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81 retard

transitive verb

verzögern; retardieren (bes. Physiol., Psych.)

* * *

verb

(to make slower or later: The country's economic progress was retarded by strikes; The baby's development was retarded by an accident he had shortly after birth.) verzögern

- academic.ru/61930/retardation">retardation
- retarded
* * *

re·tard

I. vt

[rɪˈtɑ:d, AM -ˈtɑ:rd]

( form)

▪ to \retard sth etw verzögern [o verlangsamen]

to \retard the development of a country die Entwicklung eines Landes aufhalten

to \retard economic growth das Wirtschaftswachstum bremsen

II. n

[AM ˈri:tɑ:rd]

AM (pej! fam) Idiot m pej

get out of my way, \retard! aus dem Weg, du Blödmann!

* * *
[rɪ'tAːd]
1. vt
development verlangsamen, verzögern; explosion verzögern; (AUT) ignition verzögern; (BIOL, PHYS) retardieren
2. n
['riːtAːd] (pej sl: handicapped person) Spasti m (sl), Behindi m (sl)
* * *

retard [rıˈtɑː(r)d]

A v/t

1. verlangsamen, aufhalten, hemmen

2. PHYS retardieren, verzögern, Elektronen bremsen:

be retarded nacheilen

3. BIOL retardieren

4. jemandes Entwicklung hemmen:

(mentally) retarded PSYCH entwicklungsverzögert

5. AUTO die Zündung nachstellen:

retarded ignition

a) verzögerte Zündung,

b) Spätzündung f

B v/i sich verzögern, zurückbleiben

C s

1. → retardation

2. [ˈriːˌtɑːrd] US sl Idiot(in)

* * *

transitive verb

verzögern; retardieren (bes. Physiol., Psych.)

* * *

v.

bremsen v.

verzögern v.

zurückhalten v.

English-german dictionary > retard
82 work

1) работа; действие; деятельность || работать; действовать

2) обработка || обрабатывать

3) заготовка; обрабатываемая деталь

4) pl завод; мастерские

5) pl конструкции, строительные конструкции

6) pl подвижные органы; действующие элементы ( конструкции)

7) исполнение

•

work being cut — заготовка, обрабатываемая резанием; разрезаемая заготовка

work being turned between centers — деталь, обтачиваемая в центрах; центровая деталь

work in process — 1) незавершённое производство 2) обрабатываемая деталь

work in progress — незавершённое производство

work on a workpiece — обработка заготовки

to drive into a work equally — равномерно врезаться в заготовку

to hold a work — зажимать заготовку

to job work out — передавать работу на сторону

to put a work on the machine — устанавливать заготовку на станок

to set a work true — правильно выставлять заготовку ( перед обработкой)

- alternating shift work
- angular work
- assembly work
- axial work
- back work
- back-end work
- bar fed work
- bar work
- batch production work
- batch repetition work
- batch work
- between-centers shaft work
- between-centers work
- boring work
- bright work
- broaching work
- cam work
- C-axis work
- center work
- centerless work
- chucked work
- chucking work
- circuit-board work
- close tolerance work
- combined shaft and chucking work
- contour work
- contour-cutting work
- contouring work
- coordinate grid work
- copying work
- corner-to-corner work
- creep feed work
- cutting work
- cylindrical work
- development work
- diagrammatic work
- die work
- dovetail work
- drilling work
- elementary work of force
- erecting work
- erection work
- expended work
- external work
- facing work
- fine work
- finishing work
- first operation work
- five-axis work
- fixtured work
- flat surface work
- flat work
- frame work
- gaging work
- graphic work
- grinding work
- hard work
- heavy-duty work
- high-volume repetition work
- high-volume work
- horizontal work
- hot work
- in-cycle secong operation work
- information work
- internal work
- investigative work
- irregular work
- key work
- large-batch-size work
- lathe work
- layout work
- light production work
- link work
- load/offload work
- low-level CAD work
- low-volume work
- machine work
- maintaining work
- maintenance work
- mandrel work
- mandrel-held work
- measurement-based work
- medium-batch work
- medium-sized work
- medium-volume work
- milling work
- motion work
- multisided work
- NC milling work
- negative work
- night-unattended work
- nonexacting work
- off-center work
- one-hit work
- ornate scroll work
- out-of-tolerance work
- pallet work
- pallet-mounted work
- parallel work
- piece work
- pilot design work
- planer work
- point-to-point work
- precision work
- prismatic work
- process work
- product development work
- production work
- programming work
- prototype work
- pulling work
- pushing work
- R and D work
- radial work
- reaming work
- repetition work
- robot development work
- rotary work
- rotating tool-type work
- rough work
- roughing work
- round work
- safe work
- scheduled work
- scientific information work
- scientific work
- scroll work
- second-op work
- second-operation work
- semifinishing work
- shaft work
- shift work
- short-batch work
- short-run batch work
- short-run work
- single-shift work
- site work
- sizing work
- small section work
- small-batch work
- small-envelope milling work
- small-sized work
- starting work
- stationary tool-type work
- stop work
- taper work
- tapered work
- thicknessing work
- TL work
- to work off
- to work out
- tool room work
- tool work
- turned work
- useful work
- vertical work
- volume production work
- work of force

English-Russian dictionary of mechanical engineering and automation > work
83 project

n ком. проект; план; a проектний; плановий

наперед визначена система заходів, що передбачає порядок, послідовність і строки виконання робіт

═════════■═════════

agreed-on project узгоджений проект; building project проект будівництва; capital project інвестиційний проект • програма капіталовкладень; construction project проект будівництва; contract project контрактний проект; development project дослідно-конструкторська робота • науково-технічна розробка; export project план експорту; final project остаточний проект; follow-on project завдання на доробку; industrial project проект будівництва промислового об'єкта; in-house project проект, здійснений власними силами; international project міжнародний проект; investment project інвестиційний проект • програма капіталовкладень; joint project спільний проект; large-scale project великомасштабний проект; licensed project ліцензований проект; long-term project довгостроковий проект; major project важливий проект; make-work project проект створення робочих місць • план зайнятості; mandatory projects обов'язкові проекти; pilot project експериментальний проект; priority project пріоритетний проект; promotional project проект організації заходів стимулювання збуту; representative project типовий проект; short-term project короткостроковий проект; standard project типовий проект; technical project технічний проект; umbrella project всеосяжний проект

═════════□═════════

development of a project розробка проекту; project committee проектна група; project control управління проектом; project coordinator координатор проекту; project department проектний відділ; project director керівник проекту; project documentation проектна документація; project in progress незавершений проект; project in the planning stage проект на початковому етапі розробки; project management управління проектом; project management group група управління проектом; project manager менеджер проекту; project plan проектний план; project purchase придбання проекту; project report звіт про виконання проекту; project under construction об'єкт, який будується; research and development project науково-дослідний проект; to abandon a project відмовлятися/відмовитися від проекту; to approve a project схвалювати/схвалити проект; to carry out a project здійснювати/здійснити проект; to complete a project завершувати/завершити здійснення проекту • завершувати/завершити проект; to develop a project розробити/ розробляти проект; to endorse a project схвалювати/схвалити проект; to evaluate a project оцінювати/оцінити проект; to expand a project розширяти/розширити проект; to finalize a project завершувати/завершити здійснення проекту; to finance a project фінансувати/профінансувати проект; to fund a project фінансувати/профінансувати проект; to handle a project здійснювати/здійснити проект; to hand over a project передавати/ передати проект; to implement a project здійснювати/здійснити проект; to launch a project починати/почати здійснення проекту; to outline a project окреслювати/окреслити проект; to participate in a project брати/взяти участь в проекті; to present a project подавати/подати проект на розгляд; to research a project досліджувати/дослідити проект; to review a project переглядати/переглянути проект; to revise a project переглядати/переглянути проект; to submit a project for approval подавати/подати проект на затвердження; to support a project підтримувати/підтримати проект; to take over a project приймати/прийняти від когось проект; to undertake a project брати/взяти на себе проект; to work onaproject працювати над проектом; to work out a project опрацьовувати/опрацювати проект

The English-Ukrainian Dictionary > project
84 cost

1. n

1) цена; стоимость; себестоимость

2) обыкн. pl расходы, издержки, затраты

3) pl судебные издержки, судебные расходы

- absorbed costs
- accident costs
- acquisition cost
- actual cost
- actual costs
- actual manufacturing cost
- added cost
- additional cost
- adjusted historical cost
- administration costs
- administrative costs
- administrative and management costs
- administrative and operational services costs
- advertising costs
- after costs
- after-shipment costs
- aggregate costs
- agreed cost
- airfreight cost
- allocable costs
- allowable costs
- alternative costs
- amortization costs
- amortized cost
- ancillary costs
- annual costs
- anticipated costs
- applied cost
- arbitration costs
- assembly costs
- assessed cost
- average cost
- average costs
- average cost per unit
- average variable costs
- avoidable costs
- back-order costs
- basic cost
- billed cost
- book cost
- borrowing cost
- breakage cost
- break-even costs
- budget costs
- budgeted cost
- budgeted costs
- budgeted operating costs
- building costs
- burden costs
- calculated costs
- capacity costs
- capital costs
- capital floatation costs
- carriage costs
- carrying cost
- carrying costs
- centrally-managed costs
- changeover costs
- cleaning costs
- clerical costs
- closing costs
- collection costs
- combined cost
- commercial cost
- commercial costs
- committed costs
- common staff costs
- comparative costs
- competitive costs
- competitive marginal costs
- complaint costs
- conditional cost
- consequential costs
- considerable costs
- constant cost
- constant costs
- construction costs
- contract cost
- contractual costs
- controllable costs
- court costs
- crane costs
- credit costs
- cumulative costs
- current cost
- current costs
- current outlay costs
- current standard cost
- cycle inventory costs
- debt-servicing costs
- declining costs
- decorating costs
- decreasing costs
- defect costs
- defence costs
- deferred costs
- deficiency costs
- degressive costs
- delivery costs
- departmental costs
- depleted cost
- depreciable cost
- depreciated cost
- depreciated replacement cost
- depreciation costs
- designing costs
- deterioration costs
- development costs
- differential costs
- direct costs
- direct labour costs
- direct operating costs
- direct payroll costs
- discretionary fixed costs
- dismantling costs
- distribution costs
- distribution marketing cost
- domestic resource costs
- double-weighted borrowing cost
- downtime costs
- economic costs
- eligible costs
- engineering costs
- entry cost
- environmental costs
- equipment capital costs
- erection costs
- escalating costs
- escapable costs
- estimated cost
- estimated costs
- evaluation cost
- excess cost
- excess costs
- excessive costs
- exhibition costs
- exploration costs
- extra costs
- extra and extraordinary costs
- extraordinary costs
- fabrication cost
- factor cost
- factor costs
- factory cost
- factory costs
- factory overhead costs
- failure costs
- farm production costs
- farmer's cost
- farming costs
- feed costs
- fertilizing costs
- final cost
- financial costs
- financing costs
- first cost
- fixed costs
- fixed capital replacement costs
- flat cost
- floatation costs
- food costs
- foreign housing costs
- formation costs
- freight costs
- fuel costs
- full cost
- full costs
- funding cost
- general costs
- general running costs
- government-controlled production costs
- guarantee costs
- harvesting costs
- haul costs
- haulage costs
- heavy costs
- hedging cost
- hidden costs
- high cost
- hiring costs
- historical cost
- hospitality costs
- hotel costs
- hourly costs
- idle capacity costs
- idle time costs
- implicit costs
- implied interest costs
- imputed costs
- incidental costs
- increasing costs
- incremental costs
- incremental cost of capital
- incremental costs of circulation
- incremental costs of service
- incurred costs
- indirect costs
- indirect labour costs
- indirect manufacturing costs
- indirect payroll costs
- indirect production costs
- individual costs
- industrial costs
- industry-average costs
- initial cost
- inland freight cost
- inspection costs
- installation costs
- insurance costs
- insured cost
- intangible costs
- integrated cost
- interest costs
- inventoriable costs
- inventory cost
- inventory costs
- inventory acquisition costs
- inventory possession costs
- investigation costs
- investment costs
- invoiced cost
- issuing cost
- joint cost
- labour costs
- landed cost
- launching cost
- launching costs
- layoff costs
- legal costs
- legitimate costs
- life cycle costs
- life repair cost
- liquidation cost
- litigation costs
- living costs
- loading costs
- loan cost
- long-run average costs
- long-run marginal costs
- low costs
- low operating costs
- lump-sum costs
- machining cost
- maintenance costs
- maintenance-and-repair costs
- management costs
- man-power cost
- man-power costs
- manufacturing cost
- manufacturing costs
- manufacturing overhead costs
- marginal costs
- marginal-factor costs
- maritime costs
- marketing costs
- material costs
- material handling costs
- merchandising costs
- miscellaneous costs
- mixed cost
- mounting costs
- net cost
- nominal cost
- nonmanufacturing costs
- obsolescence costs
- offering cost
- one-off costs
- one-off costs of acquiring land, buildings and equipment
- one-shot costs
- operating costs
- operation costs
- operational costs
- opportunity costs
- order cost
- ordering cost
- order initiation cost
- ordinary costs
- organization costs
- organizational costs
- original cost
- original cost of the assets
- original cost of capital
- out-of-pocket costs
- overall cost
- overall costs
- overhead costs
- overtime costs
- own costs
- owning costs
- packaging cost
- packing cost
- past costs
- past sunk costs
- payroll cost
- payroll costs
- penalty cost
- penalty costs
- period costs
- permissible costs
- personnel costs
- piece costs
- planned costs
- postponable costs
- predetermined costs
- prepaid costs
- preproduction costs
- prime cost
- processing costs
- procurement costs
- product cost
- production cost
- production costs
- product unit cost
- progress-generating costs
- progressive costs
- prohibitive costs
- project costs
- project development cost
- projected costs
- promotional costs
- protected costs
- publicity costs
- purchase costs
- purchasing costs
- pure costs of circulation
- quality costs
- quality-inspection costs
- real cost
- real costs
- recall costs
- reconstruction cost
- recoverable cost
- recurring costs
- reduction costs
- reimbursable cost
- relative cost
- relevant costs
- removal costs
- renewal cost
- reoperating costs
- reoperation costs
- reorder cost
- repair cost
- repair costs
- replacement cost
- replacement costs
- replacement cost at market rates
- replacement cost of borrowing
- replacement cost of capital assets
- replacement cost of equipment
- replacement depreciation cost
- replenishment cost
- reproduction cost
- reproduction costs
- research costs
- research and development costs
- reservation costs
- rework costs
- rising costs
- road maintenance costs
- running costs
- run-on costs
- salvage cost
- salvage costs
- scheduled costs
- scrap cost
- selling costs
- semi-variable costs
- service costs
- servicing costs
- setting-up costs
- set-up costs
- shadow costs
- shelter costs
- shipping costs
- shortage costs
- single cost
- social costs
- social marginal costs
- social overhead costs
- sorting costs
- special costs
- specification costs
- spoilage costs
- staff costs
- stand costs
- standard cost
- standard costs
- standard direct labour costs
- standard direct materials cost
- standard factory overhead cost
- standing costs
- start-up costs
- stepped costs
- stocking cost
- stockout costs
- storage costs
- sunk costs
- supervision costs
- supplementary costs
- supplementary costs of circulation
- tangible costs
- target cost
- target costs
- taxable cost of shares
- tentative cost
- time-related cost
- total cost
- training cost
- training costs
- transaction costs
- transfer costs
- transhipment costs
- transport costs
- transportation costs
- travel costs
- travelling costs
- trim costs
- true cost
- true costs
- trust cost
- unamortized cost
- unavoidable costs
- underwriting cost
- unexpired costs
- unit cost
- unit costs
- unloading costs
- unrecovered cost
- unscheduled costs
- upkeep costs
- upward costs
- utility's costs
- variable costs
- variable capital costs
- wage costs
- war costs
- warehouse costs
- warehousing costs
- weighted average cost
- welfare costs
- wintering costs
- working cost
- working costs
- costs for bunker
- costs for storing
- costs of administration
- cost of appraisal
- cost of arbitration
- cost of borrowing
- cost of boxing
- cost of bunker
- cost of capital
- cost of capital deeping
- cost of carriage
- cost of carry
- cost of carrying inventory
- costs of circulation
- cost of civil engineering work
- cost of construction
- cost of a contract
- cost of credit
- cost of delivery
- cost of demonstration
- cost of discounting
- cost of disposal
- cost of education
- cost of equipment
- cost of equity capital
- cost of filing
- cost of financing
- cost of fixed capital
- cost of funds
- cost of goods
- cost of haulage
- cost of hotel accommodation
- costs of housing
- costs of idleness
- cost of installation
- cost of insurance
- costs of inventory
- cost of issue
- cost of labour
- cost of a licence
- cost of living
- cost of manpower
- cost of manufacture
- cost of manufactured goods
- cost of manufacturing
- costs of material
- costs of material inputs
- cost of money
- cost of obtaining funds
- costs of operations
- cost of an order
- cost of packaging
- cost of packing
- cost of postage
- costs of production
- cost of product sold
- cost of a project
- cost of publication
- cost of putting goods into a saleable condition
- cost of reclamation
- cost of reinsurance
- costs of reliability
- cost of renting
- cost of renting a trading post
- cost of repairs
- costs of routine maintenance
- cost of sales
- costs of sales
- cost of scrap
- cost of service
- cost of servicing
- costs of shipping
- cost of storage
- cost of a suit
- costs of supervision
- cost of tare
- costs of trackage
- costs of transportation
- cost of work
- cost per inquiry
- costs per unit
- above cost
- at cost
- at the cost of
- at extra cost
- below cost
- less costs
- minus costs
- next to cost
- under cost
- with costs
- without regard to cost
- exclusive of costs
- free of cost
- cost of market, whichever is lower
- cost plus percentage of cost
- absorb costs
- allocate costs
- assess the cost
- assess costs
- assume costs
- award costs against smb.
- bear costs
- calculate costs
- charge cost
- compute the cost
- cover the cost
- cover costs
- curb costs
- curtail costs
- cut down on costs
- cut production costs
- decrease the cost
- defray the costs
- determine the cost
- disregard costs
- distort the cost
- distribute costs
- entail costs
- estimate costs
- exceed the cost
- impose costs
- increase cost
- incur costs
- inflict economic and social costs
- involve costs
- itemize costs
- keep down costs
- meet the cost
- meet costs
- offset the cost
- offset the costs
- offset high interest costs
- overestimate production costs
- pay costs
- prune away costs
- push up costs
- recompense the cost
- recoup the cost
- recover costs
- reduce costs
- refund the cost
- revise the cost
- save costs
- sell at a cost
- share the cost
- slash costs
- split up the cost
- trim costs
- write off costs
- write off costs against revenues
- write off capital costs
2. v

1) стоить

2) назначать цену

English-russian dctionary of contemporary Economics > cost
85 elaboration

разработка имя существительное:
разработка (development, design, elaboration, working, engineering, operation)

выработка (production, output, elaboration, make, yield, productivity)

развитие (development, growth, evolution, progress, extension, elaboration)

уточнение (elaboration, qualification, rectification)

совершенствование (perfection, development, perfecting, enhancement, elaboration)

переработка (conversion, elaboration, recast)

тщательная разработка (elaboration)

сложность (complexity, complication, intricacy, complicacy, delicacy, elaboration)

тщательность (thoroughness, accuracy, rigor, particularity, exactness, elaboration)

Англо-русский синонимический словарь > elaboration
86 evolution

эволюция имя существительное:
эволюция (evolution, development)

развитие (development, growth, evolution, progress, extension, elaboration)

перестроение (evolution)

развертывание (deployment, deploy, development, evolution, Discovery, explication)

постепенное изменение (evolution)

маневр (maneuver, evolution, opening gambit, manoeuvre)

выделение газа (gassing, evolution)

извлечение корня (evolution)

передвижение (movement, locomotion, shift, evolution)

выведение (breeding, inference, deduction, raising, nurture, evolution)

Англо-русский синонимический словарь > evolution
87 Varian, Russell Harrison

SUBJECT AREA: Electronics and information technology, Telecommunications

[br]

b. 24 April 1898 Washington, DC, USA

d. 28 July 1959 Juneau, Alaska, USA

[br]

American physicist who, with his brother Sigurd Varian and others, developed the klystron.

[br]

After attending schools in Palo Alto and Halcyon, Russell Varian went to Stanford University, gaining his BA in 1925 and his MA in 1927 despite illness and being dyslexic. His family being in need of financial help, he first worked for six months for Bush Electric in San Francisco and then for an oil company in Texas, returning to San Francisco in 1930 to join Farnsworth's Television Laboratory. After a move to Philadelphia, in 1933 the laboratory closed and Russell tried to take up a PhD course at Stanford but was rejected, so he trained as a teacher. However, although he did some teaching at Stanford it was not to be his career, for in 1935 he joined his brothers Sigurd and Eric in the setting up of a home laboratory.

There, with William Hansen, a former colleague of Russell's at Stanford, they worked on the development of microwave oscillators, based on some of the latter's ideas. By 1937 they had made sufficient progress on an electron velocity-bunching tube, which they called the klystron, to obtain an agreement with the university to provide laboratory facilities in return for a share of any proceeds. By August that year they were able to produce continuous power at a wavelength of 13 cm. Clearly needing greater resources to develop and manufacture the tube, and with a possible war looming, a deal was struck with the Sperry Gyroscope Company to finance the work, which was transferred to the East Coast.

In 1946, after the death of his first wife, Russell returned to Palo Alto, and in 1948 the brothers and Hansen founded Varian Associates to make microwave tubes for transmitters and linear accelerators and nuclear magnetic-resonance detectors. Subsequent research also resulted in the development of a satellite-borne magnetometer for measuring the earth's magnetic field.

[br]

Principal Honours and Distinctions

Honorary DSc Brooklyn Polytechnic Institute 1943. Franklin Institute Medal.

Bibliography

1939, with S.F.Varian, "High frequency oscillator and amplifier", Journal of Applied Physics 10:321 (describes the klystron).

Further Reading

J.R.Pierce, 1962, "History of the microwave tube art", Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers 979 (provides background to development of the klystron).

D.Varian, 1983, The Inventor and the Pilot (biographies of the brothers).

See also: Varian, Sigurd Fergus

KF

Biographical history of technology > Varian, Russell Harrison
88 Williamson, David Theodore Nelson

SUBJECT AREA: Electronics and information technology, Recording

[br]

b. 15 February 1923 Edinburgh, Scotland

d. 1992 Italy

[br]

Scottish engineer, inventor of the Williamson Amplifier and computer-controlled machine tools.

[br]

D.T.N.Williamson was educated at George Heriot's School, Edinburgh, and studied mechanical engineering at the University of Edinburgh and electrical engineering at Heriot-Watt College (now Heriot-Watt University), Edinburgh. He joined the MO Valve Company in London in 1943 and worked in his spare time on improving the sound reproduction for gramophones, and in 1946 invented the "Williamson Amplifier".

That same year Williamson returned to Edinburgh as a development engineer with Ferranti Ltd, where he was employed in developing computer-controlled machining systems. In 1961 he was appointed Director of Research and Development at Molins Ltd, where he continued work on computer-controlled machine tools. He invented the Molins System 24, which employed a number of machine tools, all under computer control, and is generally acknowledged as a significant step in the development of manufacturing systems. In 1974 he joined Rank Xerox and became Director of Research before taking early retirement to live in Italy. Between 1954 and 1979 he served on numerous committees relating to computer-aided design, manufacturing technology and mechanical engineering in general.

[br]

Principal Honours and Distinctions

FRS 1968.

Bibliography

Williamson was author of several papers and articles, and contributed to the Electronic

Engineers' Reference Book (1959), Progress in Automation (1960) and the Numerical Control Handbook (1968).

RTS

Biographical history of technology > Williamson, David Theodore Nelson
89 Artificial Intelligence

   1) Programs and the Complexity of Human Mental Processes

   In my opinion, none of [these programs] does even remote justice to the complexity of human mental processes. Unlike men, "artificially intelligent" programs tend to be single minded, undistractable, and unemotional. (Neisser, 1967, p. 9)

   2) Artificial Intelligence Is an Engineering Discipline

   Future progress in [artificial intelligence] will depend on the development of both practical and theoretical knowledge.... As regards theoretical knowledge, some have sought a unified theory of artificial intelligence. My view is that artificial intelligence is (or soon will be) an engineering discipline since its primary goal is to build things. (Nilsson, 1971, pp. vii-viii)

   3) A Sceptical View of Artificial Intelligence

   Most workers in AI [artificial intelligence] research and in related fields confess to a pronounced feeling of disappointment in what has been achieved in the last 25 years. Workers entered the field around 1950, and even around 1960, with high hopes that are very far from being realized in 1972. In no part of the field have the discoveries made so far produced the major impact that was then promised.... In the meantime, claims and predictions regarding the potential results of AI research had been publicized which went even farther than the expectations of the majority of workers in the field, whose embarrassments have been added to by the lamentable failure of such inﬂated predictions....

   When able and respected scientists write in letters to the present author that AI, the major goal of computing science, represents "another step in the general process of evolution"; that possibilities in the 1980s include an all-purpose intelligence on a human-scale knowledge base; that awe-inspiring possibilities suggest themselves based on machine intelligence exceeding human intelligence by the year 2000 [one has the right to be skeptical]. (Lighthill, 1972, p. 17)

   4) Just as Astronomy Succeeded Astrology, the Discovery of Intellectual Processes in Machines Should Lead to a Science, Eventually

   Just as astronomy succeeded astrology, following Kepler's discovery of planetary regularities, the discoveries of these many principles in empirical explorations on intellectual processes in machines should lead to a science, eventually. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)

   5) Problems in Machine Intelligence Arise Because Things Obvious to Any Person Are Not Represented in the Program

   Many problems arise in experiments on machine intelligence because things obvious to any person are not represented in any program. One can pull with a string, but one cannot push with one.... Simple facts like these caused serious problems when Charniak attempted to extend Bobrow's "Student" program to more realistic applications, and they have not been faced up to until now. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 77)

   6) The Meaning of a Symbolic Description

   What do we mean by [a symbolic] "description"? We do not mean to suggest that our descriptions must be made of strings of ordinary language words (although they might be). The simplest kind of description is a structure in which some features of a situation are represented by single ("primitive") symbols, and relations between those features are represented by other symbols-or by other features of the way the description is put together. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)

   7) The Principle of Artificial Intelligence

   [AI is] the use of computer programs and programming techniques to cast light on the principles of intelligence in general and human thought in particular. (Boden, 1977, p. 5)

   8) Artificial Intelligence Recognizes the Need for Knowledge in Its Systems

   The word you look for and hardly ever see in the early AI literature is the word knowledge. They didn't believe you have to know anything, you could always rework it all.... In fact 1967 is the turning point in my mind when there was enough feeling that the old ideas of general principles had to go.... I came up with an argument for what I called the primacy of expertise, and at the time I called the other guys the generalists. (Moses, quoted in McCorduck, 1979, pp. 228-229)

   9) Artificial Intelligence Is Psychology in a Particularly Pure and Abstract Form

   The basic idea of cognitive science is that intelligent beings are semantic engines-in other words, automatic formal systems with interpretations under which they consistently make sense. We can now see why this includes psychology and artificial intelligence on a more or less equal footing: people and intelligent computers (if and when there are any) turn out to be merely different manifestations of the same underlying phenomenon. Moreover, with universal hardware, any semantic engine can in principle be formally imitated by a computer if only the right program can be found. And that will guarantee semantic imitation as well, since (given the appropriate formal behavior) the semantics is "taking care of itself" anyway. Thus we also see why, from this perspective, artificial intelligence can be regarded as psychology in a particularly pure and abstract form. The same fundamental structures are under investigation, but in AI, all the relevant parameters are under direct experimental control (in the programming), without any messy physiology or ethics to get in the way. (Haugeland, 1981b, p. 31)

    10) There Are Many Types of Reasoning

   There are many different kinds of reasoning one might imagine:

    Formal reasoning involves the syntactic manipulation of data structures to deduce new ones following prespecified rules of inference. Mathematical logic is the archetypical formal representation. Procedural reasoning uses simulation to answer questions and solve problems. When we use a program to answer What is the sum of 3 and 4? it uses, or "runs," a procedural model of arithmetic. Reasoning by analogy seems to be a very natural mode of thought for humans but, so far, difficult to accomplish in AI programs. The idea is that when you ask the question Can robins ﬂy? the system might reason that "robins are like sparrows, and I know that sparrows can ﬂy, so robins probably can ﬂy."

    Generalization and abstraction are also natural reasoning process for humans that are difficult to pin down well enough to implement in a program. If one knows that Robins have wings, that Sparrows have wings, and that Blue jays have wings, eventually one will believe that All birds have wings. This capability may be at the core of most human learning, but it has not yet become a useful technique in AI.... Meta- level reasoning is demonstrated by the way one answers the question What is Paul Newman's telephone number? You might reason that "if I knew Paul Newman's number, I would know that I knew it, because it is a notable fact." This involves using "knowledge about what you know," in particular, about the extent of your knowledge and about the importance of certain facts. Recent research in psychology and AI indicates that meta-level reasoning may play a central role in human cognitive processing. (Barr & Feigenbaum, 1981, pp. 146-147)

    11) Programs Are Beginning to Do Things That Critics Have Asserted to Be Impossible

   Suffice it to say that programs already exist that can do things-or, at the very least, appear to be beginning to do things-which ill-informed critics have asserted a priori to be impossible. Examples include: perceiving in a holistic as opposed to an atomistic way; using language creatively; translating sensibly from one language to another by way of a language-neutral semantic representation; planning acts in a broad and sketchy fashion, the details being decided only in execution; distinguishing between different species of emotional reaction according to the psychological context of the subject. (Boden, 1981, p. 33)

    12) The Synthesis of Man and Machine

   Can the synthesis of Man and Machine ever be stable, or will the purely organic component become such a hindrance that it has to be discarded? If this eventually happens-and I have... good reasons for thinking that it must-we have nothing to regret and certainly nothing to fear. (Clarke, 1984, p. 243)

    13) The Thesis of Good Old-Fashioned Artificial Intelligence (GOFAI)

   The thesis of GOFAI... is not that the processes underlying intelligence can be described symbolically... but that they are symbolic. (Haugeland, 1985, p. 113)

    14) Artificial Intelligence Provides a Useful Approach to Psychological and Psychiatric Theory Formation

   It is all very well formulating psychological and psychiatric theories verbally but, when using natural language (even technical jargon), it is difficult to recognise when a theory is complete; oversights are all too easily made, gaps too readily left. This is a point which is generally recognised to be true and it is for precisely this reason that the behavioural sciences attempt to follow the natural sciences in using "classical" mathematics as a more rigorous descriptive language. However, it is an unfortunate fact that, with a few notable exceptions, there has been a marked lack of success in this application. It is my belief that a different approach-a different mathematics-is needed, and that AI provides just this approach. (Hand, quoted in Hand, 1985, pp. 6-7)

    15) Four Kinds of Artificial Intelligence

   We might distinguish among four kinds of AI.

   ♦ Nonpsychological AI

   Research of this kind involves building and programming computers to perform tasks which, to paraphrase Marvin Minsky, would require intelligence if they were done by us. Researchers in nonpsychological AI make no claims whatsoever about the psychological realism of their programs or the devices they build, that is, about whether or not computers perform tasks as humans do.

   ♦ Weak Psychological AI

   Research here is guided by the view that the computer is a useful tool in the study of mind. In particular, we can write computer programs or build devices that simulate alleged psychological processes in humans and then test our predictions about how the alleged processes work. We can weave these programs and devices together with other programs and devices that simulate different alleged mental processes and thereby test the degree to which the AI system as a whole simulates human mentality. According to weak psychological AI, working with computer models is a way of refining and testing hypotheses about processes that are allegedly realized in human minds.

   ♦ Strong Psychological AI

... According to this view, our minds are computers and therefore can be duplicated by other computers. Sherry Turkle writes that the "real ambition is of mythic proportions, making a general purpose intelligence, a mind." (Turkle, 1984, p. 240) The authors of a major text announce that "the ultimate goal of AI research is to build a person or, more humbly, an animal." (Charniak & McDermott, 1985, p. 7)

   ♦ Suprapsychological AI

   Research in this field, like strong psychological AI, takes seriously the functionalist view that mentality can be realized in many different types of physical devices. Suprapsychological AI, however, accuses strong psychological AI of being chauvinisticof being only interested in human intelligence! Suprapsychological AI claims to be interested in all the conceivable ways intelligence can be realized. (Flanagan, 1991, pp. 241-242)

    16) Determination of Relevance of Rules in Particular Contexts

   Even if the [rules] were stored in a context-free form the computer still couldn't use them. To do that the computer requires rules enabling it to draw on just those [ rules] which are relevant in each particular context. Determination of relevance will have to be based on further facts and rules, but the question will again arise as to which facts and rules are relevant for making each particular determination. One could always invoke further facts and rules to answer this question, but of course these must be only the relevant ones. And so it goes. It seems that AI workers will never be able to get started here unless they can settle the problem of relevance beforehand by cataloguing types of context and listing just those facts which are relevant in each. (Dreyfus & Dreyfus, 1986, p. 80)

    17) Form and Content Are Not Fundamentally Different

   Perhaps the single most important idea to artificial intelligence is that there is no fundamental difference between form and content, that meaning can be captured in a set of symbols such as a semantic net. (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)

    18) The Assumption That the Mind Is a Formal System

   Artificial intelligence is based on the assumption that the mind can be described as some kind of formal system manipulating symbols that stand for things in the world. Thus it doesn't matter what the brain is made of, or what it uses for tokens in the great game of thinking. Using an equivalent set of tokens and rules, we can do thinking with a digital computer, just as we can play chess using cups, salt and pepper shakers, knives, forks, and spoons. Using the right software, one system (the mind) can be mapped into the other (the computer). (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)

    19) A Statement of the Primary and Secondary Purposes of Artificial Intelligence

   The primary goal of Artificial Intelligence is to make machines smarter.

   The secondary goals of Artificial Intelligence are to understand what intelligence is (the Nobel laureate purpose) and to make machines more useful (the entrepreneurial purpose). (Winston, 1987, p. 1)

    20) Mathematical Logic Provides the Basis for Theory in AI

   The theoretical ideas of older branches of engineering are captured in the language of mathematics. We contend that mathematical logic provides the basis for theory in AI. Although many computer scientists already count logic as fundamental to computer science in general, we put forward an even stronger form of the logic-is-important argument....

   AI deals mainly with the problem of representing and using declarative (as opposed to procedural) knowledge. Declarative knowledge is the kind that is expressed as sentences, and AI needs a language in which to state these sentences. Because the languages in which this knowledge usually is originally captured (natural languages such as English) are not suitable for computer representations, some other language with the appropriate properties must be used. It turns out, we think, that the appropriate properties include at least those that have been uppermost in the minds of logicians in their development of logical languages such as the predicate calculus. Thus, we think that any language for expressing knowledge in AI systems must be at least as expressive as the first-order predicate calculus. (Genesereth & Nilsson, 1987, p. viii)

    21) Perceptual Structures Can Be Represented as Lists of Elementary Propositions

   In artificial intelligence studies, perceptual structures are represented as assemblages of description lists, the elementary components of which are propositions asserting that certain relations hold among elements. (Chase & Simon, 1988, p. 490)

    22) Definitions of Artificial Intelligence

   Artificial intelligence (AI) is sometimes defined as the study of how to build and/or program computers to enable them to do the sorts of things that minds can do. Some of these things are commonly regarded as requiring intelligence: offering a medical diagnosis and/or prescription, giving legal or scientific advice, proving theorems in logic or mathematics. Others are not, because they can be done by all normal adults irrespective of educational background (and sometimes by non-human animals too), and typically involve no conscious control: seeing things in sunlight and shadows, finding a path through cluttered terrain, fitting pegs into holes, speaking one's own native tongue, and using one's common sense. Because it covers AI research dealing with both these classes of mental capacity, this definition is preferable to one describing AI as making computers do "things that would require intelligence if done by people." However, it presupposes that computers could do what minds can do, that they might really diagnose, advise, infer, and understand. One could avoid this problematic assumption (and also side-step questions about whether computers do things in the same way as we do) by defining AI instead as "the development of computers whose observable performance has features which in humans we would attribute to mental processes." This bland characterization would be acceptable to some AI workers, especially amongst those focusing on the production of technological tools for commercial purposes. But many others would favour a more controversial definition, seeing AI as the science of intelligence in general-or, more accurately, as the intellectual core of cognitive science. As such, its goal is to provide a systematic theory that can explain (and perhaps enable us to replicate) both the general categories of intentionality and the diverse psychological capacities grounded in them. (Boden, 1990b, pp. 1-2)

    23) The Computer Can Not Be a Model of the Mind

   Because the ability to store data somewhat corresponds to what we call memory in human beings, and because the ability to follow logical procedures somewhat corresponds to what we call reasoning in human beings, many members of the cult have concluded that what computers do somewhat corresponds to what we call thinking. It is no great difficulty to persuade the general public of that conclusion since computers process data very fast in small spaces well below the level of visibility; they do not look like other machines when they are at work. They seem to be running along as smoothly and silently as the brain does when it remembers and reasons and thinks. On the other hand, those who design and build computers know exactly how the machines are working down in the hidden depths of their semiconductors. Computers can be taken apart, scrutinized, and put back together. Their activities can be tracked, analyzed, measured, and thus clearly understood-which is far from possible with the brain. This gives rise to the tempting assumption on the part of the builders and designers that computers can tell us something about brains, indeed, that the computer can serve as a model of the mind, which then comes to be seen as some manner of information processing machine, and possibly not as good at the job as the machine. (Roszak, 1994, pp. xiv-xv)

    24) Computers Will Not Always Be Inferior to Human Brains

   The inner workings of the human mind are far more intricate than the most complicated systems of modern technology. Researchers in the field of artificial intelligence have been attempting to develop programs that will enable computers to display intelligent behavior. Although this field has been an active one for more than thirty-five years and has had many notable successes, AI researchers still do not know how to create a program that matches human intelligence. No existing program can recall facts, solve problems, reason, learn, and process language with human facility. This lack of success has occurred not because computers are inferior to human brains but rather because we do not yet know in sufficient detail how intelligence is organized in the brain. (Anderson, 1995, p. 2)

Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Artificial Intelligence
90 bar

̈ɪbɑ: I
1. сущ.
1) а) мн. прутья решетки The monkey rattled the bars of his cage ≈ Обезьяна гремела прутьями своей клетки behind bars ≈ за решеткой б) спорт планка to clear the bar ≈ перейти через планку, взять высоту в) мн. спорт брусья parallel bars ≈ брусья horizontal bar ≈ перекладина
2) брусок, блок, кусок bar of chocolate ≈ плитка шоколада bar of gold ≈ слиток золота bar of soap ≈ кусок мыла
3) отмель
4) бар (заведение или место для хранения напитков) We had a beer at a neighborhood bar ≈ Мы выпили пива в соседнем баре.
5) полоса a bar of light ≈ полоса света Syn: strip
6) препятствие Nearsightedness is a bar to becoming a pilot ≈ Близорукость не позволяет стать пилотом. to let down the bars ≈ устранить препятствия toll bar ≈ шлагбаум Syn: obstacle, barrier
7) муз. тактовая черта;
перен. такт The song is 24 bars long ≈ Песня длиною в 24 такта.
8) юридическая деятельность After finishing law school she was admitted to the bar ≈ После окончания юридического факультета она была допущена к практике.
9) суд His misbehavior brought him before the bar of public opinion ≈ Его поведение поставило его перед судом общественного мнения. Syn: court, tribunal
2. гл.
1) а) запирать на засов, запираться б) размещать решетки, загораживать решетками
2) испещрять полосами Syn: stripe
2) а) преграждать;
мешать, препятствовать They barred our way. ≈ Они преградили нам путь. bar progress Syn: rule out б) исключать;
не допускать, запрещать to bar the talks( the discussion of a point, etc.) ≈ запрещать разговоры (обсуждение вопроса и т. п.) to bar from coming to the theatre ≈ запрещать пойти в театр Syn: exclude, prevent, forbid
3) разг. иметь( что-л.) против( кого-л., чего-л.), не любить ∙ bar from bar in bar out bar up
3. предл. исключая, кроме, не считая, за исключением bar none Syn: except
2. II сущ.
1) прилавок, стойка, конторка Syn: counter
2) а) бар, буфет, закусочная;
небольшой ресторан to manage, operate a bar ≈ управлять баром, вести дела небольшого ресторана to run a bar ≈ открыть закусочную, открыть небольшой ресторан to stop at a bar (on the way home) ≈ зайти по дороге в буфет to drink at the bar ≈ попить в баре to drop into a bar ≈ заскочить в бар cash амер. bar ≈ бар/ресторан, где приимается плата только наличными cocktail bar ≈ коктейль-бар coffee брит. bar ≈ кафетерий Syn: cabaret, discotheque, pub, saloon, cocktail lounge, nightclub б) небольшой магазин, специализирующийся на одном вид товаров a millinery bar ≈ магазин дамских шляп III сущ.;
юр.
1) барьер, отделяющий судей от подсудимых
2) а) суд, трибунал Syn: court
1., tribunal б) осуждение, порицание the bar of public opinion ≈ общественное порицание
3) а) мн. судьи б) (the bar, the Bar) адвокатура, адвокатская практика to pitch smb. over the bar разг. ≈ лишать кого-л. звания адвоката или права адвокатской практики IV сущ.;
физ. бар (единица атмосферного или акустического давления)
кусок, брусок - chocolate * плитка шоколада - wooden * брусок дерева - * of metal полоса металла - * of soap кусок мыла брикет болванка, чушка - * of copper медная болванка - * of gold слиток золота (техническое) пруток, штанга, стержень, арматурное железо (электротехника) пластинка коллектора, шина( специальное) линейка, планка, рейка - measuring * (топография) мерная рейка( разговорное) руль велосипеда перекладина - the * in a barrel поперечина на дне бочки (горное) горизонтальный переклад;
верхняк засов, щеколда шлагбаум - toll * шлагбаум заставы полоса цвета, света - a * of green fringed her skirt на ней была юбка с зеленой каймой (геральдика) полоса на щите решетка (тюремная) - behind the *s за решеткой, в тюрьме (американизм) (военное) противомоскитная сетка нанос песка, отмель, бар, гряда;
перекат - sand * песчаный нанос - ice * ледяные торосы;
труднопроходимая кромка льда - the ship stuck fast on the * пароход основательно сел на мель (горное) россыпь в реке (горное) режущий бар врубовой машины( горное) колонка бурильного молотка (горное) буровая штанга (геология) жила, пересекающая горный шток( музыкальное) такт (музыкальное) тактовая частота - double * конец музыкальной фразы (спортивное) перекладина брусья - uneven *s разновысокие брусья( спортивное) планка для прыжков в высоту - he cleared the * at two metres он взял двухметровую высоту (спортивное) жердь( спортивное) гантели( спортивное) штанга (военное) полоска (знак различия) - to get one's * (разговорное) получить офицерское звание орденская планка, колодка с орденскими лентами пряжка на орденской ленте (к английским орденам) препятствие, преграда, помеха, барьер, ограничение - language * языковой барьер - * to happiness помеха счастью - * to economic development препятствие на пути экономического развития - to let down the *s отменить ограничения - poor health may be a * to success in one's studies плохое здоровье может помешать успеху в занятиях > colour * "цветной барьер", расовая дискриминация > to cross the * перейти в лучший мир, умереть запирать( на засов) - to lock and * the door запереть дверь на замок и засов - to * the door against smb. запереться от кого-л. набивать решетки (на окна) закрывать, загораживать, перегораживать, преграждать - the exits were *red все выходы были закрыты - a fallen tree is *ring the way упавшее дерево преградило дорогу - soldiers *red the way солдаты преградили путь - the bears were *red in their den медвежью берлогу обложили со всех сторон тормозить, препятствовать, мешать, останавливать - to * progress мешать прогрессу - what is *ring our advance? что мешает нашему продвижению? - she *red his insinuations with a witty remark остроумным замечанием она парировала его выпады - what *s you from coming to the theatre with us? почему вы не можете пойти с нами в театр? - they *red the possibility of his ever returning они исключили всякую возможность его возвращения запрещать - to * smoking запретить курение - to * from fishing запретить рыбную ловлю - dogs are *red from the store вход в магазин с собаками воспрещен - to * all claims completely and finally( дипломатическое) исключить все претензии полностью и окончательно( from) удерживать( от чего-л.) - to * smb. from undesirable actions удерживать кого-л. от нежелательных поступков исключать, отстранять - he was *red from the contest его не допустили к соревнованию (разговорное) не любить, не выносить - what I * is a man who talks about what he doesn't know не выношу людей, которые говорят о том, что не знают испещрять полосами, исполосывать - crimson *red с алыми полосами - *red feathers полосатое оперение (юридическое) аннулировать, отменить ( специальное) не засчитывать, признавать недействительным - to * the dice смешать игральные кости (в знак недействительной игры) - his move with pawn has been *red его ход пешкой не был засчитан (устаревшее) исключая, не считая - * none без всяких исключений;
- he is the best student, * none он бесспорно лучший студент - I can come any day * Monday я смогу прийти в любой день, кроме понедельника барьер, отделяющий судей - he was brought to the * by two constables двое полицейских подвели его к барьеру судебное присутствие;
суд в полном составе - at the * на суде - prisoner at the * подсудимый - trial at * открытый процесс - on the wrong side of the * быть подсудимым в открытом суде - to plead at the * выступать в суде суд, мнение, суждение - the * of public opnion суд общественного мнения - the * of conscience голос совести (парламентское) барьер, отделяющий места членов палаты общин и т. п. адвокатура, коллегия адвокатов, сословие адвокатов, барристеры (в Великобритании) - to be at the Bar быть барристером (адвокатом) - to go to the Bar быть принятым в адвокатское сословие - to be called within the Bar быть назначенным королевским адвокатом - to read for the Bar готовиться к адвокатуре - General Council of the Bar генеральный совет сословия барристеров (юридическое) правовое препятствие, возражение, приостановка > in * of... в качестве веского довода против > * and bench адвокатура и суд бар, закусочная, буфет - snack * закусочная - milk-* кафе-молочная стойка, прилавок прилавок, стол( в магазинах самообслуживания) сервировочный столик( физическое) бар (единица давления) управляющий шахтой или рудником (специальное) черта над символом

~ преграждать;
all exits are barred все выходы закрыты

bar юр. (the bar, the B.) адвокатура;
to be called( или to go) to the Bar получить право адвокатской практики;
to be at the Bar быть адвокатом ~ адвокатура, коллегия адвокатов ~ адвокатура ~ физ. бар (единица атмосферного или акустического давления) ~ бар, буфет, закусочная;
небольшой ресторан ~ бар, нанос песка (в устье реки) ;
мелководье, отмель ~ юр. барьер, отделяющий судей от подсудимых;
prisoner at the bar обвиняемый на скамье подсудимых ~ барьер, отделяющий место заседаний законодательного органа ~ барьер, за которым находится суд ~ болванка (металла), чушка (свинца), штык( меди) ~ возражение ответчика, являющееся достаточной защитой против иска ~ вчт. горизонтальное меню ~ запирать на засов ~ запрещать ~ засов;
вага;
behind bolt and bar под надежным запором;
за решеткой ~ застава ~ разг. иметь (что-л. против кого-л., чего-л.), не любить;
bar in запереть;
не выпускать;
bar out не впускать ~ исключать;
отстранять;
запрещать ~ исключая, не считая;
bar none без исключения ~ коллегия адвокатов ~ лом (сокр. от crowbar) ~ спорт. планка;
to clear the bar перейти через планку, взять высоту;
horizontal bar перекладина;
paralletl bars (параллельные) брусья ~ покрывать давностью, погашать ~ полоса (света, краски) ~ полоса (металла) ;
брусок;
bar of gold слиток золота;
bar of chocolate плитка шоколада;
bar of soap кусок мыла ~ вчт. полоса ~ преграда, препятствие;
to let down the bars устранить препятствия, отменить ограничения ~ преграда ~ преграждать;
all exits are barred все выходы закрыты ~ преграждать ~ прекращающий или аннулирующий фактор ~ препятствие ~ препятствовать ~ пресекать, прекращать, преграждать, исключать, запрещать ~ прилавок, стойка ~ пряжка на орденской ленте ~ pl решетка ~ стойка ~ юр. суд, суждение;
the bar of conscience суд совести;
the bar of public opinion суд общественного мнения ~ суд в полном составе, судебное присутствие ~ муз. тактовая черта;
такт ~ часть судебного помещения, находящаяся за барьером

~ code label этикетка со штриховым кодом

~ разг. иметь (что-л. против кого-л., чего-л.), не любить;
bar in запереть;
не выпускать;
bar out не впускать

~ исключая, не считая;
bar none без исключения none: bar ~ без всяких исключений bar ~ все без исключения

~ полоса (металла) ;
брусок;
bar of gold слиток золота;
bar of chocolate плитка шоколада;
bar of soap кусок мыла chocolate: chocolate шоколад;
a bar of chocolate плитка шоколада

~ юр. суд, суждение;
the bar of conscience суд совести;
the bar of public opinion суд общественного мнения

~ полоса (металла) ;
брусок;
bar of gold слиток золота;
bar of chocolate плитка шоколада;
bar of soap кусок мыла

~ юр. суд, суждение;
the bar of conscience суд совести;
the bar of public opinion суд общественного мнения

~ полоса (металла) ;
брусок;
bar of gold слиток золота;
bar of chocolate плитка шоколада;
bar of soap кусок мыла soap: ~ мыло;
a bar (или a cake) of soap кусок мыла

~ разг. иметь (что-л. против кого-л., чего-л.), не любить;
bar in запереть;
не выпускать;
bar out не впускать

~ the entail юр. запрещать учреждение заповедного имущества

~s вчт. горизонтальные меню

be admitted to ~ получать право адвокатской практики в суде

bar юр. (the bar, the B.) адвокатура;
to be called (или to go) to the Bar получить право адвокатской практики;
to be at the Bar быть адвокатом

bar юр. (the bar, the B.) адвокатура;
to be called (или to go) to the Bar получить право адвокатской практики;
to be at the Bar быть адвокатом be called to the ~ получать право адвокатской практики в суде

to be called within the ~ получить назначение на должность королевского адвоката;
to pitch (smb.) over the bar разг. лишать (кого-л.) звания адвоката или права адвокатской практики

~ засов;
вага;
behind bolt and bar под надежным запором;
за решеткой bolt: ~ засов;
задвижка;
шкворень;
язык( замка) ;
воен. (цилиндрический) затвор( оружия) ;
behind bolt and bar под надежным запором;
за решеткой

~ спорт. планка;
to clear the bar перейти через планку, взять высоту;
horizontal bar перекладина;
paralletl bars (параллельные) брусья

cursor ~ вчт. курсор

diagonal ~ вчт. двойной слэш

fraction ~ вчт. дробная черта

gold ~ слиток золота

~ спорт. планка;
to clear the bar перейти через планку, взять высоту;
horizontal bar перекладина;
paralletl bars (параллельные) брусья horizontal: ~ горизонтальный;
horizontal fire воен. настильный огонь;
horizontal bar спорт. перекладина

interchangeable ~ вчт. сменная печатающая штанга

~ преграда, препятствие;
to let down the bars устранить препятствия, отменить ограничения

menu ~ вчт. горизонтальное меню

natural ~ естественный бар, отмель в устье реки

~ спорт. планка;
to clear the bar перейти через планку, взять высоту;
horizontal bar перекладина;
paralletl bars (параллельные) брусья

to be called within the ~ получить назначение на должность королевского адвоката;
to pitch (smb.) over the bar разг. лишать (кого-л.) звания адвоката или права адвокатской практики

plea in ~ возражение по существу иска

print ~ вчт. печатающая штанга

~ юр. барьер, отделяющий судей от подсудимых;
prisoner at the bar обвиняемый на скамье подсудимых

scanning ~ вчт. выбирающий прямоугольник

scroll ~ вчт. линейка прокрутки

selection ~ вчт. курсор выбора

snack ~ закусочная, буфет

test ~ вчт. испытательная шина

title ~ вчт. заголовок окна

type ~ вчт. печатающая штанга

Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > bar
91 SAP

1) Общая лексика: hum. сокр. Sensitive To Antimicrobial Peptides, hum. сокр. Slam Associated Protein, social action program, Site Access Permit (SEIC), старшее ответственное лицо (Senior Authorised Person, напр. http://www.indeed.co.uk/jobs?q=Senior+Authorised+Person&l=London)

2) Компьютерная техника: System Application Program, Systems Application Products, Systems, Applications, and Products

3) Медицина: statistical analysis plan, план статистического анализа, нарколог (substance abuse professional), substance abuse professional - нарколог (сокр.)

4) Американизм: Scientific Advisory Panel, State Assessment Panel, Statements of Administration Policy, Statutory Adoption Pay, Stop All Progress, Substance Abuse Prevention

5) Спорт: Slight Atari Player

6) Военный термин: System Acquisition Plan, search and attack pattern, security assistance plan, security assistance program, semiarmor-piercing, shipboard antenna pedestal, standing air patrol, strategic advantages profile, structural analysis program, supervisory airplane pilot, system alignment procedure

7) Техника: safety assessment principles, severe accident program, sintered aluminum powder, solar array program, startup administrative procedure, statements on auditing procedures, system acquisition process

8) Шутливое выражение: Satan's Accounting Program, Slow And Painful, Somewhat Academic Privacy, Son Af a Pitch

9) Религия: Share And Prayer

10) Юридический термин: Special Assistance Pass, Substance Abuse Panel, Substance Abuse Program

11) Бухгалтерия: Service Advertisement Protocol, Standard Accounting Procedures, Statements on Auditing Procedure, Systems Applications Products, Положения по процедурам аудита (Statements on Auditing Procedures), Принципы ведения бухгалтерского
учёта, предписанные законом (Statutory Accounting Principles)

12) Страхование: Statutory Accounting Principals

13) Автомобильный термин: Standard Corporate Protocol

14) Грубое выражение: Stupid American Public, Surely A Pedophile

15) Оптика: stress-applying part

16) Телекоммуникации: протокол предлагаемых услуг, Service Advertising Protocol (NetWare), Service Access Point (generic)

17) Сокращение: Seaborne Air Platform, Second Audio Program, Semi-Armour Piercing, Sensing And Processing unit, Shijiazhuang Aircraft Plant (China), Simulated Attack Profile, Soon As Possible, South African Police (South Africa), Special Access Program (USA), Special Access Program

18) Университет: Satisfactory Academic Progress, Scientific Agricultural Partnership, Standard Assessment Performance, Student Assistance Program, Students Aid Project, Students Alumni And Professional, Supply Of Academic Publications

19) Электроника: Secondary Audio Program

20) Вычислительная техника: Service Access Point, Service Advertising Protocol, symbolic address program, symbolic assembly program, system assist processor, Symbolic Assembler Program (IBM, IBM 704), Session Announcement Protocol (Internet, RFC 2974), Service Advertising Protocol (Novell, Netware, IPX), Service Access Point (OSI), Service Access Point (OSI, Networking), Systems, Applications and Products (in data processing, ag, Hersteller), компания SAP, система компании SAP

21) Нефть: An enterprise resource system, программы структурной перестройки, бухгалтерская программа SAP

22) Иммунология: Serum Amyloid P

23) Транспорт: Suitcase And Passport

24) Фирменный знак: System Application And Products, System Application Products, Systems Applications And Programming, Systems, Applications and Products in Data Processing

25) СМИ: Secondary Audio Programming, Separate Audio Program, Streaming Audio Player

26) Деловая лексика: Safety Awareness Program, Systems Applications Production, описание процедуры отчётности, описание процедуры ревизии (Statement on Auditing Procedure)

27) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: System, Application and Products for Data Processing

28) Образование: Science Activity Planner, Solves All Problems, Standard Assessment Procedure, Standard Assessment Program, State Advisory Panel for Special Education, Student Assistance Plan, Substance Abuse Professional

29) Сетевые технологии: Service Announcement Protocol, Start Of Active Profile, System Area Pointer, протокол извещения об услугах, протокол объявления об услугах, протокол представления услуг, протокол рекламного сетевого сервиса, протокол с объявлением о служебных средствах

30) Полимеры: гранулирование с применением растворителя (solvent aided pelletization)

31) Медицинская техника: Super Absorbent Polymer - впитывающий полимер (применяется во впитывающей продукции, напр. в подгузниках)

32) Химическое оружие: sampling and analysis plan, strategic action plan

33) Трудовое право: Разрешение на доступ на рабочую площадку (Site Access Permit)

34) Расширение файла: Session Announcement Protocol, System Assurance Program, Service Access Point (DEC), Systems, Applications and Products (company)

35) Майкрософт: протокол SAP

36) Общественная организация: Scholarship Assistance Program

37) Должность: Substance Abuse Professionals

38) Чат: Soft And Pretty

39) NYSE. S A P, A. G.

40) Аэропорты: San Pedro Sula, Honduras

41) Программное обеспечение: System Analysis and Program Development, System Application Product

42) Базы данных: Systems Applications Processing

Универсальный англо-русский словарь > SAP
92 sap

1) Общая лексика: hum. сокр. Sensitive To Antimicrobial Peptides, hum. сокр. Slam Associated Protein, social action program, Site Access Permit (SEIC), старшее ответственное лицо (Senior Authorised Person, напр. http://www.indeed.co.uk/jobs?q=Senior+Authorised+Person&l=London)

2) Компьютерная техника: System Application Program, Systems Application Products, Systems, Applications, and Products

3) Медицина: statistical analysis plan, план статистического анализа, нарколог (substance abuse professional), substance abuse professional - нарколог (сокр.)

4) Американизм: Scientific Advisory Panel, State Assessment Panel, Statements of Administration Policy, Statutory Adoption Pay, Stop All Progress, Substance Abuse Prevention

5) Спорт: Slight Atari Player

6) Военный термин: System Acquisition Plan, search and attack pattern, security assistance plan, security assistance program, semiarmor-piercing, shipboard antenna pedestal, standing air patrol, strategic advantages profile, structural analysis program, supervisory airplane pilot, system alignment procedure

7) Техника: safety assessment principles, severe accident program, sintered aluminum powder, solar array program, startup administrative procedure, statements on auditing procedures, system acquisition process

8) Шутливое выражение: Satan's Accounting Program, Slow And Painful, Somewhat Academic Privacy, Son Af a Pitch

9) Религия: Share And Prayer

10) Юридический термин: Special Assistance Pass, Substance Abuse Panel, Substance Abuse Program

11) Бухгалтерия: Service Advertisement Protocol, Standard Accounting Procedures, Statements on Auditing Procedure, Systems Applications Products, Положения по процедурам аудита (Statements on Auditing Procedures), Принципы ведения бухгалтерского
учёта, предписанные законом (Statutory Accounting Principles)

12) Страхование: Statutory Accounting Principals

13) Автомобильный термин: Standard Corporate Protocol

14) Грубое выражение: Stupid American Public, Surely A Pedophile

15) Оптика: stress-applying part

16) Телекоммуникации: протокол предлагаемых услуг, Service Advertising Protocol (NetWare), Service Access Point (generic)

17) Сокращение: Seaborne Air Platform, Second Audio Program, Semi-Armour Piercing, Sensing And Processing unit, Shijiazhuang Aircraft Plant (China), Simulated Attack Profile, Soon As Possible, South African Police (South Africa), Special Access Program (USA), Special Access Program

18) Университет: Satisfactory Academic Progress, Scientific Agricultural Partnership, Standard Assessment Performance, Student Assistance Program, Students Aid Project, Students Alumni And Professional, Supply Of Academic Publications

19) Электроника: Secondary Audio Program

20) Вычислительная техника: Service Access Point, Service Advertising Protocol, symbolic address program, symbolic assembly program, system assist processor, Symbolic Assembler Program (IBM, IBM 704), Session Announcement Protocol (Internet, RFC 2974), Service Advertising Protocol (Novell, Netware, IPX), Service Access Point (OSI), Service Access Point (OSI, Networking), Systems, Applications and Products (in data processing, ag, Hersteller), компания SAP, система компании SAP

21) Нефть: An enterprise resource system, программы структурной перестройки, бухгалтерская программа SAP

22) Иммунология: Serum Amyloid P

23) Транспорт: Suitcase And Passport

24) Фирменный знак: System Application And Products, System Application Products, Systems Applications And Programming, Systems, Applications and Products in Data Processing

25) СМИ: Secondary Audio Programming, Separate Audio Program, Streaming Audio Player

26) Деловая лексика: Safety Awareness Program, Systems Applications Production, описание процедуры отчётности, описание процедуры ревизии (Statement on Auditing Procedure)

27) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: System, Application and Products for Data Processing

28) Образование: Science Activity Planner, Solves All Problems, Standard Assessment Procedure, Standard Assessment Program, State Advisory Panel for Special Education, Student Assistance Plan, Substance Abuse Professional

29) Сетевые технологии: Service Announcement Protocol, Start Of Active Profile, System Area Pointer, протокол извещения об услугах, протокол объявления об услугах, протокол представления услуг, протокол рекламного сетевого сервиса, протокол с объявлением о служебных средствах

30) Полимеры: гранулирование с применением растворителя (solvent aided pelletization)

31) Медицинская техника: Super Absorbent Polymer - впитывающий полимер (применяется во впитывающей продукции, напр. в подгузниках)

32) Химическое оружие: sampling and analysis plan, strategic action plan

33) Трудовое право: Разрешение на доступ на рабочую площадку (Site Access Permit)

34) Расширение файла: Session Announcement Protocol, System Assurance Program, Service Access Point (DEC), Systems, Applications and Products (company)

35) Майкрософт: протокол SAP

36) Общественная организация: Scholarship Assistance Program

37) Должность: Substance Abuse Professionals

38) Чат: Soft And Pretty

39) NYSE. S A P, A. G.

40) Аэропорты: San Pedro Sula, Honduras

41) Программное обеспечение: System Analysis and Program Development, System Application Product

42) Базы данных: Systems Applications Processing

Универсальный англо-русский словарь > sap
93 cramp

kræmp
1. noun
((a) painful stiffening of the muscles: The swimmer got cramp and drowned.) calambre, rampa

2. verb
1) (to put into too small a space: We were all cramped together in a tiny room.) apretar, amontonar

2) (to restrict; Lack of money cramped our efforts.) restringir, limitar, estorbar

cramp

tr[kræmp] (Also cramp iron)

noun

1 grapa

————————

cramp

tr[kræmp]

noun

1 SMALLMEDICINE/SMALL calambre nombre masculino, rampa

■ I got (a) cramp me dio (una) rampa

plural noun cramps

1 (gen) retortijones nombre masculino plural; (period pains) molestias nombre femenino plural menstruales

————————

cramp

tr[kræmp]

transitive verb

1 obstaculizar

\

SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL

to cramp somebody's style cortarle las alas a alguien

cramp ['kræmp] vt

1) : dar calambre en

2) restrict: limitar, restringir, entorpecer

to cramp someone's style: cortarle el vuelo a alguien

cramp vi or to cramp up : acalambrarse

cramp n

1) spasm: calambre m, espasmo m (de los músculos)

2) cramps npl

: retorcijones mpl

stomach cramps: retorcijones de estómago

cramp

n.

• abrazadera s.f.

• aprieto s.m.

• calambre s.m.

• grapa s.f.

v.

• apretar v.

• engrapar v.

I kræmp
mass & count noun calambre m, rampa f (Esp)

I've got (a) cramp in my leg — me ha dado un calambre or (Esp tb) (una) rampa en la pierna

(stomach) cramps — retorcijones mpl or (Esp) retortijones mpl en el estómago

II

transitive verb ( limit) \<\<work/progress\>\> entorpecer*

to cramp somebody's style — cortarle los vuelos a alguien

I [kræmp]
1.

N (Med) calambre m

writer's cramp — calambre m en las manos (por escribir mucho)

2.

VT (=restrict) [+ development] poner obstáculos a, poner trabas a

- cramp sb's style

II

[kræmp]
N (Tech) grapa f ; (Archit) pieza f de unión, abrazadera f
* * *

I [kræmp]
mass & count noun calambre m, rampa f (Esp)

I've got (a) cramp in my leg — me ha dado un calambre or (Esp tb) (una) rampa en la pierna

(stomach) cramps — retorcijones mpl or (Esp) retortijones mpl en el estómago

II

transitive verb ( limit) \<\<work/progress\>\> entorpecer*

to cramp somebody's style — cortarle los vuelos a alguien

English-spanish dictionary > cramp
94 road

n

дорога; путь

to barricade roads — строить баррикады на дорогах

to be left on the side of the road — оставаться на обочине ( общественно-политической жизни)

to block a road — блокировать дорогу

to clear the road — расчищать путь

to close / to close down / to cut roads — перекрывать дороги

to embark upon road — брать курс, избирать путь

to follow / to take the road — брать курс, избирать путь

to seal off the roads — перекрывать дороги

- main roads
- progressive road of development
- road of progress
- road to freedom and progress
- road to success
- road to the White House
- royal road
- the first step on the road of reconciliation
- the Silk Road

Politics english-russian dictionary > road
95 retard

[rɪ'tɑːd]
verbo transitivo ritardare

* * *

verb

(to make slower or later: The country's economic progress was retarded by strikes; The baby's development was retarded by an accident he had shortly after birth.) ritardare

- retardation
- retarded
* * *
retard /ri:ˈtɑ:d, nella def. 2 ˈri:tɑ:d/
n.

( slang) ritardato (mentale)
FALSI AMICI: retard non significa retard nel senso italiano di farmaco a lento rilascio. (to) retard /rɪˈtɑ:d/
v. t. e i.

1 ritardare; rallentare: to retard the progress of science, rallentare il progresso della scienza

2 (mecc.) ritardare

● (comm.) to retard payment, rimandare il pagamento.

* * *
[rɪ'tɑːd]
verbo transitivo ritardare

English-Italian dictionary > retard
96 develop

[dɪ'veləp] 1.
verbo transitivo

1) (acquire) acquisire [ knowledge]; contrarre [ illness]; prendere [ habit]; presentare, manifestare [ symptom]

to develop an awareness of — prendere coscienza di

to develop cancer — sviluppare un cancro

2) (evolve) sviluppare, ampliare [plan, project]; sviluppare, mettere a punto [technique, invention]; sviluppare [theory, argument]

3) comm. ind. creare [ market]; stabilire [ links]

4) (expand, build up) sviluppare [mind, physique]; comm. sviluppare, ampliare [business, market]

5) (improve) valorizzare [land, site]; risanare [ city centre]

6) fot. sviluppare
2.
verbo intransitivo

1) (evolve) [child, society, country, plot, play] svilupparsi

to develop into — diventare

2) (come into being) [friendship, difficulty] nascere; [crack, hole] formarsi, prodursi; [ illness] manifestarsi

3) (progress, advance) [ friendship] svilupparsi; [ difficulty] accrescersi; [crack, fault] accentuarsi; [war, illness] aggravarsi; [game, story] svolgersi

4) (in size, extent) [town, business] svilupparsi

* * *
[di'veləp]
past tense, past participle - developed; verb

1) (to (cause to) grow bigger or to a more advanced state: The plan developed slowly in his mind; It has developed into a very large city.) sviluppare, svilupparsi

2) (to acquire gradually: He developed the habit of getting up early.) acquisire

3) (to become active, visible etc: Spots developed on her face.) manifestarsi

4) (to use chemicals to make (a photograph) visible: My brother develops all his own films.) sviluppare

•

- development

* * *
[dɪ'veləp] 1.
verbo transitivo

1) (acquire) acquisire [ knowledge]; contrarre [ illness]; prendere [ habit]; presentare, manifestare [ symptom]

to develop an awareness of — prendere coscienza di

to develop cancer — sviluppare un cancro

2) (evolve) sviluppare, ampliare [plan, project]; sviluppare, mettere a punto [technique, invention]; sviluppare [theory, argument]

3) comm. ind. creare [ market]; stabilire [ links]

4) (expand, build up) sviluppare [mind, physique]; comm. sviluppare, ampliare [business, market]

5) (improve) valorizzare [land, site]; risanare [ city centre]

6) fot. sviluppare
2.
verbo intransitivo

1) (evolve) [child, society, country, plot, play] svilupparsi

to develop into — diventare

2) (come into being) [friendship, difficulty] nascere; [crack, hole] formarsi, prodursi; [ illness] manifestarsi

3) (progress, advance) [ friendship] svilupparsi; [ difficulty] accrescersi; [crack, fault] accentuarsi; [war, illness] aggravarsi; [game, story] svolgersi

4) (in size, extent) [town, business] svilupparsi

English-Italian dictionary > develop
97 economic

a

1) экономический, хозяйственный

2) экономически выгодный, целесообразный; экономичный; рентабельный

•

- curb economic growth

- economic progress

- economic phenomenon

- economic miracle

- economic questions

- economic motivation

- economic environment

- economic penetration

- enhance economic growth

- new international economic order

- economic rehabilitation

- economic machine

- economic cycle

- economic indices

- economic royalists

- economic issues

- economic slump

- economic conditions

- economic trend

- economic intelligence

- economic order

- major economic issues

- economic warfare

- economic strength

- economic advancement and social progress

- economic base study

- economic indexes

- economic slack

- Economic Message to Congress

- economic problems

- economic development

- economic and social systems

- economic system

- economic sanctions

- economic law

- economic forces

- economic assistance programme

- economic ailments

- economic relations

- economic doldrums

- Western economic summits

- economic dependence

- economic self-sufficiency

- economic ties

- economic relationship

- economic achievements

- stage an economic recovery

- Common Economic Space

- economic recovery

- economic potential

- economic transactions

- economic policy

- economic data

- economic crisis

- economic integration

- economic management

- economical felony

- international economic co-operation

- economic upturn

- new economic strategy

- performance of economic system

- economic performance

- economic situation

- economic base

- economic growth

- economic opportunity

- economic capacity

- outward-looking economic policies

- economic stabilization

- economic activity

- world economic intercourse

- economic turn

- economic maturity

- economic event

- economic planning

- economic cooperation

English-russian dctionary of diplomacy > economic
98 make

делать имя существительное:
марка (mark, stamp, make, model, markka, tap)

изготовление (manufacture, production, making, fabrication, make)

производство (production, manufacture, manufacturing, making, make, fabrication)

модель (model, pattern, type, make, form, sample)

выработка (production, output, elaboration, make, yield, productivity)

работа (working, work, Job, operation, labor, make)

изделие (product, article, fabric, make, brummagem, job)

стиль (style, fashion, manner, genre, language, make)

фасон (style, fashion, model, make)

выделка (dressing, manufacture, manufacturing, quality, fabric, make)

сложение (addition, habit, shape, make)

продукция (production, product, output, produce, make, out-turn)

склад характера (fiber, kidney, make, fibre)

процесс становления (make)

объявление козыря (make)

тасование (shuffle, make)

варенье (jam, preserve, confiture, marmalade, conserve, make)

конституция (constitution, physique, make, setup, organic law)

сорт (variety, grade, sort, class, brand, make)

развитие (development, growth, evolution, progress, extension, make)

форма (mold, form, shape, uniform, format, make)

тип (type, style, kind, class, nature, make)

вид (view, form, kind, look, appearance, make)
глагол:
делаться (make, become, come, grow, turn, pass into)

делать (make, do, create, pull, shape, confect)

производить (produce, manufacture, make, generate, effect, create)

совершать (make, commit, perform, accomplish, effect, administer)

зарабатывать (earn, make, gain, get, pull in, pull down)

создавать (create, build, establish, make, produce, form)

составлять (be, compose, make up, constitute, make, draw up)

заставлять (force, make, cause, get, compel, lead)

получать (get, receive, obtain, have, gain, make)

изготавливать (make)

готовить (ready, prepare, make ready, cook, train, make)

проделать (do, perform, make)

есть (eat, make, take, pick, grub, walk into)

вырабатывать (produce, make, work out, elaborate, form, deliver)

сшить (make, sew together, have a dress made)

смастерить (make, improvise)

заварить (make, weld, scald)

добывать (extract, mine, obtain, get, make, procure)

считать (find, think, consider, count, feel, make)

становиться (become, get, grow, turn, go, make)

назначать (assign, appoint, nominate, set, administer, make)

содействовать (facilitate, contribute, assist, support, further, make)

приготовлять (make, brew, dress, do, make ready, get ready)

определять (define, determine, set, measure, designate, make)

равняться (dress, equal, Be, amount, amount to, make)

учинять (make, commit)

направляться (head, go, tend, make, make for, strike)

предполагать (assume, guess, suppose, expect, suspect, make)

успевать (have time, catch, be in time, make, make progress, advance)

сожительствовать (cohabit, shack, make, sleep)

строить из себя (make)

тасовать (shuffle, make, riffle)

вести себя как (make)

поспевать (keep up, be done, get ready, make, be in, be in time)

Англо-русский синонимический словарь > make
99 sweep

развертка глагол:
подметать (sweep, sweep out, broom)

мести (sweep, broom)

сметать (sweep away, sweep, clean down, rake)

нестись (rush, sweep, lay, run, fly, drive)

чистить (clean, cleanse, peel, brush up, pare, sweep)

выметать (sweep, sweep out, edge)

заметать (cover, sweep, drift)

охватывать (cover, embrace, span, comprise, grasp, sweep)

проноситься (sweep, slip, float, streak, stream, sweep over)

простреливать (sweep)

смывать (wash off, sweep, Wash, wash away, sweep off, sweep down)

тралить (trawl, sweep, creep)

уничтожать (destroy, consume, demolish, kill, annihilate, sweep)

изгибать (bend, curve, twist, sweep, crook)

изгибаться (bend, curve, twist, wriggle, sweep, wriggle oneself)

мчаться (rush, race, dash, tear, slip along, sweep)

увлекать (enthrall, carry away, captivate, take, sweep, sweep along)

одержать полную победу (sweep, be the outright winner)

прочищать (purge, scour, unstop, sweep, absterge, purge away)

обстреливать (pellet, pelt, bump, sweep, fusillade, crump)

простираться (extend, stretch, spread, range, reach, sweep)

сносить (demolish, raze, take down, tear down, take, sweep)

гнуть в дугу (sweep)

проводить (spend, conduct, carry out, hold, lead, sweep)

окидывать взглядом (sweep, rake, run an eye over, take in at a glance)

тянуться (stretch, extend, drag on, go, reach out, sweep)

касаться (touch, concern, regard, touch upon, touch on, sweep)

обуять (overcome, sweep, seize, obsess)

ходить величаво (sweep)
имя существительное:
размах (scope, range, sweep, swing, spread, amplitude)

охват (coverage, sweep, reach, envelopment, incidence, comprehension)

подметание (sweeping, sweep)

движение (movement, motion, traffic, move, go, sweep)

мусор (litter, garbage, rubbish, trash, refuse, sweep)

чистка (cleaning, clean, purge, cleanup, scrubbing, sweep)

поворот (turn, rotation, turning, twist, swing, sweep)

взмах (wave, swing, stroke, sway, sweep, Wag)

лекало (pattern, template, curve, mold, templet, sweep)

выметание (sweep)

трубочист (chimney sweep, sweep, chimney sweeper, sweeper)

распространение (propagation, spread, dissemination, distribution, proliferation, sweep)

изгиб (bend, curve, curvature, bent, flexure, sweep)

негодяй (scoundrel, wretch, villain, rascal, rogue, sweep)

кругозор (horizon, outlook, purview, scope, Ken, sweep)

течение (flow, current, stream, flowing, progress, sweep)

крыло ветряной мельницы (whip, sail, fan, sweep)

полная победа (sweep)

длинное весло (sweep)

шаблон (template, pattern, routine, gauge, stereotype, sweep)

пролет (span, bay, width, sweep, aperture, cut)

протяжение (stretch, length, extent, extension, spread, sweep)

развитие (development, growth, evolution, progress, extension, sweep)

непрестанное движение (sweep)

пари на скачках (sweepstakes, sweepstake, sweep)

пределы (range, scope, compass, pale, radius, sweep)

журавль колодца (swipe, sweep)

тотализатор (tote, sweepstakes, totalizator, totalizer, sweepstake, sweep)

Англо-русский синонимический словарь > sweep
100 tenor

тенор имя существительное:
тенор (tenor)

направление (direction, directing, line, trend, course, tenor)

течение (flow, current, stream, flowing, progress, tenor)

общее содержание (tenor)

развитие (development, growth, evolution, progress, extension, tenor)

смысл статьи (force of a clause, tenor)

копия (copy, replica, duplicate, counterpart, carbon copy, tenor)

дубликат (duplicate, counterpart, double, spare, doublet, tenor)

содержание руды (tenor)

смысл речи (drift of a speech, tenor)
имя прилагательное:
теноровый (tenor)

Англо-русский синонимический словарь > tenor

Страницы

См. также в других словарях:

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