portugal. I. Generalidades. Lisboa E, Arredores. Lisbon: Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian, 1924; 1983.■ Robertson, Ian. Portugal: Blue Guide. London: Benn; New York: Norton, 2000 and later eds.■ Stoop, Anne de. Living in Portugal. Paris and New York: Flammarion, 1995. Wright, David, and Patrick Swift. Minho and North Portugal: A Portrait and Guide. New York: Scribners, 1968.■. Lisbon: A Portrait and Guide. New York: Scribners, 1971.■. Algarve: A Portrait and Guide. New York: Scribners, 1973.■ HISTORY OF PORTUGAL Ancient and Medieval (2000 BCE-1415 CE)■ Alarção, Jorge de. Roman Portugal. Volume I: Introduction. Warminster, U.K., 1988.■ Almeida, Fortunato de. História de Portugal. Vol. I. Coimbra, 1922. Arnaut, Salvador Dias. A Crise Nacional dos fins do século XVI. Vol. 1. Coimbra, 1960.■ Baião, Antônio, Hernani Cidade, and Manuel Múrias, eds. História de Expansão Portuguesa no Mundo, 3 vols. Lisbon, 1937-40. Caetano, Marcello. Lições de História do Direito Português. Coimbra, 1962. Cortesão, Jaime. Os Factores Democráticos no Formação de Portugal. Lisbon, 1960.■ David, Pierre. Etudes Historiques sur la Galice et le Portugal du VI au XII siécle. Paris, 1947.■ Dias, Eduardo Mayone. Portugal's Secret Jews: The End of an Era. Rumford, R.I.: Peregrinação Publications, 1999. Diffie, Bailey W. Prelude to Empire: Portugal Overseas before Henry the Navigator. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1960. Dutra, Francis A. "Portugal: To 1279." Dictionary of the Middle Ages. Vol. X: 35-48. New York: Scribners, 1987.■. "Portugal: 1279-1481." Dictionary of the Middle Ages. Vol. X: 48-56. New York: Scribners, 1987. Gama Barros, Henrique de. História de Administração Pública em Portugal nos séculos XII à XV, 11 vols. Lisbon, 1945-51. Godinho, Vitorino Magalhães. A Economia dos Descobrimentos Henriquinos. Lisbon, 1962.■ Gonzaga de Azevedo, Luís. História de Portugal, 6 vols. Lisbon, 1939-44.■ Herculano, Alexandre. História de Portugal, 8 vols., 9th ed. Lisbon, 1940.■ Kennedy, Hugh. Muslim Spain and Portugal: A Political History of al-Anda-lus. London: Longman, 1996.■ Lencastre e Tavora, Luía Gonzaga. O Estudo da Sigilografia Medieval Portuguesa. Lisbon, 1990.■ Livermore, H. V. The Origins of Spain and Portugal. London: Allen & Unwin, 1971.■ Lopes, David. "Os Árabes nas obras de Alexandre Herculano." Boletim da Segunda Classe. Lisbon: Academia Real das Sciéncias, III (1909-10). MacKendrick, Paul. The Iberian Stones Speak. New York: Funk & Wagnalls, 1969.■ Martinez, Pedro Soares. História Diplomática De Portugal [chapter I, 114315]. Lisbon, 1986.■ Mattoso, José, ed. A Nobreza Medieval Portuguesa: A Família e o Poder. Lisbon: Estampa, 1981.■. Religião e cultura na Idade Média Portuguesa. Lisbon: Imprensa Nacional, 1982.■. Identificaçao de um país ( ensaio sobre as orígens de Portugal), 2 vols. Lisbon: Estampa, 1985.■. Novos Ensaios de História Medieval Portuguesa. Lisbon: Edit. Presença, 1988.■. Historia de Portugal. Vol. 2: A Monarquia Feudal ( 1096-1480). Lisbon: Estampa, 1993.■ Oliveira Marques, A. H. de. Hansa e Portugal na Idade Média. Lisbon, 1959.■. Introduçao à História da Agricultura em Portugal. Lisbon, 1968.■. Daily Life in Portugal in the Middle Ages. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1971.■. Ensaios de História Medieval Portuguesa. Lisbon, 1980.■. "Introduçao à História da Cidade Medieval Portuguesa." Bracara Augusta XXV, 92-93 (January-December 1981): 367-87.■. Guía do Estudante de História Medieval Portuguesa, 3rd ed. Lisbon, 1985.■. Portugal Na Crise Dos Séculos XIV e XV-Vol. IV of Serrão and Oliveira Marques, Nova História de Portugal. Lisbon, 1987.■ Peres, Damião de, ed. História de Portugal. Vols. I, II. Barcelos, 1928-29.■ Rau, Virginia. Subsídios para o estudo das Feiras Medievais Portuguesas. Lisbon, 1943.■. Sesma'rias Medievais Portuguesas. Lisbon, 1946.■ Ribeiro, Orlando. "Portugal, formação de." Dicionário da História de Portugal. Vol. III, 432-51. Lisbon, 1966.■ Rogers, Francis M. The Travels of the Infante Dom Pedro of Portugal. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1961.■ Russell, P. E. The English Intervention in Spain and Portugal in the Time of Edward III and Richard II. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1955.■ Savory, H. N. Spain and Portugal: The Prehistory of the Iberian Peninsula. New York: Thames and Hudson, 1968.■ Silva, Armando Coelho Ferreira. A Cultura Castreja no Noroeste de Portugal. Pacos de Ferreira, 1986.■ Varagnac, André. O Homem antes da Escrita ( Pre-história). Lisbon, 1963.■ Azevedo, J. Lúcio de. História de António de Vieira, 2 vols. Lisbon, 1918-20.■. Épocas de Portugal Económico. Lisbon, 1929.■ Borges de Macedo, Jorge. Problemas de História de Indústria Portuguesa no Século X VIII. Lisbon, 1963.■. "Pombal." Dicionário de História de Portugal. Vol. III, 415-23. Lisbon, 1968.■ Bovill, Edward W. The Battle of the Alcazar: An Account of the Defeat of Dom Sebastian at El-Ksar el-Kebir. London, 1952.■ Boxer, C. R. Four Centuries of Portuguese Expansion, 1415-1825: A Succinct Survey. Johannesburg, South Africa: Witwaterstrand University Press, 1961.■. The Portuguese Seaborne Empire 1415-1825. London: Hutchinson, 1969.■. João de Barros: Portuguese Humanist and Historian of Asia. New Delhi, India: Xavier Centre, 1981.■ Cheke, Marcus. Dictator of Portugal: A Life of the Marquis of Pombal, 16991782. London: Sidgwick & Jackson, 1938.■ Cunha, Luís da. Testamento Político. Lisbon, 1820.■ Davidson, Lillias C. Catherine of Bragança. London: John Murray, 1908.■ Dutra, Francis A. "Membership in the Order of Christ in the Seventeenth Century." The Americas 27 (1970): 3-25.■ Eberlein, H. D., and R. W. Ramsdell. The Practical Book of Italian, Spanish and Portuguese Furniture. Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1927.■ Ericeira, Luís de Meneses [Count of]. História de Portugal Restaurado, 4 vols. Oporto, 1945.■ Fisher, H. E. S. "Anglo-Portuguese Trade, 1700-70." Economic History Review XVI, 2 (1963): 219-33.■ Francis, A. D. The Methuens and Portugal: 1691-1708. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1966.■ Hanson, Carl A. Economy and Society in Baroque Portugal, 1668-1703. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1981.■ Herculano, Alexandre. History of the Origin and Establishment of the Inquisition in Portugal. New York: AMS Press, 1968 reprint.■ Kendrick, T. D. The Lisbon Earthquake. London: Methuen, 1956.■ Livermore, H. V. "The Privileges of an Englishman in the Kingdom and Dominions of Portugal." Atlante 11 (1954): 57-77.■ Macauley, Neil. Dom Pedro: The Struggle for Liberty in Brazil and Portugal, 1798-1834. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 1986.■ Macauley, Rose. They Went to Portugal. London: Jonathan Cape, 1946.■. They Went to Portugal, Too. London: Carcanet, 1990.■ Magalhães Godinho, Vitorino. Prix et Monnaies au Portugal. Paris, 1955.■. "Portugal and Her Empire." In New Cambridge Modern History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, Vol. V (1961): 384-97; Vol. VI (1961): 509-10.■. A Economia dos descobrimentos henri-quinos. Lisbon, 1962.■. Estructura da Antiga Sociedade Portuguesa. 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Paris, 1976.■ Pulido Valente, Vasco. "E Viva Otelo." In Pulido Valente, V., ed., O País das Maravilhas, 451-54. Lisbon, 1979 [anthology of articles from weekly Lisbon paper, Expresso].■. Estudos Sobre a Crise Nacional. Lisbon, 1980.■ Rebelo de Sousa, Marcelo. O Sistema de Governo Português antes e depois da Revisão Constitucional, 3rd ed. Lisbon, 1981. Rêgo, Raúl. Militares, Clérigos e Paisanos. Lisbon, 1981. Robinson, Richard A. H. Contemporary Portugal: A History. London: Allen & Unwin, 1979.■ Rodrigues, Avelino, Cesário Borga, and Mário Cardoso. O Movemento dos Capitães e o 25 de Abril. Lisbon, 1974.■. Portugal Depois De Abril. Lisbon, 1976.■ Ruas, H. B., ed. A Revolução das Flores. Lisbon, 1975.■ Rudel, Christian. La Liberte couleur d'oeillet. Paris: Fayard, 1980.■ Sa, Tiago Moreira de. Os Americanos na Revolucao Portuguesa ( 1974-1976). Lisbon: Edit. Noticias, 2004.■ Sá Carneiro, Francisco. Por Uma Social-Democracia Portuguesa. Lisbon, 1975.■ Sanches Osôrio, Helena. Um Só Rosto. Uma Só Fé. Conversas Com Adelino Da Palma Carlos. Lisbon, 1988. Sanches Osôrio, J. The Betrayal of the 25th of April in Portugal. Madrid: Sedmay, 1975.■ Schmitter, Philippe C. "Liberation by Golpe: Retrospective Thoughts on the Demise of Authoritarian Rule in Portugal." Armed Forces and Society 2 (1974): 5-33.■. "An Introduction to Southern European Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Italy, Greece, Portugal, Spain and Turkey." In G. O'Donnell,■ P. C. Schmitter, and L. Whitehead, eds., Transitions from Authoritarian Rule, 3-10. Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986.■ Silva, Fernando Dioga da. "Uma Administração Envelhecido." Revista da Ad-ministraçao Pública 2 (Oct.-Dec. 1979).■ Simões, Martinho, ed. Relatório Do 25 De Novembro: Texto Integral, 2 vols. Lisbon, 1976.■ Soares, Isabel, ed. Mário Soares: O homem e o político. Lisbon, 1976. Soares, Mário. Democratização e Descolonização: Dez meses no Governo Provisório. Lisbon, 1975. Sobel, Lester A., ed. Portuguese Revolution, 1974-1976. New York: Facts on File, Inc., 1976.■ Spínola, Antônio de. Portugal e o Futuro. Lisbon, 1974.■. País Sem Rumo: Contributo para a História de uma Revolução. Lisbon, 1978.■ Story, Jonathan. "Portugal's Revolution of Carnations: Patterns of Change and Continuity." International Affairs 52 (July 1976): 417-34. Sweezey, Paul. "Class Struggles in Portugal." Monthly Review 27, 4 (Sept. 1975): 1-26.■ Szulc, Tad. "Lisbon and Washington: Behind Portugal's Revolution." Foreign Policy 21 (Winter 1975-76): 3-62. Tavares de Almeida, Antônio. Balsemão: O retrato. Lisbon, 1981. "Vasco." Desenhos Políticos. Lisbon, 1974.■ Vasconcelos, Alvaro. "Portugal in Atlantic-Mediterranean Security." In Douglas T. Stuart, ed., Politics and Security in the Southern Region of the Atlantic Alliance, 117-36. London: Macmillan, 1988.■ Wheeler, Douglas L. "Golpes militares e golpes literários. A literatura do golpe de 25 de Abril de 1974 em contexto histôrico." Penélope. Fazer E Desfazer A História, 19-20 (1998): 191-212.■. "Tributo ao Historiador dos Historiadores. Memorias de A.H.de Oliveira Marques (1933-2007)," Historia XXIX, 95, III series (March 2007), 18-22.■ Wiarda, Howard J. Transcending Corporatism? The Portuguese Corporative System and the Revolution of 1974. Columbia: Institute of International Studies, University of South Carolina, 1976.■. The Transition to Democracy in Spain and Portugal. Washington, D.C.: American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, 1989. Wise, Audrey. Eyewitness in Revolutionary Portugal. With a Preface by Judith Hart, MP. London: Spokesman, 1975.■ PHYSICAL FEATURES: GEOGRAPHY, GEOLOGY, FAUNA, AND FLORA■ Birot, Pierre. Le Portugal: Étude de géographie régionale. Paris, 1950.■ Embleton, Clifford. Geomorphology of Europe. London: Macmillan, 1984.■ Girão, Aristides de Amorim. Divisão regional, divisão agrícola e divisão administrativa. Coimbra, 1932.■. Condições geográficos e históricas de autonomia política de Portugal. Coimbra, 1935.■. Atlas de Portugal, 2nd ed. Coimbra, 1958.■ Ribeiro, Orlando. Portugal, O Mediterrâneo e o Altântico. Coimbra, 1945 and later eds.■. Portugal. Volume V of Geografia de Espana y Portugal. Barcelona, 1955.■. Ensaios de Geografia Humana e regio nal. Lisbon, 1970.■. A geografia e a divisão regional do país. Lisbon, 1970.■ Stanislawski, Dan. The Individuality of Portugal. Austin: The University of Texas Press, 1959.■. Portugal's Other Kingdom: The Algarve. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1963.■ Taylor, Albert William. Wild Flowers of Spain and Portugal. London: Chatto & Windus, 1972.■ Way, Ruth, and Margaret Simmons. A Geography of Spain and Portugal. London: Methuen, 1962.■ ARCHAEOLOGY AND PREHISTORY■ "Actas do Colóquio Inter-Universitário do Noroeste Peninsular (Porto-Baião, 1988), vol. II, Proto-História, romanização e Idade Média." In Trabalhos de antropologia e etnologia. 28, 3-4 (1988).■ Alarcão, Jorge de, ed. "Do Paleolítico va arte visigótica." Vol. 1, História da■ Arte em Portugal. Lisbon: Alfa, 1986.■. Roman Portugal, 3 vols. Warminister, U.K.: Aris & Phillips, 1988.■. Portugal Das Orígens A Romanização. Vol. I. In J. Serrão and A. H. de Oliveira Marques, eds. Nova História de Portugal. Lisbon: Presença, 1990. Anderson, James M., and M. S. Lea. Portugal 1001 Sights: An Archaeological and Historical Guide. Calgary, Alberta: University of Calgary and Robert Hale, 1994.■ Balmuth, Miriam S., Antonio Gilman, and Lourdes Prados-Torreira, eds. Encounters and Transformations: The Archaeology of Iberia in Transition. Monographs in Mediterranean Archaeology, no. 7. Sheffield, U.K.: Sheffield Academic Press, 1997.■ Beirão, C. M. M. Une civilization protohistorique du Sud au Portugal ( 1er Age du Fer). Paris: D. Boccard, 1986.■ Cardoso, João Luís, Santinho A. Cunha, and Delberto Aguiar. O Homem Pre-Histórico no Concelho de Oeiras. Oeiras, Portugal: Estudos Arquelógicos de Oeiras, 1991.■ Harrison, Richard J. The Bell Beaker Cultures of Spain and Portugal. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1977.■ Mangas, Júlio, ed. Hispania epigraphica. Madrid, 1989.■ Maloney, Stephanie J. "The Villa of Toerre de Palma, Portugal: Archaeology and Preservation." Portuguese Studies Review VIII, 1 (Fall-Winter, 1999-2000): 14-28.■ Savory, H. N. Spain and Portugal: The Prehistory of the Iberian Peninsula. London, 1968.■ Silva, A. C. F. A cultura castreja no Noroeste de Portugal. Paços de Ferreira:■ Museu da Citânia de Sanfins, 1986. Straus, L. G. Iberia before the Iberians. Albuquerque, N.M., 1992.■ FOREIGN TRAVELERS AND RESIDENTS' ACCOUNTS■ Andersen, Hans Christian. A Visit to Portugal 1866. London: Peter Owen, 1972.■ Beckford, William. Italy, with Sketches of Spain and Portugal. Paris: Baudry's European Library, 1834.■ Boyd Alexander, ed. London: Hart-Davies, 1954.■. Recollections of an Excursion to the Monasteries of Alcoboca and Batalha. Fontwell, U.K.: Centaur Press, 1972.■ Bell, Aubrey F. G. In Portugal. London: Bodley Head, 1912.■ Borrow, George. The Bible in Spain, 2 vols. London: Constable, 1923 ed.■ Chaves, Castelo Branco. Os livros de viagens em Portugal no século XVIII e a sua projecção europeia. Lisbon, 1977.■ Costigan, Arthur William. Sketches of Society and Manners in Portugal. London: T. Vernon, 1787.■ Crawfurd, Oswald. Portugal Old and New. London: Kegan, Paul, 1880.■. Round the Calendar in Portugal. London: Chapman & Hall, 1890.■ Darymple, William. Travels through Spain and Portugal in 1774. London: J. Almon, 1777.■ Dumouriez, Charles Francois Duperrier. An Account of Portugal as It Appeared in 1766. London: C. Law, 1797.■ Fielding, Henry. Jonathan Wild and the Journal of a Voyage to Lisbon. London: J. M. Dent, 1932.■ Fullerton, Alice. To Portugal for Pleasure. London: Grafton, 1945.■ Gibbons, John. I Gathered No Moss. London: Robert Hale, 1939.■ Gordon, Jan, and Cora Gordon. Portuguese Somersault. London: Harrap, 1934.■ Hewitt, Richard. A Cottage in Portugal. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996.■ Huggett, Frank. South of Lisbon: Winter Travels in Southern Portugal. London: Gollancz, 1960.■ Hume, Martin. Through Portugal. London: Richards, 1907.■ Hyland, Paul. Backwards Out of the Big World: A Voyage into Portugal. Hammersmith, U.K.: HarperCollins, 1996.■ Jackson, Catherine Charlotte, Lady. Fair Lusitania. London: Bentley, 1874.■ Kelly, Marie Node. This Delicious Land Portugal. London: Hutchinson, 1956.■ Kempner, Mary Jean. Invitation to Portugal. New York: Athenaeum, 1969.■ Kingston, William H. G. Lusitanian Sketches of the Pen and Pencil. 2 vol. London: Parker, 1845.■ Landmann, George. Historical, Military and Picturesque Observations on Portugal. 2 vol. London: Cadell and Davies, 1818.■ Latouche, John [Pseudonym of Oswald Crawfurd]. Travels in Portugal. London: Ward, Lock & Taylor, ca. 1874.■ Link, Henry Frederick. Travels in Portugal and France and Spain. London: Longman & Rees, 1801.■ Macauley, Rose. They Went to Portugal. London: Jonathan Cape, 1946.■. They Went to Portugal, Too. Manchester: Carcanet Books, 1990.■ Merle, Iris. Portuguese Panorama. London: Ouzel, 1958.■ Murphy, J. C. Travels in Portugal. London: 1795.■ Proper, Datus C. The Last Old Place: A Search through Portugal. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1992.■ Quillinan, Dorothy [Wordsworth]. Journal of a Few Months in Portugal with Glimpses of the South of Spain. 2 vol. London: Moxon, 1847. Sitwell, Sacheverell. Portugal and Madeira. London: Batsford, 1954. Smith, Karine R. Until Tomorrow: Azores and Portugal. Snohomish, Wash.: Snohomish Publishing, 1978. Southey, Robert. Journals of a Residence in Portugal, 1800-1801 and a Visit to France, 1838. London and New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1912. Thomas, Gordon Kent. Lord Byron's Iberian Pilgrimage. Provo, Utah: Brigham Young University Press, 1983. Twiss, Richard. Travels through Portugal and Spain in 1772-1773. London, 1775.■ Watson, Gilbert. Sunshine and Sentiment in Portugal. London: Arnold, 1904. Wheeler, Douglas L. "A[n American] Fulbrighter in Lisbon, Portugal, 196162." Portuguese Studies Review 1 (1991): 9-16.■ PORTUGUESE CARTOGRAPHY, DISCOVERIES, AND NAVIGATION■ Albuquerque, Luís de. Curso de História de Naútica. Coimbra, 1972.■. Introdução a história dos descobrimentos, 3rd ed. Mem Martins, 1983.■. Os Descobrimentos Portugueses. Lisbon: Alfa, 1983.■. Portuguese Books on Nautical Science from Pedro Nunes to 1650. Lisbon, 1984.■. Os Descobrimentos Portugueses. Lisbon, 1985.■ Boorstin, Daniel. The Discoverers. New York: Random House, 1983. Boxer, C. R. The Portuguese Seaborne Empire, 1415-1825. London: Hutchinson, 1969.■ Brazão, Eduardo. La découverte de Terre-Neuve. Montreal: Les Presses de l'Université, 1964.■. "Les Corte-Real et le Nouveau Monde." Revue d'histoire d'Amérique Française 19, 1 (1965): 335-49. Cortesão, Armando, and Avelino Teixeira de Mota. Cartografia Portuguesa Antiga. Lisbon, 1960.■. Portugalia Monumenta Cartográfica, 6 vols. Lisbon, 1960-62.■. História da Cartografia Portuguesa, 2 vols. Coimbra, 1969-70.■ Cortesão, Jaime. L'expansion des portugais dans l'historie de la civilisation. Brussels, 1930.■. Os descobrimentos portugueses, 2 vols. V. Magalhães Godinho and Joel Serrão, eds. Lisbon, 1960.■. A expansão dos Portugueses no período henriquinho. Lisbon, 1965.■. Descobrimentos precolombanos dos portugueses. Lisbon, 1966.■ Costa, Abel Fontoura da. A Marinharia dos Descobrimentos, 3rd ed. Lisbon, 1960.■ Costa Brochado, Idalino F. Descobrimento do Atlântico. Lisbon, 1958. English ed., 1959-60.■ Coutinho, Admiral Gago. A naútica dos descobrimentos, 2 vols. Lisbon, 1951-52.■ Crone, G. R. Maps and Their Makers. New York: Capricorn Books, 1966.■ Dias, José S. da Silva. Os descobrimentos e a problemática cultural do Século XVI, 2nd ed. Lisbon, 1982.■ Disney, Anthony, and Emily Booth, eds. Vasco Da Gama and the Linking of Europe and Asia. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2000.■ Godinho, Vitorino Magalhães, ed. Documentos sobre a expansão portuguesa [ to 1460], 3 vols. Lisbon, 1945-54.■ Guedes, Max, and Gerald Lombardi, eds. Portugal. Brazil: The Age of Atlantic Discoveries. Lisbon: Bertrand; Milan: Ricci; Brazilian Culture Foundation, 1990. [Catalogue of New York Public Library Exhibit, Summer 1990]■ Harley, J. B., and David Woodward. The History of Cartography. Volume 1: Cartography in Prehistoric, Ancient and Medieval Europe and Mediterranean. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987.■ Leite, Duarte. História dos Descobrimentos: Colectânea de esparsos, 2 vols. Lisbon, 1958-61.■ Ley, Charles. Portuguese Voyages, 1498-1663. London: Dent, 1953.■ Marques, J. Martins da Silva. Descobrimentos portugueses, 2 vols. Lisbon, 1944-71.■ Martyn, John R. C., ed. Pedro Nunes ( 1502-1578): His Lost Algebra and Other Discoveries. John R. C. Martyn, trans. New York: Peter Lang, 1996.■ Morison, Samuel Eliot. The European Discovery of America: The Northern Voyages, A. D. 500-1600. New York: Oxford University Press, 1971.■. Portuguese Voyages to America in the Fifteenth Century. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1974.■ Mota, Avelino Teixeira da. Mar, Além-Mar-Estudos e Ensaios de História e Geografia. Lisbon, 1972.■ Nemésio, Vitorino. Vida e Obra do Infante D. Henrique. Lisbon, 1959.■ Parry, J. H. The Discovery of the Sea. New York: Dial, 1974.■ Penrose, Boies. Travel and Discovery in the Renaissance, 1420-1620. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1952.■ Peres, Damião. História dos Descobrimentos Portugueses. Oporto, 1943.■ Prestage, Edgar. The Portuguese Pioneers. London, 1933; New York: Barnes & Noble, 1967.■ Rogers, Francis M. Precision Astrolabe: Portuguese Navigators and Transoceanic Aviation. Lisbon, 1971.■ Seary, E. R. "The Portuguese Element in the Place Names of Newfoundland." In Luís Albuquerque, ed., Vice-Almirante A. Teixeira da Mota: In Memo-riam. Vol. II, 359-64. Lisbon: Academia da Marinha, 1989.■ Subrahmanyam, Sanjay. The Career and Legend of Vasco Da Gama. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.■ Velho, Alvaro. Roteiro ( Navigator's Route) da Primeira Viagem de Vasco da Gama ( 1497-1499). Lisbon, 1960.■ Winius, George, ed. Portugal, the Pathfinder: Journeys from the Medieval toward the Modern World 1300-ca. 1600. Madison, Wisc.: Hispanic Seminary of Medieval Studies, 1995.■ PORTUGAL AND HER OVERSEAS EMPIRES (1415-1975)■ Abshire, David M., and Michael A. Samuels, eds. Portuguese Africa: A Handbook. New York: Praeger, 1969.■ Afonso, Aniceto, and Carlos de Matos Gomes. Guerra Colonial. Lisbon: Noticias, 2001.■ Albuquerque, J. Moushino de. Moçambique. Lisbon, 1898.■ Alden, Dauril. The Making of an Enterprise: The Society of Jesus in Portugal, Its Empire & Beyond. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1995.■ Alexandre, Valentim. Orígens do Colonialismo Português Moderno ( 18221891). Lisbon: Sá da Costa, 1979.■, and Jill Dias, eds. "O Império Africano 1825-1890. Volume X." In J.■ Serrão and A. H. de Oliveira Marques, eds., Nova História Da Expansão Portuguesa. Lisbon: Estampa, 1998.■ Ames, Glen J. "The Carreira da India, 1668-1682: Maritime Enterprise and the Quest for Stability in Portugal's Asian Empire." Journal of European Economic History 20, 1 (1991): 7-28.■. Renascent Empire? The House of Braganza and the Quest for Stability in Portuguese Monsoon Asia, ca. 1640-1683. Amsterdam: Amsterdam Univ.Press, 2000.■. Vasco da Gama. Renaissance Crusader. New York: Pearson/Longman, 2005.■ Antunes, José Freire. O Império com Pés de Barro: Colonizaçao e Descolonização: As Ideologias em Portugal. Lisbon: D. Quixote, 1980.■. O Factor Africano 1890-1990. Lisbon: Bertrand, 1990.■. A Guerra De Africa 1961-1974, 2 vols. Lisbon: Círculo de Leitores, 1995-96.■. Jorge Jardim: Agente Secreto 1919-1982. Lisbon: Bertrand, 1996.■ Axelson, Eric A. South-East Africa, 1488-1530. London: Longmans, 1940.■. "Prince Henry and the Discovery of the Sea Route to India." Geographical Journal (U.K.) 127, 2 (June 1961): 145-58.■. Portugal and the Scramble for Africa, 1875-1891. Johannesburg: Witwaterstrand University Press, 1967.■. Portuguese in South-East Africa, 1488-1699. Cape Town: Struik, 1973.■. Congo to Cape: Early Portuguese Explorers. New York: Harper & Row, 1974.■ Azevedo, Mário. Historical Dictionary of Mozambique, 2nd ed. Lanham, Md.: Scarecrow Press, 2003.■ Baião, António, Hernãni Cidade, and Manuel Murias, eds. História da Expansão Portuguesa no Mundo, 4 vols. Lisbon, 1937-40.■ Bender, Gerald J. "The Limits of Counterinsurgency [in the Angolan War, 1961-72]." Comparative Politics (1972): 331-60.■. Angola under the Portuguese: The Myth Versus Reality. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1978.■ Bhíla, H. H. K. Trade and Politics in a Shona Kingdom: The Manyika and Their Portuguese and African Neighbours, 1875-1902. Harlow, U.K.: Longman, 1990.■ Birmingham, David. The Portuguese Conquest of Angola. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1965.■. Trade and Conflict in Angola. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1966.■. Frontline Nationalism in Angola & Mozambique. London: James Currey, 1992.■. Portugal and Africa. New York: St. Martins, 1999.■ Bottineau, Yves. Le Portugal Et Sa Vocation Maritime. Paris: Boccard, 1977. Boxer, C. R. Fidalgos in the Far East— Fact and Fancy in the History of Macau. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1948. ———. The Christian Century in Japan. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1951.■ ———. Salvador de Sá and the Struggle for Brazil and Angola, 1602-1688. London, 1952.■ ———. Four Centuries of Portuguese Expansion, 1415-1825: A Succinct Survey. Johannesburg: Witwaterstrand University Press, 1961.■ ———. The Golden Age of Brazil, 1695-1750. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1962.■ ———. Race Relations in the Portuguese Colonial Empire, 1415-1825. Oxford:■ Clarendon Press, 1963. ———. Portuguese Society in the Tropics. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1965.■ ———. The Portuguese Seaborne Empire 1415-1825. London: Hutchi nson, 1969.■ ———, and Carlos de Azevedo, eds. Fort Jesus and the Portuguese in Mombasa. London: Hollis and Carter, 1960.■ Broadhead, Susan H. Historical Dictionary of Angola, 2nd ed. Metuchen, N.J.: Scarecrow Press, 1992.■ Burton, Richard. Goa and the Blue Mountains. London: Bentley, 1851.■ Cabral, Luís. Crónica da Libertação. Lisbon, 1984.■ Caetano, Marcello. Colonizing Traditions, Principles and Methods of the Portuguese. Lisbon, 1951.■ ———. Portugal E A Internacionalização Dos Problemas Africanos, 3rd ed. Lisbon, 1965.■ Cann, John P. Counterinsurgency in Africa: The Portuguese Way of War, 1961-1974. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1997. Castelo, Claudia. " O modo portugues de estar no mundo." O luso-tropicalismo e a ideologia colonial portuguesa ( 1931-1961). Oporto: Afrontamento, 1998. Castro, Armando. O Sistema Colonial Português em Africa ( meados do Século XX). Lisbon, 1978.■ Chaliand, Gerard. "The Independence of Guinea-Bissau and the Heritage of [Amilcar] Cabral." In Revolution in the Third World. Harmondsworth, U.K.: Penguin, 1978.■ Chilcote, Ronald H. Portuguese Africa. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1967.■ Clarence-Smith, Gervase. Slaves, Peasants and Capitalists in Southern Angola 1840-1926. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979.■ ———. The Third Portuguese Empire 1825-1975: A Study in Economic Imperialism. Manchester, U.K.: Manchester University Press, 1985.■ Coates, Timothy J. Convicts and Orphans: Forced and State-Sponsored Colonizers in the Portuguese Empire, 1550-1720. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 2001.■ Davies, Shann. Macau. Singapore: Times Editions, 1986.■ Dias, C. Malheiro, ed. História da colonização portuguesa no Brasil, 3 vols. Oporto, 1921-24.■ Diffie, Bailey W., and George Winius. Foundations of the Portuguese Empire, 1415-1580. Minneapolis: Minnesota University Press, 1977.■ Disney, Anthony R. Twilight of the Pepper Empire: Portuguese Trade in Southwest India in the Early Seventeenth Century. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1978.■ ———, and Emily Booth, eds. Vasco Da Gama and the Linking of Europe and Asia. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2000.■ Duffy, James. Shipwreck and Empire: Being an Account of Portuguese Maritime Disaster in a Century of Decline. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1955.■ ———. Portuguese Africa. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1959. ———. Portugal in Africa. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1962.■. "The Portuguese Territories." In Colin Legum, ed., Africa: A Handbook to the Continent. New York: Holmes & Meier, 1967. ———. A Question of Slavery. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1967. Felgas, Hélio. História do Congo Português. Carmona, Angola, 1958. ———. Guerra em Angola. Lisbon, 1961.■ Galvão, Henrique, and Carlos Selvagam. O Império Ultramarino Português, 3 vols. Lisbon, 1953.■ Gleijeses, Piero. Conflicting Missions: Havana, Washington and Africa, 19591976. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2002.■ Godinho, Vitorino Magalhães. "Portugal and Her Empire." In The New Cambridge Modern History. Vol. V (1961): 384-97; Vol. VI (1963): 509-TO.■ Grenfell, F. James. História da Igreja Baptista em Angola, 1879-1975. Queluz, Portugal: Núcleo, 1998.■ Hammond, Richard J. "Economic Imperialism: Sidelights on a Stereotype." Journal of Economic History XXI, 4 (1961): 582-98.■ ———. Portugal and Africa, 1815-1910: A Study in Uneconomic Imperialism. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1966.■ Hanson, Carl. Portugal and the Wider World 1147-1497. New Orleans, La.: University Press of the South, 2001.■ Harris, Marvin. Portugal's African Wards. New York: American Committee on Africa, 1957.■ ———. "Portugal's Contribution to the Underdevelopment of Africa and Brazil." In Ronald H. Chilcote, ed., Protest & Resistance in Angola & Brazil: Comparative Studies, 209-23. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1972.■ Henderson, Lawrence W. Angola: Five Centuries of Conflict. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1979. ———. A Igreja Em Angola. Lisbon: Edit. Além-Mar, 1990. Heywood, Linda. Contested Power in Angola 1840s to the Present. Rochester, N.Y.: University of Rochester Press, 2000.■ Hilton, Anne. The Kingdom of Kongo. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1985.■ Hower, Alfred, and Richard Preto-Rodas, eds. Empire in Transition: The Portuguese World in the Time of Camões. Gainesville: University Presses of Florida, 1985.■ Isaacman, Allen. "The Prazos da Coroa 1752-1830: A Functional Analysis of the Political System." STUDIA (Lisbon) 26 (1969): 149-78.■. 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Paris: Librarie Generale de Droit, 1961. Pereira da Moura, Francisco. Para onde vai e economia portuguesa? Lisbon, 1973.■ Pintado, V. Xavier. Structure and Growth of the Portuguese Economy. Geneva: EFTA, 1964.■ Pitta e Cunha, Paulo. "Portugal and the European Economic Community." In L. S. Graham and D. L. Wheeler, eds., In Search of Modern Portugal, 321-38. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1983.■. "The Portuguese Economic System and Accession to the European Community." In E. Sousa Ferreira and W. C. Opello, Jr., eds., Conflict and Change in Portugal, 1974-1984, 281-300. Lisbon, 1985. Porto, Manuel. "Portugal: Twenty Years of Change." In Alan Williams, ed., Southern Europe Transformed, 84-112. London: Harper & Row, 1984. Quarterly Economic Review. London: The Economist Intelligence Unit, 1974-present.■ Salgado de Matos, Luís. Investimentos Estrangeiros em Portugal. Lisbon, 1973 and later eds.■ Schmitt, Hans O. Economic Stabilisation and Growth in Portugal. Washington, D.C.: International Monetary Fund, 1981.■ Smith, Diana. Portugal and the Challenge of 1992. New York: Camões Center, RIIC, Columbia University, 1989.■ Tillotson, John. The Portuguese Bank Note Case [ 1920s]: Legal, Economic and Financial Approaches to the Measure of Damages in Contract. Manchester, U.K.: Faculty of Law, University of Manchester, 1992.■ Tovias, Alfred. Foreign Economic Relations of the Economic Community: The Impact of Spain and Portugal. Boulder, Colo.: Rienner, 1990.■ Valério, Nuno. A moeda em Portugal, 1913-1947. Lisbon: Sá da Costa, 1984.■. As Finanças Públicas Portuguesas Entre As Duas Guerras Mundiais. Lisbon: Cosmos, 1994.■ World Bank. Portugal: Current and Prospective Economic Trends. Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 1978 and to the present.■ PHOTOGRAPHY ON PORTUGAL■ Alves, Afonso Manuel, Antônio Sacchetti, and Moura Machado. Lisboa. Lisbon, 1991.■ Antunes, José. Lisboa do nosso olhar; A look on Lisbon. Lisbon: Câmara Municipal de Lisboa, 1991. Beaton, Cecil. Near East. London: Batsford, 1943.■. Lisboa 1942: Cecil Beaton, Lisbon 1942. Lisbon: British Historical Society of Portugal/Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian, 1995.■ Bottineau, Yves. Portugal. London: Thames & Hudson, 1957.■ Câmara Municipal de Lisboa. 7 Olhares ( Seven Viewpoints). Lisbon: Câmara Municipal de Lisboa, 1998.■ Capital, A. Lisboa: Imagens d'A Capital. Lisbon: Edit. Notícias, 1984.■ Dias, Marina Tavares. Photographias de Lisboa, 1900 ( Photographs of Lisbon, 1900). Lisbon: Quimera, 1991.■. Os melhores postais antigos de Lisboa ( The best old postcards of Lisbon). Lisbon: Químera, 1995.■ Finlayson, Graham, and Frank Tuohy. Portugal. London: Thames & Hudson, 1970.■ Glassner, Helga. Portugal. Berlin-Zurich: Atlantis-Verlag, 1942. Hopkinson, Amanda, ed. Reflections by Ten Portuguese photographers. Bark-way, U.K.: Frontline/Portugal 600, 1996.■ Lima, Luís Leiria, and Isabel Salema. Lisboa de Pedra e Bronze. Lisbon, 1990.■ Martins, Miguel Gomes. Lisboa ribeirinha ( Riverside Lisbon). Lisbon: Arquivo Municipal, Câmara Municipal de Lisboa, Livros Horizonte, 1994. Vieira, Alice. Esta Lisboa ( This Lisbon). Lisbon: Caminho, 1994. Wohl, Hellmut, and Alice Wohl. Portugal. London: Frederick Muller, 1983.■ EQUESTRIANISM■ Andrade, Manoel Carlos de, Luz da Liberal e Nobre Arte da Cavallaria. Lisbon, 1790.■ Graciosa, Filipe. Escola Portuguesa de Arte Equestre. Lisbon, 2004.■ Horsetalk Magazine. Published in New Zealand.■ Oliveira, Nuno. Reflections on the Equestrian Art. London, 2000.■ Russell, Eleanor, ed. The Truth in the Teaching of Nuno Oliveira. Stanhope,■ Queensland, Australia, 2003. Vilaca, Luis V., and Pedro Yglesias d'Oliveira, eds. LUSITANO. Coudelarias De Portugal. O Cavalo ancestral do Sudoeste da Europa. Lisbon: ICONOM, 2005.■ Websites of interest: www.equestrian.pt portugalweb.comHistorical dictionary of Portugal > CULTURE, LITERATURE, AND LANGUAGE
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