without+bed

ἄστρωτος

without bed: masc /fem /neut gen pl

Grammatical information: v.

Meaning: `lie, be somewhere, happen etc.' (Il.).

Other forms: 3. sg. κεῖται, 3. pl. κέαται, Att. κεῖνται, inf. κεῖσθαι etc. (further forms in Schwyzer 679; sehr unsicher myk. ke-ke-me-na)

Dialectal forms: Myc. ke-ke-me-na uncertain.

Compounds: very often with prefix in diff. meanings, ἀνά-, κατά-, παρά-, ἔγ-, ἔκ-, ἐπί-, σύγ-κειμαι etc.

Derivatives: 1. κοῖτος m. `layer, bed, sleep' (Od.), κοίτη f. `id., matrim. bed, nest, parcel, lot' (Od.); often in compp., e. g. ἀπό-, σύγ-, ἡμερό-κοιτος, ἀ-, παρα-κοίτης (cf. on ἀκοίτης). From κοῖτος, κοίτη: κοιτίς f. `box' (Men., J.; cf. Schwyzer 127) with κοιτίδιον `id.' (sch.); κοιτάριον `bed' (sch.); κοιτών m. `sleeping room' (Ar. Fr. 6, hell.) with κοιτώνιον, - ωνίσκος, - ωνίτης, ωνικός ; κοιτατήριον `id.' (Cyrene; cf. ἑστιατήριον s. ἑστία); κοιταῖος `lying on the layer' (Decr. ap. D. 18, 37, Plb.), κοιτάριος `belonging to the bed' ( Edict. Diocl.). Denomin. verb κοιτάζομαι `lay down, nest' (Pi., hell.), - άζω `bring to rest, lay down', also `partition the land' (from κοίτη `parcel'), hell. From here κοιτασία `living together' (LXX), κοιτασμός `folding the cattle' (pap.). - 2. *κοίμη or *κοῖμος with denomin. κοιμάω `lay to rest, put to bed', κοιμάομαι `go to bed' (Il.); from there κοίμησις `lay down, sleep (of death)' (Pl., LXX, NT), κοίμημα `sleep, sleeping with' (S.), κοιμη-τήριον `sleeping room, restplace, burying-place' (inscr.); also κοιμίζω = κοιμάω with κοίμισις, - ισμός, - ιστής, - ιστικός; rater reshaped from κοιμάω. - 3. κειμήλιον n. `valuables, precious thing' (Il.), secondary - ιοι Pl. m. (f.) (Pl. Lg. 931a; apposition of πατέρες η μητέρες); ηλ-derivation of a neuter *κεῖμα (Frisk Eranos 38, 42 a. 41, 52). In the same meaning κεμήλιον (Alc. G 1, 8)? Specht KZ 68, 145 (after *θεμήλιον, θέμηλα); but s. on κεμάς. - Cf. also κῶμα and κώμη. - Verbal derivv.: iterative ( παρε)- κέσκετο (ξ 521, φ 41); desiderative or future forms κείω, κειέμεν, κείοντες etc.; late lengthening κατεκείαθεν κατεκοιμήθη H. (after Hom. μετεκίαθεν); further details in Schwyzer 679, Chantraine Gramm. hom. 1, 322 und 453.

Origin: IE [Indo-European] [539] * kei- `lie'

Etymology: An exact agreement of the athematic present κεῖται gives Indo-Iranian in Skt. śéte, Av. saēte `lies'; further Hitt. kitta, -ri; uncertain Lyc. sijęni `id.' (Pedersen Lykisch und Hittitisch 17f.). The nominalen t- and m-formations are also found outside Greek: Bret. argud `light sleep' \< *are-ḱoi-to-; Germ., e. g. Goth. haims `village, Heim', Latv. sàime `family', Lith. šeimýna `id.', OCS sěmьja `id.', prob. also Celt., e. g. OIr. cōim `dear'. Other derivv. of the verb in Lat. cīvis, Germ., e. g. Goth. heiwa-frauja `lord of the house', Skt. śéva- `trusty, friendly, dear' as in Arm. sēr `love' with sirem `love'. - Further Pok. 539f., W.-Hofmann s. cīvis. - The verb has full grade in the middle with static inflection: Skt. śay-e, pl. śe-re, without -t-.

Page in Frisk: 1,809-810

ὄρνῡμι or [suff] ὀρνῑθ-ύω, poet. Verb: from the former come imper. ὄρνῠθι, ὄρνῠτε, Il.6.363, Od.10.457, al. ; inf.

A

ὀρνύμεναι Il.17.546

,

ὀρνύμεν 9.353

, al.; and from the latter, [tense] pres.

ὀρνύει Pi.O.13.12

, cf. Orph.L. 222 : [ per.] 3sg. and pl. [tense] impf. ὤρνυε, -υον, Od.21.100, Il.12.142 : [tense] fut.

ὄρσω 21.335

, Pi.N.9.8, S.Ant. 1060 : [tense] aor.

ὦρσα Il.5.629

, al., Hes.Th. 523, A. Pers. 496; [dialect] Ion. [ per.] 3sg.

ὄρσασκε Il.17.423

: redupl. [tense] aor. 2

ὤρορε 2.146

, Od.4.712, etc. (but ὤρορε stands for ὄρωρε, Il.13.78, Od.8.539):— [voice] Med. ὄρνῠμαι, used by Hom. in [ per.] 3sg.

ὄρνυται Il.5.532

, al., imper. ὄρνυσθε ib. 102, al., part.

ὀρνύμενος 20.158

, al.: [tense] impf. ὠρνύμην, used by Hom. in [ per.] 3sg. and pl.,

ὤρνῠτο Il.3.267

, al.,

ὤρνυντο Od.2.397

, al.: [tense] fut. [ per.] 3sg.

ὀρεῖται Il.20.140

: [tense] aor. 2 ὠρόμην, [ per.] 3sg.

ὤρετο 12.279

,14.397, also very freq. ὦρτο, 5.590, al.; [ per.] 3pl. without augm.

ὄροντο Od.3.471

(but v. ὄρομαι),

ὀρέοντο Il.2.398

,23.212 (unless this is [tense] impf.); imper. ὄρσο or ὄρσεο, 5.109, al., 3.250, al.; [dialect] Ion. [var] contr.

ὄρσευ 4.264

, 19. 139; subj.

ὄρηται Od.16.98

,al. ; inf.

ὄρθαι Il.8.474

; part.

ὀρόμενος A. Th.87

, 115 (both lyr.),

ὄρμενος Il.11.326

, al., and in lyr. passages of Trag., A.Ag. 1408 (cf. 429), Supp. 422, S.OT 177: to the [voice] Med. also belongs the [tense] pf. ὄρωρα, used by Hom. only in [ per.] 3sg. ὄρωρε (v. supr.), subj.

ὀρώρῃ Il.9.610

, al.; and [tense] plpf.

ὀρώρει 2.810

, al. (cf. ὄρομαι), also

ὠρώρει 18.498

, A.Ag. 653, S.OC 1622:—[voice] Pass., [tense] perf. ὀρώρεται, = ὄρωρε, Od. 19.377 ; subj.

ὀρώρηται Il.13.271

: [ per.] 3pl. [tense] aor.

ὦρθεν Corinn.Supp.1.21

. (Cf. Skt. ṛṇóti 'rush', [tense] aor. [ per.] 3sg. ārta = ὦρτο, Lat. orior; cf. also ἔρσεο, ἔρσῃ, and ἔρετο in Hsch.):—stir, stir up; esp.

1 of bodily movement, urge on, incite,

τινὰ ἐπί τινι Il.5.629

, 12.293; οἱ ἐπ' αἰετὸν ὦρσε let loose his eagle upon him, Hes.Th. 523;

τινὰ ἀντία τινός Il.20.79

; rarely,

τινὰ εἰς ἀυάταν Pi.P.2.29

: c. inf., Ζεὺς ὦρσε μάχεσθαι urged them on to fight, Il.13.794, cf. 17.273;

τὴν.. ῥέξαι θεὸς ὤρορεν ἔργον Od.23.222

;

τόλμα μοι γλῶσσαν ὀρνύει λέγειν Pi.O.13.12

, cf. P.4.170, S.Ant. 1060:—[voice] Med., with [tense] pf. ὄρωρα, move, stir oneself, εἰς ὅ κε.. μοι φίλα γούνατ' ὀρώρῃ while my limbs have power to move, Il.9.610, cf. Od.18.133, etc.: used by Hom. in imper. ὄρσεο, up! arise! (like ἄγε and ἴθι) in exhorting, Il.3.250, al.;

ὄρσο 5.109

,24.88;

ἀλλ' ὄρσευ πόλεμόνδε 4.264

, 19.139: in hostile sense, rush on, rush furiously,

ὦρτο δ' ἐπ' αὐτοὺς [Ἕκτωρ] 5.590

, 11.343;

ὦρτο δ' ἐπ' αὐτῷ 21.248

;

ὤρνυτο χαλκῷ Τυδεΐδης 5.17

, etc.;

ὄρνυται λαός A.Th.89

(lyr.), cf. 419(lyr.), S.OC 1320.

2 make to arise, call forth,

ἀπ' Ὠκεανοῦ.. Ἠριγένειαν ὦρσεν Od.23.348

, cf. 7.169; awaken, arouse from sleep,

ὦρσεν.. Ἱπποκόωντα Il.10.518

; of animals, start, chase,

ὦρσαν δὲ Νύμφαι.. αἶγας ὀρεσκῴους Od.9.154

;

ὡς δ' ὅτε νεβρὸν ὄρεσφι κύων.. ὄρσας ἐξ εὐνῆς Il.22.190

:— [voice] Med., arise, start up, esp. from bed,

Ἠὼς ἐκ λεχέων.. ὤρνυθ' 11.2

;

ὤρνυτ' ἄρ' ἐξ εὐνῆφιν Od.2.2

, etc.;

ἀπὸ θρόνου ὦρτο φαεινοῦ Il.11.645

; ἀπὸ χθονὸς ὤρνυτο attacked from.., 5.13 : abs.,

ὀρνυμένοιο ἄνακτος Hes.Th. 843

: c. inf., rise to do a thing, set about it,

οἱ δ' εὕδειν ὤρνυντο Od.2.397

(so c. part., ὄρσο κέων get thee to bed, 7.342);

ὦρτο.. ἴμεν 7.14

, cf. Hes.Sc. 40;

ὦρτο πέτεσθαι Il.13.62

, etc.; ὤρετο.. Ζεὺς νειφέμεν started or began to.., 12.279 ; without inf.,

ὤρορε θεῖος ἀοιδός Od.8.539

.

3 freq. used of things as well as persons, call forth, excite, of storms and the like , which the gods call forth,

ὄρσας.. ἀνέμων.. ἀϋτμήν 11.407

, cf. Il.14.254, 21.335 ;

νοῦσον ἀνὰ στρατὸν ὦρσε 1.10

, etc.;

θεὸς χειμῶν' ἄωρον ὦρσε A.Pers. 496

:—and in [voice] Med., arise,

ὀρώρει δ' οὐρανόθεν νύξ Od.5.294

, al. ;

φλὸξ ὦρτο Il.8.135

;

ὅτε τις χειμὼν.. ὄροιτο Od.14.522

;

ὦρτο δὲ κῦμα πνοιῇ ὕπο λιγυρῇ Il.23.214

;

πῦρ ὄρμενον ἐξαίφνης 17.738

, cf. S.OT 177 (lyr.).

b of human actions, passions, and the like ,

ὄρσαι πόλεμον Il.4.16

;

ἔριν Od.3.161

;

ἐν δὲ κυδοιμὸν ὦρσε κακόν Il.11.53

;

ὑφ' ἵμερον ὦρσε γόοιο 23.108

, al. ;

μή μοι γόον ὄρνυθι Od.17.46

, cf. 10.457 ;

ἐν φόβον ὦρσε Il.13.362

;

ἐν μένος ὦρσεν 8.335

:—and in [voice] Med.,

φευγόντων δ' οὔτ' ἂρ κλέος ὄρνυται οὔτε τις ἀλκή 5.532

;

καί μοι μένος ὤρορε 13.78

;

ὅππῃ οἱ νόος ὄρνυται Od.1.347

;

ἔριδος μέγα νεῖκος ὀρώρει Il.17.384

;

τῶν δὲ στόνος ὤρνυτ' ἀεικής 10.483

, al.; δοῦρα ὄρμενα πρόσσω the darts flying on wards, 11.572 ;

ὀρνυμένων πολέμων Pi.O.8.34

; ἀφρὸς ἀπὸ χροὸς ὤρνυτο started from the skin, Hes.Th. 191 ;

ὠς λόγος ἐκ πατέρων ὄρωρεν Alc.71

.

4 A.R. uses ὄρωρε nearly as = ἐστί, 1.713, al. ; ὀρώρει = ἦν, 2.473, 3.457.—The Verb is mainly used in [dialect] Ep. and Lyr. poetry; seldom found in Trag. trim.,

ὄρσω S.Ant. 1060

;

ὦρσα A.Pers. 496

;

ὄρνυμαι S.OC 1320

; ὠρώρει ib. 1622, A.Ag. 653 ; prob. never in Com. (Ar.Ra. 1529 is mock-Epic) or correct Prose.

εὐν-ή, ἡ, [dialect] Ep. gen. sg. and pl.

A

εὐνῆφι, -φιν Od.2.2

, al.:— bed,

εὐνῇ ἔνι μαλακῇ Il.9.618

, etc.;

ἔβη εἰς εὐνήν Od. 1.427

, etc.;

ὄρνυτ' ἄρ' ἐξ εὐνῆφιν Od.2.2

, al.: in Cret. Prose,

εὐνά Schwyzer 180

.

2 bedding, dist.fr. λέχος (the bedstead),

λέχος πόρσυνε καὶ εὐνήν Od.3.403

;

ἐκθεῖσαι πυκινὸν λέχος ἐμβάλετ' εὐνήν 23.179

; cf. ἐνεύναιος.

b esp. of soldiers in the field, Th.3.112, 4.32, 6.67, Pl.R. 415e, A.Ag. 559, E. Rh.1 (anap.).

3 εὐναὶ νυμφάων their abode, Il.24.615; of animals,

συφεοὺς δυοκαίδεκα ποίει.. εὐνὰς συσί Od.14.14

; lair of a deer, 4.338, Il.11.115; [

νεβρὸν] ἐξ εὐνῆφι θορόντα 15.580

; form of a hare, X.Cyn. 6.16; nest, S.Ant. 425; κριοῦ εὐναί, a place in Colchis where the ram of Phrixus rested, A.R.4.116.

4 marriage-bed,

μεμνημένος οὔτε τι σίτου οὔτ' εὐνῆς Il.24.130

;

εὐνῆς ἐπιβήμεναι 9.133

;

ἐξ εὐνῆς ἀνστᾶσα 14.336

; usu. with some word added to denote this,

ἔτλην ἀνέρος εὐνήν 18.433

;

ἀνδρὸς ἐν εὐνῇ ἤθελον εὐνηθῆναι Od.4.333

;

ἀπανήνασθαι θεοῦ εὐνήν 10.297

;

ἐμίγην φιλότητι καὶ εὐνῇ Il.3.445

, etc.;

ζαλωτὸν ὁμόφρονος εὐνᾶς Pi.O.7.6

;

εὐναῖς ἀνανδρώτοισι S.Tr. 109

(lyr.); εὐναὶ γαμήλιοι, νυμφίδιοι, κρύφιαι, E.Med. 1027, Alc. 886 (anap.), El. 720 (lyr.); without such a word,

Διὸς εὐναί Pi.P.2.27

; ἄλλην τιν' εὐνὴν ἀντὶ σοῦ στέργει πόσις; E.Andr. 907, cf. Hipp. 1011; of Pyrrha and Deucalion,

ἄτερ εὐνᾶς κτισσάσθαν λίθινον γόνον Pi.O.9.44

;

ὅσιος ἀπ' εὐνᾶς E. Ion 150

(lyr.).

5 one's last bed, the grave,

ἔνθα σ' ἔχουσιν εὐναί A. Ch. 318

(lyr.);

εἰς εὐνὴν πατρός S.El. 436

;

Ἄϊδος εὐνάς Epigr.Gr.431

(Antioch.) (so some take Τυφωέος εὐναί in Il.2.783).

II pl. εὐναί, stones thrown out from the prow and used as anchors,

ἐκ δ' εὐνὰς ἔβαλον, κατὰ δὲ πρυμνήσι' ἔδησαν Il.1.436

, = Od.15.498; ὕψι δ' ἐπ' εὐνάων ὁρμίσσομεν we will let the ships ride at anchor in deep water, Il.14.77;

εὐνὰς δ' ἔνθ' ἔβαλον κατὰ βένθεος Q.S.12.346

; even of iron anchors, Sch.Il.1.436.—Rare in early Prose, X.Mem.3.11.8: in pl., Th.Il.cc., Pl.Prt. 321a, R. 415e, Plt. 272a.

κλίνη, ης, ἡ (Eur., Hdt. et al.; ins, pap, LXX, TestSol, TestAbr, TestJob; TestLevi 19:4; JosAs; AscIs 2:14; EpArist 320) a place for those who are resting (2 Km 4:7; Ps 6:7), suffering (Gen 48:2; 49:33), or dining (Xenophanes 18, 2 Diehl²; Ezk 23:41).

① bed, couch Mk 4:21; 7:30; Lk 8:16; 17:34; καθίσαι εἰς τὴν κ. sit on the bed Hv 5:1.—Pallet, stretcher on which a sick man was carried (Appian, Bell. Civ. 1, 45 §199 ἔφυγεν ἐπὶ κλίνης διὰ νόσον; as a bier for the dead Pla., Leg. 12, 947b; Jos., Ant. 7, 40=2 Km 3:31.—2 Ch 16:14), prob. not differentiated fr. ‘bed’ Mt 9:2, 6; Lk 5:18 (φέρειν ἐπὶ κλίνης as SIG 1169, 31; Jos., Ant. 17, 197). Ac 5:15 v.l. (for κλινάριον); βάλλειν τινὰ εἰς κ. lay someone on a sickbed i.e. strike her w. an illness Rv 2:22 (a lingering illness as a divine punishment: Diod S 16, 61, 3; cp. also PUps 8, 4 s.v. ξηραίνω 2). GDalman, Arbeit 7, 189; Kl. Pauly III 255f (lit.)

② dining couch Mk 7:4 as suggested by the context; the only NT pass. that qualifies for this mng. S. New Docs 1, 6–9, but without ref. to this pass.—B. 480. DELG s.v. κλίνω. M-M. TW.

πνεῦμα, ατος, τό (πνέω; Aeschyl., Pre-Socr., Hdt.+. On the history of the word s. Rtzst., Mysterienrel.³ 308ff).

① air in movement, blowing, breathing (even the glowing exhalations of a volcanic crater: Diod S 5, 7, 3)

ⓐ wind (Aeschyl. et al.; LXX, EpArist, Philo; Jos., Ant. 2, 343; 349; SibOr 8, 297) in wordplay τὸ πνεῦμα πνεῖ the wind blows J 3:8a (EpJer 60 πνεῦμα ἐν πάσῃ χώρᾳ πνεῖ. But s. TDonn, ET 66, ’54f, 32; JThomas, Restoration Qtrly 24, ’81, 219–24). ὀθόνη πλοίου ὑπὸ πνεύματος πληρουμένη MPol 15:2. Of God ὁ ποιῶν τοὺς ἀγγέλους αὐτοῦ πνεύματα who makes his angels winds Hb 1:7; 1 Cl 36:3 (both Ps 103:4).

ⓑ the breathing out of air, blowing, breath (Aeschyl. et al.; Pla., Tim. 79b; LXX) ὁ ἄνομος, ὅν ὁ κύριος Ἰησοῦς ἀνελεῖ τῷ πνεύματι τοῦ στόματος αὐτοῦ 2 Th 2:8 (cp. Is 11:4; Ps 32:6).

② that which animates or gives life to the body, breath, (life-)spirit (Aeschyl. et al.; Phoenix of Colophon 1, 16 [Coll. Alex. p. 231] πν.=a breathing entity [in contrast to becoming earth in death]; Polyb. 31, 10, 4; Ps.-Aristot., De Mundo 4 p. 394b, 8ff; PHib 5, 54 [III B.C.]; PGM 4, 538; 658; 2499; LXX; TestAbr A 17 p. 98, 19 [Stone p. 44] al.; JosAs 19:3; SibOr 4, 46; Tat. 4:2) ἀφιέναι τὸ πνεῦμα give up one’s spirit, breathe one’s last (Eur., Hec. 571; Porphyr., Vi. Plotini 2) Mt 27:50. J says for this παραδιδόναι τὸ πν. 19:3 (cp. ApcMos 31 ἀποδῶ τὸ πν.; Just., D. 105, 5). Of the return of the (life-)spirit of a deceased person into her dead body ἐπέστρεψεν τὸ πν. αὐτῆς Lk 8:55 (cp. Jdg 15:19). εἰς χεῖράς σου παρατίθεμαι τὸ πν. μου into your hands I entrust my spirit 23:46 (Ps 30:6; for alleged focus on ἐλπίζειν s. EBons, BZ 38, ’94, 93–101). κύριε Ἰησοῦ, δέξαι τὸ πνεῦμά μου Ac 7:59; composite of both passages AcPl Ha 10, 23 (cp. ApcMos 42). τὸ πν. μου ὁ δεσπότης δέξεται GJs 23:3 (on the pneuma flying upward after death cp. Epicharm. in Vorsokrat. 23 [=13, 4th ed.], B 9 and 22; Eur., Suppl. 533 πνεῦμα μὲν πρὸς αἰθέρα, τὸ σῶμα δʼ ἐς γῆν; PGM 1, 177ff τελευτήσαντός σου τὸ σῶμα περιστελεῖ, σοῦ δὲ τὸ πνεῦμα … εἰς ἀέρα ἄξει σὺν αὑτῷ ‘when you are dead [the angel] will wrap your body … and take your spirit with him into the sky’). τὸ σῶμα χωρὶς πν. νεκρόν ἐστιν Js 2:26. πν. ζωῆς ἐκ τ. θεοῦ εἰσῆλθεν ἐν αὐτοῖς (i.e. the prophet-witnesses who have been martyred) Rv 11:11 (cp. Ezk 37:10 v.l. εἰσῆλθεν εἰς αὐτοὺς πνεῦμα ζωῆς; vs. 5). Of the spirit that animated the image of a beast, and enabled it to speak and to have Christians put to death 13:15.—After a person’s death, the πν. lives on as an independent being, in heaven πνεύματα δικαὶων τετελειωμένων Hb 12:23 (cp. Da 3:86 εὐλογεῖτε, πνεύματα καὶ ψυχαὶ δικαίων, τὸν κύριον). According to non-biblical sources, the πν. are in the netherworld (cp. En 22:3–13; Sib Or 7, 127) or in the air (PGM 1, 178), where evil spirits can prevent them from ascending higher (s. ἀήρ2b). τοῖς ἐν φυλακῇ πνεύμασιν πορευθεὶς ἐκήρυξεν 1 Pt 3:19 belongs here if it refers to Jesus’ preaching to the spirits of the dead confined in Hades (so Usteri et al.; s. also JMcCulloch, The Harrowing of Hell, 1930), whether it be when he descended into Hades, or when he returned to heaven (so RBultmann, Bekenntnis u. Liedfragmente im 1 Pt: ConNeot11, ’47, 1–14).—CClemen, Niedergefahren zu den Toten 1900; JTurmel, La Descente du Christ aux enfers 1905; JMonnier, La Descente aux enfers 1906; HHoltzmann, ARW 11, 1908, 285–97; KGschwind, Die Niederfahrt Christi in die Unterwelt 1911; DPlooij, De Descensus in 1 Pt 3:19 en 4:6: TT 47, 1913, 145–62; JBernard, The Descent into Hades a Christian Baptism (on 1 Pt 3:19ff): Exp. 8th ser., 11, 1916, 241–74; CSchmidt, Gespräche Jesu mit seinen Jüngern: TU 43, 1919, 452ff; JFrings, BZ 17, 1926, 75–88; JKroll, Gott u. Hölle ’32; RGanschinietz, Katabasis: Pauly-W. X/2, 1919, 2359–449; Clemen² 89–96; WBieder, Die Vorstellung v. d. Höllenfahrt Jesu Chr. ’49; SJohnson, JBL 79, ’60, 48–51; WDalton, Christ’s Proclamation to the Spirits ’65. S. also the lit. in Windisch, Hdb.² 1930, exc. on 1 Pt 3:20; ESelwyn, The First Ep. of St. Peter ’46 and 4c below.—This is prob. also the place for θανατωθεὶς μὲν σαρκὶ ζωοποιηθεὶς δὲ πνεύματι• ἐν ᾧ καὶ … 1 Pt 3:18f (some mss. read πνεύματι instead of πνεύμασιν in vs. 19, evidently in ref. to the manner of Jesus’ movement; πνεῦμα is that part of Christ which, in contrast to σάρξ, did not pass away in death, but survived as an individual entity after death; s. ἐν 7). Likew. the contrast κατὰ σάρκα … κατὰ πνεῦμα Ro 1:3f. Cp. 1 Ti 3:16.

③ a part of human personality, spirit

ⓐ when used with σάρξ, the flesh, it denotes the immaterial part 2 Cor 7:1; Col 2:5. Flesh and spirit=the whole personality, in its outer and inner aspects, oft. in Ign.: IMg 1:2; 13:1a; ITr ins; 12:1; IRo ins; ISm 1:1; IPol 5:1; AcPl Ant 13, 18 (=Aa I 237, 3).—In the same sense beside σῶμα, the body (Simplicius, In Epict. p. 50, 1; Ps.-Phoc. 106f; PGM 1, 178) 1 Cor 5:3–5; 7:34.—The inner life of humans is divided into ψυχὴ καὶ πνεῦμα (cp. Ps.-Pla., Axioch. 10 p. 370c τὶ θεῖον ὄντως ἐνῆν πνεῦμα τῇ ψυχῇ=a divine spirit was actually in the soul; Wsd 15:11; Jos., Ant. 1, 34; Tat. 13, 2; 15, 1 et al.; Ath. 27, 1. S. also Herm. Wr. 10, 13; 16f; PGM 4, 627; 630. ἐκ τριῶν συνεστάναι λέγουσι τὸν ἄνθρωπον ἐκ ψυχῆς καὶ σώματος καὶ πνεύματος Did., Gen. 55, 14) Hb 4:12. Cp. Phil 1:27. τὸ πνεῦμα καὶ ἡ ψυχὴ καὶ τὸ σῶμα 1 Th 5:23 (s. GMilligan, Thess. 1908, 78f; EvDobschütz in Meyer X⁷ 1909, 230ff; EBurton, Spirit, Soul, and Flesh 1918; AFestugière, La Trichotomie des 1 Th 5:23 et la Philos. gr.: RSR 20, 1930, 385–415; CMasson, RTP 33, ’45, 97–102; FGrant, An Introd. to NT Thought ’50, 161–66). σαρκί, ψυχῇ, πνεύματι IPhld 11:2.

ⓑ as the source and seat of insight, feeling, and will, gener. as the representative part of human inner life (cp. PGM 4, 627; 3 Km 20:5; Sir 9:9 al.; Just., D. 30, 1; Did., Gen. 232, 5) ἐπιγνοὺς ὁ Ἰησοῦς τῷ πν. αὐτοῦ Mk 2:8. ἀναστενάξας τῷ πν. αὐτοῦ λέγει 8:12 (s. ἀναστενάζω). ἠγαλλίασεν τὸ πν. μου Lk 1:47 (in parallelism w. ψυχή vs. 46, as Sir 9:9). ἠγαλλιάσατο τῷ πν. 10:21 v.l., Ἰησοῦς ἐνεβριμήσατο τῷ πν. J 11:33 (s. ἐμβριμάομαι 3); Ἰης. ἐταράχθη τῷ πν. 13:21. παρωξύνετο τὸ πν. αὐτοῦ ἐν αὐτῷ Ac 17:16; ζέων τῷ πν. with spirit-fervor 18:25 (s. ζέω). τὸ παιδίον ἐκραταιοῦτο πνεύματι Lk 1:80; 2:40 v.l.; ἔθετο ὁ Παῦλος ἐν τῷ πν. Paul made up his mind Ac 19:21 (some would put this pass. in 6c, but cp. Lk 1:66 and analogous formulations Hom. et al. in L-S-J-M s.v. τίθημι A6). προσκυνήσουσιν τῷ πατρὶ ἐν πνεύματι of the spiritual, i.e. the pure, inner worship of God, that has nothing to do w. holy times, places, appurtenances, or ceremonies J 4:23; cp. vs. 24b. πν. συντετριμμένον (Ps 50:19) 1 Cl 18:17; 52:4.—2 Cl 20:4; Hv 3, 12, 2; 3, 13, 2.—This usage is also found in Paul. His conviction (s. 5 below) that the Christian possesses the (divine) πνεῦμα and thus is different fr. all other people, leads him to choose this word in preference to others, in order to characterize a believer’s inner being gener. ᾧ λατρεύω ἐν τῷ πν. μου Ro 1:9. οὐκ ἔσχηκα ἄνεσιν τῷ πν. μου 2 Cor 2:13. Cp. 7:13. As a matter of fact, it can mean simply a person’s very self or ego: τὸ πνεῦμα συμμαρτυρεῖ τῷ πνεύματι ἡμῶν the Spirit (of God) bears witness to our very self Ro 8:16 (cp. PGM 12, 327 ἠκούσθη μου τὸ πνεῦμα ὑπὸ πνεύματος οὐρανοῦ). ἀνέπαυσαν τὸ ἐμὸν πν. καὶ τὸ ὑμῶν they have refreshed both me and you 1 Cor 16:18. ἡ χάρις τοῦ κυρίου ἡμῶν Ἰ. Χρ. μετά τοῦ πν. (ὑμῶν) Gal 6:18; Phil 4:23; Phlm 25. Cp. 2 Ti 4:22. Likew. in Ign. τὸ ἐμὸν πν. my (unworthy) self IEph 18:1; IRo 9:3; cp. 1 Cor 2:11a—On the relation of the divine Spirit to the believer’s spiritual self, s. SWollenweider, Der Geist Gottes als Selbst der Glaubenden: ZTK 93, ’96, 163–92.—Only a part of the inner life, i.e. that which concerns the will, is meant in τὸ μὲν πνεῦμα πρόθυμον, ἡ δὲ σὰρξ ἀσθενής Mt 26:41; Mk 14:38; Pol 7:2. That which is inferior, anxiety, fear of suffering, etc. is attributed to the σάρξ.—The mng. of the expr. οἱ πτωχοὶ τῷ πνεύματι Mt 5:3 is difficult to determine w. certainty (cp. Pla., Ep. 7, 335a πένης ἀνὴρ τὴν ψυχήν. The dat. as τῇ ψυχῇ M. Ant. 6, 52; 8, 51). The sense is prob. those who are poor in their inner life, because they do not have a misdirected pride in their own spiritual riches (s. AKlöpper, Über den Sinn u. die ursprgl. Form der ersten Seligpreisung der Bergpredigt bei Mt: ZWT 37, 1894, 175–91; RKabisch, Die erste Seligpreisung: StKr 69, 1896, 195–215; KKöhler, Die ursprgl. Form der Seligpreisungen: StKr 91, 1918, 157–92; JBoehmer, De Schatkamer 17, 1923, 11–16, TT [Copenhagen] 4, 1924, 195–207, JBL 45, 1926, 298–304; WMacgregor, ET 39, 1928, 293–97; VMacchioro, JR 12, ’32, 40–49; EEvans, Theology 47, ’44, 55–60; HLeisegang, Pneuma Hagion 1922, 134ff; Betz, SM 116 n. 178 for Qumran reff.).

ⓒ spiritual state, state of mind, disposition ἐν ἀγάπῃ πνεύματί τε πραΰτητος with love and a gentle spirit 1 Cor 4:21; cp. Gal 6:1. τὸ πν. τοῦ νοὸς ὑμῶν Eph 4:23 (s. νοῦς 2a). ἐν τῷ ἀφθάρτῳ τοῦ ἡσυχίου πνεύματος with the imperishable (gift) of a quiet disposition 1 Pt 3:4.

④ an independent noncorporeal being, in contrast to a being that can be perceived by the physical senses, spirit (ELangton, Good and Evil Spirits ’42).

ⓐ God personally: πνεῦμα ὁ θεός J 4:24a (Ath. 16, 2; on God as a spirit, esp. in the Stoa, s. MPohlenz, D. Stoa ’48/49. Hdb. ad loc. Also Celsus 6, 71 [Stoic]; Herm. Wr. 18, 3 ἀκάματον μέν ἐστι πνεῦμα ὁ θεός).

ⓑ good, or at least not expressly evil spirits or spirit-beings (cp. CIG III, 5858b δαίμονες καὶ πνεύματα; Proclus on Pla., Cratyl. p. 69, 6; 12 Pasqu.; En 15:4; 6; 8; 10; TestAbr A 4 p. 81, 15f [Stone p. 10, 15f] πάντα τὰ ἐπουράνια πνεύματα; TestAbr B 13 p. 117, 26 [Stone p. 82] ὑψηλὸν πν.; PGM 3, 8 ἐπικαλοῦμαί σε, ἱερὸν πνεῦμα; 4, 1448; 3080; 12, 249) πνεῦμα w. ἄγγελος (cp. Jos., Ant. 4, 108; Ps.-Clem., Hom. 3, 33; 8, 12) Ac 23:8f. God is ὁ παντὸς πνεύματος κτίστης καὶ ἐπίσκοπος 1 Cl 59:3b.—Pl., God the μόνος εὐεργέτης πνεύματων 1 Cl 59:3a. Cp. 64 (s. on this Num 16:22; 27:16. Prayers for vengeance fr. Rheneia [Dssm., LO 351–55=LAE 423ff=SIG 1181, 2] τὸν θεὸν τὸν κύριον τῶν πνευμάτων; PGM 5, 467 θεὸς θεῶν, ὁ κύριος τῶν πν.; sim. the magic pap PWarr 21, 24; 26 [III A.D.]); the πατὴρ τῶν πνευμάτων Hb 12:9. Intermediary beings (in polytheistic terminology: δαίμονες) that serve God are called λειτουργικὰ πνεύματα Hb 1:14. In Rv we read of the ἑπτὰ πνεύματα (τοῦ θεοῦ) 1:4; 3:1; 4:5; 5:6; s. ASkrinjar, Biblica 16, ’35, 1–24; 113–40.— Ghost Lk 24:37, 39.

ⓒ evil spirits (PGM 13, 798; 36, 160; TestJob 27, 2; ApcSed [both Satan]; AscIs 3:28; Just., D. 39, 6 al.; Ath. 25, 3), esp. in accounts of healing in the Synoptics: (τὸ) πνεῦμα (τὸ) ἀκάθαρτον (Just., D. 82, 3) Mt 12:43; Mk 1:23, 26; 3:30; 5:2, 8; 7:25; 9:25a; Lk 8:29; 9:42; 11:24; Rv 18:2. Pl. (TestBenj 5:2) Mt 10:1; Mk 1:27; 3:11; 5:13; 6:7; Lk 4:36; 6:18; Ac 5:16; 8:7; Rv 16:13; ending of Mk in the Freer ms.—τὸ πν. τὸ πονηρόν Ac 19:15f. Pl. (En 99:7; TestSim 4:9; 6:6, TestJud 16:1; Just., D. 76, 6) Lk 7:21; 8:2; Ac 19:12f.—πν. ἄλαλον Mk 9:17; cp. vs. 25b (s. ἄλαλος). πν. πύθων Ac 16:16 (s. πύθων). πν. ἀσθενείας Lk 13:11. Cp. 1 Ti 4:1b. πνεῦμα δαιμονίου ἀκαθάρτου (s. δαιμόνιον 2) Lk 4:33. πνεύματα δαιμονίων Rv 16:14 (in effect = personified ‘exhalations’ of evil powers; for the combination of πν. and δαιμ. cp. the love spell Sb 4324, 16f τὰ πνεύματα τῶν δαιμόνων τούτων).—Abs. of a harmful spirit Mk 9:20; Lk 9:39; Ac 16:18. Pl. Mt 8:16; 12:45; Lk 10:20; 11:26.—1 Pt 3:19 (s. 2 above) belongs here if the πνεύματα refer to hostile spirit-powers, evil spirits, fallen angels (so FSpitta, Christi Predigt an die Geister 1890; HGunkel, Zum religionsgesch. Verständnis des NT 1903, 72f; WBousset, ZNW 19, 1920, 50–66; Rtzst., Herr der Grösse 1919, 25ff; Knopf, Windisch, FHauck ad loc.; BReicke, The Disobedient Spirits and Christian Baptism ’46, esp. 54–56, 69).—Hermas also has the concept of evil spirits that lead an independent existence, and live and reign within the inner life of a pers.; the Holy Spirit, who also lives or would like to live there, is forced out by them (cp. TestDan 4) Hm 5, 1, 2–4; 5, 2, 5–8; 10, 1, 2. τὸ πν. τὸ ἅγιον … ἕτερον πονηρὸν πν. 5, 1, 2. These πνεύματα are ὀξυχολία 5, 1, 3; 5, 2, 8 (τὸ πονηρότατον πν.); 10, 1, 2; διψυχία 9:11 (ἐπίγειον πν. ἐστι παρὰ τοῦ διαβόλου); 10, 1, 2; λύπη 10, 1, 2 (πάντων τῶν πνευμάτων πονηροτέρα) and other vices. On the complicated pneuma-concept of the Mandates of Hermas s. MDibelius, Hdb. exc. on Hm 5, 2, 7; cp. Leutzsch, Hermas 453f n. 133.

⑤ God’s being as controlling influence, with focus on association with humans, Spirit, spirit as that which differentiates God fr. everything that is not God, as the divine power that produces all divine existence, as the divine element in which all divine life is carried on, as the bearer of every application of the divine will. All those who belong to God possess or receive this spirit and hence have a share in God’s life. This spirit also serves to distinguish Christians fr. all unbelievers (cp. PGM 4, 1121ff, where the spirit is greeted as one who enters devotees and, in accordance w. God’s will, separates them fr. themselves, i.e. fr. the purely human part of their nature); for this latter aspect s. esp. 6 below.

ⓐ the Spirit of God, of the Lord (=God) etc. (LXX; TestSim 4:4; JosAs 8:11; ApcSed 14:6; 15:6; ApcMos 43; SibOr 3, 701; Ps.-Phoc. 106; Philo; Joseph. [s. c below]; apolog. Cp. Plut., Numa 4, 6 πνεῦμα θεοῦ, capable of begetting children; s. παρθένος a) τὸ πν. τοῦ θεοῦ 1 Cor 2:11b, 14; 3:16; 6:11; 1J 4:2a (Just., D. 49, 3; Tat. 13, 3; Ath. 22, 3). τὸ τοῦ θεοῦ πν. 1 Pt 4:14 (Just., A I, 60, 6). τὸ πν. τὸ ἐκ τοῦ θεοῦ 1 Cor 2:12b. τὸ πν. κυρίου Ac 5:9; B 6:14; B 9:2 (cp. Mel., P. 32, 222). τὸ πνεῦμά μου or αὐτοῦ: Mt 12:18 (Is 42:1); Ac 2:17f (Jo 3:1f.—Cp. 1QS 4:21); 1 Cor 2:10a v.l.; Eph 3:16; 1 Th 4:8 (where τὸ ἅγιον is added); 1J 4:13.—τὸ πν. τοῦ πατρὸς ὑμῶν Mt 10:20. τὸ πν. τοῦ ἐγείραντος τὸν Ἰησοῦν Ro 8:11a.—Without the art. πν. θεοῦ (JosAs 4:9; Tat. 15:3; Theoph. Ant. 1, 5 [p. 66, 18]) the Spirit of God Mt 3:16; 12:28; Ro 8:9b, 14, 19; 1 Cor 7:40; 12:3a; 2 Cor 3:3 (πν. θεοῦ ζῶντος); Phil 3:3. πν. κυρίου Lk 4:18 (Is 61:1); Ac 8:39 (like J 3:8; 20:22; Ac 2:4, this pass. belongs on the borderline betw. the mngs. ‘wind’ and ‘spirit’; cp. Diod S 3, 60, 3 Ἕσπερον ἐξαίφνης ὑπὸ πνευμάτων συναρπαγέντα μεγάλων ἄφαντον γενέσθαι ‘Hesperus [a son of Atlas] was suddenly snatched by strong winds and vanished fr. sight’. S. HLeisegang, Der Hl. Geist I 1, 1919, 19ff; OCullmann, TZ. 4, ’48, 364); 1 Cl 21:2.

ⓑ the Spirit of Christ, of the Lord (=Christ) etc. τὸ πν. Ἰησοῦ Ac 16:7. τὸ πν. Χριστοῦ AcPlCor 2:32. τὸ ἐν αὐτοῖς πν. Χριστοῦ 1 Pt 1:11. πν. Χριστοῦ Ro 8:9c. πν. τοῦ Χριστοῦ AcPl Ha 8, 18. ἀπὸ τοῦ πν. τοῦ χριστοῦ AcPlCor 2:10. τὸ πν. Ἰης. Χριστοῦ Phil 1:19. τὸ πν. κυρίου 2 Cor 3:17b (JHermann, Kyrios und Pneuma, ’61). τὸ πν. τοῦ υἱοῦ αὐτοῦ (=θεοῦ) Gal 4:6. As possessor of the divine Spirit, and at the same time controlling its distribution among humans, Christ is called κύριος πνεύματος Lord of the Spirit 2 Cor 3:18 (s. Windisch ad loc.); but many prefer to transl. from the Lord who is the Spirit.—CMoule, OCullmann Festschr., ’72, 231–37.

ⓒ Because of its heavenly origin and nature this Spirit is called (the) Holy Spirit (cp. PGM 4, 510 ἵνα πνεύσῃ ἐν ἐμοὶ τὸ ἱερὸν πνεῦμα.—Neither Philo nor Josephus called the Spirit πν. ἅγιον; the former used θεῖον or θεοῦ πν., the latter πν. θεῖον: Ant. 4, 118; 8, 408; 10, 239; but ἅγιον πνεῦμα Orig. C. Cels 1, 40, 16).

α. w. the art. τὸ πνεῦμα τὸ ἅγιον (Is 63:10f; Ps 50:13; 142:10 v.l.; cp. Sus 45 Theod.; TestAbr A 4 p. 81, 10 [Stone p. 10]; JosAs 8:11 [codd. ADE]; AscIs 3, 15, 26; Just., D. 36, 6 al.) Mt 12:32 = Mk 3:29 = Lk 12:10 (τὸ ἅγιον πνεῦμα; on the ‘sin against the Holy Spirit’ s. HLeisegang, Pneuma Hagion 1922, 96–112; AFridrichsen, Le péché contre le Saint-Esprit: RHPR 3, 1923, 367–72). Mk 12:36; 13:11; Lk 2:26; 3:22; 10:21; J 14:26; Ac 1:16; 2:33; 5:3, 32; 7:51; 8:18 v.l.; 10:44, 47; 11:15; 13:2; 15:8, 28; 19:6; 20:23, 28; 21:11; 28:25; Eph 1:13 (τὸ πν. τῆς ἐπαγγελίας τὸ ἅγιον); 4:30 (τὸ πν. τὸ ἅγιον τοῦ θεοῦ); Hb 3:7; 9:8; 10:15; 1 Cl 13:1; 16:2; 18:11 (Ps 50:13); 22:1; IEph 9:1; Hs 5, 5, 2; 5, 6, 5–7 (on the relationship of the Holy Spirit to the Son in Hermas s. ALink, Christi Person u. Werk im Hirten des Hermas 1886; JvWalter, ZNW 14, 1913, 133–44; MDibelius, Hdb. exc. following Hs 5, 6, 8 p. 572–76).—τὸ ἅγιον πνεῦμα (Wsd 9:17; OdeSol 11:2; TestJob 51:2; ApcEsdr 7:16; Just. D. 25, 1 al.) Mt 28:19; Lk 12:10 (s. above), 12; Ac 1:8; 2:38 (epexegetic gen.); 4:31; 9:31; 10:45; 13:4; 16:6; 1 Cor 6:19; 2 Cor 13:13; 1J 5:7 v.l. (on the Comma Johanneum s. λόγο 3); GJs 24:4 (s. χρηματίζω 1bα). As the mother of Jesus GHb 20, 61 (HLeisegang, Pneuma Hagion 1922, 64ff; SHirsch, D. Vorstellg. v. e. weibl. πνεῦμα ἅγ. im NT u. in d. ältesten christl. Lit. 1927. Also WBousset, Hauptprobleme der Gnosis 1907, 9ff).

β. without the art. (s. B-D-F §257, 2; Rob. 761; 795) πνεῦμα ἅγιον (PGM 3, 289; Da 5:12 LXX; PsSol 17:37; AssMos Fgm. b; Just., D. 4, 1 al.; Ath. 24, 1. S. also Da Theod. 4:8, 9, 18 θεοῦ πνεῦμα ἅγιον or πνεῦμα θεοῦ ἅγιον) Mk 1:8; Lk 1:15, 35, 41, 67; 2:25; 4:1; 11:13; J 20:22 (Cassien, La pentecôte johannique [J 20:19–23] ’39.—See also 1QS 4:20f); Ac 2:4a; 4:8; 7:55; 8:15, 17, 19; 9:17; 10:38; 11:24; 13:9; 19:2ab; Hb 2:4; 6:4; 1 Pt 1:12 v.l.; 1 Cl 2:2; AcPl 6:18; 9:4 (restored after Aa I 110, 11); AcPlCor 2:5.—So oft. in combination w. a prep.: διὰ πνεύματος ἁγίου Ac 1:2; 4:25; Ro 5:5; 2 Ti 1:14; 1 Cl 8:1 (cp. διὰ πν. αἰωνίου Hb 9:14). διὰ φωνῆς πν. ἁγίου AcPl Ha 11, 6. ἐκ πνεύματος ἁγίου (Eus., PE 3, 12, 3 of the Egyptians: ἐκ τ. πνεύματος οἴονται συλλαμβάνειν τὸν γῦπα. Here πνεῦμα= ‘wind’; s. Horapollo 1, 11 p. 14f. The same of other birds since Aristot.—On the neut. πνεῦμα as a masc. principle cp. Aristoxenus, Fgm. 13 of the two original principles: πατέρα μὲν φῶς, μητέρα δὲ σκότος) Mt 1:18, 20; IEph 18:2; GJs 14:2; 19:1 (pap). ἐν πνεύματι ἁγίῳ (PsSol 17:37; ApcZeph; Ar. 15, 1) Mt 3:11; Mk 1:8 v.l.; Lk 3:16; J 1:33b; Ac 1:5 (cp. 1QS 3:7f); 11:16; Ro 9:1; 14:17; 15:16; 1 Cor 12:3b; 2 Cor 6:6; 1 Th 1:5; 1 Pt 1:12 (without ἐν v.l.); Jd 20. ὑπὸ πνεύματος ἁγίου 2 Pt 1:21. Cp. ἐν δυνάμει πνεύματος ἁγίου Ro 15:13, 19 v.l. (for πνεύματος θεοῦ). μετὰ χαρᾶς πνεύματος ἁγίου 1 Th 1:6. διὰ ἀνακαινώσεως πνεύματος ἁγίου Tit 3:5.

ⓓ abs.

α. w. the art. τὸ πνεῦμα. In this connection the art. is perh. used anaphorically at times, w. the second mention of a word (s. B-D-F §252; Rob. 762); perh. Mt 12:31 (looking back to vs. 28 πν. θεοῦ); Mk 1:10, 12 (cp. vs. 8 πν. ἅγιον); Lk 4:1b, 14 (cp. vs. 1a); Ac 2:4b (cp. vs. 4a).—As a rule it is not possible to assume that anaphora is present: Mt 4:1; J 1:32, 33a; 3:6a, 8b (in wordplay), 34; 7:39a; Ac 8:29; 10:19; 11:12, 28; 19:1 D; 20:3 D, 22; 21:4; Ro 8:23 (ἀπαρχή 1bβ; 2), 26a, 27; 12:11; 15:30; 2 Cor 1:22 and 5:5 (KErlemann, ZNW 83, ’92, 202–23, and s. ἀρραβών); 12:18 (τῷ αὐτῷ πν.); Gal 3:2, 5, 14 (ἐπαγγελία 1bβ); Eph 4:3 (gen. of the author); 6:17 (perh. epexegetic gen.); 1 Ti 4:1a; Js 4:5; 1J 3:24; 5:6ab (some mss. add καὶ πνεύματος to the words διʼ ὕδατος κ. αἵματος at the beg. of the verse; this is approved by HvSoden, Moffatt, Vogels, Merk, and w. reservations by CDodd, The Joh. Epistles ’46, TManson, JTS 48, ’47, 25–33), vs. 8; Rv 2:7, 11, 17, 29; 3:6, 13, 22; 14:13; 22:17; B 19:2, B 7= D 4:10 (s. ἐτοιμάζω b). ἐν τῷ πνεύματι (led) by the Spirit Lk 2:27.—Paul links this Spirit of God, known to every Christian, with Christ as liberating agent in contrast to legal constraint ὁ κύριος τὸ πνεῦμα ἐστιν the Lord means Spirit 2 Cor 3:17a (UHolzmeister, 2 Cor 3:17 Dominus autem Spiritus est 1908; JNisius, Zur Erklärung v. 2 Cor 3:16ff: ZKT 40, 1916, 617–75; JKögel, Ὁ κύριος τὸ πνεῦμά ἐστιν: ASchlatter Festschr. 1922, 35–46; C Guignebert, Congr. d’Hist. du Christ. II 1928, 7–22; EFuchs, Christus u. d. Geist b. Pls ’32; HHughes, ET 45, ’34, 235f; CLattey, Verb. Dom. 20, ’40, 187–89; DGriffiths ET 55, ’43, 81–83; HIngo, Kyrios und Pneuma, ’61 [Paul]; JDunn, JTS 21, ’70, 309–20).

β. without the art. πνεῦμα B 1:3. κοινωνία πνεύματος Phil 2:1 (κοινωνία 1 and 2). πνεύματι in the Spirit or through the Spirit Gal 3:3; 5:5, 16, 18; 1 Pt 4:6. εἰ ζῶμεν πνεύματι, πνεύματι καὶ στοιχῶμεν if we live by the Spirit, let us also walk by the Spirit Gal 5:25. Freq. used w. a prep.: διὰ πνεύματος 1 Pt 1:22 v.l. ἐξ (ὕδατος καὶ) πνεύματος J 3:5. ἐν πνεύματι in, by, through the Spirit Mt 22:43; Eph 2:22; 3:5; 5:18; 6:18; Col 1:8 (ἀγάπη ἐν πνεύματι love called forth by the Spirit); B 9:7. κατὰ πνεῦμα Ro 8:4f; Gal 4:29. ἐν ἁγιασμῷ πνεύματος 2 Th 2:13; 1 Pt 1:2 (s. ἁγιασμός).—In neg. expressions: οὔπω ἧν πνεῦμα the Spirit had not yet come J 7:39b. ψυχικοὶ πνεῦμα μὴ ἔχοντες worldly people, who do not have the Spirit Jd 19.—ἓν πνεῦμα one and the same Spirit 1 Cor 12:13; Eph 2:18; 4:4; one (in) Spirit 1 Cor 6:17.

ⓔ The Spirit is more closely defined by a gen. of thing: τὸ πν. τῆς ἀληθείας (TestJud 20:5) J 14:17; 15:26; 16:13 (in these three places the Spirit of Truth is the Paraclete promised by Jesus upon his departure); 1J 4:6 (opp. τὸ πνεῦμα τῆς πλάνης, as TestJud 20:1; PsSol 8:14 πλ. πλανήσεως; Just., D. 7, 3 πλάνου καὶ ἀκαθάρτου πνεύματος; cp. 1QS 4:23); τὸ τῆς δόξης πν. 1 Pt 4:14. τὸ πν. τῆς ζωῆς the Spirit of life Ro 8:2. το πν. τῆς πίστεως 2 Cor 4:13. πν. σοφίας καὶ ἀποκαλύψεως Eph 1:17 (cp. Just., D. 87, 4). πν. υἱοθεσίας Ro 8:15b (opp. πν. δουλείας vs. 15a). πν. δυνάμεως AcPl Ha 8, 25. πν. δυνάμεως καὶ ἀγάπης καὶ σωφρονισμοῦ 2 Ti 1:7 (opp. πν. δειλίας). τὸ πν. τῆς χάριτος (s. TestJud 24:2) Hb 10:29 (Zech 12:10); cp. 1 Cl 46:6.

ⓕ Of Christ ‘it is written’ in Scripture: (ἐγένετο) ὁ ἔσχατος Ἀδὰμ εἰς πνεῦμα ζῳοποιοῦν 1 Cor 15:45. The scripture pass. upon which the first part of this verse is based is Gen 2:7, where Wsd 15:11 also substitutes the words πνεῦμα ζωτικόν for πνοὴν ζωῆς (cp. Just., D. 6, 2). On the other hand, s. Philo, Leg. All. 1, 42 and s. the lit. s.v. Ἀδάμ ad loc.

ⓖ The (divine) Pneuma stands in contrast to everything that characterizes this age or the finite world gener.: οὐ τὸ πν. τοῦ κόσμου ἀλλὰ τὸ πν. τὸ ἐκ τοῦ θεοῦ 1 Cor 2:12; cp. Eph 2:2 and 1 Ti 4:1ab.

α. in contrast to σάρξ, which is more closely connected w. sin than any other earthly material (Just., D. 135, 6): J 3:6; Ro 8:4–6, 9a, 13; Gal 3:3; 5:17ab; 6:8. Cp. B 10:9. πᾶσα ἐπιθυμία κατὰ τοῦ πνεύματος στρατεύεται Pol 5:3.

β. in contrast to σῶμα (=σάρξ) Ro 8:10 and to σάρξ (=σῶμα, as many hold) J 6:63a (for τὸ πν. ἐστιν τὸ ζῳοποιοῦν cp. Philo, Op. Mund. 30; Herm. Wr. in Cyrill., C. Jul. I 556c=542, 24 Sc. the pneuma τὰ πάντα ζῳοποιεῖ καὶ τρέφει. S. also f above). Cp. Ro 8:11b.

γ. in contrast to γράμμα, which is the characteristic quality of God’s older declaration of the divine will in the law: Ro 2:29; 7:6; 2 Cor 3:6ab, 8 (cp. vs. 7).

δ. in contrast to the wisdom of humans 1 Cor 2:13.

⑥ the Spirit of God as exhibited in the character or activity of God’s people or selected agents, Spirit, spirit (s. HPreisker, Geist u. Leben ’33).

ⓐ πνεῦμα is accompanied by another noun, which characterizes the working of the Spirit more definitely: πνεῦμα καὶ δύναμις spirit and power Lk 1:17; 1 Cor 2:4. Cp. Ac 10:38; 1 Th 1:5. πνεῦμα καὶ ζωή J 6:63b. πνεῦμα κ. σοφία Ac 6:3; cp. vs. 10 (cp. TestReub 2:6 πνεῦμα λαλίας). πίστις κ. πνεῦμα ἅγιον 6:5 (cp. Just., D. 135, 6). χαρὰ καὶ πνεῦμα ἅγ. 13:52.

ⓑ Unless frustrated by humans in their natural condition, the Spirit of God produces a spiritual type of conduct Gal 5:16, 25 and produces the καρπὸς τοῦ πνεύματος vs. 22 (s. Vögtle under πλεονεξία).

ⓒ The Spirit inspires certain people of God B 12:2; B 13:5, above all, in their capacity as proclaimers of a divine revelation (Strabo 9, 3, 5 the πνεῦμα ἐνθουσιαστικόν, that inspired the Pythia; Περὶ ὕψους 13, 2; 33, 5 of the divine πν. that impels prophets and poets to express themselves; schol. on Pla. 856e of a μάντις: ἄνωθεν λαμβάνειν τὸ πνεῦμα καὶ πληροῦσθαι τοῦ θεοῦ; Aristobulus in Eus., PE 8, 10, 4 [=Fgm. 2, 4 p. 136 Holladay] τὸ θεῖον πν., καθʼ ὸ̔ καὶ προφήτης ἀνακεκήρυκται ‘[Moses possessed] the Divine Spirit with the result that he was proclaimed a prophet’; AscIs 1:7 τὸ πν. τὸ λαλοῦν ἐν ἐμοί; AssMos Fgm. f εἶδεν πνεύματι ἐπαρθείς; Just., A I, 38, 1 al.; Ath. 10, 3 τὸ προφητικὸν πν. Cp. Marinus, Vi. Procli 23 of Proclus: οὐ γὰρ ἄνευ θείας ἐπινοίας … διαλέγεσθαι; Orig., C. Cels. 3, 28, 23). προφητεία came into being only as ὑπὸ πνεύματος ἁγίου φερόμενοι ἐλάλησαν ἀπὸ θεοῦ ἄνθρωποι 2 Pt 1:21; cp. Ac 15:29 v.l.; cp. 1 Cl 8:1. David Mt 22:43; Mk 12:36; cp. Ac 1:16; 4:25. Isaiah Ac 28:25. Moses B 10:2, B 9; the Spirit was also active in giving the tables of the law to Moses 14:2. Christ himself spoke in the OT διὰ τοῦ πνεύματος τοῦ ἁγίου 1 Cl 22:1. The ἱεραὶ γραφαί are called αἱ διὰ τοῦ πν. τοῦ ἁγίου 45:2.—The Christian prophet Agabus also ἐσήμαινεν διὰ τοῦ πν. Ac 11:28; cp. Ac 21:11. Likew. Ign. IPhld 7:2. In general the Spirit reveals the most profound secrets to those who believe 1 Cor 2:10ab.—1 Cl claims to be written διὰ τοῦ ἁγ. πν. 63:2. On Ac 19:21 s. 3b.

ⓓ The Spirit of God, being one, shows the variety and richness of its life in the different kinds of spiritual gifts which are granted to certain Christians 1 Cor 12:4, 7, 11; cp. vs. 13ab.—Vss. 8–10 enumerate the individual gifts of the Spirit, using various prepositions: διὰ τοὺ πν. vs. 8a; κατὰ τὸ πν. vs. 8b; ἐν τῷ πν. vs. 9ab. τὸ πν. μὴ σβέννυτε do not quench the Spirit 1 Th 5:19 refers to the gift of prophecy, acc. to vs. 20.—The use of the pl. πνεύματα is explained in 1 Cor 14:12 by the varied nature of the Spirit’s working; in vs. 32 by the number of persons who possess the prophetic spirit; on the latter s. Rv 22:6 and 19:10.

ⓔ One special type of spiritual gift is represented by ecstatic speaking. Of those who ‘speak in tongues’ that no earthly person can understand: πνεύματι λαλεῖ μυστήρια expresses secret things in a spiritual way 1 Cor 14:2. Cp. vss. 14–16 and s. νοῦς 1b. τὸ πνεῦμα ὑπερεντυγχάνει στεναγμοῖς ἀλαλήτοις the Spirit pleads in our behalf with groans beyond words Ro 8:26b. Of speech that is ecstatic, but expressed in words that can be understood λαλεῖν ἐν πνεύματι D 11:7, 8; cp. vs. 9 (on the subject-matter 1 Cor 12:3; Jos., Ant. 4, 118f; TestJob 43:2 ἀναλαβὼν Ἐλιφᾶς πν. εἶπεν ὕμνον). Of the state of mind of the seer of the Apocalypse: ἐν πνεύματι Rv 17:3; 21:10; γενέσθαι ἐν πν. 1:10; 4:2 (s. γίνομαι 5c, ἐν 4c and EMoering, StKr 92, 1920, 148–54; RJeske, NTS 31, ’85, 452–66); AcPl Ha 6, 27. On the Spirit at Pentecost Ac 2:4 s. KLake: Beginn. I 5, ’33, 111–21. κατασταλέντος τοῦ πν. τοῦ ἐν Μύρτῃ when the Spirit (of prophecy) that was in Myrta ceased speaking AcPl Ha 7, 9.

ⓕ The Spirit leads and directs Christian missionaries in their journeys (Aelian, NA 11, 16 the young women are led blindfolded to the cave of the holy serpent; they are guided by a πνεῦμα θεῖον) Ac 16:6, 7 (by dreams, among other methods; cp. vs. 9f and s. Marinus, Vi. Procli 27: Proclus ἔφασκεν προθυμηθῆναι μὲν πολλάκις γράψαι, κωλυθῆναι δὲ ἐναργῶς ἔκ τινων ἐνυπνίων). In Ac 16:6–7 τὸ ἅγιον πν. and τὸ πν. Ἰησοῦ are distinguished.

⑦ an activating spirit that is not fr. God, spirit: πν. ἔτερον a different (kind of) spirit 2 Cor 11:4. Cp. 2 Th 2:2; 1J 4:1–3. Because there are persons activated by such spirits, it is necessary to test the var. kinds of spirits (the same problem Artem. 3, 20 περὶ διαφορᾶς μάντεων, οἷς δεῖ προσέχειν καὶ οἷς μή) 1 Cor 12:10; 1J 4:1b. ὁ διάβολος πληροῖ αὐτὸν αὐτοῦ πν. Hm 11:3. Also οὐκ οἴδατε ποίου πνεύματός ἐστε Lk 9:55 v.l. distinguishes betw. the spirit shown by Jesus’ disciples, and another kind of spirit.—Even more rarely a spirit divinely given that is not God’s own; so (in a quot. fr. Is 29:10) a πνεῦμα κατανύξεως Ro 11:8.

⑧ an independent transcendent personality, the Spirit, which appears in formulas that became more and more fixed and distinct (cp. Ath. 12, 2; Hippol., Ref. 7, 26, 2.—Ps.-Lucian, Philopatr. 12 θεόν, υἱόν πατρός, πνεῦμα ἐκ πατρὸς ἐκπορευόμενον ἓν ἐκ τριῶν καὶ ἐξ ἑνὸς τρία, ταῦτα νόμιζε Ζῆνα, τόνδʼ ἡγοῦ θεόν=‘God, son of the father, spirit proceeding from the father, one from three and three from one, consider these as Zeus, think of this one as God’. The entire context bears a Christian impress.—As Aion in gnostic speculation Iren. 1, 2, 5 [Harv. I 21, 2]): βαπτίζοντες αὐτοὺς εἰς τὸ ὄνομα τοῦ πατρὸς καὶ τοῦ υἱοῦ καὶ τοῦ ἁγίου πνεύματος Mt 28:19 (on the text s. βαπτίζω 2c; on the subject-matter GWalther, Die Entstehung des Taufsymbols aus dem Taufritus: StKr 95, 1924, 256ff); D 7:1, 3. Cp. 2 Cor 13:13; 1 Cl 58:2; IEph 9:1; IMg 13:1b, 2; MPol 14:3; 22:1, 3; Epil Mosq 5. On this s. HUsener, Dreiheit: RhM 58, 1903, 1ff; 161ff; 321ff; esp. 36ff; EvDobschütz, Zwei-u. dreigliedrige Formeln: JBL 50, ’31, 116–47 (also Heinrici Festschr. 1914, 92–100); Norden, Agn. Th. 228ff; JMainz, Die Bed. der Dreizahl im Judentum 1922; Clemen² 125–28; NSöderblom, Vater, Sohn u. Geist 1909; DNielsen, Der dreieinige Gott I 1922; GKrüger, Das Dogma v. der Dreieinigkeit 1905, 46ff; AHarnack, Entstehung u. Entwicklung der Kirchenverfassung 1910, 187ff; JHaussleiter, Trinitarischer Glaube u. Christusbekenntnis in der alten Kirche: BFCT XXV 4, 1920; JLebreton, Histoire du dogme de la Trinité I: Les origines⁶ 1927; RBlümel, Pls u. d. dreieinige Gott 1929.—On the whole word FRüsche, D. Seelenpneuma ’33; HLeisegang, Der Hl. Geist I 1, 1919; EBurton, ICC Gal 1921, 486–95; PVolz, Der Geist Gottes u. d. verwandten Erscheinungen im AT 1910; JHehn, Zum Problem des Geistes im alten Orient u. im AT: ZAW n.s. 2, 1925, 210–25; SLinder, Studier till Gamla Testamentets föreställningar om anden 1926; AMarmorstein, Der Hl. Geist in der rabb. Legende: ARW 28, 1930, 286–303; NSnaith, The Distinctive Ideas of the OT ’46, 229–37; FDillistone, Bibl. Doctrine of the Holy Spirit: Theology Today 3, ’46/47, 486–97; TNicklin, Gospel Gleanings ’50, 341–46; ESchweizer, CDodd Festschr., ’56, 482–508; DLys, Rûach, Le Souffle dans l’AT, ’62; DHill, Gk. Words and Hebr. Mngs. ’67, 202–93.—HGunkel, Die Wirkungen des Hl. Geistes² 1899; HWeinel, Die Wirkungen des Geistes u. der Geister im nachap. Zeitalter 1899; EWinstanley, The Spirit in the NT 1908; HSwete, The Holy Spirit in the NT 1909, The Holy Spirit in the Ancient Church 1912; EScott, The Spirit in the NT 1923; FBüchsel, Der Geist Gottes im NT 1926; EvDobschütz, Der Geistbesitz des Christen im Urchristentum: Monatsschr. für Pastoral-theol. 20, 1924, 228ff; FBadcock, ‘The Spirit’ and Spirit in the NT: ET 45, ’34, 218–21; RBultmann, Theologie des NT ’48, 151–62 (Eng. tr. KGrobel, ’51, I 153–64); ESchweizer, Geist u. Gemeinde im NT ’52, Int 6, ’52, 259–78.—WTosetti, Der Hl. Geist als göttliche Pers. in den Evangelien 1918; HLeisegang, Pneuma Hagion. Der Ursprung des Geistbegriffs der Syn. Ev. aus der griech. Mystik 1922; AFrövig, Das Sendungsbewusstsein Jesu u. der Geist 1924; HWindisch, Jes. u. d. Geist nach Syn. Überl.: Studies in Early Christianity, presented to FCPorter and BWBacon 1928, 209–36; FSynge, The Holy Spirit in the Gospels and Acts: CQR 120, ’35, 205–17; CBarrett, The Holy Spirit and the Gospel Trad. ’47.—ESokolowski, Die Begriffe Geist u. Leben bei Pls 1903; KDeissner, Auferstehungshoffnung u. Pneumagedanke bei Pls 1912; GVos, The Eschatological Aspect of the Pauline Conception of the Spirit: Bibl. and Theol. Studies by the Faculty of Princeton Theol. Sem. 1912, 209–59; HBertrams, Das Wesen des Geistes nach d. Anschauung des Ap. Pls 1913; WReinhard, Das Wirken des Hl. Geistes im Menschen nach den Briefen des Ap. Pls 1918; HHoyle, The Holy Spirit in St. Paul 1928; PGächter, Z. Pneumabegriff des hl. Pls: ZKT 53, 1929, 345–408; ASchweitzer, D. Mystik des Ap. Pls 1930, 159–74 al. [Mysticism of Paul the Apostle, tr. WMontgomery ’31, 160–76 al.]; E-BAllo, RB 43, ’34, 321–46 [1 Cor]; Ltzm., Hdb. exc. after Ro 8:11; Synge [s. above], CQR 119, ’35, 79–93 [Pauline epp.]; NWaaning, Onderzoek naar het gebruik van πνεῦμα bij Pls, diss. Amsterd. ’39; RJewett, Paul’s Anthropological Terms, ’71, 167–200.—HvBaer, Der Hl. Geist in den Lukasschriften 1926; MGoguel, La Notion joh. de l’Esprit 1902; JSimpson, The Holy Spirit in the Fourth Gospel: Exp., 9th ser., 4, 1925, 292–99; HWindisch, Jes. u. d. Geist im J.: Amicitiae Corolla (RHarris Festschr.) ’33, 303–18; WLofthouse, The Holy Spirit in Ac and J: ET 52, ’40/41, 334–36; CBarrett, The Holy Spirit in the Fourth Gospel: JTS 1 n.s., ’50, 1–15; FCrump, Pneuma in the Gospels, diss. Catholic Univ. of America, ’54; GLampe, Studies in the Gospels (RHLightfoot memorial vol.) ’55, 159–200; NHamilton, The Holy Spirit and Eschatology in Paul, ’57; WDavies, Paul and the Dead Sea Scrolls, Flesh and Spirit: The Scrolls and the NT, ed. KStendahl, ’57, 157–82.—GJohnston, ‘Spirit’ and ‘Holy Spirit’ in the Qumran Lit.: NT Sidelights (ACPurdy Festschr.) ’60, 27–42; JPryke, ‘Spirit’ and ‘Flesh’ in Qumran and NT, RevQ 5, ’65, 346–60; HBraun, Qumran und d. NT II, ’66, 150–64; DHill, Greek Words and Hebrew Meanings, ’67, 202–93; WBieder, Pneumatolog. Aspekte im Hb, OCullmann Festschr. ’72, 251–59; KEasley, The Pauline Usage of πνεύματι as a Reference to the Spirit of God: JETS 27, ’84, 299–313 (statistics).—B. 260; 1087. Pauly-W. XIV 387–412. BHHW I 534–37. Schmidt, Syn. II 218–50. New Docs 4, 38f. DELG s.v. πνέω. M-M. Dict. de la Bible XI 126–398. EDNT. TW. Sv.

ὥρα or [full] ὤρα (B), only in [dialect] Ion. form [full] ὥρη, or [full] ὤρη, some part of a sacrificial victim,

A

λάψεται γλῶσσαν, ὀσφῦν δασέαν, ὤρην SIG1037.2

(Milet., iv/iii B.C.); τοὺς Ἴωνας λέγειν φασὶ τὴν κωλῆν ὥρην καὶ ὡραίαν Sch.HQ Od.12.89: but distd. fr. κωλῆ, λάψεται.. κωλῆν ἀντὶ τῆς ὤρης SIGl.c.5; cf. ἄωρος(B). (Perh. cogn. with Lat. sūra.)

------------------------------------

ὥρα (C), [dialect] Ion. [full] ὥρη, ἡ: [dialect] Ep. gen. pl. ὡράων, [dialect] Ion. ὡρέων: loc. pl. ὥρασι, q. v.

A any period, fixed by natural laws and revolutions, whether of the year, month, or day (the sense 'day' is implied in the compd. ἑπτάωρος, q. v.),

νυκτός τε ὥραν καὶ μηνὸς καὶ ἐνιαυτοῦ X.Mem. 4.7.4

, cf. E.Alc. 449(lyr.), Pl.R. 527d;

τοῦ γνώμονος ἡ σκιὰ ἐπιοῦσα ἐπὶ τὰς γραμμὰς σημαίνει τὰς ὥρας τοῦ ἐνιαυτοῦ καὶ τῆς ἡμέρας IG12(8).240

([place name] Samothrace): but specially,

I in Hom., part of the year, season; mostly in pl., the seasons,

ὅτε τέτρατον ἦλθεν ἔτος καὶ ἐπήλυθον ὧραι Od.2.107

, 19.152;

ἀλλ' ὅτε δὴ μῆνές τε καὶ ἡμέραι ἐξετελεῦντο, ἂψ περιτελλομένου ἔτεος, καὶ ἐπήλυθον ὧραι 11.295

, 14.294;

ἀλλ' ὅτε δή ῥ' ἐνιαυτὸς ἔην, περὶ δ' ἔτραπον ὧραι 10.469

, cf. Hes. Th. 58;

Διὸς ὧραι Od.24.344

, cf. Pi.O.4.2;

ὁ κύκλος τῶν ὡρέων ἐς τὠυτὸ περιιών Hdt.2.4

, cf. 1.32;

δυώδεκα μέρεα δασαμένους τῶν ὡρέων ἐς [τὸν ἐνιαυτόν] Id.2.4

; οὐ μεταλλάσσουσι αἱ ὧραι ib.77;

περιτελλομέναις ὥραις S.OT 156

(lyr.); πάσαις ὥραις at all seasons, Id.Fr.592.6 (lyr.), Ar.Av. 696 (anap.);

ὧραι ἐτῶν καὶ ἐνιαυτῶν Pl.Lg. 906c

, cf. Smp. 188a, etc.;

τῆς.. ὥρας τοῦ ἐνιαυτοῦ ταύτης οὔσης, ἐν ᾗ ἀσθενοῦσιν ἄνθρωποι μάλιστα Th.7.47

; χαλεπὴ ὥ. a bad season, Pl.Prt. 344d;

ἀ δ' ὤρα χαλέπα Alc.39

; ἡ ὥ. αὕτη this season, X.Cyn.7.1, cf. 5.6; κατὰ τὰς ὥρας according to the seasons, Arist.GA 786a31;

οἱ περὶ τὴν ὥραν χρόνοι Id.Pol. 1335a37

.—Hom. and Hes. distinguish three seasons, and express each by the sg. ὥρη, with a word added to specify each:

a spring,

ἔαρος.. ὥρη Il.6.148

;

ὥρη εἰαρινή 2.471

, 16.643, Od.18.367, etc.; so in Trag. and [dialect] Att., ἦρος ὥρα or ὧραι, Ar.Nu. 1008 (anap.), E.Cyc. 508 (lyr.);

ὥρα νέα Ar.Eq. 419

;

νεᾶνις E.Ph. 786

(lyr.); v. infr. 2.

b summer,

θέρεος ὥρη Hes.Op. 584

, 664;

ὥρα θερινή X.Cyn.9.20

, Pl.Epin. 987a, etc.

c winter,

χείματος ὥρη Hes.Op. 450

;

ὥρῃ χειμερίῃ Od.5.485

, Hes.Op. 494; χειμῶνος ὥρᾳ in winter, And.1.137;

χιονοβόλος Plu.2.182e

.—A. also names three seasons, Pr. 454sq.; an Egyptian division of the year, acc. to D.S.1.26.—A fourth first appears in Alcm.76, θέρος καὶ χεῖμα κὠπώραν τρίταν καὶ τέτρατον τὸ ϝῆρ; and in Hp.Vict.3.68,

χειμών, ἦρ, θέρος, φθινόπωρον; ὥρας φαίνομεν ἡμεῖς ἦρος χειμῶνος ὀπώρας Ar.Av. 709

(anap.); τετράμορφοι ὧραι E(?).Fr. 943 (hex.): later, seven seasons are named,

ἔαρ, θέρος, ὀπώρα, φθινόπωρον, σπορητός, χειμών, φυταλιά Gal.17(1).17

.

2 esp. prime of the year, springtime,

ὅσα φύλλα καὶ ἄνθεα γίγνεται ὥρῃ Od.9.51

, cf. Il.2.468;

παρὰ τὴν καθεστηκυῖαν ὥραν Th.4.6

.

b in historians, the campaigning season,

τὸν τῆς ὥρας εἰς τὸν περίπλουν χρόνον X.HG6.2.13

; esp. in the phrase ὥρα ἔτους, Th.2.52, 6.70, Pl.Phdr. 229a, Lg. 952e, D.50.23, Thphr.CP3.23.2; εἰς ἔτους ὥραν next season, Plu.Per.10.

3 the year generally,

τῆς ὥρης μέσον θέρος Hdt.8.12

; ἐν τῇ πέρυσιν ὥρᾳ last year, D.56.3; εἰς ὥρας next year, Philem.116, Pl.Ep. 346c, LXX Ge.18.10, AP11.17 (Nicarch.), cf. Plu.Ages.22; also

εἰς ἄλλας ὥρας

hereafter,

E.IA 122

(lyr.);

ἐς τὰς ὥρας τὰς ἑτέρας Ar.Nu. 562

(lyr.);

ἐκ τῶν ὡρῶν εἰς τὰς ὥρας Id.Th. 950

(anap.); κἠς ὥρας κἤπειτα next year and for ever, Theoc.15.74; also

ὥραις ἐξ ὡρᾶν Isyll.25

; cf. ὥρασιν.

4 in pl., of the climate of a country, as determined by its seasons, Hdt.1.142, cf. 149, 4.199 (here perh. three harvest seasons);

τὰς ὥ. κάλλιστα κεκρημένας Id.3.106

; cf. Pl.Criti. 111e, Phd. 111b; climatic conditions, Hdt.2.26.

II time of day,

νυκτὸς ἐν ὥρῃ h.Merc.67

, 155, 400; αἱ ὧ. τῆς ἡμέρας the times of day, i.e. morning, noon, evening, and night, X.Mem.4.3.4; δι' ὥραν ἡμέρας by the time of day (fixed for meetings), D.Prooem.49, etc.;

πᾶσαν ὥ. τῆς ἡμέρας Arist.Mete. 371b31

;

μεσονυκτίοις ποθ' ὥραις Anacreont.31.1

: without ἡμέρας or

νυκτός, ἑκάστης ἡμέρας μέχρι τρίτου μέρους ὥρας Pl. Lg. 784a

;

τῆς ὥρας μικρὸν πρὸ δύντος ἡλίου X.HG7.2.22

; ψευσθεὶς τῆς ὥ. having mistaken the hour, And.1.38; ἐποίησαν ἔξω μέσων νυκτῶν τὴν ὥραν, i.e. they prolonged the day beyond midnight, D.54.26;

τῆς ὥρας ἐγίγνετ' ὀψέ Id.21.84

;

ὀψίτερον τῆς ὥ. PTeb. 793 xi 12

(ii B. C.);

πολλῆς ὥρας

it being late,

Plb.5.8.3

;

ἤδη ὥρα πολλή Ev.Marc.6.35

; ἄχρι πολλῆς ὥρας till late in the day, D.H.2.54.

b duration, interval or lapse of time,

μετὰ ἱκανὴν ὥραν τοῦ κατενεχθῆναι τὸν πέλεκυν ἐξακούεται ἡ τῆς πληγῆς φωνή S.E.M.5.69

; length of time, term, Ἄρτεμις ἐννέ' ἐτῶν δεκάδας βίον Ἀρτεμιδώρῳ ἔκχρησεν, τρεῖς δ' ὥραι(date.)

ἔτι προσέθηκε Προνοίη IG12(3).1350.3

(Thera, ii B. C.); ἐπὶ πολλὴν ὥ. for a long time, J.AJ8.4.4.

2 the νυχθήμερον was prob. first divided into twenty-four hours by Hipparch., ἐν πόσαις ὥραις ἰσημεριναῖς (equinoctial hours)

ἕκαστον τῶν ἄστρων ἢ δύνει ἢ ἀνατέλλει 2.4.5

, cf. Ptol.Alm.3.9, 4.9, al.

b in ordinary life the day from sunrise to sunset was divided into twelve equal parts called ὧραι ( ὧραι καιρικαί when it was necessary to distinguish them from the ὧραι ἰσημεριναί, v. καιρικός 2 c),

ἡμέρα ἡ.. δωδεκάωρος, τουτέστιν ἡ ἀπὸ ἀνατολῆς μέχρι δύσεως S.E.M.10.182

;

οὐχὶ δώδεκά εἰσιν ὧραι τῆς ἡμέρας; Ev.Jo.11.9

;

ὡράων ἀμφὶ δυωδεκάδι AP9.782

(Paul.Sil.); the time of day was commonly given without the Art.,

ὥρᾳ ᾱ PHamb.1.96.3

(ii A. D.),

τρίτης ὥρας Plu.Rom.12

; ὀγδόης, ἐνάτης, δεκάτης ὥ., Id.Alex.60, Aem.22, Ant.68, etc.; but we have περὶ τὴν τρίτην ὥραν, περὶ τὴν ἑνδεκάτην, Ev.Matt.20.3,6, beside περὶ ἕκτην καὶ ἐννάτην ὥ. ib.5;

χθὲς ὥραν ἑβδόμην Ev.Jo.4.52

, cf. IG5(1).1390.109 (Andania, i B. C.), etc.; ἐρωτᾷ σε Χαιρήμων δειπνῆσαι.. αὔριον, ἥτις ἐστὶν ιε, ἀπὸ ὥρας θ ¯ - to-morrow the 15th at 9 o'clock, POxy.110 (ii A. D.): prov., δωδεκάτης ὥ., as we say 'at the eleventh hour', Plu.Crass.17.

c

τὰ δυώδεκα μέρεα τῆς ἡμέρης παρὰ Βαβυλωνίων ἔμαθον οἱ Ἕλληνες Hdt. 2.109

; here ἡμέρη means the νυχθήμερον, and the μέρεα were each = 2 ὧραι ἰσημεριναί; these double hours (Assyr. kaš-bu) are called ὧραι by Eudox.,

ἥμισυ ζῳδίου.., ὅ ἐστιν ὥρας ἥμισυ Ars14.11

, cf. 16.2; cf.

δωδεκάωρος 11

.

III Astrol., degree of the zodiac rising at the nativity (cf.

ὡρονόμος 11

,

ὡροσκόπος 11

), ὥ. μεροποσπόρος, τεκνοσπόρος, Man.4.577, 597; ἐξ ὥρης ἐσορῶν Ζεὺς Ἑρμείην Jupiter in the ascendant in aspect with Mercury, Id.3.186, cf. 32, al.

B the fitting time or season for a thing (mostly without Art., even in [dialect] Att.), freq. in Hom. (v. infr.);

ὥρα συνάπτει Pi.P.4.247

;

ὧραι ἐπειγόμεναι Id.N.4.34

;

ὅταν ὥ. ἥκῃ X.Mem.2.1.2

; but with Art.,

τῆς ὥ. ἐνθυμεῖσθαι Id.Cyn.8.6

: freq. in later writers,

τῆς ὥρας ἐπιγενομένης Plb.2.34.3

, etc.

2 c. gen. rei, ὥρη κοίτοιο, μύθων, ὕπνου, the time for bed, tale-telling, or sleep, Od.3.334, 11.379, cf. Hdt.1.10;

ὥρη δόρποιο Od.14.407

;

περὶ ἀρίστου ὥραν Th.7.81

, X.HG1.1.13;

πολυηράτου ἐς γάμου ὥρην Od.15.126

;

ἐς γάμου ὥρην ἀπικέσθαι Hdt. 6.61

;

γάμων ἔχειν ὥραν D.H.5.32

; so εἰς ἀνδρὸς ὥραν ἥκουσα time for a husband, Pl.Criti. 113d; ὥρη ἀρότου, ἀμήτου, Hes.Op. 460, 575;

μέχρι ἀρότου ὥρης IG7.235.3

(Oropus, iv B. C.);

καρπῶν ὧραι Ar.Ra. 1034

(anap.);

ἡ ὥρα τῆς ὀχείας Arist.HA 509b20

; τοῦ φωλεύειν ib. 579a26, etc.; also ὥραν εἶχον παιδεύεσθαι I was of age to.. Is.9.28.

3 ὥρα [ἐστίν] c. inf., it is time to do a thing,

ἀλλὰ καὶ ὥρη εὕδειν Od.11.330

, cf. 373; so also in Trag. and [dialect] Att., E.Ph. 1584, Heracl. 288 (anap.), Ar.Ec.30, Pl.Prt. 361e, 362a; so

δοκεῖ οὐχ ὥρα εἶναι καθεύδειν X.An.1.3.11

, cf. HG7.2.13 (dub. l.): c. acc. et inf.,

ὥρα δ' ἐμπόρους καθιέναι ἄγκυραν A.Ch. 661

, cf. S.OT 466 (lyr.): c. dat. et inf., X.Cyr.4.5.1, Pl.Tht. 145b: in these phrases the inf. [tense] pres. is almost universal; the [tense] aor., however, occurs in Od.21.428, S.Aj. 245 (lyr.), Ar.Ach. 393 (where also ἐστί is added to ὥρα, as in Philyll.3, ἀφαιρεῖν ὥρα 'στὶν ἤδη τὰς τραπέζας); and the [tense] pf. in

ὥρα πεπαῦσθαι Plu.2.728d

: sts. the inf. must be supplied,

οὐδέ τί σε χρή, πρὶν ὥρη, καταλέχθαι Od.15.394

, cf. E.El. 112 (lyr.), Ar.Ec. 877; ὥρα κἠς οἶκον (i. e. ἰέναι εἰς οἶκον) Theoc.15.147.

4 in various adverb. usages,

τὴν ὥρην

at the right time,

Hdt.2.2

, 8.19, X.Oec.20.16: but τὴν ὥ. at that hour, Hes.Sc. 401; ταύτην τὴν ὥραν at this season, X.Cyn.9.1;

[ἡ ἶρις] πᾶσαν ὥραν γίγνεται τῆς ἡμέρας Arist.Mete. 371b31

;

δείελον ὥρην παύομαι ἀμήτοιο A.R. 3.417

; ὥραν οὐδενὸς κοινὴν θεῶν at an hour.., A.Eu. 109, cf. E.Ba. 724, Aeschin.1.9; αὐτῆς ὥρας immediately, PMich. in Class.Phil.22.255(iii A. D.); ἐν ὥρῃ in due season, in good time, Od.17.176, Hdt. 1.31, cf. Pi.O.6.28, Ar.V. 242, etc.; also αἰεὶ εἰς ὥρας in successive seasons, Od.9.135; ἐς τὰς ὥρας for all time, Ar.Ra. 382 (lyr. cf. supr. A. 1.3) (hence in an acclamation [ε] ἰς ὥρας πᾶσι τοῖς τὴν πόλιν φιλοῦσιν hurrah for.., POxy.41.29 (iii/iv A. D.));

οἱ ὧδε χέζοντες εἰς ὥ. μὴ ἔλθοιεν Milet.2(3)

No.406, cf.

ὥρασι; καθ' ὥραν Theoc.18.12

, Plb.1.45.4, cf. 3.93.6, etc.; opp.

παρ' ὥρην AP7.534

(Alex.Aet. or Autom.), cf. Plu.2.784b, etc.:—

πρὸ τῆς ὥρας X.Oec.20.16

;

πρὸ ὥρας Luc.Luct.13

;

πρὸ ὥρας τελευτῆσαι IG42(1).84.26

(Epid., i A. D.);

πρὶν ὥρας Pi.P.4.43

(cf.

πρίν A. 11.4

).

II metaph., the spring-time of life, the bloom of youth, Mimn.3.1;

ὥραν ἐχούσας A.Supp. 997

, cf. Th.13, 535;

παῖδας πρὸς τέρμασιν ὥρας Ar.Av. 705

(anap.);

πάντες οἱ ἐν ὥρᾳ Pl.R. 474d

; οὐκ ἐνὥ., = πρεσβύτερος, Id.Phdr. 240d;

ἐὰν ἐπὶ ὥρᾳ ᾖ Id.R. 474e

;

ἕως ἂν ἐν ὥρᾳ ὦσι Id.Men. 76b

; παυσαμένου τῆς ὥ. prob. in Id.Phdr. 234a;

ἀνθεῖν ἐν ὥ. Id.R. 475a

;

τὴν ὥ. διαφυλάξαι ἄβατον τοῖς πονηροῖς Isoc.10.58

; λήγειν ὥρας, opp. ἀνθεῖν, Pl.Alc.1.131e;

ἑς ἐπιγινόμενόν τι τέλος, οἷον τοῖς ἀκμαίοις ἡ ὥρα Arist.EN 1174b33

, cf. 1157a8.

2 freq. involving an idea of beauty,

φεῦ φεῦ τῆς ὥρας τοῦ κάλλους Ar.Av. 1724

(lyr.);

ὥρᾳ.. ἡλικίας λαμπρός Th.6.54

;

κάλλει καὶ ὥρᾳ διενεγκόντες Aeschin.1.134

, cf. ib.158;

καλὸς ὥρᾳ τε κεκραμένος Pi.O.10(11).104

, cf. X.Mem. 2.1.22, Pl.Lg. 837b;

ἀφ' ὥρας ἐργάζεσθαι

quaestum corpore facere,

Plu.

Tim..14, cf. X.Mem..1.6.13, Smp.8.21;

τὴν ὥ. πεπωληκότες Phld.Rh.1.344

S.:—then,

b generally, beauty, grace, elegance of style, D.H.Pomp.2, Plu.2.874b, etc.;

γλυκύτης καὶ ὥ. Hermog.Id.2.3

, cf. Men.Rh.p.335 S., Him.Or.1.2; of beauty in general,

χάρις καὶ ὥρα Plu.2.128d

.

3 Ὥρα personified, like Ἥβη, Pi.N.8.1.

III = τὰ ὡραῖα, the produce of the season, fruits of the year,

ἀπὸ τῆς ὥρας ἐτρέφοντο X.HG2.1.1

.

C personified, αἱὯραι, the Hours, keepers of heaven's cloudgate, Il.5.749, 8.393; and ministers of the gods, ib. 433;

Ζεῦ, τεαὶ.. Ὧραι Pi.O.4.2

; esp. of Aphrodite, h.Hom.6.5,12; also Ὧ. Διονυσιάδες, Καρνειάδες, Simon.148, Call.Ap.87; three in number, Eunomia, Dike, Eirene, daughters of Zeus and Themis, Hes.Th. 901;

Ωραι πολυάνθεμοι Pi.O.13.17

, cf. Alex.261.6, Theoc.1.150, etc.: freq. joined with the Χάριτες, h.Ap. 194, Hes.Op.75; worshipped at Athens, Paus.9.35.1; at Argos, Id.2.20.5; at Attaleia, BMus.Inscr. 1044 (i B. C.).

ἑαυτοῦ, ῆς, οῦ, pl. ἑαυτῶν, reflexive pron. (Hom.+; JosAs 7:6 [oft. cod. A; 3:2 αὐτοῦ]). Editors variously replace contract forms αὑτοῦ and αὑτῶν of later mss. w. uncontracted forms or w. αὐτοῦ, αὐτῶν; cp., e.g., the texts of Mk 9:16; Lk 23:12; J 2:24; 20:10; Ac 14:17; Ro 1:24; Eph 2:15; Hb 5:3; 1J 5:10; Rv 8:6; 18:7 in GNT^1–3 w. GNT⁴; s. also Merk’s treatment of these same pass. Cp. the ms. evidence for Phil 3:21 in GNT^1–3 w. its absence in GNT⁴. (W-S. §223 16; B-D-F §64, 1; Mayser 305; I²/2, 65; Rob. 226; Mlt-Turner 190; M-M. s.v. αὑτοῦ; RBorger, TRu 52, ’88, 17–19).

① indicator of identity w. the pers. speaking or acting, self

ⓐ of the third pers. sing. and pl. ταπεινοῦν ἑαυτόν humble oneself Mt 18:4; 23:12. Opp. ὑψοῦν ἑ. exalt oneself 23:12; δοξάζειν ἑ. glorify oneself Rv 18:7 v.l. ἀπαρνεῖσθαι ἑ. deny oneself 16:24; Mk 8:34 (Mel, P. 26, 181). ἀμάρτυρον ἑ. ἀφεῖναι leave oneself without witness Ac 14:17 v.l.; ἑτοιμάζειν ἑ. prepare oneself Rv 8:6 v.l. εὐνουχίζειν ἑ. make a eunuch of oneself Mt 19:12; σῴζειν ἑ. (Jos., Ant. 10, 137) 27:42; κατακόπτειν ἑ. beat oneself Mk 5:5; πιστεύειν ἑαυτόν τινι J 2:24 v.l. et al.; ἀγοράζειν τι ἑαυτῷ buy someth. for oneself Mt 14:15; Mk 6:36; θησαυρίζων ἑαυτῷ lay up assets for oneself Lk 12:21. ὑποτάσσειν ἑ. Phil 3:21 v.l. W. the middle (cp. X., Mem. 1, 6, 13 ποιεῖσθαι ἑαυτῷ φίλον; Sir 37:8): διεμερίσαντο ἑαυτοῖς they divided among them J 19:24 (Ps 21:19).—The simple dat. may also be used to emphasize the subject as agent (Hdt. 1, 32; Strabo 2, 1, 35; POxy 2351, 49; Ps 26:12; SSol 1:8) βαστάζων ἑαυτῷ τὸν σταυρόν bearing the cross without help J 19:17; ἑαυτοῖς κρίμα λήμψονται they themselves will be responsible for the judgment they are to receive Ro 13:2; οὐκ ἐπαινοῦμεν τοὺς προσιόντας ἑαυτοῖς we do not commend those who take the initiative in advancing themselves MPol 4; cp. στρῶσον σεαυτῷ make your own bed Ac 9:34.—Rydbeck 51–61.—Used esp. w. prep.

α. ἀφʼ ἑαυτοῦ (ἀπό 5eα; TestAbr A 19 p. 101, 6 [Stone p. 50]; Just., A I, 43, 8 ἀφʼ ἑαυτοῦ ἑλόμενος τὸ ἀγαθόν; Tat. 17, 4 ἐχθρὸν ἀμυνεῖται): ποιεῖν τι do someth. of one’s own accord J 5:19. λαλεῖν speak on one’s own authority (Diod S 12, 66, 2 ἐκήρυξέ τις ἀφʼ ἑαυτοῦ; i.e. without orders from a higher authority) 7:18; 16:13; λέγειν 11:51; 18:34 v.l. (M. Ant. 11, 19 τοῦτο οὐκ ἀπὸ σαυτοῦ μέλλεις λέγειν). καρπὸν φέρειν bear fruit by itself 15:4. ἱκανὸν εἶναι be competent by oneself 2 Cor 3:5 (ἀφʼ ἑαυτῶν interchanging w. ἐξ ἑαυτῶν; s. also 1aδ). γινώσκειν know by oneself Lk 21:30. κρίνειν judge for oneself 12:57 (ἐξετάζειν Ath. 18, 1).

β. διʼ ἑαυτοῦ (POxy 273, 21; PTebt 72, 197; TestJob 16:4): κοινὸς διʼ ἑαυτοῦ unclean in itself Ro 14:14 (EpJer 26; Just., A I, 54, 8; A II, 10, 8; D. 56, 1).

γ. ἐν ἑαυτῷ to or in oneself, εὐπαρεπέστατον ἦν ἐν αὑτῷ τὸ ὄρος Hs 9, 1, 10. J 13:32 v.l.; Ro 1:24 v.l.; Eph 2:15 v.l. Otherw. mostly w. verbs of speaking, in contrast to audible utterance; s. διαλογίζομαι 1, εἶπον 6, λέγω 1bζ; otherw. ἔχειν τι ἐν ἑαυτῷ have someth. in oneself (cp. Jdth 10:19; Jos., Ant. 8, 171; Just., D. 8, 2; Ath. 10, 2) J 5:26, 42; 6:53; 17:13; 2 Cor 1:9. Gener., of what takes place in the inner consciousness διαπορεῖν Ac 10:17. Esp. γίνεσθαι ἐν ἑαυτῷ come to one’s senses 12:11 (X., An. 1, 5, 17 ὁ Κλέαρχος ἐν ἑαυτῷ ἐγένετο; Polyb. 1, 49, 8; Chariton 3, 9, 11 ἐν ἑαυτῷ γενόμενος). Also:

δ. ἐξ ἑαυτῶν (Soph., El. 343 ἐκ σαυτῆς; Theophr. Fgm. 96 [in Ps.-Demetr. 222] ἐξ αὑτοῦ) of (our) own strength 2 Cor 3:5.

ε. εἰς ἑαυτὸν ἔρχεσθαι come to one’s senses Lk 15:17 (Diod S 13, 95, 2; Epict. 3, 1, 15; GrBar 17:3).

ζ. καθʼ ἑαυτόν by oneself (X., Mem. 3, 5, 4; Plut., Anton. 940 [54, 1 and 2]; 2 Macc 13:13; Just., D. 4, 5; 74:2; Ath. 15, 2 al.) μένειν live by oneself (in a private house) Ac 28:16. πίστις νεκρά ἐστιν καθʼ ἑαυτήν faith (when it remains) by itself is dead Js 2:17 (Diog. L. 1, 64 from a letter of Solon: religion and lawgivers can do nothing καθʼ ἑαυτά=if they are dependent on themselves alone).—βασιλεία μερισθεῖσα καθʼ ἑαυτῆς a kingdom that is divided against itself Mt 12:25.—μεθʼ ἑαυτοῦ, μεθʼ ἑαυτῶν with oneself, themselves (cp. 1 Km 9:3; 24:3 ἔλαβεν μεθʼ ἑ.) Mt 12:45; 25:3.

η. παρʼ ἑαυτῷ τιθέναι τι put someth. aside 1 Cor 16:2 (X., Mem. 3, 13, 3; cp. Jos., Ant. 9, 68 οἴκαδε παρʼ αὑτῷ; Tat. 7, 2 λόγου δύναμις ἔχουσα παρʼ ἑαυτῇ τὸ προγνωστικόν ‘has in itself’).

θ. περὶ ἑ. προσφέρειν make offering for himself Hb 5:3. τὰ περι ἑαυτοῦ the passages about himself Lk 24:27.

ι. πρὸς ἑαυτὸν προσεύχεσθαι pray to oneself (=in silence) 18:11 (cp. Aristaen., Ep. 1, 6; 2 Macc 11:13; Jos., Ant. 11, 210; Vi. Aesopi G 9 P. πρὸς ἑαυτὸν εἶπεν; 38; Just., D. 62, 2 πρὸς ἑαυτὸν ἔλεγεν ὁ θεός … πρὸς ἑαυτοὺς λέγομεν). ἀπῆλθεν πρὸς ἑαυτόν, θαυμάζων τὸ γέγονος (Peter) went home, (all the while) marveling at what had taken place Lk 24:12 (FNeirynck, ETL 54, ’78, 104–18). ἀπέρχεσθαι πρὸς ἑαυτούς go home J 20:10 v.l. (for αὐτούς, cp. Polyb. 5, 93, 1; Num 24:25; Jos., Ant. 8, 124; s. MBlack, An Aramaic Approach³, ’67, 102f). Lk 23:12 v.l.

ⓑ for the first and second pers. pl. (gener. H. Gk.; s. FKälker, Quaest. de elocut. Polyb. 1880, 277; Mlt. 87; B-D-F §64, 1; Mayser 303, w. further lit. in note 3; Rob. 689f) ἑαυτούς = ἡμᾶς αὐτούς (Themistocl., Ep. 15; Jos., Bell. 5, 536; Just., A I, 53, 3; D. 32, 5; 34, 1 al.; Tat. 30, 1; Ath. 12, 1) 1 Cor 11:31. ἐν ἑαυτοῖς = ἐν ἡμῖν αὐτοῖς Ro 8:23; 2 Cor 1:9; =ἐν ὑμῖν αὐτοῖς Ro 11:25 v.l. (En 6:2 ἐκλεξώμεθα ἑαυτοῖς γυναῖκας). διʼ ἑαυτῶν = διʼ ἡμῶν αὐ. 1 Cl 32:4; παρʼ ἑαυτοῖς = παρʼ ὑμῖν αὐτοῖς Ro 11:25 (cp. Just., D. 141, 1 and Tat. 11:2 διʼ ἑαυτούς). ἑαυτοῖς = ὑμῖν αὐτοῖς (cp. En 15:3; TestJob 45:3; TestDan 6:1; Jos., Ant. 4, 190; 8, 277) Mt 23:31; Ro 11:25 v.l.; 1 Cl 47:7.—This replacement of the first and second pers. by the third is very much less common in the sg. (Ps.-Pla., Alc. 2, 143c; Dio Chrys. 30 [47], 6 σὺ … αὑτόν; Aelian, VH 1, 21; Galen, Protr. 10 p. 30, 10 John; Syntipas p. 115, 10 μεθʼ ἑαυτοῦ=with me; TestJob 2:3 διελογιζόμην ἐν ἑαυτῷ; GrBar 17:3 εἰς ἑαυτὸν ἐλθὼν δόξαν ἔφερον τῷ θεῷ. Transjordanian ins: NGG Phil.-Hist. Kl. Fachgr. V n.s. I/1 ’36, p. 3, 1; other exx. in Mlt. 87, n. 2; Mayser 304; Hauser 100), and can hardly be established w. certainty for the NT gener.: s. J 18:34 v.l.; Ro 13:9 v.l.; cp. ISm 4:2 (v.l. ἐμαυτόν); Hv 4, 1, 5 Joly (ἐμαυτῷ B.); Hs 2:1.

② marker of reciprocal relationship, for the reciprocal pron. ἀλλήλων, ἀλλήλοις, ἀλλήλους (also in earlier auth., Kühner-G. I 573; pap in Mayser 304; LXX; 4 [6] Esdr [POxy 1010] ἔδονται τὰ(ς) σάρκας αὐτῶν καὶ τὸ αἱμα αὐτῶν πίονται; Tat. 3, 3.—W-S. §22, 13; B-D-F §287; Rob. 690) each other, one another συζητεῖν πρὸς ἑαυτούς Mk 9:16 v.l. (s. VTaylor, Comm. ad. loc.; ASyn. app., w. correction of Tdf. app.); λέγοντες πρὸς ἑαυτούς as they said to each other Mk 10:26; cp. J 12:19 (πρὸς ἑ. as Antig. Car. 39 μάχεσθαι πρὸς αὑτούς; Lucian, Philops. 29, Ver. Hist. 1, 35; Tat. 26, 3 πολεμοῦντες … ἑαυτοῖς ἀλλήλους καθαιρεεῖτε). χαρίζεσθαι ἑαυτοῖς forgive one another Eph 4:32; Col 3:13. νουθετεῖν ἑαυτούς admonish one another vs. 16. εἰρηνεύειν ἐν ἑαυτοῖς live in peace w. one another 1 Th 5:13; τὴν εἰς ἑαυτοὺς ἀγάπην 1 Pt 4:9.

③ marker of possession by the pers. spoken of or acting, in place of the possessive pron. his, her (Mayser 304f; Mlt. 87f) Mt 8:22; 21:8; 25:1; Lk 2:39; 9:60; 11:21; 12:36 al. ESchwartz, Index lectionum 1905, 8f; DTabachovitz, Eranos 93, ’55, 76ff; ADihle, Noch einmal ἑαυτῷ: Glotta 39, ’60, 83–92; s. Rydbeck (1a beg.).—DELG. M-M.

εὐνοῦχος, ου, ὁ (s. prec. entry; Hdt., Aristoph. et al.; Vett. Val. 18, 19; 86, 34; BGU 725, 14; 29; LXX, Test12Patr; AscIs 3:11; Philo; Jos., Bell. 1, 488, Ant. 17, 44; Ath. 34, 1)

① a castrated male person, eunuch. Mt 19:12b. Eunuchs served, esp. in the orient, as keepers of a harem (Esth 2:14) and not infreq. rose to high positions in the state (Hdt. 8, 105; AscIs 3:11 τῶν εὐνούχων καὶ τῶν συμβούλων τοῦ βασιλέως): the εὐ. δυνάστης of Queen Candace Ac 8:27, 34, 36, 38f.—S. on Κανδάκη.—Diod S 11, 69, 1 Mithridates is physically a εὐνοῦχος and holds the position of κατακοιμιστής (=the chamberlain; note the etymology of εὐ.: εὐνή ‘bed’ + ἔχω) τοῦ βασιλέως (Xerxes). In 17, 5, 3 Βαγώας as χιλίαρχος bears the title of a high official at the Persian court (18, 48, 4f). Since he is also described as εὐνοῦχος, the word must be understood literally. Similarly in Ac 8:27ff, the man baptized by Philip performs the function of δυνάστης Κανδάκης βασιλίσσης. Here also ‘eunuch’ refers primarily to his physical state, but Luke’s interest in showing the broad outreach of the Gospel, esp. through the arrival of an important personage from a distant locality, prob. comes into play (for OT perspectives contrast Dt 23:1 Mt and Is 56:3). FSpencer, The Ethiopian Eunuch and His Bible—A Social-Science-Analysis: BTB 22, ’92, 155–65.

② a human male who, without a physical operation, is by nature incapable of begetting children, impotent male (Wsd 3:14) εὐ. ἐκ κοιλίας μητρός Mt 19:12a.

③ a human male who abstains fr. marriage, without being impotent, a celibate Mt 19:12c (cp. Ath. 34, 1).—s. εὐνουχίζω.—JBlinzler, ZNW 48, ’57, 254–70; Pauly-Wiss. Suppl. III/2, 1772f; B. 141. New Docs 3, 41. Schmidt, Syn. IV 35–37. DELG s.v. ἐυνή. M-M. EDNT. TW.

ἀπόστολος, ου, ὁ (s. ἀποστέλλω). In older Gk. (Lysias, Demosth.) and later (e.g. Posidon.: 87 Fgm. 53 p. 257, 21 Jac. [Strabo 3, 5, 5]) ὁ ἀ. is a naval expedition, prob. also its commander (Anecd. Gr. 217, 26). τὸ ἀπόστολον with (Pla., Ep. 7, 346a) or without (Vi. Hom. 19) πλοῖον means a ship ready for departure. In its single occurrence in Jos. (Ant. 17, 300; it is not found elsewh. in Jewish-Gk. lit.) it prob. means ‘sending out’; in pap mostly ‘bill of lading’ (s. Preisigke, Fachwörter 1915), less freq. ‘certificate of clearance (at a port)’ (BGU V §64 [II A.D.]=Gnomon des Idios Logos). It can also be ‘letter of authorization (relating to shipping)’: Mitt-Wilck. I/2, 443, 10 (15 A.D.); PHerm 6, 11f (cp. Dig. 49, 6, 1 litteras dimissorias sive apostolos). In contrast, in isolated cases it refers to persons who are dispatched for a specific purpose, and the context determines the status or function expressed in such Eng. terms as ‘ambassador, delegate, messenger’ (Hdt. 1, 21; 5, 38; Synesius, Providence 2, 3 p. 122a ἀπόστολοι of ordinary messengers; Sb 7241, 48; BGU 1741, 6 [64 B.C.]; 3 Km 14:6A; Is 18:2 Sym.). Cp. KLake, The Word Ἀ.: Beginn. I 5, ’33, 46–52. It is this isolated usage that is preferred in the NT w. nuances peculiar to its lit. But the extensive use of ἀποστέλλω in documents relating to pers. of merit engaged in administrative service prob. encouraged NT use of the noun, thus in effect disavowing assoc. w. the type of itinerant philosophers that evoked the kind of pejorative term applied by Paul’s audience Ac 17:18.

① of messengers without extraordinary status delegate, envoy, messenger (opp. ὁ πέμψας) J 13:16. Of Epaphroditus, messenger of the Philippians Phil 2:25.—2 Cor 8:23.

② of messengers with extraordinary status, esp. of God’s messenger, envoy (cp. Epict. 3, 22, 23 of Cynic wise men: ἄγγελος ἀπὸ τ. Διὸς ἀπέσταλται).

ⓐ of prophets Lk 11:49; Rv 18:20; cp. 2:2; Eph 3:5.

ⓑ of Christ (w. ἀρχιερεύς) Hb 3:1 (cp. ApcEsdr 2:1 p. 25, 29 T.; Just., A I, 12, 9; the extra-Christian firman Sb 7240, 4f οὐκ ἔστιν θεὸς εἰ μὴ ὁ θεὸς μόνος. Μααμετ ἀπόστολος θεοῦ). GWetter, ‘D. Sohn Gottes’ 1916, 26ff.

ⓒ but predominately in the NT (of the apologists, only Just.) of a group of highly honored believers w. a special function as God’s envoys. Also Judaism had a figure known as apostle (שָׁלִיחַ; Schürer III 124f w. sources and lit.; Billerb. III 1926, 2–4; JTruron, Theology 51, ’48, 166–70; 341–43; GDix, ibid. 249–56; 385f; JBühner, art. ἄ. in EDNT I 142–46). In Christian circles, at first ἀ. denoted one who proclaimed the gospel, and was not strictly limited: Paul freq. calls himself an ἀ.: Ro 1:1; 11:13; 1 Cor 1:1; 9:1f; 15:9; 2 Cor 1:1; Gal 1:1; Eph 1:1; Col 1:1; 1 Ti 1:1; 2:7; 2 Ti 1:1; Tit 1:1.—1 Cl 47:1. Of Barnabas Ac 14:14; 15:2. Of Andronicus and Junia (less prob. Junias, s. Ἰουνία) Ro 16:7. Of James, the Lord’s brother Gal 1:19. Of Peter 1 Pt 1:1; 2 Pt 1:1. Then esp. of the 12 apostles οἱ δώδεκα ἀ. (cp. ParJer 9:20; AscIs 3:21; 4:3) Mt 10:2; Mk 3:14; Lk 22:14 (v.l. οἱ δώδεκα); cp. 6:13; 9:10; 17:5; Ac 1:26 (P-HMenoud, RHPR 37 ’57, 71–80); Rv 21:14; PtK 3 p. 15, 18. Peter and the apostles Ac 2:37; 5:29. Paul and apostles Pol 9:1 (cp. AcPlTh Aa I, 235 app. of Thecla). Gener. the apostles Mk 6:30; Lk 24:10; 1 Cor 4:9; 9:5; 15:7; 2 Cor 11:13; 1 Th 2:7; Ac 1:2; 2:42f; 4:33, 35, 37; 5:2, 12, 18, 34 v.l., 40; 6:6; 8:1, 14, 18; 9:27; 11:1; 14:4; 2 Pt 3:2; Jd 17; IEph 11:2; IMg 7:1; 13:2; ITr 2:2; 3:1; 7:1; IPhld 5:1; ISm 8:1; D ins; 11:3, 6. As a governing board, w. the elders Ac 15:2, 4, 6, 22f; 16:4. As possessors of the most important spiritual gift 1 Cor 12:28f. Proclaimers of the gospel 1 Cl 42:1f; B 5:9; Hs 9, 17, 1. Prophesying strife 1 Cl 44:1. Working miracles 2 Cor 12:12. W. overseers, teachers and attendants Hv 3, 5, 1; Hs 9, 15, 4; w. teachers Hs 9, 25, 2; w. teachers, preaching to those who had fallen asleep Hs 9, 16, 5; w. var. Christian officials IMg 6:1; w. prophets Eph 2:20; D 11:3; Pol 6:3. Christ and the apostles as the foundation of the church IMg 13:1; ITr 12; 2; cp. Eph 2:20. οἱ ἀ. and ἡ ἐκκλησία w. the three patriarchs and the prophets IPhld 9:1. The Holy Scriptures named w. the ap. 2 Cl 14:2 (sim. ApcSed 14:10 p. 136, 17 Ja.). Paul ironically refers to his opponents (or the original apostles; s. s.v. ὑπερλίαν) as οἱ ὑπερλίαν ἀ. the super-apostles 2 Cor 11:5; 12:11. The orig. apostles he calls οἱ πρὸ ἐμοῦ ἀ. Gal 1:17; AcPlCor 2:4.—Harnack, Mission⁴ I 1923, 332ff (Eng. tr. I 319–31). WSeufert, D. Urspr. u. d. Bed. d. Apostolates 1887; EHaupt, Z. Verständnis d. Apostolates im NT 1896; EMonnier, La notion de l’Apostolat des origines à Irénée 1903; PBatiffol, RB n.s. 3, 1906, 520–32; Wlh., Einleitung², 1911, 138–47; EBurton, AJT 16, 1912, 561–88, Gal comm. 1921, 363–84; RSchütz, Apostel u. Jünger 1921; EMeyer I 265ff; III 255ff. HVogelstein, Development of the Apostolate in Judaism, etc.: HUCA 2, 1925, 99–123; JWagenmann, D. Stellg. d. Ap. Pls neben den Zwölf 1926; WMundle, D. Apostelbild der AG: ZNW 27, 1928, 36–54; KRengstorf, TW I 406–46 (s. critique by HConzelmann, The Theol. of St. Luke ’60, 216, n. 1), Apost. u. Predigtamt ’34; J-LLeuba, Rech. exégét. rel. à l’apostolat dans le NT, diss. Neuchâtel ’36; PSaintyves, Deux mythes évangéliques, Les 12 apôtres et les 72 disciples ’38; GSass, Apostelamt u. Kirche … paulin. Apostelbegr. ’39; EKäsemann, ZNW 40, ’41, 33–71; RLiechtenhan, D. urchr. Mission ’46; ESchweizer, D. Leben d. Herrn in d. Gemeinde u. ihren Diensten ’46; AFridrichsen, The Apostle and His Message ’47; HvCampenhausen, D. urchristl. Apostelbegr.: StTh 1, ’47, 96–130; HMosbech, ibid. 2, ’48, 166–200; ELohse, Ursprung u. Prägung des christl. Apostolates: TZ 9, ’53, 259–75; GKlein, Die 12 Apostel, ’60; FHahn, Mission in the NT, tr. FClarke, ’65; WSchmithals, The Office of the Apostle, tr. JSteely, ’69; KKertelge, Das Apostelamt des Paulus, BZ 14, ’70, 161–81. S. also ἐκκλησία end, esp. Holl and Kattenbusch; also HBetz, Hermeneia: Gal ’79, 74f (w. additional lit.); FAgnew, On the Origin of the Term ἀπόστολος: CBQ 38, ’76, 49–53 (survey of debate); KHaacker, NovT 30, ’88, 9–38 (Acts). Ins evidence (s. e.g. SIG index) relating to the verb ἀποστέλλω is almost gener. ignored in debate about the meaning of the noun.—DELG s.v. στέλλω A. EDNT. M-M. TW. Spicq.

βάλλω, [tense] fut. βᾰλῶ (in [dialect] Att. Prose only in compds.), [dialect] Ion.

A

βαλέω Il. 8.403

,

βαλλήσω Ar.V. 222

, 1491: [tense] aor. 2 ἔβᾰλον, [dialect] Ion.

προ-βάλεσκε Od. 5.331

; later [tense] aor. 1

ἔβαλα LXX3 Ki.6.1

(5.18); [dialect] Ep. and [dialect] Ion. inf.

βαλέειν Il.2.414

,al., Hdt.2.111,al., but

βαλεῖν Il.13.387

, 14.424; opt. βλείης in Epich.219, part.

βλείς Id.176

, as if from ἔβλην (v. συμβάλλω): [tense] pf. βέβληκα: [tense] plpf. ἐβεβλήκειν, [dialect] Ep.

βεβλήκειν Il.5.661

:—[voice] Med., [dialect] Ion. [tense] impf.

βαλλέσκετο Hdt.9.74

: [tense] fut. βᾰλοῦμαι ([etym.] προ-) Ar.Ra. 201, ([etym.] ἐπι-) Th.6.40, etc., [dialect] Ep. βαλεῦμαι ([etym.] ἀμφι-) Od.22.103: [tense] aor. 2 ἐβᾰλόμην, [dialect] Ion. imper.

βαλεῦ Hdt.8.68

.γ, used mostly in compds.:—[voice] Pass., [tense] fut.

βληθήσομαι X.HG7.5.11

, ([etym.] δια-) E.Hec. 863; also

βεβλήσομαι Id.Or. 271

, Hld.2.13, ([etym.] δια-) D.16.2; part.

δια-βεβλησόμενος Philostr. VA6.13

([dialect] Ep. [tense] fut. ξυμ-βλήσομαι, v. συμβάλλω): [tense] aor.

ἐβλήθην Hdt.1.34

, Th.8.84, etc.: Hom. also has an [dialect] Ep. [tense] aor. [voice] Pass.,

ἔβλητο Il.11.675

,

ξύμβλητο 14.39

; subj.

βλήεται Od.17.472

; opt. βλῇο or

βλεῖο Il.13.288

; inf.

βλῆσθαι 4.115

; part.

βλήμενος 15.495

: [tense] pf. βέβλημαι, [dialect] Ion. [ per.] 3pl.

βεβλήαται 11.657

(but [ per.] 3sg. h.Ap.20), opt.

δια-βεβλῇσθε And.2.24

: [tense] plpf. ἐβεβλήμην ([etym.] περι-) X.HG7.4.22, ([etym.] ἐξ-) Isoc.18.17; [dialect] Ion. [ per.] 3pl.

περι-εβεβλέατο Hdt.6.25

.—[dialect] Ep. [tense] pf. βεβόλημαι in special sense, v. βολέω.

A [voice] Act., throw:

I with acc. of person or thing aimed at, throw so as to hit, hit with a missile, freq. opp. striking with a weapon in the hand,

βλήμενος ἠὲ τυπείς Il.15.495

;

τὸν βάλεν, οὐδ' ἀφάμαρτε 11.350

, cf. 4.473, al.; so even in

ἐγγύθεν ἐλβὼν βεβλήκει.. δουρί 5.73

; and

δουρὶ ὤμων μεσσηγὺς σχεδόθεν βάλε 16.807

; but later opp. τοξεύειν, D.9.17, X.An.4.2.12; ἐκ χειρὸς β. ib.3.3.15: c. dat. instrumenti, β. τινὰ δουρί, πέτρῳ, κεραυνῷ, etc., Il.13.518, 20.288, Od.5.128, etc.:

βλήμενος ἢ ἰῷ ἢ ἔγχεϊ Il.8.514

: c. dupl. acc. pers. et partis,

μιν βάλε μηρὸν ὀϊστῷ 11.583

: c. acc. partis only, 5.19, 657; so

τὸν δ' Ὀδυσεὺς κατὰ λαιμὸν.. βάλεν ἰῷ Od.22.15

;

δουρὶ βαλὼν πρὸς στῆθος Il. 11.144

: c. acc. cogn.,

ἕλκος.., τό μιν βάλε Πάνδαρος ἰῷ 5.795

; also βάλε Τυδεΐδαο κατ' ἀσπίδα smote upon it, ib. 281.

2 less freq. of things,

ἡνίοχον κονίης ῥαθάμιγγες ἔβαλλον 23.502

; of drops of blood, 11.536, cf. A.Ag. 1390: metaph.,

κηλὶς ἔβαλέ νιν μητροκτόνος E.IT 1200

, cf. HF 1219; of the sun, ἀκτῖσιν ἔβαλλεν [θάμνους] Od.5.479;

ἔβαλλε.. οὐρανὸν Ἠώς A.R.4.885

(so [voice] Pass.,

σελήνη.. δι' εὐτρήτων βαλλομένη θυρίδων AP5.122

(Phld.)); strike the senses, of sound,

ἵππων ὠκυπόδων ἀμφὶ κτύπος οὔατα βάλλει Il.10.535

, cf. S.Ant. 1188, Ph. 205 (lyr.); of smell,

ὀσμὴ β. τινά Id.Ant. 412

;

τάχ' ἂν πέμφιξ σε βροντῆς καὶ δυσοσμίας β. Id.Fr. 538

.

3 metaph., β. τινὰ κακοῖς, φθόνῳ, ψόγῳ, smite with reproaches, etc., Id.Aj. 1244, E.El. 902, Ar. Th. 895;

στεφάνοις β. τινά Pi.P.8.57

(hence metaph., praise, Id.O.2.98);

φθόνος βάλλει A.Ag. 947

;

φίλημα βάλλει τὴν καρδίαν Ach.Tat. 2.37

.

II with acc. of the weapon thrown, cast, hurl, of missiles, rare in Hom.,

βαλὼν βέλος Od.9.495

;

χαλκὸν ἐνὶ στήθεσσι βαλών Il.5

. 346, cf. Od.20.62;

ἐν νηυσὶν.. πῦρ β. Il.13.629

: c. dat., of the weapon, throw or shoot with a thing,

οἱ δ' ἄρα χερμαδίοισι.. βάλλον 12.155

;

βέλεσι Od.16.277

: in Prose abs., β. ἐπί τινα throw at one, Th.8.75;

ἐπὶ σκοπόν X.Cyr.1.6.29

;

ἐπίσκοπα Luc.Am.16

; alone,

οἱ ψιλοὶ βάλλοντες εἶργον Th.4.33

: c. gen., βάλλοντα τοῦ σκοποῦ hitting the mark, Pl.Sis. 391a.

2 generally of anything thrown,

εἰς ἅλα λύματ' ἔβαλλον Il.1.314

;

τὰ μὲν ἐν πυρὶ βάλλε Od.14.429

; [

νῆα] β. ποτὶ πέτρας 12.71

; εὐνὰς β. throw out the anchor-stones, 9.137; β. σπόρον cast the seed, Theoc.25.26;

β. κόπρον POxy.934.9

(iii A. D.): hence

β. ἀρούρας

manure,

PFay.118.21

(ii A. D.): metaph.,

ὕπνον.. ἐπὶ βλεφάροις β. Od.1.364

;

β. σκότον ὄμμασι E.Ph. 1535

(lyr.);

β. λύπην τινί S.Ph.67

.

b of persons, β. τινὰ ἐν κονίῃσιν, ἐν δαπέδῳ, Il.8.156, Od. 22.188;

γῆς ἔξω β. S.OT 622

;

β. τινὰ ἄθαπτον Id.Aj. 1333

;

ἄτιμον Id.Ph. 1028

:—[voice] Pass.,

ὑπὸ χλαίνῃ βεβλημένος AP5.164

(Mel.);

βεβλημένος

on a sick-bed,

Ev.Matt.8.14

: then metaph.,

ἐς κακὸν β. τινά Od. 12.221

;

ὅς με μετ'.. ἔριδας καὶ νείκεα β. Il.2.376

; β. τινὰ ἐς ἔχθραν, ἐς φόβον, A.Pr. 390, E.Tr. 1058; also ἐν αἰτίᾳ or αἰτίᾳ β. τινά, S.OT 657, Tr. 940 (but in E.Tr. 305 β. αἰτίαν ἔς τινα)

; κινδύνῳ β. τινά A.Th. 1053

.

3 let fall,

ἑτέρωσε κάρη βάλεν Il.8.306

, cf. 23.697;

β. ἀπὸ δάκρυ παρειῶν Od.4.198

, cf. 114;

κατὰ βλεφάρων β. δάκρυα Thgn. 1206

;

κατ' ὄσσων E.Hipp. 1396

;

αἵματος πέμφιγα πρὸς πέδῳ β. A.Fr. 183

; β. τοὺς ὀδόντας cast, shed them, Arist.HA 501b2, etc.; so βάλλειν alone, ib. 576a4;

βοῦς βεβληκώς SIG958.7

([place name] Ceos).

4 of the eyes, ἑτέρωσε βάλ' ὄμματα cast them, Od.16.179;

ὄμματα πρὸς γῆν E. Ion 582

;

πρόσωπον εἰς γῆν Id.Or. 958

: intr., ὀφθαλμὸς πρὸς τὸ φῶς βαλών aiming at.., Plot.2.4.5; βαλὼν πρὸς αὐτό directing one's gaze at.., Id.3.8.10.

5 of animals, push forward or in front,

τοὺς σοὺς [ἵππους] πρόσθε βαλών Il.23.572

; πλήθει πρόσθε βαλόντες (sc. ἵππους) ib. 639;

βάλλε κάτωθε τὰ μοσχία Theoc.4.44

: metaph.,

β. ψυχὰν ποτὶ κέρδεα BionFr.5.12

.

6 in a looser sense, put, place, with or without a notion of haste,

τὼ μὲν.. βαλέτην ἐν χερσὶν ἑταίρων Il.5.574

, cf. 17.40, 21.104;

μῆλα.. ἐν νηΐ β. Od.9.470

;

ἐπὶ γᾶν ἴχνος ποδὸς β. E.Rh. 721

(lyr.);

φάσγανον ἐπ' αὐχένος β. Id.Or.51

;

τοὺς δακτύλους εἰς τὰ ὦτα Ev.Marc.7.33

; β. πλίνθους lay bricks, Edict.Diocl.7.15; pour,

οἶνον εἰς ἀσκούς Ev.Matt.9.17

;

εἰς πίθον Arr.Epict.4.13.12

, cf. Dsc.1.71.5 (v.l. for ἐμβ.): metaph.,

ἐν στήθεσσι μένος βάλε ποιμένι λαῶν Il.5.513

; ὅπως.. φιλότητα μετ' ἀμφοτέροισι βάλωμεν may put friendship between them, 4.16;

μαντεύσομαι ὡς ἐνὶ θυμῷ ἀθάνατοι βάλλουσι Od.1.201

;

ἐν καρδίᾳ β. Pi.O.13.16

; but also θυμῷ, ἐς θυμὸν β., lay to heart, A.Pr. 706, S.OT 975.

b esp. of putting round,

ἀμφ' ὀχέεσσι θοῶς βάλε καμπύλα κύκλα Il.5.722

; of clothes or arms,

ἀμφὶ δ' Ἀθήνη ὤμοις.. βάλ' αἰγίδα 18.204

; put on,

φαιὰ ἱμάτια Plb. 30.4.5

.

c place money on deposit,

ἀργύριον τοῖς τραπεζίταις Ev.Matt.25.27

.

d pay, PLond.3.1177 (ii A. D.), POxy.1448.5 (iv A. D.).

7 of dice, throw,

τρὶς ἓξ βαλεῖν A.Ag.33

, cf. Pl.Lg. 968e;

ἄλλα βλήματ' ἐν κύβοις βαλεῖν E.Supp. 330

: so prob. ψῆφος βαλοῦσα, abs., by its throw, A.Eu. 751: metaph., εὖ or

καλῶς βάλλειν

to be lucky, successful,

Phld.

lr.p.51 W., Rh.1.10 S.

III intr., fall,

ποταμὸς Μινυήϊος εἰς ἅλα βάλλων Il.11.722

, cf. A.R.2.744, etc.; ἄνεμος κατ' αὐτῆς (sc. νεώς)

ἔβαλε Act.Ap.27.14

; [ἵππους] περὶ τέρμα βαλούσας having run round the post, Il.23.462; ἐγὼ δὲ.. τάχ' ἐν πέδῳ βαλῶ (sc. ἐμαυτήν) A.Ag. 1172 (lyr.); λίμνηθεν ὅτ' εἰς ἁλὸς οἶδμα βάλητε arrive at.., A.R.4.1579; εἴσω β. enter a river's mouth, Orac. ap.D.S.8.23; βαλὼν κάθευδε lie down and sleep, Arr.Epict.2.20.10; τί οὖν, οὐ ῥέγκω βαλών; ib.4.10.29;

βαλὼν ἐπὶ τῆς στιβάδος ἐπεχείρει καθεύδειν Anon.

ap. POxy.1368.51; cf. A. 11.4.

2 in familiar language,

βάλλ' ἐς κόρακας

away with you! be hanged!

Ar.V. 835

, etc.;

βάλλ' ἐς μακαρίαν Pl.Hp.Ma. 293a

, cf. Men.Epit. 389.

B [voice] Med., put for oneself, ὡς ἐνὶ θυμῷ βάλλεαι that thou may'st lay it to heart, Il.20.196, cf. Od.12.218;

σὺ δ' ἐνὶ φρεσὶ βάλλεο σῇσιν Hes.Op. 107

;

εἰ μὲν δὴ νόστον γε μετὰ φρεσὶ.. βάλλεαι Il.9.435

;

ἐς θυμὸν βαλέσθαι τι Hdt.1.84

, etc.; εἰς or ἐπὶ νοῦν, εἰς μνήμην, Plu.Thes. 24, Jul.Or.2.58a, etc. (v. supr. A.11.6); ἐπ' ἑωυτῶν βαλόμενοι on their own responsibility, Hdt.4.160, cf. 3.71, al.; ἑτέρως ἐβάλοντο θεοί, v. l. for ἐβόλοντο in Od.1.234;

θεοὶ δ' ἑτέρωσε βάλοντο Q.S.1.610

.

2 τόξα or ξίφος ἀμφ' ὤμοισιν βάλλεσθαι throw about one's shoulder, Il.10.333, 19.372, etc.;

ἐπὶ κάρα στέφη β. E.IA 1513

(lyr.).

3

ἐς γαστέρα βάλλεσθαι γόνον

conceive,

Hdt.3.28

.

4 lay as foundation,

κρηπῖδα βαλέσθαι Pi.P.7.3

, cf. 4.138, Luc.Hipp.4; also, lay the foundations of, begin to form,

οἰκοδομίας Pl.Lg. 779b

;

χάρακα Plb.3.105.10

, Poll. 8.161; simply, build,

ἱερὸν περί τι Philostr.VA4.13

; β. ἄγκυραν cast anchor, Hdt.9.74, etc.;

καθάπερ ἐξ ἀγκυρῶν βαλλόμενος ψυχῆς δεσμούς Pl.Ti. 73d

.

II rarely, χρόα βάλλεσθαι λουτροῖς dash oneself with water, bathe, h.Cer.50 (but

λουτρὰ ἐπὶ χροῒ βαλεῖν E.Or. 303

). (Arc. - δέλλω in ἐς-δέλλοντες, = ἐκ-βάλλοντες, IG5(2).6.49: ζέλλειν· βάλλειν, Hsch. Root g[uglide]el- 'throw', Skt. galati 'trickle', OHG. quellan 'spurt up', Lith. gulēti 'lie'.)

εὐνοῦχος, ὁ, ([etym.] εὐνή, ἔχω)

A castrated person, eunuch, employed to take charge of the women and act as chamberlain (whence the name, ὁ τὴν εὐνὴν ἔχων), Hdt.3.130, al., Ar.Ach. 117, X.Cyr.7.5.60, etc.

2 of animals, Philostr.Her.1.3, Sch.Par.A.R.1.585.

3 of dates, without stones, Arist.Fr. 267:—Pythag. name for θρίδαξ, Lycusap. Ath.2.69e.

II as Adj., watching the bed, sleepless,

λαμπάδες εὐνούχοισιν ὄμμασιν S.Fr. 789

.

συνέρχομαι, [tense] fut.

A

- ελεύσομαι Plu.2.306e

, Phintys ap. Stob.4.23.61; but the [dialect] Att. [tense] fut. is σύνειμι ( εἶμι ibo), q. v., with [tense] aor. 2 συνῆλθον ([dialect] Dor. part.

συνενθόντες Abh.Berl.Akad.1925(5).21

([place name] Cyrene )) and [tense] pf. συνελήλυθα:— go together or in company,

σύν τε δύ' ἐρχομένω Il.10.224

.

II come together, assemble, meet, Hdt.1.152, 3.159, 7.97, E.Ba. 714, Th.1.3, etc.;

συνέρχεσθαι τοὺς συνέδρους IG42(1).68.66

(Epid., iv B.C.);

σ. ἐς τὠυτό Hdt.1.202

;

εἰς ταὐτὸ εἰς μίαν νῆσον X.Ath.2.2

;

εἰς τὸ κοινόν Pl.Lg. 680e

; εἰς ἓν ἱερόν ib. 767c;

ἐνθάδε Ar.Lys.39

; δεῦρο ἐς Κλεισθένους ib. 621 (lyr.);

ἐκ τῶν ἀγρῶν Id. Pax 632

(troch.);

ἀπὸ τῶν πόλεων Th.5.55

; ἐς λόγους ς. Hdt.1.82, cf. Ar.Eq. 1300 (troch.): c. dat., without ἐς λόγους, BGU1778.2 (i B.C.);

σύνελθε πρὸς Θέωνα PSI9.1079.3

(i B.C.); ἐπὶ τὸν ἀγῶνα, i.e. the Dramatic ἀγών, D.21.55; and simply, ξ. τινί have dealings with, S.OT 572; σ. χοροῖς take part in.., E.Hel. 1468 (lyr.).

2 in hostile sense, meet in battle,

σ. ἐς πεδίον Hdt. 1.80

;

εἰς μάχην Pl.Tht. 154e

;

κάπρῳ γὰρ ὡς συνῆλθεν ἀντίαν ἔριν PCair.Zen.532.16

(iii B.C.); also of the battle, μάχη ὑπό τινων ξυνελθοῦσα engaged in, contested by them, Th.5.74.

3 come together, be united or banded together,

ἐς τὠυτό Hdt.4.120

; φίλος φίλῳ ἐς ἓν ς. E.Ph. 462;

δύο οἰκίαι σ. εἰς ταὐτόν Pl.Chrm. 157e

;

σ. τοῦ ζῆν ἕνεκεν Arist.Pol. 1278b24

; σ. ἐπὶ κοινωνίᾳ βίω Phintys l.c.; form a league, of states, D.18.19; come together, after quarrelling, ἀδελφοὶ.. οὔτε ῥᾳδίως ς. Plu.2.481c.

b of sexual intercourse,

σ. τῷ ἀνδρί Hp.Mul.2.143

;

σ. γυναιξί X.Mem.2.2.4

, cf. Pl.Smp. 192e, Str.15.3.20; σ. εἰς ὁμιλίαν τινί, of a woman, D.S.3.58; freq. of marriage-contracts, BGU970.13 (ii A.D.), PGnom. 71, al. (ii A.D.), etc.: abs., of animals, couple, Arist.HA 541b34.

4 c. acc. cogn., ταύτην τὴν στρατείαν ξ. joined in this expedition, Th.1.3 ( ξυνεξ- is prob. cj.); τὸ σὸν λέχος ξυνῆλθον shared thy bed, S.Aj. 491.

III of things, to be joined in one,

συνερχόμεν' εἰς ἕν Emp.17.7

; χάρις κείνου τέ σοι κἀμοῦ ξ. S.Tr. 619; τἀπ' ἐμοῦ τε κἀπὸ σοῦ ἐς ἓν ξ. E.Tr. 1155;

σ. εἰς ἕν Arist.Cael. 288a16

; of one river joining another, Ar.Fr. 150 (dub.l.); of heavenly bodies, to be in conjunction, Arist.Mete. 343b31, 344a1; of a chasm, close, Plu.2.306e; so of a fistula, Meges ap.Orib.44.24.10.

2 of events, concur, happen together, Hdt.6.77; τῆς τύχης οὕτω ς. Plu.Cam.13.

φᾶρος, εος, τό, later also [full] φάρος [v. sub fin.]:—

A a large piece of cloth, web,

φάρε' ἔνεικε Καλυψὼ.., ἱστία ποιήσασθαι Od.5.258

, cf. E.Hec. 1082 (lyr.).

II commonly, a wide cloak or mantle without sleeves, μαλακὸν δ' ἔνδυνε χιτῶνα.. περὶ δὲ μέγα βάλλετο φ. (of a man) Il.2.43;

πορφύρεον μέγα φ. ἔχων ἐν χειρί 8.221

, cf. Od.15.61, Xenoph.3.3, Pherecyd.Syr.2, Hdt.9.109, E.El. 1221 (lyr., pl.); also worn by women, Od.5.230, Hes.Op. 198, A.Ch.11, etc.; drawn over the head,

μέγα φ. ἑλὼν.. κὰκ κεφαλῆς εἴρυσσε Od.8.84

, cf. E.Supp. 286, Ar.Th. 890; used as a shroud or pall, Il.18.353, 24.580, S.Aj. 916; πύματον φ. my last rag, Pl.Eleg.12;

εἰς ὅ κε φ. ἐκτελέσω.. Λαέρτῃ ἥρωϊ ταφήϊον Od.2.97

, 24.132; also of bed-spread,

δεμνίοις.. στρωτὰ βάλλουσαν φάρη S.Tr. 916

: ἀναιδείας φ. (expld. by Hsch. from Il.2.262), S.Fr. 291.—[dialect] Ep., Trag. (for Ar. l. c. is paratrag. and Philetaer.19 is corrupt), and twice in Hdt. (Corinthian acc. to AB1096). [[pron. full] ᾱ in Hom. and mostly in later [dialect] Ep.;

φᾰρέεσσι Hes.Op. 198

codd., A.R.3.863. A. has [pron. full] ᾱ always; S. has [pron. full] ᾰ in Tr. 916, Frr.360, 373, 586, and never certainly

ᾱ; E.

has both ᾱ, E. El. 191, Hec. l. c., IT 149 (all lyr.), al., and ᾰ, HF 414 (s. v. l.), Andr. 831, Or. 840, Hipp. 133 (all lyr.), Supp. 286, cf. Hdn.Gr.2.942.]

ἐκβάλλω, Arc. [full] ἐσδέλλω IG5(2).6.49 (Tegea, iv B.C.), [tense] fut. - βᾰλῶ: [tense] aor. - έβαλον: [tense] pf. - βέβληκα: [voice] Pass., [tense] fut.

A

- βεβλήσομαι E.Ba. 1313

:— throw or cast out of, c. gen.,

Ὀδίον μέγαν ἔκβαλε δίφρου Il.5.39

, etc.: abs., throw out,

ἐκ δ' εὐνὰς ἔβαλον 1.436

, etc. ; καὶ τὴν μὲν..ἰχθύσι κύρμα γενέσθαι ἔκβαλον threw her overboard, Od.15.481, cf. Hdt.1.24 : then in various relations, ἐκπίπτω being freq. used as its [voice] Pass. :

1 throw ashore,

τὸν δ' ἄρ'..νεὸς ἔκβαλε κῦμ' ἐπὶ χέρσου Od.19.278

;

ἄνεμος.. τρηχέως περιέσπε..πολλὰς τῶν νεῶν ἐκβάλλων πρὸς τὸν Ἄθων Hdt.6.44

;

ἐ. ἐς τὴν γῆν Id.7.170

(but in 2.113 ἄνεμοι..ἐκβάλλουσι ἐς τὸ πέλαγος carry out to sea ; ἐξέβαλεν ἄνεμος ἡμᾶς drove us out of our course, E.Cyc.20):—[voice] Med., put ashore,

ἵππους ἐξεβάλλοντο Hdt. 6.101

; jettison, Syngr. ap. D.35.11.

2 cast out of a place,

Κιμμερίους ἐκβαλόντες ἐκ τῆς Εὐρώπης Hdt.1.103

; ἐ. ἐκ τῆς χώρας, of an enemy, Lycurg.99, cf. D.60.8 ; esp. of banishment, ἐκ πόλεως ἐ. drive out of the country, Pl.Grg. 468d, cf. Ar.Pl. 430, etc. ; of a corpse, ἔξω τῆς πόλεως, τῶν ὁρίων, Pl.Lg. 873b, 909c : c. acc. only. drive out, banish, Heraclit.121, S.OC6<*>6, 770, etc. ; turn out,

νεοττούς Arist. HA 618b12

; cast out of the synagogue, Ev.Jo.34 ;

ἐκ τοῦ τάγματος J.BJ2.8.8

; exorcize, cast out evil spirits, Ev.Marc.1.34, al. ; also in weakened sense, cause to depart, ib.43.

3 expose on a desertisland, S.Ph. 257, 1034, 1390 ; expose a dead body,

ταφῆς ἄτερ Id.Aj. 1388

; ἐ. τέκνα expose children, E. Ion 964.

4 ἐ. γυναῖκα ἐκ τῆς οἰκίας divorce her, D. 59.83 : with simple acc., And.1.125, D.59.63, D.S.12.18, etc.:—[voice] Pass., LXXLe.21.7.

5 cast out of his seat, depose a king,

ἐ. ἕδρας Κρόνον A.Pr. 203

; ἐκ τυραννίδος θρόνου τ' ib. 910 ;

ἐκ τῆς τιμῆς X.Cyr.1.3.9

: without

ἐκ, ἐ. τινὰ πλούτου S.El. 649

:—[voice] Pass., to be ejected, of an occupier, PPetr.2p.143 (iii B.C.), PMagd. 12.8 (iii B.C.), etc. ;

χάριτος ἐκβεβλημένη S.Aj. 808

;

ἐκ τῆς φιλίας X.An.7.5.6

; ἐκ τῆς ἀρχῆς ἐξεβλήθησαν Isoc.4.70.

6 throw decisively in wrestling.

τίν' οὐ παλαίουσ' ἐς τρὶς ἐ. ; S.Fr.941.13

.

7 ἐ. φρέατα dig wells, Plu. Pomp.32.

8 of drugs, get rid of,

τοξεύματα Dsc.3.32

.

9 expel afterbirth, Hp. Mul.1.78.

10 publish,

σύνταξιν Plb.30.4.11

; issue, δόγμα ib.19.6 ;

ἀπόκρισιν Id.29.19.5

.