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first+environment

  • 61 sección de referencia

    (n.) = reference section, reference department, reference division, reference area
    Ex. Many students graduating from library school and seeking jobs profess disdain for administrative responsibilities not only within the reference section, but also within the library as a whole.
    Ex. Her first positions were with the New York Public Library, South Bend Public Library, and the Free Library of Philadelphia in the Reference and Young Adult Department.
    Ex. The situation described may have its physical locus in the reference division, the serial department, the adult services section, or the director's office.
    Ex. All these issues were successfully addressed by rearranging study, reference, and stack areas and enclosing a small office to create a more vibrant, reference oriented library environment.
    * * *
    (n.) = reference section, reference department, reference division, reference area

    Ex: Many students graduating from library school and seeking jobs profess disdain for administrative responsibilities not only within the reference section, but also within the library as a whole.

    Ex: Her first positions were with the New York Public Library, South Bend Public Library, and the Free Library of Philadelphia in the Reference and Young Adult Department.
    Ex: The situation described may have its physical locus in the reference division, the serial department, the adult services section, or the director's office.
    Ex: All these issues were successfully addressed by rearranging study, reference, and stack areas and enclosing a small office to create a more vibrant, reference oriented library environment.

    Spanish-English dictionary > sección de referencia

  • 62 una oportunidad de triunfar

    Ex. The first essay, ' A Fighting Chance,' discusses the environment for educational reform in the 1970's.
    * * *

    Ex: The first essay, ' A Fighting Chance,' discusses the environment for educational reform in the 1970's.

    Spanish-English dictionary > una oportunidad de triunfar

  • 63 ventaja

    f.
    1 advantage (hecho favorable).
    tiene la ventaja de que es más manejable it has the advantage of being easier to handle
    ventajas fiscales tax breaks
    2 lead.
    dar ventaja a alguien to give somebody a start
    le dieron 2 metros de ventaja they gave him a 2-meter start
    llevar ventaja a alguien to have a lead over somebody
    3 advantage.
    4 head start, headstart, lead, leading position.
    5 perfidy.
    * * *
    1 (gen) advantage
    2 (provecho) profit; (beneficio) benefit
    \
    llevar ventaja a alguien to have the advantage over somebody
    sacar ventaja a alguien to be ahead of somebody
    sacar ventaja de algo to profit from something, take advantage of something, benefit from something
    ventaja para... (tenis) advantage to...
    * * *
    noun f.
    2) lead
    * * *
    SF
    1) (=beneficio) advantage

    llevar ventaja a algn — to have the advantage over sb, be ahead of sb, be one up on sb

    sacar ventaja de algo — (=aprovechar) to derive profit from sth; pey to use sth to one's own advantage

    2) (Dep) (en carrera) start, advantage; (Tenis) advantage; (en las apuestas) odds [pl]

    me dio una ventaja de cuatro metros, me dio cuatro metros de ventaja — he gave me a four metre start

    llevar ventaja — (en carrera) to be leading o ahead

    3) pl ventajas (en empleo) extras, perks *
    * * *
    a) ( beneficio) advantage

    lleva or tiene una ventaja de diez segundos — she has a ten-second lead

    * * *
    = advantage, asset, attraction, benefit, merit, strength, value, virtue, beauty, plus [pluses, -pl.], upside, perk, head start, strong point, mileage, edge, bonus [bonuses, -pl.].
    Ex. This has two advantages.
    Ex. The efficient analysis of professional and technical documents is an asset in many spheres of activity.
    Ex. Subject-type title indexes have two important attractions.
    Ex. The examples that follow will give you a glimpse of the important features and benefits of the SCI CD Edition.
    Ex. Much will be said later about the merits and drawbacks of the various types of index and approaches to indexing.
    Ex. One particular strength is that it is possible both to specify the area and the subject of the map.
    Ex. This stop list is input to the computer before indexing can commence, and is a list of the words which appear in text which have no value as access words in an index.
    Ex. Murra described a number of these enterprises, their virtues and weaknesses and the possible explanations for their demise.
    Ex. The digital form in which we will send information through the network is one of the beauties of modern technology.
    Ex. Whether these differences are pluses or minuses depends very much on a library's needs and expectations.
    Ex. The article 'The upside and downside of information highway capitology' compares the writings of optimistic futurists and pessimistic visionaries on the subject of the information superhighway.
    Ex. At almost every conference I've spoken at one of the perks is free conference registration.
    Ex. The article 'Providing a head start' explains the essential role toy libraries play in the school environment.
    Ex. One of the strong points of the DIALOG service is the documentation.
    Ex. Reports produced by government-sponsored projects may not be widely distributed until the government has had good mileage from them = Los informes obtenidos de los proyectos patrocinados por el gobierno puede que no se distribuyan de forma general hasta que el gobierno les haya sacado un buen provecho.
    Ex. Internet Explorer was rated as having a slight edge at 83 per cent over Netscape Navigator at 79 per cent.
    Ex. Such posts were regarded as a welcome bonus over and above the traditional base market.
    ----
    * aportar ventajas = bring + strengths.
    * aprovecharse de las ventajas que ambas partes ofrecen = get + the best of both worlds.
    * aprovecharse de las ventajas que cada parte ofrece = get + the best of all worlds.
    * con ventaja sobre el pelotón = ahead of the pack.
    * dar una ventaja = give + Nombre + an edge.
    * dar una ventaja a Alguien = give + Nombre + a head start.
    * disfrutar de todas las ventajas = have + the best of both worlds.
    * encontrarse en ventaja = find + Reflexivo + at an advantage.
    * la ventaja de = the beauty of.
    * la ventaja es que = on the positive side, the advantage is that, on the bright side.
    * obtener ventaja = gain + advantage.
    * obtener ventajas = reap + advantages.
    * ofrecer ventaja = be of benefit.
    * posición de ventaja = high ground.
    * sacar ventaja = gain + one-upmanship.
    * ser todo ventajas = the best of both worlds.
    * ser una ventaja = be a plus.
    * tener una ventaja = get + a head start, have + an edge.
    * tener ventaja = have + an edge.
    * todo tiene sus ventajas y sus inconvenientes = swings and roundabouts, what you lose on the swings you gain on the roundabouts.
    * ventaja acumulada = cumulative advantage.
    * ventaja añadida = added advantage, added benefit.
    * ventaja del primero en tomar la iniciativa = first-mover advantage.
    * ventaja política = political advantage.
    * ventajas e inconvenientes = trade-off [tradeoff/trade off], ins and outs.
    * ventaja sobre la competencia = competitive edge, competitive advantage.
    * ventajas y desventajas = trade-off [tradeoff/trade off], pros and cons, benefits and pitfalls.
    * ventajas (y/o) desventajas = merits (and/or) demerits, advantages (and/or) disadvantages, strengths (and/or) weaknesses, pluses (and/or) minuses.
    * ver ventajas = see + advantages.
    * * *
    a) ( beneficio) advantage

    lleva or tiene una ventaja de diez segundos — she has a ten-second lead

    * * *
    = advantage, asset, attraction, benefit, merit, strength, value, virtue, beauty, plus [pluses, -pl.], upside, perk, head start, strong point, mileage, edge, bonus [bonuses, -pl.].

    Ex: This has two advantages.

    Ex: The efficient analysis of professional and technical documents is an asset in many spheres of activity.
    Ex: Subject-type title indexes have two important attractions.
    Ex: The examples that follow will give you a glimpse of the important features and benefits of the SCI CD Edition.
    Ex: Much will be said later about the merits and drawbacks of the various types of index and approaches to indexing.
    Ex: One particular strength is that it is possible both to specify the area and the subject of the map.
    Ex: This stop list is input to the computer before indexing can commence, and is a list of the words which appear in text which have no value as access words in an index.
    Ex: Murra described a number of these enterprises, their virtues and weaknesses and the possible explanations for their demise.
    Ex: The digital form in which we will send information through the network is one of the beauties of modern technology.
    Ex: Whether these differences are pluses or minuses depends very much on a library's needs and expectations.
    Ex: The article 'The upside and downside of information highway capitology' compares the writings of optimistic futurists and pessimistic visionaries on the subject of the information superhighway.
    Ex: At almost every conference I've spoken at one of the perks is free conference registration.
    Ex: The article 'Providing a head start' explains the essential role toy libraries play in the school environment.
    Ex: One of the strong points of the DIALOG service is the documentation.
    Ex: Reports produced by government-sponsored projects may not be widely distributed until the government has had good mileage from them = Los informes obtenidos de los proyectos patrocinados por el gobierno puede que no se distribuyan de forma general hasta que el gobierno les haya sacado un buen provecho.
    Ex: Internet Explorer was rated as having a slight edge at 83 per cent over Netscape Navigator at 79 per cent.
    Ex: Such posts were regarded as a welcome bonus over and above the traditional base market.
    * aportar ventajas = bring + strengths.
    * aprovecharse de las ventajas que ambas partes ofrecen = get + the best of both worlds.
    * aprovecharse de las ventajas que cada parte ofrece = get + the best of all worlds.
    * con ventaja sobre el pelotón = ahead of the pack.
    * dar una ventaja = give + Nombre + an edge.
    * dar una ventaja a Alguien = give + Nombre + a head start.
    * disfrutar de todas las ventajas = have + the best of both worlds.
    * encontrarse en ventaja = find + Reflexivo + at an advantage.
    * la ventaja de = the beauty of.
    * la ventaja es que = on the positive side, the advantage is that, on the bright side.
    * obtener ventaja = gain + advantage.
    * obtener ventajas = reap + advantages.
    * ofrecer ventaja = be of benefit.
    * posición de ventaja = high ground.
    * sacar ventaja = gain + one-upmanship.
    * ser todo ventajas = the best of both worlds.
    * ser una ventaja = be a plus.
    * tener una ventaja = get + a head start, have + an edge.
    * tener ventaja = have + an edge.
    * todo tiene sus ventajas y sus inconvenientes = swings and roundabouts, what you lose on the swings you gain on the roundabouts.
    * ventaja acumulada = cumulative advantage.
    * ventaja añadida = added advantage, added benefit.
    * ventaja del primero en tomar la iniciativa = first-mover advantage.
    * ventaja política = political advantage.
    * ventajas e inconvenientes = trade-off [tradeoff/trade off], ins and outs.
    * ventaja sobre la competencia = competitive edge, competitive advantage.
    * ventajas y desventajas = trade-off [tradeoff/trade off], pros and cons, benefits and pitfalls.
    * ventajas (y/o) desventajas = merits (and/or) demerits, advantages (and/or) disadvantages, strengths (and/or) weaknesses, pluses (and/or) minuses.
    * ver ventajas = see + advantages.

    * * *
    1 (beneficio, provecho) advantage
    esa zona tiene la ventaja de que está muy bien comunicada that area has the advantage of being well served by public transport
    tienes ventaja porque tienes más experiencia que yo you have an advantage because you're more experienced than I am
    2
    (en una carrera): lleva or tiene una ventaja de diez segundos/metros she has a ten-second/ten-meter lead
    te doy una ventaja de tres metros I'll give you a three-meter start o advantage
    sacó ventaja en la curva he pulled ahead on the bend
    estaba jugando con ventaja he was at o he had an advantage
    * * *

     

    ventaja sustantivo femenino


    tienes ventaja por tu experiencia you have an advantage because of your experience
    b) ( en carrera):


    jugar con ventaja to be at an advantage
    ventaja sustantivo femenino
    1 advantage
    2 Dep (en carrera) les lleva treinta segundos de ventaja, he's thirty seconds ahead of them
    (tenis) advantage
    ' ventaja' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    beneficio
    - bien
    - delantera
    - grande
    - llevar
    - presentar
    - pro
    English:
    advantage
    - ahead
    - asset
    - benefit
    - blessing
    - bonus
    - boon
    - edge
    - hand
    - interest
    - lead
    - merit
    - perk
    - start
    - up
    - vantage
    - advantageous
    - definite
    - fringe
    - head
    - lap
    - plus
    - virtue
    * * *
    1. [hecho favorable] advantage;
    tiene la ventaja de que es más manejable it has the advantage of being easier to handle;
    tenemos que sacarle las ventajas a la situación we might as well look on the bright side
    Com ventaja competitiva competitive advantage;
    ventajas fiscales tax breaks;
    invertir en cultura ofrece ventajas fiscales there are tax advantages to investing in culture
    2. [en competición] lead;
    dar ventaja a alguien to give sb a start;
    le dieron dos metros de ventaja they gave him a two-metre start;
    llevar ventaja a alguien to have a lead over sb;
    saca tres minutos de ventaja al pelotón he has a three-minute lead over the pack, he's three minutes ahead of o clear of the pack
    3. [en tenis] advantage;
    ventaja Hingis advantage Hingis
    * * *
    f
    1 advantage;
    sacar ventaja de algo derive benefit from sth;
    ganar ventaja gain the advantage;
    llevar ventaja a alguien have an advantage over s.o.
    2 DEP en carrera, partido lead
    * * *
    1) : advantage
    2) : lead, head start
    3) ventajas nfpl
    : perks, extras
    * * *
    ventaja n advantage

    Spanish-English dictionary > ventaja

  • 64 vesícula

    f.
    1 gall bladder, gallbladder.
    2 vesicle, bleb, bladder.
    3 blister.
    * * *
    1 vesicle
    \
    vesícula biliar gall bladder
    * * *
    SF (Anat) vesicle; (=ampolla) blister
    * * *
    femenino vesicle
    * * *
    = gallbladder [gall bladder], blister.
    Ex. This method is used to model the gallbladder as a spherical membrane containing liquid, in an interactive simulated environment for laproscopic cholecystectomy.
    Ex. Medical concerns examined in section six include first aid kits, drugs, blisters, diarrhea, stings, bites, anaphylaxis, snakebite, and hypothermia.
    ----
    * vesícula biliar = gallbladder [gall bladder].
    * vesícula de sangre = blood blister.
    * * *
    femenino vesicle
    * * *
    = gallbladder [gall bladder], blister.

    Ex: This method is used to model the gallbladder as a spherical membrane containing liquid, in an interactive simulated environment for laproscopic cholecystectomy.

    Ex: Medical concerns examined in section six include first aid kits, drugs, blisters, diarrhea, stings, bites, anaphylaxis, snakebite, and hypothermia.
    * vesícula biliar = gallbladder [gall bladder].
    * vesícula de sangre = blood blister.

    * * *
    1 [ Vocabulary notes (Spanish) ] ( Anat) gallbladder
    2 (ampolla) vesicle, blister
    3 ( Bot) vesicle
    Compuesto:
    gallbladder
    * * *

     

    vesícula sustantivo femenino
    vesicle;

    vesícula f Anat vesicle
    vesícula biliar, gall bladder

    ' vesícula' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    operar
    - piedra
    English:
    bladder
    - gall bladder
    - gall
    * * *
    1. Anat [de la bilis] gall bladder
    vesícula biliar gall bladder
    2. [bolsa] vesicle
    vesícula seminal seminal vesicle
    3. [de suero] blister
    4. [en planta] vesicle
    * * *
    f blister
    * * *
    1) : vesicle
    2)
    vesícula biliar : gallbladder

    Spanish-English dictionary > vesícula

  • 65 vigoroso

    adj.
    1 vigorous, hardy, able-bodied, stalwart.
    2 forceful, punchy.
    * * *
    1 vigorous, strong
    * * *
    (f. - vigorosa)
    adj.
    * * *
    ADJ (gen) vigorous; (=fuerte) strong, tough; [esfuerzo] strenuous; [protesta] vigorous, forceful; [niño] sturdy
    * * *
    - sa adjetivo <persona/movimiento> vigorous, energetic; < esfuerzo> strenuous
    * * *
    = energetic, vigourous [vigorous, -USA], spirited, hearty [heartier -comp., heartiest -sup.].
    Ex. She has been a vital and energetic voice in the movement to increase the sensitivity and responsibility of libraries to social issues, as well as a first-rate cataloger.
    Ex. Students would be in the environment of a vigorous library service which emphasised its information function.
    Ex. Their aim was to mount a spirited attack on a consumer driven and marketeers' approach to reading and books, and on relativism and populism.
    Ex. Replies indicated a hearty support for the role of the library but little knowledge of its importance to them.
    * * *
    - sa adjetivo <persona/movimiento> vigorous, energetic; < esfuerzo> strenuous
    * * *
    = energetic, vigourous [vigorous, -USA], spirited, hearty [heartier -comp., heartiest -sup.].

    Ex: She has been a vital and energetic voice in the movement to increase the sensitivity and responsibility of libraries to social issues, as well as a first-rate cataloger.

    Ex: Students would be in the environment of a vigorous library service which emphasised its information function.
    Ex: Their aim was to mount a spirited attack on a consumer driven and marketeers' approach to reading and books, and on relativism and populism.
    Ex: Replies indicated a hearty support for the role of the library but little knowledge of its importance to them.

    * * *
    ‹persona› vigorous, energetic
    un periodista vigoroso a forceful o hard-hitting o tough journalist
    una pintura de trazos vigorosos a painting with vigorous o energetic brush strokes
    un esfuerzo vigoroso a vigorous o strenuous effort
    * * *

    vigoroso
    ◊ -sa adjetivo ‹persona/movimiento› vigorous, energetic;


    ‹ esfuerzo› strenuous
    vigoroso,-a adjetivo vigorous
    ' vigoroso' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    recia
    - recio
    - vigorosa
    English:
    active
    - brisk
    - forceful
    - fresh
    - sinewy
    - vigorous
    - strenuous
    * * *
    vigoroso, -a adj
    1. [robusto] vigorous
    2. [lenguage, estilo] vigorous, forceful;
    [actuación] spirited, powerful
    * * *
    adj vigorous
    * * *
    vigoroso, -sa adj
    : vigorous
    * * *
    vigoroso adj vigorous

    Spanish-English dictionary > vigoroso

  • 66 mouvement

    mouvement [muvmɑ̃]
    masculine noun
       a. movement
       b. ( = impulsion, réaction) dans un mouvement de colère in a fit of anger
    • allons, un bon mouvement ! come on, just a small gesture!
    * * *
    muvmɑ̃
    nom masculin
    1) ( geste) movement

    faire un mouvement — to move, to make a move

    tu es libre de tes mouvements — you can come and go as you please; faux I

    2) ( déplacement) movement, motion

    se mettre en mouvement — [troupe] to start moving; [machine] to start up

    mettre quelque chose en mouvement, imprimer un mouvement à quelque chose — to set something in motion

    3) ( animation) bustle

    suivre le mouvement — fig to follow the crowd

    4) ( élan) impulse, reaction

    un mouvement de colère/pitié — a surge of anger/pity

    un bon mouvement — a kind ou nice gesture

    5) ( action collective) movement
    7) Économie, Finance ( fluctuation) fluctuation; ( échange) transaction; ( tendance) trend
    8) (de poème, d'œuvre musicale) movement
    9) ( d'horloge) movement
    * * *
    muvmɑ̃ nm
    1) (= déplacement) [corps] movement
    2) [panique, recul] reaction
    3) (syndical, politique, artistique) movement

    mouvement de grève — industrial action, strike

    4) (= tumulte, agitation) activity, bustle
    6) MUSIQUE (= rythme) tempo, (partie de morceau) movement
    7) (= mécanisme d'horloge) movement
    * * *
    1 ( geste) movement; faire un mouvement to move, to make a move; il fit un mouvement pour se dégager he made a move to break away; je ne peux pas faire un seul mouvement I can't move at all; tu es libre de tes mouvements you can come and go as you please; mouvement de danse dance movement; mouvement de gymnastique gymnastic exercise; apprendre les mouvements du crawl to learn stroke for the front crawl; avoir un mouvement d'humeur to show a flash of annoyance; ⇒ faux;
    2 ( déplacement) gén movement; Phys movement, motion; le mouvement des vagues the movement of the waves; mouvements sismiques seismic movements; mouvement de reflux backward movement; le mouvement des bateaux à l'entrée du port the movement of ships at the entrance to a port; le mouvement de personnel dans une entreprise staff changes in a company; mouvement de retraite withdrawal; accélérer le mouvement to speed up; ralentir le mouvement to slow down; se mettre en mouvement to get moving; mouvement ondulatoire or périodique wave motion; mouvement hélicoïdal/ascendant/absolu/fixe helical/upward/absolute/relative motion; mouvement perpétuel perpetual motion; le mouvement d'un pendule the movement ou swing of a pendulum; la toupie décrit un mouvement de rotation the top describes a rotary motion; mettre qch en mouvement, imprimer un mouvement à qch to set sth in motion;
    3 ( animation) bustle; il y a du mouvement dans la rue there's a lot of bustle in the street; toute la maison était en mouvement the whole household was bustling about ou bustling with activity; une rue pleine de mouvement a busy street; suivre le mouvement fig to follow the crowd;
    4 ( élan) impulse, reaction; mon premier mouvement a été de me mettre en colère my initial reaction ou my first impulse was to get angry; dans un mouvement de générosité on a generous impulse; un mouvement de colère/pitié a surge of anger/pity; un mouvement de panique a panic reaction; un bon mouvement a kind ou nice gesture; fais un bon mouvement, donne-moi 10 euros do me a good turn and give me 10 euros; agir de son propre mouvement to act of one's own accord; un mouvement général de rejet a generally hostile reaction; un mouvement de masse a mass movement;
    5 (pour contester, revendiquer) action; le mouvement étudiant the student protest movement; mouvement de contestation protest action; mouvement de grève strike, industrial action ¢; mouvement de rébellion rebel movement;
    6 ( groupe) movement, group; mouvement de jeunesse youth movement; mouvement de protection/défense de movement for the protection/defenceGB of;
    7 ( évolution) le mouvement des idées the evolution of ideas; être dans le mouvement to move with the times; vivre dans un milieu en mouvement to live in a changing environment; mouvement de décentralisation/démocratisation trend toward(s) decentralization/democratization; mouvement de création d'emploi trend toward(s) job creation;
    8 Écon, Fin ( fluctuation) fluctuation; ( échange) transaction; ( tendance) trend; le mouvement du marché market fluctuations (pl); mouvement de hausse/de baisse upward/downward trend (de in); un mouvement de reprise a movement toward(s) recovery; mouvements financiers financial transactions; mouvement de capitaux movement ou flow of capital; mouvement d'un compte turnover on an account; mouvement de fonds movement of funds;
    9 Littérat (de récit, poème) movement;
    10 Mus ( partie d'une œuvre) movement;
    11 Mécan (de montre, d'horloge) movement; mouvement d'horlogerie commandant un contact électrique clockwork mechanism controlling an electrical contact.
    [muvmɑ̃] nom masculin
    1. [geste] movement
    a. [affirmatif] a nod
    b. [négatif] a shake of the head
    2. [impulsion]
    mouvement de colère fit ou burst of anger
    les mouvements du cœur/de l'âme (littéraire) the impulses of the heart/of the soul
    3. [déplacement - d'un astre, d'un pendule] movement ; [ - de personnes] movement
    4. [évolution - des prix, des taux] trend, movement ; [ - du marché] fluctuation
    mouvement en baisse/en hausse downward/upward trend
    5. POLITIQUE [action collective] movement
    6. [animation - d'un quartier] bustle, liveliness ; [ - dans un aéroport, un port] movement
    eh bien, il y a du mouvement chez vous! it's all go at your place!
    8. [impression de vie - d'une peinture, d'une sculpture] movement ; [ - d'un vers] flow, movement ; [ - d'une robe] drape ; [ - d'un paysage] undulations
    9. MUSIQUE [rythme] tempo
    mouvement perpétuel moto perpetuo, perpetuum mobile
    [section d'un morceau] movement
    10. [mécanisme] movement
    ————————
    en mouvement locution adjectivale
    [athlète] moving, in motion
    [population, troupes] on the move
    ————————
    en mouvement locution adverbiale
    ————————
    sans mouvement locution adjectivale
    [personne] inert

    Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > mouvement

  • 67 gordo

    adj.
    fat, plump, chubby, big.
    m.
    1 fat man, fat guy, fat person, fatso.
    2 jackpot.
    3 fat.
    * * *
    1 (carnoso) fat
    2 (grueso) thick
    3 (grave) serious
    ■ ¡qué mentira tan gorda! what a big lie!
    ► nombre masculino,nombre femenino
    1 fat person (familiarmente) fatty
    2 el gordo the first prize in the lottery
    \
    armarse la gorda familiar to be hell to pay
    caer gordo,-a familiar not to stand somebody
    hacer la vista gorda familiar to turn a blind eye
    ni gorda familiar not a thing, nothing
    ————————
    2 el gordo the first prize in the lottery
    * * *
    (f. - gorda)
    adj.
    1) fat
    3) greasy, oily
    * * *
    gordo, -a
    1. ADJ
    1) [persona] (=obeso) fat; (=corpulento) stout, plump
    2) * [cosa, hecho] big

    fue el desastre más gordo de su historia — it was the biggest o worst disaster in their history

    y lo más gordo fue que... — and then to cap it all... *

    3) [comida, sustancia] greasy, oily
    4) [agua] hard
    5) [lienzo, hilo] coarse
    6) Chile * (=querido) darling *
    gota 1., 1), perra 2), dedo 1), pez I, 1.
    2.
    SM / F fat man/woman

    ¡gordo! — fatty! *, fatso! *

    3. SM
    1) (Culin) fat, suet
    2) (=premio) jackpot, big prize

    ganar el gordo — to hit the jackpot, win the big prize

    gorda EL GORDO El Gordo, "the fat one", refers to a large lottery jackpot, particularly the one offered in the Spanish Lotería Nacional at Christmas. The Sorteo Extraordinario de Navidad takes place on December 22 and the jackpot is worth several million pounds to the holder or holders of the winning number. Because of the cost of buying an entire number, people generally buy décimos (tenth-part shares), which means the total winnings are usually shared out between a number of people.
    See:
    * * *
    I
    - da adjetivo
    1) <persona/piernas> fat

    me/le/nos cae gordo — (fam) I/she/we can't stand him (colloq)

    2) ( grueso) < libro> thick; <lana/calcetines> thick; < suéter> thick, chunky
    3) <carne/tocino> fatty
    4) (fam) (importante, serio) big

    algo gordo debe haber ocurrido — something big o serious must have happened

    armarse la gorda — (fam)

    y entonces se armó la gordo — and then the feathers began to fly

    II
    - da masculino, femenino
    1)
    a) ( persona) (m) fat man; (f) fat woman

    ese gordo simpático — that nice, rather fat man o guy

    es un gordito precioso — he's a cute, chubby little thing

    b) (fam) ( como apelativo ofensivo) fatso (colloq), fatty (colloq)
    c) (AmL) (fam) ( como apelativo cariñoso) dear, love
    2) gordo masculino (Jueg) ( premio mayor) jackpot, first prize ( in the state lottery)
    •• Cultural note:
    In Spain, the name given to the big prizes in the Lotería Nacional and Lotería Primitiva, in particular the prize for the Christmas draw of the Lotería Nacional. In Latin America it also means a big lottery prize
    * * *
    I
    - da adjetivo
    1) <persona/piernas> fat

    me/le/nos cae gordo — (fam) I/she/we can't stand him (colloq)

    2) ( grueso) < libro> thick; <lana/calcetines> thick; < suéter> thick, chunky
    3) <carne/tocino> fatty
    4) (fam) (importante, serio) big

    algo gordo debe haber ocurrido — something big o serious must have happened

    armarse la gorda — (fam)

    y entonces se armó la gordo — and then the feathers began to fly

    II
    - da masculino, femenino
    1)
    a) ( persona) (m) fat man; (f) fat woman

    ese gordo simpático — that nice, rather fat man o guy

    es un gordito precioso — he's a cute, chubby little thing

    b) (fam) ( como apelativo ofensivo) fatso (colloq), fatty (colloq)
    c) (AmL) (fam) ( como apelativo cariñoso) dear, love
    2) gordo masculino (Jueg) ( premio mayor) jackpot, first prize ( in the state lottery)
    •• Cultural note:
    In Spain, the name given to the big prizes in the Lotería Nacional and Lotería Primitiva, in particular the prize for the Christmas draw of the Lotería Nacional. In Latin America it also means a big lottery prize
    * * *
    gordo1
    1 = fattie, fat lump, fat lump of lard, fatso.

    Ex: That makes him sound bad, but he isn't -- He's a man who married a 22-year-old hottie only to wind up with a 35-year-old fattie.

    Ex: I saw her on the telly the other day and she still looked like a fat lump to me.
    Ex: This brand new book is going to turn you from a useless fat lump of lard into a tender caring, satisfying, lover for the woman you love.
    Ex: We are becoming a nation of wimps, fatsos and crybabies because we have created a hypersensitive social and legal environment.

    gordo2
    2 = fat [fatter -comp., fattest -sup.].

    Ex: The article is entitled 'America the slim: or, where are the fat children in picture books'.

    * dedo gordo del pie, el = big toe, the.
    * demasiado gordo = overweight.
    * hacer la vista gorda = look + the other way, turn + a blind eye to, pretend + not to have seen.
    * hacer sudar la gota gorda = push + Nombre + to the edge.
    * mentira gorda = big fat lie.
    * pez gordo = power player, big wheel, big shot, big noise, big wig, fat cat.
    * premio gordo = jackpot.
    * sal gorda = kitchen salt, cooking salt, coarse salt.
    * sudar la gota gorda = sweat + buckets, sweat + blood, work + Posesivo + butt off, slog + Posesivo + guts out, sweat + bullets.
    * sueldo de pez gordo = fat-cat salary.

    * * *
    gordo1 -da
    A ‹persona/piernas/cara› fat
    siempre ha sido muy gordo he's always been very overweight o very fat
    estás más gordo you've put on weight o you've got fatter
    es más bien gordita she's quite plump
    me/le/nos cae gordo ( fam); I/she/we can't stand him ( colloq)
    B (grueso) ‹libro/rama/filete› thick; ‹lana/calcetines› thick; ‹suéter› thick, chunky
    C ‹carne/tocino› fatty
    D ( fam) (importante, serio) big
    algo gordo debe haber ocurrido something big o serious must have happened
    fue una metedura de pata de las gordas it was a terrible o a huge blunder ( colloq)
    armar la gorda ( fam); to cause o make a scene ( colloq), to kick up a fuss ( colloq)
    armarse la gorda ( fam): cuando se entere se va a armar la gorda when he finds out there'll be hell to pay o there's going to be one hell of a fuss ( colloq)
    llegó ella y se armó la gordo it was absolute chaos o mayhem when she arrived
    gordo2 -da El Gordo (↑ gordo a1)
    masculine, feminine
    A
    1 (persona) ( masculine) fat man; ( feminine) fat woman
    ese gordo simpático del número 28 that nice, rather fat man o guy who lives at number 28
    es un gordito precioso he's a cute, chubby little thing
    2 ( fam)
    (como apelativo cariñoso): gorda ¿te tomas un café? do you want a coffee, dear ( o love etc)?
    3 (como apelativo ofensivo) ( fam); fatso ( colloq), fatty ( colloq)
    B
    carne con gordo fatty meat
    C
    le tocó el gordo he won the first prize o the jackpot (in the lottery)
    * * *

     

    gordo 1
    ◊ -da adjetivo

    1 ‹persona/piernas› fat;
    ◊ siempre ha sido gordo he's always been overweight o fat;

    estás gordo you've put on weight;
    es más bien gordita she's quite plump
    2 ( grueso) ‹libro/lana/suéter› thick
    3 ‹carne/tocino› fatty
    ■ sustantivo masculino, femenino
    a) ( persona) (m) fat man;

    (f) fat woman
    b) (fam) ( como apelativo ofensivo) fatso (colloq), fatty (colloq)

    gordo 2 sustantivo masculino (Jueg) ( premio mayor) jackpot ( in the state lottery)
    gordo,-a
    I adjetivo
    1 (persona) fat
    2 (cable, jersey, etc) thick
    3 (importante, serio) big: estoy en un lío muy gordo, I'm in big trouble
    II sustantivo masculino y femenino fat person
    familiar fatty
    III sustantivo masculino el gordo, (de una lotería) the jackpot
    ♦ Locuciones: caer gordo: le cae gordo, she can't bear o stand him
    ' gordo' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    gorda
    - pez
    - dedo
    - estar
    - para
    - premio
    English:
    bigshot
    - bigwig
    - coarse
    - fat
    - fish
    - fleshy
    - jackpot
    - overweight
    - plump
    - rub up
    - slight
    - toe
    - toenail
    - big
    - block
    - keep
    - onto
    - over
    - thick
    * * *
    gordo, -a
    ♦ adj
    1. [persona] fat;
    está más gordo que antes he's put on weight;
    el Gordo y el Flaco Laurel and Hardy;
    Fam
    me cae gordo I can't stand him
    2. [grueso] thick;
    Esp
    sal gorda cooking salt
    3. [grande] big;
    dedo gordo [de la mano] thumb;
    [del pie] big toe;
    cayó una tormenta gorda there was a big o terrible storm
    4. Fam [problema, asunto] major;
    cometió un error muy gordo he made a major mistake;
    tuve una discusión muy gorda con él I had one hell of an argument with him
    5. Fam
    armar la gorda to kick up a row o stink;
    cuando llegó la policía se armó la gorda when the police arrived all hell broke loose;
    ni gorda: no vi/no entendí ni gorda [nada] I couldn't see/I didn't understand a thing
    ♦ nm,f
    1. [persona obesa] fat man, f fat woman;
    los gordos fat people
    2. Am Fam [como apelativo]
    ¿cómo estás, gordo? how's it going, big man?
    ♦ nm
    1. [en lotería] first prize, jackpot;
    le tocó el gordo [en lotería] he won first prize, he won the jackpot;
    le tocó el gordo con ese trabajo [tuvo buena suerte] he hit the jackpot with that job;
    con esa hermana que tiene le ha tocado el gordo [tuvo mala suerte] you've got to feel sorry for him having a sister like that
    2. [grasa] fat
    * * *
    I adj
    1 fat
    2
    :
    me cae gordo fam I can’t stand him;
    se va a armar la gorda fam all hell will break loose fam ;
    ¡ésta sí que es gorda! fam this is a disaster!;
    no veo ni gorda fam I can’t see a damn thing fam
    II m, gorda f fat person
    III m premio jackpot;
    tocado el gordo I’ve won the jackpot; fig I’ve hit the jackpot
    * * *
    gordo, -da adj
    1) : fat
    2) : thick
    3) : fatty, greasy, oily
    4) : unpleasant
    me cae gorda tu tía: I can't stand your aunt
    gordo, -da n
    : fat person
    gordo nm
    1) grasa: fat
    2) : jackpot
    * * *
    gordo1 adj
    1. (obeso) fat [comp. fatter; superl. fattest]
    2. (grueso) thick
    3. (grave) serious / big [comp. bigger; superl. biggest]
    Si alquien te cae gordo dices I can't stand...
    gordo2 n
    1. (persona) fat man [pl. men] / fat woman [pl. women]

    Spanish-English dictionary > gordo

  • 68 puesto

    adj.
    on.
    Va siempre con el sombrero puesto He always walks with the hat on.
    m.
    1 position, job, appointment.
    2 stall, stand.
    3 place.
    4 post.
    5 position.
    past part.
    past participle of spanish verb: poner.
    * * *
    1 (sitio) place
    3 (empleo) position, post
    4 MILITAR post
    ————————
    1→ link=poner poner
    1 (sitio) place
    3 (empleo) position, post
    4 MILITAR post
    \
    estar muy puesto,-a en algo to be well up in something
    ir (muy) puesto,-a to be very smart
    puesto que since, as
    puesto de la Guardia Civil Civil Guard post
    puesto de mando command post
    puesto de socorro first-aid post
    puesto de vigilancia lookout post
    * * *
    noun m.
    3) post
    4) booth, stall
    •
    * * *
    1.
    PP de poner
    2. ADJ
    1)

    con el sombrero puesto — with one's hat on, wearing a hat

    2) [persona]

    bien puesto, muy puesto — well dressed, smartly turned out

    3)

    ir puesto — * (=estar drogado) to be high *; (=estar borracho) to be steaming *, be soused (EEUU) *

    4)
    3. SM
    1) (=lugar) place; (=posición) position

    guardar o mantener su puesto — to keep the proper distance

    puesto de amarre — berth, mooring

    2) (=empleo) post, position, job

    puesto de trabajo — post, position, job

    3) [de vigilancia] post

    puesto de vigilancia — (=garita) guard post; (=torre) watchtower

    4) (Caza) stand, place
    5) (Com) [en mercado] stall; [en feria de muestras] stand, booth
    6) Cono Sur land and house held by ranch caretaker
    4.

    puesto que — conj since, as

    * * *
    I
    - ta adjetivo

    ¿qué haces con el abrigo puesto? — what are you doing with your coat on?

    con lo puesto: se marchó con lo puesto he left with nothing but the clothes he was wearing; estar puesto — ( estar dispuesto) (Méx) to be ready o set; ( estar borracho) (Chi fam) to be plastered o sloshed (colloq); ver tb poner

    II
    1)
    a) (lugar, sitio) place

    cada uno que ocupe su puesto — (to your) places, everyone!, positions, everyone!

    b) ( en una clasificación) place, position

    sacó el primer puesto de su clase — she came top o (AmE) came out top of the class

    2) ( empleo) position, job
    3)
    a) (Com) ( en mercado) stall; ( quiosco) kiosk; ( tienda) stand, stall
    b) (de la policía, del ejército) post
    4)

    puesto que — (conj) (frml) since

    puesto que así lo quieres... — since that's the way you want it...

    * * *
    I
    - ta adjetivo

    ¿qué haces con el abrigo puesto? — what are you doing with your coat on?

    con lo puesto: se marchó con lo puesto he left with nothing but the clothes he was wearing; estar puesto — ( estar dispuesto) (Méx) to be ready o set; ( estar borracho) (Chi fam) to be plastered o sloshed (colloq); ver tb poner

    II
    1)
    a) (lugar, sitio) place

    cada uno que ocupe su puesto — (to your) places, everyone!, positions, everyone!

    b) ( en una clasificación) place, position

    sacó el primer puesto de su clase — she came top o (AmE) came out top of the class

    2) ( empleo) position, job
    3)
    a) (Com) ( en mercado) stall; ( quiosco) kiosk; ( tienda) stand, stall
    b) (de la policía, del ejército) post
    4)

    puesto que — (conj) (frml) since

    puesto que así lo quieres... — since that's the way you want it...

    * * *
    puesto1
    1 = stand, stall.

    Ex: A leaflet stand is placed outside the van when the weather permits.

    Ex: The first step is to bring the library to them by organising stalls and exhibitions in public places.
    * comerciante de puesto de mercadillo = market trader, stall-holder.
    * dueño de puesto de mercadillo = stall-holder, market trader.
    * puesto ambulante = roadside vendor, street vendor.
    * puesto de artesanía = craft stand.
    * puesto de café y comida = coffee and lunch corner.
    * puesto de comida = food stall.
    * puesto de fruta = fruit stand.
    * puesto de mercadillo = market stall.
    * puesto de verdura = vegetable stand.

    puesto2
    2 = rank number, mindshare.

    Ex: The article is entitled 'Journal ranking: the issue of allotting rank numbers when there is a tie'.

    Ex: Libaries mindshare in this new self-service e-resource environment is also clear: behind newer entrants.
    * ascender a un puesto = rise to + position.
    * aspirar a un puesto de trabajo = aspire to + position.
    * conseguir un puesto de trabajo = obtain + position.
    * cubrir un puesto de trabajo = fill + position.
    * dejar el puesto de trabajo = resign from + Posesivo + post.
    * dejar un puesto de trabajo = resign from + Posesivo + position.
    * denominación del puesto de trabajo = job title, occupational title.
    * descripción del puesto de trabajo = job description, position description, job profile.
    * eliminar puestos de trabajo = shed + jobs, axe + jobs, cut + jobs.
    * en el puesto de dirección = in the hot seat.
    * funciones del puesto de trabajo = position + entail + duty.
    * intercambio de puestos de trabajo = job exchange.
    * obtener un puesto de trabajo = obtain + position.
    * ocupar el puesto de = replace, have + the rank of.
    * ocupar el puesto de + Nombre = hold + Nombre + rank.
    * ocupar un puesto = hold + position.
    * ocupar un puesto de confianza = be on the inside.
    * ocupar un puesto de trabajo = assume + position, take up + post, hold + post.
    * ocupar un puesto en = have + a place in.
    * pasar a ocupar el puesto de Alguien = step into + the shoes of, stand in + Posesivo + shoes.
    * pérdida de puestos de trabajo = squeeze on jobs.
    * primer puesto + ser para = pride of place + go to.
    * puesto de batalla = battle-station.
    * puesto de bibliotecario = library staff post.
    * puesto de combate = battle-station.
    * puesto de consulta = service station.
    * puesto de control = checkpoint.
    * puesto de dirección = position of leadership.
    * puesto de escucha = listening post.
    * puesto de lector = accommodation.
    * puesto de lectura = reader place, reader seat [reader's seat], study place.
    * puesto de observación = lookout [look-out].
    * puesto de trabajo = appointment, position, post, opening, career path, professional position, position held.
    * puesto de trabajo de libre designación = line position.
    * puesto de trabajo ocupado = position held.
    * puesto directivo = senior post, senior position, managerial position, executive position.
    * puesto ejecutivo = managerial position, executive position.
    * puesto laboral = staff position.
    * puesto público = public service position.
    * puestos = seating.
    * puestos de lectura = seating capacity, seating space, reading space.
    * puestos de trabajo ocupados = positions held.
    * puesto vacante = vacant post, position vacancy, vacant position.
    * quitar puestos de trabajo = shed + jobs, axe + jobs, cut + jobs.
    * reserva de puestos de lectura = seat reservation.

    puesto3
    * estar muy puesto = stay on top of + the game, stay on top.
    * llevar puesto el cinturón de seguridad = wear + a seat belt.
    * puesto a prueba = overstretched.
    * puesto que = as, because, for, since, seeing that/as.
    * que no se ha puesto en duda = unquestioned, unscrutinised [unscrutinized, -USA].
    * vivir con lo puesto = live on + a shoestring (budget).
    * * *
    puesto1 -ta
    ¿qué haces con el abrigo puesto? what are you doing with your coat on?
    la mesa estaba puesta para dos the table was laid for two
    bien puesto well-dressed
    ¿dónde vas tan puesto? where are you off to all dressed up like that?
    con lo puesto: se marchó con lo puesto y un billete de avión he left with nothing but the clothes he was wearing o the clothes he had on and his plane ticket
    estar puesto (estar dispuesto) ( Méx) to be ready o set; (estar borracho) ( Chi fam) to be plastered o sloshed ( colloq)
    yo estaba puestísimo, pero ellos se echaron para atrás I was all ready o set to do it, but they got cold feet
    estar puesto en algo ( Esp); to be well up on sth ( colloq), to know a lot about sth
    tenerlas bien puestas or ( Esp) tenerlos bien puestos ( arg); to have guts ( colloq)
    A
    1 (lugar, sitio) place
    cada uno que ocupe su puesto (to your) places, everyone!, positions, everyone!
    no pudo ir y me mandó en su puesto she couldn't go so she sent me in her place
    2 (en una clasificación) place, position
    siempre saca el primer puesto de su clase she always comes top o ( AmE) comes out top of the class
    B (empleo) position, job
    tiene un buen puesto en la empresa she has a good position o job in the company
    ha quedado vacante un puesto de mecanógrafa there is now a vacancy for a typist
    ¿te salió el puesto en esa editorial? did you get the job with that publishing company?
    no es un puesto fijo it isn't a permanent job o position
    Compuesto:
    (empleo) job; ( Inf) workstation
    C
    1 ( Com) (en el mercado) stall; (quiosco) kiosk; (tienda) stand, stall
    2 (de la policía, del ejército) post
    un puesto de la Cruz Roja a Red Cross post/station
    Compuestos:
    observation post
    police post
    first-aid post/station
    border post
    D
    no veo cómo se puede haber enterado, puesto que yo no se lo dije a nadie I don't see how she can have found out, given that o since I didn't tell anyone
    puesto que así lo quieres, así se hará if o since that's the way you want it, that's the way we'll do it
    * * *

     

    Del verbo poner: ( conjugate poner)

    puesto es:

    el participio

    Multiple Entries:
    poner    
    puesto
    poner ( conjugate poner) verbo transitivo
    1


    ponle el collar al perro put the dog's collar on;
    puesto una bomba to plant a bomb
    b) ‹anuncio/aviso› to place, put

    c) ‹ ropa› (+ me/te/le etc):


    2 ( agregar) to put
    3 ‹inyección/supositorio› to give
    4
    ◊ poner la mesa to lay o set the table

    5 (instalar, montar)
    a) ‹oficina/restaurante› to open

    b) ‹cocina/teléfono/calefacción› to install

    c) ‹cerradura/armario› to fit

    6 [ ave] ‹ huevo› to lay
    7 (Esp) (servir, dar):
    ◊ póngame un café, por favor I'll have a coffee, please;

    ¿cuántos le pongo? how many would you like?
    1 ‹ dinero› ( contribuir) to put in;

    2 ‹ atención› to pay;
    ‹cuidado/interés› to take;

    3
    a) ( imponer) ‹ deberes› to give, set;

    ‹examen/problema› to set;



    c) ( adjudicar) ‹ nota› to give

    4 ( dar) ‹nombre/apodo› to give;
    ‹ ejemplo› to give;

    5 ( enviar) ‹ telegrama› to send
    6 ( escribir) ‹dedicatoria/líneas› to write
    7 (Esp) (exhibir, dar) ‹ película› to show;
    ◊ ¿ponen algo interesante en la tele? is there anything interesting on TV?;

    ¿qué ponen en el Royal? what's on o what's showing at the Royal?
    1
    a) (conectar, encender) ‹televisión/calefacción› to turn on, switch on, put on;

    ‹programa/canal› to put on;
    ‹cinta/disco/música› to put on;
    ◊ puso el motor en marcha she switched on o started the engine

    b) (ajustar, graduar) ‹ despertador› to set;


    puso el reloj en hora she put the clock right
    2 (Esp) ( al teléfono): puesto a algn con algo/algn to put sb through to sth/sb
    (en estado, situación) (+ compl):

    puesto a algn en un aprieto to put sb in an awkward position
    vi [ ave] to lay
    ponerse verbo pronominal
    1 ( refl) ( colocarse):
    ◊ pongámonos ahí let's stand (o sit etc) there;

    puestose de pie to stand (up);
    puestose de rodillas to kneel (down), get down on one's knees
    2 [ sol] to set
    3 ( refl) ‹calzado/maquillaje/alhaja› to put on;

    1 (en estado, situación) (+ compl):

    se puso triste she became sad;
    cuando lo vio se puso muy contenta she was so happy when she saw it;
    se puso como loco he went mad;
    puestose cómodo to make oneself comfortable
    2 ( empezar) puestose a + inf to start -ing, to start + inf;

    (Esp):

    puesto 1
    ◊ -ta adjetivo: ¿qué haces con el abrigo puesto? what are you doing with your coat on?;

    tenía las botas puestas she was wearing her boots;
    la mesa estaba puesta the table was laid;
    ver tb poner
    puesto 2 sustantivo masculino
    1
    a) (lugar, sitio) place;



    ◊ sacó el primer puesto de la clase she came top o (AmE) came out top of the class

    2 ( empleo) position, job;


    (Inf) workstation
    3
    a) (Com) ( en mercado) stall;

    ( quiosco) kiosk;
    ( tienda) stand, stall
    b) (de la policía, del ejército) post;

    ◊ puesto de socorro first-aid post/station

    4
    ◊ puesto que ( conj) (frml) since

    poner verbo transitivo
    1 (en un lugar, una situación) to put: me puso en un aprieto, he put me in a tight corner
    (seguido de adjetivo) to make: me pone contento, he makes me happy
    2 (hacer funcionar) to turn o switch on
    3 (un fax, telegrama) to send
    poner una conferencia, to make a long-distance call
    4 (una multa, un castigo) to impose
    5 (abrir un negocio) to set up
    6 (vestir) to put on
    7 (exponer) tienes que poner la planta al sol/a la sombra, you have to put the plant in the sun/shade
    8 (aportar) yo puse mil pesetas, I contributed a thousand pesetas
    9 (conjeturar, imaginar) to suppose: pongamos que..., supposing (that)...
    10 (estar escrito) lo pone aquí, it's written here
    no pone nada de eso, it doesn't say anything about that
    11 TV Cine to put on, show
    12 Tel ponme con él, put me through to him
    13 (un nombre) le pondremos Tadeo, we are going to call him Tadeo
    ya le puso título a la novela, he has already given the novel a title
    ♦ Locuciones: poner a alguien a caldo, to pull sb to pieces
    poner a cien, to make sb nervous: me pone a cien cuando habla de ese modo, when he talks that way I get nervous
    poner en duda, to call into question: los inversores pusieron su competencia en duda, the investors questioned his competence
    poner a alguien en evidencia, to show sb up
    poner en evidencia, to show up: la situación pone en evidencia la falta de justicia del sistema, the situation exposes the system's unfairness
    poner a alguien en su sitio, to put sb in his place
    puesto,-a
    I adjetivo
    1 (la mesa) set, laid: la mesa está puesta, the table is laid
    2 (prenda de vestir) to have on
    con el abrigo puesto, with one's coat on
    familiar ir muy puesto, to be all dressed up
    3 fam (saber mucho) está muy puesto en filosofía, he's very well up in philosophy
    4 fam (borracho) drunk
    II sustantivo masculino
    1 (lugar) place
    2 (empleo) position, post: es un puesto fijo, it's a permanent job
    3 (tienda) stall, stand
    4 Mil post
    puesto de mando, command post
    III conj puesto que, since, as
    ' puesto' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    absurda
    - absurdo
    - antigüedad
    - apoltronarse
    - ascender
    - brete
    - callejera
    - callejero
    - cargo
    - cesar
    - conquistar
    - desempeñar
    - designar
    - destino
    - dieta
    - disputa
    - empeño
    - enchufe
    - excavar
    - huevo
    - instalar
    - le
    - libertad
    - maldita
    - maldito
    - ocupar
    - optar
    - precio
    - pues
    - puesta
    - rehabilitación
    - relevar
    - reponer
    - saco
    - tenderete
    - traer
    - vestir
    - acomodar
    - alto
    - apetecible
    - aplicar
    - aspirante
    - barraca
    - candidato
    - cargar
    - ceder
    - clasificación
    - como
    - concursar
    - confianza
    English:
    applicant
    - apply
    - appointment
    - bearer
    - bookstall
    - boost
    - capacity
    - chair
    - checkpoint
    - command post
    - concession
    - designate
    - downgrade
    - earth
    - economic
    - fill
    - fit
    - free
    - fresh
    - give up
    - government
    - hold
    - inside
    - job
    - job description
    - leave on
    - lookout
    - market stall
    - name
    - nominate
    - observation post
    - occupy
    - on
    - opening
    - outpost
    - place
    - position
    - post
    - put in
    - qualification
    - qualified
    - qualify
    - quit
    - relieve
    - removal
    - remove
    - resign
    - responsible
    - retiring
    - shove out
    * * *
    puesto, -a
    ♦ participio
    ver poner
    ♦ adj
    1. [objeto]
    llevaba puesto el sombrero he was wearing his hat;
    iba sólo con lo puesto all she had with her were the clothes on her back;
    dejaron la mesa puesta they didn't clear the table;
    muy Fam
    los tiene bien puestos he's got guts o balls
    2. [persona]
    ir muy puesto to be all dressed up;
    Fam
    estar muy puesto en algo to be well up on sth
    3. [drogado] high, stoned;
    [borracho] drunk, smashed
    ♦ nm
    1. [empleo] post, position;
    escalar puestos to work one's way up
    puesto de trabajo job;
    puesto vacante opening, vacancy
    2. [en fila, clasificación] place
    3. [lugar] place;
    ¡cada uno a sus puestos! to your places, everyone!;
    ¿quieres que te cambie el puesto? do you want me to swap places o seats with you?
    4. [tenderete] stall, stand
    puesto de escucha [en tienda] listening post;
    5. [de control] post
    puesto de la Cruz Roja Red Cross post;
    puesto de mando command post;
    puesto de observación observation post;
    puesto de policía police station;
    puesto de socorro first-aid post;
    6. RP [de ganado] cattle station
    7. Col, Méx [estanco] tobacconist's
    ♦ puesto que loc conj
    since, as;
    preferimos este modelo, puesto que además de ser eficaz es barato we chose this model, since it is not only efficient but also cheap
    * * *
    I part → poner;
    bien puesto well-dressed
    II m
    1 lugar place
    2 en mercado stand, stall
    2 MIL post
    III conj
    :
    puesto que since, given that
    * * *
    puesto, -ta adj
    : dressed
    bien puesto: well-dressed
    puesto nm
    1) lugar, sitio: place, position
    2) : position, job
    3) : kiosk, stand, stall
    4)
    puesto que : since, given that
    * * *
    puesto1 adj
    1. (ropa) on
    lleva puesta la camisa nueva he's got his new shirt on / he's wearing his new shirt
    2. (bien arreglado) smart / well dressed
    puesto2 n
    1. (lugar) place
    2. (trabajo) job / post
    3. (de mercado) stall
    puesto que as / since

    Spanish-English dictionary > puesto

  • 69 модульный центр обработки данных (ЦОД)

    1. modular data center

     

    модульный центр обработки данных (ЦОД)
    -
    [Интент]

    Параллельные тексты EN-RU

    [ http://loosebolts.wordpress.com/2008/12/02/our-vision-for-generation-4-modular-data-centers-one-way-of-getting-it-just-right/]

    [ http://dcnt.ru/?p=9299#more-9299]

    Data Centers are a hot topic these days. No matter where you look, this once obscure aspect of infrastructure is getting a lot of attention. For years, there have been cost pressures on IT operations and this, when the need for modern capacity is greater than ever, has thrust data centers into the spotlight. Server and rack density continues to rise, placing DC professionals and businesses in tighter and tougher situations while they struggle to manage their IT environments. And now hyper-scale cloud infrastructure is taking traditional technologies to limits never explored before and focusing the imagination of the IT industry on new possibilities.

    В настоящее время центры обработки данных являются широко обсуждаемой темой. Куда ни посмотришь, этот некогда малоизвестный аспект инфраструктуры привлекает все больше внимания. Годами ИТ-отделы испытывали нехватку средств и это выдвинуло ЦОДы в центр внимания, в то время, когда необходимость в современных ЦОДах стала как никогда высокой. Плотность серверов и стоек продолжают расти, все больше усложняя ситуацию для специалистов в области охлаждения и организаций в их попытках управлять своими ИТ-средами. И теперь гипермасштабируемая облачная инфраструктура подвергает традиционные технологии невиданным ранее нагрузкам, и заставляет ИТ-индустрию искать новые возможности.

    At Microsoft, we have focused a lot of thought and research around how to best operate and maintain our global infrastructure and we want to share those learnings. While obviously there are some aspects that we keep to ourselves, we have shared how we operate facilities daily, our technologies and methodologies, and, most importantly, how we monitor and manage our facilities. Whether it’s speaking at industry events, inviting customers to our “Microsoft data center conferences” held in our data centers, or through other media like blogging and white papers, we believe sharing best practices is paramount and will drive the industry forward. So in that vein, we have some interesting news to share.

    В компании MicroSoft уделяют большое внимание изучению наилучших методов эксплуатации и технического обслуживания своей глобальной инфраструктуры и делятся результатами своих исследований. И хотя мы, конечно, не раскрываем некоторые аспекты своих исследований, мы делимся повседневным опытом эксплуатации дата-центров, своими технологиями и методологиями и, что важнее всего, методами контроля и управления своими объектами. Будь то доклады на отраслевых событиях, приглашение клиентов на наши конференции, которые посвящены центрам обработки данных MicroSoft, и проводятся в этих самых дата-центрах, или использование других средств, например, блоги и спецификации, мы уверены, что обмен передовым опытом имеет первостепенное значение и будет продвигать отрасль вперед.

    Today we are sharing our Generation 4 Modular Data Center plan. This is our vision and will be the foundation of our cloud data center infrastructure in the next five years. We believe it is one of the most revolutionary changes to happen to data centers in the last 30 years. Joining me, in writing this blog are Daniel Costello, my director of Data Center Research and Engineering and Christian Belady, principal power and cooling architect. I feel their voices will add significant value to driving understanding around the many benefits included in this new design paradigm.

    Сейчас мы хотим поделиться своим планом модульного дата-центра четвертого поколения. Это наше видение и оно будет основанием для инфраструктуры наших облачных дата-центров в ближайшие пять лет. Мы считаем, что это одно из самых революционных изменений в дата-центрах за последние 30 лет. Вместе со мной в написании этого блога участвовали Дэниел Костелло, директор по исследованиям и инжинирингу дата-центров, и Кристиан Белади, главный архитектор систем энергоснабжения и охлаждения. Мне кажется, что их авторитет придаст больше веса большому количеству преимуществ, включенных в эту новую парадигму проектирования.

    Our “Gen 4” modular data centers will take the flexibility of containerized servers—like those in our Chicago data center—and apply it across the entire facility. So what do we mean by modular? Think of it like “building blocks”, where the data center will be composed of modular units of prefabricated mechanical, electrical, security components, etc., in addition to containerized servers.

    Was there a key driver for the Generation 4 Data Center?

    Наши модульные дата-центры “Gen 4” будут гибкими с контейнерами серверов – как серверы в нашем чикагском дата-центре. И гибкость будет применяться ко всему ЦОД. Итак, что мы подразумеваем под модульностью? Мы думаем о ней как о “строительных блоках”, где дата-центр будет состоять из модульных блоков изготовленных в заводских условиях электрических систем и систем охлаждения, а также систем безопасности и т.п., в дополнение к контейнеризованным серверам.
    Был ли ключевой стимул для разработки дата-центра четвертого поколения?


    If we were to summarize the promise of our Gen 4 design into a single sentence it would be something like this: “A highly modular, scalable, efficient, just-in-time data center capacity program that can be delivered anywhere in the world very quickly and cheaply, while allowing for continued growth as required.” Sounds too good to be true, doesn’t it? Well, keep in mind that these concepts have been in initial development and prototyping for over a year and are based on cumulative knowledge of previous facility generations and the advances we have made since we began our investments in earnest on this new design.

    Если бы нам нужно было обобщить достоинства нашего проекта Gen 4 в одном предложении, это выглядело бы следующим образом: “Центр обработки данных с высоким уровнем модульности, расширяемости, и энергетической эффективности, а также возможностью постоянного расширения, в случае необходимости, который можно очень быстро и дешево развертывать в любом месте мира”. Звучит слишком хорошо для того чтобы быть правдой, не так ли? Ну, не забывайте, что эти концепции находились в процессе начальной разработки и создания опытного образца в течение более одного года и основываются на опыте, накопленном в ходе развития предыдущих поколений ЦОД, а также успехах, сделанных нами со времени, когда мы начали вкладывать серьезные средства в этот новый проект.

    One of the biggest challenges we’ve had at Microsoft is something Mike likes to call the ‘Goldilock’s Problem’. In a nutshell, the problem can be stated as:

    The worst thing we can do in delivering facilities for the business is not have enough capacity online, thus limiting the growth of our products and services.

    Одну из самых больших проблем, с которыми приходилось сталкиваться Майкрософт, Майк любит называть ‘Проблемой Лютика’. Вкратце, эту проблему можно выразить следующим образом:

    Самое худшее, что может быть при строительстве ЦОД для бизнеса, это не располагать достаточными производственными мощностями, и тем самым ограничивать рост наших продуктов и сервисов.

    The second worst thing we can do in delivering facilities for the business is to have too much capacity online.

    А вторым самым худшим моментом в этой сфере может слишком большое количество производственных мощностей.

    This has led to a focus on smart, intelligent growth for the business — refining our overall demand picture. It can’t be too hot. It can’t be too cold. It has to be ‘Just Right!’ The capital dollars of investment are too large to make without long term planning. As we struggled to master these interesting challenges, we had to ensure that our technological plan also included solutions for the business and operational challenges we faced as well.
    So let’s take a high level look at our Generation 4 design

    Это заставило нас сосредоточиваться на интеллектуальном росте для бизнеса — refining our overall demand picture. Это не должно быть слишком горячим. И это не должно быть слишком холодным. Это должно быть ‘как раз, таким как надо!’ Нельзя делать такие большие капиталовложения без долгосрочного планирования. Пока мы старались решить эти интересные проблемы, мы должны были гарантировать, что наш технологический план будет также включать решения для коммерческих и эксплуатационных проблем, с которыми нам также приходилось сталкиваться.
    Давайте рассмотрим наш проект дата-центра четвертого поколения

    Are you ready for some great visuals? Check out this video at Soapbox. Click here for the Microsoft 4th Gen Video.

    It’s a concept video that came out of my Data Center Research and Engineering team, under Daniel Costello, that will give you a view into what we think is the future.

    From a configuration, construct-ability and time to market perspective, our primary goals and objectives are to modularize the whole data center. Not just the server side (like the Chicago facility), but the mechanical and electrical space as well. This means using the same kind of parts in pre-manufactured modules, the ability to use containers, skids, or rack-based deployments and the ability to tailor the Redundancy and Reliability requirements to the application at a very specific level.


    Посмотрите это видео, перейдите по ссылке для просмотра видео о Microsoft 4th Gen:

    Это концептуальное видео, созданное командой отдела Data Center Research and Engineering, возглавляемого Дэниелом Костелло, которое даст вам наше представление о будущем.

    С точки зрения конфигурации, строительной технологичности и времени вывода на рынок, нашими главными целями и задачами агрегатирование всего дата-центра. Не только серверную часть, как дата-центр в Чикаго, но также системы охлаждения и электрические системы. Это означает применение деталей одного типа в сборных модулях, возможность использования контейнеров, салазок, или стоечных систем, а также возможность подстраивать требования избыточности и надежности для данного приложения на очень специфичном уровне.

    Our goals from a cost perspective were simple in concept but tough to deliver. First and foremost, we had to reduce the capital cost per critical Mega Watt by the class of use. Some applications can run with N-level redundancy in the infrastructure, others require a little more infrastructure for support. These different classes of infrastructure requirements meant that optimizing for all cost classes was paramount. At Microsoft, we are not a one trick pony and have many Online products and services (240+) that require different levels of operational support. We understand that and ensured that we addressed it in our design which will allow us to reduce capital costs by 20%-40% or greater depending upon class.


    Нашими целями в области затрат были концептуально простыми, но трудно реализуемыми. В первую очередь мы должны были снизить капитальные затраты в пересчете на один мегаватт, в зависимости от класса резервирования. Некоторые приложения могут вполне работать на базе инфраструктуры с резервированием на уровне N, то есть без резервирования, а для работы других приложений требуется больше инфраструктуры. Эти разные классы требований инфраструктуры подразумевали, что оптимизация всех классов затрат имеет преобладающее значение. В Майкрософт мы не ограничиваемся одним решением и располагаем большим количеством интерактивных продуктов и сервисов (240+), которым требуются разные уровни эксплуатационной поддержки. Мы понимаем это, и учитываем это в своем проекте, который позволит нам сокращать капитальные затраты на 20%-40% или более в зависимости от класса.

    For example, non-critical or geo redundant applications have low hardware reliability requirements on a location basis. As a result, Gen 4 can be configured to provide stripped down, low-cost infrastructure with little or no redundancy and/or temperature control. Let’s say an Online service team decides that due to the dramatically lower cost, they will simply use uncontrolled outside air with temperatures ranging 10-35 C and 20-80% RH. The reality is we are already spec-ing this for all of our servers today and working with server vendors to broaden that range even further as Gen 4 becomes a reality. For this class of infrastructure, we eliminate generators, chillers, UPSs, and possibly lower costs relative to traditional infrastructure.

    Например, некритичные или гео-избыточные системы имеют низкие требования к аппаратной надежности на основе местоположения. В результате этого, Gen 4 можно конфигурировать для упрощенной, недорогой инфраструктуры с низким уровнем (или вообще без резервирования) резервирования и / или температурного контроля. Скажем, команда интерактивного сервиса решает, что, в связи с намного меньшими затратами, они будут просто использовать некондиционированный наружный воздух с температурой 10-35°C и влажностью 20-80% RH. В реальности мы уже сегодня предъявляем эти требования к своим серверам и работаем с поставщиками серверов над еще большим расширением диапазона температур, так как наш модуль и подход Gen 4 становится реальностью. Для подобного класса инфраструктуры мы удаляем генераторы, чиллеры, ИБП, и, возможно, будем предлагать более низкие затраты, по сравнению с традиционной инфраструктурой.

    Applications that demand higher level of redundancy or temperature control will use configurations of Gen 4 to meet those needs, however, they will also cost more (but still less than traditional data centers). We see this cost difference driving engineering behavioral change in that we predict more applications will drive towards Geo redundancy to lower costs.

    Системы, которым требуется более высокий уровень резервирования или температурного контроля, будут использовать конфигурации Gen 4, отвечающие этим требованиям, однако, они будут также стоить больше. Но все равно они будут стоить меньше, чем традиционные дата-центры. Мы предвидим, что эти различия в затратах будут вызывать изменения в методах инжиниринга, и по нашим прогнозам, это будет выражаться в переходе все большего числа систем на гео-избыточность и меньшие затраты.

    Another cool thing about Gen 4 is that it allows us to deploy capacity when our demand dictates it. Once finalized, we will no longer need to make large upfront investments. Imagine driving capital costs more closely in-line with actual demand, thus greatly reducing time-to-market and adding the capacity Online inherent in the design. Also reduced is the amount of construction labor required to put these “building blocks” together. Since the entire platform requires pre-manufacture of its core components, on-site construction costs are lowered. This allows us to maximize our return on invested capital.

    Еще одно достоинство Gen 4 состоит в том, что он позволяет нам разворачивать дополнительные мощности, когда нам это необходимо. Как только мы закончим проект, нам больше не нужно будет делать большие начальные капиталовложения. Представьте себе возможность более точного согласования капитальных затрат с реальными требованиями, и тем самым значительного снижения времени вывода на рынок и интерактивного добавления мощностей, предусматриваемого проектом. Также снижен объем строительных работ, требуемых для сборки этих “строительных блоков”. Поскольку вся платформа требует предварительного изготовления ее базовых компонентов, затраты на сборку также снижены. Это позволит нам увеличить до максимума окупаемость своих капиталовложений.
    Мы все подвергаем сомнению

    In our design process, we questioned everything. You may notice there is no roof and some might be uncomfortable with this. We explored the need of one and throughout our research we got some surprising (positive) results that showed one wasn’t needed.

    В своем процессе проектирования мы все подвергаем сомнению. Вы, наверное, обратили внимание на отсутствие крыши, и некоторым специалистам это могло не понравиться. Мы изучили необходимость в крыше и в ходе своих исследований получили удивительные результаты, которые показали, что крыша не нужна.
    Серийное производство дата центров


    In short, we are striving to bring Henry Ford’s Model T factory to the data center. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Ford#Model_T. Gen 4 will move data centers from a custom design and build model to a commoditized manufacturing approach. We intend to have our components built in factories and then assemble them in one location (the data center site) very quickly. Think about how a computer, car or plane is built today. Components are manufactured by different companies all over the world to a predefined spec and then integrated in one location based on demands and feature requirements. And just like Henry Ford’s assembly line drove the cost of building and the time-to-market down dramatically for the automobile industry, we expect Gen 4 to do the same for data centers. Everything will be pre-manufactured and assembled on the pad.

    Мы хотим применить модель автомобильной фабрики Генри Форда к дата-центру. Проект Gen 4 будет способствовать переходу от модели специализированного проектирования и строительства к товарно-производственному, серийному подходу. Мы намерены изготавливать свои компоненты на заводах, а затем очень быстро собирать их в одном месте, в месте строительства дата-центра. Подумайте о том, как сегодня изготавливается компьютер, автомобиль или самолет. Компоненты изготавливаются по заранее определенным спецификациям разными компаниями во всем мире, затем собираются в одном месте на основе спроса и требуемых характеристик. И точно так же как сборочный конвейер Генри Форда привел к значительному уменьшению затрат на производство и времени вывода на рынок в автомобильной промышленности, мы надеемся, что Gen 4 сделает то же самое для дата-центров. Все будет предварительно изготавливаться и собираться на месте.
    Невероятно энергоэффективный ЦОД


    And did we mention that this platform will be, overall, incredibly energy efficient? From a total energy perspective not only will we have remarkable PUE values, but the total cost of energy going into the facility will be greatly reduced as well. How much energy goes into making concrete? Will we need as much of it? How much energy goes into the fuel of the construction vehicles? This will also be greatly reduced! A key driver is our goal to achieve an average PUE at or below 1.125 by 2012 across our data centers. More than that, we are on a mission to reduce the overall amount of copper and water used in these facilities. We believe these will be the next areas of industry attention when and if the energy problem is solved. So we are asking today…“how can we build a data center with less building”?

    А мы упоминали, что эта платформа будет, в общем, невероятно энергоэффективной? С точки зрения общей энергии, мы получим не только поразительные значения PUE, но общая стоимость энергии, затраченной на объект будет также значительно снижена. Сколько энергии идет на производство бетона? Нам нужно будет столько энергии? Сколько энергии идет на питание инженерных строительных машин? Это тоже будет значительно снижено! Главным стимулом является достижение среднего PUE не больше 1.125 для всех наших дата-центров к 2012 году. Более того, у нас есть задача сокращения общего количества меди и воды в дата-центрах. Мы думаем, что эти задачи станут следующей заботой отрасли после того как будет решена энергетическая проблема. Итак, сегодня мы спрашиваем себя…“как можно построить дата-центр с меньшим объемом строительных работ”?
    Строительство дата центров без чиллеров

    We have talked openly and publicly about building chiller-less data centers and running our facilities using aggressive outside economization. Our sincerest hope is that Gen 4 will completely eliminate the use of water. Today’s data centers use massive amounts of water and we see water as the next scarce resource and have decided to take a proactive stance on making water conservation part of our plan.

    Мы открыто и публично говорили о строительстве дата-центров без чиллеров и активном использовании в наших центрах обработки данных технологий свободного охлаждения или фрикулинга. Мы искренне надеемся, что Gen 4 позволит полностью отказаться от использования воды. Современные дата-центры расходуют большие объемы воды и так как мы считаем воду следующим редким ресурсом, мы решили принять упреждающие меры и включить экономию воды в свой план.

    By sharing this with the industry, we believe everyone can benefit from our methodology. While this concept and approach may be intimidating (or downright frightening) to some in the industry, disclosure ultimately is better for all of us.

    Делясь этим опытом с отраслью, мы считаем, что каждый сможет извлечь выгоду из нашей методологией. Хотя эта концепция и подход могут показаться пугающими (или откровенно страшными) для некоторых отраслевых специалистов, раскрывая свои планы мы, в конечном счете, делаем лучше для всех нас.

    Gen 4 design (even more than just containers), could reduce the ‘religious’ debates in our industry. With the central spine infrastructure in place, containers or pre-manufactured server halls can be either AC or DC, air-side economized or water-side economized, or not economized at all (though the sanity of that might be questioned). Gen 4 will allow us to decommission, repair and upgrade quickly because everything is modular. No longer will we be governed by the initial decisions made when constructing the facility. We will have almost unlimited use and re-use of the facility and site. We will also be able to use power in an ultra-fluid fashion moving load from critical to non-critical as use and capacity requirements dictate.

    Проект Gen 4 позволит уменьшить ‘религиозные’ споры в нашей отрасли. Располагая базовой инфраструктурой, контейнеры или сборные серверные могут оборудоваться системами переменного или постоянного тока, воздушными или водяными экономайзерами, или вообще не использовать экономайзеры. Хотя можно подвергать сомнению разумность такого решения. Gen 4 позволит нам быстро выполнять работы по выводу из эксплуатации, ремонту и модернизации, поскольку все будет модульным. Мы больше не будем руководствоваться начальными решениями, принятыми во время строительства дата-центра. Мы сможем использовать этот дата-центр и инфраструктуру в течение почти неограниченного периода времени. Мы также сможем применять сверхгибкие методы использования электрической энергии, переводя оборудование в режимы критической или некритической нагрузки в соответствии с требуемой мощностью.
    Gen 4 – это стандартная платформа

    Finally, we believe this is a big game changer. Gen 4 will provide a standard platform that our industry can innovate around. For example, all modules in our Gen 4 will have common interfaces clearly defined by our specs and any vendor that meets these specifications will be able to plug into our infrastructure. Whether you are a computer vendor, UPS vendor, generator vendor, etc., you will be able to plug and play into our infrastructure. This means we can also source anyone, anywhere on the globe to minimize costs and maximize performance. We want to help motivate the industry to further innovate—with innovations from which everyone can reap the benefits.

    Наконец, мы уверены, что это будет фактором, который значительно изменит ситуацию. Gen 4 будет представлять собой стандартную платформу, которую отрасль сможет обновлять. Например, все модули в нашем Gen 4 будут иметь общепринятые интерфейсы, четко определяемые нашими спецификациями, и оборудование любого поставщика, которое отвечает этим спецификациям можно будет включать в нашу инфраструктуру. Независимо от того производите вы компьютеры, ИБП, генераторы и т.п., вы сможете включать свое оборудование нашу инфраструктуру. Это означает, что мы также сможем обеспечивать всех, в любом месте земного шара, тем самым сводя до минимума затраты и максимальной увеличивая производительность. Мы хотим создать в отрасли мотивацию для дальнейших инноваций – инноваций, от которых каждый сможет получать выгоду.
    Главные характеристики дата-центров четвертого поколения Gen4

    To summarize, the key characteristics of our Generation 4 data centers are:

    Scalable
    Plug-and-play spine infrastructure
    Factory pre-assembled: Pre-Assembled Containers (PACs) & Pre-Manufactured Buildings (PMBs)
    Rapid deployment
    De-mountable
    Reduce TTM
    Reduced construction
    Sustainable measures

    Ниже приведены главные характеристики дата-центров четвертого поколения Gen 4:

    Расширяемость;
    Готовая к использованию базовая инфраструктура;
    Изготовление в заводских условиях: сборные контейнеры (PAC) и сборные здания (PMB);
    Быстрота развертывания;
    Возможность демонтажа;
    Снижение времени вывода на рынок (TTM);
    Сокращение сроков строительства;
    Экологичность;

    Map applications to DC Class

    We hope you join us on this incredible journey of change and innovation!

    Long hours of research and engineering time are invested into this process. There are still some long days and nights ahead, but the vision is clear. Rest assured however, that we as refine Generation 4, the team will soon be looking to Generation 5 (even if it is a bit farther out). There is always room to get better.


    Использование систем электропитания постоянного тока.

    Мы надеемся, что вы присоединитесь к нам в этом невероятном путешествии по миру изменений и инноваций!

    На этот проект уже потрачены долгие часы исследований и проектирования. И еще предстоит потратить много дней и ночей, но мы имеем четкое представление о конечной цели. Однако будьте уверены, что как только мы доведем до конца проект модульного дата-центра четвертого поколения, мы вскоре начнем думать о проекте дата-центра пятого поколения. Всегда есть возможность для улучшений.

    So if you happen to come across Goldilocks in the forest, and you are curious as to why she is smiling you will know that she feels very good about getting very close to ‘JUST RIGHT’.

    Generations of Evolution – some background on our data center designs

    Так что, если вы встретите в лесу девочку по имени Лютик, и вам станет любопытно, почему она улыбается, вы будете знать, что она очень довольна тем, что очень близко подошла к ‘ОПИМАЛЬНОМУ РЕШЕНИЮ’.
    Поколения эволюции – история развития наших дата-центров

    We thought you might be interested in understanding what happened in the first three generations of our data center designs. When Ray Ozzie wrote his Software plus Services memo it posed a very interesting challenge to us. The winds of change were at ‘tornado’ proportions. That “plus Services” tag had some significant (and unstated) challenges inherent to it. The first was that Microsoft was going to evolve even further into an operations company. While we had been running large scale Internet services since 1995, this development lead us to an entirely new level. Additionally, these “services” would span across both Internet and Enterprise businesses. To those of you who have to operate “stuff”, you know that these are two very different worlds in operational models and challenges. It also meant that, to achieve the same level of reliability and performance required our infrastructure was going to have to scale globally and in a significant way.

    Мы подумали, что может быть вам будет интересно узнать историю первых трех поколений наших центров обработки данных. Когда Рэй Оззи написал свою памятную записку Software plus Services, он поставил перед нами очень интересную задачу. Ветра перемен двигались с ураганной скоростью. Это окончание “plus Services” скрывало в себе какие-то значительные и неопределенные задачи. Первая заключалась в том, что Майкрософт собиралась в еще большей степени стать операционной компанией. Несмотря на то, что мы управляли большими интернет-сервисами, начиная с 1995 г., эта разработка подняла нас на абсолютно новый уровень. Кроме того, эти “сервисы” охватывали интернет-компании и корпорации. Тем, кому приходится всем этим управлять, известно, что есть два очень разных мира в области операционных моделей и задач. Это также означало, что для достижения такого же уровня надежности и производительности требовалось, чтобы наша инфраструктура располагала значительными возможностями расширения в глобальных масштабах.

    It was that intense atmosphere of change that we first started re-evaluating data center technology and processes in general and our ideas began to reach farther than what was accepted by the industry at large. This was the era of Generation 1. As we look at where most of the world’s data centers are today (and where our facilities were), it represented all the known learning and design requirements that had been in place since IBM built the first purpose-built computer room. These facilities focused more around uptime, reliability and redundancy. Big infrastructure was held accountable to solve all potential environmental shortfalls. This is where the majority of infrastructure in the industry still is today.

    Именно в этой атмосфере серьезных изменений мы впервые начали переоценку ЦОД-технологий и технологий вообще, и наши идеи начали выходить за пределы общепринятых в отрасли представлений. Это была эпоха ЦОД первого поколения. Когда мы узнали, где сегодня располагается большинство мировых дата-центров и где находятся наши предприятия, это представляло весь опыт и навыки проектирования, накопленные со времени, когда IBM построила первую серверную. В этих ЦОД больше внимания уделялось бесперебойной работе, надежности и резервированию. Большая инфраструктура была призвана решать все потенциальные экологические проблемы. Сегодня большая часть инфраструктуры все еще находится на этом этапе своего развития.

    We soon realized that traditional data centers were quickly becoming outdated. They were not keeping up with the demands of what was happening technologically and environmentally. That’s when we kicked off our Generation 2 design. Gen 2 facilities started taking into account sustainability, energy efficiency, and really looking at the total cost of energy and operations.

    Очень быстро мы поняли, что стандартные дата-центры очень быстро становятся устаревшими. Они не поспевали за темпами изменений технологических и экологических требований. Именно тогда мы стали разрабатывать ЦОД второго поколения. В этих дата-центрах Gen 2 стали принимать во внимание такие факторы как устойчивое развитие, энергетическая эффективность, а также общие энергетические и эксплуатационные.

    No longer did we view data centers just for the upfront capital costs, but we took a hard look at the facility over the course of its life. Our Quincy, Washington and San Antonio, Texas facilities are examples of our Gen 2 data centers where we explored and implemented new ways to lessen the impact on the environment. These facilities are considered two leading industry examples, based on their energy efficiency and ability to run and operate at new levels of scale and performance by leveraging clean hydro power (Quincy) and recycled waste water (San Antonio) to cool the facility during peak cooling months.

    Мы больше не рассматривали дата-центры только с точки зрения начальных капитальных затрат, а внимательно следили за работой ЦОД на протяжении его срока службы. Наши объекты в Куинси, Вашингтоне, и Сан-Антонио, Техас, являются образцами наших ЦОД второго поколения, в которых мы изучали и применяли на практике новые способы снижения воздействия на окружающую среду. Эти объекты считаются двумя ведущими отраслевыми примерами, исходя из их энергетической эффективности и способности работать на новых уровнях производительности, основанных на использовании чистой энергии воды (Куинси) и рециклирования отработанной воды (Сан-Антонио) для охлаждения объекта в самых жарких месяцах.

    As we were delivering our Gen 2 facilities into steel and concrete, our Generation 3 facilities were rapidly driving the evolution of the program. The key concepts for our Gen 3 design are increased modularity and greater concentration around energy efficiency and scale. The Gen 3 facility will be best represented by the Chicago, Illinois facility currently under construction. This facility will seem very foreign compared to the traditional data center concepts most of the industry is comfortable with. In fact, if you ever sit around in our container hanger in Chicago it will look incredibly different from a traditional raised-floor data center. We anticipate this modularization will drive huge efficiencies in terms of cost and operations for our business. We will also introduce significant changes in the environmental systems used to run our facilities. These concepts and processes (where applicable) will help us gain even greater efficiencies in our existing footprint, allowing us to further maximize infrastructure investments.

    Так как наши ЦОД второго поколения строились из стали и бетона, наши центры обработки данных третьего поколения начали их быстро вытеснять. Главными концептуальными особенностями ЦОД третьего поколения Gen 3 являются повышенная модульность и большее внимание к энергетической эффективности и масштабированию. Дата-центры третьего поколения лучше всего представлены объектом, который в настоящее время строится в Чикаго, Иллинойс. Этот ЦОД будет выглядеть очень необычно, по сравнению с общепринятыми в отрасли представлениями о дата-центре. Действительно, если вам когда-либо удастся побывать в нашем контейнерном ангаре в Чикаго, он покажется вам совершенно непохожим на обычный дата-центр с фальшполом. Мы предполагаем, что этот модульный подход будет способствовать значительному повышению эффективности нашего бизнеса в отношении затрат и операций. Мы также внесем существенные изменения в климатические системы, используемые в наших ЦОД. Эти концепции и технологии, если применимо, позволят нам добиться еще большей эффективности наших существующих дата-центров, и тем самым еще больше увеличивать капиталовложения в инфраструктуру.

    This is definitely a journey, not a destination industry. In fact, our Generation 4 design has been under heavy engineering for viability and cost for over a year. While the demand of our commercial growth required us to make investments as we grew, we treated each step in the learning as a process for further innovation in data centers. The design for our future Gen 4 facilities enabled us to make visionary advances that addressed the challenges of building, running, and operating facilities all in one concerted effort.

    Это определенно путешествие, а не конечный пункт назначения. На самом деле, наш проект ЦОД четвертого поколения подвергался серьезным испытаниям на жизнеспособность и затраты на протяжении целого года. Хотя необходимость в коммерческом росте требовала от нас постоянных капиталовложений, мы рассматривали каждый этап своего развития как шаг к будущим инновациям в области дата-центров. Проект наших будущих ЦОД четвертого поколения Gen 4 позволил нам делать фантастические предположения, которые касались задач строительства, управления и эксплуатации объектов как единого упорядоченного процесса.

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    Русско-английский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > модульный центр обработки данных (ЦОД)

  • 70 modular data center

    1. модульный центр обработки данных (ЦОД)

     

    модульный центр обработки данных (ЦОД)
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    Параллельные тексты EN-RU

    [ http://loosebolts.wordpress.com/2008/12/02/our-vision-for-generation-4-modular-data-centers-one-way-of-getting-it-just-right/]

    [ http://dcnt.ru/?p=9299#more-9299]

    Data Centers are a hot topic these days. No matter where you look, this once obscure aspect of infrastructure is getting a lot of attention. For years, there have been cost pressures on IT operations and this, when the need for modern capacity is greater than ever, has thrust data centers into the spotlight. Server and rack density continues to rise, placing DC professionals and businesses in tighter and tougher situations while they struggle to manage their IT environments. And now hyper-scale cloud infrastructure is taking traditional technologies to limits never explored before and focusing the imagination of the IT industry on new possibilities.

    В настоящее время центры обработки данных являются широко обсуждаемой темой. Куда ни посмотришь, этот некогда малоизвестный аспект инфраструктуры привлекает все больше внимания. Годами ИТ-отделы испытывали нехватку средств и это выдвинуло ЦОДы в центр внимания, в то время, когда необходимость в современных ЦОДах стала как никогда высокой. Плотность серверов и стоек продолжают расти, все больше усложняя ситуацию для специалистов в области охлаждения и организаций в их попытках управлять своими ИТ-средами. И теперь гипермасштабируемая облачная инфраструктура подвергает традиционные технологии невиданным ранее нагрузкам, и заставляет ИТ-индустрию искать новые возможности.

    At Microsoft, we have focused a lot of thought and research around how to best operate and maintain our global infrastructure and we want to share those learnings. While obviously there are some aspects that we keep to ourselves, we have shared how we operate facilities daily, our technologies and methodologies, and, most importantly, how we monitor and manage our facilities. Whether it’s speaking at industry events, inviting customers to our “Microsoft data center conferences” held in our data centers, or through other media like blogging and white papers, we believe sharing best practices is paramount and will drive the industry forward. So in that vein, we have some interesting news to share.

    В компании MicroSoft уделяют большое внимание изучению наилучших методов эксплуатации и технического обслуживания своей глобальной инфраструктуры и делятся результатами своих исследований. И хотя мы, конечно, не раскрываем некоторые аспекты своих исследований, мы делимся повседневным опытом эксплуатации дата-центров, своими технологиями и методологиями и, что важнее всего, методами контроля и управления своими объектами. Будь то доклады на отраслевых событиях, приглашение клиентов на наши конференции, которые посвящены центрам обработки данных MicroSoft, и проводятся в этих самых дата-центрах, или использование других средств, например, блоги и спецификации, мы уверены, что обмен передовым опытом имеет первостепенное значение и будет продвигать отрасль вперед.

    Today we are sharing our Generation 4 Modular Data Center plan. This is our vision and will be the foundation of our cloud data center infrastructure in the next five years. We believe it is one of the most revolutionary changes to happen to data centers in the last 30 years. Joining me, in writing this blog are Daniel Costello, my director of Data Center Research and Engineering and Christian Belady, principal power and cooling architect. I feel their voices will add significant value to driving understanding around the many benefits included in this new design paradigm.

    Сейчас мы хотим поделиться своим планом модульного дата-центра четвертого поколения. Это наше видение и оно будет основанием для инфраструктуры наших облачных дата-центров в ближайшие пять лет. Мы считаем, что это одно из самых революционных изменений в дата-центрах за последние 30 лет. Вместе со мной в написании этого блога участвовали Дэниел Костелло, директор по исследованиям и инжинирингу дата-центров, и Кристиан Белади, главный архитектор систем энергоснабжения и охлаждения. Мне кажется, что их авторитет придаст больше веса большому количеству преимуществ, включенных в эту новую парадигму проектирования.

    Our “Gen 4” modular data centers will take the flexibility of containerized servers—like those in our Chicago data center—and apply it across the entire facility. So what do we mean by modular? Think of it like “building blocks”, where the data center will be composed of modular units of prefabricated mechanical, electrical, security components, etc., in addition to containerized servers.

    Was there a key driver for the Generation 4 Data Center?

    Наши модульные дата-центры “Gen 4” будут гибкими с контейнерами серверов – как серверы в нашем чикагском дата-центре. И гибкость будет применяться ко всему ЦОД. Итак, что мы подразумеваем под модульностью? Мы думаем о ней как о “строительных блоках”, где дата-центр будет состоять из модульных блоков изготовленных в заводских условиях электрических систем и систем охлаждения, а также систем безопасности и т.п., в дополнение к контейнеризованным серверам.
    Был ли ключевой стимул для разработки дата-центра четвертого поколения?


    If we were to summarize the promise of our Gen 4 design into a single sentence it would be something like this: “A highly modular, scalable, efficient, just-in-time data center capacity program that can be delivered anywhere in the world very quickly and cheaply, while allowing for continued growth as required.” Sounds too good to be true, doesn’t it? Well, keep in mind that these concepts have been in initial development and prototyping for over a year and are based on cumulative knowledge of previous facility generations and the advances we have made since we began our investments in earnest on this new design.

    Если бы нам нужно было обобщить достоинства нашего проекта Gen 4 в одном предложении, это выглядело бы следующим образом: “Центр обработки данных с высоким уровнем модульности, расширяемости, и энергетической эффективности, а также возможностью постоянного расширения, в случае необходимости, который можно очень быстро и дешево развертывать в любом месте мира”. Звучит слишком хорошо для того чтобы быть правдой, не так ли? Ну, не забывайте, что эти концепции находились в процессе начальной разработки и создания опытного образца в течение более одного года и основываются на опыте, накопленном в ходе развития предыдущих поколений ЦОД, а также успехах, сделанных нами со времени, когда мы начали вкладывать серьезные средства в этот новый проект.

    One of the biggest challenges we’ve had at Microsoft is something Mike likes to call the ‘Goldilock’s Problem’. In a nutshell, the problem can be stated as:

    The worst thing we can do in delivering facilities for the business is not have enough capacity online, thus limiting the growth of our products and services.

    Одну из самых больших проблем, с которыми приходилось сталкиваться Майкрософт, Майк любит называть ‘Проблемой Лютика’. Вкратце, эту проблему можно выразить следующим образом:

    Самое худшее, что может быть при строительстве ЦОД для бизнеса, это не располагать достаточными производственными мощностями, и тем самым ограничивать рост наших продуктов и сервисов.

    The second worst thing we can do in delivering facilities for the business is to have too much capacity online.

    А вторым самым худшим моментом в этой сфере может слишком большое количество производственных мощностей.

    This has led to a focus on smart, intelligent growth for the business — refining our overall demand picture. It can’t be too hot. It can’t be too cold. It has to be ‘Just Right!’ The capital dollars of investment are too large to make without long term planning. As we struggled to master these interesting challenges, we had to ensure that our technological plan also included solutions for the business and operational challenges we faced as well.
    So let’s take a high level look at our Generation 4 design

    Это заставило нас сосредоточиваться на интеллектуальном росте для бизнеса — refining our overall demand picture. Это не должно быть слишком горячим. И это не должно быть слишком холодным. Это должно быть ‘как раз, таким как надо!’ Нельзя делать такие большие капиталовложения без долгосрочного планирования. Пока мы старались решить эти интересные проблемы, мы должны были гарантировать, что наш технологический план будет также включать решения для коммерческих и эксплуатационных проблем, с которыми нам также приходилось сталкиваться.
    Давайте рассмотрим наш проект дата-центра четвертого поколения

    Are you ready for some great visuals? Check out this video at Soapbox. Click here for the Microsoft 4th Gen Video.

    It’s a concept video that came out of my Data Center Research and Engineering team, under Daniel Costello, that will give you a view into what we think is the future.

    From a configuration, construct-ability and time to market perspective, our primary goals and objectives are to modularize the whole data center. Not just the server side (like the Chicago facility), but the mechanical and electrical space as well. This means using the same kind of parts in pre-manufactured modules, the ability to use containers, skids, or rack-based deployments and the ability to tailor the Redundancy and Reliability requirements to the application at a very specific level.


    Посмотрите это видео, перейдите по ссылке для просмотра видео о Microsoft 4th Gen:

    Это концептуальное видео, созданное командой отдела Data Center Research and Engineering, возглавляемого Дэниелом Костелло, которое даст вам наше представление о будущем.

    С точки зрения конфигурации, строительной технологичности и времени вывода на рынок, нашими главными целями и задачами агрегатирование всего дата-центра. Не только серверную часть, как дата-центр в Чикаго, но также системы охлаждения и электрические системы. Это означает применение деталей одного типа в сборных модулях, возможность использования контейнеров, салазок, или стоечных систем, а также возможность подстраивать требования избыточности и надежности для данного приложения на очень специфичном уровне.

    Our goals from a cost perspective were simple in concept but tough to deliver. First and foremost, we had to reduce the capital cost per critical Mega Watt by the class of use. Some applications can run with N-level redundancy in the infrastructure, others require a little more infrastructure for support. These different classes of infrastructure requirements meant that optimizing for all cost classes was paramount. At Microsoft, we are not a one trick pony and have many Online products and services (240+) that require different levels of operational support. We understand that and ensured that we addressed it in our design which will allow us to reduce capital costs by 20%-40% or greater depending upon class.


    Нашими целями в области затрат были концептуально простыми, но трудно реализуемыми. В первую очередь мы должны были снизить капитальные затраты в пересчете на один мегаватт, в зависимости от класса резервирования. Некоторые приложения могут вполне работать на базе инфраструктуры с резервированием на уровне N, то есть без резервирования, а для работы других приложений требуется больше инфраструктуры. Эти разные классы требований инфраструктуры подразумевали, что оптимизация всех классов затрат имеет преобладающее значение. В Майкрософт мы не ограничиваемся одним решением и располагаем большим количеством интерактивных продуктов и сервисов (240+), которым требуются разные уровни эксплуатационной поддержки. Мы понимаем это, и учитываем это в своем проекте, который позволит нам сокращать капитальные затраты на 20%-40% или более в зависимости от класса.

    For example, non-critical or geo redundant applications have low hardware reliability requirements on a location basis. As a result, Gen 4 can be configured to provide stripped down, low-cost infrastructure with little or no redundancy and/or temperature control. Let’s say an Online service team decides that due to the dramatically lower cost, they will simply use uncontrolled outside air with temperatures ranging 10-35 C and 20-80% RH. The reality is we are already spec-ing this for all of our servers today and working with server vendors to broaden that range even further as Gen 4 becomes a reality. For this class of infrastructure, we eliminate generators, chillers, UPSs, and possibly lower costs relative to traditional infrastructure.

    Например, некритичные или гео-избыточные системы имеют низкие требования к аппаратной надежности на основе местоположения. В результате этого, Gen 4 можно конфигурировать для упрощенной, недорогой инфраструктуры с низким уровнем (или вообще без резервирования) резервирования и / или температурного контроля. Скажем, команда интерактивного сервиса решает, что, в связи с намного меньшими затратами, они будут просто использовать некондиционированный наружный воздух с температурой 10-35°C и влажностью 20-80% RH. В реальности мы уже сегодня предъявляем эти требования к своим серверам и работаем с поставщиками серверов над еще большим расширением диапазона температур, так как наш модуль и подход Gen 4 становится реальностью. Для подобного класса инфраструктуры мы удаляем генераторы, чиллеры, ИБП, и, возможно, будем предлагать более низкие затраты, по сравнению с традиционной инфраструктурой.

    Applications that demand higher level of redundancy or temperature control will use configurations of Gen 4 to meet those needs, however, they will also cost more (but still less than traditional data centers). We see this cost difference driving engineering behavioral change in that we predict more applications will drive towards Geo redundancy to lower costs.

    Системы, которым требуется более высокий уровень резервирования или температурного контроля, будут использовать конфигурации Gen 4, отвечающие этим требованиям, однако, они будут также стоить больше. Но все равно они будут стоить меньше, чем традиционные дата-центры. Мы предвидим, что эти различия в затратах будут вызывать изменения в методах инжиниринга, и по нашим прогнозам, это будет выражаться в переходе все большего числа систем на гео-избыточность и меньшие затраты.

    Another cool thing about Gen 4 is that it allows us to deploy capacity when our demand dictates it. Once finalized, we will no longer need to make large upfront investments. Imagine driving capital costs more closely in-line with actual demand, thus greatly reducing time-to-market and adding the capacity Online inherent in the design. Also reduced is the amount of construction labor required to put these “building blocks” together. Since the entire platform requires pre-manufacture of its core components, on-site construction costs are lowered. This allows us to maximize our return on invested capital.

    Еще одно достоинство Gen 4 состоит в том, что он позволяет нам разворачивать дополнительные мощности, когда нам это необходимо. Как только мы закончим проект, нам больше не нужно будет делать большие начальные капиталовложения. Представьте себе возможность более точного согласования капитальных затрат с реальными требованиями, и тем самым значительного снижения времени вывода на рынок и интерактивного добавления мощностей, предусматриваемого проектом. Также снижен объем строительных работ, требуемых для сборки этих “строительных блоков”. Поскольку вся платформа требует предварительного изготовления ее базовых компонентов, затраты на сборку также снижены. Это позволит нам увеличить до максимума окупаемость своих капиталовложений.
    Мы все подвергаем сомнению

    In our design process, we questioned everything. You may notice there is no roof and some might be uncomfortable with this. We explored the need of one and throughout our research we got some surprising (positive) results that showed one wasn’t needed.

    В своем процессе проектирования мы все подвергаем сомнению. Вы, наверное, обратили внимание на отсутствие крыши, и некоторым специалистам это могло не понравиться. Мы изучили необходимость в крыше и в ходе своих исследований получили удивительные результаты, которые показали, что крыша не нужна.
    Серийное производство дата центров


    In short, we are striving to bring Henry Ford’s Model T factory to the data center. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Ford#Model_T. Gen 4 will move data centers from a custom design and build model to a commoditized manufacturing approach. We intend to have our components built in factories and then assemble them in one location (the data center site) very quickly. Think about how a computer, car or plane is built today. Components are manufactured by different companies all over the world to a predefined spec and then integrated in one location based on demands and feature requirements. And just like Henry Ford’s assembly line drove the cost of building and the time-to-market down dramatically for the automobile industry, we expect Gen 4 to do the same for data centers. Everything will be pre-manufactured and assembled on the pad.

    Мы хотим применить модель автомобильной фабрики Генри Форда к дата-центру. Проект Gen 4 будет способствовать переходу от модели специализированного проектирования и строительства к товарно-производственному, серийному подходу. Мы намерены изготавливать свои компоненты на заводах, а затем очень быстро собирать их в одном месте, в месте строительства дата-центра. Подумайте о том, как сегодня изготавливается компьютер, автомобиль или самолет. Компоненты изготавливаются по заранее определенным спецификациям разными компаниями во всем мире, затем собираются в одном месте на основе спроса и требуемых характеристик. И точно так же как сборочный конвейер Генри Форда привел к значительному уменьшению затрат на производство и времени вывода на рынок в автомобильной промышленности, мы надеемся, что Gen 4 сделает то же самое для дата-центров. Все будет предварительно изготавливаться и собираться на месте.
    Невероятно энергоэффективный ЦОД


    And did we mention that this platform will be, overall, incredibly energy efficient? From a total energy perspective not only will we have remarkable PUE values, but the total cost of energy going into the facility will be greatly reduced as well. How much energy goes into making concrete? Will we need as much of it? How much energy goes into the fuel of the construction vehicles? This will also be greatly reduced! A key driver is our goal to achieve an average PUE at or below 1.125 by 2012 across our data centers. More than that, we are on a mission to reduce the overall amount of copper and water used in these facilities. We believe these will be the next areas of industry attention when and if the energy problem is solved. So we are asking today…“how can we build a data center with less building”?

    А мы упоминали, что эта платформа будет, в общем, невероятно энергоэффективной? С точки зрения общей энергии, мы получим не только поразительные значения PUE, но общая стоимость энергии, затраченной на объект будет также значительно снижена. Сколько энергии идет на производство бетона? Нам нужно будет столько энергии? Сколько энергии идет на питание инженерных строительных машин? Это тоже будет значительно снижено! Главным стимулом является достижение среднего PUE не больше 1.125 для всех наших дата-центров к 2012 году. Более того, у нас есть задача сокращения общего количества меди и воды в дата-центрах. Мы думаем, что эти задачи станут следующей заботой отрасли после того как будет решена энергетическая проблема. Итак, сегодня мы спрашиваем себя…“как можно построить дата-центр с меньшим объемом строительных работ”?
    Строительство дата центров без чиллеров

    We have talked openly and publicly about building chiller-less data centers and running our facilities using aggressive outside economization. Our sincerest hope is that Gen 4 will completely eliminate the use of water. Today’s data centers use massive amounts of water and we see water as the next scarce resource and have decided to take a proactive stance on making water conservation part of our plan.

    Мы открыто и публично говорили о строительстве дата-центров без чиллеров и активном использовании в наших центрах обработки данных технологий свободного охлаждения или фрикулинга. Мы искренне надеемся, что Gen 4 позволит полностью отказаться от использования воды. Современные дата-центры расходуют большие объемы воды и так как мы считаем воду следующим редким ресурсом, мы решили принять упреждающие меры и включить экономию воды в свой план.

    By sharing this with the industry, we believe everyone can benefit from our methodology. While this concept and approach may be intimidating (or downright frightening) to some in the industry, disclosure ultimately is better for all of us.

    Делясь этим опытом с отраслью, мы считаем, что каждый сможет извлечь выгоду из нашей методологией. Хотя эта концепция и подход могут показаться пугающими (или откровенно страшными) для некоторых отраслевых специалистов, раскрывая свои планы мы, в конечном счете, делаем лучше для всех нас.

    Gen 4 design (even more than just containers), could reduce the ‘religious’ debates in our industry. With the central spine infrastructure in place, containers or pre-manufactured server halls can be either AC or DC, air-side economized or water-side economized, or not economized at all (though the sanity of that might be questioned). Gen 4 will allow us to decommission, repair and upgrade quickly because everything is modular. No longer will we be governed by the initial decisions made when constructing the facility. We will have almost unlimited use and re-use of the facility and site. We will also be able to use power in an ultra-fluid fashion moving load from critical to non-critical as use and capacity requirements dictate.

    Проект Gen 4 позволит уменьшить ‘религиозные’ споры в нашей отрасли. Располагая базовой инфраструктурой, контейнеры или сборные серверные могут оборудоваться системами переменного или постоянного тока, воздушными или водяными экономайзерами, или вообще не использовать экономайзеры. Хотя можно подвергать сомнению разумность такого решения. Gen 4 позволит нам быстро выполнять работы по выводу из эксплуатации, ремонту и модернизации, поскольку все будет модульным. Мы больше не будем руководствоваться начальными решениями, принятыми во время строительства дата-центра. Мы сможем использовать этот дата-центр и инфраструктуру в течение почти неограниченного периода времени. Мы также сможем применять сверхгибкие методы использования электрической энергии, переводя оборудование в режимы критической или некритической нагрузки в соответствии с требуемой мощностью.
    Gen 4 – это стандартная платформа

    Finally, we believe this is a big game changer. Gen 4 will provide a standard platform that our industry can innovate around. For example, all modules in our Gen 4 will have common interfaces clearly defined by our specs and any vendor that meets these specifications will be able to plug into our infrastructure. Whether you are a computer vendor, UPS vendor, generator vendor, etc., you will be able to plug and play into our infrastructure. This means we can also source anyone, anywhere on the globe to minimize costs and maximize performance. We want to help motivate the industry to further innovate—with innovations from which everyone can reap the benefits.

    Наконец, мы уверены, что это будет фактором, который значительно изменит ситуацию. Gen 4 будет представлять собой стандартную платформу, которую отрасль сможет обновлять. Например, все модули в нашем Gen 4 будут иметь общепринятые интерфейсы, четко определяемые нашими спецификациями, и оборудование любого поставщика, которое отвечает этим спецификациям можно будет включать в нашу инфраструктуру. Независимо от того производите вы компьютеры, ИБП, генераторы и т.п., вы сможете включать свое оборудование нашу инфраструктуру. Это означает, что мы также сможем обеспечивать всех, в любом месте земного шара, тем самым сводя до минимума затраты и максимальной увеличивая производительность. Мы хотим создать в отрасли мотивацию для дальнейших инноваций – инноваций, от которых каждый сможет получать выгоду.
    Главные характеристики дата-центров четвертого поколения Gen4

    To summarize, the key characteristics of our Generation 4 data centers are:

    Scalable
    Plug-and-play spine infrastructure
    Factory pre-assembled: Pre-Assembled Containers (PACs) & Pre-Manufactured Buildings (PMBs)
    Rapid deployment
    De-mountable
    Reduce TTM
    Reduced construction
    Sustainable measures

    Ниже приведены главные характеристики дата-центров четвертого поколения Gen 4:

    Расширяемость;
    Готовая к использованию базовая инфраструктура;
    Изготовление в заводских условиях: сборные контейнеры (PAC) и сборные здания (PMB);
    Быстрота развертывания;
    Возможность демонтажа;
    Снижение времени вывода на рынок (TTM);
    Сокращение сроков строительства;
    Экологичность;

    Map applications to DC Class

    We hope you join us on this incredible journey of change and innovation!

    Long hours of research and engineering time are invested into this process. There are still some long days and nights ahead, but the vision is clear. Rest assured however, that we as refine Generation 4, the team will soon be looking to Generation 5 (even if it is a bit farther out). There is always room to get better.


    Использование систем электропитания постоянного тока.

    Мы надеемся, что вы присоединитесь к нам в этом невероятном путешествии по миру изменений и инноваций!

    На этот проект уже потрачены долгие часы исследований и проектирования. И еще предстоит потратить много дней и ночей, но мы имеем четкое представление о конечной цели. Однако будьте уверены, что как только мы доведем до конца проект модульного дата-центра четвертого поколения, мы вскоре начнем думать о проекте дата-центра пятого поколения. Всегда есть возможность для улучшений.

    So if you happen to come across Goldilocks in the forest, and you are curious as to why she is smiling you will know that she feels very good about getting very close to ‘JUST RIGHT’.

    Generations of Evolution – some background on our data center designs

    Так что, если вы встретите в лесу девочку по имени Лютик, и вам станет любопытно, почему она улыбается, вы будете знать, что она очень довольна тем, что очень близко подошла к ‘ОПИМАЛЬНОМУ РЕШЕНИЮ’.
    Поколения эволюции – история развития наших дата-центров

    We thought you might be interested in understanding what happened in the first three generations of our data center designs. When Ray Ozzie wrote his Software plus Services memo it posed a very interesting challenge to us. The winds of change were at ‘tornado’ proportions. That “plus Services” tag had some significant (and unstated) challenges inherent to it. The first was that Microsoft was going to evolve even further into an operations company. While we had been running large scale Internet services since 1995, this development lead us to an entirely new level. Additionally, these “services” would span across both Internet and Enterprise businesses. To those of you who have to operate “stuff”, you know that these are two very different worlds in operational models and challenges. It also meant that, to achieve the same level of reliability and performance required our infrastructure was going to have to scale globally and in a significant way.

    Мы подумали, что может быть вам будет интересно узнать историю первых трех поколений наших центров обработки данных. Когда Рэй Оззи написал свою памятную записку Software plus Services, он поставил перед нами очень интересную задачу. Ветра перемен двигались с ураганной скоростью. Это окончание “plus Services” скрывало в себе какие-то значительные и неопределенные задачи. Первая заключалась в том, что Майкрософт собиралась в еще большей степени стать операционной компанией. Несмотря на то, что мы управляли большими интернет-сервисами, начиная с 1995 г., эта разработка подняла нас на абсолютно новый уровень. Кроме того, эти “сервисы” охватывали интернет-компании и корпорации. Тем, кому приходится всем этим управлять, известно, что есть два очень разных мира в области операционных моделей и задач. Это также означало, что для достижения такого же уровня надежности и производительности требовалось, чтобы наша инфраструктура располагала значительными возможностями расширения в глобальных масштабах.

    It was that intense atmosphere of change that we first started re-evaluating data center technology and processes in general and our ideas began to reach farther than what was accepted by the industry at large. This was the era of Generation 1. As we look at where most of the world’s data centers are today (and where our facilities were), it represented all the known learning and design requirements that had been in place since IBM built the first purpose-built computer room. These facilities focused more around uptime, reliability and redundancy. Big infrastructure was held accountable to solve all potential environmental shortfalls. This is where the majority of infrastructure in the industry still is today.

    Именно в этой атмосфере серьезных изменений мы впервые начали переоценку ЦОД-технологий и технологий вообще, и наши идеи начали выходить за пределы общепринятых в отрасли представлений. Это была эпоха ЦОД первого поколения. Когда мы узнали, где сегодня располагается большинство мировых дата-центров и где находятся наши предприятия, это представляло весь опыт и навыки проектирования, накопленные со времени, когда IBM построила первую серверную. В этих ЦОД больше внимания уделялось бесперебойной работе, надежности и резервированию. Большая инфраструктура была призвана решать все потенциальные экологические проблемы. Сегодня большая часть инфраструктуры все еще находится на этом этапе своего развития.

    We soon realized that traditional data centers were quickly becoming outdated. They were not keeping up with the demands of what was happening technologically and environmentally. That’s when we kicked off our Generation 2 design. Gen 2 facilities started taking into account sustainability, energy efficiency, and really looking at the total cost of energy and operations.

    Очень быстро мы поняли, что стандартные дата-центры очень быстро становятся устаревшими. Они не поспевали за темпами изменений технологических и экологических требований. Именно тогда мы стали разрабатывать ЦОД второго поколения. В этих дата-центрах Gen 2 стали принимать во внимание такие факторы как устойчивое развитие, энергетическая эффективность, а также общие энергетические и эксплуатационные.

    No longer did we view data centers just for the upfront capital costs, but we took a hard look at the facility over the course of its life. Our Quincy, Washington and San Antonio, Texas facilities are examples of our Gen 2 data centers where we explored and implemented new ways to lessen the impact on the environment. These facilities are considered two leading industry examples, based on their energy efficiency and ability to run and operate at new levels of scale and performance by leveraging clean hydro power (Quincy) and recycled waste water (San Antonio) to cool the facility during peak cooling months.

    Мы больше не рассматривали дата-центры только с точки зрения начальных капитальных затрат, а внимательно следили за работой ЦОД на протяжении его срока службы. Наши объекты в Куинси, Вашингтоне, и Сан-Антонио, Техас, являются образцами наших ЦОД второго поколения, в которых мы изучали и применяли на практике новые способы снижения воздействия на окружающую среду. Эти объекты считаются двумя ведущими отраслевыми примерами, исходя из их энергетической эффективности и способности работать на новых уровнях производительности, основанных на использовании чистой энергии воды (Куинси) и рециклирования отработанной воды (Сан-Антонио) для охлаждения объекта в самых жарких месяцах.

    As we were delivering our Gen 2 facilities into steel and concrete, our Generation 3 facilities were rapidly driving the evolution of the program. The key concepts for our Gen 3 design are increased modularity and greater concentration around energy efficiency and scale. The Gen 3 facility will be best represented by the Chicago, Illinois facility currently under construction. This facility will seem very foreign compared to the traditional data center concepts most of the industry is comfortable with. In fact, if you ever sit around in our container hanger in Chicago it will look incredibly different from a traditional raised-floor data center. We anticipate this modularization will drive huge efficiencies in terms of cost and operations for our business. We will also introduce significant changes in the environmental systems used to run our facilities. These concepts and processes (where applicable) will help us gain even greater efficiencies in our existing footprint, allowing us to further maximize infrastructure investments.

    Так как наши ЦОД второго поколения строились из стали и бетона, наши центры обработки данных третьего поколения начали их быстро вытеснять. Главными концептуальными особенностями ЦОД третьего поколения Gen 3 являются повышенная модульность и большее внимание к энергетической эффективности и масштабированию. Дата-центры третьего поколения лучше всего представлены объектом, который в настоящее время строится в Чикаго, Иллинойс. Этот ЦОД будет выглядеть очень необычно, по сравнению с общепринятыми в отрасли представлениями о дата-центре. Действительно, если вам когда-либо удастся побывать в нашем контейнерном ангаре в Чикаго, он покажется вам совершенно непохожим на обычный дата-центр с фальшполом. Мы предполагаем, что этот модульный подход будет способствовать значительному повышению эффективности нашего бизнеса в отношении затрат и операций. Мы также внесем существенные изменения в климатические системы, используемые в наших ЦОД. Эти концепции и технологии, если применимо, позволят нам добиться еще большей эффективности наших существующих дата-центров, и тем самым еще больше увеличивать капиталовложения в инфраструктуру.

    This is definitely a journey, not a destination industry. In fact, our Generation 4 design has been under heavy engineering for viability and cost for over a year. While the demand of our commercial growth required us to make investments as we grew, we treated each step in the learning as a process for further innovation in data centers. The design for our future Gen 4 facilities enabled us to make visionary advances that addressed the challenges of building, running, and operating facilities all in one concerted effort.

    Это определенно путешествие, а не конечный пункт назначения. На самом деле, наш проект ЦОД четвертого поколения подвергался серьезным испытаниям на жизнеспособность и затраты на протяжении целого года. Хотя необходимость в коммерческом росте требовала от нас постоянных капиталовложений, мы рассматривали каждый этап своего развития как шаг к будущим инновациям в области дата-центров. Проект наших будущих ЦОД четвертого поколения Gen 4 позволил нам делать фантастические предположения, которые касались задач строительства, управления и эксплуатации объектов как единого упорядоченного процесса.

    Тематики

    Синонимы

    EN

    Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > modular data center

  • 71 zu

    Präp. (+ Dat)
    1. räumlich, Richtung: to, toward(s); bis zu up to; zu jemandem gehen go and ( oder to) see s.o.; zu Tal fahren, gleiten etc.: downhill; Boden 2, Kopf 2 etc.
    2. räumlich, Lage: at, in; zu Berlin in ( amtlich: at) Berlin; der Dom zu Köln Cologne Cathedral; zu ebener Erde at ground level; zu jemandes Füßen at s.o.’s feet; zu Hause at home; zu beiden Seiten des Rheins on both sides of the Rhine; zu Wasser und zu Lande on land and at sea; Gasthof zu den drei Eichen the Three Oaktrees (Inn)
    3. zeitlich, Zeitpunkt: at; Zeitraum: over; Anlass: for; noch zehn Minuten ( bis) zu... another ten minutes before...; zu Beginn at the beginning; zu Weihnachten at Christmas; schenken etc.: for Christmas; Lebzeiten
    4. (für) Zweck, Ziel: for; zu etw. gut sein be good for s.th.; Stoff zu einem Kleid material for a dress
    5. Ergebnis ausdrückend: (in)to; es kam zu einem Skandal it blew up into a scandal, a scandal resulted; zu Asche verbrennen burn to ashes; zu etw. werden turn into s.th.; Person: auch become s.th.; zu meiner Freude / Überraschung to my delight / surprise
    6. Beziehung ausdrückend: for; thematisch: about, on; sich äußern zu say s.th. about; gehören zu belong to; gemein / nett zu nasty / nice to; passen zu suit; der Schlüssel zur Gartentür the key to the garden door; Liebe / Zuneigung zu jemandem love / affection for s.o.; aus Freundschaft zu ihr out of friendship for her
    7. Zusammensein: (mit) with; (hinzu) to; sich zu jemandem setzen sit with s.o., join s.o., sit (down) next to s.o.; Brot zum Ei essen have bread with one’s egg; Zucker zum Kaffee nehmen take sugar in one’s coffee; zu alledem kommt noch hinzu, dass... and on top of all that...
    8. Art und Weise: zu Fuß on foot; zu Pferd kommen come on horseback; zu Deutsch in German
    9. Menge, Zahl, Häufigkeit, Verhältnis etc.: in; nur zu einem kleinen Teil only to a small extent; ein Potenzial, das nur zu einem kleinen Teil genutzt wird a potential only a small part of which is actually used; zu zweit nebeneinander gehen walk along two by two; sie kamen zu sechst six of them came; zu hunderten oder Hunderten in hundreds; es ist zu 20% / einem Viertel falsch 20% / a quarter of it is incorrect; ein Fass zu 50 Litern a 50-lit|re (Am. -er) barrel; zehn Karten zu zwei Euro (а, je) ten tickets at two euros (a ticket); insgesamt: ten tickets for two euros
    10. Zahlenverhältnis: 3 zu 1 three to one; SPORT bei Ergebnisangaben: three-one
    11. Adelsprädikat: Graf zu Pappenheim Count of Pappenheim; Hilfe 1 etc., zum, zur
    —
    Adv.
    1. (übermäßig) too; zu sehr too much; zu sehr betonen overemphasize; das Loch ist zu groß, als dass man es noch flicken könnte the hole is too big to be mended; ( viel) zu viel / viele (far oder much) too much / many; einer etc. zu viel one etc. too many; einmal zu viel once too often; ein gutes Gehalt wäre zu viel gesagt a good salary would be a bit of an overstatement; ich krieg zu viel! umg. well blow me down!; was zu viel ist, ist zu viel! enough is enough!; zu wenig not enough, too little (Pl. few); viel zu wenig not nearly enough, far too little (Pl. few); einer etc. zu wenig one etc. short, one etc. too few; du isst zu wenig you don’t eat enough, you need to eat more
    2. umg. (sehr) too, so, terribly; zu niedlich! how terribly sweet!; das ist ja zu nett! (sehr nett) that’s really very nice!; iro. (sehr gemein) how terribly nice (of you)!; (sehr ärgerlich) a fine thing, I must say!
    3. umg.: immer oder nur zu! go on!; na, dann ( mal) zu! OK, go ahead; beim Aufbruch: OK, let’s go, off we (bzw. you) go then
    4. Richtung: nach Norden zu toward(s) the north; zeitlich: auf oder gegen... zu toward(s)
    —
    I Adj. umg.
    1. zu sein Fenster, Mund etc.: be closed, be shut; eine zu(n) e Tür etc. a closed door etc.
    2. zu sein (verstopft) Nase: be blocked; Ader, Straße, Zufahrt: be blocked
    4. zu sein (betrunken) be plastered, be pissed Sl.; (im Drogenrausch) be out of it
    II Adv. (Ggs. offen) closed, shut; Augen zu! close your eyes; Tür zu! shut the door!
    —
    Konj.
    1. (+ Inf.): ich habe zu arbeiten I’ve got work to do; es ist nicht zu übersehen it can’t be overlooked; gut zu gebrauchen sein be perfectly usable; ich erinnere mich, ihn gesehen zu haben I remember seeing him; auch im Wort: auszuhalten sein be bearable
    2. (+ Part. Präs.): ein sorgfältig zu erwägender Plan a plan requiring careful consideration; auch im Wort: die auszuwechselnden Fahrzeugteile the parts to be exchanged
    * * *
    at (Präp.); on (Präp.); upon (Präp.); too (Adv.); to (Präp.); unto (Präp.); for (Präp.); into (Präp.);
    (geschlossen) closed (Adj.)
    * * *
    [tsuː]
    1. PRÄPOSITION (+dat)
    1) örtlich: Richtung, Ziel to

    zum Bäcker/Arzt gehen — to go to the baker's/doctor's

    zum Militär gehen, zu den Soldaten gehen — to join the army, to join up

    zu jdm/etw hinaufsehen — to look up at sb/sth

    zu jdm herübersehen/hinübersehen — to look across at sb

    zum Fenster herein/hinaus — in (at)/out of the window

    zur Tür hinaus/herein — out of/in the door

    2) örtlich: Lage bei Stadt in

    der Dom zu Köln — the cathedral in Cologne, Cologne cathedral

    zu seiner Linken saß... (geh) — on his left sat...

    3) zeitlich at

    zu früher/später Stunde — at an early/late hour

    (bis) zum 15. April/Donnerstag/Abend — until 15th April/Thursday/(this) evening

    die Zahlung ist zum 15. April fällig — the payment is due on 15th April

    zum 31. Mai kündigen — to give in (Brit) or turn in (US) one's notice for 31st May

    4)

    Zusammengehörigkeit, Begleitung, Zusatz Wein zum Essen trinken — to drink wine with one's meal

    zur Gitarre singen — to sing to (Brit) or with (US) a/the guitar

    Vorwort/Anmerkungen zu etw — preface/notes to sth

    zu dem kommt noch, dass ich... — on top of that I...

    5) Zweck, Bestimmung for

    Papier zum Schreiben — paper to write on, writing paper

    zur Einführung... — by way of (an) introduction...

    zu seiner Entschuldigung muss man sagen... — in his defence (Brit) or defense (US) one must say...

    zu seiner Entschuldigung sagte er... — by way of apology he said...

    zu nichts taugen, zu nichts zu gebrauchen sein — to be no use to anyone (inf)

    6)

    Anlass etw zum Geburtstag/zu Weihnachten bekommen — to get sth for one's birthday/for Christmas

    zu Ihrem 60. Geburtstag — on your 60th birthday

    zu dieser Frage möchte ich Folgendes sagen — my reply to this question is as follows, on this I would like to say the following

    "Zum Realismusbegriff" — "On the Concept of Realism"

    7)

    Folge, Umstand zu seinem Besten — for his own good

    zu meiner Schande/Freude etc — to my shame/joy etc

    es ist zum Weinen — it's enough to make you cry, it makes you want to cry

    8)

    Mittel, Art und Weise zu Fuß/Pferd — on foot/horseback

    9) Veränderung into

    zu etw werden — to turn into sth; (Mensch auch) to become sth

    jdn/etw zu etw machen — to make sb/sth (into) sth

    10) = als as

    er machte sie zu seiner Frau, er nahm sie zur Frau — he made her his wife

    11)

    Verhältnis, Beziehung Liebe zu jdm — love for sb

    Vertrauen zu jdm/etw — trust in sb/sth

    12)

    in Vergleichen im Vergleich zu — in comparison with, compared with

    3:2 — the score is 3-2 or (gesprochen) three-two

    See:
    13)

    bei Zahlenangaben zu zwei Prozent — at two per cent (Brit) or percent (US)

    zum Ersten..., zum Zweiten... (Aufzählung) — first..., second...

    zum Ersten, zum Zweiten, zum Dritten (bei Auktion) — for the first time, for the second time, for the third time

    See:
    → vier, bis
    14)

    mit Fragepronomen zu wem wollen Sie? — who do you want?

    zu wem sprechen Sie morgen bei der Konferenz? — who will you be speaking to or who will you be addressing at the conference tomorrow?

    15)

    bei Namen der Graf zu Ehrenstein — the Count of Ehrenstein

    16)

    getrenntes "dazu" inf da komme ich nicht zu — I can't get (a)round to it

    See:
    → dazu
    17)

    andere Wendungen zum Beispiel — for example

    zum Lobe von jdm/etw — in praise of sb/sth

    zur Beurteilung/Einsicht — for inspection

    zur Probe/Ansicht — on trial/approval

    2. ADVERB
    1) = allzu too

    sie liebte ihn zu sehr, als dass sie ihn verraten hätte — she loved him too much to betray him

    2) = geschlossen shut, closed

    auf/zu (an Hähnen etc) — on/off

    3)

    = los, weiter inf dann mal zu! — right, off we go!

    du wolltest mir was vorsingen, dann mal zu — you wanted to sing me something? OK, go ahead

    ihr seid auf dem richtigen Wege, nur zu! — you're on the right track, just keep going

    schreie nur zu, es hilft doch nichts! — scream then, but it won't do any good!

    lauft schon zu, ich komme nach — you go on, I'll catch you up

    4) örtlich toward(s)
    See:
    → ab
    3. ADJEKTIV
    (= geschlossen inf) Tür, Geschäft, Kiste etc shut; Kleid, Verschluss done up
    See:
    4. BINDEWORT

    jdm befehlen or den Auftrag erteilen, etw zu tun — to order sb to do sth

    das Material ist noch/nicht mehr zu gebrauchen — the material is still/is no longer usable

    ich habe noch zu arbeiten — I have still got (esp Brit) or I still have some work to do

    ich komme, um mich zu verabschieden — I've come to say goodbye

    2)

    mit Partizip noch zu bezahlende Rechnungen — outstanding bills

    das sind alles nur winzige, leicht zu übersehende Punkte — these are just small points that can easily be overlooked

    der zu prüfende Kandidat, der zu Prüfende — the candidate to be examined

    * * *
    1) (position: They are not at home; She lives at 33 Forest Road) at
    2) (direction: He looked at her; She shouted at the boys.) at
    3) (to the state or condition of: A tadpole turns into a frog; I've sorted the books into piles.) into
    4) (towards: They marched on the town.) on
    5) ((moving, facing etc) in the direction of: He walked toward the door; She turned towards him.) towards
    6) ((moving, facing etc) in the direction of: He walked toward the door; She turned towards him.) toward
    7) (towards; in the direction of: I cycled to the station; The book fell to the floor; I went to the concert/lecture/play.) to
    8) (sometimes used to introduce the indirect object of a verb: He sent it to us; You're the only person I can talk to.) to
    9) (used in expressing various relations: Listen to me!; Did you reply to his letter?; Where's the key to this door?; He sang to (the accompaniment of) his guitar.) to
    10) to
    11) (showing the purpose or result of an action etc: He came quickly to my assistance; To my horror, he took a gun out of his pocket.) to
    12) (used instead of a complete infinitive: He asked her to stay but she didn't want to.) to
    13) (into a closed or almost closed position: He pulled/pushed the door to.) to
    14) (an old word for `to'.) unto
    * * *
    zu
    [tsu:]
    1. (wohin: Ziel) to
    \zum Schwimmbad geht es da lang! the swimming pool is that way!
    fahr mich bitte \zur Arbeit/Kirche/Schule please drive me to work/church/school
    wie weit ist es von hier \zum Bahnhof? how far is it from here to the train station?
    wie komme ich [von hier] \zur Post? how do I get [from here] to the post office?
    ich muss gleich \zum Arzt/ \zum Bäcker/ \zum Supermarkt I must go to the doctor's/baker's/supermarket
    morgen gehe ich \zu Rainer I'm going to see Rainer tomorrow
    \zu Bett gehen (geh) to go to bed
    \zum Militär gehen to join the army
    \zum Theater gehen to go on the stage [or into the theatre]
    sich akk \zu Tisch setzen (geh) to sit down to dinner
    2. (wohin: Richtung)
    das Zimmer liegt \zur Straße hin the room looks out onto the street
    der Kerl vom Nachbartisch sieht dauernd \zu uns rüber the bloke at the next table keeps looking across at us
    \zur Decke sehen to look [up] at the ceiling
    \zum Fenster hinaus/herein out of/in through the window
    \zur Tür hinaus/herein out of/in through the door
    \zum Himmel weisen to point heavenwards [or up at the heavens]
    \zu jdm/etw hinaufsehen to look up at sb/sth
    \zum Meer/zur Stadtmitte hin towards the sea/town centre
    3. (wohin: neben)
    ▪ \zu jdm/etw next to sb/sth
    darf ich mich \zu Ihnen setzen? may I sit next to [or beside] you?
    setz dich \zu uns [come and] sit with us
    legen Sie \zu den Tellern bitte jeweils eine Serviette put one serviette next to each plate
    4. (wo: Lage) at; (geh)
    sie ist schon \zu Bett she's already gone to bed
    \zu Hause at home
    \zu jds Rechten/Linken on sb's right/left [hand side]
    jdm \zur Seite sitzen (geh) to sit at sb's side
    5. (wo: vor Eigennamen, Ortnamen)
    der Dom \zu Köln the cathedral in Cologne, Cologne cathedral
    der Graf \zu Blaubeuren the Count of Blaubeuren
    der Gasthof \zum blauen Engel the Blue Angel Inn
    der Reichstag \zu Worms (hist) the Diet of Worms
    6. wann: Zeitpunkt at
    \zum 1. Januar fällig due on January 1st
    es muss [bis] zum Abend/14. März fertig sein it must be finished by this evening/March 14th
    \zum Wochenende fahren wir weg we are going away at [or AM on] the weekend
    \zu früher/später Stunde at an early/late hour
    \zu Mittag at [or by] midday/noon
    \zum Monatsende kündigen to give in one's notice for [or to take effect from] the end of the month
    \zu Ostern/Pfingsten/Weihnachten at Easter/Whitsun/Christmas
    letztes Jahr \zu Weihnachten last Christmas; s.a. Anfang, bis, Schluss, Zeit
    7. (wann, wozu: Anlass)
    eine Feier \zum Jahrestag der Revolution a celebration to mark the anniversary of the revolution
    \zum Frühstück trinkt sie immer Tee she always has tea at breakfast
    etw \zum Geburtstag/ \zu Weihnachten bekommen to get sth for one's birthday/for Christmas
    jdm \zu etw gratulieren to congratulate sb on sth
    \zu Ihrem 80. Geburtstag möchte ich Ihnen herzlichst gratulieren I'd like to congratulate you on the occasion of your 80th birthday
    8. (worüber: Thema)
    \zu dieser Frage möchte ich Folgendes sagen to this question I should like to say the following
    was sagst du \zu diesen Preisen? what do you say to these prices?
    eine Rede \zum Thema Umwelt a speech on the subject of the environment
    jdn \zu etw vernehmen to question sb about sth
    9. (wozu: Zweck, Ziel)
    der Knopf \zum Abstellen the off-button
    Papier \zum Schreiben paper to write on, writing paper
    Wasser \zum Trinken drinking water
    wir haben nichts \zum Essen we have nothing to eat
    gib dem Kind doch etwas \zum Spielen give the child something to play with
    auf die Reise habe ich mir etwas \zum Lesen mitgenommen I've brought something to read on the trip
    bei dem Regenwetter habe ich keine Lust \zum Wandern I don't fancy walking if it is raining
    das Zeichen \zum Aufbruch the signal to leave
    \zum Arzt geboren sein to be born to be a doctor
    sie sagte das nur \zu seiner Beruhigung she said that just to set his mind at rest
    \zur Ansicht on approval
    \zur Einsicht for inspection
    \zur Einführung... by way of an introduction...
    \zu seiner Entschuldigung/ \zur Erklärung in apology/explanation, by way of an apology/explanation
    jdn \zum Essen einladen to invite sb for a meal
    \zum Gedächtnis von jdm in memory of sb, in sb's memory
    \zu Hilfe! help!
    jdm \zu Hilfe kommen to come to sb's aid
    \zum Lobe von jdm/etw in praise of sb/sth
    \zu nichts taugen [o zu gebrauchen sein] to be no use at all
    \zur Probe as a trial [or test]
    \zur Unterschrift for signature [or signing]
    \zu was (fam) for what, why
    \zu was soll das gut sein? what do you need that for?, what is that for?
    er nahm sie \zur Frau he took her as his wife
    etw \zur Antwort geben to say sth in reply
    \zum Beispiel for example
    \zur Belohnung as a reward
    \zur Strafe as a punishment
    ▪ jdn/etw \zum Vorbild nehmen to take sb/sth as one's example, to model oneself on sb/sth
    \zur Warnung as a warning
    11. (womit zusammen: Begleitung)
    mögen Sie Milch/Zucker \zum Kaffee? do you take your coffee white [or with milk]/with sugar?
    \zu Lachs passt kein Rotwein red wine does not go with salmon
    etw \zu etw tragen to wear sth with sth
    12. (zu was: Zugehörigkeit)
    \zu den Lehrbüchern gehören auch Kassetten there are cassettes to go with the text books
    wo ist der Korken \zu der Flasche? where is the cork for this bottle?
    mir fehlt nur der Schlüssel \zu dieser Tür I've only got to find the key to this door
    13. (wie: Umstand, Art und Weise)
    sie erledigt alles \zu meiner Zufriedenheit she does everything to my complete satisfaction
    die Firma verkauft alles \zu niedrigsten Preisen the company sells everything at rock-bottom prices
    du hast dich \zu deinem Vorteil verändert you've changed for the better
    das ist ja \zum Lachen that's ridiculous [or really funny]
    das ist \zum Weinen it's enough to make you want to cry [or weep]
    \zu jds Bestem/Vorteil sein to be for one's own good/to one's advantage
    \zu Deutsch (veraltend) in German
    \zum Glück luckily
    14. (wie: Fortbewegungsart)
    \zu Fuß/Pferd on foot/horseback
    \zu Fuß gehen Sie etwa 20 Minuten it will take you about 20 minutes on foot
    \zu Schiff (veraltet) by ship [or sea
    15. (zu was: Ergebnis eines Vorgangs)
    \zu Asche verbrennen to burn to ashes
    Eiweiß \zu Schnee schlagen to beat the egg white until stiff
    Kartoffeln \zu einem Brei zerstampfen to mash potatoes
    \zum Erliegen/Stehen kommen to come to rest/a halt
    etw \zu Pulver zermahlen to grind sth [in]to powder
    \zu etw werden to turn into [or become] sth
    manch einer wird aus Armut \zum Dieb often it is poverty that turns sb into a thief
    wieder \zu Staub werden to [re]turn to dust
    er ist \zum Kapitän befördert worden he was promoted to captain
    sie wurde \zur Vorsitzenden gewählt she was elected chairman
    jdn \zu etw ernennen to nominate sb for sth
    jdn/etw \zu etw machen to make sb/sth into sth
    er machte sie \zu seiner Frau he made her his wife
    17. (zu wem: Beziehung)
    meine Beziehung \zu ihr my relationship with her
    Liebe \zu jdm love for sb
    aus Freundschaft \zu jdm because of one's friendship with sb
    Vertrauen \zu jdm/etw trust in sb/sth
    18. (wie: im Verhältnis zu) in relation [or proportion] to
    im Verhältnis 1 \zu 4 MATH in the ratio of one to four
    unsere Chancen stehen 50 \zu 50 our chances are fifty-fifty
    im Vergleich \zu... in comparison with..., compared to...
    19. SPORT
    Bayern München gewann mit 5 \zu 1 Bayern Munich won five-one
    das Fußballspiel ging unentschieden 0 \zu 0 aus the football match ended in a nil-nil draw
    \zu drei Prozent at three percent
    diese Äpfel habe ich \zu ein Euro das Stück gekauft I bought these apples for [or at] one euro each
    sechs [Stück] \zu fünfzig Cent six for fifty cents
    \zum halben Preis at half price
    wir sind \zu fünft in den Urlaub gefahren five of us went on holiday together
    sie kommen immer \zu zweit those two always come as a pair
    der Pulli ist nur \zur Hälfte fertig the jumper is only half finished
    hast du das Buch nur \zu einem Viertel gelesen? have you only read a quarter of the book?
    \zum ersten Mal for the first time
    \zum Ersten..., \zum Zweiten firstly..., secondly
    \zum Ersten, \zum Zweiten, \zum Dritten (bei Auktionen) going once, going twice, sold
    \zur Hauptsache mainly
    \zum Rechten schauen to look to the right
    \zum Voraus in front of
    \zum Vorn[e]herein from in front
    II. ADVERB
    1. (allzu) too
    ich wäre \zu gern mitgefahren I would have loved to have gone along
    \zu sehr too much
    er hat sich nicht \zu sehr bemüht he didn't try too [or very] hard
    2. (emph: zur Steigerung)
    das ist ja \zu schön! that's marvellous!; (iron) that's just great! iron
    das ist einfach \zu dumm! that's really too stupid!
    3. nachgestellt (örtlich) towards
    dem Ausgang \zu towards the exit
    nach hinten/vorne \zu towards the back/front
    4. (fam: weiter, los)
    dann mal \zu! go ahead!, off we go
    immer [o nur] \zu! go ahead!
    schimpf nur \zu, es hilft doch nichts go on, scream, it won't do any good
    mach \zu! hurry up!, get a move on!
    lauf schon \zu, ich komme nach you go on [or go on ahead], I'll catch up
    1. meist präd (geschlossen) shut, closed
    Tür \zu, es zieht! shut the door, there's a draught!
    dreh den Wasserhahn \zu! turn the tap off!
    [mach die] Augen \zu, ich hab da was für dich close your eyes, I've got sth for you
    \zu haben [o sein] to be shut [or closed]
    die Geschäfte haben [o sind] sonntags \zu stores are closed on Sundays
    vor der \zunen Tür stehen (sl) to stand in front of the closed door
    2. präd (fam: betrunken)
    ▪ \zu sein to be pissed fam!, to have had a skinful fam
    3. präd (fam: emotional unzugänglich)
    ▪ \zu sein:
    sie ist total \zu you can't get through to her
    was gibt es heute Mittag \zu essen? what are we having for lunch today?
    ohne es \zu wissen without knowing it
    ▪ jd hat etw \zu tun:
    ich habe \zu arbeiten I have some work to do
    sie hat \zu gehorchen she has to obey [or do as she is told]
    ich habe heute einiges \zu erledigen I have got a few things to do today
    ▪ etw ist \zu tun:
    die Rechnung ist bis Freitag \zu bezahlen the bill has to be paid by Friday
    dieser Auftrag ist unverzüglich \zu erledigen this task must be completed straight away
    ▪ um etw \zu tun:
    ich komme, um mich \zu verabschieden I have come to say goodbye
    da sind noch einige \zu bezahlende Rechnungen there are some outstanding bills
    es gibt verschiedene noch \zu kaufende Gegenstände some things still have to be bought
    der \zu Prüfende the candidate to be examined
    nicht \zu unterschätzende Probleme problems [that are] not to be underestimated
    * * *
    1.

    zu... hin — towards...

    er kommt zu mir — (besucht mich) he is coming to my place

    das passt nicht zu Bier/zu dem Kleid — that doesn't go with beer/with that dress

    3) (Lage) at

    zu seiner Linken — (geh.) on his left

    der Dom zu Speyer — (veralt.) Speyer Cathedral

    das Gasthaus ‘Zu den drei Eichen’ — the Three Oaks Inn

    5) (Art u. Weise)

    zu meiner Zufriedenheit/Überraschung — to my satisfaction/surprise

    zu seinem Vorteil/Nachteil — to his advantage/disadvantage; (bei Mengenangaben o. Ä)

    zu Dutzenden/zweien — by the dozen/in twos

    sie sind zu einem Drittel/zu 50 % arbeitslos — a third/50 % of them are jobless

    zu einem großen Teil — largely; to a large extent

    fünf Briefmarken zu fünfzig [Cent] — five 50-cent stamps

    9) (Zweck) for
    10) (Ziel, Ergebnis) into
    11) (über) about; on

    freundlich/ hässlich zu jemandem sein — be friendly/nasty to somebody; s. auch zum; zur

    2.
    1) (allzu) too

    er ist zu alt, um diese Reise zu unternehmen — he is too old to undertake this journey

    das ist ja zu schön/komisch! — that's really wonderful/hilarious!; that's too wonderful/hilarious for words!

    3) (ugs.)

    Augen/Tür zu! — shut your eyes/the door!

    4) (ugs.): (Aufforderung)

    nur zu! — (fang/fangt an!) get going!; get down to it!; (mach/macht weiter!) get on with it!

    3.
    1) (mit Infinitiv) to

    Haus zu verkaufen/vermieten — house for sale/to let

    2) (mit 1. Part.)

    die zu erledigende Post — the letters pl. to be dealt with

    * * *
    zu1 präp (+dat)
    1. räumlich, Richtung: to, toward(s);
    bis zu up to;
    zu jemandem gehen go and ( oder to) see sb;
    zu Tal fahren, gleiten etc: downhill; → Boden 2, Kopf 2 etc
    2. räumlich, Lage: at, in;
    zu Berlin in ( amtlich: at) Berlin;
    der Dom zu Köln Cologne Cathedral;
    zu ebener Erde at ground level;
    zu jemandes Füßen at sb’s feet;
    zu Hause at home;
    zu beiden Seiten des Rheins on both sides of the Rhine;
    zu Wasser und zu Lande on land and at sea;
    Gasthof zu den drei Eichen the Three Oaktrees (Inn)
    3. zeitlich, Zeitpunkt: at; Zeitraum: over; Anlass: for;
    noch zehn Minuten (bis) zu … another ten minutes before …;
    zu Beginn at the beginning;
    zu Weihnachten at Christmas; schenken etc: for Christmas; → Lebzeiten
    4. (für) Zweck, Ziel: for;
    zu etwas gut sein be good for sth;
    Stoff zu einem Kleid material for a dress
    es kam zu einem Skandal it blew up into a scandal, a scandal resulted;
    zu Asche verbrennen burn to ashes;
    zu etwas werden turn into sth; Person: auch become sth;
    zu meiner Freude/Überraschung to my delight/surprise
    6. Beziehung ausdrückend: for; thematisch: about, on;
    sich äußern zu say sth about;
    gehören zu belong to;
    gemein/nett zu nasty/nice to;
    passen zu suit;
    der Schlüssel zur Gartentür the key to the garden door;
    Liebe/Zuneigung zu jemandem love/affection for sb;
    aus Freundschaft zu ihr out of friendship for her
    7. Zusammensein: (mit) with; (hinzu) to;
    sich zu jemandem setzen sit with sb, join sb, sit (down) next to sb;
    Brot zum Ei essen have bread with one’s egg;
    Zucker zum Kaffee nehmen take sugar in one’s coffee;
    zu alledem kommt noch hinzu, dass … and on top of all that …
    zu Fuß on foot;
    zu Pferd kommen come on horseback;
    zu Deutsch in German
    9. Menge, Zahl, Häufigkeit, Verhältnis etc: in;
    nur zu einem kleinen Teil only to a small extent;
    ein Potenzial, das nur zu einem kleinen Teil genutzt wird a potential only a small part of which is actually used;
    zu zweit nebeneinandergehen walk along two by two;
    sie kamen zu sechst six of them came;
    Hunderten in hundreds;
    es ist zu 20%/einem Viertel falsch 20%/a quarter of it is incorrect;
    ein Fass zu 50 Litern a 50-litre (US -er) barrel;
    zehn Karten zu zwei Euro (à, je) ten tickets at two euros (a ticket); insgesamt: ten tickets for two euros
    3 zu 1 three to one; SPORT bei Ergebnisangaben: three-one
    Graf zu Pappenheim Count of Pappenheim; → Hilfe 1 etc, zum, zur
    zu2 adv
    zu sehr too much;
    zu sehr betonen overemphasize;
    das Loch ist zu groß, als dass man es noch flicken könnte the hole is too big to be mended;
    (viel) zu viel/viele (far oder much) too much/many;
    einer etc
    zu viel one etc too many;
    einmal zu viel once too often;
    ein gutes Gehalt wäre zu viel gesagt a good salary would be a bit of an overstatement;
    ich krieg zu viel! umg well blow me down!;
    was zu viel ist, ist zu viel! enough is enough!;
    zu wenig not enough, too little (pl few);
    viel zu wenig not nearly enough, far too little (pl few);
    einer etc
    zu wenig one etc short, one etc too few;
    du isst zu wenig you don’t eat enough, you need to eat more
    2. umg (sehr) too, so, terribly;
    zu niedlich! how terribly sweet!;
    das ist ja zu nett! (sehr nett) that’s really very nice!; iron (sehr gemein) how terribly nice (of you)!; (sehr ärgerlich) a fine thing, I must say!
    3. umg:
    nur zu! go on!;
    na, dann (mal) zu! OK, go ahead; beim Aufbruch: OK, let’s go, off we (bzw you) go then
    nach Norden zu toward(s) the north; zeitlich:
    gegen … zu toward(s)
    zu3
    A. adj umg
    1.
    zu sein Fenster, Mund etc: be closed, be shut;
    eine zu(n)e Tür etc a closed door etc
    2.
    zu sein (verstopft) Nase: be blocked; Ader, Straße, Zufahrt: be blocked
    3.
    4.
    zu sein (betrunken) be plastered, be pissed sl; (im Drogenrausch) be out of it
    B. adv (Ggs offen) closed, shut;
    Augen zu! close your eyes;
    Tür zu! shut the door!
    zu4 konj
    1. (+inf):
    ich habe zu arbeiten I’ve got work to do;
    es ist nicht zu übersehen it can’t be overlooked;
    gut zu gebrauchen sein be perfectly usable;
    ich erinnere mich, ihn gesehen zu haben I remember seeing him; auch im Wort:
    auszuhalten sein be bearable
    2. (+ ppr):
    ein sorgfältig zu erwägender Plan a plan requiring careful consideration; auch im Wort:
    die auszuwechselnden Fahrzeugteile the parts to be exchanged
    * * *
    1.

    zu... hin — towards...

    er kommt zu mir — (besucht mich) he is coming to my place

    das passt nicht zu Bier/zu dem Kleid — that doesn't go with beer/with that dress

    3) (Lage) at

    zu seiner Linken — (geh.) on his left

    der Dom zu Speyer — (veralt.) Speyer Cathedral

    das Gasthaus ‘Zu den drei Eichen’ — the Three Oaks Inn

    5) (Art u. Weise)

    zu meiner Zufriedenheit/Überraschung — to my satisfaction/surprise

    zu seinem Vorteil/Nachteil — to his advantage/disadvantage; (bei Mengenangaben o. Ä)

    zu Dutzenden/zweien — by the dozen/in twos

    sie sind zu einem Drittel/zu 50 % arbeitslos — a third/50 % of them are jobless

    zu einem großen Teil — largely; to a large extent

    fünf Briefmarken zu fünfzig [Cent] — five 50-cent stamps

    9) (Zweck) for
    10) (Ziel, Ergebnis) into
    11) (über) about; on

    freundlich/ hässlich zu jemandem sein — be friendly/nasty to somebody; s. auch zum; zur

    2.
    1) (allzu) too

    er ist zu alt, um diese Reise zu unternehmen — he is too old to undertake this journey

    das ist ja zu schön/komisch! — that's really wonderful/hilarious!; that's too wonderful/hilarious for words!

    3) (ugs.)

    Augen/Tür zu! — shut your eyes/the door!

    4) (ugs.): (Aufforderung)

    nur zu! — (fang/fangt an!) get going!; get down to it!; (mach/macht weiter!) get on with it!

    3.
    1) (mit Infinitiv) to

    Haus zu verkaufen/vermieten — house for sale/to let

    2) (mit 1. Part.)

    die zu erledigende Post — the letters pl. to be dealt with

    * * *
    adv.
    too adv. konj.
    for conj. präp.
    at prep.
    to prep.
    toward prep.
    towards prep.
    unto prep.

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > zu

  • 72 Knowledge

       It is indeed an opinion strangely prevailing amongst men, that houses, mountains, rivers, and, in a word, all sensible objects, have an existence, natural or real, distinct from their being perceived by the understanding. But, with how great an assurance and acquiescence soever this principle may be entertained in the world, yet whoever shall find in his heart to call it into question may, if I mistake not, perceive it to involve a manifest contradiction. For, what are the forementioned objects but things we perceive by sense? and what do we perceive besides our own ideas or sensations? and is it not plainly repugnant that any one of these, or any combination of them, should exist unperceived? (Berkeley, 1996, Pt. I, No. 4, p. 25)
       It seems to me that the only objects of the abstract sciences or of demonstration are quantity and number, and that all attempts to extend this more perfect species of knowledge beyond these bounds are mere sophistry and illusion. As the component parts of quantity and number are entirely similar, their relations become intricate and involved; and nothing can be more curious, as well as useful, than to trace, by a variety of mediums, their equality or inequality, through their different appearances.
       But as all other ideas are clearly distinct and different from each other, we can never advance farther, by our utmost scrutiny, than to observe this diversity, and, by an obvious reflection, pronounce one thing not to be another. Or if there be any difficulty in these decisions, it proceeds entirely from the undeterminate meaning of words, which is corrected by juster definitions. That the square of the hypotenuse is equal to the squares of the other two sides cannot be known, let the terms be ever so exactly defined, without a train of reasoning and enquiry. But to convince us of this proposition, that where there is no property, there can be no injustice, it is only necessary to define the terms, and explain injustice to be a violation of property. This proposition is, indeed, nothing but a more imperfect definition. It is the same case with all those pretended syllogistical reasonings, which may be found in every other branch of learning, except the sciences of quantity and number; and these may safely, I think, be pronounced the only proper objects of knowledge and demonstration. (Hume, 1975, Sec. 12, Pt. 3, pp. 163-165)
       Our knowledge springs from two fundamental sources of the mind; the first is the capacity of receiving representations (the ability to receive impressions), the second is the power to know an object through these representations (spontaneity in the production of concepts).
       Through the first, an object is given to us; through the second, the object is thought in relation to that representation.... Intuition and concepts constitute, therefore, the elements of all our knowledge, so that neither concepts without intuition in some way corresponding to them, nor intuition without concepts, can yield knowledge. Both may be either pure or empirical.... Pure intuitions or pure concepts are possible only a priori; empirical intuitions and empirical concepts only a posteriori. If the receptivity of our mind, its power of receiving representations in so far as it is in any way affected, is to be called "sensibility," then the mind's power of producing representations from itself, the spontaneity of knowledge, should be called "understanding." Our nature is so constituted that our intuitions can never be other than sensible; that is, it contains only the mode in which we are affected by objects. The faculty, on the other hand, which enables us to think the object of sensible intuition is the understanding.... Without sensibility, no object would be given to us; without understanding, no object would be thought. Thoughts without content are empty; intuitions without concepts are blind. It is therefore just as necessary to make our concepts sensible, that is, to add the object to them in intuition, as to make our intuitions intelligible, that is to bring them under concepts. These two powers or capacities cannot exchange their functions. The understanding can intuit nothing, the senses can think nothing. Only through their union can knowledge arise. (Kant, 1933, Sec. 1, Pt. 2, B74-75 [p. 92])
       Metaphysics, as a natural disposition of Reason is real, but it is also, in itself, dialectical and deceptive.... Hence to attempt to draw our principles from it, and in their employment to follow this natural but none the less fallacious illusion can never produce science, but only an empty dialectical art, in which one school may indeed outdo the other, but none can ever attain a justifiable and lasting success. In order that, as a science, it may lay claim not merely to deceptive persuasion, but to insight and conviction, a Critique of Reason must exhibit in a complete system the whole stock of conceptions a priori, arranged according to their different sources-the Sensibility, the understanding, and the Reason; it must present a complete table of these conceptions, together with their analysis and all that can be deduced from them, but more especially the possibility of synthetic knowledge a priori by means of their deduction, the principles of its use, and finally, its boundaries....
       This much is certain: he who has once tried criticism will be sickened for ever of all the dogmatic trash he was compelled to content himself with before, because his Reason, requiring something, could find nothing better for its occupation. Criticism stands to the ordinary school metaphysics exactly in the same relation as chemistry to alchemy, or as astron omy to fortune-telling astrology. I guarantee that no one who has comprehended and thought out the conclusions of criticism, even in these Prolegomena, will ever return to the old sophistical pseudo-science. He will rather look forward with a kind of pleasure to a metaphysics, certainly now within his power, which requires no more preparatory discoveries, and which alone can procure for reason permanent satisfaction. (Kant, 1891, pp. 115-116)
       Knowledge is only real and can only be set forth fully in the form of science, in the form of system. Further, a so-called fundamental proposition or first principle of philosophy, even if it is true, it is yet none the less false, just because and in so far as it is merely a fundamental proposition, merely a first principle. It is for that reason easily refuted. The refutation consists in bringing out its defective character; and it is defective because it is merely the universal, merely a principle, the beginning. If the refutation is complete and thorough, it is derived and developed from the nature of the principle itself, and not accomplished by bringing in from elsewhere other counter-assurances and chance fancies. It would be strictly the development of the principle, and thus the completion of its deficiency, were it not that it misunderstands its own purport by taking account solely of the negative aspect of what it seeks to do, and is not conscious of the positive character of its process and result. The really positive working out of the beginning is at the same time just as much the very reverse: it is a negative attitude towards the principle we start from. Negative, that is to say, in its one-sided form, which consists in being primarily immediate, a mere purpose. It may therefore be regarded as a refutation of what constitutes the basis of the system; but more correctly it should be looked at as a demonstration that the basis or principle of the system is in point of fact merely its beginning. (Hegel, 1910, pp. 21-22)
       Knowledge, action, and evaluation are essentially connected. The primary and pervasive significance of knowledge lies in its guidance of action: knowing is for the sake of doing. And action, obviously, is rooted in evaluation. For a being which did not assign comparative values, deliberate action would be pointless; and for one which did not know, it would be impossible. Conversely, only an active being could have knowledge, and only such a being could assign values to anything beyond his own feelings. A creature which did not enter into the process of reality to alter in some part the future content of it, could apprehend a world only in the sense of intuitive or esthetic contemplation; and such contemplation would not possess the significance of knowledge but only that of enjoying and suffering. (Lewis, 1946, p. 1)
       "Evolutionary epistemology" is a branch of scholarship that applies the evolutionary perspective to an understanding of how knowledge develops. Knowledge always involves getting information. The most primitive way of acquiring it is through the sense of touch: amoebas and other simple organisms know what happens around them only if they can feel it with their "skins." The knowledge such an organism can have is strictly about what is in its immediate vicinity. After a huge jump in evolution, organisms learned to find out what was going on at a distance from them, without having to actually feel the environment. This jump involved the development of sense organs for processing information that was farther away. For a long time, the most important sources of knowledge were the nose, the eyes, and the ears. The next big advance occurred when organisms developed memory. Now information no longer needed to be present at all, and the animal could recall events and outcomes that happened in the past. Each one of these steps in the evolution of knowledge added important survival advantages to the species that was equipped to use it.
       Then, with the appearance in evolution of humans, an entirely new way of acquiring information developed. Up to this point, the processing of information was entirely intrasomatic.... But when speech appeared (and even more powerfully with the invention of writing), information processing became extrasomatic. After that point knowledge did not have to be stored in the genes, or in the memory traces of the brain; it could be passed on from one person to another through words, or it could be written down and stored on a permanent substance like stone, paper, or silicon chips-in any case, outside the fragile and impermanent nervous system. (Csikszentmihalyi, 1993, pp. 56-57)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Knowledge

  • 73 secretary

    n
    •
    - Acting Secretary-General
    - Administrative Secretary
    - Assistant Secretary of State for Middle Eastern Affairs
    - Assistant Secretary of State
    - Assistant Secretary of the Army
    - Assistant Secretary
    - Chief Scientific Secretary to the Academy
    - Commerce Secretary
    - conference secretary
    - Deputy Secretary of State
    - Education Secretary
    - Embassy's press secretary
    - Energy Secretary
    - Environment Secretary
    - Executive Secretary
    - First Secretary of the Embassy
    - Foreign Secretary
    - Health Secretary
    - Home Secretary
    - Honorary Secretary
    - NATO Secretary-General
    - parliamentary private secretary
    - parliamentary secretary
    - press secretary
    - private secretary
    - Secretary Designate
    - Secretary General
    - Secretary of Agriculture
    - Secretary of Commerce
    - Secretary of Defense
    - Secretary of Health and Human Services
    - Secretary of Health, Education and Welfare
    - Secretary of Housing and Urban Development
    - Secretary of Labor
    - Secretary of State for Defence
    - Secretary of State for Energy
    - Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs
    - Secretary of State for Northern Ireland
    - Secretary of State for Social Security secretary
    - Secretary of State for the Environment
    - Secretary of State for Trade and Industry
    - Secretary of State for Transport
    - Secretary of State for Wales
    - Secretary of State
    - secretary of the conference
    - Secretary of the Interior
    - Secretary of the Navy
    - Secretary of the Treasury
    - Secretary-General of the League of Arab Nations
    - senior secretary
    - Shadow Secretary
    - State Secretary for Religious Affairs
    - Trade Secretary
    - Transportation Secretary
    - Treasure Secretary
    - UN Secretary-General
    - Under Secretary
    - White House Press Secretary

    Politics english-russian dictionary > secretary

  • 74 ahora

    adv.
    1 now.
    ahora mismo right now
    ahora es el momento de… now is the time to…
    ahora o nunca it's now or never
    a partir de ahora, de ahora en adelante from now on
    ahora que lo dices,… now (that) you mention it,…
    ahora que soy más viejo, ya no pienso igual now (that) I'm older I think differently
    hasta ahora sólo se han presentado dos voluntarios so far only two people have volunteered
    por ahora for the time being
    2 just now, a few minutes ago (hace poco).
    he leído tu mensaje ahora I've just read your message
    se acaban de marchar ahora mismo they just left a few moments ago, they've just left
    conj.
    but, however (pero).
    * * *
    2 (hace un momento) just a moment ago
    3 (dentro de un momento) in a minute, shortly
    1 (adversativa) however
    ■ gana poco; ahora, tampoco trabaja mucho he doesn't earn very much; but then, he doesn't work very hard
    \
    ahora bien but, however
    ahora o nunca now or never
    hasta ahora until now, so far
    por ahora for the time being
    * * *
    adv.
    1) now
    •
    - hasta ahora
    * * *
    1. ADV
    1) (=en este momento) now

    • de ahora en adelante — from now on

    • de ahora — of today

    la juventud de ahora — the youth of today, today's youth

    • desde ahora — from now on

    • hasta ahora — up to now, so far

    • ahora mismo — right now

    • a partir de ahora — from now on

    • por ahora — for the moment, for now

    • ahora que — now that

    ahora que lo pienso — come to think of it, now that I think of it

    • ahora resulta que... — now it turns out that...

    • ahora sí que me voy — I'm definitely going this time

    2) (=hace poco) just now

    • ahora tiempo — Chile a while ago

    • ahora último — Chile recently

    3) (=enseguida) in a minute

    ahora mismo voy — I'll be right there, I'll be there in a minute

    ¡hasta ahora! — see you in a minute!

    2. CONJ
    1) (=sin embargo)

    ahora, yo entiendo que eso no fue lo acordado — I understand, though, that that is not what was agreed

    es muy barato; ahora, si no te gusta no lo compro — it's very cheap; then again, if you don't like it I won't buy it

    • ahora bien — however

    • ahora que — although

    es listo, ahora que bastante vago — he's bright, although quite lazy

    2) [uso distributivo]

    ahora la quitan, ahora la ponen — one minute they take it away, the next they put it back

    la ducha escocesa, ahora caliente, ahora fría — the Scottish shower - one minute hot, the next cold

    * * *
    1)

    hasta ahora — so far o up to now

    de ahora en adelante or desde ahora — from now on

    b) (inmediatamente, pronto)

    hasta ahora! — (esp Esp) see you soon!

    c) ( hace un momento) a moment ago

    ahora último — (Chi) recently

    2)

    ésta es mi sugerencia. Ahora, si tú tienes una idea mejor... — that's my advice. Of course, if you have a better idea...

    b)
    * * *
    = now, in present times, at present time, at this moment in time.
    Ex. The article 'The ABC of CD: where is CD-ROM now?' is a basic introduction to CD-ROMs.
    Ex. The question of ideological thought (in the sense of a veiled interest-determined trend of thought) is again rearing its head in present times.
    Ex. The research project explored the ways in which information is used in the UK at present time.
    Ex. While people dominate at this moment in time, they are altering their environment and, at some future point, will become extinct, giving way to dominance by another organism.
    ----
    * ahora bien = now.
    * ahora más que nunca = now more than ever.
    * ahora mismo = right now, just now.
    * ahora que lo menciono = speaking of which.
    * ahora que pienso... = while I think of it....
    * antes de ahora = before now.
    * a partir de ahora = from now on, from this point on, henceforth, as of now.
    * a partir de ahora y + Cuantificador + algunos años = for + Cuantificador + years to come.
    * de ahora en adelante = from now on, from this point on.
    * desde + Fecha + hasta ahora = from + Fecha + to the present.
    * el mejor hasta ahora = the best yet.
    * el mejor que ha hecho hasta ahora = Posesivo + best yet.
    * entonces al igual que ahora = then as now.
    * hasta ahora = as yet, hitherto, so far, thus far, to date, up to now, yet, heretofore, all along, up to this point, by now, as of today, until now, up until now, up till now, till now.
    * hasta ahora, todo bien = so far, so good.
    * justo ahora = right now, just now.
    * por ahora = as of right now, as yet, at present, at the moment, at this point, for the present, for the time being, just yet, for now, at this time, as of now, at the present, by now, for the nonce.
    * por ahora todo va bien = so far, so good.
    * ¿Y ahora qué? = What's next?, What next?.
    * * *
    1)

    hasta ahora — so far o up to now

    de ahora en adelante or desde ahora — from now on

    b) (inmediatamente, pronto)

    hasta ahora! — (esp Esp) see you soon!

    c) ( hace un momento) a moment ago

    ahora último — (Chi) recently

    2)

    ésta es mi sugerencia. Ahora, si tú tienes una idea mejor... — that's my advice. Of course, if you have a better idea...

    b)
    * * *
    = now, in present times, at present time, at this moment in time.

    Ex: The article 'The ABC of CD: where is CD-ROM now?' is a basic introduction to CD-ROMs.

    Ex: The question of ideological thought (in the sense of a veiled interest-determined trend of thought) is again rearing its head in present times.
    Ex: The research project explored the ways in which information is used in the UK at present time.
    Ex: While people dominate at this moment in time, they are altering their environment and, at some future point, will become extinct, giving way to dominance by another organism.
    * ahora bien = now.
    * ahora más que nunca = now more than ever.
    * ahora mismo = right now, just now.
    * ahora que lo menciono = speaking of which.
    * ahora que pienso... = while I think of it....
    * antes de ahora = before now.
    * a partir de ahora = from now on, from this point on, henceforth, as of now.
    * a partir de ahora y + Cuantificador + algunos años = for + Cuantificador + years to come.
    * de ahora en adelante = from now on, from this point on.
    * desde + Fecha + hasta ahora = from + Fecha + to the present.
    * el mejor hasta ahora = the best yet.
    * el mejor que ha hecho hasta ahora = Posesivo + best yet.
    * entonces al igual que ahora = then as now.
    * hasta ahora = as yet, hitherto, so far, thus far, to date, up to now, yet, heretofore, all along, up to this point, by now, as of today, until now, up until now, up till now, till now.
    * hasta ahora, todo bien = so far, so good.
    * justo ahora = right now, just now.
    * por ahora = as of right now, as yet, at present, at the moment, at this point, for the present, for the time being, just yet, for now, at this time, as of now, at the present, by now, for the nonce.
    * por ahora todo va bien = so far, so good.
    * ¿Y ahora qué? = What's next?, What next?.

    * * *
    A
    entonces ganaba más que ahora I was earning more then than (I am) now
    ¡ahora me lo dices! now you tell me!
    ahora que está lloviendo se le ocurre salir now that it's raining he wants to go out
    ¡ahora sí que la hemos hecho buena! ( fam); now we've done it! ( colloq), now we've really gone and done it! ( colloq)
    la juventud de ahora young people today, the youth of today
    ahora que lo pienso now I come to think of it
    ahora que lo dices now you (come to) mention it
    problemas hasta ahora insolubles hitherto insoluble problems
    hasta ahora sólo hemos recibido tres ofertas so far o up to now we have only received three offers
    de ahora en adelante or desde ahora from now on
    de entonces a ahora or desde entonces hasta ahora since then, between then and now
    por ahora va todo bien everything's going all right so far
    ¿te puedes arreglar con 1.000 pesos por ahora? can you make do with 1,000 pesos for the time being o for now?
    2
    (inmediatamente, pronto): hazlo ahora mismo do it right now o right away o this instant o this minute
    ahora te lo muestro I'll show it to you in a minute o second o moment
    ¡ahora voy! I'm coming!
    ¡hasta ahora! see you soon!
    3 (hace un momento) a moment ago
    lo acabo de comprar ahora I've just this minute bought it, I just bought it a few moments o minutes ago
    ahora último ( Chi); recently
    ahora tiempo ( Chi); not so long ago
    B
    1 ( indep)
    (con sentido adversativo): ésta es mi sugerencia. Ahora, si tú tienes una idea mejor … that's my advice. Of course, if you have a better idea …
    no pagan mucho. Ahora, el trabajo es muy fácil they don't pay very well. Mind you, it's very easy work
    2
    ahora bien ( indep) however
    * * *

     

    ahora adverbio
    1


    la juventud de ahora young people today;
    hasta ahora so far, up to now;
    de ahora en adelante from now on;
    por ahora for the time being;
    por ahora va todo bien everything's going all right so far
    b) (inmediatamente, pronto):

    ◊ ahora mismo right now o away;

    ahora te lo muestro I'll show it to you in a minute o second o moment;
    ¡ahora voy! I'm coming!;
    ¡hasta ahora! (esp Esp) see you soon!

    2

    ahora
    I adverbio
    1 (en este instante) now ➣ Ver nota en now 2 (hace muy poco) ahora mismo acabo de verle, I've just seen him
    (dentro de muy poco) ahora mismo iba a salir, I'm just leaving
    ahora vuelvo, I'll be right back 3 de ahora en adelante, from now on
    hasta ahora, (hasta el momento) until now, so far
    (hasta luego) see you later
    por a., for the time being
    II conj ahora bien, (sin embargo) however
    (admitido esto) well then
    ' ahora' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    actualmente
    - ahorita
    - apear
    - bien
    - consabida
    - consabido
    - derrumbarse
    - desahogo
    - despistada
    - despistado
    - doble
    - estar
    - estirón
    - explicarse
    - golpista
    - hormigueo
    - justa
    - justo
    - ligadura
    - mando
    - media
    - misma
    - mismo
    - mullida
    - mullido
    - paro
    - partir
    - penitencia
    - pereza
    - prematura
    - prematuro
    - que
    - resultar
    - salir
    - servir
    - teléfono
    - tripa
    - ubicarse
    - vaya
    - vestidura
    - vivir
    - acercar
    - adelante
    - aprovechar
    - cuando
    - dejar
    - desear
    - destinado
    - duda
    - enterarse
    English:
    all
    - anything
    - apart
    - at
    - attain
    - billion
    - central
    - colour
    - come
    - currently
    - dad
    - daddy
    - directly
    - else
    - far
    - for
    - forward
    - from
    - fund
    - future
    - granite
    - hence
    - henceforth
    - hereafter
    - hitherto
    - just
    - lease
    - light
    - meantime
    - middle
    - military
    - muddy
    - now
    - occasion
    - on
    - only
    - onward
    - onwards
    - presently
    - procrastinate
    - queer
    - report
    - right
    - shall
    - should
    - step
    - stress
    - study
    - this
    - time
    * * *
    ♦ adv
    1. [en el presente] now;
    ahora los jóvenes se entretienen de otra manera young people today have different forms of entertainment;
    ¿no has querido comer? ahora te aguantas hasta la hora de la cena so you didn't eat your lunch up? well, you're just going to have to wait until dinnertime now;
    un territorio hasta ahora inexplorado a region as yet unexplored;
    hasta ahora sólo se han presentado dos voluntarios so far only two people have volunteered;
    Fam
    ahora sí que la hemos fastidiado we've really gone and blown it now;
    Fam
    ahora lo harás porque lo digo yo you'll do it because I jolly well say so;
    ya verás como ahora lo consigues just wait and see, you'll manage it this time;
    ¡ahora caigo! [ahora comprendo] now I understand!;
    [ahora recuerdo] now I remember!;
    ahora mismo right now;
    ahora o nunca it's now or never;
    ahora me entero it's the first I've heard of it, that's news to me;
    ¿sabías que no hace falta hacer eso? – ¡ahora me entero! did you know you don't need to do that? – now you tell me!;
    a partir de ahora, de ahora en adelante from now on;
    RP
    de ahora en más from now on;
    por ahora for the time being;
    por ahora no hemos tenido ningún problema we haven't had any problems so far;
    ahora que lo pienso, no fue una película tan mala come to think of it, it wasn't that bad a film
    2. [pronto] in a second;
    ahora cuando venga descubriremos la verdad we'll find out the truth in a moment, when she gets here;
    ahora voy, déjame terminar let me finish, I'm coming in a minute;
    justo ahora iba a llamarte I was just about to phone o Br ring you this minute;
    lo voy a hacer ahora mismo, en cuanto acabe de planchar I'll do it just as soon as I've finished the ironing
    3. [hace poco] just now, a few minutes ago;
    he leído tu mensaje ahora I've just read your message;
    se acaban de marchar ahora mismo they just left a few moments ago, they've just left
    ♦ conj
    1.
    ahora…ahora [ya… ya] [m5]ahora habla, ahora canta one minute she's talking, the next she's singing
    2. [pero] but, however;
    éste es mi plan, ahora, no vengas si no quieres that's my plan, but of course you don't have to come if you don't want to;
    tienes razón, ahora, que la historia no está completa you're right, mind you, the story isn't finished yet
    ♦ ahora bien loc conj
    but;
    * * *
    adv
    1 ( pronto) in a moment;
    ¡hasta ahora! see you soon!
    2 (en este momento) now;
    ahora mismo right now;
    por ahora for the present, for the time being;
    desde ahora, de ahora en adelante from now on;
    ahora que now that;
    es ahora o nunca it’s now or never
    3
    :
    ahora bien however;
    y ¿ahora qué?, esperas que … and then you expect …
    * * *
    ahora adv
    1) : now
    2)
    ahora mismo : right now
    3)
    hasta ahora : so far
    4)
    por ahora : for the time being
    * * *
    ahora adv
    2. (enseguida) in a minute / shortly
    ahora vuelvo I'll be back in a minute / I'll be right back
    hasta ahora up to now / so far
    ¡hasta ahora! see you soon!

    Spanish-English dictionary > ahora

  • 75 antiguo

    adj.
    1 ancient, early, antique, long-standing.
    2 former, olden, one-time, sometime.
    3 outdated, of a bygone era, archaic, outmoded.
    pres.indicat.
    1st person singular (yo) present indicative of spanish verb: antiguar.
    * * *
    1 (gen) ancient, old; (coche) vintage, old
    2 (en empleo) senior
    3 (pasado) old-fashioned
    4 (anterior) former
    1 the ancients
    \
    a la antigua in an old-fashioned way
    de antiguo since ancient times
    * * *
    (f. - antigua)
    adj.
    1) old
    * * *
    antiguo, -a
    1. ADJ
    1) (=viejo) [ciudad, costumbre] old; [coche] vintage; [mueble, objeto, libro] antique

    • a la antigua (usanza) — in the old-fashioned way

    • de o desde antiguo — from time immemorial

    • en lo antiguo — in olden days liter, in ancient times

    chapado, música
    2) ( Hist) [civilización, restos] ancient

    el palacio árabe más antiguo — the oldest Arab palace, the most ancient Arab palace

    edad 2)
    3) (=anterior) old, former

    la antigua capilla, ahora sala de exposiciones — the old o former chapel, now an exhibition hall

    un antiguo novio — an old boyfriend, an ex-boyfriend

    mi antiguo jefe — my former boss, my ex-boss

    • más antiguo — [cliente, socio] longest-standing; [empleado, prisionero] longest-serving

    el socio más antiguo — the most senior member, the longest-standing member, the oldest member

    alumno
    4) (=anticuado) [traje, estilo, persona] old-fashioned; [mentalidad] outdated
    2. SM / F
    1) (=anticuado)

    tu madre es una antigua — your mother is really old-fashioned, your mother is a real fuddy-duddy *

    2) (=veterano)
    3) ( Hist)
    * * *
    - gua adjetivo
    1)
    a) ( viejo) <ciudad/libro> old; <ruinas/civilización> ancient; <mueble/lámpara> antique, old; < coche> vintage, old; <costumbre/tradición> old
    b) ( veterano) old, long-standing

    de or desde antiguo — from time immemorial

    2) (delante del n) ( de antes) old (before n), former (before n)
    3) ( anticuado) old-fashioned
    * * *
    = ancient, early [earlier -comp., earliest -sup.], former, old [older -comp., oldest -sup.], long-standing, age-old, sometime + Nombre, erstwhile, overaged, olde, retrospective, timeworn, antique.
    Ex. But this traditional stance conceals an ancient feud between cataloguers and reference librarians over the true function of the library catalogue.
    Ex. Microforms are easy to use, although there were early reservations concerning the fact that users need to become familiar with any specific kind of microform and its reader.
    Ex. This person acted as the liaison with the former UNIMARC Working Group.
    Ex. These circumvent many of the problems that must be tackled in subject indexing such as the emergence of new terms and new meanings for old words.
    Ex. The struggle to make the library an integral part of the educational process is a long-standing one which has yet to be resolved.
    Ex. The current environment in higher education is providing an opportunity for librarians to define a future that will ensure their central role in the educational process and thus resolve these remaining age-old questions.
    Ex. One of the most successful is the system devised by Dyson, sometime editor of CA.
    Ex. This article relates the professional experiences of an erstwhile academic librarian.
    Ex. Bielefeld University is replacing its overaged mainframe data processing systems in the library.
    Ex. The article 'Ye olde smart card' presents an annotated list of information sources on the credit card industry.
    Ex. It seems appropriate to take a retrospective look at the evolution of our catalog and the ideology which has shaped it.
    Ex. But beyond the honeymoon hotels and resorts, Polynesian life goes on and timeworn traditions are preserved.
    Ex. A small cranberry tree surrounded by holly sits on an antique marble-top table.
    ----
    * a la antigua = old-style.
    * a la antigua usanza = old-style.
    * antigua esposa = ex-wife.
    * antigua gloria = Posesivo + former glory.
    * antigua grandeza = Posesivo + former glory.
    * Antigua Grecia = Ancient Greece.
    * antigua novia = ex-girlfriend.
    * antigua Roma = ancient Rome.
    * antiguo alumno = alumnus [alumni, -pl.], alum.
    * antiguo esplendor = Posesivo + former glory.
    * antiguo periodista = ex-journalist.
    * antiguo régimen, el = ancient regime, the.
    * antiguos egipcios, los = ancient Egyptians, the.
    * antiguo soldado = ex-soldier.
    * Antiguo Testamento, el = Old Testament (O.T.), the.
    * asociación de antiguos alumnos = alumni association.
    * casco antiguo = old town.
    * casco antiguo de la ciudad, el = oldest part of the city, the.
    * chapado a la antigua = fuddy-duddy.
    * de antigua generación = low-end.
    * de antiguo = from time immemorial.
    * desde antiguo = from time immemorial.
    * desde muy antiguo = since olden times.
    * en el mundo antiguo = in antiquity.
    * impreso antiguo = old print.
    * ISBD(A) (Descripción Bibliográfica Normalizada Internacional - material anti = ISBD(A) (International Standard Bibliographic Description - Antiquarian).
    * ley antigua = ancient law.
    * libro antiguo = old book, rare book.
    * más antiguo = longest-serving.
    * más antiguo, el = seniormost, the.
    * muy antiguo = centuries-old.
    * obra antigua = ancient work.
    * periódicos antiguos = old newspapers.
    * recuperar + Posesivo + antigua grandeza = regain + Posesivo + former glory.
    * recuperar + Posesivo + antiguo esplendor = regain + Posesivo + former glory.
    * recuperar + Posesivo + antiguo gloria = regain + Posesivo + former glory.
    * red de antiguos compañeros = old boy network.
    * restituir Algo a su antigua grandeza = restore + Nombre + to + Posesivo + former glory.
    * reunión de antiguos alumnos = class reunion.
    * ser muy antiguo = go back + a long way.
    * vestido a la antigua = frumpy [frumpier -comp., frumpiest -sup.], frumpish.
    * * *
    - gua adjetivo
    1)
    a) ( viejo) <ciudad/libro> old; <ruinas/civilización> ancient; <mueble/lámpara> antique, old; < coche> vintage, old; <costumbre/tradición> old
    b) ( veterano) old, long-standing

    de or desde antiguo — from time immemorial

    2) (delante del n) ( de antes) old (before n), former (before n)
    3) ( anticuado) old-fashioned
    * * *
    = ancient, early [earlier -comp., earliest -sup.], former, old [older -comp., oldest -sup.], long-standing, age-old, sometime + Nombre, erstwhile, overaged, olde, retrospective, timeworn, antique.

    Ex: But this traditional stance conceals an ancient feud between cataloguers and reference librarians over the true function of the library catalogue.

    Ex: Microforms are easy to use, although there were early reservations concerning the fact that users need to become familiar with any specific kind of microform and its reader.
    Ex: This person acted as the liaison with the former UNIMARC Working Group.
    Ex: These circumvent many of the problems that must be tackled in subject indexing such as the emergence of new terms and new meanings for old words.
    Ex: The struggle to make the library an integral part of the educational process is a long-standing one which has yet to be resolved.
    Ex: The current environment in higher education is providing an opportunity for librarians to define a future that will ensure their central role in the educational process and thus resolve these remaining age-old questions.
    Ex: One of the most successful is the system devised by Dyson, sometime editor of CA.
    Ex: This article relates the professional experiences of an erstwhile academic librarian.
    Ex: Bielefeld University is replacing its overaged mainframe data processing systems in the library.
    Ex: The article 'Ye olde smart card' presents an annotated list of information sources on the credit card industry.
    Ex: It seems appropriate to take a retrospective look at the evolution of our catalog and the ideology which has shaped it.
    Ex: But beyond the honeymoon hotels and resorts, Polynesian life goes on and timeworn traditions are preserved.
    Ex: A small cranberry tree surrounded by holly sits on an antique marble-top table.
    * a la antigua = old-style.
    * a la antigua usanza = old-style.
    * antigua esposa = ex-wife.
    * antigua gloria = Posesivo + former glory.
    * antigua grandeza = Posesivo + former glory.
    * Antigua Grecia = Ancient Greece.
    * antigua novia = ex-girlfriend.
    * antigua Roma = ancient Rome.
    * antiguo alumno = alumnus [alumni, -pl.], alum.
    * antiguo esplendor = Posesivo + former glory.
    * antiguo periodista = ex-journalist.
    * antiguo régimen, el = ancient regime, the.
    * antiguos egipcios, los = ancient Egyptians, the.
    * antiguo soldado = ex-soldier.
    * Antiguo Testamento, el = Old Testament (O.T.), the.
    * asociación de antiguos alumnos = alumni association.
    * casco antiguo = old town.
    * casco antiguo de la ciudad, el = oldest part of the city, the.
    * chapado a la antigua = fuddy-duddy.
    * de antigua generación = low-end.
    * de antiguo = from time immemorial.
    * desde antiguo = from time immemorial.
    * desde muy antiguo = since olden times.
    * en el mundo antiguo = in antiquity.
    * impreso antiguo = old print.
    * ISBD(A) (Descripción Bibliográfica Normalizada Internacional - material anti = ISBD(A) (International Standard Bibliographic Description - Antiquarian).
    * ley antigua = ancient law.
    * libro antiguo = old book, rare book.
    * más antiguo = longest-serving.
    * más antiguo, el = seniormost, the.
    * muy antiguo = centuries-old.
    * obra antigua = ancient work.
    * periódicos antiguos = old newspapers.
    * recuperar + Posesivo + antigua grandeza = regain + Posesivo + former glory.
    * recuperar + Posesivo + antiguo esplendor = regain + Posesivo + former glory.
    * recuperar + Posesivo + antiguo gloria = regain + Posesivo + former glory.
    * red de antiguos compañeros = old boy network.
    * restituir Algo a su antigua grandeza = restore + Nombre + to + Posesivo + former glory.
    * reunión de antiguos alumnos = class reunion.
    * ser muy antiguo = go back + a long way.
    * vestido a la antigua = frumpy [frumpier -comp., frumpiest -sup.], frumpish.

    * * *
    A
    1 (viejo) ‹casa/ciudad› old; ‹ruinas/civilización› ancient; ‹mueble/lámpara› antique, old; ‹libro› old; ‹coche› vintage, old
    la parte antigua de la ciudad the old part of the city
    la antigua Roma ancient Rome
    una costumbre muy antigua an ancient o a very old custom
    es mejor no reavivar antiguas rencillas it's best not to revive old quarrels
    2 (veterano) old, long-standing
    es uno de nuestros más antiguos clientes he's one of our oldest customers
    3 ( en locs):
    a la antigua in an old-fashioned way
    se viste a la antigua she dresses in an old-fashioned way o style
    chapado a la antigua old-fashioned
    de or desde antiguo from time immemorial
    una tradición que viene de antiguo a tradition which dates from time immemorial
    Compuestos:
    masculine ancien régime
    masculine Old Testament
    B ( delante del n) (de antes) old ( before n), former ( before n)
    un antiguo novio an ex-boyfriend o old boyfriend
    visitamos mi antiguo colegio we visited my old school
    Río, antigua capital del Brasil Rio, the former capital of Brazil
    C (anticuado) ‹persona/estilo› old-fashioned
    tiene una cara muy antigua she has a very old-fashioned kind of face, her face seems to belong to another era
    * * *

     

    antiguo
    ◊ - gua adjetivo

    1
    a) ( viejo) ‹ciudad/libro› old;

    ‹ruinas/civilización› ancient;
    ‹mueble/lámpara› antique, old;
    ‹ coche› vintage, old;
    ‹costumbre/tradición› old;


    c) ( en locs)


    chapado a la antigua old-fashioned;
    de or desde antiguo from time immemorial
    2 ( delante del n) ( de antes) old ( before n), former ( before n);

    3 ( anticuado) old-fashioned
    antiguo,-a adjetivo
    1 old, ancient: Antiguo Testamento, Old Testament
    2 (pasado de moda) old-fashioned
    3 (empleado, cargo) senior
    4 (anterior) former
    ' antiguo' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    antigua
    - casco
    - decana
    - decano
    - entre
    - restituir
    - sellar
    - testamento
    - ver
    - combatiente
    - viejo
    English:
    alumnus
    - ancient
    - antique
    - become
    - dissociate
    - encounter
    - ex-
    - flame
    - former
    - gramophone
    - imperial mile
    - long-standing
    - old
    - old-style
    - one
    - paper
    - take over
    - testament
    - erstwhile
    - further
    - long
    - past
    - sometime
    - veteran
    - vintage car
    * * *
    antiguo, -a
    ♦ adj
    1. [viejo] old;
    [inmemorial] ancient;
    un antiguo amigo/enemigo an old friend/enemy
    antiguo alumno [de colegio] ex-pupil, former pupil, US alumnus;
    el antiguo continente [Europa] Europe;
    la antigua Roma Ancient Rome;
    el Antiguo Testamento the Old Testament
    2. [anterior, previo] former;
    la antigua Unión Soviética the former Soviet Union
    el antiguo régimen the former regime; Hist the ancien régime
    3. [veterano]
    los miembros/empleados más antiguos tienen preferencia preference is given to the longest-serving members/employees;
    los vecinos más antiguos the neighbours who've been here longest
    4. [pasado de moda] old-fashioned;
    a la antigua in an old-fashioned way;
    chapado a la antigua stuck in the past, old-fashioned
    ♦ nm,f
    1. [persona] old-fashioned person;
    su tío es un antiguo her uncle is very old-fashioned
    2.
    los antiguos [de la Antigüedad] the ancients
    * * *
    adj old; del pasado remoto ancient;
    su antiguo novio her old o former boyfriend;
    a la antigua in the old-fashioned way;
    edad antigua ancient times pl
    * * *
    antiguo, - gua adj
    1) : ancient, old
    2) : former
    3) : old-fashioned
    a la antigua: in the old-fashioned way
    * * *
    antiguo adj
    1. (mueble, cuadro, etc) antique
    2. (casa, coche) old
    3. (idioma, cultura) ancient
    4. (anterior) former
    5. (en el trabajo) senior
    6. (anticuado) old fashioned
    ¡qué ideas más antiguas tienes! what old fashioned ideas you've got!

    Spanish-English dictionary > antiguo

  • 76 aunque

    conj.
    1 even though, although (a pesar de que).
    tendrás que venir aunque no quieras you'll have to come, even if you don't want to
    aunque es caro, me lo voy a comprar although it's expensive I'm going to buy it, I'm going to buy it even though it's expensive
    2 although (pero).
    es lista, aunque un poco perezosa she's clever, although o if a little lazy
    * * *
    1 (valor concesivo) although, though; (con énfasis) even if, even though
    ■ es duro, aunque justo he's tough but fair
    * * *
    conj.
    although, though, even though, even if
    * * *
    CONJ although, though, even though

    es guapa aunque algo bajita — she's pretty but rather short, she's pretty even if she is on the short side

    aunque más... — however much..., no matter how much...

    AUNQUE Aunque se puede traducir al inglés por although, though, even though o even if. ► Por regla general, cuando la cláusula introducida por aunque indica un hecho ( aunque + ((indicativo))), en inglés coloquial se traduce por though y en lenguaje más formal por although: Aunque había un montón de gente, al final pude encontrar a Carlos Though there were a lot of people there, I managed to find Carlos No esperaba eso de él, aunque entiendo por qué lo hizo I did not expect that from him, although I can understand why he did it ► Even though introduce la oración subordinada, enfatizando con más fuerza el contraste con la principal, cuando aunque va seguido de un hecho concreto, no una hipótesis, y equivale a a pesar de que: Llevaba un abrigo de piel, aunque era un día muy caluroso She wore a fur coat, even though it was a very hot day ► Si aunque tiene el sentido de incluso si ( aunque + ((subjuntivo))), se traduce por even if: Debes ir, aunque no quieras You must go, even if you don't want to Me dijo que no me lo diría, aunque lo supiera He said he wouldn't tell me even if he knew Para otros usos y ejemplos ver la entrada
    * * *
    a) (+ indicativo) although

    aunque llegué tarde conseguí entradas — although o even though I got there late I managed to get tickets

    es simpático, aunque algo tímido — he's very likable, if somewhat shy

    b) ( respondiendo a una objeción) (+ subjuntivo)

    es millonario, aunque no lo parezca — he's a millionaire though he may not look it

    aunque no lo creas... — believe it or not...

    2) (refiriéndose a posibilidades, hipótesis) (+ subjuntivo) even if

    cómetelo, aunque no te guste — eat it, even if you don't like it

    dale aunque más no sea unos pesos — (RPl) at least give him a few pesos

    * * *
    = admittedly, albeit (that), although, but, even though, while, whilst, even when, though, if, but still, but then again.
    Ex. Admittedly, this relevant part of the classified file may not be the specific class he wants.
    Ex. Present, classical catalog designs are elaborations, albeit considerable elaborations, of these sixteenth-century developments.
    Ex. These are the strengths of the Journal of Common Market Studies, although even this journal has a wider remit than its title suggest.
    Ex. Learning takes place in one environment but is put to work in another, and the learner is left to make the transition.
    Ex. Their objectives are however slightly different, even though in any discussion of computerised cataloguing systems co-operative networks and centralised cataloguing are inextricably linked.
    Ex. While the resulting A/Z entries are not 'wrong', they tend to be clumsy.
    Ex. Thus some current awareness services can be purchased from external vendors, whilst others may be offered by a library or information unit to its particular group of users.
    Ex. On-line data banks are still expanding, as they provide unrivalled services, even when these have to be paid for by users.
    Ex. This is not to say, though, that in some countries the 'all' that is available to gather into a current national bibliography is only that which the ruling government approve of.
    Ex. Don't go to France thinking that your cherished ancient library from your 50s/60s school days remains unchanged amid the splendour of its beautiful if dingy old digs.
    Ex. Less well-reported but still widely collected types of use included newly registered borrowers, visits, reference questions, in-library use, and off site program attendance = Otros datos sobre los que se dio menos información aunque todas las bibliotecas los recogen eran el número de nuevos usuarios, las visitas, las preguntas de referencia, el uso dentro de la biblioteca y la asistencia a actividades organizas fuera de la biblioteca.
    Ex. But then again, there are thousands of such ditses out there that need mental help.
    ----
    * aunque a decir verdad = Mind you.
    * aunque a menudo = if often.
    * aunque en balde = but (all) to no avail.
    * aunque en vano = but (all) to no avail.
    * aunque la mona se vista de seda, mona se queda = You can't make a silk purse out of a sow's ear, You can take the boy out of the country, but you can't take the country out of the boy, You can take the boy out of the country, but you can't take the country out of the boy.
    * aunque me fuera la vida en ello = for the life of me.
    * aunque no lo creas = believe it or not.
    * aunque no lo parezca = oddly enough, strangely enough, strange though it may seem, strange as it may seem, although it may seem strange.
    * aunque no sea para otra cosa = if nothing else.
    * aunque no siempre = if not always.
    * aunque no sirva para otra cosa = if nothing else.
    * aunque parezca difícil = difficult though it may seem, difficult as it may seem.
    * aunque parezca extraño = strangely enough, oddly enough, strange though it may seem, strange as it may seem, although it may seem strange.
    * aunque parezca increíble = incredibly, incredible though it may seem, incredibly enough, incredible as it may seem, although it may seem incredible.
    * aunque parezca mentira = amazingly enough, believe it or not, strangely enough, incredibly, incredible though it may seem, incredibly enough, incredible as it may seem, strange though it may seem, strange as it may seem, although it may seem strange, although it may seem incredible.
    * aunque parezca raro = strangely enough, oddly enough, strange though it may seem, strange as it may seem, although it may seem strange, funnily enough.
    * aunque parezca razo = funnily.
    * aunque por otro lado = but otherwise.
    * aunque sin ningún resultado = but (all) to no avail.
    * aunque sólo sea porque = if only because.
    * * *
    a) (+ indicativo) although

    aunque llegué tarde conseguí entradas — although o even though I got there late I managed to get tickets

    es simpático, aunque algo tímido — he's very likable, if somewhat shy

    b) ( respondiendo a una objeción) (+ subjuntivo)

    es millonario, aunque no lo parezca — he's a millionaire though he may not look it

    aunque no lo creas... — believe it or not...

    2) (refiriéndose a posibilidades, hipótesis) (+ subjuntivo) even if

    cómetelo, aunque no te guste — eat it, even if you don't like it

    dale aunque más no sea unos pesos — (RPl) at least give him a few pesos

    * * *
    = admittedly, albeit (that), although, but, even though, while, whilst, even when, though, if, but still, but then again.

    Ex: Admittedly, this relevant part of the classified file may not be the specific class he wants.

    Ex: Present, classical catalog designs are elaborations, albeit considerable elaborations, of these sixteenth-century developments.
    Ex: These are the strengths of the Journal of Common Market Studies, although even this journal has a wider remit than its title suggest.
    Ex: Learning takes place in one environment but is put to work in another, and the learner is left to make the transition.
    Ex: Their objectives are however slightly different, even though in any discussion of computerised cataloguing systems co-operative networks and centralised cataloguing are inextricably linked.
    Ex: While the resulting A/Z entries are not 'wrong', they tend to be clumsy.
    Ex: Thus some current awareness services can be purchased from external vendors, whilst others may be offered by a library or information unit to its particular group of users.
    Ex: On-line data banks are still expanding, as they provide unrivalled services, even when these have to be paid for by users.
    Ex: This is not to say, though, that in some countries the 'all' that is available to gather into a current national bibliography is only that which the ruling government approve of.
    Ex: Don't go to France thinking that your cherished ancient library from your 50s/60s school days remains unchanged amid the splendour of its beautiful if dingy old digs.
    Ex: Less well-reported but still widely collected types of use included newly registered borrowers, visits, reference questions, in-library use, and off site program attendance = Otros datos sobre los que se dio menos información aunque todas las bibliotecas los recogen eran el número de nuevos usuarios, las visitas, las preguntas de referencia, el uso dentro de la biblioteca y la asistencia a actividades organizas fuera de la biblioteca.
    Ex: But then again, there are thousands of such ditses out there that need mental help.
    * aunque a decir verdad = Mind you.
    * aunque a menudo = if often.
    * aunque en balde = but (all) to no avail.
    * aunque en vano = but (all) to no avail.
    * aunque la mona se vista de seda, mona se queda = You can't make a silk purse out of a sow's ear, You can take the boy out of the country, but you can't take the country out of the boy, You can take the boy out of the country, but you can't take the country out of the boy.
    * aunque me fuera la vida en ello = for the life of me.
    * aunque no lo creas = believe it or not.
    * aunque no lo parezca = oddly enough, strangely enough, strange though it may seem, strange as it may seem, although it may seem strange.
    * aunque no sea para otra cosa = if nothing else.
    * aunque no siempre = if not always.
    * aunque no sirva para otra cosa = if nothing else.
    * aunque parezca difícil = difficult though it may seem, difficult as it may seem.
    * aunque parezca extraño = strangely enough, oddly enough, strange though it may seem, strange as it may seem, although it may seem strange.
    * aunque parezca increíble = incredibly, incredible though it may seem, incredibly enough, incredible as it may seem, although it may seem incredible.
    * aunque parezca mentira = amazingly enough, believe it or not, strangely enough, incredibly, incredible though it may seem, incredibly enough, incredible as it may seem, strange though it may seem, strange as it may seem, although it may seem strange, although it may seem incredible.
    * aunque parezca raro = strangely enough, oddly enough, strange though it may seem, strange as it may seem, although it may seem strange, funnily enough.
    * aunque parezca razo = funnily.
    * aunque por otro lado = but otherwise.
    * aunque sin ningún resultado = but (all) to no avail.
    * aunque sólo sea porque = if only because.

    * * *
    1 (+ indicativo) although
    aunque llegamos tarde conseguimos entradas although o even though we got there late we managed to get tickets
    por lo menos antes se oía; aunque mal, se oía at least before you could hear it, not very well, but you could hear it
    es simpático, aunque algo tímido he's very likable, if somewhat shy
    le dije que sí, aunque la verdad es que no tengo ganas de ir I said yes, although o though to be quite honest I don't feel like going
    aunque a ti no te guste, es muy bonito you may not like it, but it's very pretty
    es millonario, aunque no lo parezca he's a millionaire though he may not look it
    aunque no lo creas sacó la mejor nota believe it or not she got the best marks
    B (refiriéndose a posibilidades, hipótesis) (+ subjuntivo) even if
    come lo que te sirvan, aunque no te guste eat whatever you're given, even if you don't like it
    mándales unas flores, aunque sea at least send them some flowers
    dale aunque más no sea unos pesos ( RPl); at least give him a few pesos
    * * *

     

    aunque conjunción
    1 ( a pesar de que)


    b) ( respondiendo a una objeción) (+ subjuntivo):

    ◊ es millonario, aunque no lo parezca he's a millionaire though he may not look it;

    aunque no lo creas … believe it or not …
    2 (refiriéndose a posibilidades, hipótesis) (+ subjuntivo) even if;

    aunque conj although, though
    (incluso si) even if
    aunque no te lo creas, even if you don't believe it o believe it or not
    (a pesar de) even though
    aunque llegamos tarde, no perdimos el tren, even though we were late, we didn't miss the train
    Fíjate en estos dos sentidos de aunque:
    1) a pesar de
    though     - más informal
    although - más formal
    even though - más enfático
    2) incluso si, even if
    ' aunque' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    abogada
    - abogado
    - apellido
    - así
    - comida
    - cuando
    - fonéticamente
    - más
    - mentira
    - ni
    - pesar
    - política
    - rentabilidad
    - salario
    - sellar
    - siquiera
    - toda
    - todo
    - creer
    - parecer
    English:
    albeit
    - alike
    - although
    - as
    - believe
    - blusher
    - delicate
    - devoted
    - even
    - further
    - hate
    - have
    - if
    - lady
    - love
    - oddly
    - shall
    - should
    - tear away
    - though
    - while
    - odds
    - strangely
    * * *
    aunque conj
    1. [a pesar de que] even though, although;
    [incluso si] even if;
    tendrás que venir aunque no quieras you'll have to come, even if you don't want to;
    aunque quisiera no podría even if I wanted to, I wouldn't be able to;
    aunque es caro, me lo voy a comprar although it's expensive I'm going to buy it, I'm going to buy it even though it's expensive;
    aunque me cae bien, no me fío de él much as I like him, I don't trust him;
    aunque no te lo creas llegó el primero believe it or not, he came first;
    aunque parezca mentira strange as it may seem, believe it or not;
    aunque parezca raro oddly enough, odd though it may seem;
    cómprale aunque sea una caja de bombones buy her something, even if it's only a box of chocolates;
    RP
    decime la verdad aunque más no sea at least tell me the truth
    2. [pero] although;
    es lista, aunque un poco perezosa she's clever, although o if a little lazy;
    aquellos cuadros no están mal, aunque éstos me gustan más those paintings aren't bad, but I like these (ones) better
    * * *
    conj
    1 although, even though
    2 + subj even if
    * * *
    aunque conj
    1) : though, although, even if, even though
    2)
    aunque sea : at least
    * * *
    aunque conj
    1. (a pesar de que) although / even though
    aunque no quería, tuve que ir although I didn't want to, I had to go
    era simpático, aunque parecía serio even though he seemed serious, he was nice
    aunque sólo llevo 5 meses aquí, me siento muy a gusto although I've only lived here for 5 months, I feel very much at home
    2. (incluso si) even if
    sale a pasear todos los días, aunque caigan chuzos de punta he goes for a walk every day even if it's pouring with rain

    Spanish-English dictionary > aunque

  • 77 oportunidad

    f.
    opportunity, chance.
    aprovechar la oportunidad to seize the opportunity
    a la primera oportunidad que tenga se lo digo I'll tell her just as soon as I get the chance o at the earliest opportunity
    me dio una segunda oportunidad he gave me a second chance
    es una oportunidad única it's a unique opportunity
    * * *
    1 opportunity, chance
    2 (ganga) bargain
    * * *
    noun f.
    * * *
    SF
    1) (=ocasión) chance, opportunity

    darle una/otra oportunidad a algn — to give sb a/another chance

    tener la oportunidad de hacer algo — to have a chance to do sth, have the chance of doing sth

    a o en la primera oportunidad — at the first opportunity

    2) (=vez) occasion, time
    3) (Jur)
    4)

    oportunidades — (=rebajas) bargains

    5) (=cualidad) opportuneness, timeliness
    * * *
    1)
    a) ( momento oportuno) chance, opportunity

    tiene el don de la oportunidad — (iró) he has a knack of putting his foot in it

    b) ( posibilidad) chance
    2) (AmL) (vez, circunstancia) occasion

    en aquella oportunidad tuvo que ceder — that time o on that occasion he had to give in

    * * *
    = chance, opportunity, turn, window of opportunity, head start, sporting chance.
    Ex. In some authority files (titles, ISBN/ISSN, national bibliographic record numbers), no search of the file is made because there is little chance of finding the new entry in the file.
    Ex. A summary differs from an abstract in that it assumes that the reader will have the opportunity to peruse the accompanying text.
    Ex. In particular note, for example by ticking them, those terms that merit a turn in the lead position, and those that do not.
    Ex. Librarians should make the best possible use of the window of opportunity created by the development of this type of software = Los bibliotecarios deberían aprovecharse al máximo de la oportunidad creada por el desarrollo de este tipo de software.
    Ex. The article 'Providing a head start' explains the essential role toy libraries play in the school environment.
    Ex. The bear was shot in his cage and was never given a sporting chance to fight for his life.
    ----
    * a mí también me gustaría tener la misma oportunidad = turnabout is fair play.
    * aprovechar al máximo las oportunidades = maximise + opportunities.
    * aprovechar de la oportunidad = grasp + the opportunity.
    * aprovechar la oportunidad = seize + the opportunity, take + the opportunity, make + hay while the sun shines.
    * aprovechar oportunidades = exploit + opportunities.
    * aprovecharse de una oportunidad = grab + opportunity, capitalise on + opportunity.
    * aprovecharse de una oportunidad pasajera = jump on + the bandwagon, ride + the hype, catch + the fever.
    * aprovechar una oportunidad = embrace + opportunity, catch + opportunity.
    * buscar la oportunidad = make + an opportunity.
    * buscar una oportunidad = look for + an opportunity.
    * conceder una oportunidad = grant + opportunity.
    * coste de oportunidad = opportunity cost.
    * dar a Alguien una oportunidad de triunfar = give + Nombre + a fighting chance.
    * dar la oportunidad = give + chance.
    * dar la oportunidad de = present with + opportunities for, allow + the opportunity to.
    * dar la oportunidad de expresarse libremente = give + voice to.
    * dar la oportunidad de opinar = give + voice to.
    * dar + Nombre + una oportunidad = give + Nombre + a fair chance.
    * dar una oportunidad = give + opportunity, provide + opportunity, grant + opportunity, present + an opportunity, create + opportunity.
    * dar una oportunidad a Alguien = give + Nombre + a head start.
    * dar una segunda oportunidad = give + a second chance.
    * dejar pasar una oportunidad = forego + opportunity, miss + opportunity, pass up + opportunity, miss + chance.
    * desaprovechar una oportunidad = toss away + opportunity, waste + opportunity.
    * desperdiciar una oportunidad = toss away + opportunity, waste + opportunity, spurn + chance.
    * disfrutar de una oportunidad = enjoy + opportunity.
    * esperar su oportunidad = wait in + the wings, stand in + the wings, lurk in + the wings.
    * esta es la oportunidad de + Nombre = here's + Nombre/Pronombre + chance.
    * esta es + Pronombre + oportunidad = here's + Nombre/Pronombre + chance.
    * ¡esta es tu oportunidad! = here's your chance!.
    * igualdad de oportunidad en el trabajo = equal employment opportunity.
    * igualdad de oportunidades = equal opportunity, equality of opportunities, equity of opportunity.
    * la oportunidad de + Posesivo + vida = the opportunity of a lifetime.
    * la tierra de las oportunidades = the land of opportunity.
    * no dejar pasar la oportunidad = ride + the wave.
    * ofrecer la oportunidad de = offer + a chance to.
    * ofrecer una oportunidad = offer + opportunity, provide + opportunity, present + an opportunity.
    * oportunidad de aprendizaje = learning experience.
    * oportunidad de oro = golden opportunity.
    * oportunidad de trabajo = career opportunity, career option.
    * oportunidad ideal = ideal opportunity.
    * oportunidad justa = sporting chance.
    * oportunidad pasajera de la que hay que aprovecharse = bandwagon.
    * oportunidad perdida = lost opportunity, missed opportunity.
    * oportunidad + presentarse = opportunity + knock, opportunity + present + Reflexivo.
    * oportunidad + residir en = opportunity + lie in.
    * oportunidad + surgir = opportunity + arise.
    * oportunidad única = golden opportunity.
    * oportunidad única en la vida = chance of a lifetime.
    * perder la oportunidad = miss + the boat.
    * perder una oportunidad = miss + opportunity, lose + opportunity, miss + chance, waste + opportunity.
    * presentar la oportunidad = allow + the opportunity to.
    * presentar una oportunidad = afford + opportunity.
    * sacar partido a una oportunidad = capitalise on + opportunity.
    * sacar provecho a una oportunidad = capitalise on + opportunity.
    * sentido de la oportunidad = sense of timing.
    * tener la oportunidad = have + the opportunity.
    * tener la oportunidad de = get + (a/the) + chance to, have + opportunity to, get + a chance to.
    * tener una oportunidad = have + a chance, face + opportunity, get + a head start.
    * tener una segunda oportunidad = get + a second chance, have + a second chance.
    * última oportunidad, la = last chance, the.
    * una oportunidad casi segura = a sporting chance.
    * una oportunidad como es debido = a fair chance.
    * una oportunidad de triunfar = a fighting chance.
    * una oportunidad única en la vida = once in a lifetime opportunity.
    * ver la oportunidad = see + a chance.
    * * *
    1)
    a) ( momento oportuno) chance, opportunity

    tiene el don de la oportunidad — (iró) he has a knack of putting his foot in it

    b) ( posibilidad) chance
    2) (AmL) (vez, circunstancia) occasion

    en aquella oportunidad tuvo que ceder — that time o on that occasion he had to give in

    * * *
    = chance, opportunity, turn, window of opportunity, head start, sporting chance.

    Ex: In some authority files (titles, ISBN/ISSN, national bibliographic record numbers), no search of the file is made because there is little chance of finding the new entry in the file.

    Ex: A summary differs from an abstract in that it assumes that the reader will have the opportunity to peruse the accompanying text.
    Ex: In particular note, for example by ticking them, those terms that merit a turn in the lead position, and those that do not.
    Ex: Librarians should make the best possible use of the window of opportunity created by the development of this type of software = Los bibliotecarios deberían aprovecharse al máximo de la oportunidad creada por el desarrollo de este tipo de software.
    Ex: The article 'Providing a head start' explains the essential role toy libraries play in the school environment.
    Ex: The bear was shot in his cage and was never given a sporting chance to fight for his life.
    * a mí también me gustaría tener la misma oportunidad = turnabout is fair play.
    * aprovechar al máximo las oportunidades = maximise + opportunities.
    * aprovechar de la oportunidad = grasp + the opportunity.
    * aprovechar la oportunidad = seize + the opportunity, take + the opportunity, make + hay while the sun shines.
    * aprovechar oportunidades = exploit + opportunities.
    * aprovecharse de una oportunidad = grab + opportunity, capitalise on + opportunity.
    * aprovecharse de una oportunidad pasajera = jump on + the bandwagon, ride + the hype, catch + the fever.
    * aprovechar una oportunidad = embrace + opportunity, catch + opportunity.
    * buscar la oportunidad = make + an opportunity.
    * buscar una oportunidad = look for + an opportunity.
    * conceder una oportunidad = grant + opportunity.
    * coste de oportunidad = opportunity cost.
    * dar a Alguien una oportunidad de triunfar = give + Nombre + a fighting chance.
    * dar la oportunidad = give + chance.
    * dar la oportunidad de = present with + opportunities for, allow + the opportunity to.
    * dar la oportunidad de expresarse libremente = give + voice to.
    * dar la oportunidad de opinar = give + voice to.
    * dar + Nombre + una oportunidad = give + Nombre + a fair chance.
    * dar una oportunidad = give + opportunity, provide + opportunity, grant + opportunity, present + an opportunity, create + opportunity.
    * dar una oportunidad a Alguien = give + Nombre + a head start.
    * dar una segunda oportunidad = give + a second chance.
    * dejar pasar una oportunidad = forego + opportunity, miss + opportunity, pass up + opportunity, miss + chance.
    * desaprovechar una oportunidad = toss away + opportunity, waste + opportunity.
    * desperdiciar una oportunidad = toss away + opportunity, waste + opportunity, spurn + chance.
    * disfrutar de una oportunidad = enjoy + opportunity.
    * esperar su oportunidad = wait in + the wings, stand in + the wings, lurk in + the wings.
    * esta es la oportunidad de + Nombre = here's + Nombre/Pronombre + chance.
    * esta es + Pronombre + oportunidad = here's + Nombre/Pronombre + chance.
    * ¡esta es tu oportunidad! = here's your chance!.
    * igualdad de oportunidad en el trabajo = equal employment opportunity.
    * igualdad de oportunidades = equal opportunity, equality of opportunities, equity of opportunity.
    * la oportunidad de + Posesivo + vida = the opportunity of a lifetime.
    * la tierra de las oportunidades = the land of opportunity.
    * no dejar pasar la oportunidad = ride + the wave.
    * ofrecer la oportunidad de = offer + a chance to.
    * ofrecer una oportunidad = offer + opportunity, provide + opportunity, present + an opportunity.
    * oportunidad de aprendizaje = learning experience.
    * oportunidad de oro = golden opportunity.
    * oportunidad de trabajo = career opportunity, career option.
    * oportunidad ideal = ideal opportunity.
    * oportunidad justa = sporting chance.
    * oportunidad pasajera de la que hay que aprovecharse = bandwagon.
    * oportunidad perdida = lost opportunity, missed opportunity.
    * oportunidad + presentarse = opportunity + knock, opportunity + present + Reflexivo.
    * oportunidad + residir en = opportunity + lie in.
    * oportunidad + surgir = opportunity + arise.
    * oportunidad única = golden opportunity.
    * oportunidad única en la vida = chance of a lifetime.
    * perder la oportunidad = miss + the boat.
    * perder una oportunidad = miss + opportunity, lose + opportunity, miss + chance, waste + opportunity.
    * presentar la oportunidad = allow + the opportunity to.
    * presentar una oportunidad = afford + opportunity.
    * sacar partido a una oportunidad = capitalise on + opportunity.
    * sacar provecho a una oportunidad = capitalise on + opportunity.
    * sentido de la oportunidad = sense of timing.
    * tener la oportunidad = have + the opportunity.
    * tener la oportunidad de = get + (a/the) + chance to, have + opportunity to, get + a chance to.
    * tener una oportunidad = have + a chance, face + opportunity, get + a head start.
    * tener una segunda oportunidad = get + a second chance, have + a second chance.
    * última oportunidad, la = last chance, the.
    * una oportunidad casi segura = a sporting chance.
    * una oportunidad como es debido = a fair chance.
    * una oportunidad de triunfar = a fighting chance.
    * una oportunidad única en la vida = once in a lifetime opportunity.
    * ver la oportunidad = see + a chance.

    * * *
    A
    1 (momento oportuno) chance, opportunity
    en cuanto surja la oportunidad se lo digo I'll tell her as soon as I have the chance o the opportunity
    aún no había tenido oportunidad de saludarlo I still hadn't had the chance to say hello to him
    aprovecha esta oportunidad, no se te volverá a presentar make the most of this opportunity, you won't get another one like it
    paré a la primera oportunidad I stopped at the earliest opportunity o as soon as I could
    tiene el don de la oportunidad ( iró); he has a knack of showing up at just the wrong time/putting his foot in it
    a la oportunidad la pintan calva seize the opportunity while you can
    2 (posibilidad) chance
    dame una nueva oportunidad give me another chance
    estando allí tuve la oportunidad de conocer a … while there I was fortunate enough to be able to meet …
    no tienen igualdad de oportunidades they don't enjoy equal opportunities
    B ( AmL) (vez, circunstancia) occasion
    en aquella oportunidad tuvo que ceder that time o on that occasion he had to give in
    en otras oportunidades on other occasions
    * * *

     

    oportunidad sustantivo femenino
    1 (momento oportuno, posibilidad) chance, opportunity;

    tuve oportunidad (la) de conocerla I got to meet her;
    igualdad de oportunidades equal opportunities
    2 (AmL) (vez, circunstancia) occasion;
    ◊ en aquella oportunidad that time o on that occasion

    oportunidad sustantivo femenino
    1 opportunity, chance: perdió la oportunidad de su vida, he lost a golden opportunity ➣ Ver nota en opportunity
    2 (sección en grandes almacenes) oportunidades, bargains department
    ' oportunidad' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    desaprovechar
    - escapar
    - escaparse
    - malograr
    - mía
    - mío
    - ninguna
    - ninguno
    - perder
    - terciarse
    - última
    - último
    - aprovechar
    - chance
    - dar
    - desperdiciar
    - farrear
    - magnífico
    - mano
    - ofrecer
    - pasar
    - presentar
    English:
    alert
    - avail
    - blow
    - break
    - bungle
    - chance
    - fact
    - forfeit
    - gazump
    - hang back
    - job opportunity
    - jump at
    - last
    - leap at
    - lifetime
    - miss
    - offer
    - opening
    - opportunity
    - parting
    - pass up
    - present
    - second
    - seize
    - seize on
    - seize upon
    - skill
    - snap up
    - snatch
    - squander
    - take
    - throw away
    - wait
    - waste
    - afford
    - get
    - go
    - golden
    - jump
    - life
    - now
    - slip
    - wild
    * * *
    1. [momento adecuado] opportunity;
    aprovechar la oportunidad to seize the opportunity;
    no pienso desaprovechar la oportunidad I don't intend to waste the opportunity;
    ahora es la oportunidad para planteárselo now is the right moment to put it to her;
    es una oportunidad única it's a unique opportunity
    2. [posibilidad] chance, opportunity;
    me dio una segunda oportunidad he gave me a second chance;
    a la primera oportunidad que tenga se lo digo I'll tell her just as soon as I get the chance o at the earliest opportunity;
    me surgió esta oportunidad y decidí aprovecharla this opportunity arose and I decided to make the most of it
    3. [ocasión, vez] occasion, time;
    en esa oportunidad tuve que callarme, pero no lo haré más on that occasion I had to keep quiet, but I won't in future;
    como ya dijimos en otras oportunidades… as we have already said on other occasions…
    4. [conveniencia] timeliness;
    la oportunidad de esta decisión se pudo comprobar unos meses después the timeliness of this decision became apparent a few months later
    5.
    oportunidades [en gran almacén] bargains;
    la sección de oportunidades the bargains section
    * * *
    f
    1 opportunity;
    oportunidad de gol DEP chance to score
    2
    :
    oportunidades pl COM sales
    * * *
    : opportunity, chance
    * * *
    1. (circunstancia) opportunity [pl. opportunities] / chance
    2. (ganga) bargain

    Spanish-English dictionary > oportunidad

  • 78 plural

    adj.
    1 pluralistic.
    2 plural (grammar).
    m.
    plural (grammar).
    * * *
    1 plural
    1 plural
    \
    plural mayestático royal 'we'
    * * *
    1. ADJ
    1) (Ling) plural
    2) esp LAm (=muchos) many
    2.
    * * *
    I
    adjetivo plural
    II
    masculino plural
    * * *
    = plural, pluralistic.
    Ex. All nouns have a plural and a singular form.
    Ex. This article discusses the special role that libraries can play in the multicultural, pluralistic environment that will be the society in the near future.
    ----
    * en plural = in the plural.
    * * *
    I
    adjetivo plural
    II
    masculino plural
    * * *
    = plural, pluralistic.

    Ex: All nouns have a plural and a singular form.

    Ex: This article discusses the special role that libraries can play in the multicultural, pluralistic environment that will be the society in the near future.
    * en plural = in the plural.

    * * *
    1 ( Ling) plural
    2 ‹sociedad› plural
    plural
    tercera persona del plural third person plural
    el verbo está en plural the verb is in the plural
    * * *

    plural adjetivo / noun masculine
    plural;

    en plural in the plural
    plural adjetivo & sustantivo masculino plural
    en plural, in the plural

    ' plural' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    apéndice
    - cien
    - cuñada
    - cuñado
    - dato
    - demasiada
    - demasiado
    - haber
    - hermano
    - índice
    - mucha
    - mucho
    - otra
    - otro
    - padre
    - poca
    - poco
    - rey
    - se
    - sí
    - sobrino
    - tanta
    - tanto
    - toda
    - todo
    - totalidad
    - abarrotes
    - abasto
    - acelgas
    - achaques
    - achuras
    - adentros
    - ADM
    - aerobic
    - afueras
    - agallas
    - agua
    - agujeta
    - ahorro
    - alicate
    - almacén
    - almorranas
    - Alpes
    - alrededores
    - altibajos
    - amígdalas
    - amistad
    - anales
    - andador
    - andanzas
    English:
    accused
    - acoustic
    - aged
    - alms
    - amends
    - amenities
    - Andes
    - antics
    - archives
    - armaments
    - arrears
    - athletic
    - atomic weapons
    - bacteria
    - bagpipes
    - basic
    - battlements
    - bedclothes
    - bedding
    - bell-bottoms
    - bellows
    - belongings
    - bifocals
    - binoculars
    - blinkers
    - breadcrumbs
    - British
    - but
    - bygone
    - calves
    - cast-offs
    - castanets
    - cattle
    - children
    - chopsticks
    - clippers
    - clothes
    - condolences
    - confines
    - congratulations
    - cornflakes
    - credentials
    - crisps
    - culottes
    - dancing shoes
    - data
    - dead
    - deaf
    - dealings
    - death throes
    * * *
    ♦ adj
    1. [múltiple] pluralist
    2. Gram plural
    ♦ nm
    Gram plural;
    primera persona del plural first person plural
    el plural mayestático the royal we;
    plural de modestia = use of the pronoun “we” instead of “I” as a gesture of modesty
    * * *
    I adj plural
    II m GRAM plural
    * * *
    plural adj & nm
    : plural
    * * *
    plural adj n plural

    Spanish-English dictionary > plural

  • 79 dirección

    f.
    1 direction, guidance, orientation, tack.
    2 address, postal address.
    3 steering wheel, steering.
    4 management, administration.
    5 editorial board.
    6 editorship.
    7 authorities.
    8 leadership, leaders of the party.
    * * *
    1 (acción de dirigir) management, running
    2 (cargo) directorship, position of manager; (de un partido) leadership; (de un colegio) headship; (de editorial) position of editor
    3 (junta) board of directors, management
    4 (oficina) head office, headquarters plural
    5 (sentido) direction, way
    6 (destino) destination
    7 (domicilio) address
    8 TÉCNICA steering
    \
    llevar la dirección de algo to run something, direct something
    dirección asistida AUTOMÓVIL power assisted steering, power steering
    dirección general head office
    * * *
    noun f.
    2) direction, way
    * * *
    SF
    1) (=sentido) direction

    ¿podría indicarme la dirección de la playa? — could you show me the way to the beach?

    • salir con dirección a — to leave for

    • ir en dirección contraria — to go the other way

    • de dos direcciones Esp —

    • ir en dirección a — to go in the direction of, go towards, head for

    el taxi iba en dirección al aeropuerto — the taxi was going in the direction of o towards the airport, the taxi was heading for the airport

    • calle de dirección obligatoria o única — one-way street

    2) (=orientación) way
    3) (=señas) address

    • poner la dirección a un sobre — to address an envelope

    4) (=control) [de empresa, hospital, centro de enseñanza] running; [de partido] leadership; [de película] direction

    dirección colectiva, dirección colegiada — (Pol) collective leadership

    5) (=personal directivo)

    • la dirección — [de empresa, centro escolar] the management; [de partido] the leadership; [de periódico] the editorial board

    prohibido fumar en este local: la dirección — smoking is prohibited in this building: the management

    6) (=cargo) [en colegio] headship, principalship (EEUU); [en periódico, revista] editorship; [en partido] leadership; [de gerente] post of manager; [de alto cargo] directorship
    7) (=despacho) [en colegio] headteacher's office, principal's office (EEUU); [en periódico, revista] editor's office; [de gerente] manager's office; [de alto cargo] director's office
    8) (=oficina principal) head office

    Dirección General de Seguridad — State Security Office, State Security Service

    dirección provincial — regional office of a government department

    9) (Aut, Náut) steering

    dirección asistida, dirección hidráulica — LAm power steering

    * * *
    1) ( señas) address
    2) (sentido, rumbo) direction

    ¿en qué dirección iba? or ¿qué dirección llevaba? — which way was he heading o going?

    3) (Auto) ( mecanismo) steering
    4) (Adm)
    a) ( cargo - en escuela) principalship (AmE), headship (BrE); (- en empresa) post o position of manager
    b) ( cuerpo directivo - de empresa) management; (- de periódico) editorial board; (- de prisión) authorities (pl); (- de partido) leadership
    c) ( oficina - en escuela) principal's office (AmE), headmaster's/headmistress's office (BrE); (- en empresa) manager's/director's office; (- en periódico) editorial office
    5)
    a) (de obra, película) direction
    c) (de empresa, proyecto) management
    * * *
    1) ( señas) address
    2) (sentido, rumbo) direction

    ¿en qué dirección iba? or ¿qué dirección llevaba? — which way was he heading o going?

    3) (Auto) ( mecanismo) steering
    4) (Adm)
    a) ( cargo - en escuela) principalship (AmE), headship (BrE); (- en empresa) post o position of manager
    b) ( cuerpo directivo - de empresa) management; (- de periódico) editorial board; (- de prisión) authorities (pl); (- de partido) leadership
    c) ( oficina - en escuela) principal's office (AmE), headmaster's/headmistress's office (BrE); (- en empresa) manager's/director's office; (- en periódico) editorial office
    5)
    a) (de obra, película) direction
    c) (de empresa, proyecto) management
    * * *
    dirección1
    1 = administration, directorship, management, senior staff, governance, senior management, top management, headship, steerage, directing, leadership, senior managers.

    Ex: Since the Reagan administration began its war on waste in 1981, farmers and other citizens have had not alternative to buying their information from the private sector at far steeper prices.

    Ex: An applicant for the directorship of a medium-sized public library is asked to explain how he would conduct a community survey and demonstrate how he would plan library programs.
    Ex: The practice of librarianship requires performance of the same management functions irrespective of position.
    Ex: Senior SLIS staff were seen to be relatively content with their present levels of funding which has been modestly increased in recent years = El personal de dirección de las EUBYD parecía estar relativamente contento con sus niveles actuales de financiación que se han incrementado moderadamente en los últimos años.
    Ex: Public libraries specifically face enormous problems of funding and governance.
    Ex: In some library authorities these associations are highly developed and form a positive bridge between junior staff and the senior management.
    Ex: Nevertheless, performance evaluation can be made more effective if, as stated earlier, the program is strongly supported by top management.
    Ex: In the context of collegial management in university libraries, this article presents the advantages and disadvantages of rotating headships.
    Ex: Incorrect reference entry is an unpardonable sin, since the purpose of the entry is to give exact steerage to the original paper from the abstract.
    Ex: All managers should be knowledgeable in strategies of good directing so that a productive and nurturing environment can be created.
    Ex: The leadership challenge is to flatten out differences, identify the new goals, and make tough decisions.
    Ex: Our senior managers are responsible for the day-to-day running of the organisation.
    * asumir la dirección = take over + the leadership (from).
    * bajo la dirección de = under the supervision of.
    * comité de dirección = steering committee.
    * de dirección = directorial, administrative.
    * dirección cinematográfica = film direction.
    * dirección compartida = shared governance.
    * dirección de la biblioteca = library administrators.
    * dirección de la biblioteca, la = library administration, the.
    * dirección general = directorate-general.
    * dirección participativa = participative management.
    * en el puesto de dirección = in the hot seat.
    * en la dirección = in the saddle.
    * en la dirección (de) = at the helm (of).
    * equipo de dirección = management, management team, administrative team.
    * grupo de dirección = management.
    * junta de dirección = board of directors.
    * junta de dirección de la escuela = school board.
    * nivel alto de dirección = higher management.
    * ocupar un cargo de dirección = hold + a chair.
    * personal de dirección = senior staff, senior management.
    * puesto de dirección = position of leadership.
    * relativo a la dirección = directorial.
    * resumen de la dirección = executive summary.
    * reunión de la dirección = board meeting.

    dirección2
    2 = direction, quarter.

    Ex: Thus the thesaurus user may approach a term from 'either direction'.

    Ex: A reappraisal is therefore outlined here with the understanding that it is open to rebuttal and challenge from whatever quarter.
    * cambiar dirección = change + direction.
    * cambio de dirección = change of hands.
    * continuar en esta dirección = proceed + along this way.
    * dar dirección = lend + direction.
    * dirección del viento = wind direction.
    * en ambas direcciones = two-way.
    * en dirección de la proa = abaft.
    * en dirección este = eastward(s), eastbound.
    * en dirección norte = northbound.
    * en dirección oeste = westbound, westward(s).
    * en dirección sur = southward(s), southbound.
    * en la dirección de = toward(s).
    * en la dirección de la máquina = machine-direction.
    * en la dirección del viento = downwind.
    * falta de dirección = indirection.
    * indicador de dirección = signpost.
    * línea de dirección = line of direction.
    * mantener Algo en la dirección correcta = keep + Nombre + on track.
    * mirar en otra dirección = look + the other way.
    * por buena dirección = a step in the right direction.
    * seguir una dirección = follow + path, take + path.
    * timón de dirección = rudder.
    * tomar otra dirección = branch off + on a side trail.
    * tomar una dirección = take + direction.

    dirección3
    3 = address.

    Ex: The Acquisitions system uses a Name address Directory as its source of address information for orders.

    * correo con dirección errónea = misdirected mail.
    * dirección de contacto = contact address.
    * dirección de correo = mailing address.
    * dirección de correo electrónico = email address.
    * dirección de envío = shipping address.
    * dirección de facturación = billing address, invoice address.
    * dirección del remitente = return address.
    * dirección de pago = payment address.
    * dirección favorita = bookmark.
    * dirección para correspondencia = mailing address.
    * dirección postal = postal address, mailing address.
    * dirección web = web address.
    * fichero de direcciones = addresses file.
    * intercambio de direcciones = exchange of address.
    * libreta de direcciones = address book.
    * lista de direcciones = mailing list.
    * máquina de imprimir direcciones = addressograph, addressing machine.
    * poner la dirección en un sobre = address + envelope.

    dirección4

    Ex: This article describes in detail the various methods of ink-jet printing employing electrostatic steering, electromagnetic steering, and multiple ink jets.

    * dirección asistida = power steering.

    dirección5
    5 = tack.

    Ex: The simplest tack would be to include the metadata in the notes field but sorting by metadata attributes is problematic and clunky.

    * dirección asistida = power-assisted steering.
    * explorar una dirección = chart + direction.

    * * *
    A (señas) address
    nombre y dirección name and address
    Compuestos:
    absolute address
    business address
    e-mail address
    home address
    postal address
    relative address
    telegraphic address
    B (sentido, rumbo) direction
    circulaba con or en dirección a Madrid it was heading toward(s) Madrid
    ellos venían en dirección contraria they were coming the other way o from the opposite direction
    ¿en qué dirección iba? or ¿qué dirección llevaba? which way was he heading o going?
    su política ha tomado una nueva dirección their policy has taken a new direction
    cambiar de dirección to change direction
    la flecha indica dirección obligatoria the arrow indicates that it's one way only
    C ( Auto) (mecanismo) steering; (volante) steering wheel
    alinear la dirección to align the wheels
    Compuesto:
    power-assisted steering, power steering
    D ( Adm)
    1 (cargo — en una escuela) principalship ( AmE), headship ( BrE); (— en una empresa) post o position of manager
    2 (cuerpo directivo — de una empresa) management; (— de un periódico) editorial board; (— de una prisión) authorities (pl); (— de un partido) leadership
    3 (oficina — en una escuela) principal's office ( AmE), headmaster's/headmistress's office ( BrE); (— en una empresa) manager's/director's office; (— en un periódico) editorial office
    E
    1 (de una obra, película) direction
    es su primer trabajo de dirección it's the first time she's directed, it's her first job as a director o her first directing job
    la dirección es de Saura it is directed by Saura
    2
    (de una orquesta): bajo la dirección de Campomar conducted by Campomar
    3 (de una empresa, proyecto) management
    bajo la dirección de su profesor under the guidance of her teacher
    * * *

     

    dirección sustantivo femenino
    1 ( señas) address
    2 (sentido, rumbo) direction;
    ◊ ellos venían en dirección contraria they were coming the other way o from the opposite direction;

    ¿en qué dirección iba? which way was he heading o going?;
    señal de dirección prohibida no-entry sign;
    dirección obligatoria one way only
    3 (Auto) ( mecanismo) steering;

    4 (Adm)
    a) ( cargo — en escuela) principalship (AmE), headship (BrE);

    (— en empresa) post o position of manager

    (— de periódico) editorial board;
    (— de prisión) authorities (pl);
    (— de partido) leadership
    c) ( oficina — en escuela) principal's office (AmE), headmaster's/headmistress's office (BrE);

    (— en empresa) manager's/director's office;
    (— en periódico) editorial office
    dirección sustantivo femenino
    1 (sentido, rumbo) direction
    dirección obligatoria, one way only
    dirección prohibida, no entry
    en dirección a, towards
    2 (domicilio) address
    3 Cine Teat direction
    4 (conjunto de dirigentes de una empresa) management
    (de un partido) leadership
    (de un colegio) headship, US principal's office
    5 (cargo de dirección) directorship
    6 (oficina del director) director's office
    7 Auto Téc steering
    dirección asistida, power steering
    ' dirección' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    A
    - abajo
    - allí
    - cambiarse
    - canalizar
    - cara
    - de
    - derivar
    - DGT
    - dirigir
    - domicilio
    - dorso
    - este
    - girar
    - giro
    - hacia
    - jefatura
    - junta
    - lado
    - llevar
    - para
    - patronal
    - recta
    - recto
    - rumbo
    - saber
    - seña
    - singladura
    - viraje
    - a
    - actual
    - adelante
    - adentro
    - afuera
    - anotar
    - arriba
    - arroba
    - atrás
    - calle
    - camino
    - casualidad
    - contramano
    - contrario
    - deber
    - encabezamiento
    - indicador
    - nordeste
    - noroeste
    - norte
    - oeste
    English:
    address
    - administration
    - ahead
    - ashore
    - back
    - business
    - change
    - course
    - direction
    - double-jointed
    - eastbound
    - entry
    - film making
    - him
    - inquire
    - leadership
    - management
    - negotiation
    - oncoming
    - opposite
    - out of
    - over
    - overseas
    - power steering
    - promptly
    - redirect
    - round
    - self-addressed
    - somewhere
    - south
    - south-east
    - south-west
    - spin
    - steering
    - swing
    - switch
    - to
    - turn
    - up
    - way
    - westward
    - with
    - down
    - east
    - easterly
    - eastward
    - head
    - inland
    - internal
    - may
    * * *
    1. [sentido] direction;
    se halla interrumpido el tráfico en ambas direcciones the road is closed in both directions;
    cambiar de dirección to change direction;
    en dirección contraria in the opposite direction;
    señal de dirección obligatoria = sign indicating that traffic must go in a particular direction;
    dirección prohibida [en letrero] no entry;
    no gires por la siguiente, que es dirección prohibida don't take the next turning, it's no entry;
    circular en dirección prohibida to drive the wrong way up a one-way street
    2. [rumbo] direction;
    con dirección a, en dirección a towards, in the direction of;
    los trenes con o [m5] en dirección a Málaga trains to Malaga;
    ¿en qué dirección ibas? which way were you going?;
    íbamos en dirección a mi casa we were heading for my place;
    el buque avanzaba en la dirección del viento the ship had the wind behind it;
    los acontecimientos han tomado una dirección inesperada events have taken an unexpected turn
    3. [domicilio] address;
    déme su nombre y dirección, por favor could you tell me your name and address, please?
    dirección de entrega shipping address
    4. Informát address
    dirección de correo electrónico e-mail address;
    dirección electrónica [de correo] e-mail address;
    [de página] web page address;
    dirección IP IP address;
    dirección de memoria memory address;
    dirección web web address
    5. [mando, gestión] [de empresa, hospital] management;
    [de partido] leadership; [de colegio] headship; [de periódico] editorship; [de película] direction; [de obra de teatro] production; [de orquesta] conducting;
    estudia dirección de cine he's studying film directing
    6. [oficina] [de empresa, hospital] manager's office;
    [de colegio] Br headmaster's/headmistress's o US principal's office; [de periódico] editor's office
    7. [junta directiva] [de empresa, hospital] management;
    [de partido] leadership; [de colegio] management team; [de periódico] editorial board;
    la dirección de este periódico no se hace responsable de la opinión de sus colaboradores the editors of this newspaper are not responsible for opinions expressed by contributors
    dirección comercial commercial department;
    dirección general head office;
    RP Dirección General Impositiva Br ≈ Inland Revenue, US ≈ IRS;
    Dirección General de Tráfico = government department in charge of road transport
    8. [de vehículo] steering
    Esp dirección asistida power steering; Am dirección hidráulica power steering
    9. Geol strike
    * * *
    f
    1 ( sentido) direction;
    en aquella dirección that way, in that direction;
    2 COM management; POL leadership
    3 de coche steering
    4 TEA, de película direction;
    bajo la dirección de under the direction of, directed by
    5 en carta address
    6 ( rumbo)
    :
    en dirección a heading for;
    en dirección sur heading south
    7
    :
    direcciones pl ( instrucciones) guidelines
    * * *
    dirección nf, pl - ciones
    1) : address
    2) : direction
    3) : management, leadership
    4) : steering (of an automobile)
    * * *
    1. (sentido) direction
    se fue en esa dirección she went in that direction / she went that way
    2. (señas) address [pl. addresses]

    Spanish-English dictionary > dirección

  • 80 dovere

    1. v/i have to, must
    devo averlo I must have it, I have to have it
    non devo dimenticare I mustn't forget
    deve arrivare oggi she is supposed to arrive today
    come si deve ( bene) properly
    persona very decent
    doveva succedere it was bound to happen
    dovresti avvertirlo you ought to or should let him know
    2. v/t owe
    3. m duty
    per dovere out of duty
    * * *
    dovere v.servile
    1 ( obbligo, necessità assoluta) must, to have (got) to, to be to; shall (spec. form. nella 2a e 3a pers. sing. e pl.): devo finire questo lavoro entro domani, I must (o I have to o I've got to) finish this job by tomorrow; ha dovuto studiare tutto il giorno, he had to study all day; dobbiamo salvaguardare l'ambiente, we must (o we've got to) protect the environment; devi imparare a controllarti, you must (o you've got to) learn to control yourself; dovevamo partire subito, we had to leave at once; le domande d'iscrizione dovranno essere presentate entro febbraio, applications must (o are to) be made by the end of February; non dobbiamo fermarci un minuto di più, we mustn't stop a minute longer; devo proprio firmare?, do I have to (o have I got to o must I) sign?; la commissione deve riunirsi al più presto, the commission is to meet as soon as possible; secondo regolamento, nessuno deve lasciare la scuola senza autorizzazione, according to regulations, no one shall leave the school without authorization; tutti gli ufficiali devono presentarsi al colonnello, all officers are to (o shall) report to the colonel; che cosa devo fare?, what am I to do?; non devono esserci equivoci questa volta, there must be no misunderstanding this time; dovendo assentarmi per lavoro, non potrò presenziare alla cerimonia, having to be away on business, I shall be unable to attend the ceremony // comportarsi come si deve, to behave oneself (properly) // una persona come si deve, a decent person // un lavoro come si deve, a job well done // ( possibile) che debba sempre averla vinta tu?, why must you always be right?
    2 ( necessità, opportunità, convenienza) to have to, must (in frasi affermative e interr. positive); need (solo in frasi interr. positive); not to need to, need not, not to have (got) to (in frasi negative e interr. negative): dovrò alzarmi presto se voglio prendere il primo treno, I'll have to get up early if I want to catch the first train; dovremo far controllare l'impianto elettrico, we'll have to have the electric system checked; se vuole dimagrire dovrà mettersi a dieta, he'll have to go on a diet if he wants to lose weight; dovrai smettere di fumare prima o poi, you'll have to give up smoking sooner or later; dovete vedere quel film, you must, see that film; devi venire a cena qualche sera, you must (o you'll have to) come to dinner some evening; devi farti tagliare i capelli, you must (o you'll have to) get your hair cut; devi proprio andare in banca?, do you really need to go to the bank?; devi fare benzina?, do you need (to get) any petrol?; si deve mandare un acconto?, does one need to send a deposit?; non dovete accompagnarmi all'aeroporto, posso prendere un taxi, you needn't (o you don't have to o you don't need to) take me to the airport, as I can get a taxi; non è detto che debba andare proprio tu, you don't necessarily have to go; non dovevi telefonare?, didn't you have to make a phone call?; perché devi sempre interferire?, why must you keep on interfering?
    3 ( certezza, forte probabilità) must, to be bound to; ( inevitabilità) to have to, must: dev'esserci una spiegazione, there must be an explanation; dev'essere questo l'albergo, this must be the hotel; deve arrivare da un momento all'altro, he's bound to arrive any moment; devono aver capito, they must have understood; devi certamente aver sentito parlare di lui, you must (o you're bound to) have heard of him; doveva succedere prima o poi, it had to (o it was bound to) happen sooner or later; dovrà essere informato, he'll have to be told; dev'essere stato emozionante assistere a quell'incontro, it must have been exciting to be at that match
    4 ( essere previsto, prestabilito) to be to; (spec. di treno ecc.) to be due (to): doveva diventare presidente, he was to become president; le nozze dovevano essere celebrate l'indomani, the wedding was to take place next day; devo essere a Torino alle 10, I'm to be in Turin at 10 o'clock; l'aereo deve atterrare alle 11.15, the plane is due (to land) at 11.15; il treno doveva arrivare a Firenze alla 18, the train was due in Florence at 6 p.m.
    5 ( supposizione, previsione, possibilità) must: dev'essere già a casa, he must be home by now; non devono essere ancora partiti, they mustn't (o they can't) have left yet; devono essere le 3, it must be 3 o'clock; quello dev'essere il Monte Bianco, that must be Mont Blanc; deve sentirsi molto sola, she must be very lonely; non devono essersi capiti, they can't have understood each other; devi aver sofferto molto, you must have had a hard time; dev'essere rimasto male, he must have been upset; deve aver bevuto, he must have been drinking; non doveva avere più di 15 anni, he couldn't have been more than 15 (years of age); doveva essere molto tardi quando sei rincasato, it must have been very late when you got in // deve piovere, it's going to rain // dovrà rispondere di tentato omicidio, he's going to be charged with attempted murder ∙ Come si nota dagli esempi, in frasi negative si può usare can, could in luogo di must
    6 (per esprimere una richiesta, nella 1a pers. s. e pl. del pres. indic.) shall: devo dirglielo?, shall I tell him?; dobbiamo passare a prenderti?, shall we call for you?; devo chiudere la porta a chiave?, shall I lock the door?; devo pagare in contanti o posso darle un assegno?, shall I pay cash or can I give you a cheque?; dobbiamo venire anche noi?, shall we come too?; devo farti telefonare da Michele?, shall I get Michael to call you?
    7 (al cond.) should, ought to: dovrebbero arrivare per le otto, they should (o they ought to) be here by eight; avrei dovuto scusarmi, I should have apologized; dovrebbe partire stasera, he should leave tonight; avresti dovuto andarci, you should have gone (there); dovreste aiutarlo, you ought to help him; avresti dovuto saperlo da un pezzo, you should have known ages ago; avrebbero dovuto telefonarmi, they ought to have phoned me
    8 (al cong. imperf. in frasi ipotetiche) should, were to: non dimenticherò mai quel giorno, dovessi campare 100 anni, I'll never forget that day, if I were to live 100 years; se dovesse fallire..., if he were to fail...; se dovesse venire, avvertimi, if he should come (o should he come), let me know; se doveste passare da Bologna, telefonatemi, if you should happen to be passing through Bologna, give me a call; se dovessi incontrarlo, digli che ho bisogno di parlargli, if you should meet (o should you meet) him, tell him I need to have a word with him; (se) dovessero stare così le cose..., if that were the case...
    9 ( essere obbligato, costretto) to be compelled (o obliged o forced) to; to feel* bound to: devo rinunciare all'incarico per motivi di salute, I am compelled (o obliged o forced) to give up the post for health reasons; dovette abbandonare il paese, he was forced to leave the country; se non provvederete al mio risarcimento, dovrò rivolgermi al mio avvocato, if you fail to compensate me, I shall be obliged to contact my solicitor; in seguito alle gravi accuse, il ministro dovette dimettersi, as a result of the grave allegations, the minister was forced to resign; devo riconoscere che avevamo torto, I feel bound to say we were wrong
    10 (all'imperfetto con valore di condizionale per esprimere consiglio, suggerimento) should have (o ought to have) + part. pass.: dovevi aspettartelo, you should have expected it; non doveva rispondere in quel modo, he shouldn't have answered like that; dovevamo pensarci prima, we ought to have thought of it before; dovevate vederlo, you should have seen him; dovevano immaginare che ti saresti offeso, they should have realised you'd be offended; non dovevi fare tante storie, you shouldn't have made such a fuss
    ◆ v.tr.
    1 ( essere debitore di) to owe: gli devo 500 euro, I owe him 500 euros; che cosa le devo?, what do I owe you?; deve il successo alla sua grande popolarità, he owes his success to his great popularity; ti dobbiamo molta riconoscenza, we owe you a great debt of gratitude; gli dovevamo tutto, we owed everything to him; ti devo la vita, I owe my life to you
    2 ( derivare) to take*: la Bolivia deve il suo nome a Simon Bolivar, Bolivia takes its name from Simon Bolivar
    3 ( nella forma passiva) to be due: a che cosa era dovuto il ritardo?, what was the delay due to?; ciò si deve alla sua negligenza, that is due to his negligence; l'incidente non era dovuto a un guasto meccanico, ma a un errore del pilota, the accident was not due to mechanical failure, but to pilot error; la morte era dovuta a cause naturali, death was due to natural causes; la teoria della relatività si deve a Einstein, we owe the theory of relativity to Einstein.
    dovere s.m.
    1 duty: i miei doveri di madre, my duties as a mother; i nostri doveri verso Dio, la patria, il prossimo, our duty to God, our country, our fellow creatures; i diritti e i doveri del cittadino, the rights and duties of the citizen; (dir.) dovere legale, legal duty; (dir.) soggetto a dovere, liable to duty; per senso del dovere, from a sense of duty; com'è mio dovere, as in duty bound; conosco il mio dovere, I know my duty; ho il dovere d'informarvi, I must inform you; mancò al suo dovere, he failed in his duty; mi faccio un dovere di imitarvi in tutto, I make a point of imitating you in everything; morì vittima del dovere, he died doing his duty; sento il dovere di aiutarti, I feel bound to help you; si credeva in dovere di seguirmi dappertutto, he thought it was his duty to follow me everywhere // avere il senso del dovere, to be conscious of one's duty; fare il proprio dovere, to do one's duty: fa' il tuo dovere a qualunque costo!, do your duty at all costs! // a dovere, properly (o as it should be): ti ha sistemato a dovere!, he settled your hash! // chi di dovere penserà a farlo, the person responsible will look after it; ci rivolgeremo a chi di dovere, we'll apply to the person in charge // visita di dovere, duty call // prima il dovere poi il piacere, (prov.) work before pleasure
    2 pl. (antiq.) ( saluti, convenevoli) (kind) regards, compliments, respects: i miei doveri a vostra sorella, my kindest regards to your sister; porgere i propri doveri a qlcu., to pay one's respects to s.o.
    * * *
    [do'vere]
    1. vt irreg
    (soldi, riconoscenza) to owe

    gli devo il mio successo — I owe my success to him, I have him to thank for my success

    devo tutto ai miei genitori — I owe everything to my parents

    crede che tutto gli sia dovuto — he thinks he has a god-given right to everything

    1) (obbligo) to have to

    come si deve — (bene) properly, (meritatamente) properly, as he (o she ecc) deserves

    è una persona come si deve — he is a very decent person

    non avrebbe dovuto esserne informata che il giorno dopo — she was not supposed to hear about it until the following day

    non devi fare rumore — you mustn't o you're not to make a noise

    avrebbe dovuto farlo — he should have o ought to have done it

    lui deve farlo — he has (got) to do it, he must do it

    devo farlo subito? — do I have to o have I got to do it immediately?

    devo partire domani — I'm leaving tomorrow, (purtroppo) I've got to leave tomorrow

    non devi zuccherarlo — (non è necessario) there's no need to add sugar

    2)

    lo farò, dovessi morire — I'll do it if it kills me

    3)

    (previsione) deve arrivare alle 10 — he should o is due to arrive at 10

    4)

    (probabilità) deve essere difficile farlo — it must be difficult to do

    3. sm
    (obbligo) duty

    a dovere — (bene) properly, (debitamente) as he (o she ecc) deserves

    rivolgersi a chi di dovere — to apply to the appropriate authority o person

    fare il proprio dovere di elettore — to do one's duty as a voter

    farsi un dovere di qc — to make sth one's duty

    avere il senso del dovere — to have a sense of duty

    * * *
    I 1. [do'vere]
    (when it is modal verb the use of the auxiliary essere or avere depends on the verb in the infinitive that follows) verbo modale
    1) (per esprimere obbligo) must, to have* to
    2) (per esprimere necessità, esigenza, convenienza) to have* (got) to
    3) (per esprimere consiglio, raccomandazione) should, ought to
    2.
    verbo transitivo
    1) (essere debitore di) to owe [denaro, cena] (a qcn. to sb.)

    quanto le devo? — (per un servizio) how much do I owe you? (per un acquisto) how much is it?

    mi deve un favore, delle scuse — he owes me a favour, an apology

    2) come si deve [comportarsi, agire] properly
    II 1. [do'vere]
    sostantivo maschile

    a chi di dovere — the person o people concerned

    2) a dovere properly, in the right way
    2.
    sostantivo maschile plurale doveri ant. (omaggi) respects

    - i coniugali — conjugal o marital duties

    ••

    prima il dovere, poi il piacere — prov. = duty comes first

    * * *
    dovere1
    /do'vere/ [43] (when it is modal verb the use of the auxiliary essere or avere depends on the verb in the infinitive that follows)
     1 (per esprimere obbligo) must, to have* to; il prestito deve essere rimborsato in un anno the loan must be repaid in one year; devo veramente alzarmi alle 7? must I really be up at 7 am? non devi farne parola con nessuno you mustn't mention this to anyone; devo andare a prendere i bambini a scuola I have to collect the children from school; fai quello che devi do what you have to
     2 (per esprimere necessità, esigenza, convenienza) to have* (got) to; si doveva fare qualcosa something had to be done; devi metterti a dieta se vuoi dimagrire you have to diet if you want to slim down; dobbiamo proprio discuterne adesso? need we discuss it now? devo prendere un ombrello? should I take an umbrella? do I need to take an umbrella? che devo fare? what am I to do?
     3 (per esprimere consiglio, raccomandazione) should, ought to; dovresti riflettere prima di parlare you should think before you speak
     4 (per esprimere probabilità) doveva essere lui it must have been him; dev'esserci qualche errore! there must be some mistake!
     5 (per esprimere previsione) dovremmo arrivare per le sei we should be there by six o'clock; devo vederlo domani I'll be seeing him tomorrow; quando deve o dovrebbe nascere il bambino? when's the baby due?
     6 (in offerte di cortesia o richieste di istruzioni) shall; dobbiamo aspettarti? shall we wait for you?
     1 (essere debitore di) to owe [denaro, cena] (a qcn. to sb.); quanto le devo? (per un servizio) how much do I owe you? (per un acquisto) how much is it? devo a te la mia vittoria it's thanks to you that I won; mi deve un favore, delle scuse he owes me a favour, an apology
     2 come si deve [comportarsi, agire] properly; un uomo come si deve a decent man.
    \
    See also notes... (dovere.pdf)
    ————————
    dovere2
    /do'vere/
    I sostantivo m.
     1 (obbligo) duty ( nei confronti di, verso to); avere il dovere di fare to have the duty to do; avere il senso del dovere to have a sense of duty; fare il proprio dovere to do one's duty; sentirsi in dovere di fare to feel duty bound to do; visita di dovere duty call; a chi di dovere the person o people concerned
     2 a dovere properly, in the right way
    II doveri m.pl.
     ant. (omaggi) respects
    prima il dovere, poi il piacere prov. = duty comes first
    \
    - i coniugali conjugal o marital duties.

    Dizionario Italiano-Inglese > dovere

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  • Environment variable — Environment variables are a set of dynamic named values that can affect the way running processes will behave on a computer. They can be said in some sense to create the operating environment in which a process runs. For example, an environment… …   Wikipedia

  • Environment & Energy Publishing — LLC Type Monday through Friday Format online Owner Environment Energy Publishing, LLC Publisher Michael Witt Editor Kevin Braun Founded …   Wikipedia

  • First Minister and deputy First Minister — Incumbent Peter Robinson and Martin McGuinness since 5 June 2008 and 8 May 2007 (respectively) Appointer …   Wikipedia

  • First Coast — Location in the state of Florida Major cities Jacksonville Fernandina Beach St. Augustine Orange Park …   Wikipedia

  • First Kuwaiti Trading & Contracting — First Kuwaiti Trading Contracting, also known as First Kuwaiti Trading Company and FKTC, is a construction company that was contracted to build the Embassy of the United States in Baghdad in 2004. It was founded in 1996 by Wadih al Absi and… …   Wikipedia

  • environment — c.1600, state of being environed (see ENVIRON (Cf. environ) + MENT (Cf. ment)); sense of nature, conditions in which a person or thing lives first recorded 1827 (used by Carlyle to render Ger. Umgebung); specialized ecology sense first recorded… …   Etymology dictionary

  • First Hotel Calenzano (Florence Province) — First Hotel Calenzano country: Italy, city: Florence Province (Calenzano) First Hotel Calenzano Offering impeccable service in a classic Florentine tradition, this modern property with easy access to the centre of Florence and Tuscan countryside… …   International hotels

  • First Camp Tylösand — (Тюлёсанд,Швеция) Категория отеля: 4 звездочный отель Адрес: Kungsvägen 3, 30270 Тюлёсанд …   Каталог отелей

  • First generation warfare — is a term created by the U.S. military in 1989, referring to the earliest stages of organized, state controlled armed forces waging war in the modern era. In its most common usage, it refers to battles fought using line and column tactics with… …   Wikipedia

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