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economics+degree

  • 1 ♦ economics

    ♦ economics /i:kəˈnɒmɪks/
    n. pl.
    1 (col verbo al sing.) economia; scienze economiche; teoria economica: degree in economics (o economics degree) laurea in economia; economics student, studente di economia; Keynesian economics, l'economia keynesiana ( il corpus delle teorie economiche proposte da John Maynard Keynes) NOTA D'USO: - economy o economics?-
    2 (col verbo al sing.) principi economici; dinamiche economiche: the economics of nuclear power is complex, i principi economici del nucleare sono complessi
    3 (col verbo al pl.) aspetti finanziari; aspetti economici: the economics of the project are questionable, gli aspetti finanziari del progetto sono discutibili.

    English-Italian dictionary > ♦ economics

  • 2 degree

    degree [dɪ'gri:]
    1 noun
    the temperature is 28 degrees in New York la température est de 28 degrés à New York;
    we can expect temperatures of 15 to 20 degrees nous pouvons nous attendre à des températures de 15 à 20 degrés;
    10 degrees below zero 10 degrés au-dessous de zéro;
    he had to work in 32 degrees of heat il a dû travailler par une chaleur de 32 degrés;
    it's 3 degrees outside il fait 3 degrés dehors;
    Geography Paris is about 2 degrees east of Greenwich Paris est environ à 2 degrés de longitude est de Greenwich;
    Geometry a 90-degree angle un angle de 90 degrés
    (b) (extent, amount) degré m;
    to feel a degree of optimism ressentir un certain optimisme;
    there was a certain degree of mistrust between them il y avait un certain degré de méfiance entre eux;
    there are varying degrees of opposition to the new law il y a une opposition plus ou moins forte à la nouvelle loi;
    his allergy affected him to such a degree that he had to stop working son allergie était un tel handicap pour lui qu'il a dû s'arrêter de travailler
    (c) (stage, step) degré m;
    an honour of the highest degree un honneur du plus haut degré;
    a degree of precision never before thought possible un niveau de précision jusqu'à présent considéré comme inaccessible
    (d) (academic qualification) diplôme m universitaire; (undergraduate) licence f;
    she has a degree in economics elle a une licence en sciences économiques;
    he's taking or doing a degree in biology il fait une licence de biologie;
    I'd like to go on and do a further degree je voudrais continuer après la licence;
    it took me five years to get my degree j'ai mis cinq ans pour avoir ma licence
    (e) Grammar & Music degré m
    (f) archaic or literary (rank, status) rang m;
    a man of high degree un homme de haut rang
    murder in the first degree homicide m volontaire
    par degrés, au fur et à mesure;
    he realized, by degrees, that his wife no longer loved him petit à petit il s'est rendu compte que sa femme ne l'aimait plus
    (to an extent) jusqu'à un certain point;
    the Prime Minister does accept criticism to a degree le Premier ministre accepte les critiques, mais jusqu'à un certain point
    ►► University degree ceremony cérémonie f de remise des diplômes;
    Grammar degree of comparison degré m de comparaison

    Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > degree

  • 3 economics

    economics, [transcription][%ek-]
    A n
    1 ( science) (+ v sg) économie f ; an expert on economics un/une spécialiste en économie ;
    2 Sch, Univ ( subject of study) (+ v sg) sciences fpl économiques ; to study economics étudier les sciences économiques ;
    3 ( financial aspects) (+ v pl) aspects mpl économiques (of de).
    B modif [degree, textbook, faculty] de sciences économiques ; [editor, expert, correspondent] en économie.

    Big English-French dictionary > economics

  • 4 economics

    economics [‚i:kəˈnɒmɪks]
    ( = system) économie f ; ( = subject) sciences fpl économiques
    * * *
    [ˌiːkə'nɒmɪks, ˌek-] 1.
    noun ( science) (+ v sg) économie f; ( subject of study) (+ v sg) sciences fpl économiques; ( financial aspects) (+ v pl) aspects mpl économiques (of de)
    2.
    noun modifier [ degree, textbook, faculty] de sciences économiques; [ editor, expert] en économie

    English-French dictionary > economics

  • 5 degree

    [dɪˈɡri:]
    degree градус; we had ten degrees of frost last night вчера вечером было десять градусов мороза; an angle of ninety degrees угол в 90 град. bachelor's degree степень бакалавра degree степень; ступень; by degrees постепенно; not in the least (или slightest) degree ничуть, нисколько; ни в какой степени commercial degree ученая степень в области коммерции degree градус; we had ten degrees of frost last night вчера вечером было десять градусов мороза; an angle of ninety degrees угол в 90 град. degree звание, ученая степень; to take one's degree получить степень; honorary degree почетное звание degree звание degree категория degree качество, достоинство, сорт degree положение, ранг degree положение degree порядок degree разряд degree ранг degree мат. степень; third degree допрос с применением пыток degree грам. степень; degrees of comparison степени сравнения degree степень; ступень; by degrees постепенно; not in the least (или slightest) degree ничуть, нисколько; ни в какой степени degree степень degree степень преступности degree степень родства, колено; prohibited degrees юр. степени родства, при которых запрещается брак degree степень родства degree ступень degree тяжесть (преступления) degree тяжесть преступления degree уровень degree ученая степень a degree better (warmer, etc.) чуть лучше (теплее и т. п.) degree in commerce ученое звание в области коммерции degree in economics ученое звание в области экономики degree of accuracy вчт. степень точности degree of belief вчт. степень доверия degree of curvature порядок кривой degree of damage процент убыточности degree of disablement группа инвалидности disablement: degree of degree степень неподвижности, степень нетрудоспособности degree of precision вчт. степень точности degree of priority вчт. порядок приоритета degree of probability вероятность degree of probability степень вероятности degree of randomness вчт. степень случайности degree of security степень безопасности degree of self-financing возможность самофинансирования degree of self-sufficiency степень самообеспеченности degree of self-sufficiency степень самоокупаемости degree of self-sufficiency степень самостоятельности degree of solvency степень кредитоспособности degree of solvency степень платежеспособности degree of uncertainty вчт. степень неопределенности degree of variation степень изменчивости high school degree сист.обр. диплом об окончании средней школы degree звание, ученая степень; to take one's degree получить степень; honorary degree почетное звание in some degree в некоторой степени; in a varying degree в той или иной степени in some degree в некоторой степени; in a varying degree в той или иной степени law degree юридическая степень Master's degree степень магистра degree степень; ступень; by degrees постепенно; not in the least (или slightest) degree ничуть, нисколько; ни в какой степени degree степень родства, колено; prohibited degrees юр. степени родства, при которых запрещается брак degree звание, ученая степень; to take one's degree получить степень; honorary degree почетное звание degree мат. степень; third degree допрос с применением пыток to a certain degree до известной степени; to the last degree до последней степени to a degree разг. очень, значительно to a lesser degree в меньшей степени; to what degree? в какой степени?, до какой степени? to a certain degree до известной степени; to the last degree до последней степени degree градус; we had ten degrees of frost last night вчера вечером было десять градусов мороза; an angle of ninety degrees угол в 90 град. to a lesser degree в меньшей степени; to what degree? в какой степени?, до какой степени?

    English-Russian short dictionary > degree

  • 6 degree

    dɪˈɡri:
    1. сущ.
    1) уст. ступенька лестницы;
    шаг вверх, шаг вниз Raised upon half a dozen degrees. ≈ Поднятый на полдюжины ступеней вверх.
    2) а) положение, ранг б) звание, ученая степень to take a degree in history ≈ получить степень по историческим наукам award a degree to confer a degree on do a degree earn a degree receive a degree take one's degree academic degree advanced degree bachelor's degree college degree doctoral degree doctor's degree graduate degree honorary degree master's degree postgraduate degree в) степень родства, колено;
    расш. соотношения видов и рас на пути эволюции prohibited degrees forbidden degree г) социальное положение, достоинство, сословие Regulations for settling questions between persons of unequal degrees. ≈ Правила разрешения конфликтов между людьми разных сословий. д) ступень в масонской ложе
    3) род, манера, особенность A simple evening party in the smallest village is just as admirable in its degree. ≈ Простой деревенский ужин столь же мил в своем своеобразии. Syn: manner, way, wise, relation, respect
    4) а) степень, уровень to achieve a high degree of proficiencyдостичь высокого уровня профессионализма I have the faculty of abstraction to a wonderful degree. ≈ Я обладаю потрясающими способностями к абстракции. by degrees a degree better in some degree in a varying degree to a degree to a certain degree to the last degree to a lesser degree Syn: extent, level, measure б) достоинство, качество, сорт в) юр. единица в классификации подвидов того или иного преступления по тяжести They introduced in 1796 the new terms of murder in the 1st and 2d degree. ≈ В 1796 году ввели новые типы убийства - убийство первой и второй степени. third degree
    5) специальные термины а) грам. прям. перен. степень сравнения (сокращение от degree of comparison) He was the superlative degree of avarice. ≈ Он был сама жадность в превосходной степени. comparative degree positive degree superlative degree б) мат. степень Syn: power в) градус (мера угла, температуры и т.п.) ∙ degree of freedom
    2. гл. присваивать ученую либо подобную степень ступень, степень - * of skill уровень /степень/ мастерства - the highest * of goodness сама доброта - * of safety( техническое) запас прочности - * of accuracy степень точности - * of confidence степень доверия - * of freedom (математика) степень свободы - by *s постепенно, понемногу;
    мало-помалу;
    ступенчато - to a certain *, in some * до известной степени;
    отчасти;
    в некотором отношении - in a greater or lesser * в большей или меньшей степени - to a * (разговорное) значительно, в большой мере;
    очень - to a considerable * в значительной степени - to /in/ the last * до последней степени, до крайности - to what *? до какой степени?, до каких пределов? - not in the least /slightest/ * ни в какой /ни в малейшей/ степени;
    ничуть, нисколько - to differ in * различаться в степени (но не по существу) - it's a question of * это зависит от точки зрения степень родства, колено (тж. * of relationship) - * of consanguinity степень кровного родства - prohibited /forbidden/ *s (юридическое) степени родства, при которых запрещается брак - in the fourth * в четвертом колене положение, ранг;
    звание - of low * низкого звания - a lady of high * знатная дама - people of every * очень разные по (своему) положению люди - people of unequal *s люди разного круга - each good in its * каждый хорош на своем месте звание, ученая степень - honorary * почетная степень - academic * научная степень - the * of bachelor( ученая) степень бакалавра - to study /to sit/ for a * готовиться к сдаче экзаменов на степень бакалавра - to take one's * получить степень - to take a poll * (университетское) (разговорное) окончить без отличия (Кембриджский университет) - to have a London * получить степень в Лондонском университете - to get one's * of a teacher получить диплом учителя - he has his * он дипломированный специалист - his academic *s were stripped from him он был лишен научных степеней (спортивный) разряд - advanced * (спортивное) второй разряд градус (температурный) - ten *s of heat десять градусов тепла - at 30 *s below zero при 30 градусах ниже нуля - the thermometer registers 15 *s centigrade термометр показывает 15 градусов (тепла) по Цельсию градус (географический и т. п.) - *s of latitude градусы широты - the angle of 30 *s угол в тридцать градусов - we were 30 *s North of Greenwich мы были на тридцатом градусе северной широты (юридическое) тяжесть( преступления) ;
    (американизм) степень (преступности) - principal in the first * главный виновник /преступник/ - principal in the second * соучастник преступления;
    пособник, подстрекатель - murder in the first * предумышленное убийство (грамматика) степень - positive * положительная степень - *s of comparison степени сравнения - adverb of * наречие степени( математика) степень - the second * вторая степень, квадрат - the third * третья степень, куб - of * three в третьей степени - equation of the second * уравнение второй степени( музыкальное) ступень > the third * допрос с применением пыток, допрос с пристрастием;
    допрос третьей степени > to get the third * подвергнуться пыткам /истязаниям/ degree градус;
    we had ten degrees of frost last night вчера вечером было десять градусов мороза;
    an angle of ninety degrees угол в 90 град. bachelor's ~ степень бакалавра ~ степень;
    ступень;
    by degrees постепенно;
    not in the least( или slightest) degree ничуть, нисколько;
    ни в какой степени commercial ~ ученая степень в области коммерции degree градус;
    we had ten degrees of frost last night вчера вечером было десять градусов мороза;
    an angle of ninety degrees угол в 90 град. ~ звание, ученая степень;
    to take one's degree получить степень;
    honorary degree почетное звание ~ звание ~ категория ~ качество, достоинство, сорт ~ положение, ранг ~ положение ~ порядок ~ разряд ~ ранг ~ мат. степень;
    third degree допрос с применением пыток ~ грам. степень;
    degrees of comparison степени сравнения ~ степень;
    ступень;
    by degrees постепенно;
    not in the least( или slightest) degree ничуть, нисколько;
    ни в какой степени ~ степень ~ степень преступности ~ степень родства, колено;
    prohibited degrees юр. степени родства, при которых запрещается брак ~ степень родства ~ ступень ~ тяжесть (преступления) ~ тяжесть преступления ~ уровень ~ ученая степень a ~ better (warmer, etc.) чуть лучше( теплее и т. п.) ~ in commerce ученое звание в области коммерции ~ in economics ученое звание в области экономики ~ of accuracy вчт. степень точности ~ of belief вчт. степень доверия ~ of curvature порядок кривой ~ of damage процент убыточности ~ of disablement группа инвалидности disablement: degree of ~ степень неподвижности, степень нетрудоспособности ~ of precision вчт. степень точности ~ of priority вчт. порядок приоритета ~ of probability вероятность ~ of probability степень вероятности ~ of randomness вчт. степень случайности ~ of security степень безопасности ~ of self-financing возможность самофинансирования ~ of self-sufficiency степень самообеспеченности ~ of self-sufficiency степень самоокупаемости ~ of self-sufficiency степень самостоятельности ~ of solvency степень кредитоспособности ~ of solvency степень платежеспособности ~ of uncertainty вчт. степень неопределенности ~ of variation степень изменчивости high school ~ сист.обр. диплом об окончании средней школы ~ звание, ученая степень;
    to take one's degree получить степень;
    honorary degree почетное звание in some ~ в некоторой степени;
    in a varying degree в той или иной степени in some ~ в некоторой степени;
    in a varying degree в той или иной степени law ~ юридическая степень Master's ~ степень магистра ~ степень;
    ступень;
    by degrees постепенно;
    not in the least (или slightest) degree ничуть, нисколько;
    ни в какой степени ~ степень родства, колено;
    prohibited degrees юр. степени родства, при которых запрещается брак ~ звание, ученая степень;
    to take one's degree получить степень;
    honorary degree почетное звание ~ мат. степень;
    third degree допрос с применением пыток to a certain ~ до известной степени;
    to the last degree до последней степени to a ~ разг. очень, значительно to a lesser ~ в меньшей степени;
    to what degree? в какой степени?, до какой степени? to a certain ~ до известной степени;
    to the last degree до последней степени degree градус;
    we had ten degrees of frost last night вчера вечером было десять градусов мороза;
    an angle of ninety degrees угол в 90 град. to a lesser ~ в меньшей степени;
    to what degree? в какой степени?, до какой степени?

    Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > degree

  • 7 degree

    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] degree
    [English Plural] degrees
    [Swahili Word] cheo
    [Swahili Plural] vyeo
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 7/8
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] degree
    [Swahili Word] daraja
    [Swahili Plural] madaraja
    [Part of Speech] noun
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] degree
    [English Plural] degrees
    [Swahili Word] uzi
    [Swahili Plural] nyuzi
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 11/10
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] degree (academic)
    [English Plural] degrees
    [Swahili Word] digrii
    [Swahili Plural] digrii
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 9/10
    [Derived Language] English
    [Derived Word] degree
    [English Definition] award conferred by an educational institution signifying that the recipient has satisfactorily completed a course of study
    [Swahili Definition] shahada
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] degree (academic)
    [English Plural] degrees
    [Swahili Word] shahada
    [Swahili Plural] mashahada
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 5/6
    [English Example] (s)he received a degree in economics
    [Swahili Example] Alipata shahada ya uchumi
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] degree (of temperature)
    [English Plural] degrees
    [Swahili Word] digrii
    [Swahili Plural] digrii
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 9/10
    [Derived Language] English
    [Derived Word] degree
    [English Definition] a unit of temperature on a specified scale
    [Terminology] meteorology
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] degree (rank)
    [Swahili Word] ngazi
    [Swahili Plural] ngazi
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 9/10
    [English Example] Given his(her) rank, he was unable to recognize the habits that had become prevalant
    [Swahili Example] na mazoea yale yalivyokithiri, yeye hakuweza kuyamaizi katika ukweli na ngazi zake [Muk]
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] to a high degree
    [Swahili Word] top
    [Part of Speech] adverb
    [Derived Word] Engl.
    ------------------------------------------------------------

    English-Swahili dictionary > degree

  • 8 economics

    [ˌiːkə'nɒmɪks, ˌek-] 1.
    1) (science) + verbo sing. economia f.
    2) scol. univ. (subject of study) + verbo sing. economia f., scienze f.pl. economiche
    3) (financial aspects) + verbo pl. aspetti m. economici
    2.
    modificatore [ degree] in economia; [textbook, faculty] di economia; [editor, expert] economico
    * * *
    [i:kə'nomiks]
    noun singular (the study of production and distribution of money and goods: He is studying economics.) economia
    * * *
    [ˌiːkə'nɒmɪks, ˌek-] 1.
    1) (science) + verbo sing. economia f.
    2) scol. univ. (subject of study) + verbo sing. economia f., scienze f.pl. economiche
    3) (financial aspects) + verbo pl. aspetti m. economici
    2.
    modificatore [ degree] in economia; [textbook, faculty] di economia; [editor, expert] economico

    English-Italian dictionary > economics

  • 9 degree in economics

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > degree in economics

  • 10 degree in economics

    образ.
    учёное звание в области экономики
    учёное звание по экономике

    Англо-русский универсальный дополнительный практический переводческий словарь И. Мостицкого > degree in economics

  • 11 degree in economics

    • kauppatieteellinen tutkinto

    English-Finnish dictionary > degree in economics

  • 12 high degree of asset liquidity

    Общая лексика: высокая степень ликвидности активов (англ. термин взят из статьи в Journal of Financial Economics, Volume 64, Issue 1, April 2002, pages 3 - 34; в тексте перед термином стоял неопределенный артикль)

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > high degree of asset liquidity

  • 13 he is studying for a degree in economics

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > he is studying for a degree in economics

  • 14 Salazar, Antônio de Oliveira

    (1889-1970)
       The Coimbra University professor of finance and economics and one of the founders of the Estado Novo, who came to dominate Western Europe's longest surviving authoritarian system. Salazar was born on 28 April 1889, in Vimieiro, Beira Alta province, the son of a peasant estate manager and a shopkeeper. Most of his first 39 years were spent as a student, and later as a teacher in a secondary school and a professor at Coimbra University's law school. Nine formative years were spent at Viseu's Catholic Seminary (1900-09), preparing for the Catholic priesthood, but the serious, studious Salazar decided to enter Coimbra University instead in 1910, the year the Braganza monarchy was overthrown and replaced by the First Republic. Salazar received some of the highest marks of his generation of students and, in 1918, was awarded a doctoral degree in finance and economics. Pleading inexperience, Salazar rejected an invitation in August 1918 to become finance minister in the "New Republic" government of President Sidónio Pais.
       As a celebrated academic who was deeply involved in Coimbra University politics, publishing works on the troubled finances of the besieged First Republic, and a leader of Catholic organizations, Sala-zar was not as modest, reclusive, or unknown as later official propaganda led the public to believe. In 1921, as a Catholic deputy, he briefly served in the First Republic's turbulent congress (parliament) but resigned shortly after witnessing but one stormy session. Salazar taught at Coimbra University as of 1916, and continued teaching until April 1928. When the military overthrew the First Republic in May 1926, Salazar was offered the Ministry of Finance and held office for several days. The ascetic academic, however, resigned his post when he discovered the degree of disorder in Lisbon's government and when his demands for budget authority were rejected.
       As the military dictatorship failed to reform finances in the following years, Salazar was reinvited to become minister of finances in April 1928. Since his conditions for acceptance—authority over all budget expenditures, among other powers—were accepted, Salazar entered the government. Using the Ministry of Finance as a power base, following several years of successful financial reforms, Salazar was named interim minister of colonies (1930) and soon garnered sufficient prestige and authority to become head of the entire government. In July 1932, Salazar was named prime minister, the first civilian to hold that post since the 1926 military coup.
       Salazar gathered around him a team of largely academic experts in the cabinet during the period 1930-33. His government featured several key policies: Portuguese nationalism, colonialism (rebuilding an empire in shambles), Catholicism, and conservative fiscal management. Salazar's government came to be called the Estado Novo. It went through three basic phases during Salazar's long tenure in office, and Salazar's role underwent changes as well. In the early years (1928-44), Salazar and the Estado Novo enjoyed greater vigor and popularity than later. During the middle years (1944—58), the regime's popularity waned, methods of repression increased and hardened, and Salazar grew more dogmatic in his policies and ways. During the late years (1958-68), the regime experienced its most serious colonial problems, ruling circles—including Salazar—aged and increasingly failed, and opposition burgeoned and grew bolder.
       Salazar's plans for stabilizing the economy and strengthening social and financial programs were shaken with the impact of the civil war (1936-39) in neighboring Spain. Salazar strongly supported General Francisco Franco's Nationalist rebels, the eventual victors in the war. But, as the civil war ended and World War II began in September 1939, Salazar's domestic plans had to be adjusted. As Salazar came to monopolize Lisbon's power and authority—indeed to embody the Estado Novo itself—during crises that threatened the future of the regime, he assumed ever more key cabinet posts. At various times between 1936 and 1944, he took over the Ministries of Foreign Affairs and of War (Defense), until the crises passed. At the end of the exhausting period of World War II, there were rumors that the former professor would resign from government and return to Coimbra University, but Salazar continued as the increasingly isolated, dominating "recluse of São Bento," that part of the parliament's buildings housing the prime minister's offices and residence.
       Salazar dominated the Estado Novo's government in several ways: in day-to-day governance, although this diminished as he delegated wider powers to others after 1944, and in long-range policy decisions, as well as in the spirit and image of the system. He also launched and dominated the single party, the União Nacional. A lifelong bachelor who had once stated that he could not leave for Lisbon because he had to care for his aged mother, Salazar never married, but lived with a beloved housekeeper from his Coimbra years and two adopted daughters. During his 36-year tenure as prime minister, Salazar engineered the important cabinet reshuffles that reflect the history of the Estado Novo and of Portugal.
       A number of times, in connection with significant events, Salazar decided on important cabinet officer changes: 11 April 1933 (the adoption of the Estado Novo's new 1933 Constitution); 18 January 1936 (the approach of civil war in Spain and the growing threat of international intervention in Iberian affairs during the unstable Second Spanish Republic of 1931-36); 4 September 1944 (the Allied invasion of Europe at Normandy and the increasing likelihood of a defeat of the Fascists by the Allies, which included the Soviet Union); 14 August 1958 (increased domestic dissent and opposition following the May-June 1958 presidential elections in which oppositionist and former regime stalwart-loyalist General Humberto Delgado garnered at least 25 percent of the national vote, but lost to regime candidate, Admiral Américo Tomás); 13 April 1961 (following the shock of anticolonial African insurgency in Portugal's colony of Angola in January-February 1961, the oppositionist hijacking of a Portuguese ocean liner off South America by Henrique Galvão, and an abortive military coup that failed to oust Salazar from office); and 19 August 1968 (the aging of key leaders in the government, including the now gravely ill Salazar, and the defection of key younger followers).
       In response to the 1961 crisis in Africa and to threats to Portuguese India from the Indian government, Salazar assumed the post of minister of defense (April 1961-December 1962). The failing leader, whose true state of health was kept from the public for as long as possible, appointed a group of younger cabinet officers in the 1960s, but no likely successors were groomed to take his place. Two of the older generation, Teotónio Pereira, who was in bad health, and Marcello Caetano, who preferred to remain at the University of Lisbon or in private law practice, remained in the political wilderness.
       As the colonial wars in three African territories grew more costly, Salazar became more isolated from reality. On 3 August 1968, while resting at his summer residence, the Fortress of São João do Estoril outside Lisbon, a deck chair collapsed beneath Salazar and his head struck the hard floor. Some weeks later, as a result, Salazar was incapacitated by a stroke and cerebral hemorrhage, was hospitalized, and became an invalid. While hesitating to fill the power vacuum that had unexpectedly appeared, President Tomás finally replaced Salazar as prime minister on 27 September 1968, with his former protégé and colleague, Marcello Caetano. Salazar was not informed that he no longer headed the government, but he never recovered his health. On 27 July 1970, Salazar died in Lisbon and was buried at Santa Comba Dão, Vimieiro, his village and place of birth.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Salazar, Antônio de Oliveira

  • 15 first

    1. прил.
    1)
    а) общ. первый, ранний ( начавший(ся) раньше остальных)

    She was the first to arrive. — Она приехала первой.

    Syn:
    See:
    б) общ. первый (положивший начало чему-л.)

    first impression — рассмотрение дела, у которого не было прецедентов

    Voltaire was the first who popularized in France the philosophy of Newton. — Вольтер был первым из тех, кто сделал популярной во Франции философию Ньютона.

    в) общ. первый по расписанию, самый ранний

    I shall get back to Moscow by the first train. — Я вернусь в Москву первым же поездом.

    The first thing that fixes our eye is the noble river covered with boats. — Первое, на чем задерживается взгляд - это величественная река, усеянная лодками.

    the first of the year — первый день в году; первая половина года

    See:
    3) общ. первый по важности, значительности; занимающий приоритетное положение
    See:
    2), first degree price discrimination, first fundamental theorem of welfare economics, first market, first preferred share, first preferred stock, first refusal right, first theorem of welfare economics, first-tier subcontractor, First Lord of the Treasury, First Secretary of State, First Bancorporation v. Board of Governors of Federal Reserve, First Banking Directive, First National Bank in Plant City v. Dickinson, First National Bank of Eden, South Dakota v. Department of the Treasury, Office of the Comptroller of the Currency, First National Bank of Eden, South Dakota v. Department of the Treasury, Office of the Comptroller of the Currency, First National Bank of Eden, South Dakota v. Department of the Treasury, Office of the Comptroller of the Currency, First National Bank of Eden, South Dakota v. Department of the Treasury, Office of the Comptroller of the Currency, First National Bank of Eden, South Dakota v. Department of the Treasury, Office of the Comptroller of the Currency, First National Bank of Eden, South Dakota v. Department of the Treasury, Office of the Comptroller of the Currency, First National Bank of Eden, South Dakota v. Department of the Treasury, Office of the Comptroller of the Currency

    Англо-русский экономический словарь > first

  • 16 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

  • 17 Cavaco Silva, Aníbal Antônio

    (1939-)
       Leading figure in post-1974 Portugal, Social Democrat leader, prime minister (1985-95), president of the Republic since 2006. Born in the Algarve in 1939, Cavaco Silva was educated in Faro and Lisbon and, in 1964, obtained a degree in finance at the University of Lisbon. Like many of the younger leaders of post-1974 Portugal, Cavaco Silva underwent an important part of his professional training abroad; in December 1973, he received a doctorate in economics from York University, Great Britain. He entered academic life as an economics and finance professor in 1974 and taught until he entered politics full-time in 1980, when he was named minister of finance in the sixth constitutional government of Social Democratic Party (PSD) leader and prime minister Sá Carneiro. He was elected a PSD deputy to the Republican Assembly in October 1980. Following the general legislative elections of October 1985, Cavaco Silva was named prime minister of the 10th constitutional government. His party, the PSD, strengthened its hold on the legislature yet again in the 1987 election when, for the first time since the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal was ruled by a party with a clear majority of seats in the legislature.
       Cavaco Silva, who has emphasized a strong free-enterprise and denationalization policy in the framework of economic rejuvenation, served as prime minister (1985-95) and, in the elections of 1987 and 1991, his party won a clear majority of seats in the Assembly of the Republic (more than 50 percent), which encouraged stability and economic progress in postrevolutionary Portugal. In the 1995 general elections, the Socialist Party (PS) defeated the PSD; he ran for the presidency of the republic in 1995 and lost to Jorge Sampaio. Cavaco Silva retired briefly from politics to teach at the Catholic University. In October 2005, he announced his return to politics and became a candidate for the upcoming presidential election. On 22 January 2006, he received 50.5 percent of the vote and was sworn in on 9 March 2006.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Cavaco Silva, Aníbal Antônio

  • 18 take

    (to take or keep (someone) as a hostage: The police were unable to attack the terrorists because they were holding three people hostage.) tomar/coger a alguien como rehén
    take vb
    1. coger
    take your umbrella, it's raining coge el paraguas, que está lloviendo
    2. llevar
    could you take this to the post office? ¿podrías llevar esto a la oficina de correos?
    3. llevarse
    someone's taken my bicycle! ¡alguien se ha llevado mi bicicleta!
    4. tomar
    5. llevar / tardar / durar
    to take place tener lugar / ocurrir
    tr[teɪk]
    1 SMALLCINEMA/SMALL toma
    transitive verb (pt took tr[tʊk], pp taken tr['teɪkən])
    1 (carry, bring) llevar
    take your umbrella, it might rain lleva el paraguas, puede que llueva
    2 (drive, escort) llevar
    shall I take you to the station? ¿quieres que te lleve a la estación?
    3 (remove) llevarse, quitar, coger
    who's taken my pencil? ¿quién ha cogido mi lápiz?
    4 (hold, grasp) tomar, coger
    do you want me to take your suitcase? ¿quieres que te coja la maleta?
    5 (accept - money etc) aceptar, coger; (- criticism, advice, responsibility) aceptar, asumir; (- patients, clients) aceptar
    do you take cheques? ¿aceptáis cheques?
    6 (win prize, competition) ganar; (earn) ganar, hacer
    how much have we taken today? ¿cuánto hemos hecho hoy de caja?
    7 (medicine, drugs) tomar
    have you ever taken drugs? ¿has tomado drogas alguna vez?
    do you take sugar? ¿te pones azúcar?
    8 (subject) estudiar; (course of study) seguir, cursar
    9 (teach) dar clase a
    10 (bus, train, etc) tomar, coger
    11 (capture) tomar, capturar; (in board games) comer
    12 (time) tardar, llevar
    how long does it take to get to Madrid? ¿cuánto se tarda en llegar a Madrid?
    13 (hold, contain) tener cabida, acoger
    how many people does your car take? ¿cuántas personas caben en tu coche?
    14 (size of clothes) usar, gastar; (size of shoes) calzar
    what size do you take? ¿qué talla usas?, ¿cuál es tu talla?
    what size shoe does he take? ¿qué número calza?
    15 (measurement, temperature, etc) tomar; (write down) anotar
    16 (need, require) requerir, necesitar
    17 (buy) quedarse con, llevar(se)
    18 (bear) aguantar, soportar
    19 (react) tomarse; (interpret) interpretar
    she took it the wrong way lo interpretó mal, se lo tomó a mal
    20 (perform, adopt) tomar, adoptar; (exercise) hacer
    she takes the view that... opina que...
    21 (have) tomar(se)
    22 (suppose) suponer
    I take it that... supongo que...
    23 (consider) considerar, mirar
    24 SMALLLINGUISTICS/SMALL regir
    25 (rent) alquilar
    1 (work - dye) coger; (- fire) prender; (- cutting) prender; (- seed) germinar
    2 (fish) picar
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    not to take no for an answer no aceptar una respuesta negativa
    take it from me escucha lo que te digo
    take it or leave it lo tomas o lo dejas
    to be hard to take ser difícil de aceptar
    to be on the take dejarse sobornar
    to have what it takes tener lo que hace falta
    to take five descansar cinco minutos
    to take it out of somebody dejar a uno sin ganas de nada
    to take somebody out of himself hacer que alguien se olvide de sus propias penas
    to take something as read dar algo por sentado,-a
    take ['teɪk] v, took ['tʊk] ; taken ['teɪkə n] ; taking vt
    1) capture: capturar, apresar
    2) grasp: tomar, agarrar
    to take the bull by the horns: tomar al toro por los cuernos
    3) catch: tomar, agarrar
    taken by surprise: tomado por sorpresa
    4) captivate: encantar, fascinar
    5) ingest: tomar, ingerir
    take two pills: tome dos píldoras
    6) remove: sacar, extraer
    take an orange: saca una naranja
    7) : tomar, coger (un tren, un autobús, etc.)
    8) need, require: tomar, requirir
    these things take time: estas cosas toman tiempo
    9) bring, carry: llevar, sacar, cargar
    take them with you: llévalos contigo
    take the trash out: saca la basura
    10) bear, endure: soportar, aguantar (dolores, etc.)
    11) accept: aceptar (un cheque, etc.), seguir (consejos), asumir (la responsabilidad)
    12) suppose: suponer
    I take it that...: supongo que...
    to take a walk: dar un paseo
    to take a class: tomar una clase
    to take place happen: tener lugar, suceder, ocurrir
    take vi
    : agarrar (dícese de un tinte), prender (dícese de una vacuna)
    take n
    1) proceeds: recaudación f, ingresos mpl, ganancias fpl
    2) : toma f (de un rodaje o una grabación)
    n.
    taquilla s.f.
    toma (Film) s.f.
    toma s.f. (time)
    expr.
    tardar expr.
    v.
    (§ p.,p.p.: took, taken) = aceptar v.
    asir v.
    calzar v.
    cautivar v.
    coger v.
    ganar v.
    llevar v.
    quedarse con v.
    tener v.
    (§pres: tengo, tienes...tenemos) pret: tuv-
    fut/c: tendr-•)
    tomar v.

    I
    1. teɪk
    1) (past took; past p taken) transitive verb
    2) (carry, lead, drive) llevar

    shall I take the chairs inside/upstairs? — ¿llevo las sillas adentro/arriba?, ¿meto/subo las sillas?

    I'll take you up/down to the third floor — subo/bajo contigo al tercer piso, te llevo al tercer piso

    to take the dog (out) for a walk — sacar* el perro a pasear

    this path takes you to the main roadeste camino lleva or por este camino se llega a la carretera

    3)
    a) \<\<train/plane/bus/taxi\>\> tomar, coger* (esp Esp)

    are you taking the car? — ¿vas a ir en coche?

    we took the elevator (AmE) o (BrE) lift to the restaurant — tomamos or (esp Esp) cogimos el ascensor para subir/bajar al restaurante

    b) \<\<road/turning\>\> tomar, agarrar (esp AmL), coger* (esp Esp)
    c) \<\<bend\>\> tomar, coger* (esp Esp); \<\<fence\>\> saltar
    4)
    a) (grasp, seize) tomar, agarrar (esp AmL), coger* (esp Esp)

    he took her by the handla tomó or (esp AmL) la agarró or (esp Esp) la cogió de la mano

    may I take your coat? — ¿me permite el abrigo?

    would you mind taking the baby for a moment? — ¿me tienes al niño un momento?

    c) ( occupy)

    take a seat — siéntese, tome asiento (frml)

    5) (remove, steal) llevarse
    6) ( catch)

    he was taken completely unawareslo agarró or (esp Esp) lo cogió completamente desprevenido

    to be taken ill — caer* enfermo

    7)
    a) ( capture) \<\<town/fortress/position\>\> tomar; \<\<pawn/piece\>\> comer
    b) ( win) \<\<prize/title\>\> llevarse, hacerse* con; \<\<game/set\>\> ganar
    c) ( receive as profit) hacer*, sacar*
    8) \<\<medicine/drugs\>\> tomar

    have you taken your tablets? — ¿te has tomado las pastillas?

    9)
    a) (buy, order) llevar(se)

    I'll take 12 ouncesdéme or (Esp tb) póngame 12 onzas

    b) ( buy regularly) comprar

    we take The Globenosotros compramos or leemos The Globe

    c) ( rent) \<\<cottage/apartment\>\> alquilar, coger* (Esp)
    10)
    a) ( acquire) \<\<lover\>\> buscarse*

    to take a wife/husband — casarse

    b) ( sexually) (liter) \<\<woman\>\> poseer*
    11) ( of time) \<\<job/task\>\> llevar; \<\<process\>\> tardar; \<\<person\>\> tardar, demorar(se) (AmL)

    it took longer than expectedllevó or tomó más tiempo de lo que se creía

    the letter took a week to arrivela carta tardó or (AmL tb) se demoró una semana en llegar

    12) ( need)

    it takes courage to do a thing like thathay que tener or hace falta or se necesita valor para hacer algo así

    to have (got) what it takes — (colloq) tener* lo que hay que tener or lo que hace falta

    13)
    a) ( wear)

    what size shoes do you take? — ¿qué número calzas?

    she takes a 14usa la talla or (RPl) el talle 14

    b) ( Auto)
    c) ( Ling) construirse* con, regir*
    14) ( accept) \<\<money/bribes/job\>\> aceptar

    do you take checks? — ¿aceptan cheques?

    take it or leave it — (set phrase) lo tomas o lo dejas

    take that, you scoundrel! — (dated) toma, canalla!

    15)
    a) (hold, accommodate)

    the tank takes/will take 42 liters — el tanque tiene una capacidad de 42 litros

    b) (admit, receive) \<\<patients/pupils\>\> admitir, tomar, coger* (Esp)

    we don't take telephone reservations o (BrE) bookings — no aceptamos reservas por teléfono

    16)
    a) (withstand, suffer) \<\<strain/weight\>\> aguantar; \<\<beating/blow\>\> recibir
    b) (tolerate, endure) aguantar

    I can't take it any longer! — no puedo más!, ya no aguanto más!

    he can't take a jokeno sabe aceptar or no se le puede hacer una broma

    c) ( bear)

    how is he taking it? — ¿qué tal lo lleva?

    she's taken it very badly/well — lo lleva muy mal/bien; see also heart 2), 3)

    17)
    a) (understand, interpret) tomarse

    she took it the wrong way — se lo tomó a mal, lo interpretó mal

    to take something as read/understood — dar* algo por hecho/entendido

    I take it that you didn't like him much — por lo que veo no te cayó muy bien; see also take for

    b) ( consider) (in imperative) mirar

    take Japan, for example — mira el caso del Japón, por ejemplo

    18)
    a) \<\<steps/measures\>\> tomar; \<\<exercise\>\> hacer*

    to take a walk/a step forward — dar* un paseo/un paso adelante

    b) (supervise, deal with)

    would you take that call, please? — ¿puede atender esa llamada por favor?

    19) ( Educ)
    a) ( teach) (BrE) darle* clase a
    b) ( learn) \<\<subject\>\> estudiar, hacer*; \<\<course\>\> hacer*

    to take an exam — hacer* or dar* or (CS) rendir* or (Méx) tomar un examen, examinarse (Esp)

    20)
    a) ( record) tomar

    we took regular readingstomamos nota de la temperatura (or presión etc) a intervalos regulares

    b) ( write down) \<\<notes\>\> tomar
    21) ( adopt)

    he takes the view that... — opina que..., es de la opinión de que...

    she took an instant dislike to him — le tomó antipatía inmediatamente; see also liking a), offense 2) b), shape I 1) a)


    2.
    vi
    1)
    a) \<\<seed\>\> germinar; \<\<cutting\>\> prender
    b) \<\<dye\>\> agarrar (esp AmL), coger* (esp Esp)
    2) ( receive) recibir

    all you do is take, take, take — no piensas más que en ti

    Phrasal Verbs:

    II
    1) ( Cin) toma f
    2)
    a) ( earnings) ingresos mpl, recaudación f
    b) ( share) parte f; ( commission) comisión f
    [teɪk] (vb: pt took) (pp taken)
    1. VT
    1) (=remove) llevarse; (=steal) robar, llevarse

    who took my beer? — ¿quién se ha llevado mi cerveza?

    someone's taken my handbag — alguien se ha llevado mi bolso, alguien me ha robado el bolso

    I picked up the letter but he took it from me — cogí la carta pero él me la quitó

    2) (=take hold of, seize) tomar, coger, agarrar (LAm)

    let me take your case/coat — permíteme tu maleta/abrigo

    I'll take the blue one, please — me llevaré el azul

    to take sb's armtomar del brazo a algn

    the devil take it! — ¡maldición!

    take five! * — ¡hagan una pausa!, ¡descansen un rato!

    take your partners for a waltz — saquen a su pareja a bailar un vals

    to take sb into partnershiptomar a algn como socio

    please take a seat — tome asiento, por favor

    is this seat taken? — ¿está ocupado este asiento?

    it took me by surprise — me cogió desprevenido, me pilló or agarró desprevenido (LAm)

    take ten!(US) * ¡hagan una pausa!, ¡descansen un rato!

    to take a wife casarse, contraer matrimonio

    3) (=lead, transport) llevar

    we took her to the doctorla llevamos al médico

    he took me home in his car — me llevó a casa en su coche

    they took me over the factory — me mostraron la fábrica, me acompañaron en una visita a la fábrica

    he took his suitcase upstairssubió su maleta

    to take sb for a walkllevar a algn de paseo

    it took us out of our waynos hizo desviarnos

    4) [+ bus, taxi] (=travel by) ir en; (at specified time) coger, tomar (esp LAm); [+ road, short cut] ir por

    we took the five o'clock traincogimos or tomamos el tren de las cinco

    take the first on the rightvaya por or tome la primera calle a la derecha

    5) (=capture) [+ person] coger, agarrar (LAm); [+ town, city] tomar; (Chess) comer

    to take sb hostagetomar or (LAm) agarrar a algn como rehén

    to take sb prisonertomar preso a algn

    6) (=obtain, win) [+ prize] ganar, llevarse; [+ 1st place] conseguir, obtener; [+ trick] ganar, hacer

    we took £500 today — (Brit) (Comm) hoy hemos ganado 500 libras

    7) (=accept, receive) [+ money] aceptar; [+ advice] seguir; [+ news, blow] tomar, recibir; [+ responsibility] asumir; [+ bet] aceptar, hacer

    take my advice, tell her the truth — sigue mi consejo or hazme caso y dile la verdad

    what will you take for it? — ¿cuál es tu mejor precio?

    he took it badlyle afectó mucho

    London took a battering in 1941 — Londres recibió una paliza en 1941, Londres sufrió terriblemente en 1941

    will you take a cheque? — ¿aceptaría un cheque?

    he can certainly take his drinktiene buen aguante para la bebida

    you must take us as you find us — nos vas a tener que aceptar tal cual

    take it from me! — ¡escucha lo que te digo!

    you can take it from me that... — puedes tener la seguridad de que...

    losing is hard to take — es difícil aceptar la derrota

    it's £50, take it or leave it! — son 50 libras, lo toma o lo deja

    whisky? I can take it or leave it — ¿el whisky? ni me va ni me viene

    I won't take no for an answer — no hay pero que valga

    I take your pointentiendo lo que dices

    he took a lot of punishment — (fig) le dieron muy duro

    take that! — ¡toma!

    8) (=rent) alquilar, tomar; (=buy regularly) [+ newspaper] comprar, leer
    9) (=have room or capacity for) tener cabida para; (=support weight of) aguantar

    can you take two more? — ¿puedes llevar dos más?, ¿caben otros dos?

    10) (=wear) [+ clothes size] gastar, usar (LAm); [+ shoe size] calzar

    what size do you take? (clothes) ¿qué talla usas?; (shoes) ¿qué número calzas?

    11) (=call for, require) necesitar, requerir

    it takes a lot of courageexige or requiere gran valor

    that will take some explaininga ver cómo explicas eso

    it takes two to make a quarrel — uno solo no puede reñir

    she's got what it takes — tiene lo que hace falta

    I'll just iron this, it won't take long — voy a planchar esto, no tardaré or no me llevará mucho tiempo

    it takes timelleva tiempo

    take your time! — ¡despacio!

    13) (=conduct) [+ meeting, church service] presidir; (=teach) [+ course, class] enseñar; [+ pupils] tomar; (=study) [+ course] hacer; [+ subject] dar, estudiar; (=undergo) [+ exam, test] presentarse a, pasar

    what are you taking next year? — ¿qué vas a hacer or estudiar el año que viene?

    to take a degree in — licenciarse en

    to take (holy) ordersordenarse de sacerdote

    14) (=record) [+ sb's name, address] anotar, apuntar; [+ measurements] tomar
    15) (=understand, assume)

    I take it that... — supongo que..., me imagino que...

    am I to take it that you refused? — ¿he de suponer que te negaste?

    how old do you take him to be? — ¿cuántos años le das?

    I took him for a doctor — lo tenía por médico, creí que era médico

    what do you take me for? — ¿por quién me has tomado?

    I don't quite know how to take that — no sé muy bien cómo tomarme eso

    16) (=consider) [+ case, example] tomar

    now take Ireland, for example — tomemos, por ejemplo, el caso de Irlanda, pongamos como ejemplo Irlanda

    take John, he never complains — por ejemplo John, él nunca se queja

    taking one thing with another... — considerándolo todo junto..., considerándolo en conjunto...

    17) (=put up with, endure) [+ treatment, climate] aguantar, soportar

    we can take itlo aguantamos or soportamos todo

    I can't take any more! — ¡no aguanto más!, ¡no soporto más!

    I won't take any nonsense! — ¡no quiero oír más tonterías!

    18) (=eat) comer; (=drink) tomar

    will you take sth before you go? — ¿quieres tomar algo antes de irte?

    to take drugs (narcotics) tomar drogas

    he took no food for four days — estuvo cuatro días sin comer

    don't forget to take your medicineno te olvides de tomar la medicina

    he takes sugar in his tea — toma or pone azúcar en el té

    to take a tablettomar una pastilla

    to take tea (with sb) — tomar té (con algn)

    19) (=negotiate) [+ bend] tomar; [+ fence] saltar, saltar por encima de
    20) (=acquire)

    to take against sb, take a dislike to sb — tomar antipatía a algn

    to take frightasustarse (at de)

    to be taken ill — ponerse enfermo, enfermar

    he took great pleasure in teasing her — se regodeaba tomándole el pelo

    I do not take any satisfaction in knowing that... — no experimento satisfacción alguna sabiendo que...

    21) (Ling) [+ case] regir
    22)

    to be taken with sth/sb (=attracted)

    23) liter (=have sexual intercourse with) tener relaciones sexuales con
    24) (as function verb) [+ decision, holiday] tomar; [+ step, walk] dar; [+ trip] hacer; [+ opportunity] aprovechar

    to take a bathbañarse

    2. VI
    1) (=be effective) [dye] coger, agarrar (LAm); [vaccination, fire] prender; [glue] pegar
    2) (Bot) [cutting] arraigar
    3) (=receive)

    she's all take, take, take — ella mucho dame, dame, pero luego no da nada

    give
    3. N
    1) (Cine) toma f
    2) (=takings) ingresos mpl ; (=proceeds) recaudación f ; (US) (Comm) caja f, ventas fpl del día
    3)
    - be on the take
    4) (=share) parte f ; (=commission) comisión f, tajada * f
    5) * (=opinion) opinión f

    what's your take on the new government? — ¿qué piensas de or qué opinión te merece el nuevo gobierno?

    TAKE Both t ardar and llevar can be used to translate take with {time}. ► Use tar dar (en + ((infinitive))) to describe how long someone or something will take to do something. The subject of tardar is the person or thing that has to complete the activity or undergo the process:
    How long do letters take to get to Spain? ¿Cuánto (tiempo) tardan las cartas en llegar a España?
    How much longer will it take you to do it? ¿Cuánto más vas a tardar en hacerlo?
    It'll take us three hours to get to Douglas if we walk Tardaremos tres horas en llegar a Douglas si vamos andando ► Use lle var to describe how long an activity, task or process takes to complete. The subject of llevar is the activity or task:
    The tests will take at least a month Las pruebas llevarán por lo menos un mes
    How long will it take? ¿Cuánto tiempo llevará? ► Compare the different focus in the alternative translations of the following example:
    It'll take me two more days to finish this job Me llevará dos días más terminar este trabajo, Tardaré dos días más en terminar este trabajo For further uses and examples, see main entry
    * * *

    I
    1. [teɪk]
    1) (past took; past p taken) transitive verb
    2) (carry, lead, drive) llevar

    shall I take the chairs inside/upstairs? — ¿llevo las sillas adentro/arriba?, ¿meto/subo las sillas?

    I'll take you up/down to the third floor — subo/bajo contigo al tercer piso, te llevo al tercer piso

    to take the dog (out) for a walk — sacar* el perro a pasear

    this path takes you to the main roadeste camino lleva or por este camino se llega a la carretera

    3)
    a) \<\<train/plane/bus/taxi\>\> tomar, coger* (esp Esp)

    are you taking the car? — ¿vas a ir en coche?

    we took the elevator (AmE) o (BrE) lift to the restaurant — tomamos or (esp Esp) cogimos el ascensor para subir/bajar al restaurante

    b) \<\<road/turning\>\> tomar, agarrar (esp AmL), coger* (esp Esp)
    c) \<\<bend\>\> tomar, coger* (esp Esp); \<\<fence\>\> saltar
    4)
    a) (grasp, seize) tomar, agarrar (esp AmL), coger* (esp Esp)

    he took her by the handla tomó or (esp AmL) la agarró or (esp Esp) la cogió de la mano

    may I take your coat? — ¿me permite el abrigo?

    would you mind taking the baby for a moment? — ¿me tienes al niño un momento?

    c) ( occupy)

    take a seat — siéntese, tome asiento (frml)

    5) (remove, steal) llevarse
    6) ( catch)

    he was taken completely unawareslo agarró or (esp Esp) lo cogió completamente desprevenido

    to be taken ill — caer* enfermo

    7)
    a) ( capture) \<\<town/fortress/position\>\> tomar; \<\<pawn/piece\>\> comer
    b) ( win) \<\<prize/title\>\> llevarse, hacerse* con; \<\<game/set\>\> ganar
    c) ( receive as profit) hacer*, sacar*
    8) \<\<medicine/drugs\>\> tomar

    have you taken your tablets? — ¿te has tomado las pastillas?

    9)
    a) (buy, order) llevar(se)

    I'll take 12 ouncesdéme or (Esp tb) póngame 12 onzas

    b) ( buy regularly) comprar

    we take The Globenosotros compramos or leemos The Globe

    c) ( rent) \<\<cottage/apartment\>\> alquilar, coger* (Esp)
    10)
    a) ( acquire) \<\<lover\>\> buscarse*

    to take a wife/husband — casarse

    b) ( sexually) (liter) \<\<woman\>\> poseer*
    11) ( of time) \<\<job/task\>\> llevar; \<\<process\>\> tardar; \<\<person\>\> tardar, demorar(se) (AmL)

    it took longer than expectedllevó or tomó más tiempo de lo que se creía

    the letter took a week to arrivela carta tardó or (AmL tb) se demoró una semana en llegar

    12) ( need)

    it takes courage to do a thing like thathay que tener or hace falta or se necesita valor para hacer algo así

    to have (got) what it takes — (colloq) tener* lo que hay que tener or lo que hace falta

    13)
    a) ( wear)

    what size shoes do you take? — ¿qué número calzas?

    she takes a 14usa la talla or (RPl) el talle 14

    b) ( Auto)
    c) ( Ling) construirse* con, regir*
    14) ( accept) \<\<money/bribes/job\>\> aceptar

    do you take checks? — ¿aceptan cheques?

    take it or leave it — (set phrase) lo tomas o lo dejas

    take that, you scoundrel! — (dated) toma, canalla!

    15)
    a) (hold, accommodate)

    the tank takes/will take 42 liters — el tanque tiene una capacidad de 42 litros

    b) (admit, receive) \<\<patients/pupils\>\> admitir, tomar, coger* (Esp)

    we don't take telephone reservations o (BrE) bookings — no aceptamos reservas por teléfono

    16)
    a) (withstand, suffer) \<\<strain/weight\>\> aguantar; \<\<beating/blow\>\> recibir
    b) (tolerate, endure) aguantar

    I can't take it any longer! — no puedo más!, ya no aguanto más!

    he can't take a jokeno sabe aceptar or no se le puede hacer una broma

    c) ( bear)

    how is he taking it? — ¿qué tal lo lleva?

    she's taken it very badly/well — lo lleva muy mal/bien; see also heart 2), 3)

    17)
    a) (understand, interpret) tomarse

    she took it the wrong way — se lo tomó a mal, lo interpretó mal

    to take something as read/understood — dar* algo por hecho/entendido

    I take it that you didn't like him much — por lo que veo no te cayó muy bien; see also take for

    b) ( consider) (in imperative) mirar

    take Japan, for example — mira el caso del Japón, por ejemplo

    18)
    a) \<\<steps/measures\>\> tomar; \<\<exercise\>\> hacer*

    to take a walk/a step forward — dar* un paseo/un paso adelante

    b) (supervise, deal with)

    would you take that call, please? — ¿puede atender esa llamada por favor?

    19) ( Educ)
    a) ( teach) (BrE) darle* clase a
    b) ( learn) \<\<subject\>\> estudiar, hacer*; \<\<course\>\> hacer*

    to take an exam — hacer* or dar* or (CS) rendir* or (Méx) tomar un examen, examinarse (Esp)

    20)
    a) ( record) tomar

    we took regular readingstomamos nota de la temperatura (or presión etc) a intervalos regulares

    b) ( write down) \<\<notes\>\> tomar
    21) ( adopt)

    he takes the view that... — opina que..., es de la opinión de que...

    she took an instant dislike to him — le tomó antipatía inmediatamente; see also liking a), offense 2) b), shape I 1) a)


    2.
    vi
    1)
    a) \<\<seed\>\> germinar; \<\<cutting\>\> prender
    b) \<\<dye\>\> agarrar (esp AmL), coger* (esp Esp)
    2) ( receive) recibir

    all you do is take, take, take — no piensas más que en ti

    Phrasal Verbs:

    II
    1) ( Cin) toma f
    2)
    a) ( earnings) ingresos mpl, recaudación f
    b) ( share) parte f; ( commission) comisión f

    English-spanish dictionary > take

  • 19 high

    high [haɪ]
    haut1 (a), 1 (b), 1 (d), 1 (f), 1 (g), 1 (m), 1 (o), 1 (p), 2 (a), 2 (b), 3 (a), 3 (b) élevé1 (b)-(e), 1 (k) grand1 (c), 1 (d) noble1 (e) aigu1 (g) excité1 (s) en haut2 (a)
    (a) (tall) haut;
    how high is that building? quelle est la hauteur de ce bâtiment?;
    the walls are three metres high les murs ont ou font trois mètres de haut, les murs sont hauts de trois mètres;
    the building is eight storeys high c'est un immeuble de ou à huit étages;
    the highest mountain in the country la plus haute montagne du pays;
    when I was only so high quand je n'étais pas plus grand que ça
    (b) (above ground level → river, tide) haut; (→ altitude, shelf) haut, élevé;
    built on high ground construit sur un terrain élevé;
    the sun was high in the sky le soleil était haut
    (c) (above average → number) grand, élevé; (→ speed, value) grand; (→ cost, price, rate) élevé; (→ salary) élevé, gros (grosse); (→ pressure) élevé, haut; (→ polish) brillant;
    to the highest degree au plus haut degré, à l'extrême;
    of the highest importance de première importance;
    to pay a high price payer le prix fort;
    to fetch a high price se vendre cher;
    to make a higher bid faire une offre supérieure, surenchérir;
    highest bidder surenchérisseur(euse) m,f;
    she suffers from high blood pressure elle a de la tension;
    also figurative to play for high stakes jouer gros (jeu);
    built to withstand high temperatures conçu pour résister à des températures élevées;
    he has a high temperature il a beaucoup de température ou fièvre;
    areas of high unemployment des régions à fort taux de chômage;
    ore with a high mineral content minerai m à haute teneur;
    milk is high in calcium le lait contient beaucoup de calcium;
    high winds des vents mpl violents, de grands vents mpl;
    Mathematics the highest common factor le plus grand commun diviseur
    (d) (better than average → quality) grand, haut; (→ standard) haut, élevé; (→ mark, score) élevé, bon; (→ reputation) bon;
    our chances of success remain high nos chances de succès restent très bonnes;
    to have a high opinion of sb avoir une bonne ou haute opinion de qn;
    he has a high opinion of himself il a une haute idée de lui-même;
    to have a high profile être très en vue;
    she speaks of you in the highest terms elle dit le plus grand bien de vous;
    one of the highest honours in the arts l'un des plus grands honneurs dans le monde des arts;
    Commerce & Finance high value added à haute valeur ajoutée
    (e) (honourable → ideal, thought) noble, élevé; (→ character) noble;
    a man of high principles un homme qui a des principes (élevés);
    he took a very high moral tone il prit un ton très moralisateur;
    she has very high moral standards elle a des principes (de moralité) très élevés
    a high official un haut fonctionnaire;
    we have it on the highest authority nous le tenons de la source la plus sûre;
    to have friends in high places avoir des relations haut placées, avoir le bras long;
    of high rank de haut rang
    (g) (sound, voice) aigu(uë); Music (note) haut
    high summer plein été m;
    it was high summer c'était au cœur de l'été;
    it's high time we were leaving il est grand temps qu'on parte
    resentment was high il y avait énormément de ressentiment;
    moments of high drama des moments mpl extrêmement dramatiques;
    high adventure grande aventure f;
    to be high farce tourner à la farce
    (j) British (complexion) rougeaud, rubicond;
    to have a high colour avoir le visage congestionné
    (k) (elaborate, formal → language, style) élevé, soutenu
    (l) (prominent → cheekbones) saillant
    (m) Cards haut;
    the highest card la carte maîtresse
    (n) British (meat) avancé, faisandé; (butter, cheese) rance
    (o) (remote) haut
    a high Tory un tory ultra-conservateur;
    a high Anglican un(e) anglican(e) de tendance conservatrice
    (s) (excited) excité, énervé; (cheerful) plein d'entrain, enjoué;
    to be in high spirits être plein d'entrain;
    our spirits were high nous avions le moral;
    familiar old-fashioned we had a high old time on s'est amusés comme des fous
    to be high (drugged) planer; figurative (euphoric) être dans un état d'euphorie ;
    high on cocaine défoncé à la cocaïne;
    figurative they were high on success ils ne se sentaient plus après ce succès;
    figurative he gets high on sailing il prend son pied en faisant de la voile;
    they were (as) high as kites (drunk) ils étaient bien partis; (drugged) ils planaient; (happy) ils avaient la pêche
    (a) (at, to a height) haut, en haut; (at a great altitude) à haute altitude, à une altitude élevée;
    up high en haut;
    higher up plus haut;
    higher and higher de plus en plus haut;
    he raised both hands high il a levé les deux mains en l'air;
    the kite flew high up in the sky le cerf-volant est monté très haut dans le ciel;
    she threw the ball high into the air elle a lancé le ballon très haut;
    the geese flew high over the fields les oies volaient très haut au-dessus des champs;
    the shelf was high above her head l'étagère était bien au-dessus de sa tête;
    he rose high in the company il a accédé aux plus hauts échelons de la société;
    figurative we looked high and low for him nous l'avons cherché partout;
    figurative to set one's sights high, to aim high viser haut;
    figurative they're flying high ils visent haut, ils voient grand;
    also figurative to hold one's head high porter la tête haute;
    figurative to leave sb high and dry laisser qn en plan
    they set the price/standards too high ils ont fixé un prix/niveau trop élevé;
    I turned the heating up high j'ai mis le chauffage à fond;
    he rose higher in my esteem il est monté encore plus dans mon estime;
    salaries can go as high as £50,000 les salaires peuvent monter jusqu'à ou atteindre 50 000 livres;
    I had to go as high as £50 il a fallu que j'aille ou que je monte jusqu'à 50 livres;
    the card players played high les joueurs de cartes ont joué gros (jeu);
    to run high (river) être en crue; (sea) être houleuse ou grosse;
    feelings were running high les esprits se sont échauffés
    (c) (in tone) haut;
    I can't sing that high je ne peux pas chanter aussi haut
    to live high off or on the hog vivre comme un roi ou nabab
    3 noun
    (a) (height) haut m;
    humorous the decision came from on high la décision fut prononcée en haut lieu
    to reach a new high atteindre un nouveau record;
    prices are at an all-time high les prix ont atteint leur maximum;
    the Stock Market reached a new high la Bourse a atteint un nouveau record ou maximum;
    the highs and lows (of share prices, career, life) les hauts mpl et les bas mpl
    (c) (setting → on iron, stove)
    I put the oven on high j'ai mis le four sur très chaud
    (d) Cars (fourth gear) quatrième f; (fifth gear) cinquième f
    (e) Meteorology (anticyclone) anticyclone m
    she's been on a permanent high since he came back elle voit tout en rose depuis son retour
    Religion the Most High le Très-Haut
    ►► Religion high altar maître-autel m;
    History High Antiquity Haute Antiquité f;
    American Cars high beam feux mpl de route;
    Swimming high board plongeoir m le plus haut;
    high camp (affectation) affectation f, cabotinage m; (effeminate behaviour) manières fpl efféminées; (style) kitsch m;
    high chair chaise f haute (pour enfants);
    British Religion High Church
    1 noun
    = fraction de l'Église d'Angleterre accordant une grande importance à l'autorité du prêtre, au rituel etc
    (a) = de tendance conservatrice dans l'Église anglicane;
    British Religion High Churchman = membre du mouvement conservateur à l'intérieur de l'Église anglicane;
    high comedy Theatre comédie f au dialogue brillant;
    figurative the debate ended in scenes of high comedy le débat se termina par des scènes du plus haut comique;
    Military high command haut commandement m;
    Administration high commission haut-commissariat m;
    Administration high commissioner haut-commissaire m;
    Law the High Court (of Justice) le tribunal de grande instance (principal tribunal civil en Angleterre et au pays de Galles);
    Law High Court judge juge m du tribunal de grande instance;
    Law the High Court of Judiciary = la plus haute instance de justice en Écosse;
    Military high explosive explosif m puissant;
    high fashion haute couture f;
    high fidelity haute-fidélité f;
    high finance haute finance f;
    familiar high five = tape amicale donnée dans la paume de quelqu'un, bras levé, pour le saluer, le féliciter ou en signe de victoire;
    they always give each other a high five when they meet ils se tapent dans la main à chaque fois qu'ils se voient;
    Electronics high frequency haute fréquence f;
    high gear Cars (fourth) quatrième f (vitesse f); (fifth) cinquième f (vitesse f);
    figurative they moved into high gear ils se sont dépêchés;
    High German haut allemand m;
    high heels hauts talons mpl;
    high jump Sport saut m en hauteur;
    British familiar figurative you're for the high jump when he finds out! qu'est-ce que tu vas prendre quand il l'apprendra!;
    Sport high jumper sauteur(euse) m,f (qui fait du saut en hauteur);
    the high life la grande vie;
    she has a taste for the high life elle a des goûts de luxe;
    to lead or to live the high life mener la grande vie;
    Religion high mass, High Mass grand-messe f;
    Computing high memory mémoire f haute;
    Computing high memory area zone f de mémoire haute;
    History the High Middle Ages le Haut Moyen Âge;
    high noon plein midi m;
    at high noon à midi pile;
    American Transport High Occupancy Vehicle = voiture particulière transportant au moins deux passagers;
    Religion high place haut lieu m;
    high point (major event → of news) événement m le plus marquant; (→ of evening, holiday) point m culminant, grand moment m; (→ of film, novel) point m culminant;
    the high point of the party le clou de la soirée;
    high priest Religion grand prêtre m;
    figurative the high priests of fashion les gourous mpl de la mode;
    high priestess Religion grande prêtresse f;
    figurative the high priestess of rock la grande prêtresse du rock;
    Linguistics high register language langage m élevé ou soutenu;
    Art high relief haut-relief m;
    high rise tour f (immeuble);
    high road (main road) route f principale, grand-route f; figurative (most direct route) bonne voie f;
    he's on the high road to success il est en bonne voie de réussir;
    the high road to fame la voie de la gloire;
    American familiar high roller (spendthrift) dépensier(ère) mf; (gambler) flambeur(euse) m,f;
    high school School (in UK) = établissement d'enseignement secondaire regroupant collège et lycée; (in US) lycée m;
    she's still at high school elle est toujours scolarisée ou va toujours au lycée;
    the high seas la haute mer;
    on the high seas en haute ou pleine mer;
    high season haute ou pleine saison f;
    during the high season en haute ou pleine saison;
    British Administration High Sheriff = dans les comtés anglais et gallois, représentant officiel du monarque;
    American high sign signe m;
    to give sb the high sign faire signe à qn;
    high society haute société f, grand monde m;
    high spirits pétulance f, vitalité f, entrain m;
    to be in high spirits avoir de l'entrain, être plein d'entrain;
    to put sb in high spirits mettre qn de bonne humeur;
    (a) (major event → of news) événement m le plus marquant; (→ of evening, holiday) point m culminant, grand moment m; (→ of film, novel) point m culminant
    (b) American (place) endroit m intéressant;
    we hit all the high spots (tourists) nous avons vu toutes les attractions touristiques;
    British the high street (street) la grand-rue, la rue principale; (shops) les commerçants mpl, le commerce;
    Commerce & Economics the high street has been badly hit by the recession les commerçants ont été durement touchés par la récession;
    British high table (for guests of honour) table f d'honneur; School & University table f des professeurs;
    British high tea = repas léger pris en début de soirée et accompagné de thé;
    high tech (technology) technologie f avancée ou de pointe; (style) hi-tech m inv;
    high tide (of ocean, sea) marée f haute; figurative (of success) point m culminant;
    at high tide à marée haute;
    Theatre high tragedy grande tragédie f;
    high treason haute trahison f;
    Electricity high voltage haute tension f;
    high water (of ocean, sea) marée f haute; (of river) crue f;
    the river is at high water le fleuve est en crue;
    high wire corde f raide ou de funambule;
    to walk the high wire marcher sur la corde raide
    ✾ Film 'High Noon' Zinnemann 'Le Train sifflera trois fois'

    Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > high

  • 20 study

    ˈstʌdɪ
    1. сущ.
    1) а) изучение, исследование (of) to conduct, do a study ≈ проводить исследования careful study, detailed study, exhaustive study, thorough study ≈ полное исследование, исчерпывающее исследование, всестороннее исследование scientific study ≈ научный труд Syn: inquiry б) обыкн. мн. приобретение знаний to complete study ≈ завершить учебу to pursue one's study ≈ продолжать обучение в) наука, область науки г) штудии, этюды, научные занятия д) предмет (достойный) изучения е) научная работа, монография;
    очерк, исследование, статья
    2) а) рабочий кабинет б) глубокая задумчивость( обыкн. brown study)
    3) а) иск. набросок, эскиз, этюд б) муз. упражнение, этюд
    4) театр. об актере, заучивающем роль
    2. гл.
    1) а) изучать, исследовать Syn: consider, contemplate, ponder, weigh Ant: neglect, scan, slight б) заниматься, учиться to study under smb. ≈ учиться у кого-л. to study diligently, hard ≈ усердно учиться, прилежно заниматься to study under a well-known professor ≈ заниматься под руководством знаменитого професссора to study how to survive in the wilderness ≈ учиться выживать в условиях дикой местности в) готовиться( к экзамену и т. п.) (for)
    2) а) заботиться( о чем-л.) б) стремиться( к чему-л.), стараться
    3) рассматривать, обдумывать;
    уст. размышлять
    4) заучивать наизустьstudy out study up изучение, исследование;
    научные занятия - the * of mathematics изучение математики - the * of foreign trade изучение внешней торговли - a direct * of interplanetary space непосредственное изучение межпланетного пространства - to be fond of * любить научные занятия, с увлечением заниматься наукой - to make a * of a literary period тщательно изучать какой-л. литературный период - my studies have convinced me that... мои исследования убедили меня в том, что... изучение, рассмотрение (вопроса и т. п.) - after the * of the matter... после изучения этого вопроса... - the proposal is under * это предложение сейчас изучается /рассматривается/ обследование - field * обследование на местах обыкн. pl приобретение знаний, учение;
    занятия - * group семинар - * hall зал для занятий;
    читальня, читальный зал - * carrels специальный читательский стол с перегородками (в библиотеке) - * time учебное время, часы учебы (в школе и т. п.) - to squander * time прогуливать занятия /уроки/ - to begin one's studies приступать к занятиям /к учебе/ - to continue one's studies продолжать занятия /учебу/ - he would neglect his studies when he was at school в школе он манкировал занятиями - he did not complete his college studies он не закончил курса в колледже наука;
    область науки - history and allied studies история и родственные ей предметы (тк. в ед. ч.) предмет (достойный) изучения - man is their * человек - предмет их исследований - his face was a * на его лицо стоило посмотреть научная работа, монография - a new * of Shakespeare новая работа (книга) о Шекспире очерк (искусство) этюд, эскиз, набросок - a * of a head эскиз головы (музыкальное) этюд - a * by Chopin этюд Шопена забота;
    старание - he made my health his * он взял на себя заботы о моем здоровье - her constant * was how to please them она всегда старалась угодить им - to make a * of smth. поставить что-л. себе целью - it will be my * to write well я поставлю себе целью /буду стараться, приложу все старания, чтобы/ правильно писать (тк. в ед. ч.) глубокая задумчивость - in a brown * в (глубоком) раздумье;
    в размышлении - to be (lost) in /to fall into / a brown * погрузиться в глубокое раздумье рабочий кабинет (в квартире ученого, писателя и т. п.) (театроведение) актер, заучивающий роль - he is a quick /a good/ * он быстро запоминает роль изучать, исследовать;
    рассматривать;
    обдумывать - to * the situation изучить /рассмотреть, обдумать/ положение - I shall * your problem я рассмотрю /обдумаю/ ваш вопрос - he studied the map он изучал /разглядывал/ карту - to * smb.'s face внимательно следить за выражением чьего-л. лица учить, изучать что-л. - to * history изучать историю;
    заниматься историей учиться, заниматься - to * hard прилежно учиться - to * under a famous professor учиться у знаменитого профессора (for) готовиться (к чему-л.) - to * for an examination готовиться к экзамену - to * for the medical profession, to * to be a doctor готовиться стать врачом - to * for the bar готовиться к карьере адвоката - he is *ing for a degree in economics он готовится к получению степени бакалавра экономических наук заботиться (о чем-л.) ;
    стремиться (к чему-л.) - to * smb.'s comfort заботиться о чьих-л. удобствах - to * one's own interests преследовать собственные интересы - he studies to do the right thing он стремится поступать правильно - nobody studied to hurt him никто не хотел его обидеть - they studied nothing but revenge они стремились только к мести( разговорное) угождать, ублажать - I have a wife to * я должен считаться с женой заучивать наизусть (роль - об актерах) analog ~ исследование методом моделирования analytical ~ аналитическое исследование ~ (обыкн. pl) приобретение знаний;
    to begin one's studies приступать к учебе case ~ изучение конкретного вопроса (дела) case ~ method педагогический прием для развития критического отношения учащихся к материалу и способности оценивать ситуацию cost effectiveness ~ изучение экономической эффективности cost effectiveness ~ изучение эффективности затрат distance ~ заочное образование feasibility ~ анализ технической осуществимости feasibility ~ анализ экономической целесообразности feasibility ~ изучение возможности осуществления feasibility ~ исследование осуществимости проекта functional ~ функциональное исследование group case ~ групповой анализ конкретных ситуаций group case ~ групповой разбор конкретных проблем ~ театр. тот, кто заучивает роль;
    he is a good (a slow) study он быстро (медленно) заучивает роль ~ готовиться (к экзамену и т. п.;
    for) ;
    he is studying for the bar он готовится к карьере адвоката ~ уст. забота, старание;
    her constant study was to work well она всегда старалась хорошо работать ~ предмет (достойный) изучения;
    his face was a perfect study на его лицо стоило посмотреть ~ изучение, исследование (of) ;
    научные занятия;
    to make a study of тщательно изучать;
    much given to study увлекающийся научными занятиями methods ~ изучение методов организации труда methods ~ изучение методов работы motion ~ изучение трудовых движений ~ изучение, исследование (of) ;
    научные занятия;
    to make a study of тщательно изучать;
    much given to study увлекающийся научными занятиями nature ~ изучение природы;
    наблюдение за явлениями природы personal case ~ персональное расследование pilot ~ предварительное исследование preliminary ~ предварительное изучение study глубокая задумчивость (обыкн. brown study) ~ готовиться (к экзамену и т. п.;
    for) ;
    he is studying for the bar он готовится к карьере адвоката ~ уст. забота, старание;
    her constant study was to work well она всегда старалась хорошо работать ~ заботиться (о чем-л.) ;
    стремиться (к чему-л.), стараться;
    study to wrong no man старайтесь никого не обидеть ~ заниматься, учиться ~ заучивать наизусть ~ изучать, исследовать;
    рассматривать;
    обдумывать ~ изучать, исследовать ~ изучать ~ изучение, исследование (of) ;
    научные занятия;
    to make a study of тщательно изучать;
    much given to study увлекающийся научными занятиями ~ изучение, исследование ~ изучение ~ исследование ~ наука;
    область науки ~ наука ~ научная работа, монография ~ научная работа, монография ~ научная работа ~ научные занятия ~ область науки ~ очерк ~ предмет (достойный) изучения;
    his face was a perfect study на его лицо стоило посмотреть ~ предмет изучения ~ (обыкн. pl) приобретение знаний;
    to begin one's studies приступать к учебе ~ рабочий кабинет ~ уст. размышлять;
    study out выяснить;
    разобрать;
    study up готовиться к экзамену ~ театр. тот, кто заучивает роль;
    he is a good (a slow) study он быстро (медленно) заучивает роль ~ муз. этюд, упражнение ~ иск. этюд, эскиз, набросок to ~ another's comfort заботиться об удобстве других;
    to study one's own interests преследовать собственные интересы to ~ another's comfort заботиться об удобстве других;
    to study one's own interests преследовать собственные интересы ~ уст. размышлять;
    study out выяснить;
    разобрать;
    study up готовиться к экзамену ~ заботиться (о чем-л.) ;
    стремиться (к чему-л.), стараться;
    study to wrong no man старайтесь никого не обидеть ~ уст. размышлять;
    study out выяснить;
    разобрать;
    study up готовиться к экзамену time ~ система нормативов времени time ~ хронометраж time ~ хронометрирование

    Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > study

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  • Economics of global warming — This article describes the economics of global warming and climate change. Contents 1 Definitions 2 Climate change science 3 Scenarios 4 Trends and projections …   Wikipedia

  • economics — /ek euh nom iks, ee keuh /, n. 1. (used with a sing. v.) the science that deals with the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services, or the material welfare of humankind. 2. (used with a pl. v.) financial considerations;… …   Universalium

  • economics — The study of the economy. See also: macroeconomics; microeconomics; Keynesian economics, monetarism ( monetarist), and supply side economics. Bloomberg Financial Dictionary * * * economics ec‧o‧nom‧ics [ˌekəˈnɒmɪks, ˌiː ǁ ˈnɑː ] noun ECONOMICS …   Financial and business terms

  • degree — noun 1 measurement of angles VERB + DEGREE ▪ rotate, spin, turn ▪ I turned the wheel 90 degrees, PREPOSITION ▪ through … degrees ▪ …   Collocations dictionary

  • degree — [[t]dɪgri͟ː[/t]] ♦♦ degrees 1) N COUNT: with supp, usu N of n You use degree to indicate the extent to which something happens or is the case, or the amount which something is felt. These man made barriers will ensure a very high degree of… …   English dictionary

  • Economics of fascism — The economics of fascism refers to the economic policies implemented by fascist governments. Fascism itself is a term used to refer to totalitarian nationalist and corporatist movements. [Heater, Derek Benjamin. 1967. Political Ideas in the… …   Wikipedia

  • degree — de|gree W1S3 [dıˈgri:] n [Date: 1200 1300; : Old French; Origin: degré, from Latin gradus step, grade ] 1.) written abbreviation deg. a unit for measuring temperature. It can be shown as a symbol after a number. For example, 70º means 70 degrees… …   Dictionary of contemporary English

  • economics — [[t]i͟ːkənɒ̱mɪks, e̱k [/t]] ♦♦♦ 1) N UNCOUNT Economics is the study of the way in which money, industry, and trade are organized in a society. → See also home economics He gained a first class Honours degree in economics. 2) N UNCOUNT The… …   English dictionary

  • degree — /dI gri:/ noun 1 ANGLES/TEMPERATURE (C) a unit of measurement, especially for temperature or angles 2 AMOUNT (C, U) the amount of a quality that exists or how much something happens (+ of): People will choose the party that offers some degree of… …   Longman dictionary of contemporary English

  • economics — [ˌekəˈnɒmɪks] , [ˌiːkəˈnɒmɪks] noun [U] the study of the way that goods and services are produced and sold and the way that money is managed a degree in economics[/ex] …   Dictionary for writing and speaking English

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