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41 down
I [daun] 1. нареч.1) внизTell him to come down. — Скажи ему, чтобы он спустился вниз.
2) брит. означает движение от центра к периферии, из столицы в провинцию3) амер. означает движение к центру города, в столицу4) к югуtrains going down — поезда, идущие в южном направлении
We drove down to San Diego. — Мы отправились в Сан Диего.
5) внизуThe sun is down. — Солнце село.
to be down — болеть, плохо себя чувствовать
7) до конца, вплоть до ( означает доведение до предела)down to the time of Shakespeare — вплоть до времени, до эпохи Шекспира
8) означает уменьшение количества, объема, размера, ослабление, ухудшениеSlow down. — Замедли ход.
Turn down the radio. — Сделай потише радио.
The wind died down. — Ветер утих.
The price is down by 10%. — Цена снизилась на десять процентов.
9) студ. обозначает непосещение занятий в университетеHis illness had compelled him to stay down for the whole of the first year. — Из-за болезни он вынужден был пропустить первый курс.
10) полностью, целиком (указывает на завершенность, законченность)The house has burnt down. — Дом сгорел дотла.
Syn:$50 down and $20 a month — 50 долларов сразу и 20 долларов ежемесячно
••- down on the nail 2. предл.1) указывает на движение вниз или в более отдаленное место (вниз) по; вдоль поThey ran off down the street. — Они побежали вниз по улице.
3) сквозь, через ( о времени)3. сущ.1) обычно мн. спуск, снижениеSyn:2) ухудшение, поворот к худшему3) спорт. бросок вниз ( в различных видах борьбы)4) амер.; спорт. мяч вне игры5) разг. неприязнь; нападки; злобаHe never ceased to find fault with him. It was evident that he had a down on his nephew. — Он без конца находил у него недостатки. Было ясно, что у него "был зуб" на своего племянника.
Syn:grudge 1.6) редк.; = down train поезд, идущий из столицы4. прил.1) направленный вниз, направляющийся внизthe down escalator — эскалатор, идущий вниз
2) снижающийся, уменьшающийся (о цене, качестве)3) находящийся внизу; находящийся на полу, на земле4) брит. идущий от центра, от столицыdown train — поезд, идущий из Лондона
down platform — перрон для поездов, идущих из столицы или из большого города
5) идущий к югу6) удручённый, угнетённый, подавленный, печальныйSyn:7) гнетущий, тягостный, унылыйSyn:8) больной, прикованный к постелиSyn:9) спорт. отстающий, проигрывающийHe is one down. — Он отстал на одно очко.
10) спорт. находящийся вне игры ( о мяче)11) потерянный, проигранный ( о сумме денег)to be down $10 — потерять 10 долларов
12) сделанный, законченный, завершенныйSyn:13) разг. классный, замечательныйSyn:14) эл. севший ( о батарейке)down payment — первый взнос, задаток ( обычно наличными)
He had $1,000 for the down payment on his house. — У него была тысяча долларов, чтобы внести первый взнос за дом.
••5. гл.; разг.to be down on smb. — сердиться на кого-л.
1)а) опускать, спускать; бросать, сбрасывать; сваливать; сбивать ( самолёт)His horse had downed him three times. — Лошадь сбрасывала его три раза.
Syn:б) спускаться, опускаться; падатьSyn:2) глотать; выпивать залпомSyn:drink 2. 1) б)3) осиливать, одолевать, побеждать; подчинятьSyn:4) разделываться; кончатьHe sees a chance to down his political opponents. — У него есть шанс расправиться со своими политическими противниками.
5) набрасываться, накидываться (на кого-л.)••II [daun] сущ.to down tools — прекратить работу, забастовать
1) пух, пушокSyn:2) бот. пушок, хохолок ( на растениях)Syn:3) ворс, начёсIII [daun] сущ.Syn:hill 1.2)а) ( the Downs) Даунс (холмистые известковые гряды на юго-востоке Англии; используются как пастбище)б) даунская порода (овец; названа по месту выведения) -
42 mark down
пометить вниз глагол: -
43 cut price
снижение цены глагол:снижать цену (cut price, bring Down the price, cheapen, depreciate, mark down, underbid) -
44 come down
1) падать( о снеге, дожде)
2) спускаться;
опускаться
3) уменьшаться;
снижаться The price came down. ≈ Цены снизились. My weight has come down again. ≈ Я снова похудел. Syn: bring down
2), send down
3)
4) переходить по наследству This ring has come down in my family for two centuries. ≈ Это кольцо передается в нашей семье уже два века. Syn: bring down
10), carry down, descend
4), hand down
3), hand on
2), pass down
3), pass on
6)
5) приезжать из столицы на периферию, из университета домой, из центра на окраину I can't come down till I've finished my last examinations. ≈ Я не смогу уехать пока не сдам последний экзамен.
6) повалить;
быть поваленным Several trees came down in last night's storm. ≈ Вчерашний ураган повалил несколько деревьев. Syn: bring down
1), get down
2), send down
3)
7) быть разрушенным (о постройке) Three of the enemy planes came down in the battle. ≈ В бою были сбиты три вражеских самолета. The old hotel is coming down and a new one is to be built. ≈ Старый отель снесут и на его месте построят новый.
8) деградировать to come down in the world ≈ потерять состояние, положение;
опуститься
9) набрасываться на кого-л. (upon, on) ;
бранить, наказывать кого-л. (upon, on)
10) разг. раскошелиться come down with your money! ≈ раскошеливайтесь!
11) амер. разг. заболеть чем-л. (with)
12) приземляться( о самолете) The plane came down safely in spite of the mist. ≈ Самолет совершил посадку несмотря на туман.
13) сводиться When it all comes down, there isn't much in his story. ≈ По большому счету, в его истории практически ничего нет. The whole matter comes down to a power struggle between the trade union and the directors. ≈ Все сводится к противостоянию профсоюза и совета директоров. падать;
- he came down on his nose он упал носом;
- how the rain is coming down! какой сильный дождь идет!, какой дождь льет! спадать, ниспадать;
- her hair came down over her shoulders волосы спадали ей на плечи приземляться;
- the plane came down safely самолет совершил благополучную посадку рушиться;
валиться;
- when the tree came down когда дерево было повалено;
- these houses are coming down soon эти дома будут скоро снесены уменьшаться, снижаться, падать;
- prices came down цены упали;
- rent came down квартирная плата снизилась опуститься, потерять свое положение;
- to * in the world потерять положение в обществе;
- he had * to begging он дошел до того, что стал просить милостыню переходить по традиции, по наследству;
- the custom has * to us from our ancestors этот обычай перешел к нам от наших предков сводиться (к чему-л) ;
- the whole problem comes down to this весь вопрос сводится к следующему (американизм) (разговорное) заболеть;
- he came down with the flu он заболел гриппом (разговорное) раскошелиться, расщедриться;
- * with your money! раскошеливайтесь!, платите!;
- he came down handsomely when I was hard up когда я испытывал материальные затруднения, он дал мне порядочную сумму денег( разговорное) наброситься;
- he came down on the boy for his carelessness он отругал мальчика за небрежность внезапно нападать;
- the treacherous enemy came down upon a sleeping village коварный враг внезапно напал на спящее село приезжать из столицы на периферию, из университета домой, из центра на окраину;
- he is coming down (from Oxford) at Easter на пасху он приедет из Оксфорда оставить университет (до или после окончания курса, особ. Оксфорд и Кембридж) (австралийское) (новозеландское) (южно-африканское) разлиться( о реке) > to * in favour of smb., smth. выступить в пользу или в защиту кого-л, чего-л;
> the court came down on the side of the employees суд решил дело в пользу служащихБольшой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > come down
-
45 knock down
1. phr v сбить; свалитьto knock under board — свалиться пьяным, напиться вдрызг
2. phr v бокс послать в нокдаун3. phr v ломать, сносить, разрушатьknock off — сбивать, сшибать; сносить
4. phr v разбирать5. phr v опрокинуть, разбить6. phr v разг. сбивать, понижать7. phr v продавать с аукциона, с молотка8. phr v амер. разг. зарабатывать, получатьpositions where they could knock down good money — должности, на которых они могли загребать хорошие деньги
9. phr v амер. сл. растрачивать, проживать10. phr v амер. сл. прикарманивать деньги, собранные по поручению нанимателя; совершать растратуСинонимический ряд:1. demolish (verb) bomb flat; demolish; destroy; devastate; dismantle; lay in ruins; level; pull down; pulverise; ravage; raze; smash; tear down2. earn (verb) acquire; bring in; draw down; earn; gain; get; make; win3. fell (verb) bowl down; bowl over; bring down; cut down; deck; down; drop; fell; floor; ground; knock over; lay low; prostrate; throw; throw down; tumble4. fell with a blow (verb) beat up; fell with a blow; flatten; mow down; run over; tackle; thrash; tip over; trample -
46 knock down
фраз. гл.1) сломать, разрушить; снести ( дом)It was a pity that the old theatre had to be knocked down to make way for the widening of the road. — Жалко, что пришлось снести старый театр, чтобы расширить дорогу.
The furniture has been knocked down ready for the buyer to put it together himself. — Мебель разбирается на детали, а собирает её сам покупатель.
3) опровергнуть, разбить (довод, теорию)His speech was poorly prepared, and I soon knocked down his argument. — Он плохо подготовился к выступлению, так что я легко расправился с его аргументами.
4) понижать, сбивать ценыThe price was knocked down to $3. — Цену сбили до трёх долларов.
Syn:5) продавать, загнать с аукциона6) амер.; разг. зарабатывать, заколачивать ( деньги)Syn: -
47 снизить цену
Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > снизить цену
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48 boil
̈ɪbɔɪl I
1. сущ. кипение, точка кипения to bring to the boil ≈ доводить до кипения to keep on/at the boil ≈ поддерживать кипение The coffee was near the boil. ≈ Кофе вот-вот должен был закипеть. The pudding was already on the boil. ≈ Пудинг был уже почти готов.
2. гл.
1) варить(ся), кипятить(ся) Syn: braise, fry, poach, simmer, steam, stew
2) кипеть;
бурлить to make smb.'s blood boil ≈ довести кого-л. до бешенства
3) сердиться;
кипятиться ∙ boil away boil down boil out boil over boil up II сущ. нарыв, фурункул The maddest boil does at length burst, and become an abscess. ≈ Фурункул самой тяжелой степени лопается и приводит к возникновению абсцесса. Syn: wart кипение;
- to bring to the * доводить до кипения;
- to come to the * закипать;
дойти до критической точки;
- the crisis came to a * кризис достиг своего апогея;
- to keep on * поддерживать кипение;
- the coffee was near the * кофе почти вскипел волнение;
бешенство;
- on the * в возбужденном состоянии (редкое) кипящая жидкость;
- put the linen into a * of soaр положите белье в кипящий мыльный раствор прыжок рыбы из воды (американизм) водоворот (на поверхности воды) кипятить;
варить;
- to * potatoes варить картофель;
- to * clothes кипятить белье кипятиться;
вариться кипеть, бурлить - to * away выкипать;
- to make smb.'s blood * довести кого-л до бешенства сердиться, кипятиться выпрыгивать из воды (о рыбе) > to * the pot, to make the pot * to keep the pot *ing зарабатывать на кусок хлеба;
халтурить фурункул, нарыв, чирей пузырь( на крашеной поверхности) - the paint swelled into *s краска дала пузыри, краска вспучилась boil кипение, точка кипения;
to bring to the boil доводить до кипения, to keep on (или at) the boil поддерживать кипение;
the coffee was near boil кофе почти вскипел ~ кипеть;
бурлить;
to make (smb.'s) blood boil довести (кого-л.) до бешенства ~ кипятить(ся), варить(ся) ~ сердиться;
кипятиться ~ фурункул, нарыв ~ down сокращать(ся), сжимать(ся) ;
в) сводиться( к чему-л.) ~ down уваривать(ся), выпаривать(ся), сгущать(ся) down: ~ означает уменьшение количества, размера;
ослабление, уменьшение силы;
ухудшение: to boil down выкипать, увариваться;
to bring down the price снижать цену ~ over кипеть, негодовать, возмущаться ~ over перекипать, уходить через край over: to swim ~ переплыть;
to boil over разг. убегать( о молоке и т. п.) boil кипение, точка кипения;
to bring to the boil доводить до кипения, to keep on (или at) the boil поддерживать кипение;
the coffee was near boil кофе почти вскипел boil кипение, точка кипения;
to bring to the boil доводить до кипения, to keep on (или at) the boil поддерживать кипение;
the coffee was near boil кофе почти вскипел boil кипение, точка кипения;
to bring to the boil доводить до кипения, to keep on (или at) the boil поддерживать кипение;
the coffee was near boil кофе почти вскипел -
49 boil
[̈ɪbɔɪl]boil кипение, точка кипения; to bring to the boil доводить до кипения, to keep on (или at) the boil поддерживать кипение; the coffee was near boil кофе почти вскипел boil кипеть; бурлить; to make (smb.'s) blood boil довести (кого-л.) до бешенства boil кипятить(ся), варить(ся) boil сердиться; кипятиться boil фурункул, нарыв boil down сокращать(ся), сжимать(ся); в) сводиться (к чему-л.) boil down уваривать(ся), выпаривать(ся), сгущать(ся) down: boil означает уменьшение количества, размера; ослабление, уменьшение силы; ухудшение: to boil down выкипать, увариваться; to bring down the price снижать цену boil over кипеть, негодовать, возмущаться boil over перекипать, уходить через край over: to swim boil переплыть; to boil over разг. убегать (о молоке и т. п.) boil кипение, точка кипения; to bring to the boil доводить до кипения, to keep on (или at) the boil поддерживать кипение; the coffee was near boil кофе почти вскипел boil кипение, точка кипения; to bring to the boil доводить до кипения, to keep on (или at) the boil поддерживать кипение; the coffee was near boil кофе почти вскипел boil кипение, точка кипения; to bring to the boil доводить до кипения, to keep on (или at) the boil поддерживать кипение; the coffee was near boil кофе почти вскипел -
50 cheapen
дешеветь глагол: -
51 depreciate
-
52 underbid
сбивать цену глагол: -
53 charge
1. noun1) (price) Preis, der; (payable to telephone company, bank, authorities, etc., for services) Gebühr, diethe patients in or under her charge — die ihr anvertrauten Patienten
the officer/teacher in charge — der Dienst habende Offizier/der verantwortliche Lehrer
be in charge of something — für etwas die Verantwortung haben; (be the leader) etwas leiten
put somebody in charge of something — jemanden mit der Verantwortung für etwas betrauen
take charge of something — (become responsible for) etwas übernehmen
bring a charge of something against somebody — jemanden wegen etwas beschuldigen/verklagen
4) (allegation) Beschuldigung, die6) (of explosives etc.) Ladung, die7) (of electricity) Ladung, die2. transitive verbput the battery on charge — die Batterie an das Ladegerät anschließen
1) (demand payment of or from)charge somebody something, charge something to somebody — jemandem etwas berechnen
charge somebody £1 for something — jemandem ein Pfund für etwas berechnen
charge something [up] to somebody's account — jemandes Konto mit etwas belasten
4) (load) laden [Gewehr]5) (Electr.) laden; [auf]laden [Batterie]charged with emotion — (fig.) voller Gefühl
6) (rush at) angreifen3. intransitive verbcharge somebody to do something — jemandem befehlen, etwas zu tun
1) (attack) angreifencharge! — Angriff!; Attacke!
charge at somebody/something — jemanden/etwas angreifen
he charged into a wall — (fig.) er krachte gegen eine Mauer
2) (coll.): (hurry) sausen* * *1. verb1) (to ask as the price (for something): They charge 50 cents for a pint of milk, but they don't charge for delivery.) berechnen5) (to rush: The children charged down the hill.) stürmen6) (to make or become filled with electricity: Please charge my car battery.) laden7) (to make (a person) responsible for (a task etc): He was charged with seeing that everything went well.) laden2. noun1) (a price or fee: What is the charge for a telephone call?) der Preis2) (something with which a person is accused: He faces three charges of murder.) die Anklage3) (an attack made by moving quickly: the charge of the Light Brigade.) der Sturm4) (the electricity in something: a positive or negative charge.) die Ladung5) (someone one takes care of: These children are my charges.) der Schützling6) (a quantity of gunpowder: Put the charge in place and light the fuse.) die Sprengladung•- academic.ru/12108/charger">charger- in charge of
- in someone's charge
- take charge* * *[tʃɑ:ʤ, AM tʃɑ:rʤ]I. nis there a \charge for children or do they go free? kosten Kinder [auch] etwas oder sind sie frei?what's the \charge [for it/this]? was [o wie viel] kostet es/das?what's the \charge for transfering the money? was [o wie viel] kostet es, das Geld zu überweisen?admission \charge Eintritt m, Eintrittsgeld ntthere is an admission \charge of £5 der Eintritt kostet 5 Pfundat no \charge kostenlos, kostenfreifor an extra \charge gegen Aufpreisfree of \charge kostenlos, gebührenfreifor a small \charge gegen eine geringe Gebühr\charges forward ECON, FIN Gebühr bezahlt Empfänger2. LAW (accusation) Anklage f (of wegen + gen); ( fig) Vorwurf m (of + gen), Beschuldigung f (of wegen + gen); (counts)there were \charges from within the party that... in der Partei wurden Vorwürfe laut, dass...this left her open to the \charge of positive support for the criminals dadurch kam der Verdacht auf, dass sie die Gewalttäter unterstütze\charge sheet polizeiliches Anklageblattto be/be put on a \charge of shoplifting wegen Ladendiebstahls angeklagt sein/werdento answer \charges sich akk [wegen eines Vorwurfs] verantworten; (in court also) sich akk vor Gericht verantwortenhe has to answer \charges for acting against the electoral law er muss sich wegen des Vorwurfs verantworten, gegen das Wahlgesetz verstoßen zu habento have to answer \charges for murder/tax evasion sich akk wegen Mordes/des Vorwurfs der Steuerhinterziehung verantworten müssento be arrested on a \charge of sth wegen Verdachts auf etw akk festgenommen werdenhe was arrested on a \charge of murder er wurde wegen Mordverdachts festgenommento bring \charges against sb Anklage gegen jdn erhebento face \charges [of sth] [wegen einer S. gen] unter Anklage stehen, sich akk [wegen einer S. gen] vor Gericht verantworten müssenshe will be appearing in court next month where she will face criminal \charges sie muss kommenden Monat vor Gericht [erscheinen], wo sie sich in einem Strafprozess verantworten mussto press \charges against sb gegen jdn Anzeige erstattenthe children under [or in] her \charge die Kinder in ihrer Obhut, die ihr anvertrauten Kinder; (when childminding) die Kinder, die sie betreutto place sb in sb's \charge jdn in jds Obhut gebento be in \charge die Verantwortung tragen [o haben]who's in \charge here? wer ist hier zuständig?she's in \charge of the department sie leitet die Abteilungshe's in \charge here hier hat sie das Sagenyou're in \charge until I get back Sie haben bis zu meiner Rückkehr die Verantwortungto have/take [sole] \charge of sb/sth (take responsibility) für jdn/etw die [alleinige] Verantwortung tragen/übernehmen; (care) sich akk um jdn kümmernthey need a nanny to have [or take] sole \charge of the children while they are at work sie brauchen ein Kindermädchen, das, während sie bei der Arbeit sind, die Kinder betreutto leave sb in \charge of sth jdm für etw akk die Verantwortung übertragen\charge on land [or over property] Grundschuld ffixed \charge Fixbelastung ffloating \charge variable Belastungto be a \charge on sb jdm zur Last fallen6. FINClass F \charge Steuergruppe Fthe battery has a full \charge die Batterie ist voll [aufgeladen]to be on \charge aufgeladen werdento leave/put sth on \charge BRIT etw aufladenthe emotional \charge of the piano piece made me cry das emotionsgeladene Klavierstück brachte mich zum Weinento sound the \charge zum Angriff blasenII. vi1. (for goods, services)to \charge for admission Eintritt verlangen2. ELEC laden, [sich] aufladen3. (attack) [vorwärts]stürmen, angreifen\charge! (battle cry) vorwärts!4. (move quickly) stürmenwe \charged at the enemy wir näherten uns dem Feindthe children \charged down the stairs die Kinder stürmten die Treppe hinunterto \charge up the staircase die Treppe hinaufstürmento \charge [or come charging] into a room in ein Zimmer stürmenIII. vt1. (for goods, services)▪ to \charge sth etw berechnenhow much do you \charge for a wash and cut? was [o wie viel] kostet bei Ihnen Waschen und Schneiden?to \charge sth to sb's account etw auf jds Rechnung setzento \charge commission Provision verlangen▪ to \charge sth to sb, to \charge sb [with] sth jdm etw berechnen [o in Rechnung stellen]to \charge the packing to the customer [or the customer with the packing] dem Kunden die Verpackungskosten in Rechnung stellenthe school didn't \charge me for the certificate die Schule hat mir nichts [o kein Geld] für das Zertifikat berechnetwe were not \charged [for it] wir mussten nichts [dafür] bezahlento \charge sb with murder jdn des Mordes anklagenhe has been \charged with murder/theft er ist des Mordes/wegen Diebstahls angeklagtto \charge sb with doing sth jdn beschuldigen etw getan zu habenshe has been \charged with murdering her husband sie wird beschuldigt ihren Ehemann ermordet zu habenthe report \charged her with using the company's money for her own purposes sie wurde in dem Bericht beschuldigt, Firmengelder für eigene Zwecke missbraucht zu haben▪ to \charge sth etw als Sicherheit für einen Kredit belasten4. ELEC▪ to \charge sth etw aufladenemotionally \charged [or \charged with emotions] emotionsgeladena highly \charged atmosphere eine hochgradig geladene Atmosphärethe room was \charged with hatred Hass erfüllte den Raumto \charge a glass ein Glas füllenplease \charge your glasses and drink a toast to the bride and groom! lasst uns unsere Gläser füllen und auf die Braut und den Bräutigam anstoßen!to \charge a gun ein Gewehr laden9. (make an assertion)▪ to \charge that... behaupten, dass...▪ to \charge sb to do [or with doing] sth jdn [damit] beauftragen [o betrauen], etw zu tun* * *[tʃAːdZ]1. n1) (JUR: accusation) Anklage f (of wegen)to bring a charge against sb — gegen jdn Anklage erheben, jdn unter Anklage stellen
what is the charge? —
to put a soldier on a charge — über einen Soldaten eine Disziplinarstrafe verhängen, einen Soldaten verknacken
you're on a charge, Smith! — das gibt eine Disziplinarstrafe, Smith!
3) (= fee) Gebühr fto make a charge (of £5) for sth — (£ 5 für) etw berechnen or in Rechnung stellen
his charges are quite reasonable — seine Preise sind ganz vernünftig
free of charge — kostenlos, gratis
5) (= position of responsibility) Verantwortung f (of für)to be in charge — verantwortlich sein, die Verantwortung haben
who is in charge here? —
look, I'm in charge here — hören Sie mal zu, hier bestimme ich!
to be in charge of sth — für etw die Verantwortung haben; of department etw leiten
to put sb in charge of sth — jdm die Verantwortung für etw übertragen; of department jdm die Leitung von etw übertragen
while in charge of a motor vehicle (form) — am Steuer eines Kraftfahrzeuges
the man in charge — der Verantwortliche, die verantwortliche Person
7)(= financial burden)
to be a charge on sb — jdm zur Last fallen2. vtto charge sb with doing sth — jdm vorwerfen, etw getan zu haben
to find sb guilty/not guilty as charged — jdn im Sinne der Anklage für schuldig/nicht schuldig befinden
2) (= attack) stürmen; troops angreifen; (bull etc) losgehen auf (+acc); (SPORT) goalkeeper, player angehen3) (= ask in payment) berechnenI won't charge you for that — das kostet Sie nichts, ich berechne Ihnen nichts dafür
4) (= record as debt) in Rechnung stellencharge it to the company — stellen Sie das der Firma in Rechnung, das geht auf die Firma (inf)
please charge all these purchases to my account — bitte setzen Sie diese Einkäufe auf meine Rechnung
6) (form= command)
to charge sb to do sth — jdn beauftragen or anweisen (form), etw zu tun7) (form= give as responsibility)
to charge sb with sth — jdn mit etw beauftragen3. vi2) (inf: rush) rennenhe charged into the room/upstairs — er stürmte ins Zimmer/die Treppe hoch
* * *charge [tʃɑː(r)dʒ]A v/t1. beladen, (auch fig sein Gedächtnis etc) belasten2. a) TECH beschicken3. ein Gewehr etc laden:the atmosphere was charged with excitement die Atmosphäre war spannungsgeladen4. ELEK eine Batterie etc (auf)ladenwith mit)charge sb with a task jemanden mit einer Aufgabe betrauen;charge sb to be careful jemandem einschärfen, vorsichtig zu sein8. belehren, jemandem Weisungen geben:charge the jury JUR den Geschworenen Rechtsbelehrung erteilen9. (with) jemandem (etwas) zur Last legen oder vorwerfen oder anlasten, auch JUR jemanden (einer Sache) beschuldigen oder anklagen oder bezichtigen:he has been charged gegen ihn ist Anklage erhoben worden;he has been charged with murder er steht unter Mordanklage;charge sb with being negligent jemandem vorwerfen, nachlässig (gewesen) zu sein;guilty as charged schuldig im Sinne der Anklagecharge an amount to sb’s account jemandes Konto mit einem Betrag belastenb) besonders US etwas mit Kreditkarte kaufen11. berechnen, verlangen ( beide:for für):charge sb for sth jemandem etwas berechnen;how much do you charge for it? wie viel berechnen oder verlangen Sie dafür?, was kostet das bei Ihnen?;he charged me 3 dollars for it er berechnete mir 3 Dollar dafür, er berechnete es mir mit 3 Dollar;12. a) MIL angreifen, allg auch losgehen auf (akk)b) MIL stürmenB v/i1. ELEK sich aufladen2. stürmen:charge at sb auf jemanden losgehenC s1. besonders fig Last f, Belastung f, Bürde f2. Fracht(ladung) f3. TECHa) Beschickung(sgut) f(n), METALL Charge f, Gicht fb) Ladung f (einer Schusswaffe, Batterie etc), (Pulver-, Spreng-, Schrot- etc) Ladung f:4. fig Explosivkraft f, Dynamik f:5. (finanzielle) Belastung oder Last:charge on an estate Grundstücksbelastung, Grundschuld fbe a charge on sth etwas beanspruchen7. a) Preis m, Kosten plb) Forderung f, in Rechnung gestellter Betragc) Gebühr fd) auch pl Unkosten pl, Spesen pl:charge for admission Eintrittspreis;at sb’s charge auf jemandes Kosten;free of charge kostenlos, gratis;what is the charge? was kostet es?;there is no charge es kostet nichtsbe on a charge of murder unter Mordanklage stehen;there are no charges against him es liegt nichts gegen ihn vor;a) (gegen jemanden) Anzeige erstatten,b) (gegen jemanden) Anklage erheben;a) gegen jemanden wegen einer Sache Anzeige erstatten,b) gegen jemanden wegen einer Sache Anklage erheben;a) die Anzeige zurückziehen,b) die Anklage fallen lassen;press charges Anzeige erstatten;return to the charge fig auf das alte Thema zurückkommen10. MILa) Angriff mb) Sturm m11. MIL Signal n zum Angriff:sound the charge zum Angriff blasen12. Verantwortung f:a) Aufsicht f, Leitung fb) Obhut f, Verwahrung f:the person in charge die verantwortliche Person, der oder die Verantwortliche;who is in charge around here? wer ist hier der Chef?;be in charge of verantwortlich sein für, die Aufsicht oder den Befehl führen über (akk), leiten, befehligen (akk);be in charge of a case einen Fall bearbeiten;have charge of in Obhut oder Verwahrung haben, betreuen;13. Br (polizeilicher) Gewahrsam:give sb in charge jemanden der Polizei übergebenb) jemandem anvertraute Sachec) REL Gemeinde(glied) f(n) (eines Seelsorgers), Schäflein n oder pl umg15. Befehl m, Anweisung f16. JUR Rechtsbelehrung f (an die Geschworenen)chg. abk1. change* * *1. noun1) (price) Preis, der; (payable to telephone company, bank, authorities, etc., for services) Gebühr, diethe patients in or under her charge — die ihr anvertrauten Patienten
the officer/teacher in charge — der Dienst habende Offizier/der verantwortliche Lehrer
be in charge of something — für etwas die Verantwortung haben; (be the leader) etwas leiten
take charge of something — (become responsible for) etwas übernehmen
bring a charge of something against somebody — jemanden wegen etwas beschuldigen/verklagen
4) (allegation) Beschuldigung, die6) (of explosives etc.) Ladung, die7) (of electricity) Ladung, die2. transitive verbcharge somebody something, charge something to somebody — jemandem etwas berechnen
charge somebody £1 for something — jemandem ein Pfund für etwas berechnen
charge something [up] to somebody's account — jemandes Konto mit etwas belasten
3) (formal): (entrust)4) (load) laden [Gewehr]5) (Electr.) laden; [auf]laden [Batterie]charged with emotion — (fig.) voller Gefühl
6) (rush at) angreifen3. intransitive verbcharge somebody to do something — jemandem befehlen, etwas zu tun
1) (attack) angreifencharge! — Angriff!; Attacke!
charge at somebody/something — jemanden/etwas angreifen
he charged into a wall — (fig.) er krachte gegen eine Mauer
2) (coll.): (hurry) sausen* * *(accusation) n.Anklage -n f. n.Amt ¨-er n.Angriff -e m.Aufladung f.Füllung -en f.Ladung -en f.Preis -e m.beladen v.belasten v.berechnen v.füllen v.laden v.(§ p.,pp.: lud, geladen) -
54 Historical Portugal
Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims inPortugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and theChurch (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict untilUN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU. -
55 reduce
rə'dju:s1) (to make less, smaller etc: The shop reduced its prices; The train reduced speed.) reducir2) (to lose weight by dieting: I must reduce to get into that dress.) adelgazar, perder peso3) (to drive, or put, into a particular (bad) state: The bombs reduced the city to ruins; She was so angry, she was almost reduced to tears; During the famine, many people were reduced to eating grass and leaves.) reducir (a)•- reduction
reduce vb1. reducir / disminuir2. rebajartr[rɪ'djʊːs]1 (gen) reducir, disminuir2 (price etc) rebajar\SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL'Reduce speed now' "Disminuya la velocidad"to be reduced to doing something no tener más remedio que hacer algo, verse obligado,-a a hacer algoto be reduced to something verse sumido,-a en algoto reduce somebody to tears hacer llorar a alguien1) lessen: reducir, disminuir, rebajar (precios)2) demote: bajar de categoría, degradar3)to be reduced to : verse rebajado a, verse forzado a4)to reduce someone to tears : hacer llorar a alguienreduce vislim: adelgazarv.• abreviar v.• achicar v.• acortar v.• adelgazar v.• apocar v.• bajar de peso v.• cercenar v.• ceñir v.• deshinchar v.• disminuir v.• estrechar v.• limitar v.• moderar v.• rebajar v.• reducir v.rɪ'duːs, rɪ'djuːs1)a) \<\<number/amount\>\> reducir*; \<\<tension/pressure/speed\>\> disminuir*, reducir*; \<\<price/taxes/rent\>\> reducir*, rebajar; \<\<goods\>\> rebajar; \<\<pain\>\> aliviarb) \<\<photograph/image\>\> reducir*2)a) (break down, simplify)to reduce something TO something — reducir* algo a algo
b) ( Math) simplificar*to reduce something/somebody TO something — (often pass)
[rɪ'djuːs]to reduce somebody to tears — hacer* llorar a alguien
1. VT1) (=decrease) [+ number, costs, expenditure, inflation] reducir; [+ price] rebajar; (Ind) [+ output] reducir, recortar; [+ speed, heat, visibility] disminuir; [+ temperature] bajar; [+ stress, tension] reducir, disminuir; [+ pain] aliviarit reduces the risk of heart disease (by 20%) — disminuye el riesgo de enfermedades cardíacas (en un 20%)
2) (=cut price of) [+ goods] rebajar3) (=make smaller) [+ drawing] reducir; (Med) [+ swelling] bajar; (Culin) [+ sauce] reducir4) (=bring to specified state)minimumto reduce sth to ashes/rubble — reducir algo a cenizas/escombros
5) (=capture, subjugate) tomar, conquistar6) (Mil) (=demote) degradar7) (=simplify) reducir8) (Math) [+ equation, expression] reducir9) (Chem) reducir2. VI1) (=decrease) reducirse, disminuir2) (Culin) espesarse3) (=slim) adelgazar* * *[rɪ'duːs, rɪ'djuːs]1)a) \<\<number/amount\>\> reducir*; \<\<tension/pressure/speed\>\> disminuir*, reducir*; \<\<price/taxes/rent\>\> reducir*, rebajar; \<\<goods\>\> rebajar; \<\<pain\>\> aliviarb) \<\<photograph/image\>\> reducir*2)a) (break down, simplify)to reduce something TO something — reducir* algo a algo
b) ( Math) simplificar*to reduce something/somebody TO something — (often pass)
to reduce somebody to tears — hacer* llorar a alguien
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56 bajar
bajar ( conjugate bajar) verbo intransitivo 1 ( acercándose) to come down;◊ bajar por las escaleras to go/come down the stairs;ya bajo I'll be right down ‹ de coche› to get out of sth; ‹de caballo/bicicleta› to get off sth 2 [ hinchazón] to go down; [ temperatura] to fall, drop [ calidad] to deteriorate; [ popularidad] to diminish; verbo transitivo 1 ‹escalera/cuesta› to go down 2 ‹brazo/mano› to put down, lower 3a) bajar algo (de algo) ‹de armario/estante› to get sth down (from sth);‹ del piso de arriba› ( traer) to bring sth down (from sth); ( llevar) to take sth down (to sth) 4 ‹ ventanilla› to open 5 ‹ precio› to lower; ‹ fiebre› to bring down; ‹ volumen› to turn down; ‹ voz› to lower bajarse verbo pronominal 1 ( apearse) bajarse de algo ‹de tren/autobús› to get off sth; ‹ de coche› to get out of sth; ‹de caballo/bicicleta› to get off sth; ‹de pared/árbol› to get down off sth 2 ‹ pantalones› to take down; ‹ falda› to pull down
bajar
I verbo transitivo
1 (descender) to come o go down: bajé corriendo la cuesta, I ran downhill ➣ Ver nota en ir 2 (llevar algo abajo) to bring o get o take down: baja los disfraces del trastero, bring the costumes down from the attic
3 (un telón) to lower (una persiana) to let down (la cabeza) to bow o lower
4 (reducir el volumen) to turn down (la voz) to lower
5 (los precios, etc) to reduce, cut
6 (ropa, dobladillo) tengo que bajar el vestido, I've got to let the hem down
7 Mús tienes que bajar un tono, you've got to go down a tone
II verbo intransitivo
1 to go o come down: bajamos al bar, we went down to the bar
2 (apearse de un tren, un autobús) to get off (de un coche) to get out [de, of]: tienes que bajarte en la siguiente parada, you've got to get off at the next stop
3 (disminuir la temperatura, los precios) to fall, drop: ha bajado su cotización en la bolsa, its share prices have dropped in the stock exchange ' bajar' also found in these entries: Spanish: abaratarse - basura - descender - guardia - irse - a - bandera - hundir - mirada - poder - vista - volumen English: boil over - bow - bring down - climb down - come down - decline - decrease - deflate - descend - dip - down - downgrade - downstairs - draw - drop - fall - force down - get down - get off - go below - go down - guard - hang - heave - inflammation - jump down - jump off - let down - let off - lift down - lower - mark down - move down - pull down - relegate - send down - slide down - slip - slip down - spiral down - steeply - subside - swoop - take down - turn down - walk down - wind down - bring - can - come -
57 put
put [pʊt]mettre ⇒ 1 (a), 1 (c)-(f), 1 (i) dire ⇒ 1 (g) soumettre ⇒ 1 (h) placer ⇒ 1 (i), 1 (l) investir ⇒ 1 (k), 1 (l) miser ⇒ 1 (m)∎ put the saucepan on the shelf mets la casserole sur l'étagère;∎ she put her hand on my shoulder elle a mis sa main sur mon épaule;∎ put the chairs nearer the table approche les chaises de la table;∎ he put his arm around my shoulders il passa son bras autour de mes épaules;∎ she put her arms around him elle l'a pris dans ses bras;∎ to put one's head round the door/through the window passer la tête par la porte/par la fenêtre;∎ did you put any salt in? as-tu mis du sel (dedans)?;∎ put some more water on to boil remettez de l'eau à chauffer;∎ he put another brick on the pile il a mis une autre brique sur la pile;∎ to put a coin/a letter/a gun into sb's hand glisser ou mettre une pièce/une lettre/un revolver dans la main de qn;∎ she put a match to the wood elle a allumé le bois;∎ to put an advert in the paper mettre une annonce dans le journal;∎ they want to put me in an old folks' home ils veulent me mettre dans une maison pour les vieux;∎ to put a child to bed mettre un enfant au lit, coucher un enfant;∎ to put a man on the moon envoyer un homme sur la lune;∎ he put the telescope to his eye il a porté la longue-vue à son œil;∎ to put honour before riches préférer l'honneur à l'argent;∎ to put a play on the stage monter une pièce;∎ to put a guard on the door faire surveiller la porte;∎ figurative I didn't know where to put myself! je ne savais plus où me mettre!;∎ put yourself in my position or place mettez-vous à ma place;∎ to put oneself into sb's hands s'en remettre à qn;∎ put it out of your mind or head sors-le-toi de la tête;∎ I had long put this thought out of my mind ça faisait longtemps que je m'étais sorti cette idée de la tête;∎ we put a lot of emphasis on creativity nous mettons beaucoup l'accent sur la créativité;∎ don't put too much trust in what he says ne te fie pas trop à ce qu'il dit;∎ familiar put it there! (shake hands) tope-là!, serrons-nous la pince!∎ he put his fist through the window il a passé son poing à travers le carreau;∎ he put a bullet through his head il s'est mis une balle dans la tête;∎ she put her pen through the whole paragraph elle a rayé tout le paragraphe d'un coup de stylo(c) (impose → limit, responsibility, tax) mettre;∎ to put a ban on sth interdire qch;∎ it puts an extra burden on our department c'est un fardeau de plus pour notre service;∎ the new tax will put 5p on a packet of cigarettes la nouvelle taxe augmentera de 5 pence le prix d'un paquet de cigarettes(d) (into specified state) mettre;∎ you're putting me in an awkward position vous me mettez dans une situation délicate;∎ I hope I've not put you to too much trouble j'espère que je ne vous ai pas trop dérangé;∎ music always puts him in a good mood la musique le met toujours de bonne humeur;∎ the new rules will be put into effect next month le nouveau règlement entrera en vigueur le mois prochain;∎ to put sb out of a job mettre qn au chômage;∎ to put a prisoner on bread and water mettre un prisonnier au pain sec et à l'eau;∎ the money will be put to good use l'argent sera bien employé;∎ to put sb to sleep endormir qn;∎ euphemism the dog had to be put to sleep il a fallu piquer le chien(e) (write down) mettre, écrire;∎ I forgot to put my address j'ai oublié de mettre mon adresse;∎ what date shall I put? quelle date est-ce que je mets?∎ to put an end or a stop to sth mettre fin ou un terme à qch(g) (say, express) dire, exprimer;∎ I wouldn't put it quite like that je ne dirais pas cela;∎ I don't know how to put it je ne sais comment dire;∎ to put one's thoughts into words exprimer sa pensée, s'exprimer;∎ let me put it this way laissez-moi l'exprimer ainsi;∎ it was, how shall I put it, rather long c'était, comment dirais-je, un peu long;∎ to put it another way,… en d'autres termes,…;∎ he put it better than that il l'a dit ou formulé mieux que ça;∎ you could have put that better tu aurais pu tourner cela un peu mieux;∎ she put it politely but firmly elle l'a dit poliment mais clairement;∎ as Churchill once put it comme l'a dit Churchill un jour;∎ to put it briefly or simply, they refused bref ou en un mot, ils ont refusé;∎ to put it bluntly pour parler franc;∎ putting it in terms you'll understand… plus simplement, pour que vous compreniez…∎ to put a proposal to the board présenter une proposition au conseil d'administration;∎ he put his case very well il a très bien présenté son cas;∎ I have a question to put to the Prime Minister j'ai une question à soumettre au Premier ministre;∎ Law I put it to you that… n'est-il pas vrai que…?;∎ I put it to the delegates that now is the time to act je tiens à dire aux délégués que c'est maintenant qu'il faut agir(i) (class, rank) placer, mettre;∎ I wouldn't put them in the same class as the Beatles je ne les mettrais ou placerais pas dans la même catégorie que les Beatles;∎ I put my family above my job je fais passer ma famille avant mon travail∎ to put sb to work mettre qn au travail;∎ they put her on the Jones case ils l'ont mise sur l'affaire Jones(k) (devote → effort) investir, consacrer;∎ to put a lot of time/energy into sth consacrer beaucoup de temps/d'énergie à qch, investir beaucoup de temps/d'énergie dans qch;∎ she puts more into their relationship than he does elle s'investit plus que lui dans leur relation;∎ to put a lot of work into sth/doing sth beaucoup travailler à qch/pour faire qch;∎ Sport he put everything he had into his first service il a tout mis dans son premier service(l) (invest → money) placer, investir;∎ she had put all her savings into property elle avait investi ou placé toutes ses économies dans l'immobilier∎ to put money on a horse miser ou parier sur un cheval;∎ he put all his winnings on the red il misa tous ses gains sur le rouge∎ to put the shot lancer le poids∎ to put a ship into port rentrer un bateau au port∎ Nautical to put to sea lever l'ancre, appareiller;∎ they had to put back into harbour ils ont dû rentrer au port;∎ we put into port at Bombay nous avons relâché ou fait relâche à Bombay3 noun∎ his third put son troisième lancer(b) Stock Exchange option f de vente, put m;∎ put and call stellage m, double option f►► Stock Exchange put band période f de validité d'une option de vente;Stock Exchange put bond emprunt m à fenêtre;Stock Exchange put option option f de vente;Stock Exchange put warrant warrant m à la vente∎ to put it about that… faire circuler le bruit que…;∎ it is being put about that he intends resigning le bruit court qu'il a l'intention de démissionner∎ to put a boat about virer de bord∎ to put it or oneself about (be promiscuous) coucher à droite à gaucheNautical virer de bord∎ to put sth across to sb faire comprendre qch à qn;∎ I don't know how to put the argument across to them je ne sais pas comment leur faire comprendre cet argument;∎ she knows how to put her ideas across elle sait bien faire passer ses idées;∎ she's good at putting herself across elle sait se mettre en valeur∎ to put one across on sb avoir qn, rouler qn;∎ don't try putting anything across on me! ne me prends pas pour un imbécile!(a) (book, piece of work) mettre de côté, poser(b) (disregard, ignore) écarter, laisser de côté;∎ let's put aside our differences of opinion for the moment laissons nos différends de côté pour le moment;∎ put aside all gloomy thoughts oublie toutes ces pensées maussades(c) (save, keep) mettre de côté;∎ we have a little money put aside nous avons un peu d'argent de côté(estimate) estimer;∎ they put the cost of repairs to the bridge at around $10,000 ils estiment le montant des réparations du pont à environ 10 000 dollars;∎ I wouldn't have put her (age) at more than twenty-five je ne lui aurais pas donné plus de vingt-cinq ans;∎ what would you put it at? quelle est votre estimation?∎ put your toys away! range tes jouets!;∎ put your money/wallet away (I'm paying) range ton argent/ton portefeuille∎ I have a few pounds put away j'ai un peu d'argent de côté, j'ai quelques économies;∎ to put something away for one's old age mettre quelque chose de côté pour sa retraite➲ put back(a) (replace, return) remettre;∎ put that record back where you found it! remets ce disque où tu l'as trouvé!(b) (postpone) remettre;∎ the meeting has been put back to Thursday la réunion a été repoussée ou remise à jeudi(c) (slow down, delay) retarder;∎ the strike has put our schedule back at least a month la grève nous a fait perdre au moins un mois sur notre planning(d) (turn back → clock) retarder;∎ we put the clocks back next weekend le week-end prochain, on passe à l'heure d'hiver;∎ figurative this decision has put the clock back cette décision nous a ramenés en arrière∎ Nautical to put back (to port) rentrer au port(save → money) mettre de côté; (→ supplies) mettre en réserve;∎ have you got anything put by? avez-vous un peu d'argent de côté?➲ put down(a) (on table, floor etc) poser;∎ put that knife down at once! pose ce couteau tout de suite!;∎ put me down! lâche-moi!;∎ put that down! laisse (ça)!;∎ to put the phone down raccrocher;∎ he put the phone down on me il m'a raccroché au nez;∎ it's one of those books you just can't put down c'est un de ces livres que tu ne peux pas poser avant de l'avoir fini;∎ I couldn't put it down (book) je l'ai lu d'un trait(b) (drop off → passenger) déposer, laisser∎ put down your name and address écrivez votre nom et votre adresse;∎ she put us down as Mr and Mrs Smith elle nous a inscrits sous le nom de M. et Mme Smith;∎ it's never been put down in writing ça n'a jamais été mis par écrit;∎ I can put it down as expenses je peux le faire passer dans mes notes de frais(d) (on agenda) inscrire à l'ordre du jour;∎ to put down a motion of no confidence déposer une motion de censure∎ the revolt was put down by armed police la révolte a été réprimée par les forces de police(f) (belittle) rabaisser, critiquer;∎ he's always putting students down il passe son temps à critiquer les étudiants;∎ you shouldn't put yourself down tu ne devrais pas te sous-estimer∎ to have a cat/dog put down faire piquer un chat/chien(h) (pay as deposit) verser;∎ I've already put £50 down on the sofa j'ai déjà versé 50 livres pour le canapé(i) (store → wine) mettre en cave(j) (put to bed → baby) coucher(k) (land → plane) poser(l) (close → umbrella) fermer(land → plane, pilot) atterrir, se poserclasser parmi;∎ I think they'd put me down as a mere amateur je crois qu'ils me classeraient parmi les simples amateursinscrire pour;∎ put me down for £20 inscrivez-moi pour 20 livres;∎ I'll put you down for Thursday at three o'clock je vous mets jeudi à trois heures;∎ they've already put their son down for public school ils ont déjà inscrit leur fils dans une école privéemettre sur le compte de;∎ you can't put all the country's problems down to inflation vous ne pouvez pas mettre tous les problèmes du pays sur le compte de l'inflation;∎ I put it down to her stubbornness je mets ça sur le compte de son entêtement;∎ we'll have to put it down to experience au moins on a appris quelque chose∎ she put her name forward for the post of treasurer elle a posé sa candidature au poste de trésorière;∎ to put one's best foot forward (walk faster) presser le pas; figurative se mettre en devoir de faire de son mieux(b) (turn forward → clock, hands of clock) avancer;∎ we put the clocks forward next weekend le week-end prochain, on passe à l'heure d'été(c) (bring forward) avancer;∎ the meeting has been put forward to early next week la réunion a été avancée au début de la semaine prochaine➲ put in(a) (place inside bag, container, cupboard etc) mettre dans;∎ he put the eggs in the fridge il a mis les œufs dans le réfrigérateur;∎ to put one's contact lenses in mettre ses lentilles de contact;∎ to put one's head in at the window passer la tête par la fenêtre;(b) (insert, include) insérer, inclure;∎ have you put in the episode about the rabbit? as-tu inclus l'épisode du lapin?(c) (interject) placer;∎ her name was Alicia, the woman put in elle s'appelait Alicia, ajouta la femme∎ we're having central heating put in nous faisons installer le chauffage central;∎ the voters put the Tories in les électeurs ont mis les conservateurs au pouvoir;∎ they've put in a new manager at the factory ils ont nommé un nouveau directeur à l'usine(e) (devote → time) passer;∎ I've put in a lot of work on that car j'ai beaucoup travaillé sur cette voiture;∎ I put in a few hours' revision before supper j'ai passé quelques heures à réviser avant le dîner;∎ to put in an hour's work faire une heure de travail;∎ to put in a full day at the office passer toute la journée au bureau;∎ you only get out what you put in on ne récolte que ce qu'on sème(f) (submit → request, demand) déposer, soumettre;∎ they put in a claim for a 10 percent pay rise ils ont déposé une demande d'augmentation de salaire de 10 pour cent;∎ to put in an application for a job déposer sa candidature pour ou se présenter pour un emploiNautical relâcher, faire relâche;∎ we put in at Wellington nous avons relâché ou fait relâche à Wellingtonprésenter;∎ we're putting him in for the 500 metres nous le présentons pour le 500 mètres;∎ to put pupils in for an examination présenter des élèves à un examen∎ to put in for sth (post) poser sa candidature pour qch; (leave, promotion) faire une demande de qch, demander qch;∎ she put in for a transfer to Florida elle a demandé à être mutée en Floride➲ put off(a) (drop off → passenger) déposer, laisser;∎ just put me off at the corner vous n'avez qu'à me laisser ou me déposer au coin(b) (postpone → meeting, appointment) remettre à plus tard, repousser; (→ decision, payment) remettre à plus tard, différer; (→ work) remettre à plus tard; (→ guests) décommander;∎ the meeting has been put off until tomorrow la réunion a été renvoyée ou remise à demain;∎ I kept putting off telling him the truth je continuais à repousser le moment de lui dire la vérité;∎ I can't put him off again je ne peux pas encore annuler un rendez-vous avec lui∎ once he's made up his mind nothing in the world can put him off une fois qu'il a pris une décision, rien au monde ne peut le faire changer d'avis(d) (distract) déranger, empêcher de se concentrer;∎ he deliberately tries to put his opponent off il fait tout pour empêcher son adversaire de se concentrer;∎ the noise put her off her service le bruit l'a gênée ou dérangée pendant son service∎ it's the smell that puts me off c'est l'odeur qui me rebute;∎ don't be put off by his odd sense of humour ne te laisse pas rebuter par son humour un peu particulier;∎ it put me off skiing for good ça m'a définitivement dégoûté du ski;∎ it put me off my dinner ça m'a coupé l'appétit(f) (switch off → television, radio etc) éteindreNautical déborder du quai, pousser au large;∎ to put off from the shore quitter la côte, prendre le large(a) (clothes, make-up, ointment) mettre;∎ put your hat on mets ton chapeau;∎ to put on one's make-up se maquiller∎ why can't they put something decent on for a change? (on TV, radio) ils ne pourraient pas passer quelque chose d'intéressant pour une fois?(c) (lay on, provide → train) mettre en service;∎ they put on excellent meals on Sundays ils servent d'excellents repas le dimanche;∎ they have put on twenty extra trains ils ont ajouté vingt trains(d) (gain → speed, weight) prendre;∎ I've put on a few pounds j'ai pris quelques kilos(e) (turn on, cause to function → light, radio, gas) allumer; (→ record, tape) mettre; (→ handbrake) mettre, serrer;∎ put the heater on mets ou allume le chauffage;∎ he put on some Vivaldi/the news il a mis du Vivaldi/les informations;∎ I've put the kettle on for tea j'ai mis de l'eau à chauffer pour le thé;∎ to put on the brakes freiner(f) (start cooking) mettre (à cuire);∎ I forgot to put the peas on j'ai oublié de mettre les petits pois à cuire∎ I put £10 on the favourite j'ai parié 10 livres sur le favori∎ to put on airs prendre des airs;∎ he put on a silly voice il a pris une voix ridicule;∎ to put on an act jouer la comédie;∎ familiar don't worry, he's just putting it on ne t'inquiète pas, il fait du cinéma ou du chiqué∎ you're putting me on! là, tu me fais marcher!(j) (apply → pressure) exercer∎ the tax increase will put another 10p on a gallon of petrol l'augmentation de la taxe va faire monter le prix du gallon d'essence de 10 pence∎ new restrictions have been put on bringing animals into the country de nouvelles restrictions ont été imposées à l'importation d'animaux dans le pays∎ it's hard to put a price on it c'est difficile d'en évaluer ou estimer le prix(n) (advance → clock) avancer∎ could you put him on, please? pouvez-vous me le passer, s'il vous plaît?(help find) indiquer à;∎ I'll put you onto a good solicitor je vous donnerai le nom d'un ou je vous indiquerai un bon avocat;∎ she's put me onto quite a few bargains elle m'a indiqué plusieurs bonnes affaires;∎ to put the police/taxman onto sb dénoncer qn à la police/au fisc;∎ what put you onto the butler, detective inspector? qu'est-ce qui vous a amené à soupçonner le maître d'hôtel, commissaire?➲ put out(a) (place outside) mettre dehors, sortir;∎ have you put the dustbin out? as-tu sorti la poubelle?;∎ I'll put the washing out (to dry) je vais mettre le linge (dehors) à sécher;∎ to put a cow out to grass mettre une vache en pâture∎ to put sb's eye out éborgner qn;∎ you almost put my eye out! tu as failli m'éborgner!(c) (issue → apology, announcement) publier; (→ story, rumour) faire circuler; (→ new record, edition, model etc) sortir; (→ appeal, request) faire; (broadcast) émettre;∎ police have put out a description of the wanted man la police a publié une description de l'homme qu'elle recherche;∎ to put out an SOS lancer un SOS∎ don't forget to put the light out when you leave n'oubliez pas d'éteindre (la lumière) en partant(e) (lay out, arrange) sortir;∎ the valet had put out a suit for me le valet de chambre m'avait sorti un costume∎ she walked up to me and put out her hand elle s'approcha de moi et me tendit la main;∎ she put out a foot to trip him up elle a mis un pied en avant pour le faire trébucher∎ to put one's back/shoulder out se démettre le dos/l'épaule;∎ I've put my back out je me suis déplacé une vertèbre(h) (annoy, upset)∎ to be put out about sth être fâché à cause de qch;∎ he seems quite put out about it on dirait que ça l'a vraiment contrarié(i) (inconvenience) déranger;∎ I hope I haven't put you out j'espère que je ne vous ai pas dérangé;∎ she's always ready to put herself out for other people elle est toujours prête à rendre service(j) (sprout → shoots, leaves) produire(k) (make unconscious → with drug, injection) endormir(l) (subcontract) sous-traiter;∎ we put most of our work out nous confions la plus grande partie de notre travail à des sous-traitants∎ to put out to sea faire appareiller∎ everyone knows she puts out tout le monde sait qu'elle est prête à coucher;∎ did she put out? est-ce qu'elle a bien voulu coucher?;∎ she'd put out for anybody elle coucherait avec le premier venu➲ put over = put across(spread → gossip, story) faire courir∎ hold on, I'll try to put you through ne quittez pas, je vais essayer de vous le/la passer;∎ put the call through to my office passez-moi la communication dans mon bureau;∎ I'll put you through to Mrs Powell je vous passe Mme Powell(b) (carry through, conclude) conclure;∎ we finally put through the necessary reforms nous avons fini par faire passer les réformes nécessaires(c) (subject to) soumettre à;∎ he was put through a whole battery of tests on l'a soumis à toute une série d'examens;∎ I'm sorry to put you through this je suis désolé de vous imposer ça;∎ have you any idea what you're putting him through? as-tu la moindre idée de ce que tu lui fais subir?;∎ familiar to put sb through it en faire voir de toutes les couleurs à qn; (at interview) faire passer un mauvais quart d'heure à qn;∎ he really put me through it il m'en a vraiment fait voir (de toutes les couleurs)∎ he put himself through college il a payé ses études∎ he's more trouble than the rest of them put together il nous crée plus de problèmes à lui seul que tous les autres réunis(b) (kit, furniture, engine) monter, assembler; (meal) préparer, confectionner; (menu) élaborer; (dossier) réunir; (proposal, report) préparer; (story, facts) reconstituer; (show, campaign) organiser, monter;∎ to put sth (back) together again remonter qch;∎ we're trying to put together enough evidence to convict him nous essayons de réunir assez de preuves pour le faire condamner;∎ to put together a convincing picture of what happened reconstituer une idée convaincante de ce qui s'est passé;∎ the programme is nicely put together ce programme est bien fait;∎ I'll just put a few things together (in my bag) je vais faire rapidement ma valise(with drug, injection) endormir➲ put up(a) (raise → hand) lever; (→ flag) hisser; (→ hood) relever; (→ umbrella) ouvrir; (→ one's hair, coat collar) relever;∎ could all those going put up their hands? que tous ceux qui y vont lèvent la main;∎ put your hands up! haut les mains!;∎ I'm going to put my feet up for a few minutes je vais me reposer un peu(b) (erect → tent) dresser, monter; (→ house, factory) construire; (→ monument, statue) ériger; (→ scaffolding) installer, monter; (→ ladder) dresser;∎ they put up a statue to her ils érigèrent une statue en son honneur∎ they've already put up the Christmas decorations ils ont déjà installé les décorations de Noël;∎ the shopkeeper put up the shutters le commerçant a baissé le rideau de fer(d) (send up → rocket, satellite) lancer∎ the results will be put up tomorrow les résultats seront affichés demain(f) (show → resistance) offrir, opposer;∎ to put up a good show bien se défendre;∎ to put up a struggle se défendre, se débattre(g) (present → argument, proposal) présenter;∎ he puts up a good case for abstention il a des arguments convaincants en faveur de l'abstention∎ to put sth up for sale/auction mettre qch en vente/aux enchères∎ we are not putting up any candidates nous ne présentons aucun candidat∎ who's putting the money up for the new business? qui finance la nouvelle entreprise?;∎ we put up our own money nous sommes auto-financés(k) (increase) faire monter, augmenter;∎ this will put up the price of meat ça va faire augmenter ou monter le prix de la viande(l) (give hospitality to) loger, héberger;∎ to put sb up for the night coucher qn(m) (urge, incite)∎ to put sb up to (doing) sth pousser qn à (faire) qch∎ to put up at a hotel descendre dans un hôtel;∎ where are you putting up? où est-ce que tu loges?; (in hotel) où es-tu descendu?;∎ I'm putting up at Gary's for the moment je loge chez Gary pour le moment(b) (stand → in election) se présenter, se porter candidat;∎ she put up as a Labour candidate elle s'est présentée comme candidate du parti travailliste∎ put up or shut up! assez parlé, agissez!∎ you shouldn't let yourself be put upon like that! tu ne devrais pas te laisser marcher sur les pieds comme ça!supporter, tolérer;∎ I refuse to put up with this noise any longer! je ne supporterai pas ce bruit une minute de plus!;∎ we'll have to put up with it il faut l'accepter ou nous y résigner -
58 fetch
̈ɪfetʃ I
1. гл.
1) а) принести, достать;
охот. приносить убитую дичь( о собаке) б) сходить за кем-л., позвать кого-л.;
приглашать The great bell fetches us in. ≈ Звон колокола приглашает нас войти.
2) а) достигать, добиваться (также в сочетании с up) ;
мор. достигать берега, приставать (после долгого плавания) б) выручать, получать, зарабатывать( о продающемся товаре) His land fetched 15 pounds an acre. ≈ Его земля приносила 15 фунтов с акра. Syn: realize, sell
3) редк. проявлять нечто скрытое, в частности высекать огонь, проливать кровь и т.п. Sympathy would fetch the tear from each young listener. ≈ Сострадание заставить пролить слезы каждого юного слушателя.
4) разг. нравиться, приносить удовольствие To say that the child has got its father's nose fetches the parents. ≈ Родителям нравится, когда им говорят, скажем, что у их ребенка нос его отца.
5) редк. издать, испустить (только о дыхании) to fetch one's breath ≈ перевести дух to fetch a sigh ≈ тяжело вздохнуть
6) разг. ударять, бить And fetches me with the butt-end of the gun. ≈ И ударяет меня рукояткой пистолета. Syn: strike ∙ fetch away fetch down fetch out fetch over fetch round fetch to fetch law of smb. fetch up fetch up against to fetch up all standing ≈ внезапно остановиться to fetch and carry( for) ≈ прислуживать to fetch and carry news ≈ распространять новости to fetch up nowhere ≈ потерпеть неудачу, ничего не добиться
2. сущ.
1) а) действия по принесению чего-л. откуда-л. б) усилия, тяжкие труды What but a great fetch of imaginative power? ≈ Что, кроме фантастического напряжения воображения?
2) уловка, хитрость A mere fetch to favour his retreat. ≈ Не более чем уловка, чтобы прикрыть отступление. Syn: trick, ruse, contrivance, dodge, stratagem
3) а) вздох;
вдох б) удушье, невозможность нормально дышать II сущ. прям. перен. привидение, призрак, двойник Presentiment is the fetch of danger. ≈ Предчувствие - что-то вроде призрака опасности. Syn: ghost, spectre, apparition, double, wraith уловка;
хитрость - every little * of wit все ухищрения ума - to cast a * расставить сети усилие - to take a * сделать большое усилие (морское) расстояние от наветренного берега по линии ветра (сходить и) принести, привести - to (go and) * a doctor привести врача - the chair is in the garden, please * it in стул в саду, пожалуйста, внесите его в дом - shall I * your coat for you? не сходить ли мне за вашим пальто? - she went out to * our supper она пошла, чтобы принести нам ужин - will you * the children from school? пожалуйста, приведите детей из школы заезжать, заходить( за кем-л.) - come and * him on your way home зайдите за ним по дороге домой - will you * me from the theatre? вы заедете за мной в театр? вызывать( слезы и т. п.) - to * a laugh from the audience вызывать смех у зрителей - to * tears from the eyes вызвать слезы издать, испустить - to * a deep sigh глубоко вздохнуть - to * a dreadful groan издать ужасный стон - to * one's breath дышать с трудом извлекать, вытаскивать,;
привлекать, вовлекать - a play *ing large audiences every night пьеса, которая ежедневно привлекает массу зрителей - the scamper of feet *ed me out of my berth and up on the deck топот ног заставил меня покинуть каюту и выйти на палубу - to * the discussion to a close прекратить прения( разговорное) наносить( удар) - to * smb. a blow on the head ударить кого-л. по голове - to * smb. a slap across the face дать кому-л. пощечину - to * smb. one (сленг) ударить кого-л.;
врезать кому-л. (разговорное) нравиться, очаровывать - to * the audience захватить зрителей, понравиться зрителям - to praise the child *es the parents если хочешь понравиться родителям, хвали ребенка - that'll * him! это его соблазнит! на это он клюнет! выручать (за проданную вещь) - this won't * much за это много не дадут - how much did the picture *? сколько выручили за картину? прибывать;
достигать (какого-л. пункта) - to * into port (морское) входить в порт( техническое) забирать воду( о насосе) > to * a circuit /a compass/ совершать круг, идти по кругу > to * and carry достать и принести убитую дичь (о собаке) ;
прислуживать, быть на побегушках;
распространять (новости, слухи) > to * way (морское) трогаться с места, набирать ход;
сидеть неплотно, расшатываться;
вырваться, освободиться привидение;
двойник fetch вчт. выбирать ~ вчт. выборка ~ вчт. выбрать ~ вызывать (слезы, кровь) ~ выручать (за проданную вещь) ~ достигать, добиваться (часто fetch up) ~ получать, выручать;
the vase is sure to fetch a high price эту вазу можно продать за хорошие деньги ~ привидение;
двойник ~ разг. привлекать, нравиться, очаровывать ~ приводить ~ сходить (за кем-л.) ;
принести;
достать;
to (go and) fetch a doctor привести врача ~ приносить убитую дичь (о собаке) ~ разг. ударить;
he was fetched on the head from behind кто-то сзади нанес ему удар по голове ~ хитрость, уловка ~ сходить (за кем-л.) ;
принести;
достать;
to (go and) fetch a doctor привести врача to ~ one's breath перевести дух;
to fetch a sigh тяжело вздохнуть to ~ and carry (for) прислуживать;
to fetch and carry news распространять новости to ~ and carry (for) прислуживать;
to fetch and carry news распространять новости ~ away вырваться, освободиться;
fetch down = bring down;
fetch out выявлять;
выделять;
оттенять ~ away вырваться, освободиться;
fetch down = bring down;
fetch out выявлять;
выделять;
оттенять to ~ one's breath перевести дух;
to fetch a sigh тяжело вздохнуть ~ away вырваться, освободиться;
fetch down = bring down;
fetch out выявлять;
выделять;
оттенять ~ up амер. довершать, заканчивать;
to fetch up all standing внезапно остановиться ~ up нагонять, наверстывать ~ up останавливаться ~ up рвать, блевать;
he fetches up его рвет to ~ up (against smth.) стукнуться( обо что-л.) ~ up амер. довершать, заканчивать;
to fetch up all standing внезапно остановиться ~ up рвать, блевать;
he fetches up его рвет ~ разг. ударить;
he was fetched on the head from behind кто-то сзади нанес ему удар по голове ~ получать, выручать;
the vase is sure to fetch a high price эту вазу можно продать за хорошие деньги -
59 charge
1. verb1) (to ask as the price (for something): They charge 50 cents for a pint of milk, but they don't charge for delivery.) cobrar2) (to make a note of (a sum of money) as being owed: Charge the bill to my account.) poner en la cuenta3) ((with with) to accuse (of something illegal): He was charged with theft.) acusar4) (to attack by moving quickly (towards): We charged (towards) the enemy on horseback.) cargar contra, embestir, arremeter5) (to rush: The children charged down the hill.) irrumpir6) (to make or become filled with electricity: Please charge my car battery.) cargar7) (to make (a person) responsible for (a task etc): He was charged with seeing that everything went well.) cargar
2. noun1) (a price or fee: What is the charge for a telephone call?) precio2) (something with which a person is accused: He faces three charges of murder.) acusación3) (an attack made by moving quickly: the charge of the Light Brigade.) carga4) (the electricity in something: a positive or negative charge.) carga5) (someone one takes care of: These children are my charges.) cargo (a cargo de), cuidado6) (a quantity of gunpowder: Put the charge in place and light the fuse.) carga•- charger- in charge of
- in someone's charge
- take charge
charge1 n1. cobro / precio2. acusación / cargo3. ataque / cargato be in charge mandar / ser el encargadocharge2 vb1. cobrar2. acusar3. embestir4. irrumpir / entrar corriendopeople charged into the store looking for bargains la gente irrumpió en la tienda en busca de gangastr[ʧɑːʤ]2 (responsibility) cargo■ my husband has charge of the children at weekends mi marido se hace cargo de los niños los fines de semana■ who is in charge? ¿quién es la persona encargada?3 SMALLLAW/SMALL cargo, acusación nombre femenino4 SMALLMILITARY/SMALL (attack) carga5 (explosive) carga explosiva6 SMALLELECTRICITY/SMALL carga1 (ask as a price - customer, amount) cobrar; (record as debit) cargar■ they charged me £20 for a haircut me cobraron £20 por un corte de pelo■ how much do you charge? ¿cuánto cobras?2 SMALLLAW/SMALL acusar ( with, de)3 SMALLELECTRICITY/SMALL cargar4 SMALLMILITARY/SMALL cargar contra, atacar1 (ask in payment) cobrar2 SMALLELECTRICITY/SMALL cargar3 (soldiers, police, etc) cargar (at, contra), arremeter (at, contra), atacar; (animal) arremeter (at, contra), embestir■ charge! ¡al ataque!, ¡a la carga!4 (rush) irrumpir\SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALLto be in charge of estar al cargo deto bring a charge against somebody formular una acusación contra alguiento charge somebody to do something ordenar a alguien que haga algoto drop charges retirar la acusación, retirar los cargosto take charge of something hacerse cargo de algoadmission charge / entry charge entradacharge account cuenta de créditocharge card tarjeta de pagocharge hand encargado,-acharge nurse enfermero,-a jefecharge sheet atestado policial1) : cargarto charge the batteries: cargar las pilas2) entrust: encomendar, encargar3) command: ordenar, mandar4) accuse: acusarcharged with robbery: acusado de robo5) : cargar a una cuenta, comprar a créditocharge vi1) : cargar (contra el enemigo)charge!: ¡a la carga!2) : cobrarthey charge too much: cobran demasiadocharge n1) : carga f (eléctrica)2) burden: carga f, peso m3) responsibility: cargo m, responsabilidad fto take charge of: hacerse cargo de4) accusation: cargo m, acusación f5) cost: costo m, cargo m, precio m6) attack: carga f, ataque mn.• munición s.f.n.• acusación s.f.• adeudo s.m.• capítulo s.m.• carga s.f.• cargo s.m.• cometido s.m.• embestida s.f.• encargo s.m.• encomienda s.f.• exhorto s.m.• gasto s.m.• gravamen s.m.• precio s.m.v.• acometer v.• acusar v.• adeudar v.• cargar v.• cobrar v.• embestir v.• encargar v.tʃɑːrdʒ, tʃɑːdʒ
I
1) c ( Law) cargo m, acusación fto bring o press charges against somebody — formular or presentar cargos contra alguien
to drop charges — retirar la acusación or los cargos
there is no charge for the service — no se cobra por el servicio, el servicio es gratis
free of o without charge — gratuitamente, gratis, sin cargo
3)a) c (command, commission) orden f, instrucción fb) ( responsibility)who is in charge? — ¿quién es el/la responsable?
to be in charge of something/somebody — tener* algo/a alguien a su (or mi etc) cargo
in the charge of somebody in somebody's charge a cargo de alguien; to take charge of somebody/something/-ing: she took charge of the situation se hizo cargo de la situación; Sarah took charge of the guests/of buying the food — Sarah se encargó de los invitados/de comprar la comida
c) c ( somebody entrusted)4) c u (Elec, Phys) carga f5) c ( of explosive) carga f6) ca) ( attack) carga fb) ( in US football) ofensiva f ( en la que se gana mucho terreno)
II
1.
1) ( accuse)to charge somebody WITH something/-ING — acusar a alguien de algo/+ inf
2) ( ask payment) cobrarthey charged him $15 for a haircut — le cobraron 15 dólares por el corte de pelo
3) ( obtain on credit)she never carries cash, she just charges everything — (AmE) nunca lleva dinero, lo compra todo con tarjeta (de crédito)/lo carga todo a su cuenta
to charge something TO somebody — cargar* algo a la cuenta de alguien
4)a) ( entrust) (frml)to charge somebody WITH something/-ING — encomendarle* a alguien algo/que (+ subj)
b) ( command) (liter)to charge somebody to + INF — ordenarle a alguien + inf or que (+ subj)
c) ( allege) (AmE) aducir*6) ( Elec) \<\<battery\>\> cargar*
2.
via)to charge (AT something/somebody) — ( Mil) cargar* (contra algo/alguien); \<\<animal\>\> arremeter or embestir* (contra algo/alguien)
charge! — al ataque!, a la carga!
b) ( rush) (colloq) (+ adv compl)[tʃɑːdʒ]1. NOUN1) (=accusation) (Jur) cargo m, acusación f ; (fig) acusación fthe charges were dropped — retiraron los cargos or la acusación
what is the charge? — ¿de qué se me acusa?
to lay o.s. open to the charge of... — exponerse a que le acusen de...
•
to bring a charge against sb — formular or presentar cargos contra algn•
he will appear in court on a charge of murder or murder charge — comparecerá ante el tribunal acusado de asesinatopress 2., 9)he was arrested on a charge of murder or murder charge — lo detuvieron bajo acusación de asesinato
2) (Mil)(Telec) charges tarifa fsing•
to put sb on a charge — arrestar a algncharge for admission — precio m de entrada
is there a charge? — ¿hay que pagar (algo)?
is there a charge for delivery? — ¿se paga el envío?
no charge for admission — entrada gratis, entrada gratuita
•
free of charge — gratis•
to make a charge for (doing) sth — cobrar por (hacer) algoprescription 2., reverse 3., 3), service 3.•
for a small charge, we can supply... — por una pequeña cantidad, podemos proporcionarle...4) (US) (=charge account)•
cash or charge? — ¿al contado o a crédito?5) (=responsibility)•
to have charge of sb/sth — hacerse cargo de algn/algoin charge•
the patients under her charge — los pacientes a su cargothe person in charge — el/la encargado(-a)
who is in charge here? — ¿quién es el encargado aquí?
in charge oflook, I'm in charge here! — ¡oye, aquí mando yo!
to be in charge of — [+ department, operation] estar al frente or al cargo de
to put sb in charge of [+ department, operation] poner a algn al frente or al cargo de; [+ ship, plane] poner a algn al mando de to take charge (of firm, project) hacerse cargo (of de)it is illegal for anyone under 16 to be left in charge of young children — es ilegal dejar a niños pequeños a cargo or al cuidado de alguien menor de 16 años
will you take charge of the situation while I'm away? — ¿te puedes hacer cargo de la situación mientras no esté yo?
6) (=person)7) (electrical) carga fto get a charge out of sth —
I got a big charge out of working with the Philharmonic Orchestra — disfruté muchísimo trabajando con la Orquesta Filarmónica
8) (=explosive) carga f10) (=financial burden) carga f•
to be a charge on... — ser una carga para...11) (Heraldry) blasón m2. TRANSITIVE VERB1) (Jur) (also fig) (=accuse) acusar ( with de)to find sb guilty/not guilty as charged — declarar a algn culpable/inocente de los delitos que se le imputan
he charged the minister with lying about the economy — acusó al ministro de mentir acerca de la economía
to charge that — (US) alegar que
2) (=ask for) [+ price] cobrarwhat did they charge you for it? — ¿cuánto te cobraron?
what are they charging for the work? — ¿cuánto cobran or piden por el trabajo?
to charge 3% commission — cobrar un 3% de comisión
3) (=record as debt)to charge sth (up) to sb, charge sth (up) to sb's account — cargar algo en la cuenta de algn
4) (=attack) [person, army] cargar contra, atacar; [bull etc] embestir5) (Elec) (also: charge up) [+ battery] cargar6) (=order)to charge sb to do sth — ordenar a algn hacer or que haga algo
I am charged with the task of modernizing the company — me han encargado la tarea de modernizar la empresa
7) (US) (in library)to charge a book — [reader] rellenar la ficha del préstamo; [librarian] registrar un libro como prestado
3. INTRANSITIVE VERB1) (=ask for a fee) cobrarthey'll mend it but they'll charge! — lo arreglarán, pero ¡te va a salir caro!
2) (=attack) [person, army] atacar; [bull] embestircharge! — ¡a la carga!
3) (Elec) (also: charge up) [battery] cargarseleave the battery to charge (up) for a couple of hours — deja que la batería se cargue durante un par de horas
4.COMPOUNDScharge account N — (US) cuenta f de crédito
charge card N — (Brit) (Comm) tarjeta f (de) cliente; (US) (=credit card) tarjeta f de crédito
charge nurse N — (Brit) enfermero(-a) m / f jefe
* * *[tʃɑːrdʒ, tʃɑːdʒ]
I
1) c ( Law) cargo m, acusación fto bring o press charges against somebody — formular or presentar cargos contra alguien
to drop charges — retirar la acusación or los cargos
there is no charge for the service — no se cobra por el servicio, el servicio es gratis
free of o without charge — gratuitamente, gratis, sin cargo
3)a) c (command, commission) orden f, instrucción fb) ( responsibility)who is in charge? — ¿quién es el/la responsable?
to be in charge of something/somebody — tener* algo/a alguien a su (or mi etc) cargo
in the charge of somebody in somebody's charge a cargo de alguien; to take charge of somebody/something/-ing: she took charge of the situation se hizo cargo de la situación; Sarah took charge of the guests/of buying the food — Sarah se encargó de los invitados/de comprar la comida
c) c ( somebody entrusted)4) c u (Elec, Phys) carga f5) c ( of explosive) carga f6) ca) ( attack) carga fb) ( in US football) ofensiva f ( en la que se gana mucho terreno)
II
1.
1) ( accuse)to charge somebody WITH something/-ING — acusar a alguien de algo/+ inf
2) ( ask payment) cobrarthey charged him $15 for a haircut — le cobraron 15 dólares por el corte de pelo
3) ( obtain on credit)she never carries cash, she just charges everything — (AmE) nunca lleva dinero, lo compra todo con tarjeta (de crédito)/lo carga todo a su cuenta
to charge something TO somebody — cargar* algo a la cuenta de alguien
4)a) ( entrust) (frml)to charge somebody WITH something/-ING — encomendarle* a alguien algo/que (+ subj)
b) ( command) (liter)to charge somebody to + INF — ordenarle a alguien + inf or que (+ subj)
c) ( allege) (AmE) aducir*6) ( Elec) \<\<battery\>\> cargar*
2.
via)to charge (AT something/somebody) — ( Mil) cargar* (contra algo/alguien); \<\<animal\>\> arremeter or embestir* (contra algo/alguien)
charge! — al ataque!, a la carga!
b) ( rush) (colloq) (+ adv compl) -
60 baja
Del verbo bajar: ( conjugate bajar) \ \
baja es: \ \3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) presente indicativo2ª persona singular (tú) imperativoMultiple Entries: baja bajar
baja sustantivo femenino 1 ( descenso) fall, drop;◊ una baja en los precios a fall o drop in prices;la baja de las tasas de interés the cut in interest rates; tendencia a la baja downward trend 2 ( certificado) medical certificate;◊ está (dado) de baja he's off sick o on sick leave;baja por maternidad (Esp) maternity leaveb) (Dep):3 ( en entidad): ( en partido) to resign, leave; (Mil) ( cese) discharge;
bajar ( conjugate bajar) verbo intransitivo 1 ( acercándose) to come down;◊ baja por las escaleras to go/come down the stairs;ya bajo I'll be right down ‹ de coche› to get out of sth; ‹de caballo/bicicleta› to get off sth 2 [ hinchazón] to go down; [ temperatura] to fall, drop [ calidad] to deteriorate; [ popularidad] to diminish; verbo transitivo 1 ‹escalera/cuesta› to go down 2 ‹brazo/mano› to put down, lower 3a) baja algo (de algo) ‹de armario/estante› to get sth down (from sth);‹ del piso de arriba› ( traer) to bring sth down (from sth); ( llevar) to take sth down (to sth) 4 ‹ ventanilla› to open 5 ‹ precio› to lower; ‹ fiebre› to bring down; ‹ volumen› to turn down; ‹ voz› to lower bajarse verbo pronominal 1 ( apearse) bajase de algo ‹de tren/autobús› to get off sth; ‹ de coche› to get out of sth; ‹de caballo/bicicleta› to get off sth; ‹de pared/árbol› to get down off sth 2 ‹ pantalones› to take down; ‹ falda› to pull down
bajo,-a
I adjetivo
1 low
2 (de poca estatura) short: es muy bajo para jugar al baloncesto, he's a bit too short to play basketball
3 (poco intenso) faint, soft: en este local la música está baja, the music isn't very loud here
4 (escaso) poor: su nivel es muy bajo, his level is very low
este queso es bajo en calorías, this cheese is low in calories
5 Mús low
6 fig (mezquino, vil, ruin) base, despicable: tiene muy bajos instintos, he's absolutely contemptible
bajos fondos, the underworld
la clase baja, the lower class
II adverbio low: habla bajo, por favor, please speak quietly
por lo b., (a sus espaldas, disimuladamente) on the sly: con Pedro es muy amable, pero por lo bajo echa pestes de él, she's very nice to Pedro, but she's always slagging him off behind his back (como mínimo) at least: ese libro cuesta cinco mil pesetas tirando por lo bajo, that book costs at least five thousand pesetas
III sustantivo masculino
1 Mús (instrumento, cantante, instrumentista) bass
2 (de un edificio) ground floor
3 (de una prenda) hem
IV mpl Mec underneath: las piedras del camino le rozaron los bajos del coche, we scratched the bottom of the car against the stones on the road
V preposición
1 (lugar) under, underneath
bajo techo, under shelter
bajo tierra, underground
bajo la tormenta, in the storm
2 Pol Hist under
bajo la dictadura, under the dictatorship 3 bajo cero, (temperatura) below zero
4 Jur under
bajo fianza, on bail
bajo juramento, under oath
bajo multa de cien mil pesetas, subject to a fine of one hundred thousand pesetas
bajo ningún concepto, under no circumstances
firmó la declaración bajo presión, she signed the declaration under pressure La traducción más común del adjetivo es low. Sin embargo, recuerda que cuando quieres describir a una persona debes usar la palabra short: Es muy bajo para su edad. He's very short for his age.
baja sustantivo femenino
1 (informe médico) sick note
baja por enfermedad, sick leave
baja por maternidad, maternity leave
2 (descenso) drop, fall
3 Mil (víctima, herido) casualty: nuestro ejército no ha sufrido bajas, we haven't suffered any casualties Locuciones: coger la baja, (por enfermedad) to take sick leave
darse de baja, (de una asociación, una actividad) to resign [de, from], drop out [de, of]
estar de baja, (por enfermedad) to be off sick Fin jugar a la baja, to operate for a fall
bajar
I verbo transitivo
1 (descender) to come o go down: bajé corriendo la cuesta, I ran downhill ➣ Ver nota en ir 2 (llevar algo abajo) to bring o get o take down: baja los disfraces del trastero, bring the costumes down from the attic
3 (un telón) to lower (una persiana) to let down (la cabeza) to bow o lower
4 (reducir el volumen) to turn down (la voz) to lower
5 (los precios, etc) to reduce, cut
6 (ropa, dobladillo) tengo que bajar el vestido, I've got to let the hem down
7 Mús tienes que bajar un tono, you've got to go down a tone
II verbo intransitivo
1 to go o come down: bajamos al bar, we went down to the bar
2 (apearse de un tren, un autobús) to get off (de un coche) to get out [de, of]: tienes que bajarte en la siguiente parada, you've got to get off at the next stop
3 (disminuir la temperatura, los precios) to fall, drop: ha bajado su cotización en la bolsa, its share prices have dropped in the stock exchange ' baja' also found in these entries: Spanish: bajar - bajinis - bajo - borrarse - cabeza - cámara - despacio - estar - estofa - forma - fresca - fresco - grosera - grosero - jugar - marea - media - medio - planta - riñón - telebasura - temblor - temporada - tensión - tintorro - voz - clase - fondo - incapacidad - petiso - renacuajo - roto English: alternate - attrition rate - breath - breathe - casualty - discharge - downstairs - downturn - downward - downwards - fall behind - floor - form - ground floor - house - low-calorie - lower - lower-class - off - off-peak - quietly - season - shoddiness - sick - sick-leave - simmer - slide - undertone - voice - whisper - work - down - drop - go - ground - hushed - low - red - slump - small - sweep - tide - under - voluntary - water - way
См. также в других словарях:
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