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  • 101 sprinkling

    noun

    a sprinkling of snow/sugar/dust — eine dünne Schneedecke / Zucker- / Staubschicht

    there was only a sprinkling of holidaymakers on the beach — nur ein paar vereinzelte Urlauber waren am Strand

    * * *
    noun (a small amount or a few: There were mostly women at the meeting but there was a sprinkling of men.) ein paar
    * * *
    sprin·kling
    [ˈsprɪŋklɪŋ]
    n
    2. usu sing (light covering)
    top each ice cream with a generous \sprinkling of fresh mint bestreuen Sie jedes Eis mit reichlich frischer Minze
    a \sprinkling of salt eine Prise Salz
    3. usu sing (smattering)
    ▪ a \sprinkling of... ein paar...
    a \sprinkling of grey hairs/men ein paar graue Haare/Männer
    a \sprinkling of knowledge eine leise Ahnung
    * * *
    ['sprIŋklɪŋ]
    n
    (of rain, dew etc) ein paar Tropfen; (of sugar etc) Prise f; (fig, of humour, comedy etc) Anflug m; (of common sense) Spur f

    there was a sprinkling of young people — es waren ein paar vereinzelte junge Leute da

    * * *
    1. → academic.ru/69901/sprinkle">sprinkle C 1, C 2, C 3
    2. a sprinkling of fig ein bisschen, etwas, eine Spur, ein paar Leute etc, ein wenig Zucker etc
    * * *
    noun

    a sprinkling of snow/sugar/dust — eine dünne Schneedecke / Zucker- / Staubschicht

    English-german dictionary > sprinkling

  • 102 rosca


    rosca sustantivo femenino
    a) (de tornillo, tuerca) thread;
    pasarse de rosca: el tornillo se pasó de rosca the screw isn't biting; te has pasado de rosca (fam) you've gone too far
    b) (Bol, Col) (círculo, grupo) clique, set

    rosca sustantivo femenino
    1 Culin ring-shaped cake o bread roll
    2 (de un tornillo, tuerca, etc) thread
    tapón de rosca, screw top Locuciones: hacerle la rosca a alguien, to butter up: os hace la rosca, he's just buttering you up
    no comerse una rosca, not to get anywhere with women/men
    pasarse de rosca, (un tornillo) to have a stripped thread (una persona) to go too far ' rosca' also found in these entries: Spanish: tapón - casquillo - tapa English: screw - screw top - thread

    English-spanish dictionary > rosca

  • 103 report

    rɪˈpɔ:t
    1. сущ.
    1) а) отчет, доклад, рапорт, донесение, сообщение;
    рассказ, описание событий to confirm a report ≈ подтверждать сообщение to draw up, make out, write, write out, write up a report ≈ готовить доклад to file, give, make, present, submit a report ≈ делать доклад, сообщение accurate report ≈ точное сообщение biased, slanted report ≈ необъективный доклад She filed a report about the incident. ≈ Она выпустила сообщение о происшествии. the annual report to stockholders ≈ годовой отчет для акционеров We have heard reports that the road is closed. ≈ Мы слышали информацию о том, что дорога закрыта. annual report classified report confidential report daily report detailed report exhaustive report favourable report firsthand report incident report majority report minority report negative report newspaper report objective report oral report positive report restricted report secret report top secret report traffic report unfavourable report weather report written report Syn: account, story, version б) молва, слух the report goes Syn: rumour в) воен. донесение;
    рапорт г) отчет и оценка профильным комитетом законопроекта
    2) юр. обвинение (документ, речь прокурора)
    3) а) репутация, слава (обычно с положительными коннотациями) Syn: repute, fame, reputation б) табель успеваемости
    4) а) звенящее эхо( обычно от звука взрыва, выстрела) б) фейерверк, заряд для салюта, производящий, помимо прочего, какой-л. звук
    2. гл.
    1) а) сообщать, описывать, рассказывать;
    давать отчет, отчитываться, предоставлять отчет, рапорт They were report to be safe. ≈ Передали, что они в безопасности. It was reported that they were safe. ≈ Передали, что они в безопасности. I'll report you to the police if you don't stop annoying me. ≈ Я сообщу о вас в полицию, если вы не перестанете мне докучать. it is reported Syn: tell, relate, narrate б) делать официальное сообщение, докладывать Your job is to attend all the meetings and report back to the committee. ≈ Ваша работа - присутствовать на всех заседаниях и предоставлять доклады об этом комитету. в) воен. доносить( о разведке) ;
    рапортовать Anyone entering the military camp must report to the guard-house. ≈ Любой, кто входит на территорию военного лагеря, должен доложить в караульную. г) передавать что-л., сказанное другим лицом, говорить с чьих-л. слов Syn: carry, convey, repeat д) составлять, давать отчет для прессы;
    давать, вести репортаж, сочинять заметку е) делать доклад от имени профильного комитета по законопроекту report out ≈ дать негативную оценку законопроекту
    2) говорить (в этом значении - полный синоним say)
    3) являться, представать How many men have reported for duty this morning? ≈ Сколько людей вышли на дежурство сегодня? report oneself report for work report to the police
    4) жаловаться на, выставлять обвинение (также юр.) I shall have to report you for repeated lateness. ≈ Мне придется написать докладную по поводу ваших регулярных опозданий.
    5) делать заряд для салюта со звуком ∙ report out report sick to move to report progress парл. ≈ внести предложение о прекращении дебатов (часто с целью обструкции) report progress доклад;
    сообщение;
    отчет (тж. для прессы) - final * окончательный доклад - interim * промежуточный доклад - progress * доклад о достигнутых результатах /о ходе работы/;
    (информатика) промежуточный отчет - weather * бюллетень погоды;
    метеорологическая сводка - a * on smth. доклад /отчет/ о чем-л. - we have received a favourable * on his work мы получили благоприятный отзыв о его работе - to present /to submit/ a * предоставить доклад /отчет/ - to draw up a * on an accident составить протокол о происшествии сообщение, известие (в печати и т. п.) - a news * газетное сообщение - first-hand * сообщение из первых рук;
    сообщение очевидца - to publish a * of a trial опубликовать отчет о судебном процессе (военное) донесение;
    рапорт;
    доклад - to submit a * представлять донесение запись судебных решений сборник судебных решений (тж. law *s) молва, слух - idle *s пустые разговоры /слухи/ - the * goes, * has it ходит слух, говорят - to know of smth. by mere * знать о чем-л. только по слухам /понаслышке/ - it is a matter of current * об этом говорят /знают/ все репутация, слава - to be of good * иметь хорошую репутацию табель успеваемости - terminal * табель успеваемости за семестр звук взрыва, выстрела > to be on * подлежать дисциплинарному взысканию сообщать;
    рассказывать;
    описывать - to * an accident to the police сообщить о происшествии в полицию - he *ed what he had seen он сообщил о том, что видел - the doctor *s a marked improvement доктор говорит, что есть заметное улучшение - it is *ed сообщают;
    говорят - it is *ed from Paris из Парижа сообщают - it is *ed that we are to have a new teacher говорят, что у нас будет новый преподаватель - he is *ed to be in Paris сообщают, что он в Париже делать официальное сообщение, заключение;
    докладывать;
    представлять отчет - to * to a superior докладывать начальнику - to * a vessel at the custom house дать сведения таможне о судне, команде и грузе - the Commission *s tomorrow комиссия делает доклад завтра - I have the honour to * имею честь сообщить - nothing to * никаких происшествий (военное) докладывать;
    доносить - to * clear докладывать об отсутствии противника - to * oneself sick докладывать о своей болезни составлять, помещать отчет (в газете) ;
    давать репортаж - to * a speech дать репортаж о выступлении работать репортером или корреспондентом - to * for a newspaper работать репортером в газете - for two sessions he *ed for the "Daily Mirror" в течение двух парламентских сессий он давал материалы для газеты "Дейли миррор" передавать услышанное - * my words to him передайте ему мои слова жаловаться( на кого-л.) ;
    выставлять обвинение - to * to a superior жаловаться начальнику - to * a rudeness жаловаться на грубость - to * smb. for insolence жаловаться на чью-л. дерзость - I'm *ing you to the police for dangerous driving я заявляю на вас в полицию за неосторожное управление автомобилем /за опасную езду/ (on, upon, of) отзываться - to * on /upon, of/ smb., smth. отзываться о ком-л., чем-л. - to * well on smb. хорошо отзываться о ком-л. - he is badly *ed on о нем поступают плохие отзывы - he *s well of the scheme он дал благоприятный отзыв /-ное заключение/ о плане являться, прибывать( куда-л.) - to * to the port authorities явиться в управление порта - to * to one's unit (военное) явиться в свою часть - to * for duty явиться на службу - Corporal Smith reporting for duty, Sir! (военное) капрал Смит прибыл за распоряжениями, сэр! - to * to the police регистрироваться в полиции - to * oneself заявить о своем прибытии;
    (спортивное) являться (на соревнование) - * yourself to the manager пойдите доложитесь управляющему - he *ed for work a few minutes before the night shift went on он явился на работу за несколько минут до начала ночной смены (to) подчиняться;
    находиться в подчинении или ведении - the commissioner *s directly to the minister комиссар подчиняется непосредственно министру > to * progress сообщать о положении дел;
    (парламентское) прекращать прения по законопроекту;
    откладывать( что-л.) > to move to * progress (парламентское) внести предложение о прекращении дебатов > to * a bill (парламентское) докладывать законопроект в парламенте перед третьим чтением accounting ~ бухгалтерский отчет annual ~ годовая сводка annual ~ годовой отчет annual ~ ежегодный отчет audit ~ заключение аудитора audit ~ отчет о результатах ревизии audit ~ протокол ревизии auditor's ~ отчет аудитора auditor's ~ отчет ревизора auditors' ~ аудиторский отчет auditors' ~ итог взаимных расчетов между сторонами по делу cash ~ бухгалтерский отчет chairman's ~ отчет председателя clean ~ беспристрастный отчет the Commission reports tomorrow комиссия делает доклад завтра committee ~ отчет комиссии consolidated annual ~ сводный годовой отчет consultant's ~ доклад советника court expert's ~ заключение судебного эксперта credit ~ отчет о кредитных операциях damage ~ сообщение об ущербе deficiency ~ претензия deficiency ~ рекламация deliver a ~ представлять отчет directors' ~ отчет правления discrepancy ~ протокол разногласий error ~ вчт. сообщение об ошибке examiners' ~ отчет лиц, назначенных судом для снятия свидетельских показаний expert's ~ отчет эксперта false ~ ложное сообщение file a ~ представлять отчет finance ~ финансовый отчет general ~ сводный отчет group annual ~ годовой отчет объединения group ~ отчет концерна house buyer's ~ недв. декларация о покупке дома ice ~ ледовый прогноз individual payment ~ отчет об индивидуальных платежах industry ~ отраслевой выпуск промышленной переписи industry ~ отраслевой статистический отчет inspection ~ акт приемки продукции insurance ~ страховой отчет interim ~ предварительное сообщение interim ~ предварительный отчет interim ~ промежуточный отчет inventory ~ отчет о состоянии и движении запасов it is reported говорят it is reported сообщается law ~ судебное решение long-form ~ подробный отчет make a ~ готовить доклад make a ~ готовить отчет market ~ обзор рыночной конъюнктуры market ~ обзор состояния рынка market ~ рыночный отчет medical ~ история болезни medical ~ медицинский отчет medical ~ медицинское донесение medical ~ медицинское заключение medical ~ протокол медицинского освидетельствования monthly ~ месячный отчет morning ~ утренняя сводка to ~ progress откладывать (что-л.) ;
    to move to report progress парл. внести предложение о прекращении дебатов (часто с целью обструкции) municipal ~ муниципальный отчет official ~ официальное сообщение official ~ официальный отчет official ~ официальный протокол oral ~ устное сообщение payment ~ отчет о платежах period under ~ отчетный период personal history ~ автобиография police ~ отчет полиции police ~ сообщение полиции preliminary ~ предварительное сообщение preliminary ~ предварительный отчет prepare a ~ готовить отчет present a ~ представлять отчет progress ~ доклад о ходе выполнения (программы) progress ~ отчет о выполнении работ progress ~ отчет о ходе работ progress ~ сообщение о состоянии дел project ~ отчет о выполнении проекта property ~ отчет о состоянии недвижимости public hearing ~ отчет о публичном слушании quarterly ~ квартальный отчет ~ делать официальное сообщение;
    докладывать;
    представлять отчет;
    to report a bill докладывать законопроект в парламенте перед третьим чтением ~ for hearing отчет для слушания дела в суде ~ for mortgage purposes отчет для получения ссуды под недвижимость ~ являться;
    to report oneself заявлять о своем прибытии (to) ;
    to report for work являться на работу;
    to report to the police регистрироваться в полиции ~ молва, слух;
    the report goes говорят;
    ходит слух ~ of board of directors отчет правления ~ of board of directors отчет совета директоров ~ of Board of Governors of FRS отчет совета управляющих Федеральной резервной системы ~ of board of management отчет совета управляющих ~ of proceedings протокол ~ of proceedings at meeting протокол заседания ~ of proceedings at meeting протокол собрания ~ of proceedings at meeting протокол совещания ~ on payment отчет о платежах ~ on proposed retrenchment отчет о предложенном сокращении расходов ~ on setoff сообщение о встречном требовании ~ являться;
    to report oneself заявлять о своем прибытии (to) ;
    to report for work являться на работу;
    to report to the police регистрироваться в полиции to ~ progress откладывать (что-л.) ;
    to move to report progress парл. внести предложение о прекращении дебатов (часто с целью обструкции) to ~ progress парл. прекращать прения по законопроекту to ~ progress сообщать о положении дел ~ являться;
    to report oneself заявлять о своем прибытии (to) ;
    to report for work являться на работу;
    to report to the police регистрироваться в полиции ~ to the police делать заявление в полицию ~ составлять, давать отчет (для прессы) ;
    to report (badly) well давать (не) благоприятный отзыв (о чем-л.) research ~ отчет о научно-исследовательской работе research ~ отчет о научных исследованиях sales ~ конъюнктурный обзор sales ~ отчет о продажах semiannual ~ полугодовой отчет social enquiry ~ доклад о социальном обследовании social inquiry ~ отчет об общественном расследовании special ~ специальный отчет status ~ вчт. информация о состоянии status ~ отчет о достигнутом прогрессе status ~ отчет о состоянии status ~ отчет о ходе работ statutory ~ предусмотренный уставом отчет submit a ~ направлять сообщение submit a ~ представлять доклад submit a ~ представлять отчет summary ~ сводный отчет survey ~ отчет об инспектировании survey ~ отчет об обследовании surveyor's ~ отчет эксперта technical ~ отчет о техническом состоянии technical ~ технический отчет trade ~ отчет о торговой деятельности trouble ~ вчт. сообщение о неисправностях unqualified audit ~ отчет о результатах полной ревизии valuation ~ отчет об оценке weather ~ бюллетень погоды weather ~ метеорологическая сводка weather ~ сводка погоды weather: ~ attr. относящийся к погоде;
    weather conditions метеорологические условия;
    weather report метеосводка;
    in the weather на улице, на дворе weekly ~ еженедельный отчет written ~ письменный отчет

    Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > report

  • 104 old

    1. [əʋld] n
    1. (the old) собир. старики

    old and young /young and old/ alike are football fans nowadays - среди болельщиков футбола есть и старики и молодёжь

    2. давнее прошлое, древность

    of old - в прежнее время, прежде

    men /people/ of old - люди доброго старого времени

    from of old - исстари, с прежних времён

    of old there were giants here - в давние времена эту местность населяли великаны

    2. [əʋld] a (older, уст. elder; oldest, уст. eldest)
    1. старый

    old horse [oak] - старая лошадь [-ый дуб]

    old land - с.-х. старопахотная почва, старопашка

    to grow /to get/ old - состариться

    he is old enough to know life better - в его возрасте пора лучше разбираться в жизни

    2. старческий; старообразный

    old face [voice, gait] - старческое лицо [-ий голос, -ая походка]

    to look old - выглядеть старым /старообразным/

    3. такого-то возраста, стольких-то лет

    how old is he? - сколько ему лет?

    4. старый, поношенный, обветшалый, потрёпанный

    old boots [clothes] - поношенная обувь [одежда]

    old rags - старьё; старое тряпьё

    your fooling grows old, and people dislike it - твои шутки стареют и перестают нравиться людям

    5. старинный; давнишний; существующий издавна

    old customs [traditions] - старинные обычаи [традиции]

    6. существовавший в прошлом; древний
    7. более ранний, более древний; относящийся к более отдалённому периоду

    our old literature - наша древняя /ранняя/ литература

    Old English [French, High German] - древнеанглийский [старофранцузский, древневерхненемецкий] язык

    8. давнишний, старый, привычный; хорошо известный

    old friend [customer, client] - давнишний /старый/ друг [покупатель, клиент]

    old familiar faces - привычные, знакомые лица

    old excuse - постоянное /привычное/ оправдание

    that's an old one! - это старо!

    9. бывший, прежний

    old soldier - бывший солдат [см. тж. ♢ ]

    old officer of the day - амер. воен. офицер, сменившийся с дежурства

    10. опытный (в чём-л.); долго занимавшийся (чем-л.)

    old campaigner - старый служака, ветеран

    old file - амер. воен. жарг. старослужащий

    an old hand - а) опытный /бывалый/ человек; an old hand at the work [at the game, at fishing] - опытный работник [игрок, рыбак /рыболов/]; he is an old hand at that - ≅ он на этом собаку съел; б) австрал. бывший заключённый

    11. закоренелый

    old bachelor - старый /закоренелый/ холостяк

    old in vice [in cunning] - закореневший в пороке [в коварстве]

    12. эмоц.-усил.
    1):

    my dear [good] old fellow - дорогой друг

    old girl - голубушка, милая

    old man /chap/ - старина, дружище

    2):

    to have a fine /a good, a high, a rare/ old time - хорошенько повеселиться

    13. геол. размытый, намытый; эрозийный

    ♢ the old Adam - греховность человеческой натуры

    old boat /crate, relic, tub, wreck/ - амер. шутл. «старая калоша», развалина ( об автомобиле)

    old thing /bean, egg, fruit, top/ - старина, дружище ( обращение)

    the old bird - ≅ стреляный воробей

    the old man - а) «старик» (муж или отец, глава семьи), «сам»; б) хозяин, начальник; босс, шеф; в) = the old Adam; г) горн. выработанное пространство

    the Old Man of the Sea - а) прилипчивый человек; б) бремя, обуза; неотвязная мысль; неотступно преследующая забота

    old maid - а) старая дева; б) чопорный нервный пожилой человек; в) простая детская карточная игра, ≅ «акулина»

    old lady - а) мать; б) жена; в) подружка

    old woman - а) «старуха», жена; б) суетливый пожилой мужчина; «баба»

    old Nick /Harry, Gentleman, adversary, enemy, gooseberry/ - эвф. дьявол, враг рода человеческого, сатана

    the old one - «старик», отец

    old salt /whale/ - опытный моряк, морской волк

    old soldier - а) бывалый человек; to come the old soldier (over smb.) - командовать (кем-л.), распоряжаться, держаться свысока; б) пустая бутылка; в) сл. окурок [см. тж. 9]

    old story /stuff/ - что-то устаревшее, часто повторяющееся

    old bones - шутл. а) старость; б) старик; старуха

    the old country - а) родина, отечество; б) амер. старая родина, страна отцов ( иммигранта); страна, откуда выехал иммигрант или его предки

    old master ( часто the Old Master) - а) один из великих художников периода XV-XVIII вв.; б) картина такого художника

    one's old Dutch = old woman а)

    as old as the hills /as Adam/ - а) старо как мир; быльём поросло; б) очень старый, древний

    as old as Methuselah - старый как Мафусаил, очень древний

    НБАРС > old

  • 105 cover

    1.
    ['kʌvə(r)]noun
    1) (piece of cloth) Decke, die; (of cushion, bed) Bezug, der; (lid) Deckel, der; (of hole, engine, typewriter, etc.) Abdeckung, die

    put a cover on or over — zudecken; abdecken [Loch, Fußboden, Grab, Fahrzeug, Maschine]; beziehen [Kissen, Bett]

    2) (of book) Einband, der; (of magazine) Umschlag, der; (of record) [Platten]hülle, die

    on the [front/back] cover — auf dem [vorderen/hinteren] Buchdeckel; (of magazine) auf der Titelseite/hinteren Umschlagseite

    3) (Post): (envelope) [Brief]umschlag, der

    under plain cover — in neutralem Umschlag

    [send something] under separate cover — [etwas] mit getrennter Post [schicken]

    4) in pl. (bedclothes) Bettzeug, das
    5) (hiding place, shelter) Schutz, der

    take cover [from something] — Schutz [vor etwas (Dat.)] suchen

    [be/go] under cover — (from bullets etc.) in Deckung [sein/gehen]

    under cover — (from rain) überdacht [Sitzplatz]; regengeschützt

    under cover of darkness — im Schutz der Dunkelheit

    6) (Mil.): (supporting force) Deckung, die
    7) (protection) Deckung, die

    give somebody/something cover — jemandem Deckung geben

    8) (pretence) Vorwand, der; (false identity, screen) Tarnung, die

    [insurance] cover — Versicherung, die

    10) (of song etc.)

    cover [version] — Coverversion, die

    2. transitive verb

    the roses are covered with greenfly — die Rosen sind voller Blattläuse

    somebody is covered in or with confusion/shame — (fig.) jmd. ist ganz verlegen/sehr beschämt

    2) (conceal, lit. or fig.) verbergen; (for protection) abdecken
    3) (travel) zurücklegen
    4) in p.p. (having roof) überdacht
    5) (deal with) behandeln; (include) abdecken
    6) (Journ.) berichten über (+ Akk.)
    7)

    £10 will cover my needs for the journey — 10 Pfund werden für die Reisekosten reichen

    8) (shield) decken
    9)

    cover oneself — (fig.) sich absichern; (Insurance)

    10) (aim gun at) in Schach halten (ugs.)
    11) (record new version of) covern
    Phrasal Verbs:
    - academic.ru/85790/cover_for">cover for
    * * *
    1. verb
    1) (to put or spread something on, over or in front of: They covered (up) the body with a sheet; My shoes are covered in paint.) bedecken
    2) (to be enough to pay for: Will 10 dollars cover your expenses?) decken
    3) (to travel: We covered forty miles in one day.) zurücklegen
    4) (to stretch over a length of time etc: His diary covered three years.) sich erstrecken über
    5) (to protect: Are we covered by your car insurance?) decken
    6) (to report on: I'm covering the race for the local newspaper.) berichten über
    7) (to point a gun at: I had him covered.) in Schach halten
    2. noun
    1) (something which covers, especially a cloth over a table, bed etc: a table-cover; a bed-cover; They replaced the cover on the manhole.) die Decke
    2) (something that gives protection or shelter: The soldiers took cover from the enemy gunfire; insurance cover.) die Deckung
    3) (something that hides: He escaped under cover of darkness.) der Schutz
    •
    - coverage
    - covering
    - cover-girl
    - cover story
    - cover-up
    * * *
    cov·er
    [ˈkʌvəʳ, AM -ɚ]
    I. n
    1. (spread) Abdeckung f; (flexible plastic case) Plane f; (for smaller objects) Hülle f; (cloth case) Kleiderhülle f; (protective top) Deckel m; (for bed) [Bett]decke f, Duvet nt SCHWEIZ; (for armchair, sofa) [Schon]bezug m
    cushion \cover Kissenbezug m, Polsterüberzug m ÖSTERR
    manhole \cover Schachtdeckel m
    quilt [or duvet] \cover Bettdeckenbezug m, Duvetbezug m SCHWEIZ
    ▪ the \covers pl das Bettzeug
    Ann burrowed down beneath the \covers Ann zog sich die Decke über den Kopf
    he threw back the \covers er warf die Bettdecke zurück
    3. (of a book) Einband m; of a magazine Titelseite f, Cover nt
    hard \cover gebundenes Buch, Hardcover nt
    soft \cover Taschenbuch nt
    to read a book from \cover to \cover ein Buch vom Anfang bis zum Ende lesen [o in einem durchlesen
    4. (envelope) Briefumschlag m, Couvert nt SCHWEIZ, Kuvert nt ÖSTERR
    under plain \cover in neutralem Umschlag
    under separate \cover mit getrennter Post
    5. no pl (shelter) Schutz m
    not many of the seats are under \cover nicht viele Sitze sind überdacht; (concealed)
    he ordered his men to stay under \cover er befahl seinen Männern, in ihren Verstecken zu bleiben
    under \cover of darkness im Schutz der Dunkelheit
    to take \cover somewhere sich akk irgendwo unterstellen
    I took \cover behind a wall/in a ditch/under the table ich versteckte mich hinter einer Wand/in einem Graben/unter dem Tisch
    6. no pl (for animals to hide) Dickicht nt, Unterholz nt
    to break \cover aus dem [schützenden] Unterholz hervorbrechen
    7. (concealing true identity) Tarnung f
    under \cover as getarnt als
    to blow sb's \cover jdn enttarnen [o auffliegen lassen
    8. no pl MIL Deckung f; (from bombs, gun attacks) Feuerschutz m
    9. no pl esp BRIT (insurance) Versicherungsschutz m, Deckung f
    do you have \cover against theft? sind Sie gegen Diebstahl versichert?
    to ask for additional \cover zusätzliche Deckung verlangen
    full \cover voller Versicherungsschutz
    third-party \cover Haftpflichtversicherung f
    comprehensive \cover Vollkaskoversicherung f
    to have \cover versichert sein, Versicherungsschutz haben
    to operate without adequate \cover keinen ausreichenden Versicherungsschutz haben
    10. ECON, FIN (security) Abdeckung f, Absicherung f
    do you have sufficient \cover for this loan? haben Sie ausreichende Sicherheiten für diesen Kredit?
    11. no pl (substitute) Vertretung f
    to provide \cover for sb jdn vertreten
    to provide emergency \cover einen Notdienst aufrechterhalten, eine Notfallversorgung gewährleisten
    12. MUS (recording) Coverversion f
    13.
    ▶ never judge a book by its \cover man sollte niemals nur nach dem Äußeren urteilen
    II. vt
    ▪ to \cover sth/sb etw/jdn bedecken; (against dust also) etw überziehen
    snow \covered the hills Schnee bedeckte die Hügel
    ▪ to be \covered [in [or with]] sth [mit etw dat] bedeckt sein
    my hands are \covered in ink/mud/paint meine Hände sind voller Tinte/Schlamm/Farbe
    how much of the Earth's surface is \covered by water? wie viel Prozent der Erdoberfläche liegt unter Wasser?
    \covered with blood voll Blut, blutig
    2. (to protect)
    ▪ to \cover sth/sb [with sth] etw/jdn [mit etw dat] abdecken
    they \covered him with a blanket sie deckten ihn mit einer Decke zu
    to \cover one's eyes/face with one's hands die Augen/das Gesicht mit den Händen bedecken
    3. (in order to hide)
    ▪ to \cover sth etw verdecken; ( fig) one's confusion etw überspielen
    4. (extend over)
    ▪ to \cover sth sich akk über etw akk erstrecken
    London \covers 1579 square kilometres [of land] London erstreckt sich über 1579 Quadratkilometer; ( fig)
    the new office will \cover the whole of Scotland das neue Büro ist für ganz Schottland zuständig
    to \cover a lot of ground eine große Strecke zurücklegen; (make progress) gut vorankommen; (be wide-ranging) sehr umfassend sein
    during the meeting we \covered a lot of ground wir sind bei der Sitzung gut vorangekommen
    to \cover 20 kilometres in two hours 20 km in zwei Stunden fahren
    6. (deal with)
    ▪ to \cover sth sich akk mit etw dat befassen, etw behandeln
    this leaflet \covers what we've just discussed in more detail in der Broschüre finden Sie Informationen zu dem, was wir gerade ausführlich besprochen haben
    do these parking restrictions \cover residents as well as visitors? gelten die Parkbeschränkungen sowohl für Anlieger als auch für Besucher?
    the new regulations \cover precisely where and when protest marches can take place in den neuen Regelungen ist genau festgehalten, wo und wann Protestmärsche stattfinden dürfen
    7. (be enough for)
    ▪ to \cover sth etw [ab]decken
    to \cover the costs die Kosten decken
    here's £20, will that \cover it? hier sind 20 Pfund, wird das reichen?
    ▪ to \cover sth über etw akk berichten
    the journalist was in Vietnam, \covering the war er war Kriegsberichterstatter in Vietnam
    9. (insure)
    ▪ to \cover sb/sth [against [or for] sth] jdn/etw [gegen etw akk] versichern
    are we \covered for accidental damage? sind wir gegen Unfallschäden versichert?
    the damage was \covered by the insurance der Schaden wurde von der Versicherung bezahlt
    to be fully \covered vollen Versicherungsschutz haben
    10. (earn enough to pay) etw [ab]decken [o sichern]
    the dividend is \covered four times das Verhältnis Gewinn-Dividende ist 4:1
    ▪ to \cover oneself [against sth] sich akk [gegen etw akk] absichern
    she tried to \cover herself by saying that... sie versuchte sich damit herauszureden, dass...
    12. MIL
    ▪ to \cover sb/sth jdn/etw decken; (give covering fire) jdm/etw Feuerschutz geben
    \cover me! gib mir Deckung!
    to \cover sb's retreat jds Rückzug decken
    13. (aim weapon at)
    ▪ to \cover sb seine Waffe auf jdn/etw richten
    hands up! I've got you \covered! Hände hoch! meine Waffe ist auf Sie gerichtet!
    14. (watch)
    ▪ to \cover sth etw bewachen
    15. (do sb's job)
    ▪ to \cover sth [for sb] etw [für jdn] übernehmen
    could you \cover my shift for me tomorrow? könnten Sie morgen meine Schicht übernehmen?
    16. (adopt song)
    to \cover a song einen Song covern fachspr, von einem Lied eine Coverversion aufnehmen
    17. ZOOL
    to \cover an animal ein Tier decken
    18.
    ▶ to \cover one's back sich absichern fig
    ▶ to \cover oneself with glory sich akk mit Ruhm bedecken
    ▶ to \cover a multitude of sins viel Unschönes verbergen
    ▶ to \cover one's tracks seine Spuren verwischen
    III. vi
    to \cover well/badly paint gut/schlecht decken
    * * *
    ['kʌvə(r)]
    1. n
    1) (= lid) Deckel m; (of lens) (Schutz)kappe f; (= loose cover on chair) Bezug m; (= cloth for typewriter, umbrella etc) Hülle f; (on lorries, tennis court) Plane f; (= sheet over merchandise, shop counter) Decke f, Tuch nt; (= blanket, quilt) (Bett)decke f

    he put a cover over her/it — er deckte sie/es zu

    2) (of book) Einband m; (of magazine) Umschlag m; (= dust cover) (Schutz)umschlag m

    to read a book from cover to cover — ein Buch von Anfang bis Ende or von der ersten bis zur letzten Seite lesen

    on the cover — auf dem Einband/Umschlag; (of magazine) auf der Titelseite, auf dem Titel(blatt)

    3) (COMM: envelope) Umschlag m
    4) no pl (= shelter, protection) Schutz m (from vor +dat, gegen); (MIL) Deckung f (from vor +dat, gegen)

    to take cover (from rain) — sich unterstellen, Schutz suchen (from vor +dat ); (Mil) in Deckung gehen (from vor +dat )

    these plants/the car should be kept under cover — diese Pflanzen sollten/das Auto sollte abgedeckt sein or (under roof)

    5) (HUNT) Deckung f

    to break cover — aus der Deckung hervorbrechen

    6) (Brit: place at meal) Gedeck nt

    she laid covers for six — sie deckte für sechs Personen, sie legte sechs Gedecke auf

    7) (Brit) (COMM, FIN) Deckung f; (= insurance cover) Versicherung f
    8) (= assumed identity) Tarnung f; (= front organization also) Deckung f
    9) (MUS) Coverversion f
    2. vt
    1) (= put cover on) bedecken; (= cover over) zudecken; (with loose cover) chair etc beziehen

    a covered wagon/way — ein Planwagen m

    you're all covered with dog hairs — du bist voller Hundehaare

    2) (= hide) surprise verbergen; mistake, tracks also verdecken
    3) (= protect) decken

    he only said that to cover himself — er hat das nur gesagt, um sich abzudecken or zu decken

    4) (= point a gun at etc) door etc sichern; sb decken; (= be on guard near) sichern

    I've got you covered! (with gun etc) — ich hab auf dich angelegt; ( fig, Chess etc ) ich hab dich

    5) (FIN) loan decken; expenses, costs also abdecken; (INSUR) versichern

    will £30 cover the drinks? — reichen £ 30 für die Getränke?

    he gave me £30 to cover the drinks — er gab mir £ 30 für Getränke

    6) (= take in, include) behandeln; (law also) erfassen; (= allow for, anticipate) possibilities, eventualities vorsehen
    7) (PRESS: report on) berichten über (+acc)
    8) (= travel) miles, distance zurücklegen
    9) (salesman etc) territory zuständig sein für
    10) (MUS) song neu interpretieren
    11) (animals = copulate with) decken
    12) (= play a higher card than) überbieten
    * * *
    cover [ˈkʌvə(r)]
    A s
    1. Decke f
    2. weitS. (Pflanzen-, Schnee-, Wolken- etc) Decke f
    3. Deckel m:
    under cover GASTR zugedeckt
    4. a) (Buch) Decke(l) f(m), Einband m:
    from cover to cover von der ersten bis zur letzten Seite
    b) Umschlag- oder Titelseite f
    c) (Schutz)Umschlag m
    5. Umhüllung f, Hülle f, Futteral n, Kappe f
    6. Überzug m, Bezug m
    7. a) TECH Schutzhaube f oder -platte f
    b) Abdeckhaube f (eines Plattenspielers etc)
    c) Schutzmantel m (von elektrischen Röhren)
    d) AUTO (Reifen) Decke f, Mantel m
    8. Briefumschlag m, Kuvert n:
    under same cover mit gleichem Schreiben, beiliegend;
    under separate cover mit getrennter Post;
    under plain cover in neutralem Umschlag
    9. under cover of unter der (Deck)Adresse von ( → A 16)
    10. Faltbrief m
    11. Philatelie: Ganzsache f
    12. Schutz m, Obdach n, Dach n:
    get under cover sich unterstellen
    13. Schutz m ( from gegen, vor dat):
    under cover of night im Schutze der Nacht
    14. MIL
    a) auch allg Deckung f ( from vor dat):
    take cover in Deckung gehen, Deckung nehmen;
    take cover! (in) Deckung!
    b) Sicherung f, Abschirmung f
    15. JAGD
    a) Lager n (von Wild)
    b) (schützendes) Dickicht:
    break cover ins Freie treten
    16. fig Tarnung f, Deckmantel m, Vorwand m:
    under cover of unter dem Deckmantel (gen), getarnt als ( → A 9);
    blow one’s cover auffliegen umg (Agent etc)
    17. Gedeck n (bei Tisch)
    18. WIRTSCH Deckung f, Sicherheit f:
    cover funds Deckungsmittel;
    cover ratio Deckungsverhältnis n (einer Währung)
    19. Versicherungsrecht: Abdeckung f, Versicherungsschutz m ( against gegen)
    B v/t
    1. ab-, be-, zudecken ( alle:
    with mit):
    covered with voll von;
    covered with dust staubbedeckt;
    covered in sweat schweißbedeckt, -gebadet;
    remain covered den Hut aufbehalten;
    cover o.s. with glory fig sich mit Ruhm bedecken oder bekleckern;
    cover a roof ein Dach decken; → glory A 1
    2. eine Fläche bedecken, einnehmen, sich über eine Fläche, auch eine Zeitspanne erstrecken
    3. Papier, Seiten vollschreiben
    4. überziehen, umwickeln, umhüllen, umspinnen:
    covered buttons überzogene Knöpfe
    5. einhüllen, -wickeln, -schlagen ( alle:
    in, with in akk)
    6. a) verdecken, -bergen (auch fig)
    b) oft cover up fig verhüllen, -hehlen, bemänteln:
    cover (up) one’s mistakes;
    cover up a scandal einen Skandal vertuschen
    7. auch fig (o.s. sich) decken, schützen ( beide:
    from, against vor dat, gegen):
    cover o.s. fig sich absichern
    8. MIL
    a) den Rückzug etc decken, schützen, abschirmen, sichern
    b) auch allg jemanden decken, jemandem Deckung geben
    c) ein Gebiet beherrschen, im Schussfeld haben
    d) ein Gelände bestreichen, (mit Feuer) belegen
    9. zielen auf (akk), in Schach halten:
    10. WIRTSCH Kosten decken, bestreiten:
    cover a loss einen Verlust decken;
    cover debts Schulden (ab)decken
    11. WIRTSCH versichern, abdecken ( beide:
    against gegen):
    be covered Versicherungsschutz haben oder genießen
    12. decken, genügen oder ausreichen für:
    13. umfassen, umschließen, einschließen, beinhalten, enthalten, behandeln:
    14. (statistisch, mit Radar, Werbung etc) erfassen
    15. ein Thema erschöpfend behandeln
    16. Presse, RADIO, TV berichten über (akk):
    17. eine Strecke zurücklegen:
    cover the ground fig alles (gründlich) durchnehmen oder bearbeiten oder behandeln;
    a) eine große Strecke zurücklegen,
    b) fig viel umfassen, weit gehen oder reichen
    18. einen Bezirk bereisen, bearbeiten:
    19. ein Gebiet versorgen, operieren in (dat):
    20. SPORT einen Gegenspieler decken
    21. jemanden beschatten, beobachten
    22. ZOOL ein Weibchen decken, bespringen, eine Stute beschälen
    23. BIBEL eine Sünde vergeben, auslöschen
    C v/i
    1. TECH decken:
    2. SPORT decken
    3. cover for einspringen für, vertreten
    * * *
    1.
    ['kʌvə(r)]noun
    1) (piece of cloth) Decke, die; (of cushion, bed) Bezug, der; (lid) Deckel, der; (of hole, engine, typewriter, etc.) Abdeckung, die

    put a cover on or over — zudecken; abdecken [Loch, Fußboden, Grab, Fahrzeug, Maschine]; beziehen [Kissen, Bett]

    2) (of book) Einband, der; (of magazine) Umschlag, der; (of record) [Platten]hülle, die

    on the [front/back] cover — auf dem [vorderen/hinteren] Buchdeckel; (of magazine) auf der Titelseite/hinteren Umschlagseite

    3) (Post): (envelope) [Brief]umschlag, der

    [send something] under separate cover — [etwas] mit getrennter Post [schicken]

    4) in pl. (bedclothes) Bettzeug, das
    5) (hiding place, shelter) Schutz, der

    take cover [from something] — Schutz [vor etwas (Dat.)] suchen

    [be/go] under cover — (from bullets etc.) in Deckung [sein/gehen]

    under cover — (from rain) überdacht [Sitzplatz]; regengeschützt

    6) (Mil.): (supporting force) Deckung, die
    7) (protection) Deckung, die

    give somebody/something cover — jemandem Deckung geben

    8) (pretence) Vorwand, der; (false identity, screen) Tarnung, die

    [insurance] cover — Versicherung, die

    10) (of song etc.)

    cover [version] — Coverversion, die

    2. transitive verb

    somebody is covered in or with confusion/shame — (fig.) jmd. ist ganz verlegen/sehr beschämt

    2) (conceal, lit. or fig.) verbergen; (for protection) abdecken
    3) (travel) zurücklegen
    4) in p.p. (having roof) überdacht
    5) (deal with) behandeln; (include) abdecken
    6) (Journ.) berichten über (+ Akk.)
    7)

    £10 will cover my needs for the journey — 10 Pfund werden für die Reisekosten reichen

    8) (shield) decken
    9)

    cover oneself — (fig.) sich absichern; (Insurance)

    10) (aim gun at) in Schach halten (ugs.)
    Phrasal Verbs:
    * * *
    n.
    Abdeckung f.
    Decke -n f.
    Deckel - m.
    Hülle -- f.
    Schutz m.
    Titel -- m.
    Umschlag -¨e m.
    Zeitungsmantel m.
    Überzug -¨e m. v.
    bedecken v.
    bespannen (mit Stoff...) v.
    decken v.
    umfassen v.
    überziehen v.

    English-german dictionary > cover

  • 106 give

    давати, надавати; дарувати; виносити ( рішення); накладати ( покарання тощо)

    give a written undertaking not to leave one's permanent place of residence — давати підписку про невиїзд

    give a written undertaking of non-divulgence — (of investigation materials, etc.) давати підписку про нерозголошення ( матеріалів слідства тощо)

    give aid and comfort to a criminal — надавати допомогу злочинцю, допомагати (сприяти) злочинцю

    give an order to halt before firing — віддавати наказ зупинитися перед тим, як буде зроблено постріл

    give an order "to shoot and kill" — віддавати наказ про відкриття вогню на знищення

    give self-incriminating evidence — давати свідчення проти самого себе, свідчити проти себе

    - give a broad interpretation
    - give a caution
    - give a child up for adoption
    - give a clearance
    - give a false name
    - give a guidance
    - give a judgement
    - give a judgment
    - give a life sentence
    - give a name
    - give a reasoned opinion
    - give a ruling
    - give a sentence
    - give a solid alibi
    - give a tendentious appraisal
    - give a term
    - give a testimony
    - give a ticket
    - give a top-security clearance
    - give a verdict
    - give a wide interpretation
    - give a written undertaking
    - give access
    - give advice
    - give advice on legal matters
    - give advisory opinion
    - give aid
    - give an engagement ring
    - give an inside tip on the raid
    - give an instruction
    - give an opinion
    - give authority
    - give back
    - give bail
    - give birth
    - give chase
    - give chase to ones' automobile
    - give color
    - give confession
    - give effect
    - give equal rights
    - give evidence
    - give evidence under compulsion
    - give false evidence
    - give false testimony
    - give forth
    - give fresh evidence
    - give further effect
    - give ground
    - give guidelines
    - give guiding instructions
    - give holiday without pay
    - give in charge
    - give in confidence
    - give in evidence
    - give in verdict
    - give information to the police
    - give instructions
    - give jurisdiction
    - give justification
    - give latitude
    - give law
    - give law
    - give laws
    - give legal form
    - give light weight
    - give moral support
    - give notice
    - give offence
    - give offense
    - give official approval
    - give one's fiat
    - give one's name
    - give one's name and address
    - give one's surname and address
    - give one's word
    - give oneself out
    - give oneself up
    - give oneself up to the police
    - give out
    - give powers
    - give preference
    - give publicity
    - give punishment
    - give reasons
    - give reasons for the decision
    - give rise to a breach
    - give rise to an action
    - give sanction
    - give sanctuary to hijackers
    - give security
    - give short measure
    - give smb. his deserts
    - give smb. her deserts
    - give special consideration
    - give testimony
    - give the ballot
    - give the benefit of the doubt
    - give the court the discretion
    - give the defendant a caution
    - give the exclusive right
    - give the floor
    - give the force of an Act
    - give the force of an law
    - give the higher rank
    - give the next rank
    - give the requisite testimony
    - give the right of abode
    - give the vote
    - give time
    - give title
    - give to the public
    - give to the world
    - give up
    - give up a claim
    - give up a right
    - give up firearms
    - give up guns
    - give validity
    - give wide discretion
    - give witness
    - give wound

    English-Ukrainian law dictionary > give

  • 107 rise

    1. I
    1) too weak to rise слишком слаб, чтобы встать /подняться/; he rose and walked over to greet me он встал /поднялся/ и подошел ко мне поздороваться
    2) what tune do you usually rise? в котором часу /когда/ вы обычно встаете;
    3) a plane (a balloon, a lift, etc.) rises самолет и т.д. поднимается; bubbles (the fish, etc.) rise пузырьки и т.д. поднимаются (на поверхность); the lake rose and spread over the fields озеро вышло из берегов и затопило поля; the mercury /the glass, the barometer/ is rising барометр поднимается the mist /the fog/ is rising туман поднимается /рассеивается/; the bread has risen тесто поднялось /подошло/; the bread won't rise тесто никак не подходит /не поднимается/; yeast makes dough rise от дрожжей тесто поднимается; blisters rise волдыри появляются; what time does the sun rise? в котором часу /когда/ восходит солнце?
    4) prices and costs (demands, etc.) rise цены и т.д. растут; his anger (one's wrath, one's temper, heat, fever, etc.) rises его гнев /раздражение/ и т.д. растет /усиливается/; at this news my spirits rose от этой новости у меня поднялось /улучшилось/ настроение; his temperature is rising у него поднимается /растет/ температура; her voice rose она повысила голос; a wind (a breeze, a gale, etc.) rises ветер и т.д. усиливается; his colour rose он покраснел
    5) the people rose народ восстал
    6) where does the Nile rise? откуда берет начало /где начинается/ река Нил?; a storm began to rise начала разыгрываться буря; a rumour rose возник слух; a feud rose разгорелась вражда
    7) rise and come forward in the world приобретать вес и влияние в обществе; a man likely to rise человек с будущим, человек, который далеко пойдет
    2. II
    1) rise in some manner rise abruptly (reluctantly, majestically, unanimously, obediently, etc.) резко /внезапно/ и т.д. вставать (на ноги) /подниматься/; he fell never to riseI again он упал и больше уже не поднялся
    2) rise at some time rise early (very early, late, etc.) вставать рано и т.д.; the sun hasn't risen yet солнце еще не взошло
    3) rise in some manner the ground rose sharply поверхность земли /почва/ резко /круто/ поднялась the road began rising gradually дорога начала постепенно подниматься, начался пологий подъем (на дороге); the smoke from our fire rose straight up in the still air в неподвижном воздухе дым от нашего костра поднимался прямо вверх; the river is rising fast вода в реке быстро подымается /прибывает/; rise at some time new buildings are rising every day с каждым днем растут /подымаются/ новые здания; weeds rose overnight за ночь выросли сорняки; the fog rose at last наконец туман рассеялся; the curtain's already risen занавес уже поднялся, спектакль уже начался
    4) rise at some time the news made our spirits rise once again от этого сообщения у нас снова испортилось настроение; his passion rose from day to day с каждым днем страсть его становилась сильней
    3. III
    1) rise so many times they say a drowning man rises three times говорят, что утопающий всплывает /поднимается/ на поверхность три раза
    2) rise some distance the tree rises 20 feet дерево достигает высоты в 20 футов; the mountain rises a thousand feet эта гора возвышается на тысячу футов; the river (the flood, etc.) lias risen five feet вода в реке и т.д. поднялась на пять футов; rise for some amount rise two feet (one per cent, etc.) возрастать /увеличиваться/ на два фута и т.д.
    3) rise to some age usually in the Continuous she is rising twelve ей скоро будет двенадцать
    4. IV
    1) rise smth. at some time he did not rise a fish (a bird, etc.) all day за весь день он не поймал ни одной рыбы и т.д.
    2) rise some amount [for smth.] sugar has risen a penny a pound сахар подорожал на пенни за фунт
    5. XIII
    1) rise to do smth. rise to welcome smb. (to applaud, to answer, to help them, etc.) встать /подняться/, чтобы приветствовать кого-л. и т.д.
    2) rise to be smb. rise to be a general дослужиться до генерала, стать генералом; rise to be a partner (deputy to the Reichstag, President of the Republic, etc.) выдвинуться и стать компаньоном и т.д.
    6. XV
    1) the moon rose red взошла красная луна
    2) the morning rose fair and bright наступило хорошее утро
    7. XVI
    1) rise from smth. rise from one's knees (from one's feet, from a chair, etc.) подняться с колен и т.д., she was unable to rise from her seat она не смогла /была не в состоянии/ встать с места; rise from [the] table встать из-за стола, закончить еду; rise from one's dinner встать из-за стола после обеда; rise from the book with a feeling of satisfaction встать после чтения книги с чувством удовлетворения; he looks as though he had risen from the grave он выглядит так, словно встал из гроба; rise off /from/ smth. a bird (an aeroplane, an airship, etc.) rises from /off/ the ground птица и т.д. поднимается /взлетает/ с земли; smoke (vapour, mist, etc.) rises from the valleys дым и т.д. поднимается из долин; bubbles rose from the bottom of the lake со дна озера поднимались пузырьки; rise in (to) smth. a bird (an airship, a kite, the smoke, etc.) rises in (to) the air (into the sky, etc.) птица и т.д. поднимается в воздух и т.д.; the sun rises in the east солнце всходит на востоке; cork rises in water в воде пробка не тонет /всплывает наверх/; rise over smth. the sun rose over the wood солнце взошло /поднялось/ над лесом; rise on smth. the horse rose on its hind legs лошадь встала на дыбы; the hair rose on his head у него волосы встали дыбом; rise to smth. rise to one's feet встать /подняться/ на ноги; rise to one's knees подняться на колени (из лежачего положения); rise to the surface всплывать на поверхность
    2) rise at some time rise at dawn (in the morning, etc.) вставать /просыпаться/ на рассвете и т.д.; he rose at 7 and went to bed at 10 он встал в семь и лег спать в десять; rise with smth. rise with the sun вставать с восходом солнца /= с петухами/
    3) rise in (on, behind, above, etc.) smth., smb. rise in the foreground (in the distance, behind the school, out of a flat plain, from the very waterside, etc.) возвышаться /подниматься/ на переднем плане и т.д.; rise above the neighbouring peaks (above sea-level, above the sea, etc.) возвышаться над соседними вершинами и т.д.; houses are rising on the edge of town на краю города вырастают /поднимаются/ дома; a range of hills rose on our left слева от нас тянулась гряда холмов; a hill rises behind the house позади дома возвышается холм; the immense building rose before our eyes огромное здание подымалось у нас перед глазами: a picture (an idea, a thought, a lovely vision, a scene, etc.) rises before /in/ the /one's/ mind (in /before, within/ smb., etc.) в воображении и т.д. возникает картина и т.д., rise to smth. rise to a thousand feet (to a height /to an altitude/ of 60 feet, etc.) подниматься /возвышаться/ на тысячу футов и т.д.; rise to the highest level подняться на высший /самый высокий/ уровень; the tears rose to his eyes на глазах у него появились слезы; rise in some direction a road (a path, a line, a surface, the land, etc.) rises in this or that direction дорога и т.д. поднимается в этом или том направлении; a stately castle rose to the west of the town к западу от города возвышался величественный замок; a blister has risen on my heel на пятке у меня вскочил волдырь; rise at some time the curtain will rise at 8 занавес поднимется /откроется/ в восемь часов
    4) rise after smth. the river is rising after the heavy rain после сильного дождя уровень воды в реке поднимается /повышается, растет/; rise to smth. rise to six shillings the ounce (to l
    3)
    to a much higher price, etc.) возрастя /подняться/ в цене до шести шиллингов за унцию и т.д.; sugar has risen to twice its old price цена на сахар поднялась вдвое; his voice rose to a shriek голос его сорвался на крик; his language does not rise to the dignity of poetry его язык не достигает уровня подлинного поэтического языка; rise to the occasion оказаться на высоте положения; she always rises to an emergency в трудные моменты она умеет собраться; rise to one's responsibilities справиться со своими обязанностями; rise to the requirements оказаться способным отвечать предъявляемым требованиям; rise beyond smth. his expense rose beyond his expectations расходы у него выросли сверх его ожиданий; rise in smth. rise in anger (in excitement, in joy, etc.) подниматься /повышаться/ в гневе /раздражении/ и т.д. (о голосе); this author's style rises in force of expression стиль этого автора становится все более выразительным; rise with (at) smth. interest rises with each act of the play с каждым актом интерес к пьесе возрастает; his anger rose at that remark при этих словах в нем вспыхнул гнев; rise above smth. rise above prejudices (above petty jealousies, above mediocrity, above events, above the commonplace, etc.) быть выше предрассудков и т.д. || rise to /at/ the /a/ bait /to the fly/ попасться на удочку, клюнуть на что-л.; rise to it поддаться на провокацию
    5) rise in smth. rise in rebellion /in revolt/ поднять восстание; rise in revolution начать революцию; rise against smth., smb. rise against oppression (against nations, against an oppressor, against the government, against the tyrant, etc.) восставать против угнетения и т.д.; they rose against their cruel rulers они восстали /подняли восстание/ против своих жестоких правителей; rise against a resolution (against a bill, etc.) выступать против резолюции и т.д.; my whole soul /being/ rises against it все мое существо восстает против этого; rise at smth. my gorge rises at the thought при одной лишь мысли об этом я чувствую отвращение
    6) rise from (in) smth. the river rises from a spring (in the hills, in its bed, in a mountain, etc.) река берет свое начало из родника и т.д.; a quarrel (trouble, a difficulty, etc.) rises from a misunderstanding (from misapprehension, from mere trifles, etc.) ссора и т.д. возникает из-за того, что люди не понимают друг друга и т.д.; a sound of laughter rises in the next room в соседней комнате возникает /раздается/ смех; Tokyo rose from the ashes Токио поднялся из пепла; rise between smb. a quarrel rose between them между ними возникла ссора
    7) rise to smth. rise to a top position (to premiership, to great power, to supremacy, to a height of prosperity, to the rank of a first-class military power, etc.) достичь ведущего положения и т.д.; rise to greatness стать великим человеком /знаменитостью/; he rose to importance at an early age он выдвинулся еще в молодые годы; he rose to eminence at Paris as a journalist and author в Париже он стал знаменитым журналистом и писателем; he rose to international fame almost overnight он внезапно приобрел мировую известность; rise from smth. rise from a low position (from nothing, etc.) подняться из низов и т.д., выбиться в люди и т.д.; rise from the ranks стать офицером; rise from smb., smth. to smb., smth. rise from errand boy to president ( from small beginnings to take one's place among the first merchants of the city, from obscurity to national fame, etc.) подняться /продвинуться/ от рассыльного до президента и т.д.; rise in smth. rise in status занять более высокое положение; rise in.the world преуспеть, выбиться в люди; rise [immensely] in one's (smb.'s) estimation (in one's (smb.'s) opinion, in the scale of usefulness, etc.) [значительно] вырасти в своих собственных (в чьих-л.) глазах и т.д.; rise by smth. rise by merit only продвинуться в жизни только благодаря своем [собственным] заслугам
    8. XIX1
    rise like smth.
    1) tile building rose like a dream здание возникло, как сновидение
    2) rise like a phoenix from its ashes возродиться, как [птица] феникс из пепла
    9. XXI1
    rise smth. in some time the river rose thirty feet in eight hours за восемь часов вода в реке поднялась на тридцать футов; rise smth. in (to) smth. the Eiffel Tower rises 100 feet in (to) the air Эйфелева башня поднимается ввысь на сто футов
    10. XXV
    rise as...
    1) the men all rose as we came in когда мы вошли, все мужчины встали
    2) the path rises as it approaches the woods (the house) у леса (у дома) дорога подымается /идет вверх/; his voice rose as he saw their faces lengthening голос у него зазвучал громче, когда он увидел, как у них вытягиваются лица

    English-Russian dictionary of verb phrases > rise

  • 108 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

  • 109 Spínola, Antônio de

    (1910-1996)
       Senior army general, hero of Portugal's wars of African insurgency, and first president of the provisional government after the Revolution of 25 April 1974. A career army officer who became involved in politics after a long career of war service and administration overseas, Spinola had a role in the 1974 coup and revolution that was somewhat analogous to that of General Gomes da Costa in the 1926 coup.
       Spinola served in important posts as a volunteer in Portugal's intervention in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39), a military observer on the Russian front with the Third Reich's armed forces in World War II, and a top officer in the Guarda Nacional Republicana (GNR). His chief significance in contemporary affairs, however, came following his military assignments and tours of duty in Portugal's colonial wars in Africa after 1961.
       Spinola fought first in Angola and later in Guinea- Bissau, where, during 1968-73, he was both commanding general of Portugal's forces and high commissioner (administrator of the territory). His Guinean service tour was significant for at least two reasons: Spinola's dynamic influence upon a circle of younger career officers on his staff in Guinea, men who later joined together in the Armed Forces Movement (MFA), and Spinola's experience of failure in winning the Guinea war militarily or finding a political means for compromise or negotiation with the Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde (PAIGC), the African insurgent movement that had fought a war with Portugal since 1963, largely in the forested tropical interior of the territory. Spinola became discouraged after failure to win permission to negotiate secretly for a political solution to the war with the PAIGC and was reprimanded by Prime Minister Marcello Caetano.
       After his return—not in triumph—from Guinea in 1973, Spinola was appointed chief of staff of the armed forces, but he resigned in a dispute with the government. With the assistance of younger officers who also had African experience of costly but seemingly endless war, Spinola wrote a book, Portugal and the Future, which was published in February 1974, despite official censorship and red tape. Next to the Bible and editions of Luís de Camoes's The Lusi- ads, Spinola's controversial book was briefly the best-selling work in Portugal's modern age. While not intimately involved with the budding conspiracy among career army majors, captains, and others, Spinola was prepared to head such a movement, and the planners depended on his famous name and position as senior army officer with the right credentials to win over both military and civil opinion when and where it counted.
       When the Revolution of 25 April 1974 succeeded, Spinola was named head of the Junta of National Salvation and eventually provisional president of Portugal. Among the military revolutionaries, though, there was wide disagreement about the precise goals of the revolution and how to achieve them. Spinola's path-breaking book had subtly proposed three new goals: the democratization of authoritarian Portugal, a political solution to the African colonial wars, and liberalization of the economic system. The MFA immediately proclaimed, not coincidentally, the same goals, but without specifying the means to attain them.
       The officers who ran the newly emerging system fell out with Spinola over many issues, but especially over how to decolonize Portugal's besieged empire. Spinola proposed a gradualist policy that featured a free referendum by all colonial voters to decide between a loose federation with Portugal or complete independence. MFA leaders wanted more or less immediate decolonization, a transfer of power to leading African movements, and a pullout of Portugal's nearly 200,000 troops in three colonies. After a series of crises and arguments, Spinola resigned as president in September 1974. He conspired for a conservative coup to oust the leftists in power, but the effort failed in March 1975, and Spinola was forced to flee to Spain and then to Brazil. Some years later, he returned to Portugal, lived in quiet retirement, and could be seen enjoying horseback riding. In the early 1980s, he was promoted to the rank of marshal, in retirement.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Spínola, Antônio de

  • 110 Cartwright, Revd Edmund

    [br]
    b. 24 April 1743 Marnham, Nottingham, England
    d. 30 October 1823 Hastings, Sussex, England
    [br]
    English inventor of the power loom, a combing machine and machines for making ropes, bread and bricks as well as agricultural improvements.
    [br]
    Edmund Cartwright, the fourth son of William Cartwright, was educated at Wakefield Grammar School, and went to University College, Oxford, at the age of 14. By special act of convocation in 1764, he was elected Fellow of Magdalen College. He married Alice Whitaker in 1772 and soon after was given the ecclesiastical living of Brampton in Derbyshire. In 1779 he was presented with the living of Goadby, Marwood, Leicestershire, where he wrote poems, reviewed new works, and began agricultural experiments. A visit to Matlock in the summer of 1784 introduced him to the inventions of Richard Arkwright and he asked why weaving could not be mechanized in a similar manner to spinning. This began a remarkable career of inventions.
    Cartwright returned home and built a loom which required two strong men to operate it. This was the first attempt in England to develop a power loom. It had a vertical warp, the reed fell with the weight of at least half a hundredweight and, to quote Gartwright's own words, "the springs which threw the shuttle were strong enough to throw a Congreive [sic] rocket" (Strickland 19.71:8—for background to the "rocket" comparison, see Congreve, Sir William). Nevertheless, it had the same three basics of weaving that still remain today in modern power looms: shedding or dividing the warp; picking or projecting the shuttle with the weft; and beating that pick of weft into place with a reed. This loom he proudly patented in 1785, and then he went to look at hand looms and was surprised to see how simply they operated. Further improvements to his own loom, covered by two more patents in 1786 and 1787, produced a machine with the more conventional horizontal layout that showed promise; however, the Manchester merchants whom he visited were not interested. He patented more improvements in 1788 as a result of the experience gained in 1786 through establishing a factory at Doncaster with power looms worked by a bull that were the ancestors of modern ones. Twenty-four looms driven by steam-power were installed in Manchester in 1791, but the mill was burned down and no one repeated the experiment. The Doncaster mill was sold in 1793, Cartwright having lost £30,000, However, in 1809 Parliament voted him £10,000 because his looms were then coming into general use.
    In 1789 he began working on a wool-combing machine which he patented in 1790, with further improvements in 1792. This seems to have been the earliest instance of mechanized combing. It used a circular revolving comb from which the long fibres or "top" were. carried off into a can, and a smaller cylinder-comb for teasing out short fibres or "noils", which were taken off by hand. Its output equalled that of twenty hand combers, but it was only relatively successful. It was employed in various Leicestershire and Yorkshire mills, but infringements were frequent and costly to resist. The patent was prolonged for fourteen years after 1801, but even then Cartwright did not make any profit. His 1792 patent also included a machine to make ropes with the outstanding and basic invention of the "cordelier" which he communicated to his friends, including Robert Fulton, but again it brought little financial benefit. As a result of these problems and the lack of remuneration for his inventions, Cartwright moved to London in 1796 and for a time lived in a house built with geometrical bricks of his own design.
    Other inventions followed fast, including a tread-wheel for cranes, metallic packing for pistons in steam-engines, and bread-making and brick-making machines, to mention but a few. He had already returned to agricultural improvements and he put forward suggestions in 1793 for a reaping machine. In 1801 he received a prize from the Board of Agriculture for an essay on husbandry, which was followed in 1803 by a silver medal for the invention of a three-furrow plough and in 1805 by a gold medal for his essay on manures. From 1801 to 1807 he ran an experimental farm on the Duke of Bedford's estates at Woburn.
    From 1786 until his death he was a prebendary of Lincoln. In about 1810 he bought a small farm at Hollanden near Sevenoaks, Kent, where he continued his inventions, both agricultural and general. Inventing to the last, he died at Hastings and was buried in Battle church.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Board of Agriculture Prize 1801 (for an essay on agriculture). Society of Arts, Silver Medal 1803 (for his three-furrow plough); Gold Medal 1805 (for an essay on agricultural improvements).
    Bibliography
    1785. British patent no. 1,270 (power loom).
    1786. British patent no. 1,565 (improved power loom). 1787. British patent no. 1,616 (improved power loom).
    1788. British patent no. 1,676 (improved power loom). 1790, British patent no. 1,747 (wool-combing machine).
    1790, British patent no. 1,787 (wool-combing machine).
    1792, British patent no. 1,876 (improved wool-combing machine and rope-making machine with cordelier).
    Further Reading
    M.Strickland, 1843, A Memoir of the Life, Writings and Mechanical Inventions of Edmund Cartwright, D.D., F.R.S., London (remains the fullest biography of Cartwright).
    Dictionary of National Biography (a good summary of Cartwright's life). For discussions of Cartwright's weaving inventions, see: A.Barlow, 1878, The History and Principles of Weaving by Hand and by Power, London; R.L. Hills, 1970, Power in the Industrial Revolution, Manchester. F.Nasmith, 1925–6, "Fathers of machine cotton manufacture", Transactions of the
    Newcomen Society 6.
    H.W.Dickinson, 1942–3, "A condensed history of rope-making", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 23.
    W.English, 1969, The Textile Industry, London (covers both his power loom and his wool -combing machine).
    RLH

    Biographical history of technology > Cartwright, Revd Edmund

  • 111 Noyce, Robert

    [br]
    b. 12 December 1927 Burlington, Iowa, USA
    [br]
    American engineer responsible for the development of integrated circuits and the microprocessor chip.
    [br]
    Noyce was the son of a Congregational minister whose family, after a number of moves, finally settled in Grinnell, some 50 miles (80 km) east of Des Moines, Iowa. Encouraged to follow his interest in science, in his teens he worked as a baby-sitter and mower of lawns to earn money for his hobby. One of his clients was Professor of Physics at Grinnell College, where Noyce enrolled to study mathematics and physics and eventually gained a top-grade BA. It was while there that he learned of the invention of the transistor by the team at Bell Laboratories, which included John Bardeen, a former fellow student of his professor. After taking a PhD in physical electronics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1953, he joined the Philco Corporation in Philadelphia to work on the development of transistors. Then in January 1956 he accepted an invitation from William Shockley, another of the Bell transistor team, to join the newly formed Shockley Transistor Company, the first electronic firm to set up shop in Palo Alto, California, in what later became known as "Silicon Valley".
    From the start things at the company did not go well and eventually Noyce and Gordon Moore and six colleagues decided to offer themselves as a complete development team; with the aid of the Fairchild Camera and Instrument Company, the Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation was born. It was there that in 1958, contemporaneously with Jack K. Wilby at Texas Instruments, Noyce had the idea for monolithic integration of transistor circuits. Eventually, after extended patent litigation involving study of laboratory notebooks and careful examination of the original claims, priority was assigned to Noyce. The invention was most timely. The Apollo Moon-landing programme announced by President Kennedy in May 1961 called for lightweight sophisticated navigation and control computer systems, which could only be met by the rapid development of the new technology, and Fairchild was well placed to deliver the micrologic chips required by NASA.
    In 1968 the founders sold Fairchild Semicon-ductors to the parent company. Noyce and Moore promptly found new backers and set up the Intel Corporation, primarily to make high-density memory chips. The first product was a 1,024-bit random access memory (1 K RAM) and by 1973 sales had reached $60 million. However, Noyce and Moore had already realized that it was possible to make a complete microcomputer by putting all the logic needed to go with the memory chip(s) on a single integrated circuit (1C) chip in the form of a general purpose central processing unit (CPU). By 1971 they had produced the Intel 4004 microprocessor, which sold for US$200, and within a year the 8008 followed. The personal computer (PC) revolution had begun! Noyce eventually left Intel, but he remained active in microchip technology and subsequently founded Sematech Inc.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Franklin Institute Stuart Ballantine Medal 1966. National Academy of Engineering 1969. National Academy of Science. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Medal of Honour 1978; Cledo Brunetti Award (jointly with Kilby) 1978. Institution of Electrical Engineers Faraday Medal 1979. National Medal of Science 1979. National Medal of Engineering 1987.
    Bibliography
    1955, "Base-widening punch-through", Proceedings of the American Physical Society.
    30 July 1959, US patent no. 2,981,877.
    Further Reading
    T.R.Reid, 1985, Microchip: The Story of a Revolution and the Men Who Made It, London: Pan Books.
    KF

    Biographical history of technology > Noyce, Robert

  • 112 come out


    1) выходить to come out of oneself ≈ стать менее замкнутым
    2) появляться (в печати) When does Tom's new book come out? ≈ Когда выходит новая книга Тома?
    3) дебютировать( на сцене, в обществе) Is Mrs King-Brown's daughter coming out this year? ≈ Дочь миссис Кинг-Браун выезжает в свет в этом году? Syn: bring out
    3)
    4) обнаруживаться;
    проявляться the secret came out ≈ секрет раскрылся
    5) распускаться( о листьях, цветах) The flowers are coming out in everyone's gardens. ≈ У всех в садах распускаются цветы.
    6) забастовать The Post Office workers have come out. ≈ Почтовые работники объявили забастовку. Syn: bring out
    7), call out
    4), fetch out
    6), get out
    13), go out
    8), stay out
    4), stop out
    2), walk out
    2)
    7) выводиться, сводиться( о пятнах) Do you think that dirty mark will come out? ≈ Думаешь, это пятно удастся вывести?
    8) выступить( с заявлением, разоблачением) (with) The politician came out against the government. ≈ Этот политик выступил с антиправительственным заявлением.
    9) выпалить( with)
    10) освобождаться( из тюрьмы) It's been a long year, but he comes out next Friday. ≈ Год был долгий, но вот он выходит в пятницу.
    11) выходить, получаться( о фотографиях) Mary always comes out well in her pictures. ≈ Мери всегда хорошо получается на фотографиях.
    12) направляться в другую страну When are your family coming out to join you? ≈ Когда сюда приедет ваша семья? появляться;
    - the leaves are coming out листья распускаются;
    - the rash has * выступила сыпь;
    - she came out in a rash у нее выступила сыпь, ее всю обсыпало являться, приходить;
    - how many boys came out for baseball? сколько ребят пришло на тренировку по бейсболу? обнаруживаться, становиться известным;
    - the truth will * правда откроется;
    - his secret came out его тайна была раскрыта;
    - his pride came out in his refusal to accept help в его отказе от помощи проявилась его гордыня выходить (из печати) ;
    - the book came out in June книга вышла в июне издавать;
    - we are going to * with a large new dictionary next year в будущем году мы выпускаем новый большой словарь выходить, получаться;
    - her sums would never * right у нее задачи никогда не выходили;
    - it will * as I predicted все получится так, как я предсказывал;
    - the crossword puzzle came out easily кроссворд был разгадан легко;
    - he always comes out well он всегда хорошо выходит (на фотографии) ;
    выпадать( о зубах, волосах) ;
    - my tooth is aching, the filling has * у меня болит зуб, из него выпала пломба сходить, исчезать( о пятнах) выступать;
    - he came out with the whole story он рассказал все (что случилось) ;
    - to * with a joke отпустить шутку;
    - he came out with a horrible oath с его уст сорвалось ужасное ругательство;
    - to * in support выступить в поддержку выступать, высказываться;
    - he came out for lower taxes он выступил за снижение налогов забастовать, объявить забастовку;
    - workers are coming out in support for dismissed men рабочие объявили забастовку в ответ на увольнение их товарищей показывать свое настоящее лицо;
    перестать скрывать;
    открыто практиковать что-л противоречащее морали общества рассказать;
    выболтать( что-л) ;
    - * with it! да говорите же в чем дело! кончаться;
    иметь тот или иной результат;
    - the game came out in our favour игра закончилась в нашу пользу выезжать в свет;
    появляться при дворе;
    - she is coming out this season она впервые будет выезжать в этом году > to * strong выставлять напоказ, щеголять;
    производить впечатление;
    сорить деньгами, жить на широкую ногу;
    решительно выступать;
    > to * on top( спортивное) победить в состязании;
    преуспевать( в жизни) ;
    > to * flat-footed( for) (американизм) решительно высказаться (за)

    Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > come out

  • 113 officer

    ˈɔfɪsə
    1. сущ.
    1) чиновник, должностное лицо;
    служащий;
    член правления( клуба и т. п.) probation officer public officer public-relations officer revenue officer truant officer officer of the court
    2) а) офицер б) мн. офицеры, офицерский состав to break, demote, dismiss an officer ≈ разжаловать, увольнять офицера to commission an officer ≈ назначать офицера to promote an officer ≈ повышать офицера в звании air-force officer army officer commanding officer commissioned officer duty officer flag officer general officer immigration officer intelligence officer high-ranking officer liaison officer line officer medical officer non-commissioned officer officer of the day officer of the deck peace officer police officer senior officer staff officer top-ranking officer warrant officer
    3) а) полицейский juvenile officer ≈ полицейский, работающий с молодыми правонарушителями, хулиганствующими подростками б) уст. агент (тайный) Syn: agent
    4) мор. капитан на торговом судне first officer ≈ старший помощник
    2. гл.;
    обыкн. страд.
    1) воен. а) обеспечивать, укомплектовывать офицерским составом б) выполнять командирские функции офицерского состава
    2) командовать, распоряжаться;
    сопровождать Kate was accompanied by Miss Knag, and officered by Madame Mantalini. (Ch. Dickens) ≈ Кейт сопровождала мисс Кнэг, а руководящую роль выполняла мадам Манталини. Syn: command, direct;
    lead, conduct, manage чиновник, должностное лицо;
    служащий, сотрудник( учреждения) - assistant * помощник должностного лица - customs * таможенный чиновник - сonference * заведующий секретариатом конференции - consular * консульский работник - executive * управляющий делами - scientific * научный сотрудник - relieving * попечитель бедных (прихода, округа) - tax * налоговый инспектор - health * cотрудник министерства здравоохранения - clerical * чиновник духовный канцелярии - *s of state государственные служащие - * of arms чиновник геральдической палаты - * of the court служащий суда, судебный исполнитель - *s of the conference должностные лица конференции полицейский;
    констебль (часто как обращение к полицейскому) (военное) офицер;
    командир - * of the day дежурный офицер - *s and men солдаты и офицеры - *s and crew (морское) команда корабля - billeting * квартирьер - * of the guard (американизм) начальник караула;
    дежурный по караулам;
    (морское) дежурный по рейду - * of the line строевой офицер - * of the watch( морское) вахтенный офицер - * of the rounds дежурный по караулам - * of the deck дежурный ко кораблю - * сommanding командир (части, подразделения) - * general командир соединения, командующий - *'s call совещание офицеров у командира - *'s authority is usually defined by his commission полномочия офицера обычно определяются его званием офицерский состав (морское) капитан на торговом судне (морское) первый помощник капитана( морское) штурман член правления (клуба, общества и т. п.) - the *s of a society руководство какого-л. общества - yesterday the club elected its *s вчера в клубе были выборы членов правления обыкн. pass укомплектовать, обеспечивать офицерским составом - to * a ship набирать офицеров на корабль - the regiment was well *ed полк был полностью укопмлектован офицерами командовать, заправлять bank ~ банковский служащий bank ~ должностное лицо банка ~ офицер;
    pl офицеры, офицерский состав;
    billeting officer квартирьер case ~ должностное лицо, рассматривающее иск certifying ~ сотрудник, заверяющий документы chief executive ~ (CEO) директор предприятия chief executive ~ (CEO) управляющий делами chief financial ~ (CFO) директор по финансовым вопросам chief medical ~ старший офицер медицинской службы chief tribunal ~ председатель трибунала childrens' ~ инспектор по делам несовершеннолетних commercial diplomatic ~ торговый дипломатический представитель commercial ~ торговый представитель consular ~ консульский работник county medical ~ медицинский инспектор округа county revenue ~ налоговый инспектор округа customs ~ работник таможни customs ~ служащий таможни customs ~ таможенник customs ~ таможенный инспектор distraint ~ лицо, налагающее арест на имущество в обеспечение выполнения долга district ~ окружной чиновник employment ~ консультант по вопросам трудоустройства execution ~ исполнительное лицо field ~ (амер.) старший офицер financial ~ финансовый работник ~ мор. капитан на торговом судне;
    first officer старший помощник;
    mercantilemarine officers командный состав торгового флота first ~ суд. первый помощник капитана the great officers of state высшие сановники государства;
    medical officer, officer of health санитарный инспектор officer: guidance ~ ответственный работник руководящего центра head ~ упр. руководитель in-plant safety ~ представитель службы техники безопасности предприятия industrial development ~ консультант по промышленному развитию industrial promotion ~ консультант по вопросам содействия развитию промышленности interrogating ~ лицо, ведущее допрос interrogating ~ следователь interrogation ~ следователь judicial ~ судебное должностное лицо, судебный чиновник land valuation ~ оценщик земельных участков law ~ служащий суда law ~ юрист line ~ строевой офицер local government ~ должностное лицо муниципалитета local government ~ муниципальный служащий medical ~ врач medical ~ врач-специалист medical ~ медицинский инспектор medical ~ санитарный врач medical ~ специалист здравоохранения the great officers of state высшие сановники государства;
    medical officer, officer of health санитарный инспектор ~ мор. капитан на торговом судне;
    first officer старший помощник;
    mercantilemarine officers командный состав торгового флота navigating ~ ав., мор. штурман non-commissioned ~ сержант officer должностное лицо, служащий, чиновник ~ должностное лицо ~ инспектор ~ мор. капитан на торговом судне;
    first officer старший помощник;
    mercantilemarine officers командный состав торгового флота ~ (обыкн. pass.) командовать ~ (обыкн. pass.) обеспечивать, укомплектовывать офицерским составом;
    the regiment was well officered полк был хорошо укомплектован офицерским составом ~ офицер ~ офицер;
    pl офицеры, офицерский состав;
    billeting officer квартирьер ~ полицейский ~ служащий ~ сотрудник учреждения ~ чиновник, должностное лицо;
    служащий;
    член правления (клуба и т. п.) ;
    officer of the court судебный исполнитель или судебный пристав ~ чиновник Officer: Officer: Flying ~ офицер-летчик (в Англии) officer: officer: guidance ~ ответственный работник руководящего центра ~ for social affairs должностное лицо по социальным делам (вопрсам) ~ of corporation должностное лицо корпорации ~ of court представитель судебной власти ~ of court судебный исполнитель the great officers of state высшие сановники государства;
    medical officer, officer of health санитарный инспектор ~ чиновник, должностное лицо;
    служащий;
    член правления (клуба и т. п.) ;
    officer of the court судебный исполнитель или судебный пристав ~ on duty дежурный офицер peace ~ должностное лицо, наблюдающее за сохранением общественного порядка personnel ~ служащий отдела кадров petty ~ старшина( во флоте) placement ~ сотрудник службы занятости police ~ полицейский, полисмен police ~ полицейский press ~ пресс-атташе press ~ сотрудник, ответственный за связи с прессой prison ~ тюремный служащий probation ~ должностное лицо, осуществляющее надзор за условно осужденными probation ~ инспектор, наблюдающий за поведением условно осужденных преступников public ~ государственное должностное лицо public ~ государственный служащий public: ~ officer (или official) государственный служащий;
    public opinion общественное мнение;
    public opinion poll опрос населения по (какому-л.) вопросу purchasing ~ должностное лицо закупочного органа purchasing ~ лицо в компании, которое закупает то, что необходимо компании ~ (обыкн. pass.) обеспечивать, укомплектовывать офицерским составом;
    the regiment was well officered полк был хорошо укомплектован офицерским составом relieving ~ попечитель, ведающий помощью бедным (в приходе, районе) returning ~ должностное лицо, осуществляющее контроль над проведением парламентских выборов returning ~ должностное лицо, осуществляющее контроль над проведением выборов;
    уполномоченный по выборам revenue ~ таможенный чиновник revenue: ~ attr. таможенный;
    revenue cutter таможенное судно;
    revenue officer таможенный чиновник safety ~ сотрудник службы безопасности senior ~ старшее должностное лицо social welfare ~ должностное лицо по социальному обеспечению trade promotion ~ служащий отдела торговой рекламы valuation ~ налоговый инспектор vocational guidance ~ эксперт по профессиональной ориентации welfare ~ работник службы социального обеспечения welfare ~ уполномоченный по наблюдению за бывшими малолетними правонарушителями (Великобритания)

    Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > officer

  • 114 step

    1. [step] n
    1. 1) шаг

    long [hesitating, cautious] step - длинный [неуверенный, осторожный] шаг

    step by step - а) шаг за шагом; постепенно; б) последовательно; ступенчато

    step for step (with smb.) - нога в ногу (с кем-л.)

    to direct /to turn/ one's steps - направить шаги /свои стопы/, направиться (куда-л.)

    in step with - а) в ногу с (кем-л.); б) в соответствии с (чем-л.)

    to be out of step, to break step - шагать /идти/ не в ногу

    2) pl звук шагов

    smb.'s steps were heard outside - снаружи послышались чьи-то шаги

    3) небольшое расстояние, расстояние в один шаг
    4) след ступни (на песке и т. п.)
    2. 1) походка, поступь

    light [heavy] step - лёгкая [тяжёлая] походка

    that's Lucy, I recognize her step - это Люси, я узнаю её походку

    watch your step! - не споткнитесь! [ср. тж. ♢ ]

    2) вид шага, шаг

    double [sliding] step - двойной [скользящий] шаг ( конькобежный спорт)

    3) аллюр
    4) па ( в танце)
    3. продвижение, ход; поступательное движение

    we have made a great step forward in our negotiations - наши переговоры значительно продвинулись вперёд

    it marks a step in human progress - это означает новую ступень в развитии человечества

    what's the next step? - разг. что будем делать дальше?

    4. 1) повышение по службе
    2) воен. разг. очередное звание

    to get one's step - получить повышение /очередное звание/

    5. мера, действие, шаг

    decisive [fatal, ill-advised, rash, important] step - решительный [роковой, неблагоразумный, неосмотрительный, важный] шаг

    6. 1) ступень, ступенька, приступка; подножка ( экипажа); перекладина ( стремянки)

    a flight of steps - а) лестничный марш; б) лесенка; ступеньки

    stone [marble, top, bottom] step - каменная [мраморная, верхняя, нижняя] ступенька

    mind the step! - не споткнитесь (о приступку и т. п.)

    2) pl стремянка (тж. a pair или a set of steps)
    7. тех.
    1) шаг
    2) ход (спирали и т. п.)
    8. тех. вкладыш ( подшипника)
    9. ступень ( ракеты)
    10. мат.
    1) этап ( вычисления)
    2) скачок ( функции)
    11. муз.
    1) ступень, тон
    2) интервал
    12. тж. pl мор.
    1) степс, гнездо ( мачты)
    2) редан
    13. = step fault
    14. тлв. уровень сигнала

    ♢ to watch one's steps - действовать осторожно [ср. тж. 2, 1)]

    to follow in smb.'s steps - следовать чьему-л. примеру

    one step at a time - ≅ поспешишь - людей насмешишь

    2. [step] v
    1. шагать, ступать

    to step high - а) ступать, высоко поднимая ноги (особ. о рысаке); б) шагать по-журавлиному

    to step lightly [heavily, gracefully] - идти лёгкой [тяжёлой, грациозной] походкой

    to step short - а) оступиться; б) сделать ложный шаг, ошибиться

    to step between the wall and the armchair - протиснуться между стеной и креслом

    to step between two men - а) протиснуться между двумя людьми; б) встать между двумя людьми

    to step over an obstacle [over a stream, over a puddle, over the threshold] - перешагнуть через препятствие [через ручей, через лужу, через порог]

    2. разг.
    1) уходить (тж. step along)

    I must be step ping, I must step along - мне пора идти

    2) сбегать, убегать, дезертировать
    3. проходить небольшое расстояние, делать несколько шагов

    to step across a road [across a street] - переходить дорогу [улицу]

    will you step inside? - зайдите, пожалуйста

    step this way, please - сюда, пожалуйста

    he stepped to the telephone - он подошёл /прошёл/ к телефону

    he was asked to step inside and take a seat - его пригласили войти и сесть

    4. делать па; танцевать

    to step a dance [a minuet] - исполнять танец [менуэт]

    this girl can really step! - эта девушка прекрасно танцует!

    5. двигаться легко и быстро
    6. (on)
    1) наступать

    to step on smb.'s foot - наступить кому-л. на ногу

    2) нажимать

    to step on the gas - разг. а) авт. дать газу; б) торопиться, спешить, «нажимать»

    to step on the starter - авт. нажать на стартер

    7. вымерять, отмерять шагами (тж. step off, step out)
    8. (into) достигать (чего-л.), получать (что-л.) сразу, одним махом

    to step into a good job [into a fortune] - неожиданно получить хорошую работу [-ее состояние]

    9. делать ступеньки
    10. мор. ставить, устанавливать ( мачту)

    ♢ step lively! - а ну, живей!, поворачивайся!

    step on it! - а) нажимай!; б) гони во весь дух!

    to step on smb.'s toes - задеть чьи-л. чувства; ≅ наступить на любимую мозоль

    Douglas could not attend the meeting, but Martin stepped into the breach at the last minute - Дуглас не мог прийти на собрание, но в последнюю минуту Мартин заменил его

    to step into smb.'s shoes - унаследовать чьё-л. место

    he stepped into his father's shoes - он занял место /сменил/ своего отца

    НБАРС > step

  • 115 step

    1. [step] n
    1. 1) шаг

    long [hesitating, cautious] step - длинный [неуверенный, осторожный] шаг

    step by step - а) шаг за шагом; постепенно; б) последовательно; ступенчато

    step for step (with smb.) - нога в ногу (с кем-л.)

    to direct /to turn/ one's steps - направить шаги /свои стопы/, направиться (куда-л.)

    in step with - а) в ногу с (кем-л.); б) в соответствии с (чем-л.)

    to be out of step, to break step - шагать /идти/ не в ногу

    2) pl звук шагов

    smb.'s steps were heard outside - снаружи послышались чьи-то шаги

    3) небольшое расстояние, расстояние в один шаг
    4) след ступни (на песке и т. п.)
    2. 1) походка, поступь

    light [heavy] step - лёгкая [тяжёлая] походка

    that's Lucy, I recognize her step - это Люси, я узнаю её походку

    watch your step! - не споткнитесь! [ср. тж. ♢ ]

    2) вид шага, шаг

    double [sliding] step - двойной [скользящий] шаг ( конькобежный спорт)

    3) аллюр
    4) па ( в танце)
    3. продвижение, ход; поступательное движение

    we have made a great step forward in our negotiations - наши переговоры значительно продвинулись вперёд

    it marks a step in human progress - это означает новую ступень в развитии человечества

    what's the next step? - разг. что будем делать дальше?

    4. 1) повышение по службе
    2) воен. разг. очередное звание

    to get one's step - получить повышение /очередное звание/

    5. мера, действие, шаг

    decisive [fatal, ill-advised, rash, important] step - решительный [роковой, неблагоразумный, неосмотрительный, важный] шаг

    6. 1) ступень, ступенька, приступка; подножка ( экипажа); перекладина ( стремянки)

    a flight of steps - а) лестничный марш; б) лесенка; ступеньки

    stone [marble, top, bottom] step - каменная [мраморная, верхняя, нижняя] ступенька

    mind the step! - не споткнитесь (о приступку и т. п.)

    2) pl стремянка (тж. a pair или a set of steps)
    7. тех.
    1) шаг
    2) ход (спирали и т. п.)
    8. тех. вкладыш ( подшипника)
    9. ступень ( ракеты)
    10. мат.
    1) этап ( вычисления)
    2) скачок ( функции)
    11. муз.
    1) ступень, тон
    2) интервал
    12. тж. pl мор.
    1) степс, гнездо ( мачты)
    2) редан
    13. = step fault
    14. тлв. уровень сигнала

    ♢ to watch one's steps - действовать осторожно [ср. тж. 2, 1)]

    to follow in smb.'s steps - следовать чьему-л. примеру

    one step at a time - ≅ поспешишь - людей насмешишь

    2. [step] v
    1. шагать, ступать

    to step high - а) ступать, высоко поднимая ноги (особ. о рысаке); б) шагать по-журавлиному

    to step lightly [heavily, gracefully] - идти лёгкой [тяжёлой, грациозной] походкой

    to step short - а) оступиться; б) сделать ложный шаг, ошибиться

    to step between the wall and the armchair - протиснуться между стеной и креслом

    to step between two men - а) протиснуться между двумя людьми; б) встать между двумя людьми

    to step over an obstacle [over a stream, over a puddle, over the threshold] - перешагнуть через препятствие [через ручей, через лужу, через порог]

    2. разг.
    1) уходить (тж. step along)

    I must be step ping, I must step along - мне пора идти

    2) сбегать, убегать, дезертировать
    3. проходить небольшое расстояние, делать несколько шагов

    to step across a road [across a street] - переходить дорогу [улицу]

    will you step inside? - зайдите, пожалуйста

    step this way, please - сюда, пожалуйста

    he stepped to the telephone - он подошёл /прошёл/ к телефону

    he was asked to step inside and take a seat - его пригласили войти и сесть

    4. делать па; танцевать

    to step a dance [a minuet] - исполнять танец [менуэт]

    this girl can really step! - эта девушка прекрасно танцует!

    5. двигаться легко и быстро
    6. (on)
    1) наступать

    to step on smb.'s foot - наступить кому-л. на ногу

    2) нажимать

    to step on the gas - разг. а) авт. дать газу; б) торопиться, спешить, «нажимать»

    to step on the starter - авт. нажать на стартер

    7. вымерять, отмерять шагами (тж. step off, step out)
    8. (into) достигать (чего-л.), получать (что-л.) сразу, одним махом

    to step into a good job [into a fortune] - неожиданно получить хорошую работу [-ее состояние]

    9. делать ступеньки
    10. мор. ставить, устанавливать ( мачту)

    ♢ step lively! - а ну, живей!, поворачивайся!

    step on it! - а) нажимай!; б) гони во весь дух!

    to step on smb.'s toes - задеть чьи-л. чувства; ≅ наступить на любимую мозоль

    Douglas could not attend the meeting, but Martin stepped into the breach at the last minute - Дуглас не мог прийти на собрание, но в последнюю минуту Мартин заменил его

    to step into smb.'s shoes - унаследовать чьё-л. место

    he stepped into his father's shoes - он занял место /сменил/ своего отца

    НБАРС > step

  • 116 wear

    I
    1. [weə] n
    1. ношение, носка ( одежды)

    in wear - а) находящийся в носке, надеваемый; the coat I have in wear - пальто, которое я постоянно ношу; б) модный; this is no longer in wear - это уже вышло из моды, это уже не носят

    a dress for winter [for summer] wear - зимнее [летнее] платье

    2. износ, изнашивание

    to show wear - износиться, истрепаться

    to look the worse for wear - выглядеть сильно поношенным /потрёпанным/

    wear allowance - спец. допуск на износ

    wear resistance - спец. износостойкость

    3. носкость

    there is still much wear in these shoes - эти ботинки ещё долго будут носиться

    wear life - воен. срок носки ( обмундирования)

    wear performance - спец. качества (одежды, обуви), необходимые в носке; носкость

    4. одежда, платье

    working wear - рабочее платье; спецодежда

    beach wear - собир. купальные костюмы, халаты и т. п.; пляжная одежда

    2. [weə] v (wore; worn)
    1. 1) быть одетым (во что-л.); носить (одежду и т. п.)

    to wear a hat [glasses, mourning, a moustache] - носить шляпу [очки, траур, усы]

    to wear one's hair long [in a braid, curled] - носить длинные волосы [косу, локоны]

    to wear a sword [a cane] - быть при шпаге [ходить с палкой]

    to wear the ensign /the flag colours/ of... - плавать под флагом... ( о судне)

    she wore a black gown - она была в чёрном платье, на ней было чёрное платье

    I have nothing to wear! - мне нечего надеть!

    what do they wear in Paris this spring? - что этой весной носят в Париже?

    navy blue is very much worn this year - в этом году моден тёмно-синий цвет

    2) держать, носить

    to wear smb., smth. in one's heart - быть преданным кому-л., чему-л.

    2. иметь вид
    3. 1) изнашивать; протирать; пробивать; размывать
    2) изнашиваться; протираться; размываться
    4. 1) носиться; выдерживать носку; быть прочным в носке

    the colour won't wear - этот цвет скоро полиняет /выгорит, выцветет/

    2) сохраняться

    old Smith is wearing well - старина Смит почти не меняется /выглядит моложе своих лет/

    3) делать или становиться каким-л. (особ. при износе)

    to wear threadbare - а) обтрепать; б) обтрепаться

    wear smooth - а) сглаживать; б) сглаживаться

    5. утомлять, изнурять (тж. wear out)
    1) подвигаться, приближаться
    2) проводить, коротать (тж. wear away)
    7. шотл. продвигаться, пробираться (куда-л.)
    8. шотл. загонять (овец и т. п.)
    9. редк. подводить (к чему-л.); приучать
    10. геол.
    1) выветривать, эродировать
    2) выветриваться, подвергаться эрозии
    11. тех. срабатываться; истираться
    12. разг. выдерживать проверку временем

    it's hard to know him but he wears well - его трудно сразу понять, но со временем начинаешь его ценить

    13. разг. согласиться на что-л.

    ♢ to wear the breeches /the pants, the trousers/ - верховодить в доме ( о женщине); ≅ держать мужа под башмаком

    to wear the cravat - сл. надеть пеньковый галстук, быть повешенным

    to wear the King's /the Queen's/ coat - служить в английской армии

    to wear stripes - находиться в тюрьме, отбывать срок тюремного заключения

    to wear thin - а) истончаться; the coin has worn thin - монета истёрлась; hair wearing thin on top - волосы, редеющие на макушке; б) терять терпение, быть готовым уступить; his temper was wearing thin - его терпение истощалось /было на исходе/; в) стать неубедительным /затасканным, избитым; устарелым/; arguments that quickly wore thin - доводы, быстро утратившие свою убедительность

    II [weə] v (wore) мор.

    НБАРС > wear

  • 117 visit

    1. n
    1) візит, відвідання

    to make (to pay) a visit — відвідати

    2) огляд, відвідання
    3) тимчасове перебування, поїздка
    4) амер., розм. дружня розмова
    5) юр. обшук, огляд (корабля)
    6) військ. перевірка (караулу)>
    2. v
    1) відвідувати (когось); заходити, навідувати (когось); приходити в гості
    2) бувати, ходити, їздити (кудись)
    3) гостювати, бути чиїмсь гостем; зупинятися, тимчасово перебувати
    4) бути постійним відвідувачем
    5) спіткати, уражати (про хворобу тощо)
    6) оглядати; інспектувати
    7) обшукувати
    8) амер. балакати, розмовляти
    9) бібл. карати, мститися; насилати (щось)
    10) благословляти, винагороджувати; розраджувати
    * * *
    I n.
    1) візит, відвідування; перебування в гостях; courtesy visit дип. візит ввічливості; goodwіll visit дип. візит доброї волі; mutual /recіprocal/ visits дип. взаємні візити; socіal visit світський чи дружній візит; to return a visit відповісти на /нанести відповідний/ візит; to make а visit to a neіghbour відвідати сусіда; зайти до сусіда; to receіve /to have/ a visit from smb. приймати кого-н.; to go out on a visit піти в гості; we had a visit from a tax collector [from a polіceman] до нас приходив податківець [поліцейський]; відвідування, огляд; visit to a museum [to a theatre, to a gallery] відвідування музею [театру, галереї]; visit to the scene of the crіme виїзд на місце злочину; тимчасове перебування; поїздка; to be on а visit to smb. гостювати у кого-н.; I don’t lіve here, І am only on a visit я тут не живу, я приїжджий; we decіded to prolong our - to Rome ми вирішили продовжити своє перебування в Римі
    2) сл. дружня бесіда; І have much enjoyed thіs pleasant visit дуже було приємно з вами поговорити
    3) юр. огляд, обшук ( судів); зупинка та перевірка документів судна у відкритому морі, візитація
    4) військ. перевірка ( варти)
    II v.
    1) відвідувати (когось); заходити (до когось), приходити в гості; to visit an old frіend відвідати старого друга; a doctor visits hіs patіents лікар відвідує хворих; відвідувати (що-н.); бувати (де-н.), ходити, їздити (куди-н.); to visit foreіgn countrіes їздити в інші країни /за кордон/; to visit a factory відвідати завод; І hope to visit Rome сподіваюся побувати у Римі; a spot visited by few куточок, де майже ніхто не буває; place never visited by the sun місце, куди не заглядає сонце; гастролювати; сл. (wіth, іn, at) гостювати, бути чиїмось гостем; зупинятися, тимчасово перебувати; to visit іn the country гостювати в селі; to visit at a new hotel зупинитися у новому готелі; visitіng іn Parіs знаходячись /під час перебування/ у Парижі; бути постійним відвідувачем;, to visit pubs бути завсідником пивних
    2) осягати, уражати (про хворобу, нещастя); famіne often visit s thіs area цей район страждає від голоду; visited by /wіth/ a dіsease уражений хворобою
    3) юр. робити огляд, інспектувати; top visit the scene of the crіme оглядати місце злочину; обшукувати
    4) сл. розмовляти, балакати; to visit over the telephone поговорити по телефону; after the concert І visited wіth the pіanіst після концерту я розмовляв з піаністом
    5) іст. мстити, карати, карати, зганяти (щось на комусь); насилати (що-н.); to visit wіth punіshment насилати покарання; to visit the sіns [the іnіquіty] of the fathers upon the chіldren карати дітей за гріхи [за провину] батьків; do not visit on us the blood of these men нехай кров цих людей не упаде на наші голови; втішати, винагороджувати; благословляти (чим-н.)

    English-Ukrainian dictionary > visit

  • 118 visit

    I n.
    1) візит, відвідування; перебування в гостях; courtesy visit дип. візит ввічливості; goodwіll visit дип. візит доброї волі; mutual /recіprocal/ visits дип. взаємні візити; socіal visit світський чи дружній візит; to return a visit відповісти на /нанести відповідний/ візит; to make а visit to a neіghbour відвідати сусіда; зайти до сусіда; to receіve /to have/ a visit from smb. приймати кого-н.; to go out on a visit піти в гості; we had a visit from a tax collector [from a polіceman] до нас приходив податківець [поліцейський]; відвідування, огляд; visit to a museum [to a theatre, to a gallery] відвідування музею [театру, галереї]; visit to the scene of the crіme виїзд на місце злочину; тимчасове перебування; поїздка; to be on а visit to smb. гостювати у кого-н.; I don’t lіve here, І am only on a visit я тут не живу, я приїжджий; we decіded to prolong our - to Rome ми вирішили продовжити своє перебування в Римі
    2) сл. дружня бесіда; І have much enjoyed thіs pleasant visit дуже було приємно з вами поговорити
    3) юр. огляд, обшук ( судів); зупинка та перевірка документів судна у відкритому морі, візитація
    4) військ. перевірка ( варти)
    II v.
    1) відвідувати (когось); заходити (до когось), приходити в гості; to visit an old frіend відвідати старого друга; a doctor visits hіs patіents лікар відвідує хворих; відвідувати (що-н.); бувати (де-н.), ходити, їздити (куди-н.); to visit foreіgn countrіes їздити в інші країни /за кордон/; to visit a factory відвідати завод; І hope to visit Rome сподіваюся побувати у Римі; a spot visited by few куточок, де майже ніхто не буває; place never visited by the sun місце, куди не заглядає сонце; гастролювати; сл. (wіth, іn, at) гостювати, бути чиїмось гостем; зупинятися, тимчасово перебувати; to visit іn the country гостювати в селі; to visit at a new hotel зупинитися у новому готелі; visitіng іn Parіs знаходячись /під час перебування/ у Парижі; бути постійним відвідувачем;, to visit pubs бути завсідником пивних
    2) осягати, уражати (про хворобу, нещастя); famіne often visit s thіs area цей район страждає від голоду; visited by /wіth/ a dіsease уражений хворобою
    3) юр. робити огляд, інспектувати; top visit the scene of the crіme оглядати місце злочину; обшукувати
    4) сл. розмовляти, балакати; to visit over the telephone поговорити по телефону; after the concert І visited wіth the pіanіst після концерту я розмовляв з піаністом
    5) іст. мстити, карати, карати, зганяти (щось на комусь); насилати (що-н.); to visit wіth punіshment насилати покарання; to visit the sіns [the іnіquіty] of the fathers upon the chіldren карати дітей за гріхи [за провину] батьків; do not visit on us the blood of these men нехай кров цих людей не упаде на наші голови; втішати, винагороджувати; благословляти (чим-н.)

    English-Ukrainian dictionary > visit

  • 119 pour

    1. transitive verb
    gießen, schütten [Flüssigkeit]; schütten [Sand, Kies, Getreide usw.]; (into drinking vessel) einschenken; eingießen; (fig.) pumpen [Geld, Geschosse]

    pour scorn or ridicule on somebody/something — jemanden mit Spott übergießen od. überschütten/über etwas (Akk.) spotten

    2. intransitive verb
    1) (flow) strömen; [Rauch:] hervorquellen ( from aus)

    sweat was pouring off the runners — den Läufern lief der Schweiß in Strömen herunter

    pour [with rain] — in Strömen regnen; [in Strömen] gießen (ugs.)

    it never rains but it pours — (fig.) da kommt aber auch alles zusammen

    2) (fig.) strömen

    pour in — herein-/hineinströmen

    pour out — heraus-/hinausströmen

    letters/protests poured in — eine Flut von Briefen/Protesten brach herein

    Phrasal Verbs:
    - academic.ru/108241/pour_down">pour down
    * * *
    [po:]
    1) (to (cause to) flow in a stream: She poured the milk into a bowl; Water poured down the wall; People were pouring out of the factory.) gießen, strömen
    2) ((only with it as subject) to rain heavily: It was pouring this morning.) in Strömen gießen
    * * *
    [pɔ:ʳ, AM pɔ:r]
    I. vt
    ▪ to \pour sth into/onto sth etw in/auf etw akk gießen; flour, rice, paint etw in/auf etw akk schütten
    \pour about two kilos of salt into the water softener dem Wasserenthärter etwa zwei Kilogramm Salz zugeben
    ▪ to \pour sth onto sb/oneself (accidentally) etw über jdn/sich kippen
    ▪ to \pour sb/oneself sth [or sth for sb/oneself] jdm/sich etw einschenken; (as refill) jdm/sich etw nachschenken
    \pour yourself a drink nimm dir was zu trinken
    ▪ to \pour sth into sth money, resources etw in etw akk fließen lassen [o fig fam pumpen]; energies etw in etw akk stecken
    3.
    ▶ to \pour money down the drain das Geld zum Fenster hinauswerfen fig
    ▶ to \pour oil on troubled waters Öl auf die Wogen gießen fig
    ▶ to \pour scorn on sth/sb etw/jdn mit Spott überhäufen
    to \pour scorn on an idea/a theory eine Idee/Theorie verreißen
    II. vi
    1. (fill glasses, cups) eingießen, einschenken
    shall I \pour? soll ich einschenken?
    ▪ to \pour into/out of sth in etw akk /aus etw dat fließen [o strömen]
    the sunlight came \pouring into the room das Sonnenlicht durchströmte den Raum
    donations are \pouring into the appeal office Spenden gehen in großer Zahl beim Spendenbüro ein
    smoke was \pouring from a pipe Rauch quoll aus einem Rohr
    to be \pouring with sweat schweißgebadet sein
    3. impers (rain)
    it's \pouring [with rain] es gießt in Strömen, es schüttet fam
    * * *
    [pɔː(r)]
    1. vt
    liquid gießen; large amount also, sugar, rice etc schütten; drink eingießen, einschenken

    to pour money into a project/men into a war — Geld in ein Projekt/Männer in einen Krieg pumpen (inf)

    he poured all his ideas into one book — alle seine Gedanken flossen in ein Buch

    2. vi

    the sweat poured off him — der Schweiß floss in Strömen an ihm herunter

    2)

    (= rain) it's pouring (with rain) — es gießt (in Strömen), es schüttet (inf)

    the rain poured down — es regnete or goss in Strömen

    See:
    → rain
    3) (= pour out tea, coffee etc) eingießen, einschenken; (US = act as hostess) als Gastgeberin fungieren
    4)
    * * *
    pour [pɔː(r); US auch pəʊr]
    A s
    1. Strömen n
    2. (Regen)Guss m
    3. METALL Einguss m
    B v/t
    1. gießen, schütten ( beide:
    from, out of aus;
    into, in in akk;
    on, upon auf akk):
    pour sth on o.s. sich mit etwas übergießen;
    pour sb a cup of tea (a glass of wine) jemandem eine Tasse Tee eingießen (ein Glas Wein einschenken);
    pour money into Geld pumpen in (akk) umg; → oil A 1, scorn A 2, water Bes Redew
    2. auch pour forth, pour out
    a) ausgießen, (aus)strömen lassen,
    b) fig sein Herz ausschütten,
    c) Flüche etc aus-, hervorstoßen:
    be poured fließen ( into in akk);
    the river pours itself into the lake der Fluss ergießt sich in den See;
    pour out drinks Getränke eingießen, einschenken;
    pour off abgießen; → heart Bes Redew
    C v/i
    1. strömen, rinnen ( beide:
    into in akk;
    from aus):
    pour down (her)nieder-, hinunterströmen;
    it is pouring with rain es gießt in Strömen;
    it never rains but it pours fig es kommt immer gleich knüppeldick, engS. ein Unglück kommt selten allein
    2. einschenken
    3. pour forth sich ergießen, (aus)strömen ( beide:
    from aus)
    4. fig strömen (Menschenmenge etc):
    pour in hereinströmen (a. fig Aufträge, Briefe etc);
    pour out of (heraus)strömen aus
    5. TECH (in die Form) gießen:
    pour from the bottom (top) steigend (fallend) gießen
    * * *
    1. transitive verb
    gießen, schütten [Flüssigkeit]; schütten [Sand, Kies, Getreide usw.]; (into drinking vessel) einschenken; eingießen; (fig.) pumpen [Geld, Geschosse]

    pour scorn or ridicule on somebody/something — jemanden mit Spott übergießen od. überschütten/über etwas (Akk.) spotten

    2. intransitive verb
    1) (flow) strömen; [Rauch:] hervorquellen ( from aus)

    pour [with rain] — in Strömen regnen; [in Strömen] gießen (ugs.)

    it never rains but it pours — (fig.) da kommt aber auch alles zusammen

    2) (fig.) strömen

    pour in — herein-/hineinströmen

    pour out — heraus-/hinausströmen

    letters/protests poured in — eine Flut von Briefen/Protesten brach herein

    Phrasal Verbs:
    * * *
    v.
    einschenken v.
    gießen v.
    (§ p.,pp.: goß, gegossen)
    schütten v.

    English-german dictionary > pour

  • 120 shuffle

    1. noun
    1) Schlurfen, das

    walk with a shuffle — schlurfend gehen; schlurfen

    2) (Cards) Mischen, das

    give the cards a [good] shuffle — die Karten [gut] mischen

    3) (fig.): (change) Umbildung, die

    cabinet shuffle — Kabinettsumbildung, die

    2. transitive verb
    1) (rearrange) umbilden [Kabinett]; neu verteilen [Aufgaben]; sortieren [Schriftstücke usw.]; (mix up) durcheinander bringen
    2) (Cards) mischen
    3)

    he shuffles his feet when he walks — er schlurft beim Gehen

    3. intransitive verb
    1) (Cards) mischen
    2) (move, walk) schlurfen
    3) (shift one's position) herumrutschen
    * * *
    1. verb
    1) (to move (one's feet) along the ground etc without lifting them: Do stop shuffling (your feet)!; The old man shuffled along the street.) schlurfen
    2) (to mix (playing-cards etc): It's your turn to shuffle (the cards).) mischen
    2. noun
    (an act of shuffling: He gave the cards a shuffle.) das Schlurfen,das Mischen
    * * *
    shuf·fle
    [ˈʃʌfl̩]
    I. n
    1. CARDS Mischen nt kein pl (von Karten)
    to give the cards a \shuffle die Karten mischen
    2. (rearrangement) Neuordnung f kein pl
    she gave her papers a quick \shuffle sie sortierte ihre Papiere rasch neu
    3. esp AM, AUS, CAN (shake-up)
    cabinet \shuffle Kabinettsumbildung f
    management \shuffle personelle Umstrukturierung in der Geschäftsleitung
    4. no pl of feet Schlurfen nt
    II. vt
    to \shuffle cards [or AM a deck] Karten mischen
    ▪ to \shuffle sth [around] etw hin- und herschieben
    paper-shuffling employee Angestellte(r) f(m), die/der nur Papier umschichtet
    3. (drag)
    to \shuffle one's feet schlurfen
    III. vi
    1. CARDS Karten mischen
    2. (sort through)
    ▪ to \shuffle through sth etw durchblättern
    3. (drag one's feet) schlurfen
    ▪ to \shuffle along ( fig) sich akk dahinschleppen
    ▪ to \shuffle around unruhig sein, herumzappeln fam
    * * *
    ['ʃʌfl]
    1. n
    2) (= dance) Shuffle m
    3) (CARDS)
    4) (= change round) Umstellung f; (of jobs) Umbesetzung f

    to get lost in the shuffle (people) — in der Menge untergehen; (things) verloren gehen

    2. vt
    1)

    he sat there shuffling his feet — er saß da und scharrte mit den Füßen

    2) cards mischen
    3) (fig: change round) cabinet umbilden; jobs umbesetzen

    top men are shuffled around quite often — die Männer an der Spitze werden oft von einem Ressort ins andere versetzt

    3. vi
    1) (= walk) schlurfen

    the dancers shuffled around on the floor —

    2) (CARDS) mischen
    * * *
    shuffle [ˈʃʌfl]
    A s
    1. Schlurfen n, schlurfender Gang oder Schritt
    2. a) Schleifschritt m
    b) Schleifer m (Tanz)
    3. fig Ausflucht f, Trick m, Schwindel m
    4. (Karten)Mischen n
    B v/i
    1. schlurfen, (mit den Füßen) scharren:
    shuffle along dahinschlurfen;
    shuffle through sth fig etwas flüchtig erledigen
    2. (beim Tanzen) die Füße schleifen lassen
    3. sich schwerfällig (hinein)winden ( into in akk):
    shuffle into one’s clothes
    4. sich (ein)schmuggeln ( into in akk)
    5. sich herauswinden oder -halten ( out of aus)
    6. Ausflüchte machen, sich herauszuwinden suchen ( out of aus)
    7. (die Karten) mischen
    C v/t
    1. schleifen oder schlurfen lassen:
    shuffle one’s feet → B 1
    2. einen Tanz mit schleifenden Schritten tanzen
    3. die Karten etc mischen:
    shuffle the cards fig seine Taktik ändern
    4. fig hin- und herschieben, jonglieren mit
    5. hineinpraktizieren ( into in akk)
    6. herausschmuggeln ( out of aus)
    7. etwas durcheinanderwerfen
    8. vermischen, -mengen ( beide:
    among, with mit)
    * * *
    1. noun
    1) Schlurfen, das

    walk with a shuffle — schlurfend gehen; schlurfen

    2) (Cards) Mischen, das

    give the cards a [good] shuffle — die Karten [gut] mischen

    3) (fig.): (change) Umbildung, die

    cabinet shuffle — Kabinettsumbildung, die

    2. transitive verb
    1) (rearrange) umbilden [Kabinett]; neu verteilen [Aufgaben]; sortieren [Schriftstücke usw.]; (mix up) durcheinander bringen
    2) (Cards) mischen
    3)
    3. intransitive verb
    1) (Cards) mischen
    2) (move, walk) schlurfen
    3) (shift one's position) herumrutschen
    * * *
    v.
    schieben v.
    (§ p.,pp.: schob, geschoben)
    schlurfen v.

    English-german dictionary > shuffle

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