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21 σχολαστικός
A inclined to ease, enjoying leisure,αἱ -κώτεραι πόλεις Arist.Pol. 1322b37
, cf. 1341a28; σύλλογοι ς. lounging parties, ib. 1313b4; τὸ σ. leisure, Id.EN 1177b22.2 Astrol., σ. τόπος = ἀργός 11.4, Vett.Val. 186.3.II devoting one's leisure to learning, learned man, scholar, Thphr. ap. D.L.5.37, Posidon.36 J., CIG 2746 ([place name] Aphrodisias), al., Sammelb. 1921, Plu.Cic.5.3 freq. in bad sense, pedant, learned simpleton, Arr.Epict.1.11.39, M.Ant.1.16, Hierocl.Facet.263, al.III advocate, Phoeb.Fig.3; as an officially recognized legal adviser, OGI 693 (iii A.D.), PSI1.45.2 (V A.D.), PMasp. 2 ii 2,al. (vi A.D.), etc.; ἀπὸ σχολαστικῶν, = ex- σχολαστικός, PLond.5.1701.14 (vi A.D.); esp. public advocate, Lat.defensor civitatis, IGRom.4.765 ([place name] Phrygia);σ. καὶ ἔκδικος BGU1094.1
(vi A.D.).Greek-English dictionary (Αγγλικά Ελληνικά-λεξικό) > σχολαστικός
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22 τηλοῦ
τηλοῦ, Adv.A afar, far away, in a far country, Hom., Hes., and later [dialect] Ep.;τηλοῦ ἐπ' Ἀλφειῷ Il.11.712
; τ. τῶν ἀγρῶν in a far-away corner of the country, Ar.Nu. 138.b of Time, long ago, of old, οὐ γάρ σε.. ἀρχεύοντα νέον γεινώσκομεν ἀλλ' ἔτι τ. Epic.Oxy.1015.13; ἐξέτι τ. since olden times, IG5(2).173.1 (Tegea, iv B.C.); so perh.Ὀδυσῆΐ γε τ. ἀπώλετο νόστιμον ἦμαρ Od.17.253
: c. [tense] fut.,οὐδέ τι τ. ὄψεαι Opp.H.2.495
.2 c. gen., mostly, far from, Od.13.249, 23.68 (alsoτηλοῦ ἀπὸ.. Hes.Th. 302
); rare in Trag., τ. σέθεν, far from thee, E.Cyc. 689. (Opp. ἀγχοῦ, ἄγχι. An obs. Adj. τηλός may be taken as the source whence come the Advbs. τηλοῦ, τηλοῖ, τηλόθι, τηλόθεν, τηλόσε, τηλοτέρω, τηλοτάτω, and Adj. τηλότερος; also τηλύς, whence τήλιστος: a form τῆλυ = τῆλε is recognized by A.D.Pron.54.28, and occurs in τηλύ-γετος: an [dialect] Aeol. form [full] πήλυι, cited by Priscian.Inst.1.6.37, Theognost.Can.160, is restored in Sapph.1.6, where however [full] πήλοι, which is v.l. and is recommended by A.D.Adv.197.15, shd. perh. be read.) -
23 τονθορύζω
A speak inarticulately, mumble, Ar.Ach. 683 (troch.), Ra. 747, V. 614 (anap.), Luc.Deor.Conc.1, Aristaenet.2.6; gurgle,ἐτονθόρυζε ταῦρος <ὡς> νεοσφαγής A.Fr. 298
:—in all these passages the best codd. have the form in -ύζω; τονθορύξει (prob. [ per.] 2sg. [tense] fut. ) occurs in Herod.7.77; both forms are cited by Hsch.; - ίζω is found in codd. of Gal.2.689, Thom.Mag.p.352R., etc., but is never expressly mentioned by Gramm.; cf. ὑποτονθορύζω.— Rarer collat. forms, [full] τονθολῠγέω, gurgle, Pherecr.108.4; distd. from τανθαρύζω (q.v.) by Ptol.Asc.p.410H., Ammon.Diff.p.79V.; [full] τονθρ-ύζω, Herod.8.8, Opp.C.2.541, 3.169 (recognized as [dialect] Att. along with τονθορύζω by Phryn.336, cf. PSp.115 B.); cf. [suff] τον-ύς, ἡ, muttering, Hsch.; [suff] τον-υστής, οῦ, ὁ, mutterer, = γογγυστής, Aq.Pr.16.28; [suff] τον-υσμός and [full] τονθορυσμός, ὁ, Phryn.336. (Prob. onomatop.)Greek-English dictionary (Αγγλικά Ελληνικά-λεξικό) > τονθορύζω
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24 τρίγλη
τρίγλη, ἡ,A red mullet, Mullus barbatus, Epich.64, Sophr.50, Cratin. 58, 320, Philyll.13, Diocl.Fr. 135, PCair.Zen.83.2 (iii B. C.), Sor.1.51, 94, Gal.6.715;τ. μιλτοπάρηος Matro Conv. 27
:—in later writers [full] τρίγλᾰ or [full] τρῖγλα prevailed, and is sts. found in codd. of earlier authors, as Arist.HA 543a5, 591b19; τρῖγλαν (v.l. τρίγλαν)ἀπ' ἀνθρακιῆς AP6.105
(Apollonid.);τρίγλαν Corn.ND34
, Plu.2.730b,977f, 983f; but only τρίγλη is recognized by Hdn.Gr.1.255 note, 1.318, Ath.7.324c. -
25 ψόα
A muscles of the loins (cf. ἀλώπηξ IV), Hp.Art.45 ( ψύας codd.MV), Nat.Hom.11 ([etym.] ψόας), cf. Oss. 18 ([etym.] ψύαν), Morb.Sacr.3 ([etym.] ψύην), and LXX Le.3.9, 2 Ki.2.23, Ps.37(38).8, al.; , Clearch.72, Aret.CD2.3 (butψόαι Id.SD2.3
); acc. pl. ψοιάς (v.l. ψύας, ψυάς) Polybus ap.Arist.HA 512b21: l.c. and three times in cod. Vat. of 2 Ki. (cod.Alex. ψοία) ; ψύαι Ps. l.c. (corrupted to ψυχή): acc. pl. ψόας in BilabelὈψαρτ. p.11
:—Hsch. has ψίαι, ψειαί, and ψυῖαι, also φοῦαι and ψύλλες: the word in all its spellings is declared un-Attic by Phryn.269, Phot.; the form ψύη was recognized by Irenaeus ap. Orion.col. 168. [[pron. full] ῠ in ψύαι, Euphro l. c.; but [pron. full] ῡ in an Epic Fragm. in Ath.9.399a, ψύας ἔγχεϊ νύξε, where perh. ψοίας shd. be written.] -
26 ἀγνοέω
Aἀγνοιῇσι Od.24.218
: [tense] impf.ἠγνόουν Isoc.7.21
, etc.: [tense] fut.ἀγνοήσω B.Fr.12
, Isoc.12.251, D.32.10, 54.31: [tense] aor. , Th.2.49, etc.; [dialect] Ep.ἠγνοίησα Il.2.807
, Hes.Th. 551, [dialect] Ep. [var] contr. [ per.] 3sg.ἀγνώσασκε Od.23.95
: [tense] pf. , Alex.20.4:—[voice] Pass., [tense] fut. (of med. form)ἀγνοήσομαι D. 18.249
; ἀγνοηθήσομαι v.l. in Luc.JTr.5: [tense] aor. ἠγνοήθην, v. infr.: [tense] pf.ἠγνόημαι Isoc.15.171
, Pl.Lg. 797a. (This Verb implies a form ἄγνοος, = ἀγνώς 11):— not to perceive or recognize; Hom., almost always in [tense] aor.,ἄνδρ' ἀγνοιήσασ' ὑλάει Od.20.15
, cf. Th. l.c., Pl.Phdr. 228a; mostly with neg., οὐκ ἠγνοίησεν he perceived or knew well, Il. 2.807, etc.;μηδὲν ἀγνόει E.Andr. 899
.—Mostly c. acc., to be ignorant of, Hdt.4.156, S.Tr.78; ; ἑαυτοὺς ἀ. forget their former selves, D.10.74; τὴν πόλιν ἀ. not to discern the temper of the city, Id.19.231;τὸν ξένον Philostr. VA2.26
; fail to understand,τὸ ῥῆμα Ev.Marc.9.32
;περί τινος Pl.Phdr. 277d
: c. gen. pers. and rel. clause,ἀγνοοῦντες ἀλλήλων ὅ τι λέγομεν Id.Grg. 517c
: dependent clauses in part.,τίς.. ἀ. τὸν ἐκεῖθεν πόλεμον δεῦρο ἥξοντα; D.1.15
: with Conj., οὐδεὶς ἀ. ὅτι .. Id.21.156, etc.;ἀγνοῶν εἰ.. X.An.6.5.12
:—[voice] Pass., not to be known, recognized, Pl.Euthphr.4a, Hp.Ma. 294d, etc.;ἀγνοούμενα ὅπῃ.. ἀγαθά ἐστι Id.R. 506a
; ἠγνοῆσθαι ξύμπασιν ὅτι .. Id.Lg. 797a;ὑπελάμβανον ἀγνοήσεσθαι D.18.249
; καιρὸν οὐ παρεθέντα οὐδ' ἀγνοηθέντα ib.303, cf. Isoc.15.171; τὰ ἠγνοημένα unknown parts, Arr.An.7.1.4.II abs., go wrong, make a false step, first in Hp.Art.46, Antipho 5.44 (dub.l.), lsoc.8.39; part. ἀγνοῶν ignorantly, by mistake, X.An.7.3.38, Arist.EN 1110b27;ἀγνοήσαντες And.4.5
: in moral sense, to be ignorant of what is right, act amiss, Plb.5.11.5, cf. Ep.Heb.5.2:—[voice] Med., fail to recognize, Gal.14.630. -
27 ἀγνώριστος
ἀγνώριστος, ον,A unascertained, unknown, Thphr.HP1.2.3, cf. Poll. 5.150, Hierocl.Facet.150; not recognized, Steph.in Hp.1.61 D.Greek-English dictionary (Αγγλικά Ελληνικά-λεξικό) > ἀγνώριστος
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28 ἀναγκαῖος
A of, with, or by force:I [voice] Act., constraining, applying force, μῦθος ἀ. a word of force, Od.17.399; χρειὼ ἀ. urgent necessity, Il.8.57; ἦμαρ ἀ. day of constraint, i.e. life of slavery, 16.836; ἀ. τύχη a doom imposed by fate, or fateful chance, S.Aj. 485, cf. 803 (but, fatal chance, Id.El.48);πᾶν γὰρ ἀ. χρῆμ' ἀνιηρὸν ἔφυ Thgn.472
, cf. 297, E.Or. 230; τῆς ἀρχῆς τῷ ἀ. παροξυνομένους by the compulsory nature of our rule, Th.5.99;δεσμὸς ἀ. Theoc.24.33
; ἐξ ἀναγκαίου under stress of circumstances, Th.7.60.2 forcible, cogent, ;ἀποδείξεις Ti. 40e
; ; τὰ-ότερα τῶν ἀντιγράφων the more authoritative copies, Sch.S. OC 390.II [voice] Pass., constrained, forced, twice in Od., πολεμισταὶ ἀ. soldiers perforce, Od.24.499; so δμῶες ἀ. ib. 210 (where however Eust. expl. it χρειώδεις trusty, serviceable, v. infr. 6).2 necessary (physically or morally), οὐκ ἀ. unnecessary (on its diff. senses in philosophy v. Arist.Metaph. 1015a20ff.), ἀ. [ἐστί] it is necessary to.., S.Ph. 1317, etc.; γίνεταί μοι ἀναγκαιότ ατον, c. inf., Hdt.3.65; ἀ. κακόν a necessary evil, Men.651, cf. Hybreasap.Str.14.2.24: also c. inf.,ἔνιαι τῶν ἀποκρίσεων ἀναγκαῖαι διὰ μακρῶν τοὺς λόγους ποιεῖσθαι Pl.Grg. 449b
; ; [μαθήματα] ἀναγκαῖα προμεμαθηκέναι necessary for us to have learnt them before, Lg. 643c.bτὰ ἀ.
things necessary to be done,X.
Mem.1.1.6; τὰ ἐκ θεοῦ ἀ. the appointed order of things, HG 1.7.33;θεῶν ἀναγκαῖον τόδε E.Hec. 584
codd.: τὸ ἀ., = ἀνάγκη, Arist. Ph. 200a31.4 indispensable, i. e. a bare minimum, freq. in [comp] Sup., τὸ ἀναγκαιότατον ὕψος the least height that was absolutely necessary, Th.1.90; ἡ ἀναγκαιοτάτη πόλις the least that could be called a city, Pl.R. 369d;ἐκ τεττάρων ἀναγκαιοτάτων συγκεῖσθαι πόλιν Arist.Pol. 1291a12
; αὐτὰ τἀναγκαιότατ' εἰπεῖν give a bare outline of the facts, D.18.126, cf. 168; ἡ ἀ. συγγένεια the most distant degree of kinship recognized by law, 44.26: less freq. in Posit.,οὐδὲ τἀναγκαῖα ἐξικέσθαι Th.1.70
: hence, scanty, makeshift,παρασκευή 6.37
.5 of persons, connected by necessary or natural ties, i. e. related by blood, Antipho 1.4, Pl.R. 574b;ἀ. δόμοις E.Alc. 533
;οἱ ἀ.
kinsfolk,X.
An.2.4.1;ἀ. φίλοι E.Andr. 671
;συγγενεῖς καὶ ἀ. ἄνθρωποι D.19.290
;τοὺς συγγενεῖς αὐτοῦ καὶ ἀ. φίλους Act.Ap.10.24
, cf. PFlor.2.142.2 (iii A. D.).6 Astrol., efficacious, Vett.Val.63.1 ([comp] Comp.): ἀ. γραμμή line of fate, Cat.Cod.Astr.7.238.III Adv. - ως of necessity, perforce, ἀ. ἔχει it must be so, Hdt.1.89, A.Ch. 239, S.Tr. 723, Pl. Phd. 91e, etc.;ἀ. ἔχει μοι ποιέειν ταῦτα Hdt.8.140
.ά, al.; ἀ. φέρειν, opp. ἀνδρείως, Th.2.64; as best might be, Pl. Ti. 69d.2 γελοίως καὶ ἀ. λέγειν in a narrow sense (cf. 11.4, but prob. with play on 111.1), Id.R. 527a;πτωχῶς μέν, ἀλλ' ἀ. Babr.55.2
:—[comp] Sup.ἀναγκαιότατα, λέγεις Pl.Phlb. 40c
.IV οἱ ἀ. τόποι privy parts, Vett.Val.113.9.V ἀναγκαῖον, τό, v. sub v.Greek-English dictionary (Αγγλικά Ελληνικά-λεξικό) > ἀναγκαῖος
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29 ἄγραφος
ἄγραφ-ος, ον,A unwritten,μνήμη Th.2.43
; ἄ. διαθῆκαι nuncupatory wills, Plu.Cor.9;ἄ. κληρονόμος Luc.Tox.23
; ἄγραφα λέγειν to speak without book, Plu.Dem.8. Adv.-φως, κατὰ μνήμης σῴζεσθαι Procl. in Prm.p.553
S.II ἄ. δίκαιον, moral or equitable justice, Arist. EN 1162b22; ἄ. νόμοι or νόμιμα unwritten laws:2 laws of custom, Th.2.37;ἄ. νόμιμα Pl.Lg. 793a
, cf. Arist.Rh. 1373b5; ἄγραφα, τά, ib. 1368b9; ἄ. ἀδίκημα a crime not recognized by law, Hsch.III not registered, ἄ. πόλεις (in a treaty) Th.1.40; ἄ. γάμοι without written contract, CPR18.30 (ii A.D. Adv. - ως ibid., POxy.267.19(i A.D.)); ἄ. συνουσίαι not written down, Phlp.in Ph.513.30;συναλλαγματογραφίαι PTeb.1.140
; ἄγραφα καὶ ἄστατα neither catalogued nor weighed, IG2.652B2; hence ἄγραφα, τά, sundries, PTeb.112.104 (ii B. C.), al.2 ἄ. μέταλλα mines not registered, but worked clandestinely, Suid. s.v.IV without inscription, IG 2.754, al.—Prose word.Greek-English dictionary (Αγγλικά Ελληνικά-λεξικό) > ἄγραφος
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30 ἄθεος
ἄθεος (A), ον,A without God, denying the gods, esp. those recognized by the state, Pl.Ap. 26c, etc.: applied to Diagoras, Cic.ND1.23.63; παράδειγμα ἄ., opp. θεῖον, Pl.Tht. 176e.2 generally, godless, ungodly, Pi.P.4.162, A.Eu. 151, S.Tr. 1036: [comp] Comp.- ώτερος Lys. 6.32
: [comp] Sup.- ώτατος X.An.2.5.39
.II Adv. - ως by the anger of heaven (cf. 1.3),ἀ. ἐφθαρμένη S.OT 254
, cf.El. 1181: [comp] Sup. - ώτατα in most unholy wise, ib. 124 (lyr.).------------------------------------ἄθεος (B), ον, -
31 ἦ
ἦ, Adv., never in the form ἦε ([etym.] ἠέ):I TO CONFIRM an assertion, in truth, of a surety, , etc.; ironically, 1.229, al.; with concessive force, it is true that..: hence, although..,ἦ καὶ γένει ὕστερος ἦεν 3.215
: freq. strengthd. by the addition of one or two other Particles, asἦ ἄρα Od.24.193
;ἦ ἄρα δή Il.13.446
;ἦ ῥα 4.82
;ἦ ῥά νυ 6.215
;ἦ γάρ 1.78
;ἦ γάρ τοι Od.16.199
;ἦ δή Il.2.272
;ἦ δή που 21.583
; ;ἦ θην Il.20.452
; ;ἦ μάλα Il.3.204
;ἦ μάλα δή 5.422
; ἦ μήν and ἦ μέν (v. infr.);ἦ νυ Il.22.11
;ἦ τάχα Od.18.73
;ἦ τε 13.211
: and to express doubt, ἦ που, v. ἦ που and ποῦ: esp. ἦ μήν used in oaths and asseverations, Il.2.291, 7.393, A.Pr.73, 168, etc.; alsoἦ μάν Il.2.370
, 13.354, Sapph.Supp.23.5;ἦ μέν Od.10.65
(later εἶ μήν, v. εἷ): c. inf. in orat. obliq., after Verbs of swearing, etc.,σὺ δὲ σύνθεο, καί μοι ὄμοσσον, ἦ μέν μοι πρόφρων ἔπεσιν καὶ χερσὶν ἀρήξειν Il.1.77
; ἦ μέν also in [dialect] Ion. historical Prose, Hdt.4.154, 5.93, al.;ἐγγυᾶσθαι, ἦ μὴν παραμενεῖν Pl. Phd. 115d
; ἐγγυητὰς καταστῆσαι ἦ μὴν ἐκτείσειν Lexap.D.24.39: with other Particles,ἦ μὲν δή Il.2.798
, Od.18.257, al.;ἦ δὴ μάν Il.17.538
.2 in the combinations ἐπεὶ ἦ, ὅτι ἢ and τί ἢ; A.D.Conj.255.5, Synt.307.19(cf. Hdn.Gr.1.520), recognizes an 'expletive' ἠ ([etym.] παραπληρωματικὸς σύνδεσμος) perispom. after ἐπεί, barytone after ὅτι or τί. It is prob. the same as the affirmative ἦ (cf. A.D.Conj.l.c.), and occurs in the same combinations,ἐπεὶ ἦ πολύ.. Il.1.169
, al.; ἐπεὶ ἦ μάλα ib. 156, Od.10.465;ἐπεὶ ἦ καί.. Il.20.437
, Od.16.442. Trypho took τίη as one word, and this can be supported byτί ἢ δὲ σύ.. Il.6.55
, but A.D. (Conj.l.c.) infers from the accent of ὅτι ἢ that τί ἢ was two words. The Attic accentuation is said by Eust.45 init., 118.39, 907.14 to be τιή, ὁτιή(qq. v.).3 this ἦ (or ἢ) is prob. to be recognized inὥς τε γὰρ ἦ Il.2.289
,ὥς τέ τευ ἦ Od.3.348
, 19.109, where codd. have ἢ (in Od.3.348 ἠδέ (cj. Bekker) shd. perh. be read for ἠέ).II in Questions not involving alternatives:1 Direct questions,a epexegetic of a preceding question, suggesting the answer to it, τίπτ' εἰλήλουθας; ἦ ἵνα ὕβριν ἴδῃ Ἀγαμέμνονος; why hast thou come? is it that thou mayst see.. ? Il.1.203, cf. 5.466,7.26, Od.4.710,13.418, 17.376, B.17.5; τί δῆτα χρῄζεις; ἦ με γῆς ἔξω βαλεῖν; S.OT 622, cf. E.Or. 1425 (ἤ codd.); τίς σοι διηγεῖτο; ἦ αὐτὸς Σωκράτης; Pl.Smp. 173a (perispom., cod. B): on the accent, Hdn. Gr.2.112.b not epexegetic of a preceding question, ἦ σύ γ' Ὀδυσσεύς ἐσσι πολύτροπος; art thou the wily Odysseus? Od.10.330, cf. Il.11.666, 15.504; ἦ οὐκ ὀτρύνοντος ἀκούετε.. Ἕκτορος; do you not hear..? ib. 506, cf. Od.16.424; ἦ τὸ πλοῖον ἀφῖκται; Pl.Cri. 43c; ἦ οὐ δοκεῖ καὶ σοὶ οὕτω; don't you think so too? Id.Grg. 479b (perispom., cod. T); ἦ βούλει συλλογισώμεθα αὐτά; shall we work them (the consequences) out? ib. 479c (perispom., cod. T); ἦ τορῶς λέγω; A.Ag. 269; ἦ κἀν δόμοισι τυγχάνει τανῦν παρών; S.OT 757: freq. with other Particles, ἦ ἄρ.. ; Od.20.166, Il.19.56; mostly ἦ ῥα.. ; 5.421, 762, Od.4.632; also in Trag. (in lyr.), A.Pers. 633, S.Aj. 172, 955: esp. to mark the first of several questions, Pi.I.7(6).3 sqq.; ἦ ἄρα δή.. ; Il.13.446; ἦ ῥά νυ.. ; 4.93; ἦ νυ.. ; 15.128; ἦ ταῦτα δή.. ; S.Ph. 565, El. 385; ἦ ταῦτα δῆτα.. ; Id.OT 429; ἦ γάρ.. ; A.Pr. 745, 757, S.OT 1000: in [dialect] Att. Prose, ἦ γάρ; standing alone, is it not so? Pl.Tht. 160e, Grg. 449d, 468d; ἦ καί.. ; A.Ag. 1207, 1362:—ἦ usu. begins the sentence, except that the vocative may precede, as in Il.5.421, 762, Od.4.632, S.OC 863, 1102, or ἀλλά, as in A.Ag. 276, Ch. 774:—by Crasis ἦ combines with ἄρα in [dialect] Att. and the κοινή to ἆρα (q. v.), in all other dialects (cf. A.D.Conj.223.24 ) to ἦρα (q. v.), but ἆρα is found in Pi.P.4.78 ( ἄρα codd.), al., Archil.86, 89.2 Indirect questions, (v.l. εἰ, which alone has Ms. authority in Il.1.83, Od.19.325);ὄφρα καὶ Ἕκτωρ εἴσεται ἢ καὶ ἐμὸν δόρυ μαίνεται ἐν παλάμῃσιν Il.8.111
(v.l. εἰ) ; ἀλλ' ἄγε μοι τόδε εἰπὲ.. ἢ καὶ Λαέρτῃ αὐτὴν ὁδὸν ἄγγελος ἔλθω; Od.16.138 (v.l. εἰ) ; ἀμφίστασθαι ἦ κα πεφυτεύκωντι πάντα κὰτ τὰν συνθήκαν they shall investigate whether.. Tab.Heracl.1.125;μαντεύσασθαί οἱ.. ἦ λώϊόν οἵ κα εἴη Isyll.34
;διαφαφίξασθαι ἦ δοκεῖ αὐτὸν στεφανῶσαι IG12(3).170.12
([place name] Astypalaea): accented ἤ in codd. Hom., but it shd. perh. be perispom.------------------------------------ἦ, for ἔφη, [ per.] 3sg. [tense] impf. or [tense] aor. 2 of ἠμί (q. v.). [full] ἦ, for ἦν, [dialect] Att. [var] contr. from lon. ἔα, [tense] impf. of εἰμί (A sum). -
32 ὁ
ὁ, [full] ἡ, τό, is, when thus written,A demonstr. Pronoun.B in [dialect] Att., definite or prepositive Article.C in [dialect] Ep., the so-called postpositive Article, = relative Pronoun, ὅς, ἥ, ὅ.—The nom. masc. and fem. sg. and pl., ὁ, ἡ, οἱ, αἱ, have no accent in codd. and most printed books, exc. when used as the relative ; but ὁ, ἡ, οἱ, αἱ differ only in writing from ὃ, ἣ, οἳ, αἳ ; the nom. forms of the article are said by Hdn.Gr.1.474 to be oxytone, and by A.D.Pron.8.7 not to be enclitic. The forms τῶν, τοῖς, ταῖς were barytone (i. e. τὼν, τοὶς, ταὶς ) in [dialect] Aeol. acc. to Aristarch. ap. A.D.Synt.51.26. For οἱ, αἱ some dialects (not Cypr., cf. Inscr.Cypr.135.30H., nor Cret., cf.Leg.Gort. 5.28, nor Lesbian, cf. Alc.81, Sapph.Supp.5.1 ) and Hom. have τοί, ταί (though οἱ, αἱ are also found in Hom.): other Homeric forms are gen. sg. τοῖο, gen. and dat. dualτοῖιν Od.18.34
, al.: gen. pl. fem. τάων [pron. full] [ᾱ], dat. τοῖσι, τῇς and τῇσι, never ταῖσι or ταῖς in Hom.— In [dialect] Dor. and all other dialects exc. [dialect] Att. and [dialect] Ion. the fem. forms preserve the old [pron. full] ᾱ instead of changing it to η, hence [dialect] Dor. etc. ἁ, τάν, τᾶς ; the gen. pl. τάων contracts in many dialects to τᾶν ; the gen. sg. is in many places τῶ, acc. pl. τώς, but Cret., etc., τόνς (Leg.Gort.7.7, al.) or τός (ib.3.50, al.) ; in Lesbian [dialect] Aeol. the acc. pl. forms are τοὶς, ταὶς, IG12(2).645 A13, B62 ; dat. pl. τοῖς, ταῖς (or τοὶς, ταὶς, v. supr.), ib.645 A8, ib.1.6 ; ταῖσι as demonstr., Sapph. 16. The [dialect] Att. Poets also used the [dialect] Ion. and [dialect] Ep. forms τοῖσι, ταῖσι ; and in Trag. we find τοὶ μέν.., τοὶ δέ.., for οἱ μέν.., οἱ δέ.., not only in lyr., as A.Pers. 584, Th. 295, 298 ;οἱ μέν.. τοὶ δ' S.Aj. 1404
(anap.) ; but even in a trimeter, A.Pers. 424. In [dialect] Att. the dual has usu. only one gender, τὼ θεώ (for τὰ θεά) And.1.113 sq. ; τὼ πόλεε Foed. ap. Th.5.23 ;τὼ ἡμέρα X.Cyr.1.2.11
;τὼ χεῖρε Id.Mem.2.3.18
;τοῖν χεροῖν Pl.Tht. 155e
;τοῖν γενεσέοιν Id.Phd. 71e
;τοῖν πολέοιν Isoc.4.75
(τά S.Ant. 769, Ar.Eq. 424, 484,ταῖν Lys.19.17
, Is.5.16, etc. have been corrected) ; in Arc. the form τοῖς functions as gen. dual fem., (Orchom., iv B.C.):—in Elean and [dialect] Boeot. ὁ, ἡ (ἁ), τό, with the addition of -ί, = ὅδε, ἥδε, τόδε, nom.pl. masc. τυΐ the following men, Schwyzer485.14 (Thespiae, iii B.C.), al., cf. infr. VIII. 5. (With ὁ, ἁ, cf. Skt. demonstr. pron. sa, sā, Goth. sa, sō, ONorse sá, sú, Old Lat. acc. sum, sam (Enn.): —with τό [from Τόδ] cf. Skt. tat (tad), Lat. is-tud, Goth. pata: —with τοί cf. Skt. te, Lith. tĩe, OE. pá, etc.:—with τάων cf. Skt. tāsām, Lat. is-tarum:— the origin of the relative ὅς, ἥ, ὅ (q. v.) is different.)A ὁ, ἡ, τό, DEMONSTR. PRONOUN, that, the oldest and in Hom. the commonest sense: freq. also in Hdt. (1.86,5.35,al.), and sts. in Trag. (mostly in lyr., A.Supp. 1047, etc.; in trimeters, Id.Th. 197, Ag.7, Eu. 174 ; τῶν γάρ.., τῆς γάρ.., Id.Supp. 358, S.OT 1082 ; seldom in [dialect] Att. Prose, exc. in special phrases, v. infr. VI, VII):I joined with a Subst., to call attention to it, ὁ Τυδεΐδης he—Tydeus' famous son, Il. 11.660; τὸν Χρύσην that venerable man Chryses, I.II: and so with Appellat., Νέστωρ ὁ γέρων N.— thataged man, 7.324 ; αἰετοῦ.. τοῦ θηρητῆρος the eagle, that which is called hunter, 21.252, al. ; also to define and give emphasis, τιμῆς τῆς Πριάμου for honour, namely that of Priam, 20.181 ; οἴχετ' ἀνὴρ ὤριστος a man is gone, and he the best, 11.288, cf. 13.433, al.: sts. with words between the Pron. and Noun,αὐτὰρ ὁ αὖτε Πέλοψ 2.105
;τὸν Ἕκτορι μῦθον ἐνίσπες 11.186
, cf. 703, al.:—different from this are cases like Il.1.409 αἴ κέν πως ἐθέλῃσιν ἐπὶ Τρώεσσιν ἀρῆξαι, τοὺς δὲ κατὰ πρύμνας τε καὶ ἀμφ' ἅλα ἔλσαι Ἀχαιούς if he would help the Trojans, but drive those back to the ships— I mean the Achaeans, where Ἀχ. is only added to explain τούς, cf. 1.472, 4.20, 329, al.II freq. without a Subst., he, she, it,ὁ γὰρ ἦλθε Il.1.12
, al.III placed after its Noun, before the Relat. Prons., ἐφάμην σὲ περὶ φρένας ἔμμεναι ἄλλων, τῶν ὅσσοι Λυκίην ναιετάουσι far above the rest, above those to wit who, etc., Il.17.172 ; οἷ' οὔ πώ τιν' ἀκούομεν οὐδὲ παλαιῶν, τάων αἳ πάρος ἦσαν.. Ἀχαιαί such as we have not heard tell of yet even among the women of old, those women to wit who.., Od.2.119, cf. Il.5.332 ;θάλαμον τὸν ἀφίκετο, τόν ποτε τέκτων ξέσσεν Od.21.43
, cf. 1.116, 10.74 :—for the [dialect] Att. usage v. infr.IV before a Possessive Pron. its demonstr. force is sts. very manifest, φθίσει σε τὸ σὸν μένος that spirit of thine, Il.6.407, cf. 11.608 ; but in 15.58, 16.40, and elsewh. it is merely the Art.V for cases in which the Homeric usage approaches most nearly to the Attic, v. infr. B. init.VI ὁ μέν.., ὁ δέ.. without a Subst., in all cases, genders, and numbers, Hom., etc.: sts. in Opposition, where ὁ μέν prop. refers to the former, ὁ δέ to the latter ; more rarely ὁ μέν the latter, the former,Pl.
Prt. 359e, Isoc.2.32,34: sts. in Partition, the one.., the other.., etc.—The Noun with it is regularly in gen. pl., being divided by the ὁ μέν.., ὁ δέ.., into parts,ἠΐθεοι καὶ παρθένοι.., τῶν δ' αἱ μὲν λεπτὰς ὀθόνας ἔχον, οἱ δὲ χιτῶνας εἵατο Il.18.595
;τῶν πόλεων αἱ μὲν τυραννοῦνται, αἱ δὲ δημοκρατοῦνται, αἱ δὲ ἀριστοκρατοῦνται Pl.R. 338d
, etc.: but freq. the Noun is in the same case, by a kind of apposition,ἴδον υἷε Δάρητος, τὸν μὲν ἀλευάμενον τὸν δὲ κτάμενον Il.5.28
, cf. Od.12.73, etc.: so in Trag. and [dialect] Att., S.Ant. 22, etc. ;πηγὴ ἡ μὲν εἰς αὐτὸν ἔδυ, ἡ δὲ ἔξω ἀπορρεῖ Pl.Phdr. 255c
; if the Noun be collective, it is in the gen. sg.,ὁ μὲν πεπραμένος ἦν τοῦ σίτου, ὁ δὲ ἔνδον ἀποκείμενος D.42.6
: sts. a Noun is added in apposition with ὁ μέν orὁ δέ, ὁ μὲν οὔτασ' Ἀτύμνιον ὀξέϊ δουρὶ Ἀντίλοχος.., Μάρις δὲ.. Il.16.317
-19, cf. 116 ;τοὺς μὲν τὰ δίκαια ποιεῖν ἠνάγκασα, τοὺς πλουσίους, τοὺς δὲ πένητας κτλ. D.18.102
, cf. Pl.Grg. 501a, etc.2 when a neg. accompanies ὁ δέ, it follows δέ, e.g. ;τὸν φιλόσοφον σοφίας ἐπιθυμητὴν εἶναι, οὐ τῆς μὲν τῆς δ' οὔ, ἀλλὰ πάσης Pl.R. 475b
;οὐ πάσας χρὴ τὰς δόξας τιμᾶν, ἀλλὰ τὰς μὲν τὰς δ' οὔ· οὐδὲ πάντων, ἀλλὰ τῶν μὲν τῶν δ' οὔ Id.Cri. 47a
, etc.3 ὁ μέν τις.., ὁ δέ τις.. is used in Prose, when the Noun to which ὁ refers is left indefinite,ἔλεγον ὁ μέν τις τὴν σοφίαν, ὁ δὲ τὴν καρτερίαν.., ὁ δέ τις καὶ τὸ κάλλος X.Cyr.3.1.41
;νόμους.. τοὺς μὲν ὀρθῶς τιθέασιν τοὺς δέ τινας οὐκ ὀρθῶς Pl.R. 339c
, cf. Phlb. 13c.4 on τὸ μέν.., τὸ δέ.., or τὰ μέν.., τὰ δέ.., v. infr. VIII.4.5 ὁ μέν is freq. used without a correspondingὁ δέ, οἱ μὲν ἄρ' ἐσκίδναντο.., Μυρμιδόνας δ' οὐκ εἴα ἀποσκίδνασθαι Il.23.3
, cf. 24.722, Th.8.12, etc.: also folld. byἀλλά, ἡ μὲν γάρ μ' ἐκέλευε.., ἀλλ' ἐγὼ οὐκ ἔθελον Od.7.304
; by ἄλλος δέ, Il.6.147, etc. ;τὸν μὲν.., ἕτερον δέ Ar.Av. 843
, etc. ;ὁ μέν.., ὃς δέ.. Thgn.205
(v.l. οὐδέ): less freq. ὁ δέ in the latter clause without ὁ μέν preceding, τῇ ῥα παραδραμέτην φεύγων, ὁ δ' ὄπισθε διώκων (for ὁ μὲν φεύγων) Il.22.157 ;σφραγῖδε.. χρυσοῦν ἔχουσα τὸν δακτύλιον, ἡ δ' ἑτέρα ἀργυροῦν IG22.1388.45
, cf.μέν D.
III ;γεωργὸς μὲν εἷς, ὁ δὲ οἰκοδόμος, ἄλλος δέ τις ὑφαντής Pl.R. 369d
, cf. Tht. 181d.6 ὁ δέ following μέν sts. refers to the subject of the preceding clause,τοῦ μὲν ἅμαρθ', ὁ δὲ Λεῦκον.. βεβλήκει Il. 4.491
;τὴν μὲν γενομένην αὐτοῖσι αἰτίην οὐ μάλα ἐξέφαινε, ὁ δὲ ἔλεγέ σφι Hdt.6.3
, cf. 1.66,6.9, 133,7.6 : rare in [dialect] Att. Prose,ἐπεψήφιζεν αὐτὸς ἔφορος ὤν· ὁ δὲ οὐκ ἔφη διαγιγνώσκειν τὴν βοήν Th.1.87
;ἔμενον ὡς κατέχοντες τὸ ἄκρον· οἱ δ' οὐ κατεῖχον X.An.4.2.6
: this is different from ὁ δέ in apodosi, v. infr. 7 ; also from passages in which both clauses have a common verb, v. ὅ γε 11.7 ὁ δέ is freq. used simply in continuing a narrative, Il.1.43, etc.; also used by Hom. in apodosi after a relat., v. ὅδε 111.3.8 the opposition may be expressed otherwise than by μέν andδέ, οὔθ' ὁ.. οὔθ' ὁ Il.15.417
;ἢ τοῖσιν ἢ τοῖς A.Supp. 439
;οὔτε τοῖς οὔτε τοῖς Pl.Lg. 701e
.VII the following usages prevailed in [dialect] Att. Prose,1 in dialogue, after καί, it was usual to say in nom. sg. masc. καὶ ὅς ; in the other cases the usual forms of the Art. were used (v.ὅς A.
II.I and cf. Skt. sas, alternat. form of sa) ; so, in acc.,καὶ τὸν εἰπεῖν Pl.Smp. 174a
, cf. X.Cyr.1.3.9, etc.; also in Hdt.,καὶ τὴν φράσαι 6.61
, al.2 ὁ καὶ ὁ such and such,τῇ καὶ τῇ ἀτιμίᾳ Pl.Lg. 721b
: but mostly in acc.,καί μοι κάλει τὸν καὶ τόν Lys.1.23
, cf. Pl.Lg. 784d ;τὰ καὶ τὰ πεπονθώς D.21.141
, cf. 9.68 ;τὸ καὶ τό Id.18.243
; ἀνάγκη ἄρα τὸ καὶ τό it must then be so and so, Arist.Rh. 1401a4, cf. 1413a22 ; but τὰ καὶ τά now one thing, now another, of good and bad, , cf. Pi.P.5.55,7.20, al.;τῶν τε καὶ τῶν καιρόν Id.O. 2.53
; so πάντα τοῦ μετρίου μεταβαλλόμενα ἐπὶ τὰ καὶ ἐπὶ τά, of excess and defect, Hp.Acut.46 ; cf. A. VI.8.VIII abs. usages of single cases,1 fem. dat. τῇ, of Place, there, on that spot, here, this way, that way, Il.5.752, 858, al.: folld. by ᾗ, 13.52, etc.: also in Prose,τὸ μὲν τῇ, τὸ δὲ τῇ X.Ath.2.12
.b with a notion of motion towards, that way, in that direction, Il.10.531,11.149, 12.124 ;τῇ ἴμεν ᾗ.. 15.46
; :—only poet.c of Manner, in this way, thus,Od.
8.510.d repeated, τῇ μέν.., τῇ δέ.., in one way.., in another.., or partly.., partly.., E.Or. 356, Pl.Smp. 211a, etc.: withoutμέν, τῇ μᾶλλον, τῇ δ' ἧσσον Parm.8.48
.e relat., where, by which way, only [dialect] Ep., as Il.12.118, Od.4.229.2 neut. dat. τῷ, therefore, on this account, freq. in Hom., Il.1.418, 2.254, al. (v. infr.): also in Trag., A.Pr. 239, S.OT 510 (lyr.) ; in Prose,τῷ τοι.. Pl.Tht. 179d
, Sph. 230b.b thus, so, Il.2.373, 13.57, etc.: it may also, esp. when εἰ precedes, be translated, then, if this be so, on this condition, Od.1.239,3.224, 258,al., Theoc.29.11.—In Hom. the true form is prob. τῶ, as in cod. A, or τώ, cf. A.D.Adv.199.2.3 neut. acc. τό, wherefore, Il.3.176, Od.8.332, al., S.Ph. 142(lyr.) ; also τὸ δέ abs., but the fact is.., Pl.Ap. 23a, Men. 97c, Phd. 109d, Tht. 157b, R. 340d, Lg. 967a ; even when the τό refers to what precedes, the contrast may lie not in the thing referred to, but in another part of the sentence (cf. supr. VI. 6),τὸ δ' ἐπὶ κακουργίᾳ.. ἐπετήδευσαν Th.1.37
;τὸ δὲ.. ἡμῖν μᾶλλον περιέσται Id.2.89
; φασὶ δέ τινες αὐτὸν καὶ τῶν ἑπτὰ σοφῶν γεγονέναι· τὸ δὲ οὐκ ἦν but he was not, Nic.Dam.58J.4 τὸ μέν.., τὸ δέ.., partly.., partly.., or on the one hand.., on the other.., Th.7.36, etc., cf.Od.2.46 ; more freq. τὰ μέν.., τὰ δέ.., Hdt.1.173, S.Tr. 534, etc.; alsoτὰ μέν τι.., τὰ δέ τι.. X.An.4.1.14
;τὸ μέν τι.., τὸ δέ τι.. Luc.Macr.14
;τὰ μέν.., τὸ δὲ πλέον.. Th.1.90
: sts. without τὸ μέν.. in the first clause,τὸ δέ τι Id.1.107
,7.48 : rarely of Time, τὰ μὲν πολλὰ.., τέλος δέ several times.. and finally, Hdt.3.85.5 of Time, sts. that time, sts. this (present) time, συνμαχία κ' ἔα ἑκατὸν ϝέτεα, ἄρχοι δέ κα τοΐ (where it is possible, but not necessary, to supply ϝέτος) SIG9.3 (Olympia, vi B.C.): so with Preps., ἐκ τοῦ, [dialect] Ep. τοῖο, from that time, Il.1.493,15.601.b πρὸ τοῦ, sts. written προτοῦ, before this, aforetime, Hdt.1.103, 122,5.55, A.Ag. 1204, Ar.Nu.5, etc.;ἐν τῷ πρὸ τοῦ χρόνῳ Th.1.32
, cf. A.Eu. 462 ;τὸ πρὸ τοῦ D.S.20.59
.c in Thess. Prose, ὑππρὸ τᾶς yesterday, τὰ ψαφίσματα τό τε ὑππρὸ τᾶς γενόμενον καὶ τὸ τᾶμον the decree which was passed yesterday (lit. before this [day]), and to-day's, IG9(2).517.43 (Larissa, iii B.C.).6 ἐν τοῖς is freq. used in Prose with Superlatives, ἐν τοῖσι θειότατον a most marvellous thing, Hdt.7.137 ; ἐν τοῖς πρῶτοι the very first, Th.1.6, etc.; ἐν τοῖσι πρῶτος ( πρώτοις codd.) Pherecr.145.4 ; [Ζεὺς] Ἔρωτά τε καὶ Ἀνάγκην ἐν τοῖς πρῶτα ἐγέννησεν first of all, Aristid. Or.43(1).16, cf. 37(2).2: when used with fem. Nouns, ἐν τοῖς remained without change of gender, ἐν τοῖς πλεῖσται δὴ νῆες the greatest number of ships, Th.3.17; ἐν τοῖς πρώτη ἐγένετο (sc. ἡ στάσις) ib.82 : also with Advbs.,ἐν τοῖς μάλιστα Id.8.90
, Pl.Cri. 52a, Plu.2.74e, 421d, 723e, Brut.6, 11,al., Paus.1.16.3, etc.;ἐν τοῖς χαλεπώτατα Th.7.71
; : in late Prose, also with Positives,ἐν τοῖς παράδοξον Aristid.Or.48(24).47
codd.; withπάνυ, ἐν τοῖς πάνυ D.H.1.19
, cf. 66 ( ἐν ταῖς πάνυ f.l. 4.14,15).B ὁ, ἡ, τό, THE DEFINITE ARTICLE, the, to specify individuals: rare in this signf. in the earliest Gr., becoming commoner later. In Hom. the demonstr. force can generally be traced, v. supr. A. I, but the definite Art. must be recognized in places like Il.1.167,7.412, 9.309, 12.289, Od.19.372 : also when joined to an Adj. to make it a Subst., the hindmost man,Il.
11.178 ;τὸν ἄριστον 17.80
;τὸν δύστηνον 22.59
;τὸν προὔχοντα 23.325
; τῷ πρώτῳ.., τῷ δευτέρῳ.., etc., ib. 265sq. ; also inτῶν ἄλλων 2.674
, al.: with Advs.,τὸ πρίν 24.543
, al.;τὸ πάρος περ 17.720
;τὸ πρόσθεν 23.583
; also τὸ τρίτον ib. 733 ;τὰ πρῶτα 1.6
,al.; τὸ μὲν ἄλλο for the rest, 23.454 ;ἀνδρῶν τῶν τότε 9.559
.—The true Art., however, is first fully established in fifth-cent. [dialect] Att., whilst the demonstr. usage disappears, exc. in a few cases, V. A. VI-VIII.—Chief usages, esp. in [dialect] Att.I not only with common Appellats., Adjs., and Parts., to specify them as present to sense or mind, but also freq. where we use the Possessive Pron.,τὸ κέαρ ηὐφράνθην Ar.Ach.5
; τὴν κεφαλὴν κατεάγην my head was broken, And.1.61, etc. ; τοὺς φίλους ποιούμεθα we make our friends, S.Ant. 190 ; τὰς πόλεις ἔκτιζον they began founding their cities, Th.1.12; .b omitted with pr.nn.and freq. with Appellats. which require no specification, as θεός, βασιλεύς, v. θεός 1.1, βασιλεύς III ; ἐμ πόλει in the Acropolis, IG12.4.1, al.: but added to pr. nn., when attention is to be called to the previous mention of the person, as Th. (3.70 ) speaks first of Πειθίας and then refers to him repeatedly as ὁ Π.; cf. Θράσυλος in Id.8.104, with ὁ Θ. ib. 105 ; or when the person spoken of is to be specially distinguished, Ζεύς, ὅστις ὁ Ζεύς whoever this Zeus is, E.Fr. 480 ; and therefore properly omitted when a special designation follows, as Σωκράτης ὁ φιλόσοφος: seldom in Trag. with pr. nn., save to give pecul. emphasis, like Lat. ille, ὁ Λάϊος, ὁ Φοῖβος, S.OT 729, El.35, etc.: later, however, the usage became very common (the Homeric usage of ὁ with a pr. n. is different, v. A.I).c Aristotle says Σωκράτης meaning the historical Socrates, as in SE183b7, PA642a28, al., but ὁ Σωκράτης when he means the Platonic Socrates, as Pol.1261a6, al.: so with other pr.nn., EN1145a21, 1146a21, al.2 in a generic sense, where the individual is treated as a type,οἷς ὁ γέρων μετέῃσιν.. λεύσσει Il.3.109
;πονηρὸν ὁ συκοφάντης D.18.242
, etc.b freq. with abstract Nouns,ἥ τε ἐλπὶς καὶ ὁ ἔρως Th.3.45
, etc.3 of outstanding members of a class, ὁ γεωγράφος, ὁ κωμικός, ὁ ποιητής, ὁ τεχνικός, v. γεωγράφος, κωμικός, ποιητής, τεχνικός.4 with infs., which thereby become Substs., τὸ εἴργειν prevention, Pl.Grg. 505b ; τὸ φρονεῖν good sense, S.Ant. 1348(anap.), etc.: when the subject is expressed it is put between the Art.and the inf., τὸ θεοὺς εἶναι the existence of gods, Pl.Phd. 62b ; τὸ μηδένα εἶναι ὄλβιον the fact or statement that no one is happy, Hdt.1.86.5 in neut. before any word or expression which itself is made the object of thought, τὸ ἄνθρωπος the word or notion man ; τὸ λέγω the word λέγω ; τὸ μηδὲν ἄγαν the sentiment 'ne quid nimis', E.Hipp. 265(lyr.); τὸ τῇ αὐτῇ the phrase τῇ αὐτῇ, Pl.Men. 72e : and so before whole clauses, ἡ δόξα.. περὶ τοῦ οὕστινας δεῖ ἄρχειν the opinion about the question 'who ought to rule', Id.R. 431e ; τὸ ἐὰν μένητε παρ' ἐμοί, ἀποδώσω the phrase 'I will give back, if.. ', X.Cyr. 5.1.21, cf. Pl.R. 327c, etc.;τοὺς τοῦ τί πρακτέον λογισμούς D.23.148
; τὸ ὀλίγοι the term few, Arist.Pol. 1283b11.6 before relat. clauses, when the Art. serves to combine the whole relat. clause into one notion, τῇ ᾗ φὴς σὺ σκληρότητι the harshness you speak of, Pl.Cra. 435a ; τὸν ἥμερον καρπόν.., καὶ τὸν ὅσος ξύλινος (i.e. καὶ τὸν καρπὸν ὅσος ἂν ᾖ ξύλινος) Id.Criti. 115b ;τῶν ὅσοι ἂν.. ἀγαθοὶ κριθῶσιν Id.R. 469b
;ἐκ γῆς καὶ πυρὸς μείξαντες καὶ τῶν ὅσα πυρὶ καὶ γῇ κεράννυται Id.Prt. 320d
, cf. Hyp.Lyc.2 ;ταύτην τε τὴν αἰτίαν καὶ τὴν ὅθεν ἡ κίνησις Arist.Metaph. 987a8
;τὸν ὃς ἔφη Lys.23.8
: hence the relat., by attraction, freq. follows the case of the Art., τοῖς οἵοις ἡμῖν τε καὶ ὑμῖν, i.e. τοῖς οὖσιν οἷοι ἡμεῖς καὶ ὑμεῖς, X.HG2.3.25, etc.7 before Prons.,a before the pers. Prons., giving them greater emphasis, but only in acc., ,Phlb. 20b ; τὸν.. σὲ καὶ ἐμέ ib. 59b ; ; on ὁ αὐτός, v. αὐτός 111.b before the interrog. Pron. (both τίς and ποῖος), referring to something before, which needs to be more distinctly specified, A.Pr. 251, Ar. Pax 696 ; also τὰ τί; because οἷα went before, ib. 693. Of τίς only the neut. is thus used (v.supr.): ποῖος is thus used not only in neut. pl., τὰ ποῖα; E.Ph. 707 ; but also in the other genders, ὁ ποῖος; ib. 1704 ; τῆς ποίας μερίδος; D.18.64 ; τοῖς ποίοις.. ; Arist.Ph. 227b1.c with τοιοῦτος, τοιόσδε, τηλικοῦτος, etc., the Art. either makes the Pron. into a Subst., that sort of person,X.
Mem.4.2.21, etc.; or subjoins it to a Subst. which already has an Art.,τὴν ἀπολογίαν τὴν τοιαύτην D.41.13
.8 before ἅπας, Pi.N.1.69, Hdt.3.64, 7.153 (s.v.l.), S.OC 1224 (lyr.), D.18.231, etc.; also τὸν ἕνα, τὸν ἕνα τοῦτον, Arist.Pol. 1287b8, 1288a19 : on its usage with ἕκαστος, v. sub voc.; and on οἱ ἄλλοι, οἱ πολλοί, etc., v. ἄλλος 11.6,πολύς 11.3
, etc.II elliptic expressions:1 before the gen. of a pr.<*>., to express descent, son or daughter, Θουκυδίδης ὁ Ὀλόρου (sc. υἱός) Th.4.104 ; Ἑλένη ἡ τοῦ Διός (sc. θυγάτηρ) E.Hel. 470 : also to denote other relationships, e.g. brother, Lys.32.24, Alciphr.2.2.10 ; ἡ Σμικυθίωνος Μελιστίχη M. the wife of S., Ar.Ec.46 ; Κλέαρχος καὶ οἱ ἐκείνου Cl. and his men, X.An.1.2.15 ; ὁ τοῦ Ἀντιγένεος the slave of A., Hp.Hum.20.2 generally, before a gen. it indicates a wider relation, as τὸ τῶν νεῶν, τὸ τῶν Ἑρμῶν, the matter of the ships, the affair of the Hermae, Th.4.23,6.60 ; τὰ τοῦ Ἀρριβαίου πράσσειν to promote the interests of Arrhibaeus, Id.4.83, cf. 6.89, etc.; τὸ τῆς τύχης,=ἡ τύχη, Id.4.18 ; τὰ τῆς τύχης accidents, chance events, ib.55 ; τὰ γὰρ φθιτῶν τοῖς ὁρῶσι κόσμος performance of the rites due to the dead befits the living, E.Supp.78(lyr.); τὰ τῶν θεῶν that which is destined by the gods, S.Tr. 498(lyr.): hence with neut. of Possessive Pron., τὸ ἐμόν, τὸ σόν, what regards me or thee, my or thy business or interests, S.Aj. 124, El. 251, etc.: and with gen. of 3 pers.,τὸ τῆσδε E.Hipp.48
. But τό τινος is freq. also, a man's word or saying, asτὸ τοῦ Σόλωνος Hdt.1.86
; τὸ τοῦ Ὁμήρου as Homer says, Pl.Tht. 183e ; also τά τινος so-and-so's house, Ar.V. 1432, D.54.7, Theoc.2.76, Herod.5.52, Ev.Luc.2.49.3 very freq. with cases governed by Preps.. αἱ ἐκ τῆς Ζακύνθου νῆες the ships from Zacynthus, Th.4.13 ; οἱ ἀμφί τινα, οἱ περί τινα, such an one and his followers, v. ἀμφί c.1.3, περί c.1.2 ; also τὰ ἐπὶ Θρᾴκης the Thrace-ward district, Th.1.59, al.; τὰ ἀπὸ τοῦ καταστρώματος matters on deck, Id.7.70 ; τὰ ἀπ' Ἀλκιβιάδου the proposals of Alcibiades, Id.8.48 ; τὰ ἀπὸ τῆς τύχης the incidents of fortune, Id.2.87, etc.4 on μὰ τόν, μὰ τήν, etc., v. μά IV.5 in elliptical phrases, ἐπορευόμην τὴν ἔξω τείχους (sc. ὁδόν) Pl.Ly. 203a ; ἡ ἐπὶ θανάτῳ (sc. στολή, δέσις), v. θάνατος; κατὰ τὴν ἐμήν (sc. γνώμην), v. ἐμός 11.4 ; ἡ αὔριον (sc. ἡμέρα), v. αὔριον; ἡ Λυδιστί (sc. ἁρμονία) Arist.Pol. 1342b32, etc.: freq. with Advs., which thus take an adj. sense, as ὁ, ἡ, τὸ νῦν;ὁ οἴκαδε πλοῦς Th.1.52
; οἱ τότε, οἱ ἔπειτα (sc. ἄνθρωποι), ib.9,10, etc. ; but τό stands abs. with Advs. of time and place, when one cannot (as in the preceding instances) supply a Subst., asκἀκεῖσε καὶ τὸ δεῦρο E.Ph. 266
, cf.[315] (lyr.);ὁ μὲν τὸ κεῖθεν, ὁ δὲ τὸ κεῖθεν Id.Or. 1412
(lyr.): rarely abs. in gen., ἰέναι τοῦ πρόσω to go forward, X.An.1.3.1 ;τοῦ προσωτάτω δραμεῖν S.Aj. 731
.C as RELATIVE PRONOUN in many dialects ; both in nom. sg. masc. ὅ, asκλῦθί μοι, ὃ χθιζὸς θεὸς ἤλυθες Od.2.262
, cf. 1.300, al. ;Ἔρως, ὃ κατ' ὀμμάτων στάζεις πόθον E.Hipp. 526
(lyr.);Ἄδωνις, ὃ κἠν Ἀχέροντι φιλεῖται Theoc.15.86
; ὃ ἐξορύξη he who banishes him, Schwyzer679.12,25 ([place name] Cyprus) ; and in the forms beginning with τ, esp. in Hom. (Od.4.160, al.), Hdt.1.7, al.: also in [dialect] Ion. Poets,ἐν τῷ κάθημαι Archil.87.3
, cf. Semon.7.3, Anacr.86 (prob.), Herod.2.64, al.: freq. in Trag., , Tr. 381, 728, E.Alc. 883 (anap.);τῷ S.Ph.14
; , Tr.47, El. 1144 ; τό Id.OT 1427 ; τῶν ib. 1379, Ant. 1086.—Never in Com. or [dialect] Att. Prose:—[dialect] Ep. gen. sg.τεῦ Il.18.192
(s.v.l.).D CRASIS OF ARTICLE:a [dialect] Att. ὁ, ἡ, τό, with [pron. full] ᾰ make ᾱ, as ἁνήρ, ἁλήθεια, τἀγαθόν, τᾄτιον; so οἱ, αἱ, τά, as ἅνδρες, τἀγαθά; also τοῦ, τῷ, as τἀγαθοῦ, τἀγαθῷ: ὁ, τό, οἱ, before e gives ου, οὑξ, οὑπί, οὑμός, τοὔργον, οὑπιχώριοι, etc.; also τοῦ, as τοὐμοῦ, τοὐπιόντος; but ἅτερος, θάτερον ([pron. full] ¯ ?ὁX?ὁX), [dialect] Ion. οὕτερος, τοὔτερον (v. ἕτερος), [dialect] Att. fem. ἡτέρα, dat. θητέρᾳ (v. ἕτερος); τῷ loses the iota, τὠμῷ, τὠπιόντι: ὁ, τό, before ο gives ου, as Οὁδυσσεύς, Οὑλύμπιος, τοὔνομα: ὁ, τό, etc., before αυ gives ᾱυ, αὑτός, ταὐτό, ταὐτῷ (freq. written ἁτός, etc. in Inscrr. and Pap.); so τὰ αὐτά=ταὐτά, αἱ αὐταί= αὑταί: ἡ before εὐ gives ηὑ, as ηὑλάβεια: τῇ before ἡ gives θη, as θἠμέρᾳ: τὸ before ὑ gives θου, as θοὔδωρ for τὸ ὕδωρ. -
33 ὦ
ὦ and [full] ὤ, an exclamation, expressing surprise, joy, or pain,A O! oh! with nom.,ὢ τάλας ἐγώ S.Aj. 981
, etc.;ὢ ἔβενος, ὢ χρυσός Theoc.15.123
: also c. gen.,ὢ τῆς ἀναισχυντίας Luc.Pisc.5
; with interrog.,ὤ, τί λέγεις; Pl.Prt. 309d
; in the middle of a sentence, E.Hipp. 362 (lyr.), al.II with voc., a mode of address, whether at the beginning of a sentence or in a parenthesis,ὦ Ἀχιλεῦ Il.1.74
, etc., esp. in dialogue and Oratt., ἐβουλόμην, ὦ ἄνδρες, τὴν δύναμιν κτλ. Antipho.5.1; in invocations of the gods, , etc.; with imper.,ὦ χαῖρε Id.Ag.22
, S.Aj. 91; ὦ πρὸς θεῶν ὕπεικε ib. 371, cf. D.21.98: sts. following the Verb, E.Tr. 335 (lyr.); in different number from the voc.,προσέλθετ', ὦ παῖ, πατρί S.OC 1104
, cf. 1112, Sch.Ar.Pl.66.2 with nom. instead of voc., ὦ δῐος αἰθήρ, ὦ φίλος, A.Pr.88, 545;ὦ γενναῖος Pl. Phdr. 227c
;ὦ οὗτος Αἴας S.Aj.89
;ὦ οὗτος οὗτος Οἰδίπους Id.OC 1627
; also οὗτος, ὦ σέ τοι (sc. καλῶ) Ar.Av. 274.3 with both together,φίλος ὦ Μενέλαε Il.4.189
;ὦ τλάμων πάτερ S.Aj. 641
(lyr., τλᾶμον codd. rec., edd.).4 with the latter of two nouns,Ἀγάμεμνον, ὦ Μενέλαε Id.Ph. 794
.—In the first sense usu. written ὤ, in the second ὦ :[τὸ ὢ] ἡνίκα θαυμαστικὸν λαμβάνεται βαρύνεται, καὶ χωρεῐ εἰς ἐπιρρηματικὴν σύνταξιν, οἷον ὢ Ἡρακλῆς EM79.13
: Thom.Mag. p.408R. prescribes ὢ with the gen., but ὦ with the voc., e.g. ὦ Ἡράκλεις, where the whole expression, and not merely the ὤ ([etym.] ὦ, ) expresses surprise (but A.D.Adv.127.24 seems to imply ὦ in both senses); ὤ as an exclam. is found in forms like ὤ μοι, ὤ μοι ἐγώ, ὢ πρὸς τῶν θεῶν D. l. c.: but ὦ πόποι δυσὶ τόνοις χρῆται Hdn.Gr.1.503, so that ὢ πόποι is improbable, cf. Theognost.Can. 158 (as emended by Lehrs Aristarch.3p.119); ᾤμοι and ὤμοι are both recognized by EM822.33, cf. Lex.Mess.p.413;ωιμ' Sapph.Supp.23.4
; in E., when it stands in the middle of a sentence, it shd. be written ὤ, Hipp. 362, al.: sts. doubled, ; (v.l. ὣ ὣ ὣ); written ὼ ώ in Pap. of S.Ichn.61; tripled, (lyr., prob.). To those who (like D.T.640.11, cf. Sch. D.T.p.257H. ) took ὦ for the voc. of the Art. ὁ, A.D.Synt.45.22-53 replies at length. -
34 γιγνώσκω
Grammatical information: v.Meaning: `come to know, perceive' (Il.).Other forms: Ion. etc. γῑνώσκω (cf. γί̄νομαι beside γίγνομαι), Epidaur. γνώσκω, aor. γνῶναι, perf. ἔγνωκα, fut. γνώσομαι, with analog. - σ- γνωσθῆναι, ἔγνωσμαι, later σ-aor. γνώσασθαι (Man.)Compounds: Many compounds on which see the dictionaries.Derivatives: γνῶσις `inquiry, knowledge' (Ion.-Att.), often in comp., e.g. ἀνά-γνωσις `recognizing' to ἀνα-γιγνώσκω `recognize'; γνώμη `thought, judgement' (Thgn.); rare γνῶμα `token, opinion' (Hdt.); usual γνώμων m. (f.) `interpreter, expert etc.' (Ion.-Att.; from there Lat.-Etr. grōma, Lat. norma); - γνωτός `known' (Il.), often with - σ- γνωστός (A.; ἄγνωστος Od.) as in γνωστήρ `surety, witness' (X.), γνώστης `id.' (LXX), etc. - Separate with ρ-suffix γνώριμος `well-known, familiar' (Od.), γνωρίζω `make known, become acquainted with' (Ion.-Att.), γνώρισις, γνώρισμα, γνωρισμός, γνωριστής etc. - With unexplained vocalism ἀγνοέω `not perceive, recognize' (Il.; ἠγνοίησα with `false' - οι-; s. Chantr. Gramm. hom. 1, 99) with ἀγνοίᾱ, ἄγνοιᾰ (Att.), after νοέω and compounds?, ἀνοίᾱ, ἄνοιᾰ etc.; not from *ἄγνο-Ϝος beside ἀγνώς, ἀγνῶτος `unknown' (Od.).Origin: IE [Indo-European] [376] *ǵenh₃- `recognize, get to know'Etymology: γιγνώσκω resembles Lat. ( g)nōscō, OP xšnāsa- in xšnāsāhiy `you shall recognize' (subj.) etc., also Alb. ńoh, but these have full grade *ǵneh₃- whereas Greek probably has zero *ǵn̥h₃-sk-; so γνωτός resembles Lat. nōtus, Skt. jñātá- (and OIr. gnāth `known', Toch. B a-knātse `unknowing'), but the Greek form is rather *ǵn̥h₃tos. Cf. further OCS znajǫ, znati `recognize'. On ἀγνοέω s. above; on γέγωνα s. v. Old ablaut e.g. in Goth. kann, pl. kunnum, ptc. kunÞs `known' (*ǵnh₃-to); (unclear OE. cnāwan `know'); Lith. žénklas `token' (with acute from *ǵenh₃-), pa-žìntas `known', Arm. aor. can-eay `I recognized' (zero grade). - With γνώριμος cf. Lat. gnārus \< *ǵnh₃-ro. - γνῶσις = Lat. nōti-ō = Skt. -jñāti- can be independent formations.Page in Frisk: 1,308-309Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > γιγνώσκω
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35 ἐξαπίνης
Grammatical information: adv.Meaning: `suddenly' (Il..).Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]Etymology: Formation like ἐξαίφνης. Clearly to ἄφαρ, ἄφνω (s.v.) (Strömberg Prefix Studies 56). Fur. 158 etc. recognized that the whole group is Pre-Greek (π\/φ). The variants - ιφ-\/- πι- show that the i is part of the labial, so I assumed a py in these forms (Beekes, Pre-Greek, B 1); cf. κνωπεύς\/ κινώπετον, and πινυτός; also ἀκραιφνής\/ ἀκραπνής.Page in Frisk: 1,528Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ἐξαπίνης
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36 κορυφή
Grammatical information: f.Meaning: `top, skull', also metph. (Il.).Other forms: Dor. - φάCompounds: Compp., e. g. κορυφᾱ-γενής `head born', prop. of Athena, metaph. (Pythag. in Plu. 2, 381f.), δι-κόρυφος `with two summits' (E., Arist.).Derivatives: κορυφαῖος m. `the firste, head-, choirleader' (IA.), second. adj. `at the head' (Plu., Hdn.), κορυφαιότης `leadership' ( Corp. Herm.); κορυφαῖον `the upper part of a hunting-net', - φαία `the head part of a bridle' (X., Poll.). - κορυφώδης `with summits' (Hp.). - κορυφάς f. `edge of the navel' (Hp. ap. Gal.); - φίς, - φών = κορυφή (Gloss.), κόρυφος m. = κορυφή (Epid.), = κόρυμβος γυναικεῖος H. - κορύφαινα f. name of a fish, ἵππουρις (Dorio ap. Ath.); on the motive Strömberg Fischnamen 59, on the suffix ibd. 137; κορύφια pl. kind of molluscs (Xenokr. ap. Orib.). - κορυφιστήρ = κορυφαῖον (Poll.), also `forehead-band' (sch.); cf. βραχιονιστήρ (Chantraine Formation 328), - ιστής `id.' (H.). - Denomin. verbs: 1. κορυφόομαι `rise up high' (Il.), `count together' (hell.), - όω `bring to the top' (medic.), with κορύφωμα `summum' (Ath. Mech.), - ωσις `top of a pyramide' (Nicom.). - 2. κορύπτω `butt with the skull (horns)' (Theoc.; on the formation Schwyzer 705) with κορυπτίλος `butting' (Theoc.); after τροχίλος, σποργίλος (Chantraine Formation 249), prob. hypocoristisc; also κορύπτης, - τόλης `id.' (EM, H.); ἐκορυπτίας ἐγαυρίας H.Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]Etymology: Formation with φ-suffix (Schwyzer 495, Chantraine 264), from an υ-stem (but the word is non-IE!), which some see in κόρυς; the meaning speaks against this deriv. - Wrong combinations in Bezzenberger-Fick BB 6, 237 (s. Bq) and Persson Beitr. 1, 179 (s. WP. 1, 406). - Since long recognized as Pre-Greek, κορυφ-, with prenasalization κορυμβ-.See also: - S. also κόρυμβος.Page in Frisk: 1,926-927Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > κορυφή
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37 κραῖρα
Grammatical information: f.Compounds: Further only as 2, member: ὀρθό-κραιρα `with upright standing horns, beaks' ( βοῶν, νεῶν ὀρθο-κραιράων Hom., verse-end); ἐυ-κραιρα `with beautiful horns' (βουσὶν ἐϋκραίρῃσιν h. Merc. 209); ἡμί-κραιρα `half head, half-head' (com., inscr.); μελάγ-κραιρα `with black heads' (Lyc., [Arist.] Mir.); δί-κραιρα `forked' (A. R.). - εὔ-κραιρος f. (A., Opp., Tryph.; as v. l. h. Merc. 209); ὀρθό-κραιρος f. (AP); τανύ-κραιρος m. f. `with long horns' (AP, Opp.); δί-κραιρος m. `twohorned' (AP); βοό-, ἰσό-, ὁμό- κραιρος (Nonn.). With transfer to the nom. in - ης, - ητος: εὑκραίρης (Max. 84).Origin: IE [Indo-European] [574] *ḱerh₂- `head, horn'Etymology: The apparent simplices κραῖρα and κραῖρος are clearly taken from compp. Old is only the feminine form - κραιρα. To this was after the other compound adj. created a genus-indifferent - κραιρος, which eventually survived. - As feminines ὀρθό-κραιρα etc. agree with formations like πίειρα, πρῳ̃ρα, which with ια-suffix were built to an ρ-stem, which itself variated with an ν-stem ( πίων, πρώων) and also could change with an σ-stem (Skt. pī́vas- n. `fat' beside πίων, πίειρα; κῦδος: κυδρός: κυδαίνω). That - κραιρα belongs to κέρας (, κάρα)̄, orig. σ-stem, is since long recognized; as basic form we can posit * krh₂-s-r-ih₂ \> *κρᾱh-αρ-yα; the -ᾱ- was regularly shortened before -ρι̯-. Thus, but with several modifications, Danielsson Gramm. u. et. Stud. 1, 33f., Wackernagel BB 4, 312, Brugmann MU 2, 242f. a. IF 18, 432 n. 1, Bechtel Lex. Recently this very complicated form was extensively discussed in Nussbaum, Head and Horn (1985) 222-247,See also: s. ὀρθόκραιρα.Page in Frisk: 2,4-5Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > κραῖρα
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38 γάμος
γάμος, ου, ὁ (Hom.+; sg. and pl. are oft. used interchangeably w. no difference in mng.; cp. SIG 1106, 101–3 διδότω ὁ ἱερεὺς εἰς τοὺς γάμους τὰ γέρη τῷ τὸν γάμον ποιοῦντι; AcThom 4 [Aa II/2 p. 105, 3]. Joseph. distinguishes in Ant. 14, 467f betw. γάμος=wedding and γάμοι=wedding celebration. But for ‘marriage’ he somet. uses the sg. [s. 1a below], somet. the pl. [Ant. 20, 141]; Field, Notes, 16).① public ceremony associated with entry into a marriage relationship, wedding celebrationⓐ gener., pl. (the pl. is used in this sense as early as Hom.; s. also Isaeus 8, 18; 20; BGU 892, 10; 13; 909, 3; Sb 7745, 2; PGiss 31, 16; POxy 111, 2; 927, 2.—Joseph., s. above) γάμους ποιεῖν give a wedding celebration Mt 22:2 (on γ. ποιεῖν cp. Demosth. 30, 21; Menand., Fgm. 450 K. [=454 Edm. III/2 p. 732]; Achilles Tat. 1, 3, 3; Xenophon Eph. 2, 7, 1; Michel 1001 II, 19; Tob 6:13; 8:19; 1 Macc 9:37; 10:58). καλεῖσθαι εἰς τοὺς γ. be invited to the wedding (POxy 1486) 22:3, 9 (cp. Tob 9:5 S).—22:4 (on the parable Mt 22:1–14 s. JSickenberger, ByzZ 30, 1930, 253–61; VHasler, TZ 18, ’62, 25–35). Sg. (LXX) Mt 22:8; J 2:1f; ἔνδυμα γάμου a wedding garment Mt 22:11, 12 (cp. Aristoph., Av. 1692 γαμικὴν χλανίδα; Achilles Tat. 2, 11, 2f).—εἰσέρχεσθαι εἰς τοὺς γ. Mt 25:10 (for the pl. cp. Diog. L. 3, 2 s. b). Colloq. usage may be embedded Mt 22:10, but s. 3 below.ⓑ Banqueting was integral to marriage celebration (cp. Diog. L. 3, 2; Esth 2:18) Mt 22:4; Rv 19:9 δεῖπνον τοῦ γάμου (cp. Diog. L. 3, 2 ἐν γάμοις δειπνῶν; for the theme of an apocalyptic feast [sometimes referred to as ‘Messianic Banquet’ s. ABD IV 788] s. Is 25:6; 4 Esdr 2:38), but the term itself does not mean ‘wedding banquet’; nor do Herodas 7, 86; Diod S 4, 81, 4 support such interpretation.—Whether Lk 12:36; 14:8 refer to wedding celebrations or simply feasts (cp. Esth 9:22) cannot be determined w. certainty (s. IMarshall, Comm. on Luke ’78, 536).ⓐ of socially recognized nuptials marriage (Diod S 2, 5, 1; Maximus Tyr. 26, 6a; 26, 9d; Chion, Ep. 10; Herodian 3, 10, 5; POxy 905, 4 [170 A.D.] al.; pap; Wsd 14:24, 26; Jos., Ant. 6, 210, Vi.; Just., Tat., Ath.; πρὸς γάμον διδόναι Theoph. Ant. 3, 27 [p. 260, 23]) Hb 13:4; IPol 5:2.—Fig. of the Lamb’s apocalyptic nuptials Rv 19:7, 9.ⓑ of socially unrecognized nuptials (Dem. 18, 129, prostitution; Eur. Tro. 932) ἔκλεψεν τοὺς γ. αὐτῆς of Joseph: ‘he has stolen her nuptials’ has eloped with her (unacceptable in a society in which all aspects of entry into a marriage were governed by protocol) GJs 15:2; cp. vs. 4.③ a relatively large room that could serve as a place for celebration of a wedding, wedding hall ἐπλήσθη ὁ γάμος (v.l. νυμφών q.v.) ἀνακειμένων the hall was filled w. guests Mt 22:10 (cp. Twentieth Century NT et al.). But the absence of any confirmatory usage suggests that this pass. might better be considered under 1a (Mft.: ‘The marriage-banquet was supplied w. guests’).—B. 98. DELG s.v. γαμέω. M-M. TW. Sv. -
39 γινώσκω
γινώσκω (in the form γιγνώσκω [s. below] since Homer; γιν. in Attic ins in Meisterhans3-Schw. index, from 325 B.C.; in pap fr. 277 B.C. [Mayser 165]; likew. LXX, pseudepigr., Philo, Joseph., apolog.) impf. ἐγίνωσκον; fut. γνώσομαι; 2 aor. ἔγνων, impv. γνῶθι, γνώτω, subj. 1 sg. γνῶ and 3 sg. γνῶ (γνοῖ Mk 5:43; 9:30; Lk 19:15; Hm 4, 1, 5; B-D-F §95, 2; W-S. §13, 22; Mlt-H. 83; Rob. 1214); 2 sg. γνώσῃς (TestAbr A 8 p. 86, 5 [Stone p. 20]); opt. 1 sg. γνῴην; 3 sg. γνοίη Job 23:3, 5; inf. γνῶναι, ptc. γνούς; pf. ἔγνωκα, 3 pl. ἔγνωκαν J 17:7 (W-S. §13, 15 n. 15); plpf. ἐγνώκειν. Pass.: 1 fut. γνωσθήσομαι; 1 aor. ἐγνώσθην; pf. ἔγνωσμαι. (On the spellings γινώσκειν and γιγνώσκειν s. W-S. §5, 31; B-D-F §34, 4; Mlt-H. 108.) This verb is variously nuanced in contexts relating to familiarity acquired through experience or association with pers. or thing.① to arrive at a knowledge of someone or someth., know, know about, make acquaintance ofⓐ w. acc. of thing: mysteries (Wsd 2:22; En 104:12) Mt 13:11; Mk 4:11 v.l.; Lk 8:10; will of the Master (Just., D. 123, 4) 12:47f; that which brings peace 19:42; truth (Jos., Ant. 13, 291) J 8:32; times Ac 1:7; sin Ro 7:7; affection 2 Cor 2:4; spirit of truth J 14:17; way of righteousness 2 Pt 2:21 P72; God’s glory 1 Cl 61:1.—Abs. γνόντες (Is 26:11) when they had ascertained it Mk 6:38; ἐκ μέρους γ. know fragmentarily, only in part 1 Cor 13:9, 12.—W. prep. γ. τι ἔκ τινος (X., Cyr. 1, 6, 45; Jos., Vi. 364) know a thing by someth. (Diod S 17, 101, 6): a tree by its fruit Mt 12:33; Lk 6:44; 1J 4:6; γ. τι ἔν τινι (Sir 4:24; 26:9) 1J 4:2. Also γ. τι κατά τι (Gen 15:8): κατὰ τί γνώσομαι τοῦτο; by what (= how) shall I know this? Lk 1:18.ⓑ w. personal obj. (Plut., Mor. 69c ἄνδρα τοιοῦτον οὐκ ἔγνωμεν; Did., Gen. 45, 24 evil powers): God (Ael. Aristid. 52, 2 K.=28 p. 551 D.: γ. τὸν θεόν; Herm. Wr. 1, 3; 10, 19a; Sallust. 18, 3 p. 34, 9 θεούς; 1 Km 2:10; 3:7; 1 Ch 28:9; 3 Macc 7:6; PsSol 2:31; Da 11:32 Theod.; Philo, Ebr. 45; Ar. 15, 3; Just., D. 14, 12; Orig., C. Cels. 6, 66, 26f) J 14:7ab; 17:3, 25; Ro 1:21; Gal 4:9; 1J 2:3, 13; 3:1, 6; 4:6ff; 5:20 (for 1J s. M-EBoismard, RB 56, ’49, 365–91); PtK 2. Jesus Christ J 14:7; 17:3; 2 Cor 5:16 ( even though we have known Christ [irrealis, ‘contrary to fact’, is also prob.=even if we had known; cp. Gal 5:11], we now no longer know him; on this pass. s. κατά B7a; σάρξ 5); 1J 2:3f (Just., D. 28, 3). τινὰ ἔν τινι someone by someth. (Ps 47:4; Sir 11:28; TestNapht 3:4) Lk 24:35.ⓒ w. ὅτι foll. (BGU 824, 8; Philo, Det. Pot. Ins. 22) Mt 25:24; J 6:69; 7:26; 8:52; 14:20, 31; 17:7f, 25; 19:4. W. ὅθεν preceding by this one knows (EpJer 22) 1J 2:18. ἐν τούτῳ (Gen 42:33; Ex 7:17; Josh 3:10 al.) J 13:35; 1J 2:3, 5; 4:13; 5:2. W. combination of two constr. ἐν τούτῳ γινώσκομεν ὅτι μένει ἐν ἡμῖν, ἐκ τοῦ πνεύματος by this we know that (Jesus Christ) remains in us, namely by the spirit 3:24; cp. 4:13. W. an indir. question foll. (1 Km 14:38: 25:17; 2 Km 18:29; Ps 38:5) Mt 12:7; J 7:51. W. combination of two questions (double interrogative) ἵνα γνοῖ τίς τί διεπραγματεύσατο that he might know what each one had gained in his dealings Lk 19:15.② to acquire information through some means, learn (of), ascertain, find outⓐ w. acc. as obj. (1 Km 21:3; 1 Ch 21:2; 4 Macc 4:4) τοῦτο (1 Km 20:3) Mk 5:43. τὰ γενόμενα what has happened Lk 24:18. τὸ ἀσφαλές Ac 21:34; 22:30. τὰ περὶ ἡμῶν our situation Col 4:8; your faith 1 Th 3:5. Pass. become known to someone w. or without dat. of the pers. who is informed: of secret things Mt 10:26; Lk 8:17; 12:2. Of plots Ac 9:24 (cp. 1 Macc 6:3; 7:3, 30 al.).ⓑ w. ὅτι foll. (PGiss 11, 4 [118 A.D.] γεινώσκειν σε θέλω ὅτι; 1 Esdr 2:17; Ruth 3:14) J 4:1; 5:6; 12:9; Ac 24:11 v.l.ⓒ abs. (1 Km 14:29; 3 Km 1:11; Tob 8:12 al.) μηδεὶς γινωσκέτω nobody is to know of this Mt 9:30. ἵνα τις γνοῖ that anyone should obtain knowledge of it Mk 9:30.③ to grasp the significance or meaning of someth., understand, comprehendⓐ w. acc. foll. (Sir 1:6; 18:28; Wsd 5:7 v.l.; 9:13; Bar 3:9 al.; Just., A I, 63, 5; D. 68, 1 σκληροκάρδιοι πρὸς τὸ γνῶναι νοῦν … τοῦ θεοῦ): parables Mk 4:13; what was said Lk 18:34; (w. ἀναγινώσκειν in wordplay) Ac 8:30. ταῦτα J 3:10; 12:16; what one says J 8:43; God’s wisdom 1 Cor 2:8; the nature of God vs. 11; the nature of the divine spirit vs. 14; the love of Christ Eph 3:19 (s. γνῶσις 1); God’s ways Hb 3:10 (Ps 94:10); τὸν νόμον know the law J 7:49; Ro 7:1 (here perh.=have the law at one’s fingertips, cp. Menand., Sicyonius 138f, τῶν τοὺς νόμους εἰδότων; Just., D. 123, 2). πῶς οὖν [ταῦτα γιγν]ώ̣σκομεν; how then shall we know these things? Ox 1081, 25f (=SJCh 90, 1f), as read by Till p. 220 app.ⓑ abs. Mt 24:39.ⓒ w. ὅτι foll. (Wsd 10:12; EpJer 64; 1 Macc 6:13; 7:42; 2 Macc 7:28 al.) Mt 21:45; 24:32; Mk 12:12; 13:28f; Lk 21:30f; J 4:53; 8:27f; 2 Cor 13:6; Js 2:20.ⓓ w. indir. question foll. (Job 19:29) J 10:6; 13:12, 28.④ to be aware of someth., perceive, notice, realizeⓐ w. acc.: their wickedness Mt 22:18; γ. δύναμιν ἐξεληλυθυῖαν that power had gone out Lk 8:46 (on the constr. w. the ptc. cp. PHamb 27, 13 [III B.C.]; BGU 1078 [I A.D.] γίνωσκε ἡγεμόνα εἰσεληλυθότα; POxy 1118, 7; Jos., Ant. 17, 342; Just., D. 39, 2 al.).ⓑ abs. (Ex 22:9; 1 Km 26:12) Mt 16:8; 26:10; Mk 7:24; 8:17.ⓒ w. ὅτι foll. (Gen 3:7; 8:11; 1 Macc 1:5 al.): ἔγνω τῷ σώματι ὅτι ἴαται she felt in her body that she was healed Mk 5:29; cp. 15:10; J 6:15; 16:19; Ac 23:6.⑤ to have sexual intercourse with, have sex/marital relations with, euphemistic ext. of 1 (Menand., Fgm. 558, 5 Kock; Heraclid. Lembus, Pol. 64 [Aristot., Fgm. ed. VRose 1886, 383]; oft. in Plut. and other later authors, and LXX [Anz 306]) w. acc., said of a man as agent (Gen 4:1, 17; 1 Km 1:19; Jdth 16:22; ApcMos 4; Did., Gen. 143, 9) Mt 1:25 (in connection w. the topic of 1:25f see Plut., Mor. 717e; Olympiodorus, Vi. Plat. 1 [Westermann, 1850]: φάσμα Ἀπολλωνιακὸν συνεγένετο τῇ μητρὶ αὐτοῦ τῇ Περικτιόνῃ καὶ ἐν νυκτὶ φανὲν τῷ Ἀρίστωνι ἐκέλευσεν αὐτῷ μὴ μιγνύναι τῇ Περικτιόνῃ μέχρι τ. χρόνου τῆς ἀποτέξεως. Ὁ δʼ οὕτω πεποίηκεν: ‘an apparition of Apollo had relations with [Plato’s] mother Perictione, and in a nocturnal appearance to Ariston [Plato’s father] ordered him not to have intercourse w. P. until the time of her parturition. So he acted accordingly.’—The legend of Plato’s birth is traceable to Plato’s nephew Speusippus [Diog. L. 3:2; Jerome, Adv. Iovin. 1, 42]); of a woman (Judg 11:39; 21:12; Theodor. Prodr. 9, 486 H.) Lk 1:34 (DHaugg, D. erste bibl. Marienwort ’38; FGrant, JBL 59, ’40, 19f; HSahlin, D. Messias u. d. Gottesvolk, ’45, 117–20).⑥ to have come to the knowledge of, have come to know, know (Nägeli 40 w. exx.)ⓐ w. acc.α. of thing (Bar 3:20, 23; Jdth 8:29; Bel 35; Just., D. 110, 1 καὶ τοῦτο γ.): τὴν ποσότητα 1 Cl 35:3; hearts (Ps 43:22) Lk 16:15; will Ro 2:18; truth (Just., D. 139, 5; Tat. 13, 1) 2J 1; 2 Cor 5:21; grace 8:9; πάντα (2 Km 14:20; Just., D. 127, 2) 1J 3:20. τὶ 1 Cor 8:2a. W. object clause preceding: ὸ̔ κατεργάζομαι οὐ γ. what I am accomplishing I really do not know Ro 7:15 (here γ. almost=desire, want, decide [Polyb. 5, 82, 1; Plut., Lycurg. 41[3, 9] ἔγνω φυγεῖν; Appian, Syr. 5 §18; Arrian, Anab. 2, 21, 8; 2, 25, 8; Paradox. Vat. 46 Keller ὅ τι ἂν γνῶσιν αἱ γυναῖκες; Jos., Ant. 1, 195; 14, 352; 16, 331]; mngs. 3 understand and 7 recognize are also prob.). W. attraction of the relative ἐν ὥρᾳ ᾗ οὐ γ. at an hour unknown to him Mt 24:50; Lk 12:46. W. acc. and ptc. (on the constr. s. 4a above) τὴν πόλιν νεωκόρον οὖσαν that the city is guardian of the temple Ac 19:35.β. of pers. know someone (Tob 5:2; 7:4; Is 1:3) J 1:48; 2:24; 10:14f, 27; Ac 19:15; 2 Ti 2:19 (Num 16:5); Ox 1 recto, 14 (GTh 31). W. acc. and ptc. (s. α above, end and e.g. Just., A I, 19, 6) Hb 13:23.ⓑ w. acc. and inf. (Da 4:17; Just., D. 130, 2 al.) Hb 10:34.ⓒ w. ὅτι foll. (Sir 23:19; Bar 2:30; Tob 3:14) J 21:17; Ac 20:34; Phil 1:12; Js 1:3; 2 Pt 1:20; 3:3; γ. τοὺς διαλογισμοὺς ὅτι εἰσὶν μάταιοι he knows that the thoughts are vain 1 Cor 3:20 (Ps 93:11).—Oft. γινώσκετε, ὅτι you may be quite sure that Mt 24:33, 43; Mk 13:28f; Lk 10:11; 12:39; 21:31; J 15:18; 1J 2:29 (cp. UPZ 62, 32 [161 B.C.] γίνωσκε σαφῶς ὅτι πρός σε οὐ μὴ ἐπέλθω; 70, 14; 3 Macc 7:9; Judg 4:9; Job 36:5; Pr 24:12). In τοῦτο ἴστε γινώσκοντες, ὅτι Eph 5:5 the question is whether the two verbs are to be separated or not. In the latter case, one could point to Sym. Jer 49:22 ἴστε γινώσκοντες and 1 Km 20:3.ⓓ w. indir. question (Gen 21:26; 1 Km 22:3; Eccl 11:5; 2 Macc 14:32; Just., A I, 63, 3 τί πατὴρ καὶ τί υἱός) Lk 7:39; 10:22; J 2:25; 11:57.ⓔ w. adv. modifier γ. Ἑλληνιστί understand Greek Ac 21:37 (cp. X., Cyr. 7, 5; 31 ἐπίστασθαι Συριστί).ⓕ abs. (Gen 4:9; 18:21; 4 Km 2:3; Sir 32:8) Lk 2:43. τί ἐγὼ γινώσκω; how should I know? Hs 9, 9, 1.⑦ to indicate that one does know, acknowledge, recognize as that which one is or claims to be τινά (Plut., Ages. 597 [3, 1]; Jos., Ant. 5, 112) οὐδέποτε ἔγνων ὑμᾶς I have never recognized you Mt 7:23; cp. J 1:10. ἐὰν γνωσθῇ πλέον τ. ἐπισκόπου if he receives more recognition than the supervisor (bishop) IPol 5:2. Of God as subject recognize someone as belonging to God, choose, almost= elect (Am 3:2; Hos 12:1; SibOr 5, 330) 1 Cor 8:3; Gal 4:9. In these pass. the γ. of God directed toward human beings is conceived of as the basis of and condition for their coming to know God; cp. the language of the Pythagoreans in HSchenkl, Wiener Studien 8, 1886 p. 265, no. 9 βούλει γνωσθῆναι θεοῖς• ἀγνοήθητι μάλιστα ἀνθρώποις; p. 277 no. 92 σοφὸς ἄνθρωπος κ. θεὸν σεβόμενος γινώσκεται ὑπὸ τ. θεοῦ; Porphyr., ad Marcellam 13 σοφὸς ἄνθρωπος γινώσκεται ὑπὸ θεοῦ; Herm. Wr. 1, 31 θεός, ὸ̔ς γνωσθῆναι βούλεται καὶ γινώσκεται τοῖς ἰδίοις; 10, 15 οὐ γὰρ ἀγνοεῖ τὸν ἄνθρωπον ὁ θεός, ἀλλὰ καὶ πάνυ γνωρίζει καὶ θέλει γνωρίζεσθαι. S. Rtzst., Mysterienrel.3 299f; Ltzm. on 1 Cor 8:3; RAC XI 446–659.—On the whole word: BSnell, D. Ausdrücke für die Begriffe des Wissens in d. vorplatonischen Philosophie 1924; EBaumann, ידע u. seine Derivate: ZAW 28, 1908, 22ff; 110ff; WBousset, Gnosis: Pauly-W. VII 1912, 1503ff; Rtzst., Mysterienrel.3 66–70; 284–308; PThomson, ‘Know’ in the NT: Exp. 9th ser. III, 1925, 379–82; AFridrichsen, Gnosis (Paul): ELehmann Festschr. 1927, 85–109; RPope, Faith and Knowledge in Pauline and Johannine Thought: ET 41, 1930, 421–27; RBultmann, TW I ’33, 688–715; HJonas, Gnosis u. spätantiker Geist I ’34; 2’55; EPrucker, Gnosis Theou ’37; JDupont, La Connaissance religieuse dans les Épîtres de Saint Paul, ’49; LBouyer, Gnosis: Le Sens orthodoxe de l’expression jusqu’aux pères Alexandrins: JTS n.s. 4, ’53, 188–203; WDavies, Knowledge in the Dead Sea Scrolls and Mt 11:25–30: HTR 46, ’53, 113–39; WSchmithals, D. Gnosis in Kor. ’55, 3’69; MMagnusson, Der Begriff ‘Verstehen’ (esp. in Paul), ’55; RCasey, Gnosis, Gnosticism and the NT: CDodd Festschr., ’56, 52–80; IdelaPotterie, οἶδα et γινώσκω (4th Gosp.), Biblica 40, ’59, 709–25; H-JSchoeps, Urgemeinde, Judenchristentum, Gnosis ’56; EKäsemann, Das Wandernde Gottesvolk (Hb)2, ’57; HJonas, The Gnostic Religion, ’58; JDupont, Gnosis, ’60; UWilckens, Weisheit u. Torheit ( 1 Cor 1 and 2) ’59; DGeorgi, Die Gegner des Pls im 2 Cor, ’64; DScholer, Nag Hammadi Bibliography, 1948–69, ’71.—B. 1209f. DELG s.v. γιγνώσκω. EDNT. M-M. TW. Sv. -
40 εὐεργέτης
εὐεργέτης, ου, ὁ (s. prec. two entries; Pind. et al.; ins, pap, LXX; Tat. 18:12) benefactor as a title of princes and other honored pers., esp. those recognized for their civic contributions (Hdt. 8, 85; X., Hell. 6, 1, 4 al.; esp. ins [SIG2 index III 5 p. 175, VI p. 321; also SIG index IV]; POxy 38, 13 [I A.D.]; 486, 27. Coins [Dssm., LO 215, 4/LAE 249, 1]. Esth 8:12n; 2 Macc 4:2; 3 Macc 3:19; Philo, Omn. Prob. Lib. 118, In Flacc. 81; Jos., Bell. 3, 459. S. JOehler, Pauly-W. VI 978–81; Magie 67f) Lk 22:25 (on the thought cp. Aeschin. 3, 248–50; s. also DLull, NovT 29, ’86, 289–305). Of God (Ael. Aristid. 43, 29 K.=1 p. 11 D. of Zeus; Plut., Mor. 355e Osiris μέγας βασιλεὺς εὐ.; Philo of Byblus in Eus., PE 1, 9, 29; CIG 5041=Mitt-Wilck. I/2, 116, 6 Isis and Sarapis as εὐεργέται; Philo, Spec. Leg. 1, 209, Congr. Erud. Grat. 171 and oft.; PGM 4, 992; 1048.—Wendland, Kultur 103; 121f; RKnopf on 1 Cl 19:2) εὐ. πνευμάτων 1 Cl 59:3.—ESkard, Zwei relig.-politische Begriffe: Euergetes-Concordia ’32; ANock, Soter and Euergetes: The Joy of Study (FGrant Festschr.) ’51, 127–48; A Passoni dell’ Acqua, Aegyptus 76, 177–91; FDanker, Proclamation Commentaries: Luke, ’87, 28–46, Benefactor, ’82, 323–25; The Endangered Benefactor in Luke-Acts: SBLSP 20, ’81, 39–48; on philosophical perspectives s. CManning, Liberalitas, The Decline and Rehabilitation of a Virtue: Greece and Rome 2d ser. 32, ’85, 73–83; RAC VI 848–60.—Larfeld I 495. M-M. EDNT. TW. Spicq. Sv.
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