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61 κρύος
Grammatical information: n.Meaning: `icy cold, frost' (Hes. Op. 494, A. in lyr., Arist., Jul.).Derivatives: κρυόεις `horrible, lugubrious' (Il., Hes., Pi.), `icy-cold' (A. R., AP, Orph.) with analogical - ο- (cf. also Debrunner Άντίδωρον 28); s. also ὀκρυόεις; κρυώδης `id.' (Plu., Poll.); further perh. κρυερός `horrible, lugubrious' (Hom., Hes., Ar. in lyr.), `icy-cold' (Simon., Ar. in lyr.); cf. below. - Beside κρύος there are as independent formations: 1. κρῡμός m. `icy cold, frost, horror' (Ion., trag., hell.) with κρυμώδης `icy-cold' (Hp., Ph., AP), κρυμαλέος `id.' (S. E.; Debrunner IF 23, 22, Chantraine Formation 254), κρυμ-αίνω `make cold' (Hdn.), - ώσσω `be rigid from cold' (Theognost.). -- 2. κρύσταλλος s.v.Origin: XX [etym. unknown]Etymology: The wordgroup has cognates in diff. languages. On κρύσταλλος, which is Pre-Greek, s.v. The word is sonnected (Chantraine Formation 247, Schwyzer 484) with Lat. crusta `bark, crust'. However, this is wrong as the Latin word has a quite different meaning: `the hard surface of a body, the rind, shell, crust, bark' which protects it' (Lewis and Short); so it has nothing to do with cold; it is used of flumen, indicating a covering or crust of ice, but this is an incidental use, a metaphor, not the central aspect of the meaning. The word, then, has nothing to do with words for `cold, ice'. (Its etymology with κρύος must therefore be given up; there is no other proposal.) Further one connects Toch. B krost, A kuraś etc. `cold' (Duchesne-Guillemin BSL 41, 155 f.), but the -o- is difficult. One assumed for crusta the zero grade of an s-stem (so this is now wrong or irrelevant); beside it one proposed a full grade of the suffix in IE. *kruu̯-es- (?), Gr. κρύ-ος and in Latv. kruv-es-is `frozen mud'. Now *kruu̯-es- is not an admitted IE formation. It may have been * kruh₁-es-. [Not, with Frisk, to the word for `blood' Lat. cruōr \< * kreuh₂-ōs, Gr. κρέ(Ϝ)ας \< *kreu̯h₂-s-, s. v.] - With κρῡμός agrees Av. xrū-ma- `horrible'; but this word is analysed as * kruh₂-mo- and connected with the group of `blood' (above). One compared κρύος: κρῦμός with θύος: θῡμός, but the implication is not clear. The often assumed basic forms *κρύσ-ος, *κρυσ-μός are improbable (Frisk; does Chantraine accept this?) - κρυερός reminds of Skt. krūrá-, Av. xrūra- `wounded, raw, bloody, horrible', which points to * kruH-ro- (and Lat. crūdus `raw', if from * crūrus). κρυερός may have been rebuilt after the adj. in - ερός, but it can as well be an independent derivation from κρύος; cf. Bloch Sprachgesch. u. Wortbed. 23 n. 22. It might continue * kruh₁-er- (reconstructed above). Chantraine rejects the connection with `blood', as it would not fit semantically (but I think it fits very well) or formally. - A verbal * kreus- appears in Germanic, e.g. OWNo. *hrjósa, pret. hraus `shiver' with the zero grade verbal noun OHG hroso, -a `ice, crust'. On OIc. hrjósa see De Vries Wb., who denies that it has to do with cold or ice. - [Kluge22 s.v. Kruste derives it from `verkrustetes Blut', which must be wrong, s. above.].Page in Frisk: 2,28-29Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > κρύος
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62 ὁμαρτέω
Grammatical information: v.Meaning: `to meet, to go with, to join' (Hom.).Origin: IE [Indo-European] [ 903] *sm̥h₂- `together'Etymology: The identification of the frozen instr. ἁμαρτή ( ὁμ-) with Skt. (Ved.) sám-r̥tā `at the meeting, in battle' (Schwyzer 433 with Hirt, Hofmann Et. Wb. s. ὁμαρτῆ) is wrong, as the latter is the locative of sám-r̥ti- `coming together, battle'. -- Cf. ὅμηρος. The form with ἁμ(α)- must go back on *sm̥h2-. The (the more recent?) form with ὁμ- will go back on ὁμός, ὁμοῦ.Page in Frisk: 2,384Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ὁμαρτέω
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63 πάγη
Grammatical information: f.Meaning: `snare, trap' (IA.)Compounds: As 1. member supposed in πάγ-ουρος m. `edible crab', but s.v.; as 2. member it seems to be found in ἐπίπαγος m. `hardened frozen crust' (Plu., medic.), backformation from ἐπι-πήγνυμι, - μαι.Derivatives: Dimin. παγίς, - ίδος f. `id.' (Ar. Fr. 666, hell.) with - ιδεύω, - ίδευμα (LXX). -- πάγος m. 1. `pinnacle, cliff, hill' (ep. Ion. since ε 405, 411); 2. (late also n. after ῥῖγος, κρύος) `ice, hoarfrost, frost', also of salt deposits and of cudled blood etc. (A., S., Pl., Arist.). -- From this (or from παγ-ῆναι, πήγνυμι) 1. παγ-ετός m. = πάγος 2. (Pi., IA.) with παγετ-ώδης `ice-like, icecold' (Hp., S., Arist.); 2. παγ-ερός `freezing, icecold' (D. Chr., Arist.: κρυερός); 3. παγώδης = παγετώδης (Thphr.).Origin: IE [Indo-European] [787] *peh₂k\/g- `make fast, stiff'Etymology: Prop. "the fastening, sticking fast" (also of the firm) cliff as opposed to movable sea or the lose earth; diff. Porzig Satzinhalte 318 f.), "getting stiff, freezing"; acc. to Havers Sprache 4, 27 "who mak fast, stiff", in any case verbal nouns of πήγνυμι, s.v. Cf. πάξ, πάσσαλος, πάχνη.Page in Frisk: 2,459-460Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > πάγη
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64 πάλαι
Grammatical information: Adv.Meaning: `of old, formerly, long ago, bygone, earlier' (Il.; supposition on the development of the meaning in Treu Von Hom. zur Lyrik 127).Compounds: Compp., e.g. παλαι-γενής `born long ago, highly aged' (Il.). ἔκ-παλαι `long since, long ago' (hell.).Derivatives: παλαιός `old, ancient, former' (Il.) with παλαι-ότης f. `age, ancientness' (Att.), - όομαι, - όω `to grow old, to make age, to declare archaic' (Hp., Pl., Arist.); from it παλαί-ωσις f. `aging' (Hp., LXX, Str.), - ώματα pl. `antiquity' (LXX). Comp. forms παλαί-τερος, - τατος (Pi.), also παλαιό-τερος (Ψ 788 [metr. condit.] etc.; Schwyzer 534 w. n.6), - τατος (Pl.).Etymology: Formation (except for the accent) like χαμαί, παραί; so prop. a frozen case-form (dat.?, s. Schwyzer 548 w. lit.). Ablauting τῆλε `far away, far' (s. v.), Boeot πήλυι `id.'; the spatial meaning is evidently the older one. Skt. caramá- `the utmost, the last', which has been connected with it, forms a connection with τέλος `end, goal'; so πάλαι orig. `at the end' (prop. `at the turning point of the career'), `in the distance', `in remote time(s)'. It is unnecessary to assume a separate * kʷel- `far away' (WP. 1, 517, Pok. 640). The Mycenaean form presents difficulties for a labio-velar. -- Cf. πάλιν and πέλομαι. - The - α- has not yet been explained; one might think of *kʷl̥h₂-ei.Page in Frisk: 2,465Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > πάλαι
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65 πάλιν
Grammatical information: Adv.Meaning: `backwards, in the reverse direction' (Il.), `again, anew' (since 5. c.).Other forms: (hell. poetry a.o. also πάλι).Compounds: As 2. member in orig. preposit. expressions as ἔμ-παλιν `reversely, on the contrary', ἀνά-παλιν `backwards, aback' with ἀναπαλ-εύω `to take back, to cancel' (pap.). Very often as 1. member, e.g. παλίν-ορσος (s. ὄρρος), παλί̄ωξις f. `pursuit in turn, counterattack' (Il., App.) from *παλι-Ϝίωξις ( παλι after other 1. members in -ι, not old stemform), comp. from πάλιν Ϝιώκειν (Schwyzer 644, Porzig Satzinhalte 191 f., Benveniste Noms d'agent 77 a. 81; to be rejected Bechtel Lex. s.v.).Etymology: Frozen acc. of a subst. *πάλις `turning, turn' (from πέλομαι; s. also πάλαι), first as acc. of content in cases like παλιν ἰέναι, βαίνειν, διδόναι. Extensively Solmsen Wortforsch. 157 ff. (also on analog. πάλι); cf. Schwyzer 621. On the α-vowel cf. ἅλις, σπάνις (from *kʷl̥H-i-?).Page in Frisk: 2,468Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > πάλιν
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66 πέρᾱ
πέρᾱGrammatical information: adv., also as prep. w. gen.Meaning: `beyond, further, longer, more, past' (Att.).Derivatives: Besides πέρᾱν, Ion. - ην adv., also prep. w. gen. `over, across, beyond, opposite to' (Il.). -- Adj. περαῖος `ulterior', esp. ἡ περαία ( χώρα, γῆ) `the country on the other side', also as PN (Hdt., A. R., Plb., Str.). From it 1. Περαΐτης m. `inhabitant of the Περαία' (J.; Redard 26 and 239 n. 24); 2. περαιόθεν `from the other side' (A. R., Arat.); 3. περαιόομαι, - όω, also w. δια- a.o., `to cross over, to bring over' (since ω 437), `to accomplish' (Gort.), `to end' (medic.) with περαίωσις f. `crossing' (Str., Plu.). -- Denominative verb περάω, aor. - ᾶσαι, Ion. - ῆσαι, also w. prefix, esp. δια- and ἐκ-, `to pass through, to go through, to travel through, to go beyond, to reach the end' (Il.) with ( δια-)πέρ-αμα n. `crossing' (Str.), ἐκπέρ-αμα n. `coming out of' (A.), πέρ-ασις f. `stepping through' (S.), - άσιμος `crossable, passable' (E., Str.); - ατός, Ion. - ητός `id.' (Pi., Hdt.); - ατής m. `ferryman' (Suid., Procl.); but in the sense of `stranger, emigrant' (LXX) prob. from πέρᾱ(ν); thus περᾱ-τικός `coming from a strange (ulterior) country, foreign' (Peripl. M. Rubr.), and - τός `id.' (pap. IIIa). -- Often w. strengthening ἀντι-: ἀντι-πέραια n. pl. `the stretches of coast on the opposite side' (Β 635), - αια f. sg. (A. R., Nonn.); ἀντι-πέρας `opposite to' (Th., X.; on the ending below), - πέραν, - ην (hell.), -πέρᾱ (Ev. Luc.) `id.'; - πέρηθε(ν) `from the opposite coast' (A. R., AP).Etymology: Both πέρᾱ and πέρᾱν are frozen caseforms, the latter acc. of a noun *πέρᾱ f. (Schwyzer 621), the first polyinterpret. (instr. f. or nom. pl. n.?). To this were adapted, prob. as innovations, the gen. in ἀντι-πέρας and in ἐκ πέρας Ναυπακτίας (A. Supp. 262) as well as the nominal acc. in Χαλκίδος πέραν ἔχων (A.Ag. 190 [lyr.]) and in πέρανδε (Argos Va). -- With πέρᾱ may be equated formally Skt. párā and Av. para `off, away, on the side'; these belong to the adj. Skt. pára-, Av. OP. para- `farther, of the other side'. Uncertain is the comparison of πέρᾱν with Lat. per-peram `wrong, false', s. W.-Hofmann s. v. Cf. πέρι and πάρος w. further connections and lit.Page in Frisk: 2,510-511Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > πέρᾱ
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67 πήγνυμι
Grammatical information: v.Meaning: to fix, to stick, to join, to congeal or to coagulate' (Il.).Other forms: Dor. Aeol. πάγ-, also - ύω (X., Arist.), πήσσω, - ττω (hell.), aor. πῆξαι ( ἔπηκτο Λ 378; Schwyzer 751; Chantraine Gramm. hom. 1, 383), pass. παγῆναι, πηχθῆ-ναι, fut. πήξω, perf. act. intr. πέπηγα (all Il.), trans. plqu. ἐπεπήχεσαν (D. C.), midd. πέπηγμαι (D. H., Arr.).Compounds: Often w. prefix, e.g. ἐν-, συν-, κατα-, παρα-. Compounds: πηγεσί-μαλλος `dense of wool' (Γ 197; - εσι- prob. only enlarging, Schwyzer 444 w. n. 4); - πηξ, e.g. in ἀντί-πηξ, - γος f. `kind of chest' (E.; Bergson Eranos 58, 12 ff.); ναυ-πηγ-ός m. `shipbuilder' (Att. etc.); - πηγ-ής and - παγ-ής, e.g. εὑ-πηγ-ής. εὑ-παγ-ής `well built' (φ 334, Pl.), περιπηγ-ής `frozen around' (Nic.); συμπαγ-ής `put together' (Pl.).Derivatives: A. From the full grade: 1. πηγός `solid, dense, strong' (ep. poet. I 124), prob. prop, `fixing' (cf. Schwyzer 459, Chantraine Form. 13); second. `white', also `black' (late poetry; wrongly concluded from Hom., Kretschmer Glotta 31, 95ff., Leumann Hom. Wörter 214 n. 8, to it also Reiter Die griech. Bez. der Farben weiß, grau und braun 74 f.). 2. πηγάς, - άδος f. `hoar-frost, rime' (Hes.); 3. πηγυλίς f. `frosty, icecold' (ξ 476, A. R.), `hoar-frost, rime' (AP a.o.). 3. πῆγμα ( διά-, παρά-, σύμ-, πρόσ- πήγνυμι a.o.) n. `smth. joint together, stage, scaffold etc.' (Hp., hell.; coni. ap. A. Ag. 1198), - μάτιον (Ph., Procl.); 4. πῆξις ( σύμ-, ἔκ-, ἔμ- πήγνυμι a.o.) f. `fixing, fastening, coagulation' (Hp., Arist.); πήγνυσις f. `id.' (Ps.-Thales). 5. πηκτός, Dor. πᾱκ- ( κατά-, σύμ-, εὔ- πήγνυμι a.o.) `solid etc.' (in Att.); πηκτή f. `set up net, framework' (Ar., Arist.), πακτά f. `fresh cheese' (Theoc. a.o.; cf. Rohlfs ByzZ 37, 47); ἐμπήκτης m. `one who sticks up (the Athen. judicial notes)' (Arist.; Fraenkel Nom. ag. 2, 74); πηκτίς (Dor. Aeol. πακ-), - ίδος f. name of a Lydian harp (IA.); πηκτικός ( ἐκ- πήγνυμι) `making coagulate, congeal' (Thphr.. Dsc.). 6. πηγετός m. = παγ- (D. P.). -- B. From the zero grade: πάγος, - ετός, - ερός, πάγη, πάξ, πάχνη, s. vv. (not πάσσαλος); also πάγιος `stout, solid' (Pl., Arist.) and παγεύς m. `pedestal' (Hero). Further also πᾰκ-τός in καταπακ-τός, (Hdt.) and πακτό-ω ( ἐπι-, ἐμ- πήγνυμι) `to fix' (IA.; πακτός for trad. πηκτός in Hom.?; Wackernagel Unt. 11 f.).Etymology: Beside the νυ-present πήγ-νυ-μι (with second. full grade) stands in Latin and Germ. a zero grade formation with nasalinfix: Lat. pa-n-g-ō `consolidate, fix together' (on the semant. agreement between Greek and Lat. Schulze KZ 57, 297 = Kl. Schr. 217), Germ., e.g. Goth. fahan, OHG fāhan from PGerm. * fa-n-χ-an (IE *paḱ- beside *paǵ-) `fasten, catch'. An analogous pair is ζεύγ-νυ-μι: iu-n-g-ō. Also the reduplicated perfekt πέ-πηγ-α has a formal agreement in Lat. pe-pig-ī with zero grade as in opt. πεπαγοίην (Eup.). Phonet. identical are further πηγός and pāgus m. `district, village'; also, with secondary full grade, πηκτός and com-pāctus, πῆξις and com-pācti-ō. The original zero grade is in πακτός and păctus ( sum, beside păciscor) retained. Zero grade also, without direct connection with the Greek formations πάγος etc., in Germ., e.g. OS fac n. `encompassing frontier, NHG Fach. -- An aspirated byform Meillet finds BSL 36, 110 in Arm. p'akem `close, shut off'. -- Further forms w. lit. in WP. 2, 2 f., Pok. 787f., W.-Hofmann s. pangō and pacīscō. (Not here πήγανον.)Page in Frisk: 2,525-526Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > πήγνυμι
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68 πλήν
Grammatical information: Prep. w. gen.Meaning: `except', adv. a. conj. `except, aside from, save that, however' (θ 207).Other forms: Dor. Aeol. πλάν.Origin: IE [Indo-European] [801] * pelh₂- referring to nearnessEtymology: As the opposite δήν (s. v.) a frozen acc. from a noun *πλᾱ-, *πλη- (to πέλας, πλησίον), so prop. `in the vicinity (of), near (to)'; cf. ἔμπλην. Details w. lit. in Schwyzer-Debrunner 542 f. To be rejected Prellwitz Glotta 19, 116.Page in Frisk: 2,561Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > πλήν
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69 πόθεν
Grammatical information: interr. adv.Meaning: `whence, from where?'Derivatives: ποθέν indef. `frome somewhere' (Il.), Ion. κόθεν (Hdt.). Beside πόθι, ποθί `where?', `somewhere' (ep. Il.); ποῦ, που (Att.), Ion. κοῦ, κου `id.'; ποῖ, ποι `whither?', `to somewhere' (Att.), πόσε `whither?' (Hom.).Etymology: Formations from pronominal stem πο-, Ion. κο-, from IE * kʷo- with representatives in most IE languages, e.g. Skt. ká-s `who?', Goth. ƕa-s `id.', Lat. quo-d `what?'. More forms from diff. languages w. lit. in Bq, W.-Hofmann s. quis, quid and quod, WP. 1, 519ff., Pok. 644 f., Mayrhofer s. káḥ etc. -- Here still ποῖος, πόσος, πότε, πότερος; s. also τίς. On the adverbial endings - θεν, - θι, - σε Schwyzer 628 f.; on the frozen caseforms ποῦ, ποῖ (gen. resp. loc.) ibd. 621 f.Page in Frisk: 2,569-570Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > πόθεν
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70 πόρσω
Grammatical information: adv.Meaning: `forward, beyond, far away from something, away' (Pi., trag. in lyr.).Other forms: πόρρω (Att.) - Comp.forms: πόρσ-ιον, - ιστα (Pi.; Seiler 106f.); πορρω-τέρω, - τάτω (Att.). Adv. πόρσω-θεν (Archyt.), πόρρω-θεν (Att.) `from far away'.Derivatives: Prob. as denomin.: 1. πορσ-ύνω, also w. ἐπι-, συν-, prop. `to bring forward'?, i.e. `to accomplish, to provide' (ep. Ion., also X.); 2. - αίνω `id.' (Hom. as v. l., h. Cer., Pi.); rejected by Forbes Glotta 36, 261; on the formation Debrunner IF 21, 65 a. 87.Etymology: Formation like ἄνω, κάτω a.o, prob. as frozen instrumental (Schwyzer 550); can be identical with Lat. porrō (for * porsō), Praen. porod `forward'. Further analysis uncertain; finally to the great group of πέρας, πείρω (s. vv.), πόρος a.o. Cf. also Forbes, Glotta 36, 261. -- Besides πρόσω, s. v.; also πρός. -- Chantr. prefers to derive πόρσω from πρόσω, with metathesis of the syllable with the liquid.Page in Frisk: 2,581Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > πόρσω
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71 πρέσβυς
Grammatical information: m.Meaning: `the old, aged one' (poet. Pi., trag.), `president' (Sparta); pl. πρέσβεις most `ambassador, messenger' (Att., Dor. inscr.); besides πρεσβ-ῆες (Hes. Sc. 245), - εῦσιν (Lyc.), du. -ῆ (Att.); cf. below on πρεσβεύω.Compounds: As 1. member a.o. in πρεσβυ-γενής `first-born' (A 249 a.o.).Derivatives: 1. Comp. forms: πρεσβύ-τερος (with - τέριον `council of elders' [N.T.]), - τατος `old, venerable, the eldest, most venerable' (Il.); also πρέσβιστος `most venerable' (h. Hom., A., S. a.o.) after κράτιστος, κύδιστος, with the cross πρεσβίστ-ατος (Nic.). 2. Feminins: πρέσβα ( θεά) `the venerable', of Hera a.o. (ep. Il.), after πότνα ( θεά)?; πρέσβεα ( μήτηρ; poet. inscr. from Caria II-Ia), metr. cond.; πρέσβειρα ( θεῶν a.o.; h. Ven. etc.), after πίειρα, - άνειρα a.o.; πρεσβηΐς ( τιμή h. Hom.), after βασιληΐς a.o., cf. πρεσβῆες above. 3. πρεσβ-ήϊον n. `gift of honour' (Θ 289), - εῖον `privilege (of age)' (Att., hell.). 4. - εία f. `right, privilege (of age)' (A., Pl.), usu. `embassy' (Att.; to πρεσβεύω). 5. πρεσβύ̄της m. `the old, aged one', enlargement of πρέσβυς after πολίτης a.o. (not with Fraenkel Glotta 34, 301 ff. innovation to πρεσβῦτις; IA.) with f. - ῦτις, adj. - υτικός `senile' (Att. etc.). 6. πρεσβῠ́της, - ητος f., Dor. - τας. - τατος `(higher) age' (inscr. Messene Ia [completed] a.o.; after νεότης). 7. πρέσβις f. `age, rank', only in κατὰ πρέσβιν (h. Merc., Pl. a.o.); after κατὰ τάξιν a.o. 8. πρέσβος n. `(object of) veneration', after κῦδος, κράτος a.o. 9. πρεσβ-εύω `to be the eldest, to have precedence, to be ambassador', trans. `to attend, venerate like a πρέσβυς', midd. `to send ambassadors', also w. παρα-, συν-, ἀπο- a.o., with - ευτής m. `ambassador, messenger' (Att.; as singulative to πρέσβεις). - ευτικός, - εύτειρα, - ευτεύω, - ευμα, - ευσις; partly also πρεσβεία (s. ab. 4) and, as backformation, πρεσβεῦσιν dat. pl. (Lyc.; s. ab.; cf. Bosshardt 63). -- 10. Shortnames like Πρέσβων (to πρέσβειρα after πέπειρα: πέπων? Fraenkel KZ 43, 216 n.2). Πρέσβος a.o., s. Bechtel Hist. Personennamen 385. -- On the diff. writings and formations s. Lejeune Mém. de phil. myc. 239ff.Etymology: Beside the above forms stand in Doric, esp. in Crete, and in Northwestgr. several byforms with γ for β and changing initial syllable: πρεῖγυς, πρείγιστος with comp. πρείγων, πρειγ-εύω with - ευτάς, -ήϊα, - εία; also πρείγα f. `council of elders' (Locris); πρεσγευτάς, πρεγγ-; later πρήγιστος with (Cos) - ιστεύω; πρεσγέα = πρεσβεία (Argos), πρισγε(ι)ες (Boeot.); also σπέργυς πρέσβυς and πέργουν πρέσβεις H. Common basis prob. πρεσγ- (with voiced σ; cf. πρεζβευτάς Delphi); from there through phonetical, in detail uncertain developments the other forms, s. Schwyzer 276, Seiler Steigerungsformen 59, Thumb-Kieckers 158, Kapsomenos Glotta 40, 46ff., Masson Glotta 41, 65ff., Lejeune l.c. (with rejection of Mycenaean interpretations). -- From the interchange β: γ follows an orig. IE labiovelar gʷ; the preceding syllable, prob. to be taken as the 1. member of a compound, contains as is generally assumed a frozen adverb πρές `in front' (s. πρός). The final syllable resp. the final member is debated. By Bezzenberger BB 4, 345, Bloomfield AmJPh 29, 79 ff. compared with Skt. puro-gavá- `leader', of which the 2. member is derived both from gaúḥ = βοῦς (so prop. *"leading bull"), as, and on better grounds, from a word for `go' (in βαίνω, βῆναι resp. Skt. jávate `run') (so prop. *"who goes in fromt"). Thus a.o. Fraenkel Glotta 32, 17 u. 34, 301 ff., who wants to explain also Lith. žmogùs `man' in this way (prop. "going on earth"; s. also Wb. s.v. w. lit.); on the Skt. word esp Mayrhofer s. puráḥ. -- Very temptong is the connection with Arm. erēc̣, gen. eric̣u `elder, priest' (Meillet in Lejeune op. cit. 240 n. 9), of which the ē prob. continues a diphthong ei or oi (IE * preisgʷu-?) and usu. connected with Lat. prīscus. Cf. on μεσσηγύς: the second member continues a root * gʷeu-, a variant of * gʷem-.Page in Frisk: 2,592-593Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > πρέσβυς
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72 προσάντης
Grammatical information: adj.Meaning: `ascending steeply, inclined, craggy, rough, adverse, hostile' (Pi., IA.).Origin: GR [a formation built with Greek elements]Etymology: Adjectival hypostasis of the adverb πρόσ-αντα (Dikaearch.) `upwards, up the mountain'; like ἔν-αντα from a noun `front', which is also seen in the frozen ἄντ-α, ἀντ-ι, ἄντ-ην (s. vv.). Thus ἄν-αντα `up a mountain' with ἀνάντης `up-hill', κάτ-αντα `downwards, downhill' with κατάντης `going down'.Page in Frisk: 2,601Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > προσάντης
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73 πρόχνυ
Grammatical information: Adv.Meaning: `kneeling, on the knees' (Ι 570 πρόχνυ καθεζομένη), approx. `fully, thoroughly, entirely' (Φ 460, ξ 69 πρόχνυ ( ἀπ-)ολέσθαι; A. R. 1,1118; 2,249), meaning uncertain Antim. Col. 2 P.Origin: IE [Indo-European] [381] *ǵonu `knee'Etymology: In the meaning `kneeling' clearly from γόνυ with zero grade as in γνύξ a.o., so prop. "with the knees in front", frozen acc. n. for *πρό-γνυ = Skt. (gramm.) pra-jñú- meaning not quite certain (Wackernagel Unt. 74) with unclear aspiration, for which several explanations have been attempted (s. Schwyzer 328). The meaning `fully' v. t. must, if at all from `kneeling', come from reinterpretation of an ep. expression. For independent origin Brugmann -Thumb 127n.1, who, not very convincing, derived πρόχνυ `fully' from χναύω `plane, gnaw off'; an orig. *πρό-γνυ `kneeling' would have coalesced with it (accepted by Wackernagel l.c.). -- Details in Meringer WuS 11, 119f., Picard Rev. Archéologique 1959: T. 1, 211ff.Page in Frisk: 2,605Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > πρόχνυ
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74 πρώην
Grammatical information: adv.Meaning: `lately, the day before yesterday' (Il.).Other forms: πρῴην (Il.), πρῶν (Call. fr., Herod.), Dor. πρώαν, πρόαν, πρᾶν (Theoc.; on the phonetics Schwyzer 250)Compounds: As 1. member a.o. in πρῳηρότης m. `early plougher' (Hes.; like ὀψ-αρότης; s. ὀψέ); often in Thphr., e.g. πρωΐ-καρπος `with early fruit', comp. πρωϊκαρπό-τερος (s. Strömberg Theophrastea 162 f.).Derivatives: Besides πρωί̄ (Il.), Att. πρῴ (πρῳ̃, πρῶϊ) `early, in the morning'. -- Comp. forms: πρωΐ- ( πρῴ-)τερος, - τατος, usu. (after παλαί-τερος a.o.), - αίτερος, - αίτατος (IA.). Other derivv.: πρώϊος, πρῳ̃ος `at an early time' (Ο 470), πρωΐα f. `early time, morning' (Aristeas, NT; after ὀψία); for it youngatt. πρώ-ϊμος (X., Arist., pap. a. inscr.; Arbenz 76: ὄψιμος; also πρό-ϊμος after πρό); hell. -ϊνός (Chantraine Form. 200f.); πρωϊζά Adv. `the day before yesterday' (Β 303, to πρώην after χθιζά), `very early' (Theoc. 18, 9; to πρωΐ); πρωΐθεν `from early in the morning' (LXX).Origin: IE [Indo-European] [814] *prō `early, in the morning'Etymology: Both πρώην and πρωΐ presuppose an adv. *πρώ, which agrees with OHG fruo `early in the morning' and is confirmed by Skt. prā-tár `early, in the morning'. Formally identical also Lat. prō `for, before', Av. frā `forward, in front' beside fra = πρό (s.v.). -- As example of πρώην, -ᾱν may have served frozen acc. like δήν, δά̄ν, πλήν, πλά̄ν, ἀκμήν, unless one sees in these an old adj. in fem. acc.; πρῴην after πρῴ. Thus πρω-ΐ after locatives like ἦρι, πέρυσι, ἀντί; basic forms as *πρωϜαν, *πρωϜιαν, *πρωϜι (thus still Mezger Word 2, 231) are unnecessary and cannot be subtsantiated. To πρωΐ the adjective πρώϊ-ος (= OHG fruoi ' früh'; so fruo = πρωΐ?), which, taken as πρώ-ϊος, induced πρώ-ϊμος, - ινός (s. ab.). -- Further details in Schwyzer 621 f. and 461; older lit. in Bq and WP. 2, 36 (Pok. 814).Page in Frisk: 2,607-608Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > πρώην
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75 πῶς
Grammatical information: interr. advPage in Frisk: 2,635Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > πῶς
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76 ῥώομαι
Grammatical information: v.Meaning: `to move intensively or with effort, to brisk about, to dance' (Il.).Other forms: almost only in 3. pl. ipf. a. aor. ῥώοντο, ἐρρώοντο, ἐρρώσαντο (ep. Il.), further, also ep., late a. rare ῥώετο (Nic.), ῥώονθ' (= - ται, D. P.), ῥώσονται (Call.), ἐπίρρωσαι (AP).Origin: XX [etym. unknown]Etymology: The evaluation of the above frozen forms depends on whether the imperfect- or the aorist was prior (cf. Chantraine Gramm. hom. 1, 365). In the last case the verb is primary (and to be connected with ῥῶσαι, ἔρρωμαι, ῥώννυμι?), in the first case however a lengthened deverhative, which formally better than semantically agrees with ῥέω (Schwyzer 349 a. 722); cf. the considerations on πλώω -- On ῥωσκομένως s. ῥώννυμι.Page in Frisk: 2,668Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ῥώομαι
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77 στάσις
Grammatical information: f.Meaning: `the standing, the standing still, stand, location, position, political opinion, party, division' also `placement, weighing, defrayal' (Alc., Thgn., Pi., IA.; on the meaning Bolling AmJPh 82, 162f.).Compounds: Compp., e.g. στασί-αρχος m. `party-leader' (A. a. o.), ξενό-στασις `inn for strangers' (S.). Often with prefix as derivation of prefixed verbs, e.g. ἀνάστα-σις (: ἀν-ίσταμαι, - ίστημι) `the standing up, removal, the making to stand up, expulsion (IA.).Derivatives: 1. στάσ-ιμος `standing (firm or still), quiet, weighable' (IA.), `stilling, blocking' (Hp.); Arbenz 39 a. 42f. 2. - ιώδης `partial, rebellious' (X., Arist. a. o.). 3. - ιώτης m. `party member' (IA.) with - ιωτικός, - ιωτεία (after πατριώτης, στρατιώτης a.o.; Redard 9). 4. - ιάζω, also w. prefix, e.g. ἀντι-, δια-, `to form parties, to divide, to quarrel' (IA.; - ι-άζω dissimilat., Schwyzer 735). 5. - ίζω `id.' (Crete IIIa).Etymology: As old verbal noun to the verb für `stand' (s. ἵστημι) identical with Skt. sthíti- f. `stand, stand still etc.', Lat. stati-ō `standing place' (beside which the frozen acc. statim `fixed, on the spot'), Germ., e.g. Goth. staÞs m. `position, place', OHG stat f. `id.': IE * sth₂-ti-. Beside it with full grade Av. stāiti- `standing, stand, position', Latv. stātis pl. prop. "standing still", `turning point (of the sun) etc.' Slav., e.g. Russ. státь, -u `built of the body etc.': IE * steh₂-ti-.Page in Frisk: 2,777Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > στάσις
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78 στείβω
Grammatical information: v.Meaning: `to tread (on something), to densify by treading, to trod, to trample' (ep. poet. since Λ 534 a. Υ 499).Other forms: only presentst. except aor. κατ-έστειψας (S. OC 467; not quite certain), vbaladj. στιπτός (v. l. - ει-) `trodden solid, solid, hard'(S., Ar.), ἄ- στείβω `untrodden' (S.; also OGI 606?).Derivatives: στοιβή f. `stuffing, cushion, bulge etc.'; often as plantname `Poterium spinosum', of which the leaves were used to fill up (Hp., Ar., Arist., Epid. [IVa] etc.), with στοιβ-ίον `id.' (Dawkins JournofHellStud. 56, 10), - άς = στιβάς, - ηδόν `crammed in' (Arist.-comm.), - άζω, rarely w. δια- a.o., `to fill, to stuff' (Hdt., LXX a.o.), from which - αστός, - αστής, - ασις, - άσιμος, - ασία (hell. a. late). -- Besides zero grade nouns: A. στίβος m. `(trodden) road, path, footstep, trail' (ep. Ion. poet. since h. Merc.; cf. Porzig Satzinhalte 318), `fuller's workshop' (pap. IIIa). From this 1. στιβάς, - άδος f. `bed of straw, reed or leaves, mattress, bed, grave' (IA.) with - άδιον n. `id'. (hell. a. late), - αδεύω `to use like straw' (Dsc.). 2. στιβεύς m. `hound' (Opp.), `fuller' (pap.), = ὁδευτής (H.), - εύω `to track' (D. S., Plu., H.), = πορεύεσθαι (H.) with - εία f. `the tracking etc.' (D. S. a.o.), - εῖον n. `fuller's workshop' (pap.), - ευτής m. `hound' (Sostrat. ap. Stob.); also - ίη = - εία (Opp.; metr. cond.). 3. στιβική f. `fuller's tax' (pap. IIIa). 4. στιβάζω `to enter, to track etc.' with - ασις f. (late). 5. ἐστίβηται `has been tracked' perf. pass. (S. Aj. 874; στιβέω or - άω?). 6. ἄ-στιβ-ος `unentered' (AP), usu. - ής `id.' (A., S., also X. a.o.; joined to the εσ-stems and connected with the verb), - ητος `id.' (Lyc. a.o.; cf. ἐστίβηται). 7. Στίβων name of a dog (X. Cyn.). -- B. στιβαρός `solid, compact, massive, strong' (ep. poet. Il., also hell. a. late prose); like βριαρός a.o.; Chantraine Form. 227, also Benveniste Origines 19; cf. also Treu Von Homer zur Lyrik 49, - αρηδόν adv. `compact' (opposite σποράδην; late). -- C. With long vowel στί̄βη f. `ripe' (Od., Call.), - ήεις (Call.); on the meaning cf. πάγος, πάχνη to πήγνυμι.Etymology: From the Greek material the essential meaning appears to be the idea `tread (with the feet), make solid, fill up, press together' ( στοιβή, στιβάς, στι-βαρός), from where `tread' with `path, trace, track' ( στείβω, στίβος, στιβεύω). -- Exact agreements outside Greek for στείβω and related στίβος, στιβαρός are missing. Nearest comes Arm. stēp, gen. -oy `frequent, incessant, permanent' (adj. and adv.; on the meaning cf. πυκνός) with stip-em `press, urge', -aw, -ov `quick, diligent(ly)' from IE * stoibo- or * steibo-; so an exampel of the very rare IE b? Beside it with p the Lat. secondary formation stīpāre `press to gether, press, heap, fill up'; here also the Corinth. PN Στίπων (IG 4, 319)? -- To this can be connected in diff. languages on the one hand expressions for `fixed, stiff etc.': Germ., e.g. OE, MHG stīf `stiff, straight', Balt., e.g. Lith. stimpù, stìpti `become stiff or frozen', stiprùs `strong, steady'; on the other hand words for `bar, stalk, post etc.' in Lat. stīpes `pole, stem, bar', stipula `straw' and, with b (IE b as in στείβω), Lith., e.g. stíebas `mast(tree), pillar, stalk etc.', Slav., e.g. Russ. stébelь `stalk' etc. -- Further forms w. rich lit. in WP 2, 646ff., Pok. 1015f., W.-Hofmann s. stīpō, stips, stipula, Fraenkel and Vasmer s. vv. (Not hereVgl. στῖφος, στιφρός.)Page in Frisk: 2,781-782Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > στείβω
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79 στίλη
στίλη (- ῐ-)Grammatical information: f.Meaning: `drop' (Ar. V. 213; metaph. = `small thing, moment').Origin: XX [etym. unknown]Etymology: But for the (expressive?) geminate identical with Lat. stilla `id.' (Ernout-Meillet s. v.), which however because of stīria `(frozen?) drop' may stand for * stīr(e)lā (W.-Hofmann s. v. w. lit.). On further attempts for a connection s. στία, στέαρ.Page in Frisk: 2,799Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > στίλη
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frozen — past part of freeze Merriam Webster’s Dictionary of Law. Merriam Webster. 1996 … Law dictionary
frozen — [adj1] very cold antarctic, arctic, chilled, frigid, frosted, icebound, ice cold, ice covered, iced, icy, numb, Siberian*; concept 605 Ant. boiled, heated, hot frozen [adj2] stopped fixed, pegged, petrified, rooted, stock still, suspended, turned … New thesaurus
frozen — past part of FREEZE * * * fro·zen (froґzən) 1. turned into, covered by, or surrounded by ice. 2. very cold. 3. stiff or immobile, or rendered immobile … Medical dictionary
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