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  • 1 Media

       The purpose of the media during the Estado Novo (1926-74) was to communicate official government policy. Therefore, the government strictly censored newspapers, magazines, and books. Radio and television broadcasting was in the hands of two state-owned companies: Radiodifusão Portuguesa (RDP) and Radiotelevisão Portuguesa (RTP). The first TV broadcasts aired in March 1957, and the official state visit of Queen Elizabeth II of Great Britain to Portugal was featured. The only independent broadcasting company during the Estado Novo was the Catholic Church's Radio Renascença. Writers and journalists who violated the regime's guidelines were severely sanctioned. Under Prime Minister Marcello Caetano, censorship was relaxed somewhat, and writers were allowed to publish critical and controversial works without fear of punishment. Caetano attempted to "speak to the people" through television. Daily program content consisted of little more than government-controlled (and censored) news programs and dull documentaries.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, censorship was abolished. As the revolution veered leftward, some sectors of the media were seized by opponents of the views they expressed. The most famous case was the seizure of Radio Renascença by those who sought to bring it into line with the drift leftward. State ownership of the media was increased after 25 April 1974, when banks were nationalized because most banks owned at least one newspaper. As the Revolution moderated and as banking was privatized during the 1980s and 1990s, newspapers were also privatized.
       The history of two major Lisbon dailies illustrates recent cycles of Portuguese politics and pressures. O Século, a major Lisbon daily paper was founded in 1881 and was influenced by Republican, even Masonic ideas. When the first Republic began in 1910, the editorials of O Século defended the new system, but the economic and social turmoil disillusioned the paper's directors. In 1924, O Século, under publisher João Pereira da Rosa, called for political reform and opposed the Democratic Party, which monopolized elections and power in the Republic. This paper was one of the two most important daily papers, and it backed the military coup of 28 May 1926 and the emergent military dictatorship. Over the history of the Estado Novo, this paper remained somewhat to the left of the other major daily paper in Lisbon, Diário de Notícias, but in 1972 the paper suffered a severe financial crisis and was bought by a Lisbon banker. During the more chaotic times after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, O Século experienced its own time of turmoil, in which there was a split between workers and editors, firings, resignations, and financial trouble. After a series of financial problems and controversy over procommunist staff, the paper was suspended and then ceased publication in February 1977. In the 1990s, there was a brief but unsuccessful attempt to revive O Século.
       Today, the daily paper with the largest circulation is Diário de Notícias of Lisbon, which was established in 1883. It became the major daily paper of record, but after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, like O Século, the paper suffered difficulties, both political and financial. One of its editors in the "hot" summer of 1975 was José Saramago, future Nobel Prize winner in literature, and there was an internal battle in the editorial rooms between factions. The paper was, like O Século, nationalized in 1976, but in 1991, Diário de Notícias was reprivatized and today it continues to be the daily paper of record, leading daily circulation.
       Currently, about 20 daily newspapers are published in Portugal, in Lisbon, the capital, as well as in the principal cities of Oporto, Coimbra, and Évora. The major Lisbon newspapers are Diário de Notícias (daily and newspaper of record), Publico (daily), Correia da Manha (daily), Jornal de Noticias (daily), Expresso (weekly), The Portugal News (English language weekly), The Resident (English language weekly), and Get Real Weekly (English language).
       These papers range from the excellent, such as Público and the Diário de Notícias, to the sensationalistic, such as Correio da Manhã. Portugal's premier weekly newspaper is Expresso, founded by Francisco Balsemão during the last years of Marcello Caetano's governance, whose modern format, spirit, and muted criticism of the regime helped prepare public opinion for regime change in 1974. Another weekly is O Independente, founded in 1988, which specializes in political satire. In addition to these newspapers, Portugal has a large number of newspapers and magazines published for a specific readership: sports fans, gardeners, farmers, boating enthusiasts, etc. In addition to the two state-owned TV channels, Portugal has two independent channels, one of which is operated by the Catholic Church. TV programming is now diverse and sophisticated, with a great variety of programs of both domestic and foreign content. The most popular TV programs have been soap operas and serialized novels ( telenovelas) imported from Brazil. In the 1990s, Portugal attempted to produce its own telenovelas and soap operas, but these have not been as popular as the more exotic Brazilian imports.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Media

  • 2 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

  • 3 play

    1. noun
    1) (Theatre) [Theater]stück, das

    put on a play — ein Stück aufführen

    2) (recreation) Spielen, das; Spiel, das

    say/do something in play — etwas aus od. im od. zum Spaß sagen/tun

    play [up]on words — Wortspiel, das

    3) (Sport) Spiel, das; (Amer.): (manoeuvre) Spielzug, der

    be in/out of play — [Ball:] im Spiel/aus [dem Spiel] sein

    make a play for somebody/something — (fig. coll.) hinter jemandem/etwas her sein (ugs.); es auf jemanden/etwas abgesehen haben

    4)

    come into play, be brought or called into play — ins Spiel kommen

    make [great] play with something — viel Wesen um etwas machen

    5) (freedom of movement) Spiel, das (Technik); (fig.) Spielraum, der

    give full play to one's emotions/imagination — etc. (fig.) seinen Gefühlen/seiner Fantasie usw. freien Lauf lassen

    6) (rapid movement)
    2. intransitive verb

    play [up]on words — Wortspiele/ein Wortspiel machen

    not have much time to play with — (coll.) zeitlich nicht viel Spielraum haben

    play into somebody's hands — (fig.) jemandem in die Hand od. Hände arbeiten

    play safe — sichergehen; auf Nummer Sicher gehen (ugs.)

    2) (Mus.) spielen (on auf + Dat.)
    3. transitive verb
    1) (Mus.): (perform on) spielen

    play the violin — etc. Geige usw. spielen

    play something on the piano — etc. etwas auf dem Klavier usw. spielen

    play it by ear — (fig.) es dem Augenblick/der Situation überlassen

    2) spielen [Grammophon, Tonbandgerät]; abspielen [Schallplatte, Tonband]; spielen lassen [Radio]
    3) (Theatre; also fig.) spielen

    play a town — in einer Stadt spielen

    play the fool/innocent — den Clown/Unschuldigen spielen

    play a trick/joke on somebody — jemanden hereinlegen (ugs.) /jemandem einen Streich spielen

    5) (Sport, Cards) spielen [Fußball, Karten, Schach usw.]; spielen od. antreten gegen [Mannschaft, Gegner]

    play a match — einen Wettkampf bestreiten; (in team games) ein Spiel machen

    he played me at chess/squash — er war im Schach/Squash mein Gegner

    6) (Sport) ausführen [Schlag]; (Cricket etc.) schlagen [Ball]
    7) (Cards) spielen

    play one's cards right — (fig.) es richtig anfassen (fig.)

    8) (coll.): (gamble on)

    play the market — spekulieren (in mit od. Wirtsch. in + Dat.)

    Phrasal Verbs:
    - academic.ru/56069/play_about">play about
    * * *
    [plei] 1. verb
    1) (to amuse oneself: The child is playing in the garden; He is playing with his toys; The little girl wants to play with her friends.) spielen
    2) (to take part in (games etc): He plays football; He is playing in goal; Here's a pack of cards - who wants to play (with me)?; I'm playing golf with him this evening.) spielen
    3) (to act in a play etc; to act (a character): She's playing Lady Macbeth; The company is playing in London this week.) spielen
    4) ((of a play etc) to be performed: `Oklahoma' is playing at the local theatre.) spielen
    5) (to (be able to) perform on (a musical instrument): She plays the piano; Who was playing the piano this morning?; He plays (the oboe) in an orchestra.) spielen
    6) ((usually with on) to carry out or do (a trick): He played a trick on me.) spielen
    7) ((usually with at) to compete against (someone) in a game etc: I'll play you at tennis.) spielen
    8) ((of light) to pass with a flickering movement: The firelight played across the ceiling.) spielen
    9) (to direct (over or towards something): The firemen played their hoses over the burning house.) richten
    10) (to put down or produce (a playing-card) as part of a card game: He played the seven of hearts.) ausspielen
    2. noun
    1) (recreation; amusement: A person must have time for both work and play.) das Spiel
    2) (an acted story; a drama: Shakespeare wrote many great plays.) das Schauspiel
    3) (the playing of a game: At the start of today's play, England was leading India by fifteen runs.) das Spiel
    4) (freedom of movement (eg in part of a machine).) der Spielraum
    •
    - player
    - playable
    - playful
    - playfully
    - playfulness
    - playboy
    - playground
    - playing-card
    - playing-field
    - playmate
    - playpen
    - playschool
    - plaything
    - playtime
    - playwright
    - at play
    - bring/come into play
    - child's play
    - in play
    - out of play
    - play at
    - play back
    - play down
    - play fair
    - play for time
    - play havoc with
    - play into someone's hands
    - play off
    - play off against
    - play on
    - play a
    - no part in
    - play safe
    - play the game
    - play up
    * * *
    [pleɪ]
    I. NOUN
    1. no pl (recreation) Spiel nt
    to be at \play beim Spiel sein, spielen
    to do sth in \play etw [nur] zum Spaß tun
    it's only in \play es ist doch nur Spaß
    2. no pl SPORT (game time) Spiel nt
    rain stopped \play wegen des Regens wurde das Spiel unterbrochen
    the start/close of \play der Beginn/das Ende des Spiels
    to be in/out of \play im Spiel/im Aus sein
    3. AM SPORT (move) Spielzug m
    to make a bad/good \play ein schlechtes/gutes Spiel machen
    a foul \play ein Foul[spiel] nt
    4. THEAT [Theater]stück nt
    to go to see a \play ins Theater gehen
    one-act \play Einakter m
    to put on [or stage] [or ( fam) do] a \play ein Stück inszenieren
    radio \play Hörspiel nt
    television \play Fernsehspiel nt, Fernsehfilm m
    5. no pl (change)
    the \play of emotion across his face revealed his conflict seine widerstreitenden Gefühle spiegelten sich in seinem Gesicht wider
    the \play of light [on sth] das Spiel des Lichts [auf etw dat]
    6. (freedom) Spielraum m; TECH Spiel nt
    to allow [or give] sth full \play etw dat freien Lauf lassen
    7. no pl (interaction) Zusammenspiel nt
    to bring sth into \play etw ins Spiel bringen, etw einsetzen
    to come into \play eine Rolle spielen
    8. no pl ( old: gambling) Spielen nt
    9. no pl (coverage) Medieninteresse nt, Aufmerksamkeit f in den Medien
    to get a lot of \play das Interesse der Medien auf sich akk ziehen, Thema Nummer eins sein fam
    10.
    ▶ to make a \play for sb/sth ( fam) sich akk an jdn/etw heranpirschen
    ▶ to make \play with sth mit etw dat spielen
    ▶ to make great \play of [or with] sth viel Aufhebens von etw dat machen
    ▶ \play on words Wortspiel nt
    1. (amuse oneself)
    ▪ to \play [somewhere] [irgendwo] spielen
    can Jenny come out and \play? kann Jenny zum Spielen rauskommen?
    to \play on the swings schaukeln
    2. SPORT spielen
    Leonora always \plays to win Leonora will immer gewinnen
    to \play fair/rough fair/hart spielen
    it wasn't really \playing fair not to tell her ( fig) es war nicht besonders fair, dass du ihr nichts gesagt hast
    ▪ to \play against sb gegen jdn spielen
    they're a difficult team to \play against diese Mannschaft ist ein schwieriger Gegner
    to \play for a city/team für eine Stadt/ein Team spielen
    to \play in attack/defence in der Offensive/als Verteidiger/Verteidigerin spielen
    to \play in goal den Torwart/die Torwartin spielen
    to \play in the match am Spiel teilnehmen
    3. actor spielen
    ‘Hamlet’ is \playing at the Guildhall in der Guildhall kommt zurzeit der ‚Hamlet‘
    to \play opposite sb mit jdm [zusammen] spielen
    to \play to a full house vor ausverkauftem Haus spielen
    Macbeth \played to full houses die Macbeth-Vorstellungen waren immer ausverkauft
    4. (musician) spielen; instrument ertönen
    the searchlights \played across [or over] the facade die [Such]scheinwerfer strichen über die Fassade
    we watched the light \playing on the water wir beobachteten das Spiel des Lichts auf dem Wasser
    she could hear the fountain \playing sie hörte den Springbrunnen plätschern
    a smile \played across [or on] [or over] his lips ein Lächeln spielte um seine Lippen
    6. (gamble) spielen
    to \play for fun zum Spaß [o ohne Einsatz] spielen
    to \play for money um Geld spielen
    how will this \play with the voters? wie wird das bei den Wählern ankommen?
    8. usu neg (cooperate) mitmachen
    9. + adj (pretend)
    to \play dumb sich akk taub stellen
    10.
    ▶ to \play fast and loose with sb/sth mit jdm/bei etw dat ein falsches Spiel spielen
    ▶ to not be \playing with a full deck AM ( fam) nicht alle Tassen im Schrank haben fam
    ▶ to \play to the gallery billige Effekthascherei betreiben pej; politician populistische Stammtischparolen ausgeben pej
    ▶ to \play into sb's hands jdm in die Hände arbeiten
    ▶ to \play safe auf Nummer Sicher gehen fam
    ▶ to \play for time versuchen, Zeit zu gewinnen, auf Zeit spielen
    1.
    ▪ to \play sth game etw spielen; position
    Luke \plays centre forward/back Luke ist Mittelstürmer/Verteidiger
    to \play a match ein Spiel bestreiten, spielen
    ▪ to \play sb gegen jdn spielen
    James will be \playing Theo James wird gegen Theo antreten
    3. (strike)
    ▪ to \play the ball den Ball spielen; (execute)
    to \play a shot schießen; (in snooker) stoßen
    to \play a stroke schlagen
    4. (adopt)
    to \play a part [or role] eine Rolle spielen
    to \play an important part in sth bei etw dat eine wichtige Rolle spielen
    5. (act)
    ▪ to \play sb/sth jdn/etw spielen; ( fig)
    don't \play the innocent with me tu nicht so unschuldig
    to \play the fool [or clown] herumalbern, rumspinnen pej fam, sich akk zum Narren machen
    6. (function as)
    to \play host to sb jds Gastgeber/Gastgeberin sein
    to \play host to sth event etw ausrichten
    ▪ to \play sth etw spielen
    \play us a song [or a song for us] then! spiel uns ein Lied [vor]!
    to \play sth by ear etw nach Gehör spielen
    to \play it by ear ( fig fam) improvisieren
    to \play an encore eine Zugabe geben
    ▪ to \play sth etw spielen
    to \play the bagpipes/piano/violin Dudelsack/Klavier/Geige spielen
    to play Berlin/London/San Francisco in Berlin/London/San Francisco spielen
    10. (listen to)
    ▪ to \play sth CD, tape etw [ab]spielen
    to \play the radio Radio hören
    must you \play your radio loud? musst du dein Radio so laut stellen?
    to \play one's stereo seine Anlage anhaben fam
    11. (watch)
    to \play a video sich dat ein Video ansehen; (insert) eine Videokassette einlegen
    12. (broadcast)
    they're \playing African music on the radio im Radio kommt gerade afrikanische Musik
    to \play the horses auf Pferde wetten
    to \play a slot machine an einem Spielautomaten spielen
    to \play the stock market an der Börse spekulieren
    to \play a trick [or joke] on sb jdn hochnehmen fig fam, jdn veräppeln fam; (practical joke) [jdm] einen Streich spielen
    he's always \playing tricks der ist vielleicht ein Scherzkeks sl
    ▪ to \play sth on [or onto] [or over] sth etw auf etw akk richten
    the rescue team \played searchlights over the area das Rettungsteam ließ Scheinwerfer über die Gegend schweifen
    16. CARDS (show)
    to \play an ace/a king ein Ass/einen König [aus]spielen
    to \play a trump einen Trumpf spielen
    17. angler
    to \play a fish einen Fisch auszappeln lassen (durch Nachlassen der Leine)
    18. (treat)
    ▪ to \play sb for sth jdn wie etw behandeln
    19.
    ▶ to \play ball [with sb] ( fam) [mit jdm] mitziehen [o mitspielen]
    ▶ to \play [with] one's cards close to one's chest ( fam) seine Karten nicht offenlegen fig
    ▶ to \play one's cards right geschickt taktieren
    ▶ to \play it cool ( fam) den Unbeteiligten spielen
    ▶ to \play ducks and drakes with sth BRIT (money) etw verprassen; (plans) etw durcheinanderbringen
    ▶ to \play ducks and drakes with sb BRIT jdn schlecht behandeln
    ▶ to \play sb false jdn hintergehen
    ▶ to \play second fiddle [to sb] [im Verhältnis zu jdm] die zweite Geige spielen fam
    ▶ to \play the field ( fam) sich akk umsehen
    the firm continues to \play the field and negotiate with other companies die Firma sondiert das Terrain und verhandelt mit weiteren Firmen
    ▶ to \play footsie with sb ( fam: under table) mit jdm füßeln DIAL; (cooperate) mit jdm unter einer Decke stecken fam
    ▶ to \play the game BRIT sich akk an die [Spiel]regeln halten
    ▶ to \play gooseberry BRIT ( fam) das fünfte Rad am Wagen sein fam; (chaperone) den Anstandswauwau spielen hum fam
    ▶ to \play hard to get ( fam) sich akk unnahbar zeigen, einen auf unnahbar machen usu pej sl
    ▶ to \play hardball esp AM ( fam) andere Saiten aufziehen fig
    ▶ to \play havoc with sth etw durcheinanderbringen
    ▶ to \play [merry] hell with sth ( fam) etw völlig durcheinanderbringen
    ▶ to \play hook[e]y esp AM, AUS ( fam) blaumachen fam, schwänzen fam
    ▶ to \play a [or one's] hunch aus dem [hohlen] Bauch heraus agieren sl, seiner Nase folgen
    ▶ to \play possum (sleeping) sich akk schlafend stellen; (ignorant) sich akk dumm stellen
    ▶ to \play it safe auf Nummer Sicher gehen fam
    ▶ to \play silly buggers BRIT (sl) sich akk wie ein Idiot aufführen
    ▶ to \play truant [from school] BRIT schwänzen fam
    * * *
    [pleɪ]
    1. n
    1) (= amusement, gambling) Spiel nt

    to do/say sth in play — etw aus Spaß tun/sagen

    children at play —

    children learn through play he lost £800 in a few hours' play — Kinder lernen beim Spiel er hat beim Spiel innerhalb von ein paar Stunden £ 800 verloren

    2) (SPORT) Spiel nt

    in a clever piece of play, in a clever play (US) — in einem klugen Schachzug

    there was some exciting play toward(s) the end — gegen Ende gab es einige spannende (Spiel)szenen

    to be in play/out of play (ball) — im Spiel/im Aus sein

    3) (TECH, MECH) Spiel nt

    1 mm (of) play — 1 mm Spiel

    4) (THEAT) (Theater)stück nt; (RAD) Hörspiel nt; (TV) Fernsehspiel nt
    5) (fig: moving patterns) Spiel nt
    6)

    (fig phrases) to come into play — ins Spiel kommen

    the game allows the child's imagination (to be given) full play — das Spiel gestattet die freie Entfaltung der kindlichen Fantasie

    to make great play of doing sth (Brit) — viel Wind darum machen, etw zu tun

    to make a play for sth — es auf etw (acc) abgesehen haben

    2. vt
    1) game, card, ball, position spielen; player aufstellen, einsetzen

    to play shop — (Kaufmanns)laden spielen, Kaufmann spielen

    to play a mean/dirty trick on sb — jdn auf gemeine/schmutzige Art hereinlegen

    See:
    → card
    2) (THEAT fig) part spielen; (= perform in) town spielen in (+dat)

    to play it cautious/clever — vorsichtig/klug vorgehen

    to play the fool — den Clown spielen, herumblödeln

    See:
    → cool
    3) instrument, record, tune spielen

    to play sth through/over — etw durchspielen

    4) (= direct) lights, jet of water richten
    5) (FISHING) drillen
    3. vi
    1) (esp child) spielen

    to go out to play —

    2) (SPORT at game = gamble) spielen

    to play at mothers and fathers/cowboys and Indians — Vater und Mutter/Cowboy und Indianer spielen

    3) (MUS) spielen
    4) (= move about, form patterns) (sun, light, water) spielen; (fountain) tanzen
    5) (THEAT) (= act) spielen; (= be performed) gespielt werden
    6) (SPORT ground, pitch) sich bespielen lassen

    the pitch plays well/badly — auf dem Platz spielt es sich gut/schlecht

    * * *
    play [pleı]
    A s
    1. (Glücks-, Wett-, Unterhaltungs) Spiel n ( auch SPORT)
    2. Spiel(en) n:
    children at play spielende Kinder;
    watch children at play Kindern beim Spielen zusehen;
    a) spielen,
    b) Kartenspiel: am Ausspielen sein,
    c) Schach: am Zug sein;
    it is your play Sie sind am Spiel;
    in (out of) play SPORT (noch) im Spiel (im Aus) (Ball);
    keep the ball in play den Ball im Spiel halten;
    the ball went out of play der Ball ging ins Aus;
    hold in play fig beschäftigen;
    have more of the play SPORT mehr vom Spiel haben, die größeren Spielanteile haben
    3. Spiel(weise) n(f):
    that was pretty play das war gut (gespielt);
    fair play faires Spiel, a. fig Fairness f, Fairplay n, Anständigkeit f; → foul play
    4. fig Spiel n, Spielerei f:
    a play (up)on words ein Wortspiel
    5. Kurzweil f, Vergnügen n, Zeitvertreib m
    6. Scherz m, Spaß m:
    in play im Scherz
    7. a) Schauspiel n, (Theater-, Bühnen) Stück n
    b) Vorstellung f:
    go to a play ins Theater gehen;
    (as) good as a play äußerst amüsant oder interessant
    8. MUS Spiel n, Vortrag m
    9. (Liebes) Spiel(e) n(pl), (erotisches) Spiel
    10. fig Spiel n (von Licht auf Wasser etc):
    play of colo(u)rs (muscles) Farben-(Muskel)spiel
    11. (flinke) Handhabung (meist in Zusammensetzungen): → swordplay
    12. Tätigkeit f, Bewegung f, Gang m:
    a) in Gang bringen,
    b) ins Spiel oder zur Anwendung bringen, all seine Routine etc aufbieten;
    come into play ins Spiel kommen;
    a) Wirkung haben,
    b) seinen Zweck erfüllen;
    make play with zur Geltung bringen, sich brüsten mit;
    make great play of sth viel Aufheben(s) oder Wesens von etwas machen;
    in full play in vollem Gange;
    lively play of fantasy lebhafte Fantasie
    13. a) TECH Spiel n:
    give the rope some play das Seil locker lassen
    b) Bewegungsfreiheit f, fig auch Spielraum m:
    full play of the mind freie Entfaltung des Geistes;
    allow ( oder give) full ( oder free) play to einer Sache, seiner Fantasie etc freien Lauf lassen
    14. umg Manöver n, Trick m, Schachzug m:
    make a play for sich bemühen um, es abgesehen haben auf (akk)
    15. US sl
    a) Beachtung f
    b) Publizität f, Propaganda f
    B v/i
    1. a) spielen ( auch MUS, SPORT, THEAT und fig)( for um Geld etc)
    b) mitspielen (auch fig mitmachen):
    play at Ball, Karten etc spielen; fig sich nur so nebenbei mit etwas beschäftigen;
    play at business ein bisschen in Geschäften machen;
    play at keeping shop Kaufmann spielen;
    play for time Zeit zu gewinnen suchen; SPORT auf Zeit spielen;
    play for a cup einen Pokal ausspielen;
    play to win auf Sieg spielen;
    what do you think you are playing at? was soll denn das?;
    play (up)on MUS auf einem Instrument spielen; mit Worten spielen; fig jemandes Schwächen (geschickt) ausnutzen;
    play with spielen mit (a. fig einem Gedanken, jemandes Gefühlen etc; a. engS. herumfingern an);
    play up to jemandem schöntun, sich bei jemandem einschmeicheln;
    play safe umg auf Nummer sicher gehen;
    he will not play again this season er fällt für den Rest der Saison aus; → fair1 B 4, false B, gallery 3 a
    2. a) Kartenspiel: ausspielen
    b) Schach: am Zug sein, ziehen:
    white to play Weiß zieht oder ist am Zuge
    3. a) herumspielen, sich amüsieren
    b) Unsinn treiben
    c) scherzen
    4. a) sich tummeln
    b) flattern, gaukeln
    c) spielen (Lächeln, Licht etc) (on auf dat)
    d) schillern (Farbe)
    e) in Betrieb sein (Springbrunnen)
    5. a) schießen
    b) spritzen
    c) strahlen, streichen:
    play on gerichtet sein auf (akk), bespritzen (Schlauch, Wasserstrahl), anstrahlen, absuchen (Scheinwerfer)
    6. TECH
    a) Spiel (-raum) haben
    b) sich bewegen (Kolben etc)
    7. be playing well SPORT gut bespielbar sein (Platz)
    C v/t
    1. Karten, Tennis etc, auch MUS, THEAT eine Rolle, ein Stück etc spielen, eine Nationalhymne abspielen, SPORT ein Spiel austragen:
    play (sth on) the piano (etwas auf dem) Klavier spielen;
    play sb sth jemandem etwas vorspielen;
    play shop (pirates) Kaufmann (Piraten) spielen;
    play the great lady sich als große Dame aufspielen;
    play both ends against the middle fig vorsichtig lavieren, raffiniert vorgehen;
    play it safe umg auf Nummer sicher gehen;
    play it differently es anders handhaben oder machen;
    play it low down sl ein gemeines Spiel treiben (on mit jemandem);
    play the races bei (Pferde)Rennen wetten;
    a) erledigt‘, fertig, erschöpft,
    b) verbraucht (Talent etc), abgetakelt (Schauspieler etc),
    c) abgedroschen (Witz), überstrapaziert (These etc); (siehe die Verbindungen mit den entsprechenden Substantiven)
    2. SPORT
    a) antreten oder spielen gegen:
    play sb at chess gegen jemanden Schach spielen
    b) einen Spieler aufstellen, in die Mannschaft (auf)nehmen
    3. a) eine Karte ausspielen (auch fig)
    4. spielen oder Vorstellungen geben in (dat):
    5. ein Geschütz, einen Scheinwerfer, einen Licht- oder Wasserstrahl etc richten (on auf akk):
    play a hose on sth etwas bespritzen;
    play colo(u)red lights on sth etwas bunt anstrahlen
    6. FUSSB the ball played him das war angeschossene Hand
    * * *
    1. noun
    1) (Theatre) [Theater]stück, das
    2) (recreation) Spielen, das; Spiel, das

    say/do something in play — etwas aus od. im od. zum Spaß sagen/tun

    play [up]on words — Wortspiel, das

    3) (Sport) Spiel, das; (Amer.): (manoeuvre) Spielzug, der

    be in/out of play — [Ball:] im Spiel/aus [dem Spiel] sein

    make a play for somebody/something — (fig. coll.) hinter jemandem/etwas her sein (ugs.); es auf jemanden/etwas abgesehen haben

    4)

    come into play, be brought or called into play — ins Spiel kommen

    make [great] play with something — viel Wesen um etwas machen

    5) (freedom of movement) Spiel, das (Technik); (fig.) Spielraum, der

    give full play to one's emotions/imagination — etc. (fig.) seinen Gefühlen/seiner Fantasie usw. freien Lauf lassen

    2. intransitive verb

    play [up]on words — Wortspiele/ein Wortspiel machen

    not have much time to play with — (coll.) zeitlich nicht viel Spielraum haben

    play into somebody's hands — (fig.) jemandem in die Hand od. Hände arbeiten

    play safe — sichergehen; auf Nummer Sicher gehen (ugs.)

    2) (Mus.) spielen (on auf + Dat.)
    3. transitive verb
    1) (Mus.): (perform on) spielen

    play the violin — etc. Geige usw. spielen

    play something on the piano — etc. etwas auf dem Klavier usw. spielen

    play it by ear — (fig.) es dem Augenblick/der Situation überlassen

    2) spielen [Grammophon, Tonbandgerät]; abspielen [Schallplatte, Tonband]; spielen lassen [Radio]
    3) (Theatre; also fig.) spielen

    play the fool/innocent — den Clown/Unschuldigen spielen

    4) (execute, practise)

    play a trick/joke on somebody — jemanden hereinlegen (ugs.) /jemandem einen Streich spielen

    5) (Sport, Cards) spielen [Fußball, Karten, Schach usw.]; spielen od. antreten gegen [Mannschaft, Gegner]

    play a match — einen Wettkampf bestreiten; (in team games) ein Spiel machen

    he played me at chess/squash — er war im Schach/Squash mein Gegner

    6) (Sport) ausführen [Schlag]; (Cricket etc.) schlagen [Ball]
    7) (Cards) spielen

    play one's cards right — (fig.) es richtig anfassen (fig.)

    8) (coll.): (gamble on)

    play the market — spekulieren (in mit od. Wirtsch. in + Dat.)

    Phrasal Verbs:
    * * *
    (theatre) n.
    Stück -e n.
    Theaterstück n. n.
    Schauspiel n.
    Spiel -e (mechanisch) n.
    Spiel -e n. (at) cards expr.
    Karten spielen ausdr. v.
    spielen v.

    English-german dictionary > play

  • 4 run

    1. I
    1) set off running пуститься бежать; run and fetch the doctor сбегай за врачом; when I called he came running когда я позвал его, он тут же прибежал /примчался/; the enemy ran противник бежал; he dropped his gun and ran он бросил ружье и пустился наутек; I must run мне надо бежать /срочно идти/
    2) a ball (a sledge, etc.) runs мяч и т.д. катится; a wheel (a spindle, etc.) runs колесо вращается /вертится/
    3) water (blood, etc.) runs вода и т.д. течет /льется/; the pus was running сочился гной; the ice cream (the jelly, the coating, etc.) is beginning to run мороженое и т.д. потекло; the candle ran свеча оплыла; the butter ran масло растаяло; this ink does not run эти чернила не расплываются; colours are guaranteed not to run прочность красок гарантируется; I'm afraid the colours ran when I washed that skirt к сожалению, юбка в стирке полиняла; wash this towel separately the dye runs стирай это полотенце отдельно run оно линяет || let water run спустить воду
    4) the tap (the barrel, the vessel, the kettle, etc.) runs кран и т.д. течет; who has left the tap running? кто оставил кран открытым /не закрыл кран/?; this pen runs ручка течет /сажает кляксы/; his nose is running у него течет из носу, у него насморк; his eyes are running у него слезятся глаза; we laughed till our eyes ran мы смеялись до слез; an ulcer (a wound, a sore, etc.) that runs язва и т.д., которая гноится
    5) trains (buses, boats, ships, etc.) run поезда и т.д. ходят; trams are not running трамваи не ходят
    6) a motor (a machine, the works, etc.) runs мотор и т.д. работает; the lift is not running лифт не работает; leave the engine running не выключай мотор; the plant has ceased running завод встал /остановился/; the clock (the watch) runs часы идут /ходят/
    7) time runs время летит /мчится/
    8) several days running несколько дней подряд; he hit the target seven times running он попал в цель семь раз подряд
    9) the agreement (the contract, the lease of the house, etc.) has two more years to run срок соглашения и т.д. действует еще два года
    10) my stocking has run у меня на чулке спустилась петля; stockings guaranteed not to run чулки с неспускающимися петлями
    2. II
    1) run in some manner run run fast (slowly, noiselessly, etc.) бегать быстро и т.д.; the horse runs well лошадь хорошо бежит /идет/, у лошади хороший ход; run somewhere run about бегать повсюду, суетиться, сновать взад и вперед; let the dogs run about пусть собаки побегают /порезвятся/; the children are running about дети играют /резвятся/; chickens run about as soon as they are out of the shell стоит только цыплятам вылупиться, как они начинают бегать; run up /upstairs/ (down/downstairs/) бегать вверх (вниз) [по лестнице]; run upstairs and get the iodine сбегай наверх и принеси йод; run at some time I must run now мне пора бежать /уходить/
    2) run in some manner the river runs quietly (smoothly, sluggishly, etc.) река течет спокойно и т.д.; the current is running strong сейчас сильное течение; the tide is running strong вода сильно поднимается (при приливе), blood ran in torrents кровь лилась ручьями; his ideas ran freely его мысли текли свободно; run somewhere the water has run out вся вода вытекла
    3) run at some time these pens (such taps, etc.) often run эти ручки и т.д. часто текут
    4) run at some time these trains (the steamers, the buses, etc.) run daily /every day/ (every ten minutes, etc.) эти поезда и т.д. ходят ежедневно и т.д.; the traffic runs day and night движение на улице не прекращается ни днем ни ночью; the 9 o'clock train is not running today девятичасовой поезд сегодня отменен /не ходит/
    5) run in some manner an engine (a sewing-machine, etc.) runs smoothly (well, badly, efficiently, etc.) мотор и т.д. работает ритмично и т.д.; the саг is running nicely машина идет хорошо; the printing-press doesn't run properly печатный станок плохо работает; the drawer doesn't run easily ящик открывается /выдвигается/ с трудом; how does your new watch runrun? как идут ваши новые часы?
    7) run somewhere the road (the boundary, the forest, etc.) runs east (north and south, up, etc.) дорога и т.д. идет /тянется/ на восток и т.д.; the river runs south река течет на юг; new streets will run here здесь пройдут /будут проложены/ новые улицы
    8) run in some manner months (years, days, etc.) run fast быстро проходит месяц за месяцем; time runs fast время летит быстро; his life runs smoothly (quietly, etc.) жизнь его течет спокойно /гладко/ и т.д.; how time runs! как бежит /летит/ время!
    9) run for some time this law (this bill) will run much longer этот закон (этот билль) будет действовать значительно дольше; run at /in/ some place regions (places, offices, etc.) where these rules do not run районы и т.д., где не действуют эти правила /на которые не распространяются эти правила/; this writ doesn't run here здесь это постановление /распоряжение/ не действует / не имеет силы/
    10) run in some manner the letter (the note, the clause, the contract, etc.) ran thus... письмо и т.д. гласило следующее...; so the story ran вот что говорилось в рассказе; this is how the tune runs вот как звучит эта мелодия; I don't remember how the first line runs я не помню первую строку
    11) run somewhere the ship /the boat/ ran aground корабль сел на мель; the boat ran ashore лодка врезалась в берег
    12) run at some time silk stockings often (sometimes) run на шелковых чулках часто (иногда) спускаются петли; run in some manner these stockings run easily на этих чулках очень легко спускаются петли; эти чулки быстро рвутся
    13) run in some manner all my arrangements ran smoothly все шло, как было обусловлено; is everything running well in your office? на работе у вас все в порядке?, дела на работе идут нормально?
    3. III
    1) run smth. run a mile (six miles. etc.) пробежать милю и т.д., участвовать в беге на одну милю и т.д.; run a distance бежать на какую-л. дистанцию; run a race участвовать в забеге /в скачках/; the children ran races дети бегали наперегонки
    2) run smth. run errands /messages/ быть посыльным; быть на посылках; I want you to run an errand я хочу послать тебя с поручением
    3) run smb., smth. run a fox (a hare, a stag, etc.) гнать /преследовать лису/ и т.д.; run a false scent идти по ложному следу; run cattle (horses, etc.) гнать скот и т.д.; run logs сплавлять /гнать/ лес /бревна/
    4) run smth. run extra (special) trains пускать дополнительные (специальные) поезда
    5) run smth. run cargoes (a cargo of coffee, etc.) перевозить /транспортировать/ грузы и т.д.; run arms (drugs, liquor, narcotics. etc.) нелегально /контрабандой/ ввозить в страну оружие и т.д.
    6) run smth., smb. run a blockade прорвать /прорваться через/ блокаду; run the rapids пройти /преодолеть/ пороги; run the guard проскользнуть /пройти незамеченным/ мимо охраны
    7) run smth. run a саг (a bus, a taxi, etc.) водить машину и т.д.; he runs a blue Volga он ездит на голубой "Волге"; run the engine запускать мотор /двигатель/; run a tractor (a sewing-machine, a ferry, etc.) работать на тракторе и т.д.; can you run a washing-machine? вы умеете обращаться со стиральной машиной?; run a bath наполнить ванну
    10) run some distance the river (the road, etc.) run 200 miles река (дорога и т.д.) тянется на 200 миль
    11) || run its course идти своим чередом; the illness must run its course болезнь должна идти своим ходом; the war was running its course война все продолжалась
    12) run smth. run a business (a bus company, a factory, etc.) управлять предприятием и т.д.; run a theatre (a newspaper, a youth club, etc.) руководить театром и т.д.; run a shop (a hotel, etc.) заведовать магазином и т.д.; run a competition (a match, a race, etc.) проводить соревнования и т.д.; run the external affairs of a country направлять внешнюю политику государства, руководить внешней политикой страны; run a new system of payment осуществлять /внедрять/ новую систему оплаты; run smb.'s house вести чье-л. хозяйство; she runs the household она ведет хозяйство; весь дом на ней; run the show cool. заправлять чем-л.; who is running the show? кто здесь главный?; run one's life (one's fortune) самому строить свою жизнь (свое счастье); run experiments ставить /проводить/ опыты; run a blood test сделать анализ крови
    13) run smb. run a candidate выставлять чью-л. кандидатуру, выдвигать кого-л. кандидатом
    14) semiaux run smth. run debts залезать в /делать/ долги; run a temperature температурить
    15) id run smth. run a risk (the risk of discovery, the risk of losing one's job, a danger, the danger of being fired, the chance of being suspect of theft, etc.) подвергаться риску и т.д.; run chances положиться на счастье
    4. IV
    1) run smth. т some time this bus (a car, ale.) runs 40 miles (an hour, etc.) автобус и т.д. делает сорок миль в час и т.д.; we ran 20 knots a day мы делали двадцать узлов в день
    2) run smb. in some manner run smb. (too) fast гнать кого-л. (очень) быстро; run smb. somewhere run a horse up and down прохаживать лошадь [взад и вперед]; run the gun out выкапывать орудие; run the car downhill (uphill) ехать на машине с горы (в гору)
    3) run smth. at some time run a bus every three minutes отправлять автобус каждые три минуты; run cars day and night держать машины на линии круглые сутки, обеспечивать работу у машин круглосуточно
    4) run smb. somewhere run smb. home отвозить кого-л. домой; run smb. out выгнать кого-л.
    5) run smth. for (in) some time run the machine (the press, etc.) 24 hours a day работать на машине и т.д. двадцать четыре часа в сутки /круглосуточно/; run 500 barrels of oil daily (1000 bottles of milk a day, etc.) выпускать 500 бочек масла и т.д. в день
    6) run smth. at some time run a film often (twice a week, six times, etc.) демонстрировать /показывать/ фильм часто и т.д.; I'll run the first part of the film through again я прокручу еще раз первую часть фильма
    7) run smth. at some time interviews (oral examinations, the programme, etc.) ran twenty minutes behind интервью и т.д. началось на двадцать минут позже; the rehearsal (the meeting, etc.) can ten minutes earlier репетиция и т.д. началась на десять минут раньше
    8) run smth. somewhere run a ship aground посадить корабль на мель; run a boat (a ship) ashore направить лодку корабль) к берегу
    5. V
    1) run smb. some distance run a fox (a hare, etc.) five miles (a long distance, the length of the field, etc.) преследовать /гнать/ лису и т.д. пять миль и т.д.
    2) run smb. some sum of money the dress (this picture, this boat, the new house, this car, etc.) will run you a considerable sum of money это платье и т.д. будет вам дорого стоить
    6. VI
    semiaux run smb. to some state run smb. breathless гонять кого-л. до изнеможения || run smb. close (hard) не уступать кому-л., быть чьим-л. опасным противником /соперником/; run smth. close быть почти равным чему-л.; run it fine иметь (времени, денег) в обрез
    7. XI
    1) be run after she is much run after a) с ней многие ищут знакомства; б) за ней многие ухаживают; I hate to feel that I am being run after терпеть не могу, когда за мной бегают
    2) || be run off one's feet coll. сбиться с ног; I was run off my feet that day я набегался за день
    3) be run into smth. molten metal is run into moulds расплавленный металл разливают в формы
    4) be run at some time sleepingcars (express trains, these boats, etc.) are run twice a week (on week days, etc.) поезда со спальными вагонами и т.д. ходят два раза в неделю и т.д.; be run somewhere these trains are run between X and Y эти поезда курсируют между X и Y
    5) be run on smth. trains (buses, etc.) are run on electricity (on coal, on steam, etc.) поезда и т.д. работают на электричестве и т.д.; be run at smth. be run at some cost обходиться в определенную сумму (об эксплуатации машины и т.п.); this car can be run at a small cost расходы на эксплуатацию этой машины очень невелика
    6) be run on smth. this book is to be run on good paper эта книга будет издана на хорошей бумаге
    7) be run through he was run through and through ему было нанесено множество колотых ран; be run through by smth. he was run through by a bayonet его пронзили штыком, его закололи штыком
    8) be run at some time the race (the match, the competition, etc.) will be run tomorrow (next week, etc.) скачки и т.д. состоятся /будут проводиться/ завтра и т.д.; the cup will be run for today сегодня состоятся соревнования на кубок /состоится розыгрыш кубка/; be run in some condition the Derby was run in a snowstorm (in rain, etc.) дерби проводилось во время сильного снегопада /вьюги/ и т.д.; be run as (on) smth. this business (it, this scheme, etc.) is run /is being run/ as a commercial enterprise /on a commercial basis/ это дело и т.д. ведется на коммерческой основе; be run by smb. he is (hard) run by his wife (by his secretary, etc.) он под башмаком у своей жены и т.д.; the school is run by a committee школа управляется советом
    8. XIII
    run to do smth. run to catch the train (to meet us, to see what is going on, etc.) бежать /торопиться/, чтобы успеть на писал и т.д.; she ran to help us она бросилась нам на помощь
    9. XV
    1) run in some state run free /loose/ бегать на свободе; let the dog run loose дай собаке побегать на воле
    2) run in some order run second (third, etc.) a) бежать вторым и т.д.; б) идти /прийти/ вторым и т.д.; my horse ran last моя лошадь пришла последней /заняла последнее место/
    3) abs run parallel идти /бежать/ параллельно /бок о бок/ || run foul of smth. налететь на что-л.; run foul of a hidden reef налететь на скрытый риф; run foul of the law нарушить закон; run foul of smb. вызвать чье-л. недовольство; the ships ran foul of each other корабли столкнулись [в море]
    4) semiaux run to some state run low /short/ a) понижаться, опускаться; б) иссякать; our provisions /our supplies, our stock, our stores /are running low /short/ наши запасы кончаются /на исходе/; I am running short of time у меня остается мало времени; run dry высыхать, пересыхать; the well ran dry колодец высох; the river ran dry река пересохла; my imagination ran dry моя фантазия иссякла, мое воображение истощилось; run cold похолодеть; my blood ran cold у меня кровь застыла в жилах; run hot нагреваться; wait till the water runs hot at the tap подожди, пока из крана пойдет горячая вода; run clear быть чистым; rivers run clear вода в реках частая; run high a) подниматься; б) возрастать; the sea runs high море волнуется; the waves run high волны вздымаются; the tide runs high /strong/ прилив нарастает, вода прибывает; feelings /passions/ run high страсти бушуют; the debates ran high споры разгорелись; the prices run high цены растут; run strong набирать силу; run mad сходить с ума; run wild не знать удержу; she lets her children run wild она оставляет детей без присмотра; the garden ran wild сад запущен; we are letting the flowers run wild за цветами у нас никто не ухаживает; his imagination ran wild у него разыгралось воображение; run a certain size apples (pears, potatoes, etc.) run big (small, etc.) this year яблоки и т.д. в этом году крупные и т.д.
    10. XVI
    1) run about (across, around, up, down, in, etc.) smth. run about the streets (about the fields, about the garden, in the pastures, in the yard, etc.) бегать по улицам и т.д.; run across the road (across the street, across the square, etc.) перебегать дорогу и т.д.; run down the road (down the street, down the hill, down the path, down the mountain, down the lane, etc.) бежать вниз по дороге и т.д.; run along the wall (along the bank of the river, etc.) бежать вдоль стены и т.д.; run up the path (up the mountain, etc.) бежать вверх по тропинке и т.д.; run out of the house (out of the room, etc.) выбежать из дома и т.д.; run into a room вбежать в комнату; run through the garden (through the yard, through the village, etc.) пробегать через сад и т.д.; every morning he ran around the garden to keep in condition каждое утро он бегал по саду, чтобы быть в форме; run to /towards/ smth., smb. run towards the door (to the coming visitors, to her son, etc.) подбежать /броситься/ к двери и т.д.; run before (behind, past, by, etc.) smb. run before the crowd (behind the marchers, by her past the waiting people, etc.) бежать впереди толпы и т.д.; he ran past her without saying "hello" он пробежал мимо и даже не поздоровался; run before the wind идти по ветру
    2) run after smb., smth. run after the burglar (after the thief, after a rabbit, etc.) гнаться за грабителем и т.д.; don't bother running after the bus, you'll never catch it какой толк бежать за автобусом, все равно его не догонишь; run after him, he's left his wallet behind догони его, он забыл свой бумажник; who's running after you? кто за вами гонится?; I can't keep running after you all day! coll. я не могу бегать за тобой весь день!; run from smth., smb. run from the village (from the enemy, from danger, etc.) бежать из деревни и т.д.; run to (for) smth., smb. run to smb.'s help поспешить кому-л. на помощь; run to the post-office сбегать на почту; run for the doctor (for the police, etc.) сбегать за врачом и т.д.; run for a prize бежать на приз; run to smb. for help бежать к кому-л. за помощью; run to his mother (to his parents, etc.) with every little problem бегать к матери и т.д. с каждой мелочью; run in smth. run in a race участвовать в забеге /в соревнованиях по бегу/ || run for one's life colt. бежать во весь дух; run for it coll, бежать что есть мочи
    3) run after smb. coll. she runs after every good-looking man in the village она бегает за каждым красивым парнем в деревне; you shouldn't run after him не надо вешаться ему на шею, run after the great увлекаться великими людьми: run after smth. coll. he runs after the country club set он стремится попасть в круг членов загородного клуба; run after new theories увлекаться новыми веяниями
    4) run along (over, past, on, etc.) smth. run along the highway (along the streets, over the hill, over slippery roads, through the city, etc.) двигаться /мчаться, нестись/ по шоссе и т.д.; cars run along these roads по этим дорогам движутся автомобили; sledges run well over frozen snow сани хорошо скользят по мерзлому снегу, the train ran past the signal поезд проскочил светофор; the ball ran past the hole шарик прокатился мимо лунки; the ball ran over the curb and into the street мяч перекатился через обочину и попал /выкатился/ на дорогу; run on snow (on macadam roads, etc.) передвигаться /катиться, скользить/ по снегу и т.д.; trains run on rails поезда ходят по рельсам; the table runs on wheels стол передвигается на колесиках; file drawers run on ball bearings каталожные ящики двигаются /выдвигаются, ходят/ на подшипниках; the fire ran along the ground огонь побежал по земле the fire ran through the-building огонь охватил все здание; run at some speed run at a very high speed (at full speed, at 60 miles an hour, etc.) двигаться с очень большой скоростью и т.д. the train ran at an illegal speed поезд шел с превышением предела скорости
    5) run at smb. run at the enemy (на)броситься на врага
    6) run down ( along, into, to, from, at, etc.) smth. run down the wind screen (down the rain-pipe, down the slope, down smb.'s face, down her cheeks,.etc.) катится /стекать/ по ветровому стеклу и т.д.; the rapids run over the rocks на камнях вода образовывает пороги; run over the table (over the floor, etc.) растекаться или рассыпаться по столу и т.д.; wax ran down the burning candle воск оплывал и стекал по горящей свече; the river runs into the ocean (into the sea, etc.) река впадает в океан и т.д.; water is running into the bath в ванну наливается вода; water runs from a tap (from a cistern from a cask, etc.) из крана и т.д. бежит /льётся вода; sweat was running from his forehead (from his face) у него по лбу (по лицу) струился пот; blood ran from a wound (from a cut, etc.) из раны и т.д. потекла кровь; tears ran from her eyes у нее из глаз катились слезы; he is running at the nose (at the mouth) у него течет из носу (изо рта); I felt tile blood running to my head я чувствовал, как кровь бросилась мне в голову; good blood runs in his veins в его жилах течет хорошая кровь; the colours (the dyes) run in the washing при стирке краски линяют; run with smth. run with sweat взмокнуть от пота, обливаться потом; his eyes ran with tears у него глаза наполнились слезами; the floor (the streets, etc.) ran with water (with blood, with wine, etc.) пол и т.д. был залит водой и т.д.; run off smb. water ran off him с него стекала вода id run off smb. as /like/ water off a duck's back = как с гуся вода; her words (scoldings, admonitions, etc.) ran off him like water off a duck's back на все ее слова и т.д. он не обращал ни малейшего внимания
    7) run to (between) smth. a morning train runs to Paris (to the south, to this city, etc.) в Париж и т.д. ходит утренний поезд; trains (boats, buses, etc.) run between the capitals of these countries (between these towns, between London and the coast. etc.) между столицами этих стран и т.д. ходят /курсируют/ поезда и т.д.
    8) run on (off) smth. cars run on gasoline автомобили работают на бензине; the apparatus runs off the mains аппаратура работает от сети
    9) run for some time the play ran for 200 nights (for a year) пьеса выдержала двести спектаклей (шла целый год); the picture runs for 3 hours фильм идет три часа; the interval sometimes runs to as much as half an hour антракт иногда длится полчаса; run at some place the play (the film) is now running at the Lyceum пьеса сейчас идет в театре "Лицеум"
    10) run across ( along, through, over, up, etc.) smth. the road (the path, etc.) runs across the plain (along the river, along the shore, through the wood, over a hill, up the mountain, close to the village, right by my house, at right angles to the highway, etc.) дорога и т.д. проходит по равнине и т.д.; a corridor runs through the house по всей длине дома тянется коридор; shelves run round the walls (round the room) по всем стенам (по всей комнате) идут полки; a fence runs round the house дом обнесен забором: ivy runs all over the wall (up the side of the house, upon other plants, etc.) плющ вьется по всей стене и т.д.; vine.runs over the porch крыльцо увито виноградом; a scar runs across his left cheek через всю его левую щеку проходит шрам; run from smth. to smth. the chain of mountains runs from north to south горная цепь тянется с севера на юг; shelves run from floor to ceiling полки идут от пола до потолка; this road runs from the village to the station эта дорога идет от деревни к станции; run for some distance the river ( the unpaved section, the path, etc.) runs for 200 miles (for eight miles, etc.) река и т.д. тянется на двести миль и т.д.
    11) run in smth. what sizes do these dresses run in? каких размеров бывают в продаже эти платья?; run in certain numbers иметь определенные номера; on this side house numbers run in odd numbers по этой стороне [улицы] идут нечетные номера домов
    12) run over smth. his fingers ran over the strings (over the piano, over the keys, etc.) он пробежал пальцами по струнам и т.д.; run over one's pockets ощупать свой карманы; run over the seams of the boat осмотреть /ощупать/ швы лодки
    13) run down ( over, through, etc.) smth. a cheer ran down the line (down the ranks of spectators) возгласы одобрения /крики ура/ прокатились по строю (по рядам зрителей); a murmur (a whisper) ran through the crowd по толпе пробежал /прокатился/ ропот (шепот); the news ran all over the town новость облетела весь город; rumours ran through the village (through the town, etc.) no деревне и т.д. прошли /разнеслись/ слухи; a thought (an idea, etc.) ran in /through/ his head /his mind/ у него в голове пронеслась /промелькнула/ мысль и т.д.; this idea run-s through the whole book эта идея проходит через /пронизывает/ всю книгу; the song (the old tune, his words, a snatch of their conversation, etc.) kept running in my mind /through my head/ эта песенка и т.д. неотвязно звучала у меня в ушах; his influence runs through every department его влияние чувствуется /ощущается/ во всех отделах; run up /down/ smth. a cold shiver ran up /down/ his spine холодная дрожь пробежала у него по спине; a sharp pain ran up /down/ his arm (his spine, his leg, etc.) он почувствовал острую боль в руке и т.д.
    14) run into smth. days ran into weeks дни складывались в недели; one year ran into the next шел год за годом
    15) run (up)on smth. the talk (the whole argument, etc.) ran on this point (on this subject, upon the past, on this problem, on the matter, on the same event, on the recent occurrence, etc.) разговор и т.д. вертелся вокруг этого вопроса и т.д.; the conversation ran on politics разговор шел о политике; the boy's thoughts /mind/ kept running on the same theme (on food, on the event, etc.) мальчик все время думал об одном и том же и т.д. || run along familiar lines касаться привычных тем, думать или говорить традиционно
    16) run for some time the law (the contract, the lease, etc.) runs for 3 years этот закон и т.д. имеет /сохраняет/ силу в течение трех лет; your interest runs from January 1st to December 31 вам начисляются проценты с первого января по тридцать первое декабря
    17) run out of smth. we have run out of sugar (out of provisions, out of food, out of petrol, out of tobacco, out of bread, etc.) у нас кончился сахар и т.д.
    18) run over (through, down) smth. run over one's notes (over these proofs, over the story, through one's mail, through the main points of the subject, down the list of names, etc.) просмотреть /пробежать глазами/ свои заметки и т.д.; her eyes ran over the room она окинула комнату беглым взглядом; his eyes ran down the front row and stopped suddenly он глазами пробежал по первому ряду, и вдруг его взгляд на ком-то задержался; don't run through your work so fast не делайте свою работу в спешке
    19) run over/through/ smth. just run over /through/ my lines with me before the rehearsal begins повторите со мной роль до начала репетиции; we'll run over that song again мы еще раз пропоем эту песенку; she ran over his good points она перечислила его достоинства; run through the scene оживить в своей памяти эту сцену
    20) run in (on, etc.) smth. the account (the story, the article, etc.) ran in all the papers сообщение и т.д. было напечатано /опубликовано/ во всех газетах; this item ran under a sensational heading эта информация была напечатана под сенсационным заголовком; political cartoons run on the editorial page политические карикатуры печатаются /помещаются/ на той же полосе, где и передовая статья || run in certain words быть сформулированным определённым образом; the order ran in these words приказ был сформулирован именно следующими словами
    21) run into /through /smth. the book (his novel, etc.) ran into /through/ 5 editions (10 impressions, thousands of copies, etc.) эта книга выдержала пять изданий и т.д.
    22) run through smth. run through a fortune (through the money he won, through his winnings, etc.) растратить /растранжирить/ наследство и т.д.; he ran through his father's money very quickly он очень быстро промотал отцовские деньги; money runs through his fingers [like water through a sieve], he runs through money quickly деньги у него не задерживаются; we run through a lot of sugar in a week мы расходуем много сахара за неделю
    23) run in (to) some amount his income (her bank account, their inheritance, etc.) runs to ten or twelve thousand pounds его доходы и т.д. исчисляются в десять-двенадцать тысяч фунтов; our hotel bill ran to t 500 наш счет за гостиницу достиг суммы в пятьсот фунтов /равняется пятистам фунтам/; the losses run into five figures убытки выражаются в пятизначных числах; a boat like that runs into a lot of money (to a pretty penny) такая лодка стоит больших денег (станет в копеечку); prices run from 50 pence to a pound цены колеблются от пятидесяти пенсов до одного фунта; my money won't run to a car на машину у меня не хватит денег; we can't run to a holiday abroad this year в этом году мы себе не можем позволить провести отпуск за границей; the story (the manuscript, etc.) runs to 16 pages (to three volumes, etc.) рассказ и т.д. занимает шестнадцать страниц и т.д.; her letter ran to a great length она написала очень длинное письмо
    24) run against (into, on, at, etc.) smth. run against /into/ a tree (into a wall, into a bank of soft mud, at the railing, etc.) налететь на дерево и т.д., врезаться в дерево и т.д.; run against a rock (on a mine, etc.) наскочить на скалу и т.д.; run into a patch of thick mist (into a gale, into a storm, etc.) попасть в густой туман и т.д.
    25) run into (across, etc.) smb. run into each other (into an old classmate, into an old friend, etc.) случайно встретить друг друга и т.д.; run across smb. in the street столкнуться с кем-л. на улице; when did you last run across him? когда вы с ним последний раз виделись?; you never know whom you'll run into at a party никогда не знаешь, кого встретишь на вечеринке
    26) run into (across) smth. run into danger (into trouble, into mischief, etc.) попасть в опасное положение и т.д.; run into difficulties очутиться в затруднительном положении; run into debts залезть в долга; run across one of his earliest recordings (across the first edition of this book in a second-hand bookshop, etc.) натолкнуться на /случайно найти/ одну из его ранних записей и т.д.; he ran across her name in the phone book он случайно встретил /увидел/ ее имя в телефонной книге; run against smth. this runs against my interests это идет вразрез с моими интересами
    27) run for smth. run for parliament (for office, for the presidency, for governor, etc.) баллотироваться в члены парламента и т.д.; run in smth. run in an election баллотироваться на выборах; how many candidates is the Liberal Party running in the General Election? сколько кандидатов выставляет либеральная партия на выборах?; run against smb. whom will the Republicans run against the Democratic candidate? кого выставят республиканцы против кандидата от демократической партии?
    28) aux run in smth. musical talent (courage, broadmindedness, red hair, etc) runs in the family (in the blood) музыкальность и т.д. - их семейная черта (у них в крови); run to smth. run to sentiment /to sentimentality/ (to fat, etc.) быть склонным /расположенным/ к сентиментальности и т.д.; they run to big noses (to red hair, to being overweight, etc.) in that family в их семье у всех большие носы и т.д.; the novel runs to long descriptions в романе слишком много затянутых описаний
    11. XIX1
    1) run like smb., smth. run like a deer /like a hare, like the devil, like hell, like blazes, like anything/ бежать во весь опор /что есть мочи/
    2) run like smth. news (rumours) run like wildfire (like lightning) новости (слухи) распространяются как лесной пожар (с быстротой молнии)
    12. XX3
    2) || run as follows гласить следующее; the conversation ran as follows... разговор был такой...
    13. XXI1
    1) run smth. in (over) smth. run two miles in six minutes проехать две мили за шесть минут; run a race over a mile бежать на дистанцию в одну милю;
    2) run smb. across (out of, etc.) smth. run a horse across a field погонять лошадь по полю; run oneself out of breath бежать так, что начинаешь задыхаться
    3) run smb., smth. (in)to (off, out of, etc.) smth. run a fox to cover /to earth/ загнать лису в нору; they ran him off his property его согнали с собственной земля; run smb. out of the country выдворить кого-л. из страны; run a саг into a garage (a ship into harbour, a cart into the yard, etc.) завезти машину в гараж и т.д.
    4) run smth. in (to) smth. run some water into glasses (milk into casks, lead into moulds, etc.) наливать воду в стаканы и т.д.; run bullets into a mould отливать пули; run oil in a still рафинировать масло; run smth. for smb., smth. run a hot tub for smb. сделать для кого-л. горячую ванну; run the water for a tub наполнять ванну водой
    5) run smth. to smth. run ships (trains, etc.) to London водить корабли и т.д. в Лондон; run smth. between smth. run trains (buses, etc.) between these towns пускать поезда и т.д. между этими городами; run a ferry between these villages соединить эти деревни паромом; run smth. from smth. to smth. run trains ( line of mail-boats, etc.) from the capital to other cities пускать поезда и т.д. из столицы в другие города; run smth. during smth. run extra trains during rush hours пускать дополнительные поезда в часы пик
    6) run smth., smb. across (into, to, etc.) smth. run guns (narcotics, drugs, etc.) across the border (into the country) провозить /переправлять/ оружие и т.д. [контрабандой] через границу (в какую-л. страну); run smb. up to town отвозить кого-л. в город
    7) run smth. at smth. run a factory at a loss иметь от фабрики один убытки; run a саг at small cost тратить на содержание машины немного денег; run smth. off smth. she runs her electric sewing-machine off the mains ее электрическая швейная машина работает от сети; run smth., smb. in smth. run a car (a bicycle, etc.) in a race участвовать в автогонках и т.д.; he runs horses in races a) он жокей; б) он держит конюшню /скаковых лошадей/
    8) run smth. across (around, from... to, etc.) smth. run a partition across a room разгородить комнату перегородкой; run a rope across the street натянуть канат через улицу; run a fence around the lot обнести участок забором; run a telephone cable from one place to another проложить /провести/ телефонный кабель от одного пункта в другой, соединять два пункта телефонным кабелем
    9) run smth. against (over, through, etc.) smth. run one's fingers (one's hand) against a door (over a surface, over the seams of the boat, etc.) провести пальцами (рукой) по двери и т.д.; ощупать дверь и т.д.; run a comb through one's hair расчесать волосы гребнем; run one's hand over one's hair пригладить волосы ладонью; run one's fingers over the strings of a harp (over the keys of a piano, etc.) пробежать пальцами по струнам арфы и т.д.; run one's eyes over a page (over a letter, etc.) пробежать глазами страницу и т.д.; run one's finger down the list просмотреть список, водя по строчкам пальцем; run one's pencil through these names (through a word, etc.) зачеркнуть эти фамилии и т.д. карандашом; run a line on a map (over a surface, etc.) провести /прочертить/ линию на карте и т.д.
    10) run smth. behind smth. run a few minutes behind schedule (behind time) не укладываться в расписание (во времени); if we run ten minutes behind schedule the whole evening's viewing will be thrown out of gear если расписание сдвинется больше, чем на десять минут, то программа всего вечера будет нарушена; the programmes are running 10 minutes behind schedule наши программы сегодня запаздывают на десять минут
    11) run smb., smth. through smth. run the actors through their parts заставить актеров повторить свои роли или партии; I'd like to run you through that scene я бы хотел, чтобы вы еще раз провели эту сцену
    12) run smth. to smth. run tile rumour to its source выяснить источник слухов; run a quotation to earth выяснить, откуда взята цитата
    13) run smth. on smth. run the story (this account, the article, this cartoon, etc.) on page one напечатать рассказ и т.д. на первой странице
    14) run smth., smb. into (on) smth., smb. run a саг into a tree (into a wall, into a post, etc.) врезаться машиной в дерево и т.д.; run a ship on a rock разбить корабль о скалу; run the troops into an ambush загнать или заманить войска в засаду; he ran me into a сор из-за него я налетел на полицейского; run smb. into a corner загнать кого-л. в угол; run smth. against smth. run one's head against a wall стукнуться /удариться/ головой о стену; run one's nose against a post (against a wall, etc.) разбить нос о столб и т.д.
    15) run smth. into (through) smth., smb. run a nail into a board забить /загнать/ гвоздь в доску; run a splinter into one's toe (into one's foot, into one's finger, etc.) занозить палец и т.д.; run a thorn (a needle) into one's finger загнать шип (иголку) в палец; run a knife into a loaf разрезать буханку хлеба ножом; run a thread through an eyelet (a rope through a loop) продеть нитку в иголку (веревку в петлю); run a sword through one's enemy пронзить /проколоть/ своего противника шпагой; run smb. through with smth. run a man through with a sword проткнуть кого-л. шпагой
    16) || run a stocking on smth. рвать чулок обо что-л.; run a stocking on a nail разодрать чулок о гвоздь
    17) run smth. for smb. who runs his house for him? кто ведет у него хозяйство?
    18) run smb. (in)to smth. run smb. into expense ввести кого-л. в расход; run smb. into debts заставить кого-л. влезть в долги; run oneself to death до смерти забегаться || this ran me clean off my legs я из-за этого столько бегал, что теперь ног под собой не чую
    19) aux run smth. on (at) smth. I can't afford to run a car on my salary на свою зарплату я не могу содержать машину; run 60 head of cattle on this ranch держать на ранчо шестьдесят голов скота; run an account at the grocery иметь счет у бакалейщика
    14. XXV
    1) run if... (when..., etc.) you'll have to run if you want to catch the train тебе придется бежать, если ты хочешь успеть на поезд; he used to run when he was at college когда он был студентом, он занимался бегом
    2) run when the colour of the dress ran when it was washed платье полиняло в стирке
    3) run that... the story (the rumour) runs that... по рассказам (по слухам)...

    English-Russian dictionary of verb phrases > run

  • 5 play

    pleɪ
    1. сущ.
    1) игра, развлечение, забава All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy. ≈ Только работа и никаких игр сделали Джека очень скучным мальчиком. Syn: amusement, recreation, entertainment
    2) азартная игра
    3) а) пьеса, драма to criticize, pan a play ≈ критиковать пьесу, подвергать пьесу резкой критике to present, produce, put on, perform, stage a play ≈ представлять, ставить, показывать пьесу to rehearse a play ≈ репетировать пьесу to review a play ≈ писать рецензию на пьесу, делать критический обзор пьесы to revive a play ≈ воскрешать, восстанавливать пьесу miracle play morality play mystery play nativity play one-act play passion play straight play б) представление, спектакль to go to the play ≈ идти в театр на спектакль a play closes ≈ спектакль кончается a play opens ≈ спектакль начинается The play ran for two years on Broadway. ≈ Эта пьеса два года шла на Бродвее. grandstand play
    4) шутка play on words ≈ игра слов, каламбур in play ≈ в шутку
    5) действие, деятельность in full play ≈ в действии, в разгаре bring into play call into play come into play
    6) ед. ход, очередь, подача( в игре)
    7) простор, свобода
    8) игра, переливы play of colours ≈ переливы красок
    9) диал. забастовка
    10) тех. зазор;
    игра;
    люфт;
    свободный ход;
    шатание (части механизма, прибора) ∙ fair play ≈ честная игра;
    честность
    2. гл.
    1) а) забавляться, играть, резвиться The children play indoors when it rains. ≈ Когда идет дождь, дети играют дома. б) сыграть( шутку), разыграть в) поступать, вести себя легкомысленно It's no good playing at business, you have to take it seriously. ≈ В бизнес не играют, это дело серьезное. ∙ Syn: engage in games, amuse oneself, entertain oneself
    2) а) играть, участвовать в спортивной игре I played him for championship. ≈ Я играл с ним на звание чемпиона. б) играть в азартные игры Don't play (at) cards against your father, he always wins. ≈ Не играй в карты со своим отцом, он всегда выигрывает.
    3) спорт а) использовать в игре, выставлять, заявлять( игрока) The captain wants to play Mills as defence in our next game. ≈ Капитан хочет выставить Миллса защитником в следующем матче. б) принимать в игру( игрока) в) ходить, делать ход г) отбивать (мяч) ;
    подавать( мяч) He played the ball back close to the net. ≈ Он подал мяч низко над сеткой.
    4) а) исполнять (роль, музыкальное произведение) to play (music) at sight ≈ играть (музыкальное произведение) с листа to play (music) by ear ≈ подбирать( музыкальное произведение, мелодию) на слух б) играть в спектакле
    5) давать представление (о труппе) ;
    гастролировать
    6) играть на музыкальном инструменте
    7) а) играть роль, притворяться б) действовать, поступать play safe play false
    8) играть (на чем-л.), воспользоваться( чем-л.)
    9) подходить для игры, быть в хорошем состоянии
    10) а) порхать, носиться;
    танцевать б) переливаться, играть;
    мелькать
    11) бить( о струе)
    12) свободно владеть( инструментом и т. п.)
    13) приводить в действие, пускать
    14) направлять (свет и т. п. на что-л.) (on, over, along) ;
    обстреливать (on, upon)
    15) тех. иметь люфт
    16) диал. бастовать ∙ play about play along play around play back play down play in play off play on play out play over play through play upon play up play up to to play it by ear ≈ принимать решение на месте, в зависимости от обстоятельств to play it cool ≈ вести себя спокойно, не суетиться to play it low on smb. разг. ≈ подло поступить по отношению к кому-л. to play smb. for a fool амер. ≈ выставлять кого-л. дураком, дурачить кого-л. to play smb. like a fish ≈ контролировать( кого-л.), легко управлять( кем-л.) to play a trick on smb. ≈ надуть, обмануть кого-л. to play games with smb. амер. ≈ обманывать кого-л. to play to the gallery ≈ работать на публику play smb. up play for time play hell play havoc play the devil play the mischief play politics play ball игра;
    забава - boy's *s мальчишеские игры - equestrian *s (спортивное) конные игры - actual * (спортивное) игра со счетом (очков) /на счет/ - loose * (спортивное) свободная игра (без счета) - to be at * играть - to bring the ball into * (спортивное) ввести мяч в игру - children are fond of * дети любят игры /забавы/ - in *! (спортивное) в игре! - out of *! (спортивное) вне игры! - the ball is in * (спортивное) мяч в игре (спортивное) манера, стиль игры, игра - fair * игра по правилам, честная игра - foul * игра с нарушением правил, грубая игра - fine * красивая игра - to win a match by good * выиграть матч благодаря хорошей игре - to see that fair * is observed следить за соблюдением правил (спортивное) комбинация - tip-off * комбинация, начинающаяся начальным броском - make *s разыгрывать комбинации (спортивное) борьба;
    бой - loose * учебно-тренировочный бой азартная игра - high * крупная игра - low * игра по маленькой - to lose money at * проигрывать деньги( в карты) - the * runs high идет крупная игра шутка - in * в шутку - out of mere * ради шутки, в шутку - to do smth. in * сделать что-л. в шутку - he answered part in earnest and part in * он ответил полушутя, полусерьезно - I am not in the humour /mood/ for * я не намерен шутить каламбур - * on words игра слов, каламбур - * upon the meaning of the word обыгрывание значения слова пьеса, драма - the *s of Shakespeare пьесы Шекспира представление, спектакль - broadcast * радиопостановка - to give a * давать представление /пьесу/ - to go to the * идти в театр владение, умение обращаться( с оружием, инструментом и т. п.) - sword * владение мечом - to make * with one's stick вертеть (свою) трость, играть тростью - his * was very correct, and his parries neat он очень ловко владел шпагой и точно парировал движение - child full of * живой /резвый, подвижный/ ребенок - * of muscles игра мышц переливы, игра - * of sunlight upon leaves игра солнечных бликов на листьях - iridescent * of colours радужные переливы красок - * of the waves игра /плеск/ волн - the * of the diamond игра бриллианта - the * of expression in smb.'s face смена выражения на чьем-л. лице свобода, простор - to give /to allow/ free * to one's fancy дать простор /волю/ своему воображению - he gave free * to his faculties его способности полностью раскрылись - give the rope more /let the rope have some/ *! не натягивай веревку! - the (lively) * of fancy (живая) игра воображения действие, деятельность - in full * в действии, в разгаре - out of * в бездействии - to come into * начать действовать - to bring /to call, to put/ into * приводить в действие, пускать в ход - to bring the guns into * пустить в ход пушки действия, поведение( в какой-л. ситуации) ;
    игра - double * двойная игра - fair * игра по правилам;
    честная игра;
    честность;
    справедливость - foul * нечестная игра;
    подлое поведение;
    обман;
    жульничество - to rule out foul * исключить возможность грубой игры или жульничества (тк. в ед. ч.) ход, очередь, подача (в игре) - it's your * ваш ход (диалектизм) забастовка каникулы, свободное от занятий время ухаживание;
    свадебный танец( у самцов) проигрывание( пластинки) - the record got scratched after a few *s на пластинке появились царапины после того, как ее несколько раз проигрывали "пресса", освещение в прессе - the birth of the baby elephant got a big * все газеты сообщали о рождении слоненка (техническое) зазор игра, люфт, свободный ход;
    шатание (части механизма, прибора) - admissible /permissible/ * допустимый люфт /ход, зазор/ (авиация) болтанка > child's * пустяк, ерунда;
    "детские игрушки" > as good as a * очень забавно /интересно/ > gallery * стремление к дешевой популярности;
    "работа на публику" > grandstand * выступление, рассчитанное на эффект > to keep /to hold/ smb. in * завалить кого-л. работой, не давать кому-л. передышки;
    (спортивное) держать противника в напряжении, не давать противнику передышки > to make * (with) (сленг) действовать > making * with both hands действуя обеими руками;
    (спортивное) держать противника в напряжении;
    не давать противнику передышки;
    (спортивное) наносить сильные и точные удары;
    действовать энергично;
    добиваться результатов;
    заострять внимание;
    обыгрывать (факт) > she made great * with his disappointed expectations она вволю поиздевалась над его несбывшимися надеждами > to make a * for пустить в ход свои чары, очаровывать;
    сделать все возможное, чтобы добиться своего;
    ухаживать > all work and no * makes Jack a dull boy (пословица) Джек в дружбе с делом, в ссоре с бездельем - бедняга Джек не знаком с весельем > turn about is fair * (пословица) везет и не везет всем по очереди играть, резвиться, забавляться - to * with a child играть с ребенком - my daughter will * by herself for hours моя дочка может часами играть одна сыграть шутку;
    разыграть - to * a joke /a prank/ on smb. подшутить над кем-л. - he *ed a practical joke on us он здорово пошутил над нами( with) шутить;
    дурачиться - to * with fire шутить с огнем - I recommend you not to * with the captain советую вам не шутить с капитаном каламбурить, обыгрывать значение слова - to * upon words каламбурить поступать, вести себя легкомысленно (with) флиртовать;
    ухаживать, заводить любовную интрижку (австралийское) (разговорное) разыгрывать играть(во что-л.), участвовать в игре - to * (at) tennis играть в теннис - to * a game of tennis сыграть партию в теннис - to * for championship участвовать в чемпионате - to * smb. for championship играть с кем-л. за звание чемпиона - to * smb. at chess играть с кем-л. в шахматы - to * school играть классически - to * right back играть правым защитником - to * at robbes играть в разбойники - to * at shopkeeping играть в магазин - to * politics вести политическую игру - to * over переиграть;
    сыграть снова делать ход, бросок и т. п.;
    ходить (картой, шашкой и т. п.) - to * a pawn пойти пешкой - to * white( шахматное) играть белыми - to * a stroke сделать удар - to * one's ball into the pocket послать шар в лузу - *! играю! (восклицание подающего в теннисе) - * your cards carefully( карточное) ходи осторожно - he *ed the card reluctantly он неохотно бросил карту (спортивное) отбивать, подавать мяч использовать в игре, выставлять, заставлять( игрока) - the team were *ing three reserves команда использовала трех запасных игроков вводить в игру (игрока) притворяться, прикидываться - to * the fool /the idiot/ валять дурака - to * the host разыгрывать (из себя) хозяина - to * the great man строить /корчить/ из себя великого человека - he is merely *ing business он лишь притворяется, что занят делом поступать, действовать (каким-л. образом) - to * the man поступать, как подобает мужчине - to * safe действовать наверняка - to * fair поступать честно - to * foul /foully/ поступать нечестно, жульничать;
    предавать - to * on a hunch действовать по интуиции - to * smb. false, to * false with smb. (устаревшее) обманывать, подводить, предавать кого-л. - if my memory does not * me false если мне не изменяет память - to * it cool (американизм) вести себя спокойно, не суетиться;
    не терять головы;
    сохранять спокойствие /достоинство/;
    не проявлять эмоций - to * hard (американизм) поступать /вести себя/ нечестно или жестоко;
    быть неразборчивым в средствах стравливать, натравливать( обыкн. * off) - to * off one person against another натравливать одного на другого рассматривать - to * with a new idea рассмотреть новую мысль /идею/ подходить для игры - the lawn /the ground/ *s well спортивная площадка в хорошем состоянии - the piano *s well у этого рояля хороший звук - the piece *s well эта пьеса очень музыкальна играть в азартные игры;
    быть игроком - to * for money играть на деньги - to * high, to * for high stakes играть по большой играть на тотализаторе или на скачках (тж. to * horses) делать ставки, ставить - to * 5 dollars поставить 5 долларов играть (на бирже) исполнять (музыкальное произведение и т. п.) ;
    играть - to * a piece сыграть музыкальную пьесу - to * a symphony исполнить симфонию - to * by ear подбирать мелодию на слух исполнять, играть роль (тж. to * a part) - to * Hamlet играть (роль) Гамлета сниматься( в фильме) ;
    участвовать, играть (в спектакле) - to * in a film участвовать /играть/ в фильме играть (на музыкальном инструменте) - to * the piano играть на рояле играть (о музыке или муз. инструменте) - the organ was *ing играл орган - just then the music began to * в этот момент заиграла музыка сопровождать музыкой - the band *ed them out of town они уходили из города под звуки оркестра - the organist was *ing the congregation out органист заиграл, и прихожане стали выходить из церкви давать представление;
    исполнять пьесу - to * a tragedy ставить трагедию - an old comedy is being *ed again снова играют старую комедию (американизм) гастролировать - to * the larger cities гастролировать в крупных городах refl, pass исполняться - a waltz was being *ed on the radio по радио передавали вальс демонстрировать( фильм) идти (на экране, в театре) - a new film is *ing tonight сегодня вечером идет новый фильм - what's *ing at the theatre? что идет в театре? играть, работать (о радио, магнитофоне, пластинке и т. п.) - his radio is *ing у него работает радио играть (чем-л.) ;
    вертеть (что-л. в руках) - to * with one's stick играть палкой - to * the ball too high подбросить мяч слишком высоко (on, upon) играть (на чем-л.), воспользоваться (чем-л.) - to * upon smb.'s credulity играть на чьей-л. доверчивости - the noise *ed on his nerves шум действовал ему на нервы порхать, носиться, танцевать - to allow one's fancy to * round smth. дать волю своей фантазии - butterflies *ed among the flowers среди цветов порхали бабочки - the wind *ed in her hair ветер трепал ее волосы переливаться, играть;
    мелькать - lightnings *ed in the sky в небе сверкали молнии - a smile *ed on her lips на ее губах играла улыбка - the searchlight began to * a dazzling ripple замелькали ослепительные вспышки прожектора дрожать, трепетать - a breeze *ed on the water сильный ветер рябил воду - leaves * in the wind листья трепещут на ветру бить (о струе и т. п.) - the fountains will * on Sunday в воскресенье будут бить фонтаны /пустят фонтаны/ (обыкн. on, upon, over) направлять - to * a searchlight upon a boat направить луч прожектора на лодку - to * a hose on a fire направить на огонь струю из брандспойта - to * guns upon the fort обстреливать форт из пушек - to * bullets upon smb. обстреливать кого-л. стрелять - they continued *ing the battery их батарея продолжала вести огонь приводить в действие, пускать (тж. * off) - to * a record поставить /проиграть/ пластинку - to * the record-player включить проигрыватель, послушать пластинки - the engine was *ed off запустили мотор( техническое) иметь люфт;
    шататься( диалектизм) бастовать;
    быть на каникулах водить, вываживать ( рыбу) (американизм) (сленг) опекать, покровительствовать;
    сотрудничать (профессионализм) помещать, располагать( статью, фотографию и т. п.) на определенном месте( в газете, журнале) - * it on page 3 помести это на третьей странице > to * ball (американизм) начинать > to * ball with smb., to * catch with smb. (американизм) вести себя честно;
    сотрудничать с кем-л.;
    задабривать, умасливать кого-л. > to * the game поступать честно, порядочно > to * a loosing game вести безнадежную игру > to * a waiting game выжидать, использовать выжидательную тактику > to * a winning game играть /бить/ наверняка > to * games with smb. (американизм) обманывать кого-л., мошенничать;
    натравливать друг на друга > to * the dozens( американизм) поносить /порочить/ родителей > to * silly buggers, to * the (giddy) goat дурачиться, идиотничать > to * the old soldier строить из себя бывалого человека;
    прикидываться больным, немощным;
    клянчить( деньги, выпивку) > to * it by ear принимать решение на месте;
    действовать /поступать/ в зависимости от обстоятельств > to * jackal to smb. выполнять за кого-л. черную работу > to * one's cards well поступать умно;
    хорошо использовать (свои) возможности /обстоятельства/ > to * the wrong card сделать неверный ход > to * for time пытаться выиграть время;
    тянуть /оттягивать/ время > to * into the hands of smb. сыграть кому-л. на руку > to * havoc /hell, the devil, the deuce, the dickens, Old Harry, the bear, the mischief/ сеять панику /смуту/;
    причинять вред;
    опустошать, разорять, губить, коверкать, разрушать;
    испортить всю музыку;
    перевернуть все вверх дном > to * to the gallery работать на публику, искать дешевую популярность > to * with edged tools играть с огнем > to * a trick on smb. надуть /обмануть/ кого-л.;
    скверно поступить с кем-л. > to * tricks with вмешаться и испортить > to * it low on smb. поступить по отношению к кому-л. низко /бесчестно, подло/ > to * fast and loose действовать безответственно;
    быть ненадежным > to * (a good) knife and fork (устаревшее) есть с аппетитом > to * both ends against the middle натравливать (две) соперничающие группы друг на друга в собственных интересах;
    рисковать ~ игра;
    забава, шутка;
    to be at play играть;
    they are at play они играют;
    out of play вне игры ~ off сыграть повторную партию после ничьей;
    play on = play upon;
    play out: to be played out выдыхаться ~ исполнять (роль, музыкальное произведение) ;
    she played Juliet она играла роль Джульетты;
    the boy played a concerto мальчик исполнял концерт ~ порхать, носиться;
    танцевать;
    butterflies play among flowers среди цветов порхают бабочки ~ играть, резвиться, забавляться;
    the cat plays with its tail кошка играет со своим хвостом the piano plays well у этого рояля хороший звук;
    the drama plays well эта драма очень сценична end ~ тех. осевой люфт end ~ шахм. эндшпиль ~ приводить в действие, пускать;
    to play a record поставить пластинку;
    the engine was played off запустили мотор ~ тех. зазор;
    игра;
    люфт;
    свободный ход;
    шатание (части механизма, прибора) ;
    fair play честная игра;
    честность;
    foul play подлое поведение;
    обман ~ свобода, простор;
    to give free play to one's imagination дать полный простор своему воображению ~ пьеса, драма;
    представление, спектакль;
    to go to the play идти в театр ~ подходить для игры, быть в хорошем состоянии;
    the ground plays well спортивная площадка в хорошем состоянии guided ~ игра под наблюдением тренера ~ сыграть (шутку), разыграть;
    he played a practical joke on us он над нами подшутил ~ играть на музыкальном инструменте;
    he plays the violin он играет на скрипке ~ играть (во что-л., на что-л.), участвовать в игре;
    to play tennis играть в теннис;
    I played him for championship я играл с ним на звание чемпиона to come into ~ начать действовать;
    in full play в действии, в разгаре ~ шутка;
    a play on words игра слов, каламбур;
    in play в шутку ~ переливаться, играть;
    мелькать;
    lightning plays in the sky в небе сверкает молния;
    a smile played on his lips на его губах играла улыбка ~ игра;
    забава, шутка;
    to be at play играть;
    they are at play они играют;
    out of play вне игры the piano plays well у этого рояля хороший звук;
    the drama plays well эта драма очень сценична play азартная игра ~ диал. бастовать;
    play along подыгрывать, поддакивать ~ бить (о фонтане) ~ давать представление (о труппе) ~ дать (время) (рыбе) хорошо клюнуть (тж. перен.) ~ действие, деятельность;
    to bring (или to call) into play приводить в действие, пускать в ход ~ диал. забастовка ~ тех. зазор;
    игра;
    люфт;
    свободный ход;
    шатание (части механизма, прибора) ;
    fair play честная игра;
    честность;
    foul play подлое поведение;
    обман ~ игра;
    забава, шутка;
    to be at play играть;
    they are at play они играют;
    out of play вне игры ~ играть (на чем-л.), воспользоваться (чем-л.) ;
    to play in favour( of smb., smth.) благоприятствовать( кому-л., чему-л.) ~ играть (во что-л., на что-л.), участвовать в игре;
    to play tennis играть в теннис;
    I played him for championship я играл с ним на звание чемпиона ~ играть, резвиться, забавляться;
    the cat plays with its tail кошка играет со своим хвостом ~ играть в азартные игры ~ играть на музыкальном инструменте;
    he plays the violin он играет на скрипке ~ играть роль (кого-л.), быть (кем-л.) ;
    to play the man поступать, как подобает мужчине ~ тех. иметь люфт ~ исполнять (роль, музыкальное произведение) ;
    she played Juliet она играла роль Джульетты;
    the boy played a concerto мальчик исполнял концерт ~ направлять (свет и т. п.;
    on, over, along - на что-л.) ;
    обстреливать (on, upon) ;
    to play a searchlight upon a boat направить прожектор на лодку ~ спорт. отбивать, подавать (мяч) ~ переливаться, играть;
    мелькать;
    lightning plays in the sky в небе сверкает молния;
    a smile played on his lips на его губах играла улыбка ~ переливы, игра;
    play of colours переливы красок;
    play of the waves плеск волн ~ подходить для игры, быть в хорошем состоянии;
    the ground plays well спортивная площадка в хорошем состоянии ~ порхать, носиться;
    танцевать;
    butterflies play among flowers среди цветов порхают бабочки ~ поступать, действовать;
    to play fair поступать честно;
    to play foul поступать нечестно, жульничать ~ приводить в действие, пускать;
    to play a record поставить пластинку;
    the engine was played off запустили мотор ~ принимать в игру (игрока) ~ пьеса, драма;
    представление, спектакль;
    to go to the play идти в театр ~ свобода, простор;
    to give free play to one's imagination дать полный простор своему воображению ~ свободно владеть;
    to play a good stick хорошо драться на шпагах;
    to play a good knife and fork уписывать за обе щеки;
    есть с аппетитом ~ сыграть (шутку), разыграть;
    he played a practical joke on us он над нами подшутил ~ ходить (шашкой, картой) ~ шутка;
    a play on words игра слов, каламбур;
    in play в шутку ~ свободно владеть;
    to play a good stick хорошо драться на шпагах;
    to play a good knife and fork уписывать за обе щеки;
    есть с аппетитом to ~ guns upon the fort обстреливать форт;
    to play a hose поливать водой из пожарного рукава ~ приводить в действие, пускать;
    to play a record поставить пластинку;
    the engine was played off запустили мотор ~ направлять (свет и т. п.;
    on, over, along - на что-л.) ;
    обстреливать (on, upon) ;
    to play a searchlight upon a boat направить прожектор на лодку ~ диал. бастовать;
    play along подыгрывать, поддакивать ~ around манипулировать, подтасовывать ~ around разг. флиртовать, заводить любовную интрижку to ~ safe действовать наверняка;
    to play ball разг. сотрудничать to ~ both ends against the middle в собственных интересах натравливать друг на друга соперничающие группы ~ поступать, действовать;
    to play fair поступать честно;
    to play foul поступать нечестно, жульничать to ~ (smb.) up амер. использовать;
    to play for time оттягивать время, пытаться выиграть время ~ поступать, действовать;
    to play fair поступать честно;
    to play foul поступать нечестно, жульничать to ~ guns upon the fort обстреливать форт;
    to play a hose поливать водой из пожарного рукава to ~ hell (или the devilthe mischief) разрушать, губить;
    to play one's cards well использовать обстоятельства наилучшим образом ~ играть (на чем-л.), воспользоваться (чем-л.) ;
    to play in favour (of smb., smth.) благоприятствовать (кому-л., чему-л.) to ~ one's hand for all it is worth полностью использовать обстоятельства;
    пустить в ход все средства;
    to play into the hands (of smb.) сыграть на руку (кому-л.) to ~ it low (on smb.) разг. подло поступить по отношению (к кому-л.) ;
    to play politics вести политическую игру ~ переливы, игра;
    play of colours переливы красок;
    play of the waves плеск волн ~ переливы, игра;
    play of colours переливы красок;
    play of the waves плеск волн ~ off выдавать( за что-л.) ~ off заставлять (кого-л.) проявить себя с невыгодной стороны ~ off натравливать (against - на) ;
    to play off one against another стравливать (кого-л.) в своих интересах, противопоставлять одно (или одного) другому ~ off разыгрывать (кого-л.) ~ off сыграть повторную партию после ничьей;
    play on = play upon;
    play out: to be played out выдыхаться ~ off натравливать (against - на) ;
    to play off one against another стравливать (кого-л.) в своих интересах, противопоставлять одно (или одного) другому ~ off сыграть повторную партию после ничьей;
    play on = play upon;
    play out: to be played out выдыхаться ~ шутка;
    a play on words игра слов, каламбур;
    in play в шутку to ~ hell (или the devilthe mischief) разрушать, губить;
    to play one's cards well использовать обстоятельства наилучшим образом to ~ one's hand for all it is worth полностью использовать обстоятельства;
    пустить в ход все средства;
    to play into the hands (of smb.) сыграть на руку (кому-л.) ~ off сыграть повторную партию после ничьей;
    play on = play upon;
    play out: to be played out выдыхаться to ~ it low (on smb.) разг. подло поступить по отношению (к кому-л.) ;
    to play politics вести политическую игру to ~ safe действовать наверняка;
    to play ball разг. сотрудничать ~ играть (во что-л., на что-л.), участвовать в игре;
    to play tennis играть в теннис;
    I played him for championship я играл с ним на звание чемпиона ~ играть роль (кого-л.), быть (кем-л.) ;
    to play the man поступать, как подобает мужчине ~ up вести себя мужественно, героически to ~ (smb.) up амер. использовать;
    to play for time оттягивать время, пытаться выиграть время to ~ (smb.) up капризничать, приставать ~ up принимать деятельное участие( в разговоре, деле) to ~ (smb.) up разыгрывать (кого-л.) ~ up амер. рекламировать ~ up стараться играть как можно лучше;
    play upon играть (на чьих-л. чувствах) ;
    to play upon words каламбурить;
    play up to подыгрывать;
    перен. подлизываться ~ up стараться играть как можно лучше;
    play upon играть (на чьих-л. чувствах) ;
    to play upon words каламбурить;
    play up to подыгрывать;
    перен. подлизываться ~ off сыграть повторную партию после ничьей;
    play on = play upon;
    play out: to be played out выдыхаться ~ up стараться играть как можно лучше;
    play upon играть (на чьих-л. чувствах) ;
    to play upon words каламбурить;
    play up to подыгрывать;
    перен. подлизываться ~ up стараться играть как можно лучше;
    play upon играть (на чьих-л. чувствах) ;
    to play upon words каламбурить;
    play up to подыгрывать;
    перен. подлизываться ~ исполнять (роль, музыкальное произведение) ;
    she played Juliet она играла роль Джульетты;
    the boy played a concerto мальчик исполнял концерт ~ переливаться, играть;
    мелькать;
    lightning plays in the sky в небе сверкает молния;
    a smile played on his lips на его губах играла улыбка ~ игра;
    забава, шутка;
    to be at play играть;
    they are at play они играют;
    out of play вне игры

    Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > play

  • 6 war

    1. n
    война, боевые действия, военные действия; борьба

    to abolish war — уничтожать войны; устранять возможность возникновения войны

    to declare war on / upon a country — объявлять войну какой-л. стране

    to drag / to draw a country into a war — втягивать страну в войну

    to eliminate the menace / threat of war — устранять угрозу войны

    to fight other people's wars — воевать за других, участвовать в чужой войне

    to force a war on / upon smb — навязывать войну кому-л.

    to go to war — вступать в войну, начинать войну, отправляться на войну, участвовать в войне

    to impose a war on / upon smb — навязывать войну кому-л.

    to instigate a war — провоцировать военный конфликт / войну

    to know the price of war — знать не понаслышке, что такое война

    to levy a war on / upon smb — навязывать войну кому-л.

    to menace war — угрожать / грозить войной

    to open a war — начинать / развязывать войну

    to push smb towards war — подталкивать / толкать кого-л. к войне

    to reject any arbitration / mediation in the war — отклонять любое посредничество в деле прекращения войны

    to resolve a war — разрешать / урегулировать военный конфликт

    to revise smb's attitude to war — пересматривать свое отношение к войне

    to scrap star wars — отказываться от "звездных войн"

    to settle / to solve a war — разрешать / урегулировать военный конфликт

    to slide to a civil war — сползать / скатываться к гражданской войне ( о стране)

    to stoke up a war — раздувать войну, подогревать военный конфликт

    to unleash a war — начинать / развязывать войну

    to wage war — вести войну, воевать

    - abolition of war
    - accidental war
    - Afghan war
    - aftermath of the war
    - aggressive war
    - air war
    - all-out war
    - alternative to war
    - annexionist war
    - announcement of war     - at times of war
    - atomic war
    - atrocities of war
    - bacteriological war
    - bitter war
    - bloody war
    - border war
    - breathing space in a war
    - brunt of war
    - brutal methods of war
    - brutal war
    - camps war     - cessation of the war
    - civil war
    - clandestine war
    - class war
    - Cod Wars
    - cold war
    - collapse of the cold war
    - colonial war
    - conduct of war
    - contained war
    - containment of the war
    - controlled counterforce war
    - conventional war
    - cosmic war
    - costly war
    - counterinsurgency war
    - country blighted by war
    - country in the throes of a civil war
    - country of war
    - country's involvement in the war
    - crack war
    - crime war
    - criminal war
    - cruel war
    - currency war
    - danger of war
    - de facto war
    - declaration of war
    - declared state of war
    - defensive war
    - desperate war
    - destructive war
    - deterring war
    - devastating war
    - devastation of the war
    - dirty war
    - divisive war     - drug war
    - dynastic wars
    - economic war
    - effects of war
    - end of the war
    - end to the war
    - enduring war     - escalation of the war
    - Europe has been through wars     - exterminatory war
    - factional war
    - feats of war
    - fierce war
    - final phase of the war
    - First World War
    - flare-up of the war
    - fratricidal war
    - from before the war
    - full war
    - full-fledged war
    - full-scale war
    - gang war
    - general war
    - global war
    - gravity of the war
    - Great Patriotic War
    - Great War
    - ground war
    - guerrilla war
    - Gulf War
    - hidden war
    - holy war
    - horrors of war
    - hot war     - in the wake of the war
    - in the war
    - inadvertent war
    - inconclusive war
    - independence war
    - initial indications of a war coming
    - insurrectionary war
    - intensified war
    - intensive preparations for war
    - interminable war
    - internecine war
    - jamming war
    - just war
    - land war
    - large-scale war
    - latent war
    - level of war
    - liberation war
    - limited war
    - local war
    - lone war
    - long war
    - long-running war
    - lost war
    - major war
    - massive war
    - means of ending the war
    - means of war
    - menace of war
    - missile and nuclear war
    - missile war
    - monetary and financial war
    - murderous war
    - national liberation war
    - national war
    - naval war
    - newspaper war
    - nightmares of war
    - nonatomic war
    - nonnuclear war
    - nuclear war
    - nuclear-missile war
    - nuke war
    - offensive war
    - on the brink of war
    - on the verge of war
    - ongoing war
    - open war
    - outbreak of war
    - outset of war
    - part of the country ravaged by war
    - people's liberation war
    - people's war
    - permanent war
    - phony war
    - pocket war
    - poised for war     - potential of war
    - predatory war
    - preparations for war
    - prevention of war
    - preventive war
    - price war     - prolonged war
    - propagander war
    - prosecution of war
    - prospect of war
    - protracted war
    - proxy war
    - psychological war
    - race war
    - rejection of wars
    - rekindling of the war
    - relics of the cold war
    - renunciation of wars
    - restricted war
    - revolutionary war
    - ruinous war
    - ruthless war
    - sacred war
    - savage war
    - scars of war
    - scourge of war
    - Second World War
    - secret war
    - shooting war
    - Six-day war
    - sources of war
    - spillover of the war
    - star wars     - strategic war
    - sustained war
    - Tanker war
    - tantamount to declaring war
    - tariff war
    - termination of war
    - the country is effectively at war
    - thermonuclear war
    - thirst for war     - total war
    - trade war
    - tribal war
    - undeclared war
    - union recruitment war
    - universal war
    - unjust war
    - unleashing of war
    - unwinnable war
    - vengeful war
    - victim of war
    - War between the States
    - War in the Gulf
    - War of American Independence
    - war against illiteracy
    - war against poverty
    - war against the use of drugs
    - war by proxy
    - war drags on
    - war escalated
    - war has broken out
    - war has devastated much of the country
    - war has flared up again
    - war is as good as over
    - war is at a halt
    - war is at an end
    - war is effectively over
    - war is entering a new phase
    - war is going to carry on
    - war is imminent
    - war is looming
    - war is petering out
    - war is the last resort
    - war is unacceptable
    - war knew no bounds
    - war of aggression
    - war of attrition
    - war of conquest
    - war of diplomatic attrition
    - war of extermination
    - war of extinction
    - war of genocide
    - war of liberation
    - war of nerves
    - war of secession
    - war of the cities
    - war of words
    - war on drugs
    - war on terror
    - war on two fronts
    - war remains intense
    - war spills over
    - war to end all wars
    - war to finish
    - war to the end
    - war to the knife
    - war will leave no victors
    - war without end
    - war would be catastrophic
    - wasting war
    - white war
    - wide war
    - winnable war
    - withdrawal from war
    - World War I
    - World War II
    - world war
    - world without wars     2. v

    to war down smth — завоевывать / покорять что-л.

    to war over smth — воевать по поводу / из-за чего-л.

    Politics english-russian dictionary > war

  • 7 play

    1. [pleı] n
    1. 1) игра; забава

    equestrian plays - спорт. конные игры

    actual play - спорт. игра со счётом (очков) /на счёт/

    loose play - спорт. свободная игра ( без счёта) [см. тж. 4)]

    to bring the ball into play - спорт. ввести мяч в игру

    children are fond of play - дети любят игры /забавы/

    in play! - спорт. в игре!

    out of play - спорт. вне игры! [см. тж. 9]

    the ball is in [out of] play - спорт. мяч в игре [вне игры]

    2) спорт. манера, стиль игры, игра

    fair play - игра по правилам, честная игра

    foul play - игра с нарушением правил, грубая игра [см. тж. 9,2)]

    fine [brilliant, rough] play - красивая [блестящая, грубая] игра

    3) спорт. комбинация

    tip-off play - комбинация, начинающаяся начальным броском

    4) спорт. борьба; бой

    loose play - учебно-тренировочный бой [см. тж. 1)]

    2. азартная игра
    3. 1) шутка

    out of mere play - ради шутки, в шутку

    to do [to say] smth. in play - сделать [сказать] что-л. в шутку

    he answered part in earnest and part in play - он ответил полушутя, полусерьёзно

    I am not in the humour /mood/ for play - я не намерен шутить

    2) каламбур

    play on words - игра слов, каламбур

    4. 1) пьеса, драма
    2) представление, спектакль

    to give a play - давать представление /пьесу/

    5. владение, умение обращаться (с оружием, инструментом и т. п.)

    to make play with one's stick - вертеть (свою) трость, играть тростью

    his play was very correct, and his parries neat - он очень ловко владел шпагой и точно парировал

    6. движение

    child full of play - живой /резвый, подвижный/ ребёнок

    7. переливы, игра

    play of sunlight upon leaves [upon water] - игра солнечных бликов на листьях [на воде]

    play of the waves - игра /плеск/ волн

    the play of expression in smb.'s face - смена выражений на чьём-л. лице

    8. свобода, простор

    to give /to allow/ free play to one's fancy [one's emotion] - дать простор /волю/ (своему) воображению [чувству]

    give the rope more /let the rope have some/ play! - не натягивай верёвку!

    the (lively) play of fancy [of mind] - (живая) игра воображения [ума]

    9. 1) действие, деятельность

    in full play - в действии, в разгаре

    out of play - в бездействии [см. тж. 1, 1)]

    to bring /to call, to put/ into play - приводить в действие, пускать в ход

    2) действия, поведение (в какой-л. ситуации); игра

    fair play - а) игра по правилам; б) честная игра; честность; справедливость

    foul play - а) нечестная игра; б) подлое поведение; обман; жульничество [см. тж. 1, 2)]

    10. тк. sing ход, очередь, подача ( в игре)
    11. диал.
    1) забастовка
    2) каникулы, свободное от занятий время
    12. ухаживание; свадебный танец ( у самцов)
    13. проигрывание ( пластинки)

    the record got scratched after a few plays - на пластинке появились царапины после того, как её несколько раз проиграли

    14. «пресса», освещение в прессе

    the birth of the baby elephant got a big play - все газеты сообщали о рождении слонёнка

    15. тех.
    1) зазор
    2) игра, люфт, свободный ход; шатание (части механизма, прибора)

    admissible /permissible/ play - допустимый люфт /ход, зазор/

    16. авт. болтанка

    ♢ child's play - пустяк, ерунда; «детские игрушки»

    as good as a play - очень забавно /интересно/

    gallery play - стремление к дешёвой популярности; «работа на публику»

    grandstand play - выступление, рассчитанное на эффект

    to keep /to hold/ smb. in play - а) завалить кого-л. работой, не давать кому-л. передышки; б) спорт. держать противника в напряжении, не давать противнику передышки

    to make play (with) - а) сл. действовать; making play with both hands - действуя обеими руками; б) спорт. держать противника в напряжении; не давать противнику передышки; в) спорт. наносить сильные и точные удары; г) действовать энергично; д) добиваться результатов; е) заострять внимание; обыгрывать (факт, имя и т. п.)

    she made great play with his disappointed expectations - она вволю поиздевалась над его несбывшимися надеждами

    to make a play for - а) пустить в ход свои чары, очаровывать; б) сделать всё возможное, чтобы добиться своего; в) ухаживать

    all work and no play makes Jack a dull boy - посл. ≅ Джек в дружбе с делом, в ссоре с бездельем - бедняга Джек не знаком с весельем

    turn about is fair play - посл. везёт и не везёт всем по очереди

    2. [pleı] v
    1. 1) играть, резвиться, забавляться

    to play with a child [a doll] - играть с ребёнком [с куклой]

    my daughter will play by herself for hours - моя дочка может часами играть одна

    2) сыграть шутку; разыграть

    to play a joke /a prank/ on smb. - подшутить над кем-л.

    3) (with) шутить; дурачиться

    to play with fire [with one's health] - шутить с огнём [со здоровьем]

    I recommend you not to play with the captain - советую вам не шутить с капитаном

    4) каламбурить, обыгрывать значение слова
    5) поступать, вести себя легкомысленно
    6) (with) флиртовать; ухаживать, заводить любовную интрижку
    7) австрал. разг. разыгрывать
    2. играть (во что-л.), участвовать в игре

    to play (at) tennis [hockey, chess, cards] - играть в теннис [в хоккей, в шахматы, в карты]

    to play smb. for championship - играть с кем-л. за звание чемпиона

    to play smb. at chess - играть с кем-л. в шахматы

    to play right back [goalkeeper] - играть правым защитником [вратарём]

    to play at robbers [at hide-and-seek] - играть в разбойники [в прятки]

    to play over - переиграть; сыграть снова

    3. 1) делать ход, бросок и т. п.; ходить (картой, шашкой и т. п.)

    to play white [black] - шахм. играть белыми [чёрными]

    play your cards carefully - карт. ходи осторожно

    2) спорт. отбивать, подавать мяч
    3) использовать в игре, выставлять, заявлять ( игрока)

    the team were playing three reserves - команда использовала трёх запасных игроков

    4) вводить в игру ( игрока)
    4. 1) притворяться, прикидываться

    to play the fool /the idiot/ - валять дурака

    to play the great man - строить /корчить/ из себя великого человека

    he is merely playing business - он лишь притворяется, что занят делом

    2) поступать, действовать (каким-л. образом)

    to play the man - поступать, как подобает мужчине

    to play foul /foully/ - а) поступать нечестно, жульничать; б) предавать

    to play smb. false, to play false with smb. - арх. обманывать, подводить, предавать кого-л.

    to play it cool - амер. вести себя спокойно, не суетиться; не терять головы; сохранять спокойствие /достоинство/; не проявлять эмоции

    to play hard - амер. поступать /вести себя/ нечестно или жестоко; быть неразборчивым в средствах

    3) стравливать, натравливать (обыкн. play off)
    4) рассматривать

    to play with a new idea - рассмотреть новую мысль /идею/

    5. подходить для игры

    the lawn /the ground/ plays well - спортивная площадка в хорошем состоянии

    6. 1) играть в азартные игры; быть игроком

    to play high [low], to play for high [for low] stakes - играть по большой [по маленькой]

    2) играть на тотализаторе или на скачках (тж. to play horses)
    3) делать ставки, ставить
    4) играть ( на бирже)
    7. 1) исполнять (музыкальное произведение и т. п.); играть

    to play by ear - подбирать мелодию на слух [ср. тж. ♢ ]

    2) исполнять, играть роль (тж. to play a part)
    3) сниматься ( в фильме); участвовать, играть ( в спектакле)

    to play in a film - участвовать /играть/ в фильме

    to play the piano [the violin, the flute] - играть на рояле [на скрипке, на флейте]

    2) играть (о музыке или муз. инструменте)
    3) сопровождать музыкой

    the band played them out of town - они уходили из города под звуки оркестра

    the organist was playing the congregation out - органист заиграл, и прихожане стали выходить из церкви

    9. 1) давать представление; исполнять пьесу
    2) амер. гастролировать
    3) refl, pass исполняться
    4) демонстрировать ( фильм)
    5) идти (на экране, в театре)

    what's playing at the theatre? - что идёт в театре?

    6) играть, работать (о радио, магнитофоне, пластинке и т. п.)
    10. играть (чем-л.); вертеть (что-л. в руках)

    to play with one's stick [with one's fan] - играть палкой [веером]

    11. (on, upon) играть (на чём-л.), воспользоваться (чем-л.)

    to play upon smb.'s credulity [feelings] - играть на чьей-л. доверчивости [чьих-л. чувствах]

    12. 1) порхать, носиться, танцевать

    to allow one's fancy to play round smth. - ≅ дать волю своей фантазии

    2) переливаться, играть; мелькать

    the searchlight began to play a dazzling ripple - замелькали ослепительные вспышки прожектора

    3) дрожать, трепетать
    13. бить (о струе и т. п.)

    the fountains will play on Sunday - в воскресенье будут бить фонтаны /пустят фонтаны/

    14. 1) (обыкн. on, upon, over) направлять

    to play bullets upon smb. - обстреливать кого-л.

    2) стрелять
    15. приводить в действие, пускать (тж. play off)

    to play a record [a tape] - поставить /проиграть/ пластинку [плёнку]

    to play the record-player - включить проигрыватель, послушать пластинки

    16. тех. иметь люфт; шататься
    17. диал.
    1) бастовать
    2) быть на каникулах
    18. водить, вываживать ( рыбу)
    19. амер. сл.
    1) опекать, покровительствовать
    2) сотрудничать
    20. проф. помещать, располагать (статью, фотографию и т. п.) на определённом месте (в газете, журнале)

    ♢ to play ball - амер. начинать

    to play ball with smb., to play catch with smb. - амер. а) вести себя честно; сотрудничать с кем-л.; б) задабривать, умасливать кого-л.

    to play the game - поступать честно, порядочно

    to play a waiting game - выжидать, использовать выжидательную тактику

    to play a winning game - играть /бить/ наверняка

    to play games with smb. - амер. а) обманывать кого-л., мошенничать; б) натравливать друг на друга

    to play the dozens - амер. поносить /порочить/ родителей

    to play silly buggers, to play the (giddy) goat - дурачиться, идиотничать

    to play the old soldier - а) строить из себя бывалого человека; б) прикидываться больным, немощным; в) клянчить (деньги, выпивку)

    to play it by ear - принимать решение на месте; действовать /поступать/ в зависимости от обстоятельств [ср. тж. 7, 1)]

    to play jackal to smb. - выполнять за кого-л. чёрную работу

    to play one's cards well - поступать умно; хорошо использовать (свои) возможности /обстоятельства/

    to play for time - пытаться выиграть время; тянуть /оттягивать/ время

    to play into the hands of smb. - сыграть кому-л. на руку

    to play havoc /hell, the devil, the deuce, the dickens, Old Harry, the bear, the mischief/ - а) сеять панику /смуту/; причинять вред; б) опустошать, разорять, губить, коверкать, разрушать; ≅ испортить всю музыку; перевернуть всё вверх дном

    to play to the gallery - работать на публику, искать дешёвую популярность

    to play with edged tools - ≅ играть с огнём

    to play a trick on smb. - надуть /обмануть/ кого-л.; скверно поступить с кем-л.

    to play it low on smb. - поступить по отношению к кому-л. низко /бесчестно, подло/

    to play fast and loose - действовать безответственно; быть ненадёжным

    to play (a good) knife and fork - уст. есть с аппетитом

    to play both ends against the middle - а) натравливать (две) соперничающие группы друг на друга в собственных интересах; б) рисковать

    НБАРС > play

  • 8 play

    plei 1. verb
    1) (to amuse oneself: The child is playing in the garden; He is playing with his toys; The little girl wants to play with her friends.) leke
    2) (to take part in (games etc): He plays football; He is playing in goal; Here's a pack of cards - who wants to play (with me)?; I'm playing golf with him this evening.) spille
    3) (to act in a play etc; to act (a character): She's playing Lady Macbeth; The company is playing in London this week.) spille, opptre i/som
    4) ((of a play etc) to be performed: `Oklahoma' is playing at the local theatre.) oppføres, gå
    5) (to (be able to) perform on (a musical instrument): She plays the piano; Who was playing the piano this morning?; He plays (the oboe) in an orchestra.) spille
    6) ((usually with on) to carry out or do (a trick): He played a trick on me.) spille (noen) et puss
    7) ((usually with at) to compete against (someone) in a game etc: I'll play you at tennis.) spille mot
    8) ((of light) to pass with a flickering movement: The firelight played across the ceiling.) spille, blafre
    9) (to direct (over or towards something): The firemen played their hoses over the burning house.) rette mot
    10) (to put down or produce (a playing-card) as part of a card game: He played the seven of hearts.) spille ut
    2. noun
    1) (recreation; amusement: A person must have time for both work and play.) lek(ing), underholdning
    2) (an acted story; a drama: Shakespeare wrote many great plays.) skuespill, drama, teaterstykke
    3) (the playing of a game: At the start of today's play, England was leading India by fifteen runs.) spill
    4) (freedom of movement (eg in part of a machine).) spillerom, klaring
    •
    - playable
    - playful
    - playfully
    - playfulness
    - playboy
    - playground
    - playing-card
    - playing-field
    - playmate
    - playpen
    - playschool
    - plaything
    - playtime
    - playwright
    - at play
    - bring/come into play
    - child's play
    - in play
    - out of play
    - play at
    - play back
    - play down
    - play fair
    - play for time
    - play havoc with
    - play into someone's hands
    - play off
    - play off against
    - play on
    - play a
    - no part in
    - play safe
    - play the game
    - play up
    lek
    --------
    leke
    --------
    spill
    --------
    spille
    --------
    spøk
    I
    subst. \/pleɪ\/
    1) lek, leking, spill
    2) spøk, tull
    3) ordspill
    4) ( i spill) tur
    5) hasardspill, gambling, spill
    6) spill, fremførelse, forestilling
    7) skuespill, teaterstykke, drama
    • let's go to a play!
    8) spill
    9) bevegelse, gang, virksomhet, aktivitet
    10) spillerom, armslag
    11) slark, klaring, rom, slakk
    slakke på tauet, fire ut mer tau
    12) arbeidsstans, arbeidsnedleggelse
    13) (amerikansk fotball, også play offensive)
    angrepsplan
    allow\/give something full play la noe få fritt spillerom, la noe få utvikle seg fritt
    gi sine evner fritt utløp, la sine evner få utvikle seg uhindret
    at play som deltar i lek
    be at play delta i lek
    be in full play være i full gang
    bring into play sette i bevegelse, sette i gang
    call into play sette i bevegelse, sette i gang, mobilisere, utvikle sette inn, spille inn, gjøre seg gjeldende
    come into play eller be brought into play eller be called into play komme i gang, tre i kraft, gjøre seg gjeldende gjøre seg gjeldende, spille inn
    dirty play skittent spill, stygt spill (i sport)
    fair play fair play, ærlig spill
    free play eller full play fritt spillerom, fritt utløp full handlefrihet
    hold\/keep somebody in play holde noen sysselsatt
    in play på spøk, på tull
    i lek, som lek ( om ball) i spill
    make a play for ( slang) forsøke å sjekke opp
    ( slang) forsøke å vinne til seg, bearbeide
    make play with gjøre et stort nummer av, kokettere med, bruke til å vise seg
    out of play ( om ball) død, ute av spill, ute
    place a play få satt opp et stykke
    play fair with være renhårig mot
    play on words ordspill
    see fair play se til at det går riktig for seg
    slow play ( sport) langsomt spill
    II
    verb \/pleɪ\/
    1) leke
    • what shall we play?
    2) (om sport og spill, også overført) spille
    • let's play cards!
    3) ( sport) spille mot noen, spille mot et lag
    4) spille, beherske (om musikkinstrument), fremføre, lyde (om selve instrumentet)
    • do you play the piano?
    spiller du piano?, kan du spille piano?
    hun spilte en sonate, hun fremførte en sonate
    orgelet spiller, orgelet lyder
    5) (om CD, CD-spiller e.l.) spille
    6) spille (om rolle, drama, forestilling), fremføre (om drama), spille i\/på (om sted)
    fremføre\/spille en farse
    de hadde forestillinger\/konserter i alle storbyene
    7) spille, spille ut (om kort), flytte (om brikke)
    8) ( i spill) vedde, by, gamble
    9) ( om lys) leke, spille, skimre
    10) være i gang, være i funksjon
    11) ( overført) leke
    12) (hverdagslig, spesielt ved streik) gå ledig
    13) ( slang) samarbeide, være med, stille opp
    14) (i sport, om ball eller slag) slå
    15) rette, sikte, holde i gang
    play about løpe omkring og leke
    opptre uansvarlig, tulle
    • stop playing about!
    play about with leke med, klå på, fingre på, pille på
    play along late som om en samarbeider
    play a part spille en rolle ( overført) spille komedie
    play around ha mange kjærlighetsforhold, flørte
    være utro være promiskuøs
    play at gjøre\/gjennomføre halvhjertet late som
    • just what are you playing at?
    play a trick on bedra, lure, narre
    play away spille bort
    play back ( om lydopptak) spille gjennom, høre gjennom
    play down bagatellisere, avdramatisere, tone ned, dysse ned
    play down to the crowd ( overført) spille for galleriet
    played out utbrent, utslitt, tappet for energi gått av moten, ikke lenger nyttig
    den teorien har spilt ut sin rolle, denne teorien har ikke lenger noe for seg
    oppbrukt, ferdig
    play false ( om spill) spille falskt
    play fast and loose with leke med, behandle skjødesløst
    play fetch leke kast pinnen (med hund)
    play first begynne
    play for somebody akkompagnere noen, kompe noen
    play hard to get gjøre seg kostbar, spille kostbar
    play into somebody's hands gi noen overtaket uforvarende
    play it by the ear ta det som det kommer, ta noe som det faller seg
    play it cool ta det rolig, ha is i magen
    play it down on utnytte grovt snyte
    play it low\/down on somebody ( hverdagslig) utnytte noen grovt ( hverdagslig) lure noen, bedra noen
    play low spille med lave innsatser ( musikk) spille lavt
    play off spille ekstra kamp for å avgjøre en uavgjort kamp
    play on\/upon spille på, utnytte
    play one person off against another sette to personer opp mot hverandre
    play oneself out bli utmattet, bli utbrent
    slite seg ut
    play out spille ut, spille til ende bruke opp
    play over spille gjennom
    play safe gardere seg, seife, ikke ta sjanser
    play somebody spille mot noen
    ( i kamp e.l.) la noen spille, sette inn noen, plassere noen, stille opp noen
    play somebody along lure\/villede noen (over tid)
    play the field (amer., hverdagslig) more seg, flørte være rundbrenner, feie over så mange som mulig, ta for seg
    play the fool eller act the fool oppføre seg som en idiot, dumme seg ut
    play the game ( også overført) følge spillereglene
    play up ( britisk) være plagsom, lage trøbbel, gjøre ugagn (om person), lage vanskeligheter ( britisk) gjøre vondt, være til besvær
    det dårlige benet mitt begynner å verke igjen erte, irritere
    sette alle krefter til
    • play up, the Reds!
    kom igjen, det røde laget!
    legge vekt på, fokusere på, slå stort opp, blåse opp, reklamere for
    play up to somebody innsmigre seg hos noen, snakke noen etter munnen
    ( teater eller overført) spille opp til noen støtte noen, bakke opp noen
    play up with ( slang) kullkaste, forpurre, ødelegge
    play well ( om bane e.l.) være god å spille på
    play with oneself ( forskjønnende) onanere, masturbere

    English-Norwegian dictionary > play

  • 9 João III, king

    (1502-1557)
       Portugal's most talented and accomplished monarch of the late Renaissance period. João III was the 15th king of Portugal, the son of King Manuel I. Well-educated by brilliant tutors, including the humanist Luís Teixeira, João at age 12 was introduced to the study of royal governance by his father. During his reign, Portugal reached the apogee of its world imperial power at least in terms of coastal area and number of different continents over which the scattered territories were spread. Portugal had a tenuous hold on various Moroccan cities, and during João's reign was forced to abandon most of the North African fortresses, due to Muslim military pressures. It was to the colonization and exploitation of giant Brazil, though, that João turned imperial attention. In diplomacy, no other monarch during the Aviz dynasty was as active; negotiations proceeded with Spain, France, and the Holy See. In domestic affairs, João III reinforced absolutist tendencies and built up royal power. It was João, too, who introduced the Inquisition into Portugal in 1536, after lengthy negotiations. The king encouraged a flowering of humanist culture as well, and among favored intellectuals were the great writers Gil Vicente and Damião de Góis.
       João III's reign was a vital turning point in the history of Portugal's first overseas empire (1415-1580). He found the empire at its zenith, yet when he died it was showing grave signs of weakness not only in Morocco, but in Asia, where rival European powers and the Turks were on the move. Portugal's very independence from Spain and even the royal succession were under a cloud when João III died in 1557 without a son to succeed him. Following tragic deaths of his children, João's only indirect heir was Sebastião, a grandson, who succeeded to rule a menaced Portugal.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > João III, king

  • 10 Mendelsohn, Erich

    [br]
    b. 21 March 1887 Allenstein, East Prussia
    d. 15 September 1953 San Francisco, California, USA
    [br]
    German architect, a pioneering innovator in the modern International style of building that developed in Germany during the early 1920s.
    [br]
    In some examples of his work Mendelsohn envisaged bold, sculptural forms, dramatically expressed in light and shade, which he created with extensive use of glass, steel and concrete. Characteristic of his type of early Expressionism was his design for the Einstein Tower (1919), a physical laboratory and observatory that was purpose built for Professor Einstein's research work at Neubabelsburg near Berlin in 1921. As its shape suggests, this structure was intended to be made from poured concrete but, due to technical problems, it was erected in stucco-faced steel and brickwork. Equally dramatic and original were Mendelsohn's department stores, for example the pace-setting Schocken Stores at Stuttgart (1926) and Chemnitz (1928), the Petersdorff Store at Breslau (1927) (now Wrocaw in Poland), and a very different building, the Columbus Haus in Berlin (1929–31). One of his most original designs was also in this city, that for the complex on the great boulevard, the Kurfürstendamm, which included the Universum Cinema (1928). Mendelsohn moved to England in 1933, a refugee from Nazism, and there entered into partnership with another émigré, Serge Chermayeff from Russia. Together they were responsible for a building on the seafront at Bexhill-on-Sea, the De La Warr arts and entertainments pavilion (1935–6). This long, low, glass, steel and concrete structure was ahead of its time in England and comprised a theatre and restaurant; in the centre of the façade, facing the sea, is its chief architectural feature, a semicircular glazed staircase. Soon Mendelsohn moved on to Palestine, where he was responsible for the Government Hospital at Haifa (1937) and the Hadassah University Medical Centre in Jerusalem (1936); in both cases he skilfully adapted his mode to different climatic needs. He finally settled in the USA in 1941, where his most notable buildings are the Maimonides Hospital in San Francisco and the synagogues and Jewish community centres which he built in a number of American cities.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    Arnold Whittick, 1964, Erich Mendelsohn, Leonard Hill Books (the standard work).
    DY

    Biographical history of technology > Mendelsohn, Erich

  • 11 being

    ˈbi:ɪŋ
    1. сущ.
    1) бытие, жизнь, существование social being determines consciousness филос. ≈ бытие определяет сознание in being call into being Syn: existence, objective reality
    2) лицо, персона, существо, человек extraterrestrial being ≈ инопланетянин, неземное существо mortal being ≈ простой смертный rational being ≈ рациональное существо, расчетливое существо supernatural being ≈ сверхъестественное существо human beings ≈ люди
    3) существо, суть;
    плоть и кровь to the very roots of one's being ≈ до мозга костей
    2. прил. настоящий, существующий If they considered the characteristics of the poetry of that day and its progress down to the being time, he thought they could not fail to see that it had intellectualized a great deal. ≈ Если бы они стали рассматривать развитие поэзии от того времени до сегодняшнего дня, ему казалось, от них не ускользнуло бы то, что она стала намного интеллектуальнее. for the time being
    существование, жизнь;
    - in * существующий;
    живой, находящийся в живых;
    - to come into * возникнуть, появиться на свет;
    - to call into * вызвать к жизни;
    создать;
    - new cities, brought into * by man новые города, созданные человеком;
    - the law was in * since... (юридическое) закон имел силу с... (философское) бытие;
    - * determines consciousness бытие определяет сознание;
    - * for itself бытие для себя;
    - * in itself бытие в себе;
    - intentional * существование только в разуме (живое) существо;
    - a living * живое существо;
    - human *s люди существо, суть;
    - love of life was the very core of his * любовь к жизни владела всем его существом;
    - to the very roots of one's * до млзга костей, до глубины души;
    - his very * was revolted он был возмущен до глубины души бытность;
    пребывание;
    - his * here shouldn't bother you то, что он здесь, не должно вас тревожить > the Supreme Being (религия) всевышний, верховное существо;
    > to have no settled * не иметь определенного местожительства илит занятия;
    > as God is in *! ей-богу! существующий, настоящий;
    - the time * гастоящее время;
    - for the time * пока что
    being бытие, существование, жизнь;
    social being determines consciousness филос. бытие определяет сознание;
    in being живущий;
    существующий ~ существо, суть;
    плоть и кровь;
    to the very roots of one's being до мозга костей ~ существо, человек;
    human beings люди ~ существующий, настоящий ~ pres. p. от be;
    ~ that так как
    to call into ~ вызвать к жизни, создать
    ~ существо, человек;
    human beings люди
    being бытие, существование, жизнь;
    social being determines consciousness филос. бытие определяет сознание;
    in being живущий;
    существующий
    being бытие, существование, жизнь;
    social being determines consciousness филос. бытие определяет сознание;
    in being живущий;
    существующий
    ~ существо, суть;
    плоть и кровь;
    to the very roots of one's being до мозга костей

    Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > being

  • 12 Empire, Portuguese overseas

    (1415-1975)
       Portugal was the first Western European state to establish an early modern overseas empire beyond the Mediterranean and perhaps the last colonial power to decolonize. A vast subject of complexity that is full of myth as well as debatable theories, the history of the Portuguese overseas empire involves the story of more than one empire, the question of imperial motives, the nature of Portuguese rule, and the results and consequences of empire, including the impact on subject peoples as well as on the mother country and its society, Here, only the briefest account of a few such issues can be attempted.
       There were various empires or phases of empire after the capture of the Moroccan city of Ceuta in 1415. There were at least three Portuguese empires in history: the First empire (1415-1580), the Second empire (1580-1640 and 1640-1822), and the Third empire (1822-1975).
       With regard to the second empire, the so-called Phillipine period (1580-1640), when Portugal's empire was under Spanish domination, could almost be counted as a separate era. During that period, Portugal lost important parts of its Asian holdings to England and also sections of its colonies of Brazil, Angola, and West Africa to Holland's conquests. These various empires could be characterized by the geography of where Lisbon invested its greatest efforts and resources to develop territories and ward off enemies.
       The first empire (1415-1580) had two phases. First came the African coastal phase (1415-97), when the Portuguese sought a foothold in various Moroccan cities but then explored the African coast from Morocco to past the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa. While colonization and sugar farming were pursued in the Atlantic islands, as well as in the islands in the Gulf of Guinea like São Tomé and Príncipe, for the most part the Portuguese strategy was to avoid commitments to defending or peopling lands on the African continent. Rather, Lisbon sought a seaborne trade empire, in which the Portuguese could profit from exploiting trade and resources (such as gold) along the coasts and continue exploring southward to seek a sea route to Portuguese India. The second phase of the first empire (1498-1580) began with the discovery of the sea route to Asia, thanks to Vasco da Gama's first voyage in 1497-99, and the capture of strong points, ports, and trading posts in order to enforce a trade monopoly between Asia and Europe. This Asian phase produced the greatest revenues of empire Portugal had garnered, yet ended when Spain conquered Portugal and commanded her empire as of 1580.
       Portugal's second overseas empire began with Spanish domination and ran to 1822, when Brazil won her independence from Portugal. This phase was characterized largely by Brazilian dominance of imperial commitment, wealth in minerals and other raw materials from Brazil, and the loss of a significant portion of her African and Asian coastal empire to Holland and Great Britain. A sketch of Portugal's imperial losses either to native rebellions or to imperial rivals like Britain and Holland follows:
       • Morocco (North Africa) (sample only)
       Arzila—Taken in 1471; evacuated in 1550s; lost to Spain in 1580, which returned city to a sultan.
       Ceuta—Taken in 1415; lost to Spain in 1640 (loss confirmed in 1668 treaty with Spain).
       • Tangiers—Taken in 15th century; handed over to England in 1661 as part of Catherine of Braganza's dowry to King Charles II.
       • West Africa
       • Fort/Castle of São Jorge da Mina, Gold Coast (in what is now Ghana)—Taken in 1480s; lost to Holland in 1630s.
       • Middle East
       Socotra-isle—Conquered in 1507; fort abandoned in 1511; used as water resupply stop for India fleet.
       Muscat—Conquered in 1501; lost to Persians in 1650.
       Ormuz—Taken, 1505-15 under Albuquerque; lost to England, which gave it to Persia in the 17th century.
       Aden (entry to Red Sea) — Unsuccessfully attacked by Portugal (1513-30); taken by Turks in 1538.
       • India
       • Ceylon (Sri Lanka)—Taken by 1516; lost to Dutch after 1600.
       • Bombay—Taken in 16th century; given to England in 1661 treaty as part of Catherine of Braganza's dowry for Charles II.
       • East Indies
       • Moluccas—Taken by 1520; possession confirmed in 1529 Saragossa treaty with Spain; lost to Dutch after 1600; only East Timor remaining.
       After the restoration of Portuguese independence from Spain in 1640, Portugal proceeded to revive and strengthen the Anglo- Portuguese Alliance, with international aid to fight off further Spanish threats to Portugal and drive the Dutch invaders out of Brazil and Angola. While Portugal lost its foothold in West Africa at Mina to the Dutch, dominion in Angola was consolidated. The most vital part of the imperial economy was a triangular trade: slaves from West Africa and from the coasts of Congo and Angola were shipped to plantations in Brazil; raw materials (sugar, tobacco, gold, diamonds, dyes) were sent to Lisbon; Lisbon shipped Brazil colonists and hardware. Part of Portugal's War of Restoration against Spain (1640-68) and its reclaiming of Brazil and Angola from Dutch intrusions was financed by the New Christians (Jews converted to Christianity after the 1496 Manueline order of expulsion of Jews) who lived in Portugal, Holland and other low countries, France, and Brazil. If the first empire was mainly an African coastal and Asian empire, the second empire was primarily a Brazilian empire.
       Portugal's third overseas empire began upon the traumatic independence of Brazil, the keystone of the Lusitanian enterprise, in 1822. The loss of Brazil greatly weakened Portugal both as a European power and as an imperial state, for the scattered remainder of largely coastal, poor, and uncolonized territories that stretched from the bulge of West Africa to East Timor in the East Indies and Macau in south China were more of a financial liability than an asset. Only two small territories balanced their budgets occasionally or made profits: the cocoa islands of São Tomé and Príncipe in the Gulf of Guinea and tiny Macau, which lost much of its advantage as an entrepot between the West and the East when the British annexed neighboring Hong Kong in 1842. The others were largely burdens on the treasury. The African colonies were strapped by a chronic economic problem: at a time when the slave trade and then slavery were being abolished under pressures from Britain and other Western powers, the economies of Guinea- Bissau, São Tomé/Príncipe, Angola, and Mozambique were totally dependent on revenues from the slave trade and slavery. During the course of the 19th century, Lisbon began a program to reform colonial administration in a newly rejuvenated African empire, where most of the imperial efforts were expended, by means of replacing the slave trade and slavery, with legitimate economic activities.
       Portugal participated in its own early version of the "Scramble" for Africa's interior during 1850-69, but discovered that the costs of imperial expansion were too high to allow effective occupation of the hinterlands. After 1875, Portugal participated in the international "Scramble for Africa" and consolidated its holdings in west and southern Africa, despite the failure of the contra-costa (to the opposite coast) plan, which sought to link up the interiors of Angola and Mozambique with a corridor in central Africa. Portugal's expansion into what is now Malawi, Zambia, and Zimbabwe (eastern section) in 1885-90 was thwarted by its oldest ally, Britain, under pressure from interest groups in South Africa, Scotland, and England. All things considered, Portugal's colonizing resources and energies were overwhelmed by the African empire it possessed after the frontier-marking treaties of 1891-1906. Lisbon could barely administer the massive area of five African colonies, whose total area comprised about 8 percent of the area of the colossal continent. The African territories alone were many times the size of tiny Portugal and, as of 1914, Portugal was the third colonial power in terms of size of area possessed in the world.
       The politics of Portugal's empire were deceptive. Lisbon remained obsessed with the fear that rival colonial powers, especially Germany and Britain, would undermine and then dismantle her African empire. This fear endured well into World War II. In developing and keeping her potentially rich African territories (especially mineral-rich Angola and strategically located Mozambique), however, the race against time was with herself and her subject peoples. Two major problems, both chronic, prevented Portugal from effective colonization (i.e., settling) and development of her African empire: the economic weakness and underdevelopment of the mother country and the fact that the bulk of Portuguese emigration after 1822 went to Brazil, Venezuela, the United States, and France, not to the colonies. These factors made it difficult to consolidate imperial control until it was too late; that is, until local African nationalist movements had organized and taken the field in insurgency wars that began in three of the colonies during the years 1961-64.
       Portugal's belated effort to revitalize control and to develop, in the truest sense of the word, Angola and Mozambique after 1961 had to be set against contemporary events in Europe, Africa, and Asia. While Portugal held on to a backward empire, other European countries like Britain, France, and Belgium were rapidly decolonizing their empires. Portugal's failure or unwillingness to divert the large streams of emigrants to her empire after 1850 remained a constant factor in this question. Prophetic were the words of the 19th-century economist Joaquim Oliveira Martins, who wrote in 1880 that Brazil was a better colony for Portugal than Africa and that the best colony of all would have been Portugal itself. As of the day of the Revolution of 25 April 1974, which sparked the final process of decolonization of the remainder of Portugal's third overseas empire, the results of the colonization program could be seen to be modest compared to the numbers of Portuguese emigrants outside the empire. Moreover, within a year, of some 600,000 Portuguese residing permanently in Angola and Mozambique, all but a few thousand had fled to South Africa or returned to Portugal.
       In 1974 and 1975, most of the Portuguese empire was decolonized or, in the case of East Timor, invaded and annexed by a foreign power before it could consolidate its independence. Only historic Macau, scheduled for transfer to the People's Republic of China in 1999, remained nominally under Portuguese control as a kind of footnote to imperial history. If Portugal now lacked a conventional overseas empire and was occupied with the challenges of integration in the European Union (EU), Lisbon retained another sort of informal dependency that was a new kind of empire: the empire of her scattered overseas Portuguese communities from North America to South America. Their numbers were at least six times greater than that of the last settlers of the third empire.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Empire, Portuguese overseas

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