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1 ἑλλέβορος
Grammatical information: m.Meaning: hellebore, Helleborus, Veratrum album' (Hp., Ar.; on the meaning Dawkins JournHellStud. 56, 3f.).Other forms: Ion. ἐλ-Compounds: As 1. member in ἑλλεβοροποσία `drinking ἑ.' (Hp.) ἑλλεβορο-σήματα plant name =- λειμώνιον (Ps.-Dsc. 4, 16); bahuvrihi: `plant, that shows Helleborus-symptoms', Strömberg Wortstudien 51.Derivatives: ἑλλεβορίνη `Herniaria glabra' (Thphr., Dsc.), ἑλλεβορίτης `κενταύρειον τὸ μικρόν' (Ps.-Dsc.), also name of a wine (Dsc., Plin.), vgl. Redard Les noms grecs en - της 71 and 96; denomin. verb ἑλλεβορίζω `treat with h., bring to sense' (Hp., D.) with ἑλλεβορισμός (Hp.).Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]Etymology: Taken as "eaten by deer" to ἐλλός ( ἑλλός) and βιβρώσκω (s. βορά), s. Strömberg Wortstudien 48ff. (full disc.). The ε remains problematic. - Suz. Amigues. in RPh 72, 1998, 125, who stresses that the plant is deadly. Suggestion to identify the first element with ἐσθλός; Girard, Connaissance...l'hellébore 1988 assumes original ἑλλο-, which is hardly correct. The etymology seems very doubtful to me; the word could well be non-IE, i.e. Pre-Greek. The double - λλ- will represent the phoneme -ly-, which at the same time explains the two first ε's: \/a\/ was pronounced [ä] in contact with the palatalized l, and [ä] is reproduced by ε; after the β it may have become ο; sowe have \/alyabar-\/.Page in Frisk: 1,499Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ἑλλέβορος
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2 ἀγχίλωψ
Grammatical information: f.Meaning: `swelling which obstructs the lacrymal duct' (Gal. 19, 438).Other forms: Synonym αἰγίλωψ (Cels.).Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]Etymology: Galen analyses as ἄγχι and ὤψ. Strömberg Wortstudien 95f. agrees and explains the - λ- from the synonym αἰγίλωψ (perhaps - λωψ as a whole comes from there). The first member rather from ἄγχω. Not very convincing. - The synonym proves Pre-Greek origin: α\/αι, prenasalization and γ\/χ. Influence of ἄγχι\/ ἄγχω on αἰγίλωψ is improbable. Note that αι before NC is not tolerated in Greek; perhaps the first i derives from a palatalized g'. The analysis will be * a(n)g'-il-ōp-.Page in Frisk: 1,17Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ἀγχίλωψ
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3 ἄκανθα
Grammatical information: f.Meaning: `thorn, thistle', name of different thorny plants (Strömberg Pflanzennamen 17), also `backbone, spine' of fishes, snake, man (Od.). Note ἄκανθος m. `acanthus' (Acanthus mollis).Other forms: ἀκανθίας kind of shark; grasshopper (cf. Strömberg Fischnamen 47, Wortstudien 17); ἀκανθίς name of a bird (`goldfinch' or `linnet', cf. Thompson Birds s. v.), also a plant; ἀκανθυλλίς bird-name (Thompson s. v.), ἀκανθίων `hedgehog', ἀκανθέα a plant, ἀκανθηλή meaning unknown.Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]X [probably]Etymology: The basic meaning is `thorn', and from there `backbone, spine'. Usually, ἄκανος `pine-thistle' is considered basic, but a connection with ἄνθος is improbable; a compound *ἄκ-ανθα `Stachelblume' (Kretschmer Einleitung 403 A. 1) is a type of etymology of the past. ἄκαν-θα acc. to Solmsen Wortf. 264. Belardi assumes an Indo-Mediterranean substr. word, connecting Skt. kaṇṭ(h)a-, but such combinations with Sanskrit are mostly incorrect, the Indo-Med. hypothesis quite doubtful. Most probable is a (Greek) substr. element, though in this case there is no positive indication except short -α (Beekes, Pre-Greek). There is no reason to assume a secondary Greek formation, as assumed by DELG. - One connects ἀκαλανθίς = ἀκανθίς (Ar.); Niedermann Glotta 19, 8ff. through metathesis of *ἀκανθαλίς.Page in Frisk: 1,50Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ἄκανθα
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4 ἄκορνα
Grammatical information: f.Meaning: `fish thistle, Cnicus Acarna' (Thphr.).Other forms: ( σ)όρνος s. below.Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]Etymology: On final short α see Chantr. Form. 100ff. Strömberg Wortstudien 17 compares κόρνος κεντρομυρσίνη, Σικελοί H. and σκόρνος κόρνος, μυρσίνη τὸ φυτόν; the ἀ- a prothetic vowel, not through connection with ἀκ- `sharp'. That ἀκορνός ( ὀκορνός) `grasshopper' would come from ἄκορνα, with Strömberg, because grasshoppers live below thistles and feed on them, seems unnecessary, but cf. ἀκανθίας `grasshopper' beside ἄκανθα.The variation ἀ-\/σ-\/zero, the - ρν- and the short -α all point to a Pre-Greek word.Page in Frisk: 1,55Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ἄκορνα
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5 ἀλίβας
ἀλίβας, - αντοςGrammatical information: m.Meaning: `corpse, a dead' (Pl. R. 387 c, H.), also of the Styx (S. Fr. 790) and metaphorically of wine-vinegar (Hippon.). ἀλίβας· νεκρός ἦ βροῦχος ἦ ποταμός ἦ ὄξος H.; other glosses s. Peiffer ad Call. fr. 216 (v.l. ἁ-; the vowel is perhaps long).Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]Etymology: The antique explanation as `sapless' with α privativum and λιβάς is popular etymology (defended by Lawson ClassRev. 40, 52ff., 116ff.; cf. Wilamowitz Herm. 54, 64. Wrong Immisch Arch. f. Religionswiss. 14, 449f. Furher Petersson Gr. u. lat. Wortstudien (1922) 3f. Kretschmer Glotta 28, 269 connected Etr. lupu `he died', Lat. Libitina; possible, but uncertain. The deviant shape of the word and forms like ὀκρίβας, κιλλίβας, λυκάβας, Κορύβαντες (not to βαίνω of course) make it clear that this is a substr. word.Page in Frisk: 1,72Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ἀλίβας
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6 ἀμαυρός
Grammatical information: adj.Meaning: `hardly seen, dim, faint' (Od.); on the meaning McKinley Ant. class. 26 (1957) 12-39, Neugebauer ib. 27, 1968, 373f.Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]X [probably]Etymology: It is assumed that μαυρόομαι arose through loss of the initial vowel (see the material in Strömberg Wortstudien 44f.). It could also be a prothetic vowel vs. its absence, as a substr. phenomenon; substr. origin is prob. anyhow as the word has no etym. (Scythian LW [loanword] acc. to Puhvel, Studies Whatmough, 1957, 237: maurva-)Page in Frisk: 1,88Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ἀμαυρός
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7 ἀντηρίς
ἀντηρίς, - ίδοςGrammatical information: f.Meaning: `prop, support' (E.).Other forms: ἀντήριος στήμων, καὶ κανὼν ὁ προσκείμενος τῃ̃ θύρᾳ H.Origin: GR [a formation built with Greek elements]Etymology: Back-formation from ἀντερείδω `set against' with lengthening of the initial vowel of the verbal stem; reshaped after the suffix - ιδ- (as in ἐγκρίς); Strömberg Wortstudien 14f. (who derives ἐγκρίς wrongly from ἐγκρίνω), Szemerényi Syncope 143. For the formation in - ιος cf. παγίς: πάγιος, βωμίς: βώμιος.Page in Frisk: 1,113Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ἀντηρίς
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8 ἀπαργία
Grammatical information: f.Meaning: a plant which has its leaves on the earth (Thphr. HP 7, 8, 3).Origin: XX [etym. unknown]Etymology: Strömberg Wortstudien 30f. thinks it comes from ἀργός `brilliant white' (cf. ἄργεμον, ἀργεμώνη) because of the colour, of which we know nothing, however. DELG adds "Pourrait ětre aussi `plante qui efface les taches blanches sur les yeux'(?)", which is ununderstandable to me.Page in Frisk: 1,118Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ἀπαργία
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9 ἀπήνη
Grammatical information: f.Other forms: πήνα· ἀπήνη H.Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]Etymology: Unknown. The first question is the relation with πήνα ἀπήνη H.; apocopated acc. to Strömberg Wortstudien 45; thus Fur. 374: the analysis must be ἀπ-ηνη; but rejected by Winter Prothet. Vokal 13 (if the ἀ- is a proth. vowel, the word would be a substr. word). Then there is the synonym καπᾱ́νᾱ (Xenarch. 11, Thess.), s. Güntert Reimwortbildungen 152; the agreement is remarkable, the word is hardly IE. Fur. 224 n. 96 compares γάπος ὄχημα. Τυρρηνοί H. He also adduces (285) λαμπήνη id. (with λαπίνη, which shows prenasalization; on λ\/zero see Fur. 392). Further one has compared ἀμανάν ἅμαξαν H. There is also Myc. apenewo, which would be drawing animals; but ἀπήνη will have -ᾱνᾱ. Bănăt̨eanu REIE 3, 141 thought the word is Anatolian (which amounts to saying that it is a substr. word), which DELG considers possible (but not because ἄμαξα is IE, q.v.!); Szemerényi, JHS 94 (1974) 149f. thought it could be Semitic. - The comparison with καπάνα is the most convincing and shows foreign (substr.) origin (κ-\/zero Fur. 391f.).Page in Frisk: 1,121Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ἀπήνη
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10 ἀπόκυνον
Grammatical information: n.Meaning: plant name, `Cynanchum erectum' or `Marsdenia erecta' (Dsc.)Origin: GR [a formation built with Greek elements]Etymology: Substantive from adjective *ἀπόκυνος `turned away from dogs'; cf. Strömberg Wortstudien 26. Also = μάζα μεμιγμένη φαρμάκῳ πρὸς ἀναίρεσιν κυνῶν H.Page in Frisk: 1,123Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ἀπόκυνον
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11 ἀπολάντιον
Grammatical information: n.Other forms: παλλάντιον ( Hippiatr. 66).Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]Etymology: Improb. Strömberg Wortstudien 27. Fur. 344 compares παλλάντιον, a king of grass; quite probable; so Pre-Greek.Page in Frisk: 1,123Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ἀπολάντιον
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12 ἀπόμελι
Grammatical information: n.Meaning: `kind of mead, made from the water with which one washed the honeycombs' (Dsc.).Origin: GR [a formation built with Greek elements]Page in Frisk: 1,125Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ἀπόμελι
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13 ἀρασχάδες
Grammatical information: m\/f? pl.Meaning: τὰ περυσινὰ κλήματα H.Other forms: Cf. ἀρέσχαι κλήματα, βότρυες H. and ὀρεσχάς τὸ σὺν τοῖς βότρυσιν ἀφαιρεθεν κλῆμα H. Clearly related αὐροσχάς = τὸ κατὰ βότρυν κλῆμα (Eratosth. 37), also name of wine (Parth.). DELG s.v. ὄσχη gives ὀρεσχάδα `dit de branches d'ormaux' from Harp. as in Nic. Al. 109 [not in LSJ]. Chantr. further points to ὄλοσχος `pedicle of the pomegranate (Nic. Th. 870).Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]Etymology: Strömberg Wortstudien 53f. connects the words with ὄσχη (cf. Harpokration s. ὀσχοφόροι = κλῆμα βότρυς ἐξηρτημένους ἔχον), which is however often written ὤσχος. I am therefore not convinced that (the four forms of) the word ( αρα-, αρε-, ορε-, αυρο-) are compounds (certainly not if ὄλοσχος must be connected. Rather vowel-variation of an evident substr. word; Fur. 302, 342, 348. In Bee. Pre-Greek I reconstruct arʷ-ask-at-, which explains αυ- beside o (before and after the ρ) beside the α's; ὀλοσχ- may have λ for ρ.Page in Frisk: 1,129Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ἀρασχάδες
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14 ἀρτηρία
Grammatical information: f.Origin: GR [a formation built with Greek elements]Etymology: Like the semantically comparable ἀορτή (s. 2. ἀείρω) prob. to ἀείρω `bind, hang up'. On the formation Chantr. Form. 81, Scheller Oxytonierung 59.Page in Frisk: 1,155Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ἀρτηρία
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15 ἀσίρακος
Grammatical information: m.Meaning: `locust' without wings (Dsc.).Origin: XX [etym. unknown]Etymology: Egyptian LW [loanword]? Strömberg Wortstudien 16, without argument. Gil Fernandez, Insectos 238. If there is no argument for Egyptian origin, a substr. word is more probable.Page in Frisk: 1,162Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ἀσίρακος
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16 ἀσκαρίς
ἀσκαρίς, - ίδοςGrammatical information: f.Meaning: `worm in the intestines, larve of the gnat' (Hp.).Other forms: Also σκαρίδες εἶδος ἑλμίνθων H.Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]X [probably]Etymology: Generally, e.g. Strömberg Wortstudien 24, taken from ἀσκαρίζω `spring'; "semantisch nicht ganz überzeugend" Frisk. (Germ. Springwurm is a calque from Greek.) If the prothesis \/ absence of the initial vowel is original and not a recent development, rather a substr. word.Page in Frisk: 1,163Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ἀσκαρίς
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17 ἀτταγᾶς
ἀτταγᾶς, -ᾱGrammatical information: m.Derivatives: ἀτταγηνάριον (Gramm.), ταγηνάριον (Suid.); ταγήν = ἀτταγήν (Suid.). Fish name ἀτταγῖνος (Dorio ap. Ath., ms. - εινός), after the colour? (Strömberg Fischnamen 120, but s. Lacroix, Ant, Class. 6, 1937, 295).Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]X [probably]Etymology: On the formation Schwyzer 461 and 487, Chantr. Form. 31 and 167; Björck Alpha impurum 63 und 272; Strömberg Wortstudien 45; also Hubschmid, Thesaurus 2, 119. - Unexplained; Ael. N. A. 4, 42 calls it onomatopoetic, after the cry. It could be a substr. word (suffix - ην). - Cf. ἀτταβυγάς εἶδος ὀρνέου H..Page in Frisk: 1,182Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ἀτταγᾶς
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18 ἀττέλαβος
Grammatical information: m.Meaning: edible `locust' (Hdt.).Other forms: ἀττέλεβος (LXX), cf. ἀττελεβόφθαλμος (Eub.); also Thess. PN ᾽Αττελεβει[ος], ἀτ(τ)ελεβαία Masson, Mus. Helv. 43 (1986) = OGS II, 486. ἀττελὰβη· ἀκρίδας H.Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]Etymology: Unknown. Semitic etymology by Lewy Fremdw. 17 n. 1. Strömberg Wortstudien 16 reckons with Egyptian origin. Clearly a substr. word (note - βος).Page in Frisk: 1,182Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ἀττέλαβος
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19 ἀφάκη
Grammatical information: f.,Meaning: `Wicke, Vicia angustifolia' (Pherekr.).Other forms: ἄφακος (Schwyzer-Debrunner 30)Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]Etymology: Dsc. and Galen think it comes from φακός `lentil'. The ἀ- is privative-pejorative acc. to Strömberg, Wortstudien 46f. (like Unkraut, but see Seiler, Studia Linguistica, 1952, 90f.). Frisk (Subst. priv. 20) proposed haplology from *ἀπο-φάκη (cf. ἀπό-λινον, ἀπό-μελι etc.). Chantr. notes: "L'emploi d'un thème en -η pour un thème en - ος attendu ne constitue pas une difficulté décisive et les hypothèses compliquées de Strömberg ne sont pas indispensable." This makes Fur. 373 more probable, who takes the ἀ- as a prothetic vowel and considers the word as a substr. word; note - ος: -η). Thus also Pisani, Paideia 11 (1956) 296.Page in Frisk: 1,194Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ἀφάκη
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20 ἀφάρκη
Grammatical information: f.Meaning: name of an evergreen tree, `Arbutus hybrida' (Thphr.).Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]Etymology: Improbable theory by Strömberg Wortstudien 27ff. (to ἄρκυς with ἀπο-), s. Frisk. Unclear ἀφαρκίδευτον ἀγρευτόν, ἀθυσίαστον H. s. Chantr. Fur. 175 refers to Schwyzer 530, who compares Thess. Φαρκαδών, which would give a prothetic vowel; a substr. word is anyhow probable.Page in Frisk: 1,194Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ἀφάρκη
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