found+common+language

• СВОЙ СВОЕМУ ПОНЕВОЛЕ БРАТ < ДРУГ>

[saying]

=====

⇒ people who share kinship, common interests, occupations etc usu. support and help one another (albeit sometimes reluctantly):

- ≈ birds of a feather flock together;

- [in limited contexts] blood is thicker than water;

- the devil is kind to his own.

     ♦ Несколько зная язык, он писал статью начерно, оставляя пробелы, вкрапливая русские фразы и требуя от Фёдора Константиновича дословного перевода своих передовичных словец:... чудеса в решете... пришла беда - растворяй ворота... свой своему поневоле брат (Набоков 1). Having a smattering of the language, he wrote his article out in rough, with gaps and Russian phrases interspersed, and demanded from Fyodor a literal translation of the usual phrases found in leaders:...wonders never cease...troubles never come singly...birds of a feather flock together... (1a).

• СВОЙ СВОЕМУ ПОНЕВОЛЕ БРАТ < ДРУГ>

[saying]

=====

⇒ people who share kinship, common interests, occupations etc usu. support and help one another (albeit sometimes reluctantly):

- ≈ birds of a feather flock together;

- [in limited contexts] blood is thicker than water;

- the devil is kind to his own.

     ♦ Несколько зная язык, он писал статью начерно, оставляя пробелы, вкрапливая русские фразы и требуя от Фёдора Константиновича дословного перевода своих передовичных словец:... чудеса в решете... пришла беда - растворяй ворота... свой своему поневоле брат( Набоков 1). Having a smattering of the language, he wrote his article out in rough, with gaps and Russian phrases interspersed, and demanded from Fyodor a literal translation of the usual phrases found in leaders:...wonders never cease...troubles never come singly...birds of a feather flock together... (1a).

• ПАНЫ ДЕРУТСЯ, А У ХЛОПЦЕВ < ХОЛОПОВ> ЧУБЫ ТРЕЩАТ (БОЛЯТ)

[saying]

=====

⇒ when those in power, the superiors, are in conflict, it is the common people, the subordinates, who suffer:

- - the poor man always gets the blame;

- when (the) masters fall out, their men get the clout.

     ♦ Несколько зная язык, он писал статью начерно, оставляя пробелы, вкрапливая русские фразы и требуя от Федора Константиновича дословного перевода своих передовичных словец:... чудеса в решете... пришла беда - растворяй ворота... паны дерутся - у хлопцев чубы болят... (Набоков 1). Having a smattering of the language, he wrote his article out in rough, with gaps and Russian phrases interspersed, and demanded from Fyodor a literal translation of the usual phrases found in leaders:..wonders never cease...troubles never come singly...the poor man always gets the blame... (1a).

     ♦ [author's usage] Штокман... обрисовал борьбу капиталистических государств за рынки и колонии. В конце его возмущенно перебил Иван Алексеевич. "Погоди, а мы-то тут при чем?" -..."Ты не будь дитем [ungrammat = дитятею, ребенком], - язвил Валет, - старая поговорка: "Паны дерутся, а у холопов чубы трясутся"" (Шолохов 2). Stokman described the struggle between the capitalist countries for markets and colonies Before he could finish, Ivan interrupted indignantly, "But what has this got to do with us?".. "Don't talk like a kid," Knave sneered at Ivan. "You know the old saying, 'When masters fall out their men get the clout'" (2a).

• ПАНЫ ДЕРУТСЯ, А У ХЛОПЦЕВ < ХОЛОПОВ> ЧУБЫ ТРЕЩАТ (БОЛЯТ)

[saying]

=====

⇒ when those in power, the superiors, are in conflict, it is the common people, the subordinates, who suffer:

- - the poor man always gets the blame;

- when (the) masters fall out, their men get the clout.

     ♦ Несколько зная язык, он писал статью начерно, оставляя пробелы, вкрапливая русские фразы и требуя от Федора Константиновича дословного перевода своих передовичных словец:... чудеса в решете... пришла беда - растворяй ворота... паны дерутся - у хлопцев чубы болят... (Набоков 1). Having a smattering of the language, he wrote his article out in rough, with gaps and Russian phrases interspersed, and demanded from Fyodor a literal translation of the usual phrases found in leaders:..wonders never cease...troubles never come singly...the poor man always gets the blame... (1a).

     ♦ [author's usage] Штокман... обрисовал борьбу капиталистических государств за рынки и колонии. В конце его возмущенно перебил Иван Алексеевич. "Погоди, а мы-то тут при чем?" -..."Ты не будь дитем [ungrammat = дитятею, ребенком], - язвил Валет, - старая поговорка: "Паны дерутся, а у холопов чубы трясутся"" (Шолохов 2). Stokman described the struggle between the capitalist countries for markets and colonies Before he could finish, Ivan interrupted indignantly, "But what has this got to do with us?".. "Don't talk like a kid," Knave sneered at Ivan. "You know the old saying, 'When masters fall out their men get the clout'" (2a).

• ПАНЫ ДЕРУТСЯ, А У ХЛОПЦЕВ < ХОЛОПОВ> ЧУБЫ ТРЕЩАТ (БОЛЯТ)

[saying]

=====

⇒ when those in power, the superiors, are in conflict, it is the common people, the subordinates, who suffer:

- - the poor man always gets the blame;

- when (the) masters fall out, their men get the clout.

     ♦ Несколько зная язык, он писал статью начерно, оставляя пробелы, вкрапливая русские фразы и требуя от Федора Константиновича дословного перевода своих передовичных словец:... чудеса в решете... пришла беда - растворяй ворота... паны дерутся - у хлопцев чубы болят... (Набоков 1). Having a smattering of the language, he wrote his article out in rough, with gaps and Russian phrases interspersed, and demanded from Fyodor a literal translation of the usual phrases found in leaders:..wonders never cease...troubles never come singly...the poor man always gets the blame... (1a).

     ♦ [author's usage] Штокман... обрисовал борьбу капиталистических государств за рынки и колонии. В конце его возмущенно перебил Иван Алексеевич. "Погоди, а мы-то тут при чем?" -..."Ты не будь дитем [ungrammat = дитятею, ребенком], - язвил Валет, - старая поговорка: "Паны дерутся, а у холопов чубы трясутся"" (Шолохов 2). Stokman described the struggle between the capitalist countries for markets and colonies Before he could finish, Ivan interrupted indignantly, "But what has this got to do with us?".. "Don't talk like a kid," Knave sneered at Ivan. "You know the old saying, 'When masters fall out their men get the clout'" (2a).

• ПАНЫ ДЕРУТСЯ, А У ХЛОПЦЕВ < ХОЛОПОВ> ЧУБЫ ТРЕЩАТ (БОЛЯТ)

[saying]

=====

⇒ when those in power, the superiors, are in conflict, it is the common people, the subordinates, who suffer:

- - the poor man always gets the blame;

- when (the) masters fall out, their men get the clout.

     ♦ Несколько зная язык, он писал статью начерно, оставляя пробелы, вкрапливая русские фразы и требуя от Федора Константиновича дословного перевода своих передовичных словец:... чудеса в решете... пришла беда - растворяй ворота... паны дерутся - у хлопцев чубы болят... (Набоков 1). Having a smattering of the language, he wrote his article out in rough, with gaps and Russian phrases interspersed, and demanded from Fyodor a literal translation of the usual phrases found in leaders:..wonders never cease...troubles never come singly...the poor man always gets the blame... (1a).

     ♦ [author's usage] Штокман... обрисовал борьбу капиталистических государств за рынки и колонии. В конце его возмущенно перебил Иван Алексеевич. "Погоди, а мы-то тут при чем?" -..."Ты не будь дитем [ungrammat = дитятею, ребенком], - язвил Валет, - старая поговорка: "Паны дерутся, а у холопов чубы трясутся"" (Шолохов 2). Stokman described the struggle between the capitalist countries for markets and colonies Before he could finish, Ivan interrupted indignantly, "But what has this got to do with us?".. "Don't talk like a kid," Knave sneered at Ivan. "You know the old saying, 'When masters fall out their men get the clout'" (2a).

1) (well-known: The house was familiar to him; She looks very familiar (to me).) conocido, familiar

2) ((with with) knowing about: Are you familiar with the plays of Shakespeare?) familiarizado con

3) (too friendly: You are much too familiar with my wife!) íntimo

•

- familiarly

familiar adj familiar / conocido

a) ‹vida/vínculo› family ( before n);

b) ‹trato/tono› familiar, informal;

c) ( conocido) ‹cara/lugar› familiar;

◊ su voz me resulta familiar her voice is familiar

tr[fə'mɪlɪə^SMALLr/SMALL]

adjective

1 (well-known) familiar, conocido,-a (to, a)

■ I was glad to see a familiar face me alegré de ver una cara familiar

■ your voice sounds familiar me suena tu voz

2 (aware) al corriente ( with, de), familiarizado,-a ( with, con)

■ I am familiar with your work estoy familiarizado con sus obras

3 (intimate) íntimo,-a; (too informal) fresco,-a

\

to be on familiar terms with somebody tener confianza con alguien

to become familiar with something familiarizarse con algo

to get too familiar with somebody tomarse demasiadas libertades con alguien

familiar [fə'mɪljər] adj

1) known: familiar, conocido

to be familiar with: estar familiarizado con

2) informal: familiar, informal

3) intimate: íntimo, de confianza

4) forward: confianzudo, atrevido

♦ familiarly adv

familiar n

: espíritu m guardián

• conocido, -a adj.

• familiar adj.

• íntimo, -a adj.

• conocido s.m.

• familiar s.m.

1) ( well-known) <sound/face> familiar, conocido; < excuse> consabido

2) ( having knowledge of) (pred)

3)

a) ( informal)

b) ( too informal) que se toma demasiadas confianzas or libertades, confianzudo (esp AmL)

noun ( Occult) espíritu con forma animal que supuestamente ayuda a magos y brujos

[fǝ'mɪlɪǝ(r)]

1) (=well-known) [face, person, place] conocido, familiar

2) (=common) [experience, complaint, event] corriente, común

3) (=well-acquainted)

4) (=intimate) [tone of voice etc] íntimo, de confianza; [language etc] familiar; pej (=over-intimate) fresco, que se toma demasiadas confianzas

* * *

1) ( well-known) <sound/face> familiar, conocido; < excuse> consabido

2) ( having knowledge of) (pred)

3)

a) ( informal)

b) ( too informal) que se toma demasiadas confianzas or libertades, confianzudo (esp AmL)

noun ( Occult) espíritu con forma animal que supuestamente ayuda a magos y brujos

1ª persona singular (yo) presente indicativo

a) [colonos/inmigrantes] ( ir a ocupar) to settle, populate

b) ( habitar) to inhabit

◊ pueblo joven (Per) shantytown

a) ( comunidad) people;

◊ un pueblo nómada a nomadic people

b) (ciudadanos, nación) people;

◊ el pueblo vasco the Basque people

['pweblǝʊ]

1) (=American Indian settlement) poblado m

2) (=town in Spanish-speaking America) pueblo m

1 level, even, smooth, flat.

2 plain, crisp, clear, unambiguous.

3 open, frank, aboveboard, apparent.

4 plain, bald, unadorned.

plain.

* * *

► adjetivo

1 (plano) flat, even, level

2 (franco) open, frank

3 (sencillo) simple

► nombre masculino llano

1 (llanura) plain

\

en llano,-a plainly

► nombre masculino

1 (llanura) plain

* * *

* * *

1. ADJ

1) [superficie, terreno] (=sin desniveles) flat; (=no inclinado) level

2) (=sencillo) [persona, trato] straightforward; [estilo, lenguaje] simple

3)

SM plain

* * *

- na adjetivo

1) <terreno/superficie> ( horizontal) flat; ( sin desniveles) even

2) < persona> straightforward; < trato> natural; < lenguaje> plain

3) < palabra> with the stress on the penultimate syllable

a) (Geog) ( llanura) plain

b) ( extensión de terreno) area of flat ground

* * *

= flat [flatter -comp., flattest -sup.], earthy [earthier -comp., earthiest -sup.].

Ex. The film-strip may roll sideways a little as a canister is removed if they are housed on flat shelves.

Ex. He is earthy, charismatic, a man of the people, & profoundly humane.

----

* en llano = on the flat.

* * *

- na adjetivo

1) <terreno/superficie> ( horizontal) flat; ( sin desniveles) even

2) < persona> straightforward; < trato> natural; < lenguaje> plain

3) < palabra> with the stress on the penultimate syllable

a) (Geog) ( llanura) plain

b) ( extensión de terreno) area of flat ground

* * *

* * *

A ‹terreno/superficie› (horizontal) flat; (sin desniveles) level, even

los 100 metros llanos ( RPl); the 100 meters

plato

B ‹persona› unassuming, straightforward; ‹modales/trato› simple, natural, unassuming; ‹lenguaje› plain, straightforward, simple

la verdad lisa y llana the truth, plain and simple o the plain truth

C ‹palabra› with the stress on the penultimate syllable

1 ( Geog) (llanura) plain

2 (extensión de terreno) area of flat ground

* * *

◊ -na adjetivo

a) ‹terreno/superficie› ( horizontal) flat;

◊ los 100 metros llanos (RPl) the 100 meters dash o sprint

b) ‹ persona› straightforward;

a) (Geog) ( llanura) plain

b) ( extensión de terreno) area of flat ground

* * *

♦ adj

1. [campo, superficie] flat;

un plato llano a (dinner) plate;

los 400 metros llanos the 400 metres

2. [trato, persona] natural, straightforward

3. [pueblo, clase] ordinary

4. [lenguaje, expresión] simple, plain

5. Gram = stressed on the last syllable

♦ nm

los Llanos = name of vast region of tropical plains, mainly in Venezuela and Colombia

* * *

I adj

1 terreno level

2 trato natural; persona unassuming

3 palabra stressed on the penultimate syllable

II m flat ground

* * *

llano, -na adj

1) : even, flat

2) : frank, open

3) liso: plain, simple

llano nm

: plain

* * *

llano¹ adj

1. (plano) flat [comp. flatter; superl. flattest]

2. (sencillo) simple

llano² n plain

auxiliary (gen) & (grammar).

1 assistant.

auxiliar administrativo administrative assistant

auxiliar de vuelo flight attendant

2 auxiliary, helper, aide, assistant.

3 attendant.

auxiliary (grammar).

to assist, to help.

María socorre a los heridos Mary helps the wounded.

* * *

(i can be stressed or unstressed)

Present Indicative

auxilío, auxilías, auxilía, auxiliamos, auxiliáis, auxilían.

auxilio, auxilias, auxilia, auxiliamos, auxiliáis, auxilian.

Present Subjunctive

auxilíe, auxilíes, auxilíe, auxiliemos, auxiliéis, auxilíen.

auxilie, auxilies, auxilie, auxiliemos, auxiliéis, auxilien.

Imperative

auxilía (tú), auxilíe (él/Vd.), auxiliemos (nos.), auxiliad, (vos.), auxilíen (ellos/Vds.)

auxilia (tú), auxilie (él/Vd.), auxiliemos (nos.), auxiliad (vos.), auxilien (ellos/Vds.).

* * *

* * *

1. ADJ

1) (Univ) assistant antes de s

2) (Ling) auxiliary

3) [plantilla] ancillary

2. SMF

1) (=subordinado) assistant

2) (Univ)

3) (Dep) linesman, assistant referee

1) (=ayudar) to help, assist; [+ agonizante] to attend

2) (Pol etc) to aid, give aid to

* * *

a) < profesor> assistant (before n); <personal/elementos> auxiliary (before n)

b) < servicios> auxiliary

c) (Tec) auxiliary

d) (Inf) peripheral

masculino y femenino

1) ( persona) assistant

- auxiliar administrativo/de laboratorio

- auxiliar de vuelo

2) auxiliar masculino (RPl) (Auto) spare tire

verbo transitivo

a) ( socorrer) to help

b) <moribundo/herido> to attend

* * *

a) < profesor> assistant (before n); <personal/elementos> auxiliary (before n)

b) < servicios> auxiliary

c) (Tec) auxiliary

d) (Inf) peripheral

masculino y femenino

1) ( persona) assistant

- auxiliar administrativo/de laboratorio

- auxiliar de vuelo

2) auxiliar masculino (RPl) (Auto) spare tire

verbo transitivo

a) ( socorrer) to help

b) <moribundo/herido> to attend

* * *

auxiliar¹

¹ = aide, assistant, clerk, auxiliary.

Nota: Nombre.

auxiliar²

² = auxiliary, clerical, supporting, ancillary.

auxiliar³

³ = succour [succor, -USA], aid, help.

* * *

1 ‹profesor/magistrado› assistant ( before n); ‹personal/elementos› auxiliary ( before n)

2 ‹servicios› auxiliary

la tripulación auxiliar del avión the cabin crew on the aircraft

3 ( Tec) auxiliary

4 ( Inf) peripheral

1 (ayudante) assistant

auxiliar de laboratorio laboratory assistant

2 (funcionario) assistant

administrative assistant

flight attendant

nurse

auxiliar feminine ( RPI); spare tire*

auxiliar³ [A1 ]

1 (socorrer) to help

2 ‹moribundo› to attend

* * *

a) ‹ profesor› assistant ( before n);

b) ‹ servicios› auxiliary

c) (Tec) auxiliary

d) (Inf) peripheral

a) ( persona) assistant;

◊ auxiliar de vuelo flight attendant

◊ auxiliar sustantivo femenino (RPl) (Auto) spare tire

* * *

♦ adj

1. [material] auxiliary;

2. [personal] ancillary, auxiliary

3. Gram auxiliary

♦ nmf

assistant

auxiliar domiciliario, auxiliar de ayuda a domicilio, auxiliar de ayuda en el hogar [para cuidados personales] personal carer;

auxiliar de laboratorio lab assistant;

auxiliar de vuelo flight attendant

♦ nm

♦ nf

auxiliar² vt

1. [socorrer] to assist, to help

2. [moribundo] to attend

* * *

I adj

1 auxiliary;

verbo auxiliar auxiliary verb

2 profesor assistant atr

II m/f assistant

III f Rpl

IV v/t help

* * *

auxiliar vt

: to aid, to assist

auxiliar adj

: assistant, auxiliary

auxiliar nmf

1) : assistant, helper

auxiliar de vuelo : flight attendant

* * *

auxiliar n (persona) assistant

1 index, table of contents.

2 index finger, index, forefinger, long finger.

3 rate, coefficient, ratio.

4 pointer, indicator.

5 suffix of a string.

* * *

► nombre masculino

1 (gen) index; (indicio) sign, indicator

2 (de un libro) index, table of contents; (catálogo) catalogue

3 (dedo) index finger, forefinger

\

índice de mortalidad death rate

índice de natalidad birth rate

índice de precios al consumo retail price index

* * *

* * *

1) [de libro, publicación] index

2) (=catálogo) (library) catalogue, (library) catalog (EEUU)

3) (Estadística) rate

4) (Econ) index

5) (Mec)

6) (=prueba) sign, indication

7) (Téc) (=aguja) pointer, needle; (=manecilla) hand

8) (Anat) (tb: dedo índice) index finger, forefinger

9) (Rel)

* * *

1) ( de una publicación) index; ( catálogo) catalog*

- índice alfabético

- índice temático or de materias

2) (Anat) index finger, forefinger

3)

a) (Mat, Inf) index

b) (tasa, coeficiente) rate

- índice del costo or coste de vida

- índice de mortalidad/natalidad

4) (indicio, muestra) sign, indication

* * *

1) ( de una publicación) index; ( catálogo) catalog*

- índice alfabético

- índice temático or de materias

2) (Anat) index finger, forefinger

3)

a) (Mat, Inf) index

b) (tasa, coeficiente) rate

- índice del costo or coste de vida

- índice de mortalidad/natalidad

4) (indicio, muestra) sign, indication

* * *

índice¹

¹ = index [indices/indexes, -pl.].

Nota: Listado alfabético o sistemático de materias que envían a la posición de cada materia en un documento o conjunto de documentos.

índice²

² = indicator, rate, ratio, incidence, index [indices/indexes, -pl.], rating.

índice³

³ = forefinger.

Nota: Dedo de la mano.

* * *

1 (de una publicación) index; (catálogo) catalog*

el Índice ( Hist, Relig) the Index

alphabetical index

table of contents

B ( Anat) index finger, forefinger

1 ( Mat) index

2 ( Inf) index

3 (tasa, coeficiente) rate

un aumento en el índice de criminalidad an increase in the crime rate

cephalic index

ratings (pl)

cost-of-living index

body mass index

death rate, mortality rate

birth rate

consumer prices index, ≈ retail price index ( in UK)

wholesale price index

survival rate

D (indicio, muestra) sign, indication

es un índice de la crisis it is a sign o an indication of the crisis

* * *

1ª persona singular (yo) pretérito indicativo

1ª persona singular (yo) presente subjuntivo

3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) presente subjuntivo

3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) imperativo

◊ índice de natalidad birth rate

* * *

índice nm

1. [indicador] index;

índice bursátil stock market index;

índice del costo o Esp coste de la vida cost of living index;

índice de desempleo unemployment rate;

el índice de desempleo ha caído unemployment has fallen;

índice económico economic indicator;

índice de golpes [en golf] stroke index;

índice de mortalidad mortality rate;

índice de natalidad birth rate;

índice de popularidad popularity rating;

índice de precios al consumo Br retail price index, US consumer price index;

2. [señal, indicio] sign, indicator;

el número de llamadas es índice del interés despertado the number of calls is a sign of how much interest has been generated

3. [lista, catálogo] catalogue;

índice (de contenidos) (table of) contents

índice de materias table of contents;

índice onomástico index of proper names;

índice temático subject index

4. Hist

5.

6. [letra] index

7. Mat index

* * *

1 index;

índice de precios al consumo consumer price index, Br tb retail price index;

índice bursátil stock market index, Br share index;

índice de desempleo unemployment rate

dedo índice index finger

* * *

índice nm

1) : index

2) : index finger, forefinger

3) indicio: indication

* * *

índice n

1. (en general) index [pl. indexes]

2. (dedo) index finger

Sardinian, pertaining to Sardinia.

1 Sardinian, native or inhabitant of Sardinia.

2 grunt, common soldier, private, private first class.

3 Sardinian, Sardinian language.

* * *

► adjetivo

1 Sardinian

► nombre masculino,nombre femenino

1 (persona) Sardinian

► nombre masculino sardo

1 (idioma) Sardinian

► nombre masculino

1 (idioma) Sardinian

* * *

* * *

1 (de Cerdeña) Sardinian

2 ( Méx fam) (soldado raso) grunt ( AmE colloq), squaddie ( BrE colloq)

* * *

* * *

♦ adj

Sardinian

♦ nm,f

♦ nm

1ª persona singular (yo) pretérito indicativo

1ª persona singular (yo) presente subjuntivo

3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) presente subjuntivo

3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) imperativo

◊ calle) St, Rd

a) ‹secreto/información› to keep … quiet

b) (AmL) ‹ persona› to get … to be quiet, to shut … up (colloq)

a) ( guardar silencio) to be quiet;

◊ ¡cállate! be quiet!, shut up! (colloq);

b) ( no decir) ‹ noticia› to keep … quiet, keep … to oneself

◊ calle peatonal pedestrian street;

(pl. hundruð), n. hundred; tírœtt h. = 100; tólfrœtt h. = 120; hundruðum, by (in) hundreds; as value, one hundred and twenty ells of the stuff wadmal; h. frítt, a hundred paid in cattle; tólf hundruð mórend, twelve hundred in dark-striped wadmal; hundrað silfrs, ? the silver value of 120 ells (= 20 ounces).

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n. pl. hundruð; the form hund- (q. v.) only occurs in a few old compd words: [Goth. hunda, pl.; A. S. hund; O. H. G. hunt; the extended form in Hel. and old Frank, hundered; Germ. hundert; Dan. hundrede; Swed. hundra; the inflexive syllable is prob. akin to - ræðr in átt-ræðr]:—a hundred; the Scandinavians of the heathen time (and perhaps also all Teutonic people) seem to have known only a duo-decimal hundred (= 12 × 10 or 120); at that time 100 was expressed by tíu-tíu, cp. Ulf. taihun-taihund = ten-teen; Pal Vídalín says,—hundrað tólfrætt er sannlega frá heiðni til vor komið, en hið tíræða er líkast að Norðrlönd hafi ekki vitað af fyrr en Kristni kom hér og með henni lærdómr þeirrar aldar, Skýr. s. v. Hundrað (fine): but with the introduction of Christianity came in the decimal hundred, the two being distinguished by adjectives,—tólfrætt hundrað = 120, and tírætt hundrað = 100. But still the old popular duodecimal system continued in almost all matters concerned with economical or civil life, in all law phrases, in trade, exchange, property, value, or the like, and the decimal only in ecclesiastical or scholastic matters (chronology, e. g. Íb. ch. 1, 10). At the same time the word in speech and writing was commonly used without any specification of tírætt or tólfrætt, for, as Pal Vídalín remarks, every one acquainted with the language knew which was meant in each case; even at the present time an Icel. farmer counts his flocks and a fisherman his share (hlutr) by the duodecimal system; and everybody knows that a herd or share of one hundred and a half means 120 + 60 = 180. In old writers the popular way of counting is now and then used even in chronology and in computation, e. g. when Ari Frode (Íb. ch. 4) states that the year consists of three hundred and four days (meaning 364); the census of franklins given by the same writer (where the phrase is hundruð heil = whole or full hundreds) is doubtless reckoned by duodecimal, not decimal hundreds, Íb. ch. 10; and in the census of priests and churches taken by bishop Paul (about A. D. 1200) ‘tíræð’ is expressively added, lest duodecimal hundreds should be understood, Bs. i. 136. The Landn. (at end) contains a statement (from Ari?) that Iceland continued pagan for about a hundred years, i. e. from about 874–997 A. D. In the preface to Ólafs S., Snorri states that two duodecimal hundreds (tvau hundruð tólfræð) elapsed from the first colonisation of Iceland before historical writing began (i. e. from about A. D. 874–1115): levies of ships and troops are in the laws and Sagas counted by duodecimal hundreds, e. g. the body-guard of king Olave consisted of a hundred hirð-men, sixty house-carles and sixty guests, in all ‘two hundred’ men, i. e. 240, Mork. 126; the sons of earl Strút-Harald had a hundred men, of whom eighty were billetted out and forty returned, Fms. xi. 88, 89; hálft hundrað, a half hundred = sixty, Mork. l. c.

2. a division of troops = 120; hundraðs-flokkr, Fms. vi. (in a verse).

II. in indef. sense, hundreds, a host, countless number, see hund-, as also in the adverb, phrase, hundruðum, by hundreds (indefinitely), Fms. vi. 407, Þiðr. 275, 524: in mod. usage as adjective and indecl., except the pl. in -uð, thus hundruð ásauðum, Dipl. iv. 10.

B. As value, a hundred, i. e. a hundred and twenty ells of the stuff wadmal, and then simply value to that amount (as a pound sterling in English). All property, real as well as personal, is even at present in Icel. taxed by hundreds; thus an estate is a ‘twenty, sixty, hundred’ estate; a franklin gives his tithable property as amounting to so and so many hundreds. As for the absolute value of a hundred, a few statements are sufficient, thus e. g. a milch cow, or six ewes with lambs, counts for a hundred, and a hundrað and a kúgildi (cow’s value) are equal: the charge for the alimentation of a pauper for twelve months was in the law (Jb. 165) fixed to four hundred and a half for a male person, but three hundred and a half for a female; cp. also the phrase, það er ekki hundrað í hættunni, there is no hundred at stake, no great risk! In olden times a double standard was used,—the wool or wadmal standard, called hundrað talið = a hundred by tale, i. e. a hundred and twenty ells as stated above, and a silver standard, called hundrað vegit, a hundred by weight, or hundrað silfrs, a hundred in silver, amounting to two marks and a half = twenty ounces = sixty örtugar; but how the name hundred came to be applied to it is not certain, unless half an örtug was taken as the unit. It is probable that originally both standards were identical, which is denoted by the phrase, sex álna eyrir, six ells to an ounce, or a hundred and twenty ells equal to twenty ounces (i. e. wadmal and silver at par); but according as the silver coinage was debased, the phrases varied between nine, ten, eleven, twelve ells to an ounce (N. G. L. i. 80, 81, 387, 390, passim), which denote bad silver; whereas the phrase ‘three ells to an ounce’ (þriggja álna eyrir, Sturl. i. 163, passim, or a hundred in wadmal equal to half a hundred in silver) must refer either to a double ell or to silver twice as pure: the passage in Grág. i. 500 is somewhat obscure, as also Rd. 233: the words vegin, silfrs, or talin are often added, but in most cases no specification is given, and the context must shew which of the two standards is there meant; the wool standard is the usual one, but in cases of weregild the silver standard seems always to be understood; thus a single weregild (the fine for a man’s life) was one hundred, Njála passim.

2. the phrases, hundrað frítt, a hundred paid in cattle, Finnb. 236; tólf hundruð mórend, twelve hundred in dark striped wadmal, Nj. 225; hundrað í búsgögnum ok í húsbúningi, Vm. 65; hundraðs-gripr, hestr, hross, kapall, hvíla, sæng, rekkja, psaltari, etc., a beast, a horse, a bed, etc., of a hundred’s value, Am. 2, 10, Vm. 25, 39, 60, 153, Jm. 3, 30; hundraðs-úmagi, a person whose maintenance costs a hundred, Vm. 156; hundraðs virði, a hundred’s value, 68. For references see the Sagas and laws passim, and for more information see Mr. Dasent’s Essay in Burnt Njal.

C. A hundred, a political division which in olden times was common to all Teut. nations, but is most freq. in old Swedish laws, where several hundreds made a hérað or shire; cp. the A. S. and Engl. hundred, Du Cange hundredum; old Germ. hunderti, see Grimm’s Rechts Alterthümer; the centum pagi of Caesar, Bell. Gall. iv. ch. 1, is probably the Roman writer’s misconception of the Teut. division of land into hundreds; this is also the case with Tacit. Germ. ch. 12: cp. the Swed. local names Fjaðrunda-land, Áttundaland, and Tíunda-land, qs. Fjaðr-hunda land, Átthunda land, Tíhunda land, i. e. a combination of four, eight, ten hundreds. The original meaning was probably a community of a hundred and twenty franklins or captains. This division is not found in Icel.

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1) (the fact of knowing: She was greatly encouraged by the knowledge that she had won first prize in the competition.) wiedza

2) (information or what is known: He had a vast amount of knowledge about boats.) wiadomości

3) (the whole of what can be learned or found out: Science is a branch of knowledge about which I am rather ignorant.) wiedza

•

- knowledgeable

adjūtor, ātus, 1, v. dep., i. q. adjuto, and also ante-class. (found in Pac., Afran., and Lucil.): adjutamini et defendite, Pac. ap. Non. 74, 2; Rib. Trag. Rel. p. 89; Pac. ap. Non. 477, 26: me adjutamini, Afran. ib.: magna adjutatus diu, Lucil. ib.

adjūtor, ōris, m. [adjuvo], one who helps, a helper, assistant, aider, promoter (class. through all periods).

In gen.:

hic adjutor meus et monitor et praemonstrator,

Ter. Heaut. 5, 1, 2:

ejus iracundiae,

id. Ad. 1, 1, 66:

ad hanc rem adjutorem dari,

id. Phorm. 3, 3, 26:

adjutores ad me restituendum multi fuerunt,

Cic. Quint. 9:

in psaltria hac emunda,

Ter. Ad. 5, 9, 9:

honoris,

Cic. Fl. 1:

ad praedam,

id. Rose. Am. 2, 6; so id. de Or. 1, 59; id. Tusc. 1, 12:

tibi venit adjutor,

id. N. D. 1, 7:

L. ille Torquatus auctor exstitit,

id. Sull. 34; id. Off. 2, 15; 3, 33; id. Fin. 5, 30; id. Att. 8, 3; 9, 12; Caes. B. C. 1, 7; Sall. J. 82; Liv. 29, 1, 18:

nolite dubitare libertatem consule adjutore defendere,

with the aid of the consul, Cic. Leg. Agr. 16;

and so often,

id. Verr. 1, 155; id. Font. 44; id. Clu. 36; id. Mur. 84.—

Esp., a common name of a military or civil officer, an aid, adjutant, assistant, deputy, secretary, etc.:

comites et adjutores negotiorum publicorum,

Cic. Q. Fr. 1, 1, 3:

dato adjutore Pharnabazo,

Nep. Con. 4; so id. Chabr. 2; Liv. 33, 43; Suet. Aug. 39; id. Tib. 63; id. Calig. 26:

rhetorum (i. e. hypodidascali),

Quint. 2, 5, 3; Gell. 13, 9; and in the inscriptions in Orell. 3462, 3200 al.; under the emperors an officer of court, minister (v. Vell. 2, 127; cf. Suet. Calig. 26); usu. with ab and the word indicative of the office (v. ab fin.):

adjutor a rationibus, Orell. Inscr. 32: a sacris,

ib. 2847:

a commentariis ornamentorum,

ib. 2892.— Also with gen.:

adjutor cornicularii,

ib. 3517:

haruspicum imperatoris,

ib. 3420 al. —In scenic language, adjutor is the one who, by his part, sustains or assists the hero of the piece (prôtagônistês), to which the class. passage, Cic. Div. in Caecil. 15, refers; cf. Heind. ad Hor. S. 1, 9, 46:

in scena postquam solus constitit sine apparatu, nullis adjutoribus,

with no subordinate actors, Phaedr. 5, 5, 14; Suet. Gramm. 18; Val. Max. 2, 4, no. 4.

aedēs and aedis (the form aedes is found in Liv. 2, 21, 7; 2, 8, 14; 2, 9, 43 al., and now and then in other writers, but aedis is more common, as in Cic. Verr. 4, 55, § 121; id. Par. 4, 2, 31; Vitr. 4, 7, 1; Varr. 5, 32, 156 al.; Liv. 1, 33, 9 al.; Plin. 36, 6, 8, § 50), is, f., a building for habitation. [Aedis domicilium in edito positum simplex atque unius aditus. Sive ideo aedis dicitur, quod in ea aevum degatur, quod Graece aiôn vocatur, Fest. p. 13 Müll. Curtius refers this word to aithô, aestus, as meaning originally, fire-place, hearth; others, with probability, compare hedos, hedra, and sēdes.]

Sing., a dwelling of the gods, a sanctuary, a temple (prop., a simple edifice, without division into smaller apartments, while templum is a large and splendid structure, consecrated by the augurs, and belonging to one or more deities; cf. Manut. ad Cic. Fam. 4, 7; but after the Aug. period aedes was used for templum; cf. Suet. Caes. 78 with id. ib. 84): haec aedis, Varr. ap. Non. 494, 7:

senatum in aedem Jovis Statoris vocavi,

Cic. Cat. 2, 6: aedis Martis, Nep. Fragm. ap. Prisc. p. 792 P.:

aedes Mercurii dedicata est,

Liv. 2, 21:

hic aedem ex marmore molitus est,

Vell. 1, 11, 5:

inter altare et aedem,

Vulg. Luc. 11, 51:

aedem Concordiae,

Plin. 33, 1, 6, § 19:

aedes Veneris genitricis,

Suet. Caes. 78; v. above; id. ib. 10:

aedem Baal,

Vulg. 4 Reg. 10, 27; ib. Act. 19, 24 al.: haec ego ludo, quae nec in aede sonent, i. e. in the temple of the Muses, or of the Palatine Apollo, where poems were publicly recited, Hor. S. 1, 10, 38; cf.:

quanto molimine circumspectemus vacuam Romanis vatibus aedem,

id. Ep. 2, 2, 94.— Plur. in this sense generally in connection with sacrae, divinae, deorum, and only when several temples are spoken of:

aedes sacrae,

Cic. Dom. 49; cf. Suet. Aug. 30, 100:

Capitolii fastigium et ceterarum aedium,

Cic. de Or. 3, 46; cf. Liv. 38, 41:

Deorum aedes,

Suet. Cat. 21; cf. id. Ner. 38; id. Claud. 21 al.—

A dwelling for men, a house, habitation, [p. 52] obode (syn. domus; usu. only in the plur., as a collection of several apartments; but in the earliest period the sing. also may have had this signif., though but few certain examples of it have been preserved in the written language; cf. Plaut. As. 1, 3, 67:

hic noster quaestus aucupii simillimust... aedis nobis areast, auceps sum ego): aedes probae et pulchre aedificatae,

Plaut. Merc. 5, 2, 60; id. Most. 1, 2, 18:

ultimae,

Ter. Heaut. 5, 1, 29:

apud istum in aedibus,

Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 19, § 50, and soon after: in mediis aedibus; cf. Verg. A. 2, 512:

liberae,

a house that is rent-free, Liv. 30, 17:

privatae,

Suet. Ner. 44 al. —Hence sometimes used for a part of the domus, a room, an apartment, chamber:

insectatur omnes domi per aedīs,

Plaut. Cas. 3, 5, 31; Verg. G. 2, 462; cf. id. A. 2, 487 (v. also Gell. 4, 14; Curt. 8, 6; Hor. C. 1, 30, 4).—In Plaut., by comic license, aedes for familia: credo hercle has sustollat aedīs totas atque hunc in crucem, Mil. 2, 3, 39: ut ego suffringam his talos totis aedibus, to break the legs of this whole house (i. e. family), Truc. 2, 8, 7: ab aedibus, denoting office (cf. ab), a castellan:

CVM AB AEDIBVS ESSEM,

Inscr. Grut. 697, 1.—

Met., the cells (or hive) of bees:

clausis cunctantur in aedibus,

Verg. G. 4, 258.—

Trop.:

fac, sis, vacivas aedīs aurium, mea ut migrare dicta possint,

the chambers of your ears, Plaut. Ps. 1, 5, 54.—

Aedes aurata, a gilded funeral structure, on which the dead body of Cœsar was laid, a catafalque, Suet. Caes. 84.