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1 λωΐων
Grammatical information: adj.Meaning: `better, more desirable, more agreeable' (Semon. 7, 30); superl. λῳ̃στος (Thgn., trag.), ᾦ λῳ̃στε (Pl.); details in v. Wilamowitz Eur. Her. v. 196, Seiler Steigerungsformen 88ff.Other forms: Att. λῴων; ntr. λώϊον (Il.), Att. λῳ̃ον, with plur. λώϊα, λῳ̃α (Thgn., Theoc.) gen. τῶν λῴων (Chalcis IIp), also sing. m. λῳ̃ος (Hdn. Gr.); λωΐτερον (Od.), - ερος (A. R.), - έρη (Call., AP)Origin: XX [etym. unknown]Etymology: The first attested ntr. λῴϊον can be consiered both as ο-stem and as ν-stem; certain is the ο-stem only in the rare or late attested λώϊα, λῳ̃α, λῴων, λῳ̃ος. The ν-stem is ascertained by λωΐων and λῴονος, -ι (S.); the regularly alternating σ-stem appears in λῴω acc. sg. f. (S., Pl.) and λῴους acc. pl. f. (S.). From these data Leumann Mus. Helv. 2, 7ff. (= Kl. Schr. 220 f.) concluded, that the ο-forms originated as analogal formations to the wrongly as ο-stem interpreted λῴϊον and that λώϊον like λωΐων etc. is an old ν-stem (on the socalled absolute use Benveniste Noms d'agent 121ff.). Usually one takes with Güntert IF 27, 69ff. λωΐων etc. as transformed from a supposed positive λώϊον, λῳ̃ος (Bq, Brugmann-Thumb 247, Fraenkel Glotta 4, 44 n. 1 a. IF 59, 159f., WP. 2, 393, Risch 33c, Schwyzer 539). - The old connection with λῆν `will, desire' is by Güntert l.c. defended; as primary formations λωΐων, λῳ̃στος can as well go back on a verb as on a noun; cf. Leumann l.c. and Seiler Steigerungsformen l.c. Acc. to Curtius 363 a. o. (s. Bq) however to ἀπο-λαύω, λεία, λᾱρός (s. vv.), with perhaps Arm. law `good, better' (rejected by Güntert l.c.). Older attempts in Güntert and Bq, ans W.-Hofmann s. salvus.Page in Frisk: 2,152Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > λωΐων
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2 μῆκος
Grammatical information: n.Meaning: `length' (Od.).Dialectal forms: Dor. μᾶκος (Archyt.)Compounds: Often as 2. member, e.g. περι-μήκης, Dor. - μάκης `very long, very high' (Il), with expressive enlargement περιμήκ-ετος `id.' (Hom., Arat.), after πάχετος, ἀριδείκετος, ἀμαιμάκετος a. o. (Schwyzer 501, Seiler Steigerungsformen 75).Derivatives: Beside μῆκος the sup. μήκιστος, Dor. μάκιστος `longest, highest, greatest' (Il.) with Μηκιστεύς PN (Il.; Boßhardt 93 f.) beside the comp. μάσσων, μᾶσσον (θ 203 etc.; after ἆσσον); to μακρός (s.v.) after ἐλάσσων, πάσσων, θάσσων; besides the secondary μακρό- τατος, - τερος. -- Old denominative μηκύνω, Dor. μακύνω, rarely w. prefix, e.g. ἀπο-, ἐπι-, `lengten, stretch out' (Pi., IA.) with the rare a. late prosodic terms μήκ-υνσις (Sch.), - υσμός (Eust.) `lengthening', - υντικός `which can be lengthened' (A. D.). Further derivations, also rare a. late: μηκεδανός `long' (AP, Nonn.), for μακεδνός after ἠπεδανός a. o. (Risch $38, Specht Ursprung 199); μηκ-ικός `regarding the length' (Procl.), - όθεν `from afar' (Aesop., Paul. Aeg.), - ότης f. `length' (Gal.).Origin: IE [Indo-European] [699] *meh₂ḱ-os, mh₂ḱros `long, length'.Etymology: Over against μῆκος stands with short vowel Av. masah- n. `length, greatness'; thus against μήκιστος Av. masišta-, OP maθ išta- (like comp. masyå, pos. mas-). Also elsewhere we find short vowels, not only in inherited and with the s-stem alternating r-stem μακρός (s. v.), but also in Lat. maciēs `leanness', maceō `be lean' and in Hitt. mak-l-ant- `lean'. As full grade formation, however, μῆκος agrees with the great majority of old s-stems (s. e.g. Schwyzer 511 f.). -- WP. 2, 223- Pok. 699- W.-Hofmann s. macer ; on μήκιστος, μάσσων Schwyzer 538, Seiler Steigerungsformen 74ff. a. 21 f. So for μῆκος we posit * meh₂k-, but this does not explain Av. masah-, and μακρός only if mh₂ḱ-ro- would give μακρο-; cf. on μέτρον.Page in Frisk: 2,224-225Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > μῆκος
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3 ῥᾶ (1)
ῥᾶGrammatical information: Adv.Meaning: `easy' (Alcm., S.Fr. 1086, Ion. trag.).Other forms: ep. ῥῆα (wr. ῥεῖα), ῥέα (monosyll. reading necessary or possible; so for Aeol. ῥᾶ?), Ion. ῥέᾱ (Simon.), Aeol. βρᾶ ( = Ϝρᾶ, gramm., ῥῆα in Alc. homerism or mistake of the tradit.).Compounds: As 1. member in ῥᾳ-θυμος `lighthearted, carefree' (Att.) from *ῥαΐ-θυμος (as καλλί-ζωνος a.o.), if not secondary for the well attested ῥά-θυμος (Wackernagel Hell. 26 = Kl. Schr. 2, 1057).Derivatives: Comp.forms: comp. ep. ῥηΐτερον, Ion. ῥῄτερον (Thgn.), Dor. ῥᾳτερον (Pi.), also Ion. ῥήϊον, Att. ῥᾳ̃ον; to this ῥᾶσσον (gramm. in EM) after θᾶσσον (Seiler Steigerungsformen 73); sup. ep. ῥηΐτατα, Ion. ῥήϊστα, Dor. ῥάϊστα (Theoc.), Att. ῥᾳ̃στα. From the adv. arose the adj. forms ῥηΐτερος, ῥήϊστος, ῥᾳων, ῥᾳ̃στος; from ῥῆα, ῥᾶ the pos. ῥη-ϊδίως, Att. ῥᾳδίως, Aeol. βρα-ϊδίως (Alc.), to which the adj. ῥηΐδιος, ῥᾳδιος (like μαψ-ιδίως, - ίδιος a.o.); to this ῥᾳδιέστερος a. o. -- From ῥήϊον, ῥᾳ̃ον: ῥηΐζω, ῥαΐζω, aor. - ίσαι `to recover' (IA.) and ῥαΐαν ὑγείαν H. From ῥήϊστος, ῥᾳ̃στος: ῥῃστώνη, ῥᾳστώνη f. `recovery, leisurely condition, leisure' (IA.); formation unclear, cf. Schwyzer IF 45, 259ff., Meid IF 62, 277. Further details in Schwyzer 467 a. 539, Wackernagel Verm. Beitr. 11ff. (= Kl. Schr. 1, 772ff.), Seiler Steigerungsformen 72f., Leumann Hom. Wörter 18 n. 10.Origin: XX [etym. unknown]Etymology: From ep. ῥῆα and Aeol. βρᾶ we reconstruct PGr. *Ϝρᾶα, which can stand for *Ϝρᾶσ-α, perh. for *Ϝρᾶι̯-α; on the ending -α Schwyzer 622. No doubt old, inherited word, but without certain etymology. After Hermann Gött. Nachr. 1918, 281 f. prop. `raisable' (Lat. levis: levāre), to Lith. viršùs `the upper', Skt. vársman-'hight', to which also ἀπηύρα, ἀπούρας (doubts in Kretschmer Glotta 11, 249). To ἀπηύρα (but further diff.) also Schwyzer IF 45, 259ff. Still diff. Specht KZ 59, 93ff.: to ἀραιός `thin' (s. Schwyzer 539 w. n. 3). Szemerényi, Welt d. Slaven (1967) 272f. connects Av. uruuāza- `joy, bliss', from IE *u̯rādh-s- (but then the -s- would have been preserved in Greek); Pisani Acme 8(1955)117f.Page in Frisk: 2,636Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ῥᾶ (1)
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4 ἄλγος
Grammatical information: n.Meaning: `pain, grief' (Il.).Derivatives: ἀλγεινός (from *ἀλγεσ-νός) A., ( ἀλεγεινός see ἀλέγω) `painful, grievous'; ἀργαλέος, dissim. from *ἀλγαλέος `id.' (Hom.) - Denom. verb: ἀλγέω, - ήσω `suffer' (primary comparatives ἀλγίων, ἄλγιστος (Hom.)).Origin: XX [etym. unknown]Etymology: Mostly connected with ἀλέγω, (q.v.), which, however, has a clear own meaning (`take care, mind, heed'). Cf. Seiler Griech. Steigerungsformen 85 and Word 11, 1955, 288, and Szemerényi Syncope 148ff, who defends the identity. I think the meanings are too different. - No etym.Page in Frisk: 1,65Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ἄλγος
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5 ἀμείνων
Grammatical information: adj.Meaning: `better, stronger, more advantageous' (Il.).Origin: XX [etym. unknown]Etymology: Attic proper names with Άμειν- are supposed to show that the - ει is a real diphtong, so not from *ἀμενι̯ων. Seiler Steigerungsformen 120 assumes *ἀ-μεινι̯ων, from *μινύς. DELG remarks that a suffix - yon- is uncertain and that the word could be an old positive. Note that a root * h₂mein- is impossible in IE (so * h₂mei-n-). No etym.Page in Frisk: 1,91Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ἀμείνων
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6 ἀρείων
Grammatical information: adj.Meaning: `better, stronger, nobler' (Il.)Origin: XX [etym. unknown]Etymology: Primary comparative beside superlativ ἄριστος, s. v. - Güntert IF 27, 67 considered ἀρείων, like λωΐων, to be not a primary comp. but formed on a positive. Seiler Steigerungsformen 116ff. finds the positive in ἄρειος, seen in τεῖχος ἄρειον (Il.), and connects ἄρος ὄφελος H. The Myc. comp. is formed differently.Page in Frisk: 1,135-136Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ἀρείων
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7 βαθύς
Grammatical information: adj.Meaning: `deep, high', met. `rich' etc. (Il.).Derivatives: Comp. and sup. βαθύτερος, - τατος, rarely βάθιον, βάσσον, βάθιστος (Seiler Steigerungsformen 52). Factitive verb βαθύνω (Il.), intr. `go down, sink' (Ph.). On Βαθύλος, - υλλος s. Leumann Glotta 32, 218. - Beside βένθος`depth' (Il.); βάθος `id.' Ion.-Att.Origin: IE [Indo-European]X [probably]Etymology: Belongs to βένθος, but there are no further etym. connections; only -en-: -n̥- can be reconstructed, which seems IE. βένθος not analogical (after πένθος!, Schwyzer RhM 81, 201, Risch 125f.; rejected by Seiler l. c.). Not to βάπτω (and βόθρος) with Szemerényi, Glotta 38 (1960) 211-216. So not to βῆσσα, βάσσος, βυθός.Page in Frisk: 1,208Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > βαθύς
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8 βέλτερος
Grammatical information: adj.Meaning: `better, the best' (Il.)Etymology: Mostly connected with Skt. bálam n. `force', Lat. dē-bilis `without power', OCS boljьjь `bigger' etc. But the formation is unclear, notably the - τ-. Seiler Steigerungsformen 91ff. assumes a *βελτός `desired' \> `better' (but hardly to βούλομαι because of the β-, but cf. Cret. δέλτον ἀγαθόν Phot.). On bálam etc. see however the discussion in Mayrhofer EWAia 2, 215Page in Frisk: 1,232Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > βέλτερος
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9 βραδύς
Grammatical information: adj.Meaning: `slow' (Il.).Other forms: Comp. βραδύτερος, - τατος, also βραδίων, βάρδιστος and βραδίστατος (Ael.); Seiler, Steigerungsformen 56f.Derivatives: βραδυτής, - τῆτος `slowness' (Il.; on the accent Schwyzer 382), βράδος `id.' (X.; after τάχος). Denomin. βραδύνω `retard' (A.).Etymology: Can be identical with Lith. gurdùs `slow', Latv.. gur̃ds `tired' as *gʷr̥dús (Fraenkel, Phil. 97, 172; KZ 69, 76ff.). Walter KZ 11, 437 connects Lat. gurdus `dolt, heavy'; criticism by Fraenkel l.c.Page in Frisk: 1,262-263Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > βραδύς
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10 βραχίων
βραχίων, - ονοςGrammatical information: m.Derivatives: βραχιόνιον `armlet' (Delos IIa), βραχιονιστήρ `id.' (Plu.); Chantr. Form. 327f.; βραχιάλιον, - άριον (Sm.), βραχιόλιον (Alex. Trall.) from Lat. bracchiale, bracchiolum.Origin: GR [a formation built with Greek elements]X [probably]Etymology: Acc. to Pollux 2, 138 ὅτι ἐστὶ τοῦ πήχεως βραχύτερος; cf. Bechtel Lex. s. v. Objections by Seiler, Steigerungsformen 42f. Ruijgh Ninos 9 (1968) 147f assumes the suffix in Κυλλοποδὶων. - LW [loanword] lat. bracchium, from which Welsh braich etc.Page in Frisk: 1,264Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > βραχίων
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11 βραχύς
Grammatical information: adj.Meaning: `short' (Hdt., Pi.)Other forms: Comp. βραχύτερος, - τατος, βράχιστος. ἅπ. λεγ. βράσσων τε νόος (Κ 226), (after θάσσων?), s. Seiler, Steigerungsformen 43. Aeol. βροχύςDerivatives: βραχύτης, - τητος (Pl.); τὸ βράχος only Procop.). Denom. βραχύνω `shorten' (Hp.). On βράχεα n. pl. `shallows' s. βράγος.Origin: IE [Indo-European] [750] *mr̥ǵhú- `short'Etymology: Agrees with Skt. múhuḥ, múhu adv. `suddenly', muhūrtá- n. `short time, moment', MInd. form for *mr̥hú-, Av. mǝrǝzu- `short' in mǝrǝzu-ǰīti-, mǝrǝzu-ǰ(ī)va- `short life' resp. `shortlived' (cf. ὁ βίος βραχύς Hp.), Sogd. murzak `id.'; OHG murg(i) `kurz', OE myrge `kurzweilig', Goth. *maúrgus in ga-maúrgjan `shorten'; also Lat. brevis \< *mreǵhu̯-i-.Page in Frisk: 1,264Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > βραχύς
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12 δολιχός
Grammatical information: adj.Meaning: `long' (Il.).Compounds: Often as first member of compounds; note δολιχό-σκιος of ἔγχος (Hom.), `with a long shadow'.Derivatives: With regular accent change (Schwyzer 420) δόλιχος m. `the long course', (Att. etc.) with δολιχεύω `run a long course', δολιχεύς `long course runner' (Sparta IIp); on δόλιχος as plant name (Thphr.) s. Strömberg Theophrastea 107 n. 1, Pflanzennamen 24. Lengthened poet. form with metrical lengthening δουλιχόεις (AP); PlN Δολιχίστη island before Lycia, prop. superlative, and Δουλίχιον island in the Ionic Sea (Hom.), cf. Seiler Steigerungsformen 101.Origin: IE [Indo-European] [196] *d(e)lh₁gʰó- `long'Etymology: Old IE word for `long', in: Skt. dīrghá-, Av. darǝγa-, OCS dlъgъ, Serb. dȕg, Lith. (with unexplained loss of d-) ìlgas, Hitt. dalugi-. From *dl̥H-gho-; δολιχ- (and dalug-) have unexplained vowel (s. Schwyzer 278, Specht Ursprung 126, Locker Glotta 22, 59, Kronasser Vgl. Laut- und Formenlehre des Heth. 42). Here also Lat. indulgeō `be kind, indulgent' and Germ., e. g. Goth. tulgus `fest, steadfast' are connected, as well as Alb. glatë, gjatë `long' (with sec. -të?). - To δολιχός belongs ἐνδελεχής `continuous' (Att. etc.) with ἐνδελέχεια, ἐνδελεχέω, - ίζω, - ισμός (like ἐν-τελής, ἐμ-μελής etc.). - Another word for `long' in westeuropean languages with Lat. longūs, Goth. laggs etc. A supposed * dlongo- cannot bridge the difference, in spite of MPers. drang, NPers. dirang. See Porzig Gliederung 123f., 190f.Page in Frisk: 1,406-407Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > δολιχός
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13 ἐγγύς
Grammatical information: adv.Meaning: `near' (in space and time; Il.).Other forms: Comp. and superl. ἐγγυτέρω, - τάτω (- ύτερον, - ύτατα), also ἔγγιστα, ἔγγιον (see Seiler Steigerungsformen 107ff.); late adj. ἐγγύτερος, - τατος (LXX; Schwyzer 534 n. 5).Derivatives: ἐγγύθι `nearby' (Il.), ἐγγύθεν `from nearby' (Il.); ἐγγύτης f. `nearness' (A. D.); ἐγγύδιον ἔγγιον, πλησίον, προσῆκον H. (after the diminutives in - ύδιον); denomin. ἐγγίζω `come near', tr. `approach' (Arist., hell.).Origin: XX [etym. unknown]Etymology: Adverb in -ς as εὑθύς, ἅλις etc. (Schwyzer 620). Because of Lat. comminus one wants to see, with Bezzenberger BB 4, 321 n. 1 (s. also Adontz Mélanges Boisacq 1, 11) in ἐγγύς an old word for `hand', also seen in ἐγγύη, - άω. The first syllable seems the prep. (adv.) ἐν, but further interpretation is uncertain. - Schwyzer 620 n. 3 proposes (hesitantly) the explanation `the hands together' with ἐν from ἕν to Lat. sem-el etc., s. εἷς. Pisani Ist. Lomb. 73: 2, 47 (to βαίνω as "colui che va innanzi". This may well be correct. The second element will be the neuter = absol. of the root * gʷeu- `to go', "en allant vers, au milieu"; cf. μεσσηγυ De Lamberterie (1990)326-37.Page in Frisk: 1,437Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ἐγγύς
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14 ἐλαχύς
Grammatical information: adj.Other forms: ἐλάχεια hAP 197 (on the accent Wackernagel Gött. Nachr. 1914, 115f. = Kl. Schr. 2, 1172f., Schwyzer 379; ι 116, κ 509 as v. l. to λάχεια; cf. Leumann Hom. Wörter 54;, ἐλαχύ (AP); masc. also ἔλαχος (Call., s. Leumann l. c.);Compounds: As 1. member in ἐλαχυ-πτέρυξ, [ἐλα]χύ-νωτος (Pi.).Derivatives: Comp. ἐλά̄σσων, - ττων (Il.), Sup. ἐλᾰ́χιστος (Ion.-Att.). - From ἐλάσσων, - ττων (Schwyzer 731f.): denomin. ἐλασσόομαι, - ττόομαι `become smaller, be inferior, be damaged' (Ion.-Att.), - όω `diminish, damage' (Lys., Isok.) with ἐλάττωσις `diminution, disadvantage, want, loss' (Antipho Soph., Pl. Def., Arist.) and ἐλαττωτικός `not insisting on his rights, diminishing' (Arist.), ἐλάσσωμα, - ττωμα `id.' (D.). From ἔλασσον-, - ττον-: ἐλαττον-άκις `less often' (Pl., Arist., after πλεον-ακις), ἐλαττον-ότης `be inferior' (Iamb.; beside μειζον-ότης); ἐλασσον-έω, - ττονέω `have or give less, to be defective' (LXX, pap.), ἐλαττον-όω `diminish' (LXX). From ἐλάχιστος: ἐλαχιστ-άκις `very rarely' (Hp.), ἐλαχιστ-ιαῖος `of smallest size, infinitesimal' (Diog. Oen. 2).Etymology: Old adjective, identical with Skt. laghú-, raghú- `quick, light, small', Av. ragu- `quick'; from an IE zero grade *h₁ln̥gʷʰ-ú-. The full grade h₁lengʷʰ- in Av. comp. rǝnǰyō (with analogical superlativ rǝnǰišta-), in Lith. lẽngvas and in Goth. leihts ` leicht', if, as prob., from PGm. * linχta-, IE * h₁lengʷʰ- to-. Toch. B laṅktse `light. Without nasal, with ĕ-vowel Lat. lĕvis `light, small, quick', with reduced vowel OCS lьgъ-kъ `light', with a-vowel Celt., e. g. OIr. comp. laigiu `smaller, worse', PCelt. *lag-i̯ōs (positive bec(c)). These forms cannot be all at once explained. W.-Hofmann s. levis, Fraenkel Lit. et. Wb. s. lẽngvas, Vasmer Russ. et. Wb. s. lëgkij (2, 24). - The vowellength in ἐλά̄σσων is secondary, s. Schwyzer 538 w. n. 4; also Seiler Steigerungsformen 43f.Page in Frisk: 1,484-485Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ἐλαχύς
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15 ἐλέγχω
Grammatical information: vMeaning: 1. `revile, disgrace' (Hom.); 2. `cross-exmine, bring to proof, accuse, question' (Hdt., Pi., Att.); on the meaning Daux REGr. 55, 252ff.Other forms: ἐλέγξαι (Il.), fut. ἐλέγξω, aor. pass. ἐλεγχθῆναι with ἐλεγχθήσομαι, perf. ἐλήλεγμαι, 3. sg. - γκται (Att.)Derivatives: To 1: ἔλεγχος n. (as ὄνειδος) `revile, disgrace' (Hom., Hes., Pi.; cf. Porzig Satzinhalte 263), in plur. also of persons, `coward'; in masculine ἐλεγχέες (Δ 242, Ω 239; but s. Bechtel Lex. s. ἐλεγχής, Frisk GHÅ 41 [1935]: 3, 19f., Sommer Nominalkomp. 137); superlative ἐλέγχιστος (Hom.; Seiler Steigerungsformen 83f.); from ἔλεγχος also ἐλεγχείη `id.' (Il.; cf. Porzig Satzinhalte 218). - To 2: ἔλεγχος m. (as λόγος) `proof, refutation, inquisition' (Hdt., Pi., Att.); ἔλεγξις `id.' (LXX, NT, Philostr.) with painful ἐλεγξῖνος (D. L.); ἐλεγμός `id.' (LXX, NT); ἐλεγκτήρ `who proves' (Antipho; Ionisch?, Fraenkel Nom. ag. 2, 52); ἐλεγκτικός `good for ἐλέγχειν, prepared for' (Att. etc.).Etymology: Uncertain. Since Pott often connected with ἐλαχύς, but this is as often denied, s. Osthoff MU 6, 7ff. Semantically the connection is quite possible: cf. NHG. schmähen, MHG. smæhen `disgrace', OHG smāhen `make small', from smāhi `small'; also NHG Schmach, MHG smāhe, smæhe `revile'. Phonetically the etymology implies, that ἐλέγχω for *ἐλέμφω (idg. * h₁lengʷʰ-) has its χ from ἐλαχύς, ἐλάσσων (\< *ἐλάχ-ι̯ων), ἐλάχιστος. The verb ἐλέγχω would be identical with Av. rǝnǰaiti `makes light'. - Or with Fick 1, 537 to Latv. langāt `revile', also OHG OS. lahan `revile' a. o.; acc. to Sturtevant Comp. gr.1 89, 2 58 to Hitt. lingazi, li(n)kzi `swear'. Pok. 676 recalls Nur. lang `shame, deceit, treason'.Page in Frisk: 1,486-487Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ἐλέγχω
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16 ἐπασσύτεροι
Grammatical information: pl.Meaning: `one after the other, as a group' (Il.);Other forms: also sg. - οςCompounds: as 1. member in ἐπασσυτερο-τριβής `following one another quickly' (A. Ch. 426 [lyr.]).Origin: IE [Indo-European] [538] * ki-eu- set in motion'Etymology: Uncertain. Acc. to Sonne KZ 13, 422 and Brugmann RhM 53, 630ff. from an adv. *ἐπ-αν-(σ)σύ to *ἐπ-αν(α)-σσεύομαι `hurry after one another', cf. ἀνά-σσυτος `mounting the height' (Hp.), ἐπί-σσυτος `urging' (A., E.), παν-συ-δίῃ `with alle ardour'; perhaps with Ehrlich RhM 63, 109 haplologically shortened ἐπασσυ[τό]-τερος. - Following Risch 87 and Seiler Steigerungsformen 44 however a contamination of *ἀγχύτερος and ἀσσοτέρω; thus also Baunack Philol. 70, 387: from ἀσσοτέρω and ἐγγύτερος.Page in Frisk: 1,532Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ἐπασσύτεροι
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17 ἔχθος
Grammatical information: n.Meaning: `hatred, enmity' (Il.).Compounds: As 2. member in φιλ-εχθής `who is prone to hate' (Theoc. 5, 137),.Derivatives: ἐχθρός `hated' (thus always in Hom.), `hateful', m. `enemy' (Hes., Pi.); with ἐχθίων, ἔχθιστος (A. resp. Il.); ἔχθρα, ion. - ρη f. `hate, enmity' (Ion.-Att., Pi.; on the formation Chantraine Formation 226). - Verbs: ἔχθομαι, only present-stem, `be hated' (Od.), act. ἔχθω `hate' (trag.); ἀπ-εχθάνομαι (β 202), aor. ἀπ-εχθέσθαι (Il.), fut. ἀπ-εχθήσομαι (Hdt.), late present ἀπ-έχθομαι (Theoc., Lyc.) `make oneself hated' with ἀπεχθής `hated' (S., D.), ἀπέχθεια `be hated, hate' (Att.), ἀπέχθημα `object of hate' (E. Tr. 425; cf. Chantraine Formation 177f.); ἐχθαίρω, aor. ἐχθῆραι, also with ἀπ-, ὑπερ-, συν-, `hate' (Il.); ἐχθραίνω, aor. ἐχθρᾶναι (X.) `be enemy, hate' with ἔχθρασμα ἔχθρα H.; ἐχθρεύω `be enemy' (LXX, Phld.).Origin: IE [Indo-European] [292] *h₁eǵʰs-to- `outsider'Etymology: The relation of the words cited is not always clear. Clearly ἐχθραίνω and ἐχθρεύω are late derivations of ἐχθρός; much older ἐχθαίρω is also a denominative of ἐχθρός (Schwyzer 725). Also ἀπ-εχθάνομαι could with r:n-interchange be related to ἐχθρός (Benveniste Origines 16), though it could as well be a nasal enlargement of ἔχθομαι, ἀπ-εχθέσθαι (Schwyzer 700, Chantraine Gramm. hom. 1, 315f..). ἔχθομαι is acc. to Schwyzer 725 a backformation from ἐχθαίρω, but it is better connected to ἔχθος like σθένω to σθένος (Schwyzer 723). - More difficult is the interpretation of ἔχθος and ἐχθρός, for which cf. αἶσχος: αἰσχρός, κῦδος: κυδρός. If we start from ἐχθρός and consider ἔχθος with ἔχθομαι, ἐχθίων, ἔχθιστος as innovations, perhaps after κυδρός, κυδίων, κύδιστος, τὸ κῦδος, we can connect ἐχθρός with Lat. extrā `outside', exterus `being outside', and so also with ἐχθός = ἐκτός `outside' (Leumann Hom. Wörter 158 n. 1 with Keil Hermes 25, 601, s. also Pisani Ist. Lomb. 73: 2, 30; against this Wackernagel KZ 31, 41 = Kl. Schr. 1, 720); ἐχθρός then would be prop. `outside, being in foreign territory, foreigner, enemy'; cf. Lat. hostis. - More in Bq, Seiler Steigerungsformen 77f., W.-Hofmann s. ex, Pok. 292f. Now Čop KZ 74, 225f.Page in Frisk: 1,600-601Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ἔχθος
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18 ἡδύς
Grammatical information: adj.Meaning: `sweet, tasteful, pleasant, pleasing' (Il.);Compounds: very often as 1. member, e. g. ἡδυ-επής `with sweet words, sounding pleasant' (Il.); as 2. member - ηδής, s. ἥδομαι. On ἡδίων (rare a. late ἡδύτερος), ἥδιστος s. Seiler Steigerungsformen 57f.Derivatives: ἥδυμος `sweet, comforting', dactylic variant of ἡδύς, of ὕπνος (Il.; in Hom. always wrongly νήδυμος, s. Bechtel Lex. s. v., Leumann Hom. Wörter 44f.), also Α῝δυμος as PN; cf. ἔτυμος and Schwyzer 494, Chantraine Formation 151f.; ἡδύλος `id.', hypocoristic enlargement (A. D., EM) with ἡδυλίζω `flatter, tempt' (Men.), ἡδυλίσαι συνουσιάσαι, ἡδυλισμός συνουσία H.; also as PN with ` Ηδυλίνη (Attica IVa), ` Ηδύλειος (Delos IIIa); further ` Ηδυτώ (Attica Va; after Έρατώ a. o.), ` Ηδάριον (Rhodes; after the dimin. in - άριον). Backformation ἦδος `vinegar' (Ath.), cf. γᾶδος (= Ϝ-) γάλα, ἄλλοι ὄξος H., on the meaning Schwyzer Festschrift Kretschmer 244ff.; also Pisani KZ 68, 176f. (where unclear Arm. k`ac̣ax `vinegar' is discussed). Denomin. verb ἡδύνω `sweeten, make tasteful, spice' (IA.) with ἥδυσμα, - μάτιον `spice' (Ion.-Att.), ἡδυσμός, ἡδυν-τός, - τικός, - τήρ `spiced etc.' (also from salt).Etymology: Old word for `sweet', identical with Skt. svādú-, Gaul. Suadu-rīx, - genus, IE *sueh₂dú-s; also Lat. suāvis, Germ., e. g. OHG suozi, OE. swēte `sweet'. The full grade perhaps from the comparative ἡδίων, Skt. svā́dīyas- (also ἥδιστος = svā́diṣṭha-). The zero grade in Lith. súdyti `spice, salt', Skt. sūdáyati, perf. pl. su-ṣūd-imá `make tasteful'. - Forms in W.-Hofmann s. suāvis. S. also ἥδομαι, ἁνδάνω.Page in Frisk: 1,623Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ἡδύς
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19 ἦκα
Grammatical information: adv.Meaning: `slowly, still, a little' (Il.);Other forms: adj. compar. ἥττων, Ion. ἥσσων `smaller, weaker' (Il.), superl. ἤκιστος `slowest' (Ψ 531), adv. ἥκιστα `the least, not at all' (IA), ἥκιστος `weakest, schlimmster' (Ael.).Compounds: IE [896] *sēk- `slow, quiet'Derivatives: From ἦκα: ἤκαλος = ἀκαλός (Call.), ἠκαλέον γελόωσα πράως, οὑκ ἐσκυθρωπακυῖα; ἠκαῖον ἀσθενές H. - From ἥσσων, ἥττων: ἡσσάομαι, ἡττάομαι `be less, be weaker' (after νικάομαι) with the backformation ἧσσα, ἧττα f. `defeat' (trag., Th., IA.); Ion. (Hdt., Herod.) has ἑσσόομαι (from *ἕσσων, innovation after κρέσσων). With ἦκα (with ep. psilosis like ἤκιστος; cf. Chantraine Gramm. hom. 1, 187) cf. ὦκα and other adverbs in -ᾰ (Schwyzer 622). Cognate is acc. to Froehde BB 16, 192, Osthoff IF 5, 297 Lat. sēgnis `slow' \< * sēc-ni-s; on the n-suffix cf. πύκ-α: πυκ-νός and Benveniste Origines 89f. Details in Seiler Steigerungsformen 65ff.Page in Frisk: 1,627Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ἦκα
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20 θάρσος
Grammatical information: n.Meaning: `confidence, courage, audacity' (Il.)Other forms: Att. θάρρος (partly a reshaping of hom. θάρσος etc. after Leumann Hom. Wörter 115), Aeol. θέρσος n.Compounds: Compp., e. g. εὑ-θαρσής `of good courage' (A.), θερσι-επής `talking courageously' (B.; on the 1. member Schwyzer 448).Derivatives: θαρσαλέος, - ρρ- `with confidence, courageous' (Il.; on the formation Chantraine Formation 253f.), Θερσίτης PN (Hom. etc.; Redard Les noms grecs en - της 196; cf Risch Gnomon 23, 160 and Bloch Mus. Helv. 12, 59), θαρσήεις `courageous' (Call., Nonn.; innovation, s. Schwyzer 527); denomin. verb θαρσέω, - ρρ-, aor. θαρσῆσαι `be courageous' (Il.; cf. Schwyzer 724, Chantraine Gramm. hom. 1, 349; hardly with Leumann l. c. from εὑθαρσέω with θαρρητικός (Arist.).Etymology: Beside θάρσος, θέρσος we have θρασύς `audacious, courageous, bold' (since Il.), often as 1. member, e. g. θρασυκάρδιος `with audacious heart' (Il.), Rhod. Θαρσύ-βιος, Ther. Θhαρ(ρ)ύ-μαqhος (cf. Bechtel KZ 51, 145; more forms in Schwyzer 284; on the short names are based Θρασύλος also Leumann Glotta 32, 216 and 223 n. 2); from it θρασύτης `boldness' (IA), Θρασώ surn. of Athena (Lyc.), denomin. verb θρασύνω, θαρσύνω, - ρρ- `encourage' (Il.) with θάρσυνος `with confidence' (Il.; best postverbal; cf. Schwyzer 491 and diff. interpretations); comp. θρασίων (Alcm.), θρασύτερος, - ύτατος (Att.); Seiler Steigerungsformen 55f. - Cf. also ἀτάσθαλος. With θρασύς agrees Skt. dhr̥sú- (gramm.); liter. is dhr̥ṣṇú- `bold' after dhr̥ṣ-ṇ-ó-ti `be audacious'. Full grade θέρσος, for which sec. θάρσος, θράσος through influence of θρασύς, has however in Skt. no agreement (one finds dhárṣa-; would be Gr. *θόρσος). On the other hand Greek replaced the primary verbs by the newly formed θαρσέω, θαρσύνω: Skt. dhr̥ṣ-ṇ-ó-ti, dhárṣati with the perf. da-dhárṣa = Germ., e. g. Goth. ga-dars `τολμῶ' (wold be Gr. *τέ-θορσ-α), Lith. (with infixed nasal) drį̃sti `dare' (\< IE *dhr̥-n-s-), with analog. present dręsù with the nouns drąsà `boldness', OLith. drįsùs (after drį̃sti. Very doubtful Toch. A tsraṣi, B tsir `strong' (Poucha Archiv Orientální 2, 326, ZDMG 93, 206); s. Pedersen Zur toch. Sprachgeschichte 19. - Further forms in Pok. 259, Mayrhofer Wb. 2, 112f., Fraenkel Lit. et. Wb. s. drąsùs, Vasmer Russ. et. Wb. s. derzkij; also W.-Hofmann s. īnfestus.Page in Frisk: 1,654-655Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > θάρσος
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