στρεπ-τός

Grammatical information: v.

Meaning: `peel (off)' (Il.)

Other forms: aor. λέψαι, fut. λέψω (Il.), perf. midd. ἀπο-λέλεμμαι (Epich.), aor. pass. ἀπελέπη ἀπελεπίσθη H.; also with ablaut λέλαμμαι (Att. inscr. around 330^a), ἐκ-λαπῆναι (Ar. Fr. 164),

Dialectal forms: Myc. repoto \/leptos\/.

Compounds: Sometimes with ἀπο-, ἐκ- (s. above), περι-, ἐπι-.

Derivatives: Many derivv. A. With ε-grade (from the present): 1. λεπτός (cf. στρεπ-τός a.o. in Ammann Μνήμης χάριν 1,17) `peeled' = `unveiled' (Υ 497), `thin, meager, weak, fine, delicate' (Il., often as 1. member. Poet. lengthened λεπτ-αλέος `weak, fine' (Il.; Chantraine Form. 255), λεπτ-ακινός'id.' (AP; from *λέπταξ ?, Bechtel Lex. s. φυζακινός); further λεπτίον `beaker' (pap.) from λεπτόν (sc. κεράμιον) `thin earthenware' (pap.), λεπτάγιον kind of vase? ( PHib. 1, 47, 13; III^a; acc. to the edd. perh. = λεπτόγειον `barren land'), λεπτάριον name of a medic. instrument (Herm. 38, 282); λεπτίτιδες κριθαί kind of barley (Gp.; Redard Les noms grecs en - της 113); λεπτότης f. `thinness, leanness etc.' (IA.), λεπτοσύνη `id.' (AP); λεπτύνω, - ομαι `make thin etc. resp. become' (Hp., X., Arist.) with λεπτυσμός, λέπτυνσις (Hp.), - υντικός (Dsc., Gal.). - 2. λεπρός `scaly, with eruption, uneven, raw' (Hp., Hippon., hell.), f. λεπράς (Theoc., Opp.); λέπρα, ion. - ρη `efflorescence, leprosy' (Ion., Arist., hell.), both prob. first from an ρ-stem (cf. Schwyzer 481); with λεπρώδης `with unevennesses, leprous' (Ael., Dsc., medic.), λεπρικός `regarding efflorescence' (Dsc., pap.); denomin. verbs λεπράω `become scaly, efflorescent' (Ion.), also λεπρ-ιάω (Dsc.; after the verbs of disease in - ιάω); λεπρόομαι `become efflorescent' (LXX, pap.) with λέπρωσις = λέπρα (Tz.), λεπρύνομαι `besome scaly, uneven' (Nic.). - 3. λέπος n. (Alex., Nic., Luc.) with λέπιον (Hp.), usu. λεπίς, - ίδος f. (Ion. hell.) `scale, shell, pod, metal plate' with dimin. λεπίδιον (Hero), also as plant-name `pepperwort' (Dsc., Gal., Ath.; as remedy against efflorescence), λεπιδίσκη `id.' (Imbros II^a); further λεπιδ-ωτός `scaly' (Hdt., Arist.), with λεπιδόομαι `become scaly' (Hp.); other denomin.: λεπίζω (: λέπος or λεπίς) `remove the scale etc., peel off' (hell.) with λέπισμα `scale' (LXX, Dsc., Gal.); ἐλέπουν οἷον ἐλέπιζον. H. (: λεπόω, - έω); note λέπασμα `pod, skin' (sch. Nic. Th. 184); rather lengthened from λέπος as from *λεπάζω. - 4. On λεπάς, λέπας s. v. - 5. λέπῡρον `scale, pod' (LXX, Batr.) with λεπυρώδης `like scales' (Thphr.); λεπύρ-ιον `id.' (Hp., Arist., Theoc.), - ιώδης `like scales, consisting of...' (Arist., Thphr.), λεπυρίζομαι `be enveloped by a scale' (sch.), λεπυριῶσαι ἐξαχυριῶσαι H.; besides λεπῠρός `in a scale' (Nic.); on the υ-stem beside λέπρ-α, λέπος cf. e. g. αἶσχος. On itself stands λεπύχανον `coat (of an onion), fruit-schale' (Theopomp. Com., Plu., Dsc.), prob. popular cross with λάχανον, s. Strömberg Wortstudien 52. - B. With ο-grade. 6. λοπός m. `scale, rind' (τ 233, Hp.) with λόπιμος `easy to peel off', (Nic., Gal.), λόπιμα κάστανα... H.; Arbenz Adj. auf - ιμος 101; dimin. λοπάς f. `dish', also name of a crustacean and a plant-disease (com., Thphr., Luc.), with λοπάδ-ιον (com., pap.), - ίσκος (sch.); λοπίς `scale, dish etc.' (Ar., inscr.) with λοπίδιον (Delos); denomin. λοπάω `scale off, let the bark peel off' (Thphr.) with λοπητός m. `time to be peeled off' (Thphr.), λοπίζω `be peeled off' (Thphr., pap.). -7. On ἔλλοψ s. v. - C. With lengthened grade s. λώπη `pod, coat' (Od., Theoc., A. R.), λῶπος m. `id.' (Alc. [?], Hippon., Anacr., Herod.); as 1. member in λωπο-δύ-της m. "who travels in (foreign) clothes", `thief of clothes' with λωποδυτ-έω etc. (Att.); suffixless form λώψ χλαμύς H.; cf. Schwyzer 515, Chantraine Form. 424. Dimin. λώπιον (Arist., inscr.); denomin. ἀπο-, περι-λωπίζω `undress, put off' (S., Hyp.).

Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]

Etymology: The primary thematic present λέπω, from which all verbal forms were derived ( λέλαμμαι, - λαπῆναι innovations after ἔστραμμαι, στραφῆναι etc.), has no direct agreements outside Greek. There are a few nominal formations, which resemble the Greek forms: Lith. lãpas `leaf', Alb. lapë `rag, leaf, peritoneum' (: λοπός), Lith. lõpas `rag, piece' (: λῶπος; also OE lōf m. `band of the forehead'??, Holthausen IF 32, 340), with Russ. lápotь `shoe of bark' (lapotók `rag, piece'); quite doubtful OE leber, læfer f. `rush, cane, metal plate' (: λέπρα?; Holthausen IF 48, 255). With λέπος one compared also Lat. s-stem lepōs `fine-ness, delicacy', and the Slav. extension in Russ. lépest `rag, piece, leaf of a flower'. Given the productivity of these formations and the varying meanings we may have parallel creations. - Further, partly very doubtful and debated forms in WP. 2, 429f., Pok. 678, W.-Hofmann s. lepidus, Fraenkel Lit. et. Wb. s. lãpas, lõpas, also lèpti `be coddled', Vasmer Russ. et. Wb. s. lépest, lápotь, lópotõk; with rich lit. - We can safely conclude that the verb is not IE: there is hardly a formal agreement, nor does the meaning agree well. So the verb will be Pre-Greek. Note the forms λεπάγιον, λεπακινός, λέπασμα, λέπυρον, λεπύχανον, λέπρα, λώψ, λῶπος etc. The verb may be compared with ὀλόπτω and ὀλούφω, which would also point to a non-IE word.

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Grammatical information: v.

Meaning: `to support oneself, to lean, to pretend something, to use as a pretention', σκήπτω, fut. σκήψω, aor. σκῆψαι, pass. σκηφθῆναι, perf. ἐπ-έσκηφα, pass. ἐπ-έσκημμαι `to throw down, to sling', intr. `to throw oneself down, to fall down', often w. prefix (almost only act.), κατα-, ἐπι-, ἀπο-, ἐν- (IA.); ἐπι-σκήπτω also `to impose, to command', midd. (Att. juridical language) `to object, to prosecute, to raise a complaint'.

Other forms: Fut. σκήψομαι, aor. σκήψασθαι.

Derivatives: σκῆψις f. `excuse, pretention, pretext' (IA.), ἐπίσκηψις f. `objection, complaint' (Att.); ἀπόσκημμα ἀπέρεισμα H. (A. Fr. 18 = 265 M.), ἐπίσκημμα = ἐπίσκηψις ( Lex. Rhet. Cant.). Further several expressions for `stick etc.': 1. σκᾶπος κλάδος, καὶ ἄνεμος ποιός H. (on the last-mentioned des. s. σκηπτός). 2. σκηπ-άνη f. (AB) with - άνιον n. `stick, scepter' (Ν 59, Σ 247, Call. Fr. anon. 48, AP), σκαπάνιον βακτηρία, ἄλλοι σκίπωνα H. 3. σκᾶπτον n. (Dor.) `id.' (Pi.), IA. σκῆπτον in σκηπτ-οῦχος `stick-, scepter-bearer' = `ruler' (Hom. a. o.), with the Persians a. other Asiat. peoples who has a high office at the court (Semon., X a. o.) with - ία f. (A. a. o.). 4. σκῆπτρον n. `id.' (ep. poet. Il.; like βάκτρον a. o., Schwyzer 532 w. lit., Chantraine Form. 331); on the meaning etc. see Combellack ClassJourn. 43, 209ff., Gatti Acme 2: 3, 23 ff. On itself, with deviant meaning 5. σκηπτός m. `thunderbolt, lightning, suddenly breaking storm' (trag., X., D., Arist. a. o.); cf. φρυκτός, στρεπ-τός; s. also below.

Origin: LW [a loanword which is (probably) not of Pre-Greek origin]X [probably] Eur. substr.

Etymology: With σκήπτω: σκῆψαι: σκᾶπος cf. e.g. κόπτω: κόψαι: κόπος, τύπτω: τύψαι: τύπος. The yot-present σκήπτω is formally easily understandable as deriv. of a noun σκᾶπος (*σκά̄ψ?) `stick'; so prop. *'handle with the stick, supporting, driving or swinging' (Walde LEW<sup>2</sup> s. scāpus, Persson Beitr. 2, 941, WP. 2, 561)?; semant. possible, though not immediately clear. Then not only σκᾶπος, but also σκηπάνη, - άνιον, σκᾶπτον and σκῆπτρον would have to be registered with the s. σκάπτω discussed manyfold expressions for `plane, hew, dig etc.'; only for σκηπτός (as for σκῆψις, σκῆμμα) one would have to start, because of the meaning, from the denominative σκήπτω (even from the presentstem?). In the sense of ' ἄνεμος ποιός' (H.) σκᾶπος would have been influnced by σκηπτός. A primary σκήπτω with the meaning `support' (from where then σκᾶπος as *'support' etc.) would be without non-Greek support. The Greek system with permanent full grade is in any case an innovation; the for σκᾶπτον, σκῆπτ(ρ)ον epected zero grade may be found in the Germ. word for `shaft, spear, lance', OHG skaft m., OWNo. skapt n. a. o.; cf. anal. πηκτός beside old Ion. πᾰκτόω (s. πήγνυμι). -- With σκᾶπος can be equated Lat. scāpus `shaft, stalk' and Alb. shkop `stick, sceptre'. Other longvowel forms, for Greek uninteresting, are: with ō Lat. scōpa `thin twig', scōpiō `the stalk, from which hang the berries of the wine-grapes'; with ē CS. štapъ `stick'; unclear Latv. šk̨èps `spear, javelin' (cf. Vasmer s. štap; diff. W. Hofmann s. scāpus). Further rich material with partly hypothetical or doubtful combinations and extensive lit. in WP. 2, 561 f., Pok. 932; on Greek esp. Solmsen Wortforsch. 206 ff. -- Not here σκίπων and σκίμπτομαι. -- The word could be IE (* sk(e)h₂p-, but I think also of a loan from a Eur. substrate; cf. the discussion on σκάπτω.

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Grammatical information: v.

Meaning: `to twist, to turn', intr. a. midd. `to twist, turn, to run (Il.).

Other forms: Dor. στράφω? (Nisyros III^a; quite doubtful), Aeol. στρόφω (EM), aor. στρέψαι, - ασθαι (Il.), Dor. ἀπο-στράψαι (Delph.), pass. στρεφθῆναι (Hom. [intr.], rarely Att.), Dor. στραφθῆναι (Sophr., Theoc.), στραφῆναι (Hdt., Sol., Att.), ἀν-εστρέφησαν (young Lac. a.o., Thumb. Scherer 2, 42), fut. στρέψω (E. etc.), perf. midd. ἔστραμμαι (h. Merc.), hell. also ἐστρεμμένος (Mayser Pap.I: 2, 196), act. ἔστροφα (hell.), also ἔστραφα (Plb.).

Compounds: Very often w. prefix in diff. meanings, e.g. ἀνα-, ἀπο-, ἐπι, κατα-, μετα-, ὑπο-.

Derivatives: A. With ε-vowel: 1. στρεπ-τός `twisted, flexible' (Il.), m. `necklace, curl etc.' (IA.) with - άριον (Paul Aeg.). 2. - τικός ( ἐπι-, μετα- a.o.) `serving to twist' (Pl. a.o.). 3. - τήρ m. `door-hinge' (AP). 4. στρέμμα ( περι-, διά- a.o) n. `twist, strain' (D., medic. a.o.), σύ- στρέφω `ball, swelling, round drop, heap, congregation etc.' (Hp., Arist., hell. a. late). 5. στρέψ-ις ( ἐπι-) f. `the turning, turn' (Hp., Arist.) with - αῖος, PN - ιάδης. 6. στρεπτ-ίνδα. adv. kind of play (Poll.). 7. ἐπιστρεφ-ής `turning to (something), attentive' (IA.) witf - εια f. (pap. III^p). -- B. With o-ablaut: 1. στρόφος m. `band, cord, cable' (Od.), `gripes' (Ar., medic.); as 2. member e.g. εὔ ( ἐΰ-)στροφος = στρέφω - στρεφής `well-twisted, easy to twist, to bend', (Ν599 = 711, E., Pl. etc.) with - φία f. `flexibility' (hell. a. late); from the prefixcompp. e.g. ἀντίστροφ-ος `turned face to face, according' (Att. etc.: ἀντι-στρέφω). From it στρόφ-ιον n. `breast-, head-band' (com., inscr. a.o.), - ίς ( περι- a. o.) f. `id.' (E. a.o.), - ίολος m. `edge, border' (Hero), - ώδης `causing gripes' (Hp. a.o.), - ωτός `provided with pivots' (LXX), - ωμα n. `pivot, door-hinge' with - ωμάτιον (hell.), - ωτήρ m. `oar' (gloss.), - όομαι `to have gripes' (medic. a.o.), ἐκστροφῶσαι H. s. ἐξαγκυρῶσαι την θύραν, - έω `to cause gripes' (Ar.); as 2. member e.g. in οἰακοστροφ-έω `to turn the rudder' (A.) from οἰακο-στρόφος (Pi., A. a..). 2. στροφή ( ἐπι-, κατα- etc.) f. `the twisting, turning around etc.' (IA.) with - αῖος surn. of Hermes (Ar. Pl. 1153; as door-waiter cf. στρο-φεύς] referring to his dexterity [cf. στρόφις). From στροφή or στρόφος: 3. στρόφ-ις m. `clever person, sly guy' (Ar., Poll.). 4. - άς f. `turning' (S. in lyr., Arat. a.o.), - άδες νῆσοι (Str. a.o.). 5. - εῖον m. `winch, cable etc.' (hell. a. late). 6. - εύς m. `door-hinge, cervical vertebra' (Ar., Thphr. a.o.; Bosshardt 47). 7. - ιγξ m. (f.) `pivot, door-hinge' (E., com. etc.). 8. - στροφάδην (only with ἐπι-, περι- a.o.) `to turn around' (ep. Ion.). 9. With λ-enlargement: στρόφ-αλος m. `top' (V--VI<sup>p</sup>); - άλιγξ f. `vertebra, curve etc.' (ep. Il.), - αλίζω `to turn, to spin' (o 315, AP). -- C. With lengthened grade: iter. intens. στρωφ-άω, - άομαι ( ἐπι-, μετα- a.o.) `to turn to and fro, to linger' (ep. Ion. poet. Il.), - έομαι `to turn' (Aret.). -- D. With zero grade: ἐπιστραφ-ής = ἐπιστρεφ-ής (s. ab.; late). PN Στραψι-μένης (Dor.). -- E. As 1. member a.o. in στρεφε-δίνηθεν aor. pass. 3. pl. `they turned around, swindled' (H 792; after it in act. Q. S. 13, 7), prob. combination of στρέφομαι and δινέομαι (Schwyzer 645 w. n. 1 a. lit.); for it with nominal 1. member στροφο-δινοῦνται (A. Ag. 51 [anap.]); στρεψο-δικέω `to twist the right' (Ar.) beside στρεψί-μαλλος `twisting the wool-flakes' = `with frizzly wool' (Ar.); cf. Schwyzer 442.

Origin: XX [etym. unknown]

Etymology: The above strongly productive group of words can because of its regular system and extension not be very old. On the other hand there is nothing in it, that could point to loans. So an inherited word of recent date with unknown prehistory and without helpful non-Greek agreements (quite doubtful Lat. [Umbr.] strebula pl. n. `the meat on the haunches of sacricial animals'; on this W.-Hofmann s. v.). A (popular) byform with β is maintained in στρεβλός (s. v.), στρόβιλος, στραβός [this is improbable to me] -- Through στρέφω a. cogn. older words for `turn etc.', e.g. εἰλέω, εἰλύω and σπερ- in σπεῖρα, σπάρτον etc. were partly pushed aside or replaced.

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