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  • 41 Stephenson, Robert

    [br]
    b. 16 October 1803 Willington Quay, Northumberland, England
    d. 12 October 1859 London, England
    [br]
    English engineer who built the locomotive Rocket and constructed many important early trunk railways.
    [br]
    Robert Stephenson's father was George Stephenson, who ensured that his son was educated to obtain the theoretical knowledge he lacked himself. In 1821 Robert Stephenson assisted his father in his survey of the Stockton \& Darlington Railway and in 1822 he assisted William James in the first survey of the Liverpool \& Manchester Railway. He then went to Edinburgh University for six months, and the following year Robert Stephenson \& Co. was named after him as Managing Partner when it was formed by himself, his father and others. The firm was to build stationary engines, locomotives and railway rolling stock; in its early years it also built paper-making machinery and did general engineering.
    In 1824, however, Robert Stephenson accepted, perhaps in reaction to an excess of parental control, an invitation by a group of London speculators called the Colombian Mining Association to lead an expedition to South America to use steam power to reopen gold and silver mines. He subsequently visited North America before returning to England in 1827 to rejoin his father as an equal and again take charge of Robert Stephenson \& Co. There he set about altering the design of steam locomotives to improve both their riding and their steam-generating capacity. Lancashire Witch, completed in July 1828, was the first locomotive mounted on steel springs and had twin furnace tubes through the boiler to produce a large heating surface. Later that year Robert Stephenson \& Co. supplied the Stockton \& Darlington Railway with a wagon, mounted for the first time on springs and with outside bearings. It was to be the prototype of the standard British railway wagon. Between April and September 1829 Robert Stephenson built, not without difficulty, a multi-tubular boiler, as suggested by Henry Booth to George Stephenson, and incorporated it into the locomotive Rocket which the three men entered in the Liverpool \& Manchester Railway's Rainhill Trials in October. Rocket, was outstandingly successful and demonstrated that the long-distance steam railway was practicable.
    Robert Stephenson continued to develop the locomotive. Northumbrian, built in 1830, had for the first time, a smokebox at the front of the boiler and also the firebox built integrally with the rear of the boiler. Then in Planet, built later the same year, he adopted a layout for the working parts used earlier by steam road-coach pioneer Goldsworthy Gurney, placing the cylinders, for the first time, in a nearly horizontal position beneath the smokebox, with the connecting rods driving a cranked axle. He had evolved the definitive form for the steam locomotive.
    Also in 1830, Robert Stephenson surveyed the London \& Birmingham Railway, which was authorized by Act of Parliament in 1833. Stephenson became Engineer for construction of the 112-mile (180 km) railway, probably at that date the greatest task ever undertaken in of civil engineering. In this he was greatly assisted by G.P.Bidder, who as a child prodigy had been known as "The Calculating Boy", and the two men were to be associated in many subsequent projects. On the London \& Birmingham Railway there were long and deep cuttings to be excavated and difficult tunnels to be bored, notoriously at Kilsby. The line was opened in 1838.
    In 1837 Stephenson provided facilities for W.F. Cooke to make an experimental electrictelegraph installation at London Euston. The directors of the London \& Birmingham Railway company, however, did not accept his recommendation that they should adopt the electric telegraph and it was left to I.K. Brunel to instigate the first permanent installation, alongside the Great Western Railway. After Cooke formed the Electric Telegraph Company, Stephenson became a shareholder and was Chairman during 1857–8.
    Earlier, in the 1830s, Robert Stephenson assisted his father in advising on railways in Belgium and came to be increasingly in demand as a consultant. In 1840, however, he was almost ruined financially as a result of the collapse of the Stanhope \& Tyne Rail Road; in return for acting as Engineer-in-Chief he had unwisely accepted shares, with unlimited liability, instead of a fee.
    During the late 1840s Stephenson's greatest achievements were the design and construction of four great bridges, as part of railways for which he was responsible. The High Level Bridge over the Tyne at Newcastle and the Royal Border Bridge over the Tweed at Berwick were the links needed to complete the East Coast Route from London to Scotland. For the Chester \& Holyhead Railway to cross the Menai Strait, a bridge with spans as long-as 460 ft (140 m) was needed: Stephenson designed them as wrought-iron tubes of rectangular cross-section, through which the trains would pass, and eventually joined the spans together into a tube 1,511 ft (460 m) long from shore to shore. Extensive testing was done beforehand by shipbuilder William Fairbairn to prove the method, and as a preliminary it was first used for a 400 ft (122 m) span bridge at Conway.
    In 1847 Robert Stephenson was elected MP for Whitby, a position he held until his death, and he was one of the exhibition commissioners for the Great Exhibition of 1851. In the early 1850s he was Engineer-in-Chief for the Norwegian Trunk Railway, the first railway in Norway, and he also built the Alexandria \& Cairo Railway, the first railway in Africa. This included two tubular bridges with the railway running on top of the tubes. The railway was extended to Suez in 1858 and for several years provided a link in the route from Britain to India, until superseded by the Suez Canal, which Stephenson had opposed in Parliament. The greatest of all his tubular bridges was the Victoria Bridge across the River St Lawrence at Montreal: after inspecting the site in 1852 he was appointed Engineer-in-Chief for the bridge, which was 1 1/2 miles (2 km) long and was designed in his London offices. Sadly he, like Brunel, died young from self-imposed overwork, before the bridge was completed in 1859.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    FRS 1849. President, Institution of Mechanical Engineers 1849. President, Institution of Civil Engineers 1856. Order of St Olaf (Norway). Order of Leopold (Belgium). Like his father, Robert Stephenson refused a knighthood.
    Further Reading
    L.T.C.Rolt, 1960, George and Robert Stephenson, London: Longman (a good modern biography).
    J.C.Jeaffreson, 1864, The Life of Robert Stephenson, London: Longman (the standard nine-teenth-century biography).
    M.R.Bailey, 1979, "Robert Stephenson \& Co. 1823–1829", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 50 (provides details of the early products of that company).
    J.Kieve, 1973, The Electric Telegraph, Newton Abbot: David \& Charles.
    PJGR

    Biographical history of technology > Stephenson, Robert

  • 42 go up

    1) (to increase in size, value etc: The temperature/price has gone up.) subir, aumentar
    2) (to be built: There are office blocks going up all over town.) construirse
    go up vb subir
    v.
    • ascender v.
    • ir arriba v.
    • remontar v.
    • subir v.
    v + adv
    1)
    a) ( ascend) \<\<person\>\> subir; \<\<balloon/plane\>\> subir, ascender* (frml); \<\<curtain\>\> ( Theat) levantarse
    b) ( approach)

    to go up (to somebody/something) — acercarse* (a alguien/algo)

    d) ( to another place) (esp BrE) ir*
    2)
    a) ( increase) \<\<temperature/price/cost\>\> subir, aumentar; \<\<population/unemployment\>\> aumentar

    to go up in price — subir or aumentar de precio

    b) ( improve) \<\<standard\>\> mejorar
    3)
    a) (be built, erected)
    b) ( be put up)
    4) ( burst into flames) prenderse fuego; ( explode) estallar
    VI + ADV
    1) (=rise) [temperature, price] subir

    the total goes up to... — el total asciende a...

    Hartlepool should go up this season — (Sport) el Hartlepool debería ascender esta temporada

    2) (=travel)
    3) (=approach)

    to go up to sb — acercarse a algn, abordar a algn

    4) (=go upstairs) subir (a la planta de arriba)
    5) (=be built) [tower block, building] levantarse
    6) (=explode) estallar

    to go up in flames — arder en llamas, ser pasto de las llamas

    7) (=be heard)
    8) (Brit)
    (Univ)

    to go up to university — (to begin studies) entrar en la universidad; (after vacation) volver a la universidad

    9) (Theat) [curtain] subir, abrirse, levantarse; [lights] encenderse
    * * *
    v + adv
    1)
    a) ( ascend) \<\<person\>\> subir; \<\<balloon/plane\>\> subir, ascender* (frml); \<\<curtain\>\> ( Theat) levantarse
    b) ( approach)

    to go up (to somebody/something) — acercarse* (a alguien/algo)

    d) ( to another place) (esp BrE) ir*
    2)
    a) ( increase) \<\<temperature/price/cost\>\> subir, aumentar; \<\<population/unemployment\>\> aumentar

    to go up in price — subir or aumentar de precio

    b) ( improve) \<\<standard\>\> mejorar
    3)
    a) (be built, erected)
    b) ( be put up)
    4) ( burst into flames) prenderse fuego; ( explode) estallar

    English-spanish dictionary > go up

  • 43 by

    I 1. preposition
    1) (near, beside) an (+ Dat.); bei; (next to) neben

    by the window/river — am Fenster/Fluss

    2) (to position beside) zu
    4)
    5)

    by herself — etc. see academic.ru/34615/herself">herself 1)

    6) (along) entlang

    by the river — am od. den Fluss entlang

    7) (via) über (+ Akk.)

    leave by the door/window — zur Tür hinausgehen/zum Fenster hinaussteigen

    we came by the quickest/shortest route — wir sind die schnellste/kürzeste Strecke gefahren

    8) (passing) vorbei an (+ Dat.)

    run/drive by somebody/something — an jemandem/etwas vorbeilaufen/vorbeifahren

    9) (during) bei

    by day/night — bei Tag/Nacht; tagsüber/nachts

    10) (through the agency of) von

    written by... — geschrieben von...

    11) (through the means of) durch

    he was killed by lightning/a falling chimney — er ist vom Blitz/von einem umstürzenden Schornstein erschlagen worden

    heated by gas/oil — mit Gas/Öl geheizt; gas-/ölbeheizt

    by bus/ship — etc. mit dem Bus/Schiff usw.

    by air/sea — mit dem Flugzeug/Schiff

    12) (not later than) bis

    by now/this time — inzwischen

    by the time this letter reaches you — bis dich dieser Brief erreicht

    by the 20th — bis zum 20.

    13) (indicating unit of time) pro; (indicating unit of length, weight, etc.) -weise

    by the second/minute/hour — pro Sekunde/Minute/Stunde

    you can hire a car by the day or by the week — man kann sich (Dat.) ein Auto tageweise oder wochenweise mieten

    day by day/month by month, by the day/month — (as each day/month passes) Tag für Tag/Monat für Monat

    sell something by the packet/ton/dozen — etwas paket-/tonnenweise/im Dutzend verkaufen

    10 ft. by 20 ft. — 10 [Fuß] mal 20 Fuß

    two by two/three by three/four by four — zu zweit/dritt/viert

    15) (indicating factor) durch

    wider by a foot — um einen Fuß breiter

    17) (according to) nach
    18) in oaths bei

    by [Almighty] God — bei Gott[, dem Allmächtigen]

    2. adverb
    1) (past) vorbei

    drive/run/flow by — vorbeifahren/-laufen/-fließen

    2) (near)

    close/near by — in der Nähe

    3)

    by and large — im großen und ganzen

    by and by — nach und nach; (in past) nach einer Weile

    II
    * * *
    1. preposition
    1) (next to; near; at the side of: by the door; He sat by his sister.) bei
    2) (past: going by the house.) vorbei
    3) (through; along; across: We came by the main road.) über
    4) (used (in the passive voice) to show the person or thing which performs an action: struck by a stone.) von
    5) (using: He's going to contact us by letter; We travelled by train.) mit
    6) (from; through the means of: I met her by chance; by post.) durch
    7) ((of time) not later than: by 6 o'clock.) um
    8) (during the time of.) während
    9) (to the extent of: taller by ten centimetres.) um
    10) (used to give measurements etc: 4 metres by 2 metres.) mal
    11) (in quantities of: fruit sold by the kilo.) (kilo-, etc.)weise
    12) (in respect of: a teacher by profession.) von
    2. adverb
    1) (near: They stood by and watched.) dabei
    2) (past: A dog ran by.) vorbei
    3) (aside; away: money put by for an emergency.) beiseite
    •
    - bypass 3. verb
    (to avoid (a place) by taking such a road.) umgehen
    - by-product
    - bystander
    - by and by
    - by and large
    - by oneself
    - by the way
    * * *
    by
    [baɪ]
    I. prep
    1. (beside) bei, an
    a hotel \by the river ein Hotel am Fluss
    my desk is \by the window mein Schreibtisch steht am Fenster
    come and sit \by me komm und setz dich zu mir [o neben mich]
    \by the roadside am Straßenrand
    \by sb's side an jds Seite
    2. (part of sb/sth) bei
    to grab sb \by the arm jdn am Arm packen
    to seize sb \by their hair jdn am Schopf packen
    to take sb \by the hand jdn bei der Hand nehmen
    3. (past and beyond) vorbei
    he drove \by our house er ist an unserem Haus vorbeigefahren
    she walked \by me without speaking sie ging, ohne etwas zu sagen, an mir vorbei
    \by the door durch die Tür
    \by this time next week I'll be on holiday nächste Woche um diese Zeit bin ich in Urlaub
    \by five o'clock/tomorrow [spätestens] bis fünf Uhr/morgen
    \by 14 February [spätestens] bis zum 14.02.
    \by now [or this time] inzwischen
    she ought to have arrived \by now sie müsste inzwischen angekommen sein
    \by the time... bis...
    \by the time [that] this letter reaches you I will have left London wenn dieser Brief dich erreicht, werde ich schon nicht mehr in London sein
    5. (during) bei
    they ate \by candlelight sie aßen bei Kerzenlicht
    \by day/night tagsüber [o bei Tag] /nachts [o bei Nacht
    6. (happening progressively) für
    the children came in two \by two die Kinder kamen in Zweiergruppen herein
    the situation becomes worse \by the day die Lage verschlechtert sich von Tag zu Tag
    bit \by bit nach und nach
    day \by day Tag für Tag
    minute \by minute Minute um Minute, im Minutenabstand
    7. (agent) von, durch
    the cake is made \by Anne der Kuchen ist von Anne [gebacken], den Kuchen hat Anne gebacken
    an attack \by the enemy ein Angriff durch den Feind, ein Feindangriff
    a book/painting \by Irene ein Buch/ein Gemälde von Irene
    a decision \by his father eine Entscheidung seines Vaters
    8. (cause) von, durch
    the damage was caused \by fire der Schaden wurde durch einen Brand verursacht
    \by chance durch Zufall, zufällig
    \by contrast im Gegensatz
    Richard, \by contrast, works very much Richard hingegen arbeitet sehr viel
    death \by misadventure Tod durch Unfall
    9. (with -ing)
    you switch it on \by pressing this button man schaltet es ein, indem man auf diesen Knopf drückt
    10. (method) mit
    to pay \by cheque mit Scheck bezahlen
    to contact sb \by letter jdn anschreiben
    11. (means of transport) mit
    to travel \by air fliegen
    \by boat/bus/car/train mit dem Schiff/Bus/Auto/Zug
    to travel \by road über Land fahren
    to travel \by sea auf dem Seeweg reisen
    12. (parent) von
    she's his daughter \by his second wife sie ist seine Tochter mit seiner zweiten Frau [o aus zweiter Ehe]
    a black filly \by Golden Summer ein schwarzes Fohlen von Golden Summer
    13. (term) mit
    what is meant \by ‘cool’? was bedeutet ‚cool‘?
    14. (name of a person) bei
    he mostly calls her \by her last name er redet sie meistens mit ihrem Nachnamen an
    15. (according to) nach, von
    I'm German \by birth von Geburt bin ich Deutsche
    \by my watch it's six o'clock nach meiner Uhr ist es sechs
    he could tell \by the look on her face that... er konnte an ihrem Gesichtsausdruck ablesen, dass...
    \by law, he's still a child dem Gesetz nach [o laut Gesetz] ist er noch ein Kind
    that's all right \by me ich bin damit einverstanden
    to live \by the rules sich akk an die Vorschriften halten
    \by trade [or profession] von Beruf
    16. (quantity)
    he rented the car \by the day er hat den Wagen tageweise gemietet
    it's sold \by the metre es wird am Meter verkauft
    to sell \by the dozen/hundred/thousand zu Dutzenden/Hunderten/Tausenden verkaufen
    to get paid \by the hour stundenweise bezahlt werden
    17. (margin) um
    prices went up \by 20% die Preise sind um 20 % gestiegen
    the bullet missed her \by two centimetres die Kugel verfehlte sie um zwei Zentimeter [o ging nur zwei Zentimeter an ihr vorbei]
    it would be better \by far to... es wäre weitaus besser,...
    the room measures 5 metres \by 8 metres das Zimmer misst 5 mal 8 Meter
    19. MATH
    8 multiplied \by 3 equals 24 8 mal 3 macht 24
    8 divided \by 4 equals 2 8 geteilt durch 4 ist 2
    he multiplied it \by 20 er hat es mit 20 multipliziert
    20. (in oaths) bei
    I swear \by Almighty God that... ich schwöre bei dem allmächtigen Gott, dass...
    II. adv inv
    1. (past) vorbei
    excuse me, I can't get \by Entschuldigung, ich komme nicht vorbei
    time goes \by so quickly die Zeit vergeht so schnell
    to come \by vorbeikommen
    I'll come \by tomorrow ich komme morgen mal vorbei
    to drive \by vorbeifahren
    to pass \by vorbeikommen
    to speed \by sb/sth an jdm/etw vorbeisausen
    2. (near) in der Nähe
    close \by ganz in der Nähe, in unmittelbarer Nähe
    3. (in reserve)
    to put [or lay] some money \by etwas [Geld] zurücklegen [o auf die Seite legen
    4.
    ▶ \by and \by ( dated) bald
    ▶ \by and large im Großen und Ganzen
    ▶ \by oneself (alone) allein
    to live \by oneself allein leben; (unaided) selbst
    he can dress \by himself er kann sich selbst [o alleine] anziehen
    ▶ \by the \by nebenbei bemerkt
    where's Jane, \by the \by? wo ist denn eigentlich Jane?
    * * *
    [baɪ]
    1. prep
    1) (= close to) bei, an (+dat); (with movement) an (+acc); (= next to) neben (+dat); (with movement) neben (+acc)

    by the window/fire/river — am or beim Fenster/Feuer/Fluss

    by the sea — Ferien pl an der See

    come and sit by me — komm, setz dich neben mich

    2) (= via) über (+acc)
    3)

    (= past) to go/rush etc by sb/sth — an jdm/etw vorbeigehen/-eilen etc

    4)

    (time = during) by day/night — bei Tag/Nacht

    5) (time = not later than) bis

    can you do it by tomorrow? — kannst du es bis morgen machen?

    by the time I got there, he had gone — bis ich dorthin kam, war er gegangen

    but by that time or by then I had realized that... — aber bis dahin war mir klar geworden, dass...

    but by that time or by then it will be too late —

    6)

    (indicating amount) by the inch/kilo/hour/month — zoll-/kilo-/stunden-/monatsweise

    7) (indicating agent, cause) von

    indicated by an asterisk —

    8)

    (indicating method, means, manner: see also nouns) by bus/car/bicycle — mit dem or per Bus/Auto/Fahrrad

    by daylight/moonlight — bei Tag(eslicht)/im Mondschein

    to know sb by name/sight — jdn dem Namen nach/vom Sehen her kennen

    to be known by the name of... — unter dem Namen... bekannt sein

    by myself/himself etc — allein

    9)

    by saving hard he managed to... — durch eisernes Sparen or dadurch, dass er eisern sparte, gelang es ihm...

    by turning this knob —

    by saying that I didn't mean... — ich habe damit nicht gemeint...

    animals which move by wriggling — Tiere, die sich schlängelnd fortbewegen

    he could walk by supporting himself on... — gestützt auf... könnte er gehen

    10) (according to: see also nouns) nach

    to call sb/sth by his/its proper name — jdn/etw beim richtigen Namen nennen

    if it's OK by you/him etc — wenn es Ihnen/ihm etc recht ist

    it's all right by me — von mir aus gern or schon

    11) (measuring difference) um
    12) (MATH, MEASURE)

    to divide/multiply by — dividieren durch/multiplizieren mit

    13)

    (points of compass) South by South West — Südsüdwest

    14) (in oaths) bei

    I swear by Almighty God —

    by heaven, I'll get you for this — das sollst or wirst du mir, bei Gott, büßen!

    15)

    by the right! (Mil) — rechts, links...!

    16)
    2. adv
    1)

    (= past) to pass/wander/rush etc by — vorbei- or vorüberkommen/-wandern/-eilen etc

    2)

    (= in reserve) to put or lay by — beiseitelegen

    3)

    (phrases) by and by — irgendwann; (with past tense) nach einiger Zeit

    * * *
    by1 [baı]
    A präp
    1. (örtlich) (nahe oder dicht) bei oder an (dat), neben (dat):
    a house by the river ein Haus beim oder am Fluss;
    side by side Seite an Seite
    2. vorbei oder vorüber an (dat), an (dat) … entlang:
    3. über (akk):
    4. auf (dat), entlang (akk oder dat) (Weg etc):
    come by another road eine andere Straße entlangkommen
    5. per, mit, mittels, durch (ein Verkehrsmittel): → air1 A 1, post3 A 1, etc
    6. (zeitlich) bis zu, bis um, bis spätestens:
    be here by 4.30 sei spätestens um 4 Uhr 30 hier;
    a) bis dahin, unterdessen,
    b) um diese Zeit, (ungefähr) zu diesem Zeitpunkt; → now1 Bes Redew
    7. während, bei (Tageszeit): → day Bes Redew, etc
    8. nach, …weise:
    be sold by the meter (bes Br metre) meterweise verkauft werden; → hour, etc
    9. nach, gemäß:
    it is ten by my watch nach oder auf meiner Uhr ist es zehn
    10. von: → nature 2, trade A 4
    11. von, durch (Urheberschaft):
    she has a son by him sie hat einen Sohn von ihm;
    he has a daughter by his first marriage er hat eine Tochter aus erster Ehe;
    a play by Shaw ein Stück von Shaw;
    it was settled by him es wurde durch ihn oder von ihm erledigt; → oneself 1
    12. mittels, mit Hilfe von, mit, durch:
    written by pencil mit Bleistift geschrieben;
    by listening durch Zuhören;
    by (his) talking rapidly dadurch, dass er schnell redet(e); → force A 1, A 3, A 4 letter1 A 2
    be (too) short by an inch um einen Zoll zu kurz sein
    14. MATH
    a) mal:
    the size is 9 feet by 6 die Größe ist 9 auf 6 ( oder 9 × 6) Fuß; → multiply A 2
    b) durch:
    15. an (dat), bei: → root1 A 1, seize A 1 a
    B adv
    1. nahe, da(bei):
    by and large im Großen und Ganzen;
    a) bald, demnächst,
    b) nach und nach,
    c) kurze Zeit später; → close B, hard B 4
    2. vorbei…, vorüber…: → go by, pass by, etc
    3. beiseite: → put by etc
    by2 → bye-bye C
    * * *
    I 1. preposition
    1) (near, beside) an (+ Dat.); bei; (next to) neben

    by the window/river — am Fenster/Fluss

    3) (about, in the possession of) bei
    4)
    5)

    by herself — etc. see herself 1)

    6) (along) entlang

    by the river — am od. den Fluss entlang

    7) (via) über (+ Akk.)

    leave by the door/window — zur Tür hinausgehen/zum Fenster hinaussteigen

    we came by the quickest/shortest route — wir sind die schnellste/kürzeste Strecke gefahren

    8) (passing) vorbei an (+ Dat.)

    run/drive by somebody/something — an jemandem/etwas vorbeilaufen/vorbeifahren

    9) (during) bei

    by day/night — bei Tag/Nacht; tagsüber/nachts

    written by... — geschrieben von...

    he was killed by lightning/a falling chimney — er ist vom Blitz/von einem umstürzenden Schornstein erschlagen worden

    heated by gas/oil — mit Gas/Öl geheizt; gas-/ölbeheizt

    by bus/ship — etc. mit dem Bus/Schiff usw.

    by air/sea — mit dem Flugzeug/Schiff

    by now/this time — inzwischen

    by the 20th — bis zum 20.

    13) (indicating unit of time) pro; (indicating unit of length, weight, etc.) -weise

    by the second/minute/hour — pro Sekunde/Minute/Stunde

    you can hire a car by the day or by the week — man kann sich (Dat.) ein Auto tageweise oder wochenweise mieten

    day by day/month by month, by the day/month — (as each day/month passes) Tag für Tag/Monat für Monat

    sell something by the packet/ton/dozen — etwas paket-/tonnenweise/im Dutzend verkaufen

    10 ft. by 20 ft. — 10 [Fuß] mal 20 Fuß

    two by two/three by three/four by four — zu zweit/dritt/viert

    18) in oaths bei

    by [Almighty] God — bei Gott[, dem Allmächtigen]

    2. adverb
    1) (past) vorbei

    drive/run/flow by — vorbeifahren/-laufen/-fließen

    close/near by — in der Nähe

    3)

    by and by — nach und nach; (in past) nach einer Weile

    II
    see bye II
    * * *
    prep.
    an präp.
    bei präp.
    bis präp.
    durch präp.
    neben präp.
    von präp.
    über präp.

    English-german dictionary > by

  • 44 for

    1. preposition
    1) (representing, on behalf of, in exchange against) für; (in place of) für; anstelle von

    what is the German for "buzz"? — wie heißt "buzz" auf Deutsch?

    2) (in defence, support, or favour of) für

    be for doing something — dafür sein, etwas zu tun

    it's each [man] or every man for himself — jeder ist auf sich selbst gestellt

    3) (to the benefit of) für
    4) (with a view to) für; (conducive[ly] to) zu

    they invited me for Christmas/Monday/supper — sie haben mich zu Weihnachten/für Montag/zum Abendessen eingeladen

    what is it for? — wofür/wozu ist das?

    5) (being the motive of) für; (having as purpose) zu

    take somebody for a ride in the car/a walk — jemanden im Auto spazieren fahren/mit jemandem einen Spaziergang machen

    work for a living — für den Lebensunterhalt arbeiten

    run/jump etc. for it — loslaufen/-springen usw.

    7) (to reach) nach

    set out for England/the north/an island — nach England/Norden/zu einer Insel aufbrechen

    8) (to be received by) für

    that's Jim for you — das sieht Jim mal wieder ähnlich

    be dressed/ready for dinner — zum Dinner angezogen/fertig sein

    have something for breakfast/pudding — etwas zum Frühstück/Nachtisch haben

    enough... for — genug... für

    too... for — zu... für

    there is nothing for it but to do something — es gibt keine andere Möglichkeit, als etwas zu tun

    10) (to the amount of)

    cheque/ bill for £5 — Scheck/Rechnung über od. in Höhe von 5 Pfund

    things don't look very promising for the business — was die Geschäfte angeht, sieht das alles nicht sehr vielversprechend aus

    it is wise/advisable for somebody to do something — es ist vernünftig/ratsam, dass jemand etwas tut

    it's hopeless for me to try and explain the system — es ist sinnlos, dir das System erklären zu wollen

    12) (as being) für

    I/you etc. for one — ich/ du usw. für mein[en]/dein[en] usw. Teil

    famous/well-known for something — berühmt/ bekannt wegen od. für etwas

    jump/ shout for joy — vor Freude in die Luft springen/schreien

    were it not for you/ your help, I should not be able to do it — ohne dich/deine Hilfe wäre ich nicht dazu in der Lage

    for all... — trotz...

    for all that,... — trotzdem...

    16) (on account of the hindrance of) vor (+ Dat.)

    for fear of... — aus Angst vor (+ Dat.)

    but for..., except for... — wenn nicht... gewesen wäre, [dann]...

    17) (so far as concerns)

    for all I know/care... — möglicherweise/was mich betrifft,...

    for one thing,... — zunächst einmal...

    18) (considering the usual nature of) für
    19) (during) seit

    we've/we haven't been here for three years — wir sind seit drei Jahren hier/nicht mehr hier gewesen

    we waited for hours/three hours — wir warteten stundenlang/drei Stunden lang

    sit here for now or for the moment — bleiben Sie im Augenblick hier sitzen

    20) (to the extent of)

    walk for 20 miles/for another 20 miles — 20 Meilen [weit] gehen/weiter gehen

    21)

    be for it — (coll.) dran sein (ugs.); sich auf was gefasst machen können (ugs.)

    2. conjunction
    (since, as proof) denn
    * * *
    [fo:] 1. preposition
    1) (to be given or sent to: This letter is for you.) für
    2) (towards; in the direction of: We set off for London.) nach
    3) (through a certain time or distance: for three hours; for three miles.) für
    4) (in order to have, get, be etc: He asked me for some money; Go for a walk.) nach
    5) (in return; as payment: He paid $2 for his ticket.) für
    6) (in order to be prepared: He's getting ready for the journey.) für
    7) (representing: He is the member of parliament for Hull.) für
    8) (on behalf of: Will you do it for me?)
    9) (in favour of: Are you for or against the plan?) dafür
    10) (because of: for this reason.) wegen, aus
    11) (having a particular purpose: She gave me money for the bus fare.) für
    12) (indicating an ability or an attitude to: a talent for baking; an ear for music.) für
    13) (as being: They mistook him for someone else.) für
    14) (considering what is used in the case of: It is quite warm for January (= considering that it is January when it is usually cold).) für
    15) (in spite of: For all his money, he didn't seem happy.) trotz
    2. conjunction
    (because: It must be late, for I have been here a long time.) denn
    * * *
    [fɔ:ʳ, fəʳ, AM fɔ:r, fɚ]
    I. conj ( liter or dated) denn
    II. prep
    1. (intended to be given to) für + akk
    I bought a new collar \for my dog ich habe ein neues Halsband für meinen Hund gekauft
    this is a birthday present \for you hier ist ein Geburtstagsgeschenk für dich
    there are government subsidies available \for farmers für Bauern gibt es Zuschüsse vom Staat
    to vote \for sb/sth für jdn/etw stimmen
    they voted \for independence in a referendum sie haben sich in einem Referendum für die Unabhängigkeit ausgesprochen
    ▪ to be \for sb/sth für jdn/etw sein
    his followers are still \for him seine Anhänger unterstützen ihn noch immer
    to be \for a good cause für einen guten Zweck sein
    to be all \for sth ganz für etw akk sein
    to be \for doing sth dafür sein, dass etw getan wird
    are you \for banning smoking in public places? sind Sie dafür, das Rauchen in der Öffentlichkeit zu verbieten?
    3. (regarding sb) für + akk
    I'm happy \for you that it finally worked out ich freue mich für dich, dass es endlich geklappt hat
    you're not making it easy \for me to tell you the truth du machst es mir nicht gerade einfach, dir die Wahrheit zu sagen
    the coffee was too strong \for me der Kaffee war mir zu stark
    luckily \for me, I already had another job zu meinem Glück hatte ich bereits eine andere Stelle
    the admiration she felt \for him soon died ihre Bewunderung für ihn war schnell verflogen
    is this seat high enough \for you? ist Ihnen dieser Sitz hoch genug?
    I feel sorry \for her sie tut mir leid
    to feel nothing but contempt \for sb/sth nichts als Verachtung für jdn/etw empfinden
    ▪ to be concerned \for sb/sth um jdn/etw besorgt sein
    to feel \for sb mit jdm fühlen
    as \for me was mich betrifft [o angeht]
    Jackie's already left and, as \for me, I'm going at the end of the month Jackie ist schon weg, und was mich angeht, ich gehe Ende des Monats
    4. (regarding sth) für + akk
    how are you doing \for money? wie sieht es bei dir mit dem Geld aus?
    \for my part was mich betrifft
    \for all I know möglicherweise
    \for all I know, he could have left the country möglicherweise hat er schon das Land verlassen
    to be responsible \for sth für etw akk verantwortlich sein
    to prepare \for sth sich akk auf etw akk vorbereiten
    5. (comparing) für + akk
    the summer has been quite hot \for England für England war das ein ziemlich heißer Sommer
    ▪ to be too big/fast \for sb/sth zu groß/schnell für jdn/etw sein
    she's very mature \for her age sie ist für ihr Alter schon sehr reif
    the weather is warm \for the time of year für diese Jahreszeit ist das Wetter mild
    he's quite thoughtful \for a child of 8 für einen Achtjährigen ist er ziemlich rücksichtsvoll
    6. (to get, have)
    oh \for something to drink! hätte ich doch bloß etwas zu trinken!
    oh \for a strong black coffee! und jetzt einen starken schwarzen Kaffee!
    he did it \for the fame er tat es, um berühmt zu werden
    even though he's in this \for the money, we still need him auch wenn er es nur wegen des Geldes tut, wir brauchen ihn
    she's eager \for a chance to show that she's a capable worker sie möchte gerne beweisen, dass sie eine fähige Mitarbeiterin ist
    demand \for money Bedarf m an Geld
    to send \for the doctor den Arzt holen
    to apply \for a job sich akk um eine Stelle bewerben
    to have a need \for sth etw brauchen
    to look \for a way to do sth nach einer Möglichkeit suchen, etw zu tun
    to ask \for sth um etw akk bitten
    7. (on behalf of, representing) für + akk
    he's an agent \for models and actors er ist Agent für Models und Schauspieler
    next time you see them, say hi \for me grüß sie von mir, wenn du sie wieder siehst
    the messenger was there \for his boss der Bote war in Vertretung seines Chefs dort
    to do sth \for sb etw für jdn tun
    to do sth \for oneself etw selbst tun
    8. (as ordered by) für + akk
    ▪ to do sth \for sb/sth etw für jdn/etw tun
    they had to do extra work \for their boss sie mussten noch zusätzliche Arbeiten für ihren Chef erledigen
    I have some things to do \for school ich muss noch etwas für die Schule machen
    9. (employed by) bei + dat
    she is a tutor \for the Open University sie ist Tutorin an der Fernuniversität
    to work \for sb/sth bei jdm/etw [o für jdn/etw] arbeiten
    10. (purpose, aim) für + akk
    what's that \for? wofür ist das?
    that's useful \for removing rust damit kann man gut Rost entfernen
    that's not \for eating das ist nicht zum Essen
    a course \for beginners in Russian ein Russischkurs für Anfänger
    \for your information zu Ihrer Information
    \for the record der Ordnung halber
    the spokesman told the press \for the record that the president was in good health der Sprecher sagte der Presse für das Protokoll, der Präsident sei bei guter Gesundheit
    for rent/sale zu vermieten/verkaufen
    bikes \for rent Räder zu vermieten
    to be not \for sale unverkäuflich sein
    to wait \for sb/sth auf jdn/etw warten
    to wait \for sb to do sth darauf warten, dass jd etw tut
    ▪ to do sth \for sth/sb etw für etw/jdn tun
    what did you do that \for? wozu hast du das getan?
    what do you use these enormous scissors \for? wozu brauchst du diese riesige Schere?
    he is taking medication \for his heart condition er nimmt Medikamente für sein Herz
    you need to move closer \for me to hear you du musst ein bisschen näher herkommen, damit ich dich hören kann
    11. (because of) wegen + gen; (out of) aus + dat; (with) vor + dat
    I don't eat meat \for various reasons ich esse aus verschiedenen Gründen kein Fleisch
    I could dance and sing \for joy! ich könnte vor Freude tanzen und singen!
    he apologized \for being late er entschuldigte sich wegen seiner Verspätung
    Bob was looking all the better \for his three weeks in Spain nach seinen drei Wochen Spanien sah Bob viel besser aus
    how are you? — fine, and all the better \for seeing you! wie geht's? — gut, und jetzt wo ich dich sehe, gleich noch viel besser!
    I could not see \for the tears in my eyes ich konnte vor Tränen in den Augen gar nicht sehen
    if it hadn't been \for him, we wouldn't be here right now ( form) ohne ihn wären wir jetzt nicht hier
    \for fear of sth aus Angst vor etw dat
    \for lack of sth aus Mangel an etw dat
    to be arrested \for murder wegen Mordes verhaftet werden
    \for that [or this] reason aus diesem Grund
    to be famous \for sth für etw akk berühmt sein
    to love sb \for sth jdn für etw akk lieben
    she loves him just \for being himself sie liebt ihn einfach dafür, dass er so ist, wie er ist
    12. (as destination) nach + dat
    this train is \for Birmingham dieser Zug fährt nach Birmingham
    he made \for home in a hurry er eilte schnell nach Hause
    just follow signs \for the town centre folgen Sie einfach den Schildern in die Innenstadt
    to go \for sb [with one's fists] [mit den Fäusten] auf jdn losgehen
    to run \for sb/sth zu jdm/etw laufen
    I had to run \for the bus ich musste laufen, um den Bus noch zu kriegen
    13. (meaning)
    to be \for sth für etw akk stehen
    A is \for ‘airlines’ A steht für ‚Airlines‘
    to stand \for sth etw bedeuten, für etw akk stehen
    what does the M.J. stand \for? María José? was bedeutet M.J.? María José?
    what's the Spanish word \for ‘vegetarian’? was heißt ‚Vegetarier‘ auf Spanisch?
    14. (in return, exchange) für + akk
    she paid a high price \for loyalty to her boss sie hat einen hohen Preis für die Loyalität zu ihrem Chef gezahlt
    that's \for cheating on me! das ist dafür, dass du mich betrogen hast!
    how much did you pay \for your glasses? wie viel hast du für deine Brille gezahlt?
    a cheque \for £100 eine Scheck über 100 Pfund
    not \for a million dollars [or \for all the world] um nichts in der Welt
    I wouldn't go out with him \for a million dollars ich würde für kein Geld der Welt mit ihm ausgehen
    to do sth \for nothing etw umsonst machen
    to buy/sell sth \for 100 euro/a lot of money etw für 100 Euro/viel Geld kaufen/verkaufen
    you can buy a bestseller \for about £6 Sie bekommen einen Bestseller schon für 6 Pfund
    to trade sth \for sth etw gegen etw akk [ein]tauschen
    15. (with a period of time) für + akk; (ongoing) seit + dat
    I'm just going to sleep \for half an hour ich lege mich mal eine halbe Stunde schlafen
    he was jailed \for twelve years er musste für zwölf Jahre ins Gefängnis
    my father has been smoking \for 10 years mein Vater raucht seit 10 Jahren
    \for the next two days in den beiden nächsten Tagen
    \for a bit/while ein bisschen/eine Weile
    play here \for a while! spiel doch mal ein bisschen hier!
    I'm just going out \for a while ich gehe mal kurz raus fam
    \for eternity/ever bis in alle Ewigkeit
    this pact is \for ever dieser Pakt gilt für immer und ewig
    \for the moment im Augenblick
    \for a time eine Zeit lang
    \for a long time seit Langem
    I hadn't seen him \for such a long time that I didn't recognize him ich hatte ihn schon so lange nicht mehr gesehen, dass ich ihn nicht erkannte
    \for some time seit Längerem
    \for the time being für den Augenblick, vorübergehend
    16. (a distance of)
    \for a kilometre/mile einen Kilometer/eine Meile
    he always jogs \for 5 kilometres before breakfast er joggt immer 5 Kilometer vor dem Frühstück
    17. (at a certain date, time, occasion) für + akk
    he booked a table at the restaurant \for nine o'clock er reservierte in dem Restaurant einen Tisch für neun Uhr
    they set their wedding date \for September 15 sie setzten ihre Hochzeit für den 15. September fest
    I need some money \for tonight ich brauche etwas Geld für heute Abend
    what did you buy him \for Christmas? was hast du ihm zu Weihnachten gekauft?
    he arrived at 8.00 \for dinner at 8.30 er kam um acht zu dem für halb neun verabredeten Abendessen
    to invite sb \for dinner/lunch jdn zum Abendessen/Mittagessen einladen
    \for the first time zum ersten Mal
    \for the [very] last time zum [aller]letzten Mal
    \for the first/second time running im ersten/zweiten Durchlauf
    18. (despite) trotz + gen
    , ungeachtet +gen geh
    \for all that trotz alledem
    \for all his effort, the experiment was a failure das Experiment war trotz all seiner Anstrengungen ein Fehlschlag
    19. (per) für + akk
    there is one teacher \for every 25 students in our school in unserer Schule kommt auf 25 Schüler ein Lehrer
    \for every cigarette you smoke, you take off one day of your life mit jeder Zigarette, die du rauchst, verkürzt sich dein Leben um einen Tag
    to repeat sth word \for word etw Wort für Wort wiederholen
    20. (the duty of)
    ▪ to [not] be \for sb to do sth [nicht] jds Sache sein, etw zu tun
    it's not \for me to tell her what to do es ist nicht meine Aufgabe, ihr vorzuschreiben, was sie zu tun hat
    the decision is not \for him to make die Entscheidung liegt nicht bei ihm
    21. (as) für + akk
    she thought it \for a lie but didn't say anything sie hielt es für gelogen, sagte aber nichts
    I \for one am sick of this bickering ich für meinen Teil habe genug von diesem Gezänk
    22.
    ▶ \for Africa SA ( fam) Unmengen + gen
    I've got homework \for Africa ich habe noch jede Menge Hausaufgaben fam
    ▶ to be [in] \for it ( fam) Schwierigkeiten bekommen
    you're in \for it! jetzt bist du dran! fam
    ▶ \for crying out loud um Himmels willen
    ▶ an eye \for an eye Auge um Auge
    ▶ that's Jane/Mark/etc. \for you so ist Jane/Mark/etc. eben!, das sieht Jane/Mark/etc. mal wieder ähnlich!, das ist wieder mal typisch für Jane/Mark/etc.!
    that's children \for you! so sind Kinder eben!
    ▶ that's/there's sth \for you ( pej)
    there's gratitude \for you! und so was nennt sich Dankbarkeit! fam
    there's manners \for you! das sind [mir] ja schöne Manieren! iron fam
    * * *
    I [fɔː(r)]
    1. prep
    1) (intention) für; (purpose) zu, für; (destination) nach

    clothes for children — Kleidung f für Kinder, Kinderkleidung f

    what for? — wofür?, wozu?

    what did you do that for? —

    a room for working in/sewing — ein Zimmer zum Arbeiten/Nähen

    a bag for carrying books (in) — eine Tasche, um Bücher zu tragen

    fit for nothing —

    ready for anything —

    this will do for a hammer — das kann man als Hammer nehmen

    to leave for the USA — in die USA or nach Amerika abreisen

    he swam for the shore — er schwamm auf die Küste zu, er schwamm in Richtung Küste

    2)

    (indicating suitability) it's not for you to ask questions — Sie haben kein Recht, Fragen zu stellen

    it's not for me to say — es steht mir nicht zu, mich dazu zu äußern

    3)

    (= representing, instead of) I'll speak to her for you if you like —

    I need someone to make up my mind for me — ich brauche jemanden, der die Entscheidung für mich trifft

    she works for a bank (in the bank) — sie arbeitet bei or in einer Bank; (outside the bank) sie arbeitet für eine Bank

    4) (= in defence, in favour of) für

    I'm all for it — ich bin ganz or sehr dafür

    I'm all for helping him —

    5)

    (= with regard to) anxious for sb — um jdn besorgt

    as for him/that — was ihn/das betrifft

    warm/cold for the time of year — warm/kalt für die Jahreszeit

    6) (= because of) aus

    he did it for fear of being left — er tat es aus Angst, zurückgelassen zu werden

    he is famous for his jokes/his big nose — er ist für seine Witze bekannt/wegen seiner großen Nase berühmt

    do it for me — tu es für mich

    7) (= in spite of) trotz (+gen or (inf) +dat)

    for all that, you should have warned me — Sie hätten mich trotz allem warnen sollen

    8) (= in exchange) für

    to pay four euros for a ticket — vier Euro für eine Fahrkarte zahlen

    he'll do it for ten pounds —

    9)

    (= in contrast) for every job that is created, two are lost — für jede Stelle, die neu geschaffen wird, gehen zwei verloren

    10) (in time) seit; (with future tense) für

    I had/have known her for years — ich kannte/kenne sie schon seit Jahren

    he won't be back for a week — er wird erst in einer Woche zurück sein

    can you get it done for Monday/this time next week? — können Sie es bis or für Montag/bis in einer Woche fertig haben?

    for a while/time — (für) eine Weile/einige Zeit

    11)

    (distance) the road is lined with trees for two miles — die Straße ist auf or über zwei Meilen mit Bäumen gesäumt

    12)

    (with verbs) to pray for peace — für den or um Frieden beten

    See:
    → vbs
    13) (after n: indicating liking, aptitude etc) für

    his knack for saying the wrong thing — sein Talent, das Falsche zu sagen

    14)

    (with infin clauses) for this to be possible — damit dies möglich wird

    it's easy for him to do it — für ihn ist es leicht, das zu tun, er kann das leicht tun

    I brought it for you to see — ich habe es mitgebracht, damit Sie es sich (dat) ansehen können

    the best thing would be for you to leave — das Beste wäre, wenn Sie weggingen

    their one hope is for him to return — ihre einzige Hoffnung ist, dass er zurückkommt

    15)

    (phrases) to do sth for oneself — etw alleine tun

    2. conj
    denn
    3. adj pred
    (= in favour) dafür

    17 were for, 13 against — 17 waren dafür, 13 dagegen

    II abbr frei Bahn
    * * *
    for [fɔː(r); unbetont fə(r)]
    A präp
    1. allg für:
    it was very awkward for her es war sehr peinlich für sie, es war ihr sehr unangenehm;
    he spoilt their holidays (bes US vacation) for them er verdarb ihnen den ganzen Urlaub;
    she brought a letter for me to sign sie brachte mir einen Brief zur Unterschrift
    2. für, zugunsten von:
    a gift for him ein Geschenk für ihn;
    this letter is for me dieser Brief ist an mich;
    for and against für und wider; → academic.ru/69264/speak_for">speak for 1
    3. für, (mit der Absicht) zu, um (… willen):
    apply for the post sich um die Stellung bewerben;
    die for a cause für eine Sache sterben;
    come for dinner zum Essen kommen
    4. (Wunsch, Ziel) nach, auf (akk):
    a claim for sth ein Anspruch auf eine Sache;
    the desire for sth der Wunsch oder das Verlangen nach etwas;
    call for sb nach jemandem rufen;
    wait for sth auf etwas warten;
    oh, for a car! ach, hätte ich doch nur ein Auto!
    b) (bestimmt) für oder zu:
    tools for cutting Werkzeuge zum Schneiden, Schneidewerkzeuge;
    the right man for the job der richtige Mann für diesen Posten
    6. (Mittel) gegen:
    treat sb for cancer jemanden gegen oder auf Krebs behandeln;
    there is nothing for it but to give in es bleibt nichts (anderes) übrig, als nachzugeben
    8. (als Entgelt) für, gegen, um:
    I sold it for £10 ich verkaufte es für 10 Pfund
    9. (im Tausch) für, gegen:
    10. (Betrag, Menge) über (akk):
    a postal order for £2
    11. (Grund) aus, vor (dat), wegen:
    for this reason aus diesem Grund;
    die for grief aus oder vor Gram sterben;
    weep for joy aus oder vor Freude weinen;
    I can’t see for the fog ich kann nichts sehen wegen des Nebels oder vor lauter Nebel;
    she couldn’t speak for laughing sie konnte vor (lauter) Lachen nicht sprechen
    12. (als Strafe etc) für, wegen:
    13. dank, wegen:
    were it not for his energy wenn er nicht so energisch wäre, dank seiner Energie;
    if it wasn’t for him wenn er nicht wäre, ohne ihn; he would never have done it, if it hadn’t been for me talking him into it wenn ich ihn nicht dazu überredet hätte
    14. für, in Anbetracht (gen), im Hinblick auf (akk), im Verhältnis zu:
    he is tall for his age er ist groß für sein Alter;
    it is rather cold for July es ist ziemlich kalt für Juli;
    for a foreigner he speaks English fairly well für einen Ausländer spricht er recht gut Englisch
    15. (Begabung, Neigung) für, (Hang) zu:
    an eye for beauty Sinn für das Schöne
    16. (zeitlich) für, während, auf (akk), für die Dauer von, seit:
    for a week eine Woche (lang);
    come for a week komme auf oder für eine Woche;
    for hours stundenlang;
    for a ( oder some) time past seit längerer Zeit;
    for a long time past schon seit Langem;
    not for a long time noch lange nicht;
    the first picture for two months der erste Film in oder seit zwei Monaten;
    for months ahead auf Monate (hinaus)
    17. (Strecke) weit, lang:
    run for a mile eine Meile (weit) laufen
    18. nach, auf (akk), in Richtung auf (akk):
    the train for London der Zug nach London;
    the passengers for Rome die nach Rom reisenden Passagiere;
    start for Paris nach Paris abreisen;
    now for it! Br umg jetzt (nichts wie) los oder drauf!, jetzt gilt’s!
    19. für, anstelle von (oder gen), (an)statt:
    20. für, in Vertretung oder im Auftrag oder im Namen von (oder gen):
    act for sb in jemandes Auftrag handeln
    21. für, als:
    books for presents Bücher als Geschenk;
    they were sold for slaves sie wurden als Sklaven verkauft;
    take that for an answer nimm das als Antwort
    22. trotz (gen oder dat), ungeachtet (gen):
    for all that trotz alledem;
    for all his wealth trotz seines ganzen Reichtums, bei allem Reichtum;
    for all you may say sage, was du willst
    23. as for was … betrifft:
    as for me was mich betrifft oder an(be)langt;
    as for that matter was das betrifft;
    for all I know soviel ich weiß;
    for all of me meinetwegen, von mir aus
    24. nach adj und vor inf:
    it is too heavy for me to lift es ist so schwer, dass ich es nicht heben kann;
    it is impossible for me to come es ist mir unmöglich zu kommen, ich kann unmöglich kommen;
    it seemed useless for me to continue es erschien mir sinnlos, noch weiterzumachen
    25. mit s oder pron und inf:
    it is time for you to go home es ist Zeit, dass du heimgehst; es ist Zeit für dich heimzugehen;
    it is for you to decide die Entscheidung liegt bei Ihnen;
    a) es ist nicht deine Sache zu inf,
    b) es steht dir nicht zu inf;
    he called for the girl to bring him some tea er rief nach dem Mädchen und bat es, ihm Tee zu bringen;
    don’t wait for him to turn up yet wartet nicht darauf, dass er noch auftaucht;
    there is no need for anyone to know es braucht niemand zu wissen
    that’s a wine for you das ist vielleicht ein Weinchen, das nenne ich einen Wein
    27. US nach:
    B konj denn, weil, nämlich
    * * *
    1. preposition
    1) (representing, on behalf of, in exchange against) für; (in place of) für; anstelle von

    what is the German for "buzz"? — wie heißt "buzz" auf Deutsch?

    2) (in defence, support, or favour of) für

    be for doing something — dafür sein, etwas zu tun

    it's each [man] or every man for himself — jeder ist auf sich selbst gestellt

    4) (with a view to) für; (conducive[ly] to) zu

    they invited me for Christmas/Monday/supper — sie haben mich zu Weihnachten/für Montag/zum Abendessen eingeladen

    what is it for? — wofür/wozu ist das?

    6) (to obtain, win, save)

    take somebody for a ride in the car/a walk — jemanden im Auto spazieren fahren/mit jemandem einen Spaziergang machen

    run/jump etc. for it — loslaufen/-springen usw.

    7) (to reach) nach

    set out for England/the north/an island — nach England/Norden/zu einer Insel aufbrechen

    be dressed/ready for dinner — zum Dinner angezogen/fertig sein

    have something for breakfast/pudding — etwas zum Frühstück/Nachtisch haben

    enough... for — genug... für

    too... for — zu... für

    there is nothing for it but to do something — es gibt keine andere Möglichkeit, als etwas zu tun

    cheque/ bill for £5 — Scheck/Rechnung über od. in Höhe von 5 Pfund

    11) (to affect, as if affecting) für

    things don't look very promising for the business — was die Geschäfte angeht, sieht das alles nicht sehr vielversprechend aus

    it is wise/advisable for somebody to do something — es ist vernünftig/ratsam, dass jemand etwas tut

    it's hopeless for me to try and explain the system — es ist sinnlos, dir das System erklären zu wollen

    12) (as being) für

    I/you etc. for one — ich/ du usw. für mein[en]/dein[en] usw. Teil

    13) (on account of, as penalty of) wegen

    famous/well-known for something — berühmt/ bekannt wegen od. für etwas

    jump/ shout for joy — vor Freude in die Luft springen/schreien

    were it not for you/ your help, I should not be able to do it — ohne dich/deine Hilfe wäre ich nicht dazu in der Lage

    for all... — trotz...

    for all that,... — trotzdem...

    for fear of... — aus Angst vor (+ Dat.)

    but for..., except for... — wenn nicht... gewesen wäre, [dann]...

    for all I know/care... — möglicherweise/was mich betrifft,...

    for one thing,... — zunächst einmal...

    19) (during) seit

    we've/we haven't been here for three years — wir sind seit drei Jahren hier/nicht mehr hier gewesen

    we waited for hours/three hours — wir warteten stundenlang/drei Stunden lang

    sit here for now or for the moment — bleiben Sie im Augenblick hier sitzen

    walk for 20 miles/for another 20 miles — 20 Meilen [weit] gehen/weiter gehen

    21)

    be for it — (coll.) dran sein (ugs.); sich auf was gefasst machen können (ugs.)

    2. conjunction
    (since, as proof) denn
    * * *
    conj.
    als konj.
    denn konj.
    für konj.
    nach konj.
    zu konj.

    English-german dictionary > for

  • 45 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

  • 46 on

    ɔn
    1. предл.
    1) а) в пространственном значении указывает на нахождение на поверхности какого-л. предмета, на чем-л. на a house on the hill ≈ дом на холме б) в геогр. названиях указывает на нахождение на такой-то реке Stratford-on-Avon ≈ Стратфорд-на-Эйвоне в) указывает на части света на on the west ≈ на западе г) указывает местонахождение, местоположение на, у, около on the Continent ≈ на материке д) в пространственном значении указывает на передвижения по поверхности чего-л. по on the water ≈ по воде, по поыерхности воды е) указывает направление действия на The window opens on the street. ≈ Окно выходит на улицу.
    2) а) во временном значении указывает на определенный день недели, определенную дату, точный момент в on Sunday ≈ в воскресенье on the 1st of April ≈ первого апреля б) указывает на определенный момент дня on the morning ≈ утром в) указывает на последовательность, очередность наступления событий, действий по, после cash on delivery ≈ оплата при доставке on reaching home ≈ придя домой г) указываект на одновременность событий, действий во время, в течение on a trip ≈ в течение путешествия
    3) указывает на тему книги, выступления, предмет переговоров, споров и т.п. касательно, о, об, относительно, по, по поводу a debate on smth. ≈ споры по поводу чего-л.
    4) указывает на наличие при себе, с собой чего-л. I have no money on me. ≈ У меня с собой нет денег.
    5) указывает на условие или же основание, причину, источник чего-л. на, в, при, под, с, из, по, у on such terms ≈ на таких условиях on account of ≈ из-за, вследствие profit on the sale of ≈ доход с продаж чего-л.
    6) а) указывает на образ действия all on a tremble ≈ весь в волнении б) указывает на способ передвижения в, на on a train ≈ поездом в) указывет на инструмент, орудие to cut one's finger on a knife ≈ порезать палец ножом г) указывает на средства существования to live on one's parents' ≈ быть на иждивении родителей д) указывает на предметы питания to live on fruits ≈ питаться фруктами
    7) а) указывает на работу в каком-л. учреждении to be on the committee ≈ быть членом комитета б) указывает на нахождение в составе, числе в on the programme ≈ в программе в) указывает на пребывание в каком-л. состоянии, а также на положение, протекание процесса на, в, при on leave ≈ в отпуске to be on fire ≈ пылать, быть в огне г) указывает на характер отношений в, на to be on a friendly footing with smb. ≈ быфть в дружеских отношениях с кем-л.
    8) указывает на объект действия к, на, над, для to work on smth. ≈ работать над чем-л.
    9) указывает на многократное повторение mile on mile ≈ миля за милей
    10) указывает на приблизительность, неточность just on 5 years ago ≈ около пяти лет назад
    11) указывает лицо, на которое выписан чек, куплены или заказаны билеты tickets on you ≈ билеты на вас
    2. нареч.
    1) а) указывает на продолжение или развитие действия to write on ≈ продолжать писать, писать дальше б) указывает на продвижение вперед в пространстве to go on ≈ идти вперед, идти дальше в) указывает на направление на, к to head on ≈ держать курс (на) г) указывает на продвижение вперед во времени Time glides on. ≈ Время бежит.
    2) указывает нахождение на поверхности чего-л. Tea is on. ≈ Чай на столе, чай готов, чай подан.
    3) экон. указывает на увеличение, рост выше The new price is 5 points on. ≈ Цена на 5 пунктов выше.
    4) (указывает на надевание одежды, натягивание чехла и т.п., а также наличие какой-л. одежды на ком-л.;
    при переводе может передаваться глагольными приставками) What has she on? ≈ Что на ней надето?
    5) указывает на включение, соединение, включенность или работу аппарата, механизма;
    при переводе может передаваться глагольными приставками to turn on the gas ≈ включить газ
    6) а) указывает на наступление действия, процесса The rain is on again. ≈ Опять идет дождь. б) указывает на идущие в театре или кино пьесы, фильмы What is on today? ≈ Что идет сегодня в театре?
    7) а) указывает на отправную точку или момент from that day on ≈ с того дня, начиная с того дня б) указывает на приближение к какому-л. моменту It is getting on for two o'clock. ≈ Скоро два часа. ∙ be on to smb. on and off off and on and so on
    3. прил.
    1) действующий, работающий Is the radio on? ≈ Радио работает?
    2) а) происходящий, имеющий место Don't you know there's a war on? ≈ Ты что не знаешь, что идет война? б) находящийся в эфире The radio announcer told us we were on. ≈ Диктор сказал нам, что мы уже в эфире.
    3) а) эффективный;
    действующий в полную силу б) оживленный, возбужденный
    4) запланированный, предусмотренный( графиком, расписанием и т. п.) Anything on tonight? ≈ Что-нибудь на сегодня запланировано? Syn: scheduled, planned ближний, внутренний;
    - the on side более близкая сторона( спортивное) часть поля, на который стоит игрок с битой;
    - on drive удар в сторону, на которой находится игрок с битой (разговорное) эффективный;
    действующий;
    имеющий силу;
    - it was one of his on days он был в хорошей форме в тот день осведомленный, знающий;
    - he is the most on person here он здесь самый информированный человек, он знает все и вся подходящий;
    приличный;
    - it's a most on situation это очень подходящий случай вполне возможный, достижимый;
    легкий указывает на нахождение на поверхности чего-л;
    - tea is on чай подан указывает на движение на поверхности чего-л: - put the kettle on поставь чайник;
    - he climbed * the wall он взобрался на стену указывает на продолжение действия;
    - to work on продолжать работать;
    - she sang on она все пела;
    - go on reading читайте дальше;
    - the war still went on война все шла указывает на продвижение вперед - в пространственном и временном значении вперед;
    - go on! идите вперед;
    - on, John, on! вперед, Джон, вперед;
    - he sent the luggage on багаж он отправил вперед;
    - time is getting оn время идет указывает на приближение к какому-л моменту - to be well on in years быть в годах;
    - it is getting on fox six o'clock скоро будет шесть;
    - he is going on for five ему скоро исполнится пять указывает на удаление - в пространственном и временном значении;
    - further on дальше;
    - later on позднее, позже;
    - from... on начиная с;
    - from now on начиная с сегодняшнего дня указывает на наличие или наступление действия или процесса;
    - the game is on игра идет;
    - the play was on for monts пьеса много месяцев не сходила со сцены;
    - what is on today? что идет сегодня?;
    - he is on as Macbeth tonight он играет роль Макбета сегодня;
    - on with the show! начинайте представление;
    спектакль надо продолжать;
    - the rain is on again опять идет дождь;
    - a terrible row was on творилось что-то невообразимое;
    - have you anything on this evening? вы заняты сегодня вечером?;
    указывает на включенность или работу механизма, прибора, системы - часто передается глагольными приставками в-, за-;
    - to turn on the tap открывать кран;
    - the machine was on машина работала;
    - the radio is on радио включено;
    - to switch on the gas включить газ;
    - the light is full on свет горит всюду указывает на надевание одежды или наличие ее на ком-л, на натягивание чехла в, на;
    передается тж. глагольными приставками;
    - to have one's hat on быть в шляпе;
    - what had he on? что на нем было? - he had his spectacles on он был в очках;
    - put on your coat надень пальто;
    - put the tablecloth on постели скатерть;
    - try these shoes on померь эти туфли нанесение чего-л на поверхность предмета в, на;
    передается тж. глагольными приставками;
    - rub the ointment on вотрите эту мазь указывает на направление на, к;
    - to head on (морское) держать курс;
    - stern on( морское) кормой к (ветру) (коммерческое) указывает на увеличение выше;
    - the price is 3 points on цена выше на три пункта > and so on и так далее;
    > on and off от случая к случаю, время от времени;
    > on and on бесконечно, не переставая;
    > they talked on and on for hours они болтали часами;
    > to be on заключать пари;
    быть навеселе;
    > he is a little bit on он слегка навеселе;
    > to be on быть за (что-л) ;
    > I'm on я - за (это) ;
    > to be on to smb. раскусить кого-л;
    (по) говорить с кем-л;
    нападать( на чей-л след) ;
    придираться к кому-л. > they were on to him at once они сразу его раскусили;
    > he's been on to me about this matter он поговорил со мной по поводу этого дела > the police are on to him полиция напала на его след;
    > he is always on to me он всегда ко мне придирается;
    > to get on to smb. добраться до кого-л;
    застать кого-л.;
    > he got on to me only yesterday он добрался до меня только вчера;
    > I got on to him on the phone я застал его по телефону;
    > to be on to smth. узнать, догадаться о чем-л;
    понять что-л;
    > he was on to it al last наконец он это понял;
    > it's not on! это невозможно!;
    не получилось!;
    не вышло!;
    > you can't refuse now, it's just not on вы не можете сейчас отказаться - это просто невозможно;
    > hold on! держись!;
    > come on! ну давай! в пространственном значении указывает на нахождение на чем-л или на поверхности чего-л на;
    - a city on the hill город на холме;
    - a picture on the wall картина на стене;
    - a painting on glass рисунок на стекле;
    - on the surface of the water на поверхности воды;
    - on page four на четвертой странице;
    - a ring on the finger кольцо на пальце;
    - shoes on his feet ботинки у него на ногах;
    - the look on his face выражение его лица;
    - there was deep snow on the ground земля была покрыта толстым слоем снега в пространственном значении указывает на движение по поверхности по;
    - logs floating on the water бревна, плывущие по воде;
    - a fly walked on the ceiling муха ползала по потолку в пространственном значении указывает на направленность или место приложения действия на, в;
    - to kiss smb. on the lips поцеловать кого-л в губы;
    - to pat smb. on the hand погладить кого-л по руке;
    - to knock on the door постучать в дверь;
    - to head on the south держать курс на юг;
    - the window opens on the street окно выходит на улицу;
    - to turn one's back on smb. повернуться к кому-л спиной;
    не желать иметь дела с кем-л;
    местонахождение или положение около или на границе чего-л на;
    у, около;
    - on the Continent на материке;
    - on the horizon на горизонте;
    - on the street (американизм) на улице;
    - a cottage on a lake домик у озера;
    - to border on smth. граничить с чем-л;
    - on the right справа;
    - on the right side of the road по правую сторону дороги;
    нахождение на такой-то реке на;
    - Burton-on-Trent Бертон-на-Тренте;
    - Stratford-on-Avon Стратфорд-на-Эйвоне части света на;
    - on the east на востоке во временном значении указывает на какой-л день, момент времени в, на;
    - on Monday в понедельник;
    - on Tuesday week через неделю во вторник, в следующий вторник;
    - on the next day на следующий день;
    - on any day в любой день;
    - on the day of my arrival в день моего приезда;
    - on time( американизм) точно, вовремя;
    - on the instant тотчас же;
    - on the point of как раз;
    - we were on the point of leaving when he came мы как раз собирались уходить, когда он пришел во временном значении указывает на дату - передается род падежом;
    - on the 1st of May первого мая;
    во временном значении указывает на часть дня в;
    передается тж. твор. падежом;
    - on the morning of the 3rd March утром третьего марта;
    - on a rainy autumn evening в дождливый осенний вечер, дождливым осенним вечером во временном значении указывает на последовательность событий после, по;
    с герундием передается тж. деепричастием;
    - on the death of his friend после смерти его друга;
    - cash on delivery с уплатой при доставке;
    наложенным платежом;
    во временном значении указывает на одновременность событий во время;
    по;
    - on a trip во время поездки;
    - on his rounds во время его обхода;
    - on his full age по достижении им совершеннолетия указывает на наличие чего-л (при себе) - I have no money on me у меня при себе нет денег, у меня нет денег с собой;
    - a pistol was found on him у него нашли пистолет;
    - she has two babies on her arm у нее двое малышей;
    она с двумя маленькими детьми указывает на предмет преговоров, спора, тему книги, лекции о, относительно, по( поводу), на;
    - a decision on smth. решение по поводу чего-л;
    - a book on birds книга о птицах;
    - a satire on society сатира на общество;
    - a lecture on history лекции по истории;
    - to write on smth писать о чем-л указывает на условие на, при, в, под;
    - on certain conditions на определенных условиях;
    - on the condition that при условии, что;
    - on such terms на таких условиях;
    - on credit в кредит;
    - on one's own responsibility под свою личную ответственность;
    - to borrow money on mortgage занимать деньги под закладную указывает на основание, причину на, из, по, с, в;
    передается тж. твор падежом;
    - on account of вследствие, из-за, - on no accound ни в коем случае;
    - on smb.'s advice по чьему-л совету;
    - on a charge of smth. по обвинению в чем-л;
    - on evidence по данным;
    - on that ground... на том основании, что...;
    - on an impulse в порыве, повинуясь порыву;
    - on the occasion of smth. по случаю чего-л;
    - on an order по приказу, на основании приказа;
    - on principle из принципа;
    - on purpose с целью, специально;
    - to pride oneself on smth. гордиться чем-л. указывает на источник из, по;
    - on hearsay по слухам;
    - to have smth. on good authority знать что-л из достоверных источников указывает на источник дохода, предмет обложения налогом с, на;
    - interest on one's capital процент с капитала;
    - tax on tobacco налог на табак указывает на образ действия - передается тж. наречием;
    - on the cheap по дешевке;
    - on the quiet потихоньку, тайком;
    - on the sly тайком;
    - all on a tremble весь дрожа, в сильном волнении указывает на способ передачи по;
    - on the telephone по телефону;
    - on television по телевидению;
    - to hear a song on the radio услышать песню по радио указывает на способ передвижения в, на;
    вместе с сущ передается тж. наречием;
    - on an ocean liner на океанском лайнере;
    - on board a ship на борту судна;
    - on a truck на грузовике;
    - on a train в поезде, поездом;
    указывает на опору и т. п. на;
    - on one's feet на ногах;
    - on one's knees на коленях;
    - to spin on one's heel повернуться на каблуках указывает на инструмент, орудие на;
    передается тж. твор падежом;
    - to play on an organ играть на органе;
    - he played something on the violin он сыграл что-то на скрипке;
    - to cut one's finger on a knife порезать палец ножом;
    - to dry one's hands on a towel вытереть руки полотенцем;
    - to count smth. on one's fingers пересчитать что-л по пальцам;
    - to take a dog on a lead вести собаку на поводке указывает на топливо и т. п. на;
    - the machine works on oil машина работает на мазуте указывает на сферу деятельности, работу в каком-л учреждении, в комиссии и т. п. на, в;
    - he was a broker on the exchange он был биржевым маклером;
    - to be on the committee быть членом комитета;
    - to be on the staff быть в штате;
    - to work on a paper работать в газете;
    указывает на нахождение в составе, числе и т. п. в;
    - to be on the list быть в списке;
    - on the programme в программе;
    указывает на пребывание в каком-л состоянии, положении или на протекание процесса на, в, при;
    - on leave в отпуске;
    - on sick-leave на бюллетене;
    - on half-pay на половинном окладе;
    - on trial на испытании;
    - on one's trial под следствием;
    - to be on a trip путешествовать;
    - to be on fire быть в огне, пылать;
    - I'm back on pills я снова сел на лекарства занятость чем-л в данное время на, по, в;
    - on business по делу;
    в командировке;
    - to send smb. on an errand послать кого-л с поручением;
    - on duty при исполнении служебных обязанностей;
    на дежурстве указывает на характер отношений в, на;
    - on good terms в хороших отношениях;
    - not to be on speaking terms with smb. не разговаривать с кем-л указывает на средства существования на;
    передается тж. твор. падежом;
    - to live on one's earnings жить на свой заработок указывает на предметы питания на;
    передается тж. твор. падежом;
    - to live on vegetables питаться овощами указывает на предмет расходов, траты и т. п. на;
    - to spend money on smth. тратить деньги на что-л;
    - to put money on a horse ставить на лошадь указывает на объект действия к, на, над, для;
    передается тж. дат. и род. падежами;
    - to work on smth. работать над чем-л;
    - to be fair on smb. быть справедливым к кому-л;
    - pity on smb. жалость к кому-л;
    - to confer a degree on smb. присвоить кому-л ученую. степень;
    - to confer a reward on smb. наградить кого-л;
    - to impose a fine on smb. наложить штраф на кого-л;
    - hand work told on him тяжелая работа сказалась на нем;
    - he was operated on ему сделали операцию;
    - I am on a new novel я работаю над новым романом указывает на лицо или учреждение, на которое выписан чек, куплены или заказаны билеты на;
    - a check on a bank чек на банк;
    - two-way tickets on you and the whole team билеты туда и обратно на вас и всю команду указывает на лицо, испытывающее неприятность, боль;
    - she locked the door on him она заперлась от него;
    - don't hand up on me не вздумай повесить трубку;
    - don't die on me, please! смотри, не умирай;
    не вздумай у меня умереть! употребляется после глаголов со значением полагаться, основываться, влиять и т. п. на, от;
    - to rely on smb, smth. полагаться на кого-л, что-л;
    - to depend on smb., smth. зависеть от кого-л, чего-л употребляется после прилагательных и причастий прошедшего времени, указывая на направленность интересов на что-л, склонность к чему-л, решимость - часто передается твор. падежом;
    - to be keen on music страстно увлекаться музыкой;
    - he was bent on making money он поставил себе целью разбогатеть указывает на неоднократное повторение за;
    - mile on mile миля за пилей;
    - loss on loss потеря за потерей, одна потеря за другой указывает на приблизительность, неточность почти, около;
    - just on a year ago так около года назад;
    - just on 5 почти пять фунтов( устаревшее) указывает на переход в какое-л состояние;
    - to fall on sleep заснуть в сочетаниях;
    - on the contrary наоборот;
    - on an average в среднем;
    - on the whole в общем;
    - on the one hand с одной стороны;
    - on the spot сразу;
    - they hired him on the spot они сразу же наняли его на работу;
    - it put me on the spot (разговорное) это поставило меня в неприятное положение;
    - on behalf of от лица, от имени;
    - on behalf of the company от имени компании;
    - on smb's part с чьей-л стороны;
    - from then on you will be on your own с этого момента ты будешь предоставлен сам себе;
    - on my word of honour честное слово;
    - to have smth. on smb. (американизм) иметь преимущество перед кем-л;
    (разговорное) иметь что-л против кого-д;
    - I have nothing on him я ничего против него не имею;
    у меня нет на него компрометирующего материала;
    - to drop in on smb. (разговорное) заходить к кому-л;
    - to be on smb. (разговорное) подойти вплотную к кому-л;
    - you can't see him until you're on him вы не увидите его, пока не подойдете к нему вплотную;
    - this is on me за это плачу я;
    - to take is out on smb. сваливать на кого-л;
    - don't take it out on me, it's not my fault не сваливайте на меня, я не виноват ~ and off (или off and ~) время от времени, иногда;
    and so on и так далее so: ~ to say так сказать;
    and so on, and so forth и так далее, и тому подобное my opinion ~ that question мое мнение по этому вопросу;
    a book on phonetics книга по фонетике ~ prep в пространственном значении указывает на направление на;
    the boy threw the ball on the floor мальчик бросил мяч на пол bring pressure to bear ~ заставлять двигаться в заданном направлении build ~ основываться to buy (smth.) ~ the cheap разг. купить по дешевке;
    to live on one's parents быть на иждивении родителей confer a right ~ давать право count ~ рассчитывать ~ prep в пространственном значении указывает на нахождение на поверхности (какого-л.) предмета на;
    the cup is on the table чашка на столе default ~ не выполнять договор default ~ не выполнять обязательство default ~ не являться по вызову суда depend ~ зависеть от depend ~ надеяться на depend ~ находиться на иждивении depend ~ полагаться на depend ~ получать помощь от depend ~ рассчитывать на devolve ~ передавать полномочия ~ prep указывает на состояние, процесс, характер действия в, на;
    on fire в огне;
    the dog is on the chain собака на цепи;
    on sale в продаже the door opens ~ a lawn дверь выходит на лужайку;
    on the right направо;
    on the North на севере drawing ~ использование drawing ~ получение drawing ~ расходование elaborate ~ конкретизировать embark ~ начинать дело enlarge ~ вдаваться в подробности enlarge ~ распространяться exert influence ~ оказывать влияние на ~ указывает на отправную точку или момент: from this day on с этого дня I heard it ~ some air show я слышал это в (какой-то) радиопостановке;
    he borrowed money on his friend он занял деньги у своего друга the picture hangs ~ the wall картина висит на стене;
    he has a blister on the sole of his foot у него волдырь на пятке ~ указывает на: приближение (к какому-л. моменту) к;
    he is getting on in years он стареет;
    he is going on for thirty ему скоро исполнится тридцать ~ указывает на: приближение (к какому-л. моменту) к;
    he is getting on in years он стареет;
    he is going on for thirty ему скоро исполнится тридцать ~ prep указывает на направление действия;
    передается дат. падежом: he turned his back on them он повернулся к ним спиной ~ prep указывает на цель, объект действия по, на;
    he went on business он отправился по делу the town lies ~ lake Michigan город находится на озере Мичиган;
    a house on the river дом у реки a joke ~ me шутка на мой счет;
    I congratulate you on your success поздравляю вас с успехом I heard it ~ some air show я слышал это в (какой-то) радиопостановке;
    he borrowed money on his friend он занял деньги у своего друга impress ~ производить впечатление imprint ~ ставить печать interest ~ capital процент на капитал;
    tax on imports налог на импорт;
    on high вверху, на высоте ~ prep указывает на основание, причину, источник из, на, в, по, у;
    it is all clear on the evidence все ясно из показаний it is ~ for ten o'clock время приближается к десяти (часам) ~ разг. удачный, хороший;
    it is one of my on days я сегодня в хорошей форме a joke ~ me шутка на мой счет;
    I congratulate you on your success поздравляю вас с успехом ~ указывает на включение, соединение (об аппарате, механизме): turn on the gas! включи газ!;
    the light is on свет горит, включен ~ prep за (что-л.), на (что-л.) ;
    to live on 5 a week жить на 5 фунтов в неделю;
    she got it on good terms она получила это на выгодных условиях to buy (smth.) ~ the cheap разг. купить по дешевке;
    to live on one's parents быть на иждивении родителей ~ указывает на идущие в театре (кинотеатре) пьесы (фильмы): Macbeth is on tonight сегодня идет "Макбет";
    what is on in London this spring? какие пьесы идут этой весной в Лондоне? maturing ~ выход в тираж maturing ~ наступление срока долгового обязательства maturing ~ наступление срока платежа maturing ~ наступление срока погашения my opinion ~ that question мое мнение по этому вопросу;
    a book on phonetics книга по фонетике neighbour ~ граничить ~ prep в пространственном значении указывает на способ передвижения в, на;
    on a truck на грузовике;
    on a train в поезде ~ prep в пространственном значении указывает на способ передвижения в, на;
    on a truck на грузовике;
    on a train в поезде ~ and off (или off and ~) время от времени, иногда;
    and so on и так далее ~ указывает на движение дальше, далее, вперед;
    to send one's luggage on послать багаж вперед, заранее;
    on and on не останавливаясь ~ prep во временном значении указывает на определенный день недели, определенную дату, точный момент в;
    on Tuesday во вторник;
    on another day в другой день ~ the 5th of December 5-го декабря;
    on Christmas eve в канун рождества ~ errand на посылках ~ errand по поручению ~ examining the box closer I found it empty внимательно осмотрев ящик, я убедился, что в нем ничего нет;
    payable on demand оплата по требованию ~ prep указывает на состояние, процесс, характер действия в, на;
    on fire в огне;
    the dog is on the chain собака на цепи;
    on sale в продаже ~ good authority из достоверного источника;
    on that ground на этом основании interest ~ capital процент на капитал;
    tax on imports налог на импорт;
    on high вверху, на высоте ~ prep во временном значении указывает на последовательность, очередность наступления действий по, после;
    on my return I met many friends по возвращении я встретил много друзей ~ prep во временном значении указывает на одновременность действий во время, в течение;
    on my way home по пути домой ~ prep указывает на состояние, процесс, характер действия в, на;
    on fire в огне;
    the dog is on the chain собака на цепи;
    on sale в продаже sale: on ~ в продаже ~ good authority из достоверного источника;
    on that ground на этом основании ~ prep в (составе, числе) ;
    on the commission(delegation) в составе комиссии (делегации) ;
    on the jury в числе присяжных;
    on the list в списке ~ prep в (составе, числе) ;
    on the commission( delegation) в составе комиссии (делегации) ;
    on the jury в числе присяжных;
    on the list в списке ~ prep в (составе, числе) ;
    on the commission(delegation) в составе комиссии (делегации) ;
    on the jury в числе присяжных;
    on the list в списке ~ the morning of the 5th of December утром 5-го декабря;
    on time вовремя the door opens ~ a lawn дверь выходит на лужайку;
    on the right направо;
    on the North на севере the door opens ~ a lawn дверь выходит на лужайку;
    on the right направо;
    on the North на севере right: ~ правая сторона;
    on the right справа (где) ;
    to the right направо (куда) ~ the 5th of December 5-го декабря;
    on Christmas eve в канун рождества ~ the morning of the 5th of December утром 5-го декабря;
    on time вовремя time: to make ~ амер. ехать на определенной скорости;
    on time амер. точно, вовремя;
    at one time некогда ~ prep во временном значении указывает на определенный день недели, определенную дату, точный момент в;
    on Tuesday во вторник;
    on another day в другой день pass ~ передавать pass ~ переходить к другому вопросу pass: ~ on выносить( решение) ~ on передавать дальше ~ on переходить( к другому вопросу и т. п.) ~ on проходить дальше;
    pass on, please! проходите!, не останавливайтесь! ~ on проходить дальше;
    pass on, please! проходите!, не останавливайтесь! ~ on умереть passing ~ передача passing ~ переход к другому вопросу the picture hangs ~ the wall картина висит на стене;
    he has a blister on the sole of his foot у него волдырь на пятке put ~ включать put ~ запускать put ~ прибавлять put ~ приводить в действие put ~ увеличивать put: ~ on надевать ~ on принимать вид;
    напускать на себя reckon ~ полагаться reckon ~ рассчитывать reflect ~ бросать тень reflect ~ быть во вред reflect ~ вызывать сомнения reflect: ~ размышлять, раздумывать (on, upon) ;
    reflect on, reflect upon бросать тень;
    подвергать сомнению rely ~ быть уверенным rely ~ доверять rely ~ надеяться rely ~ опираться rely ~ основываться rely ~ полагаться rely ~ рассчитывать secured ~ гарантированный secured ~ обеспеченный send ~ отправлять send ~ отсылать ~ указывает на движение дальше, далее, вперед;
    to send one's luggage on послать багаж вперед, заранее;
    on and on не останавливаясь sending ~ отправление ~ prep за (что-л.), на (что-л.) ;
    to live on 5 a week жить на 5 фунтов в неделю;
    she got it on good terms она получила это на выгодных условиях she had a green hat ~ на ней была зеленая шляпа she smiled ~ me она мне улыбнулась sign ~ нанимать на работу sign: ~ on вчт. войти ~ on вчт. входить ~ on радио дать знак начала передачи;
    sign up = sign on ~ on радио дать знак начала передачи;
    sign up = sign on ~ on нанимать(ся) на работу signing ~ возвращение на работу signing ~ прием на работу sit ~ заседать sit: ~ on быть членом (комиссии) ~ on разг. осадить;
    выбранить ~ on разбирать (дело) ~ up разг. (внезапно) заинтересоваться (тж. sit up and take notice) ;
    to make (smb.) sit up расшевелить, встряхнуть( кого-л.) ;
    sit upon = sit on stake ~ делать ставку take ~ браться за дело take ~ нанимать на службу take: ~ on брать( работу) ;
    браться (за дело и т. п.) ~ on важничать, задирать нос ~ on иметь успех, становиться популярным ~ on воен. открыть огонь ~ on полнеть ~ on принимать на службу ~ on разг. сильно волноваться, огорчаться, расстраиваться taken ~ нанятый taken ~ приглашенный на работу interest ~ capital процент на капитал;
    tax on imports налог на импорт;
    on high вверху, на высоте ~ указывает на: продолжение или развитие действия: to walk on продолжать идти;
    go on! продолжай(те) !;
    there is a war on идет война they rose ~ their enemies они поднялись на своих врагов the town lies ~ lake Michigan город находится на озере Мичиган;
    a house on the river дом у реки trade ~ извлекать выгоду trade ~ использовать в личных целях ~ указывает на включение, соединение (об аппарате, механизме): turn on the gas! включи газ!;
    the light is on свет горит, включен verge ~ граничить с verge: ~ клониться, приближаться (to, towards - к чему-л.) ;
    verge on, verge upon граничить (с чем-л.) ;
    it verges on madness это граничит с безумием ~ указывает на: продолжение или развитие действия: to walk on продолжать идти;
    go on! продолжай(те) !;
    there is a war on идет война walk: ~ on театр. играть роль без слов ~ on идти вперед ~ on продолжать ходьбу ~ prep о, об, относительно, касательно, по;
    we talked on many subjects мы говорили о многом on указывает на наличие (какой-л.) одежды (на ком-л.): what had he on? во что он был одет? ~ указывает на идущие в театре (кинотеатре) пьесы (фильмы): Macbeth is on tonight сегодня идет "Макбет";
    what is on in London this spring? какие пьесы идут этой весной в Лондоне? work ~ продолжать упорно работать work: ~ on = work upon ~ on продолжать работать

    Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > on

  • 47 from

    preposition
    1) (expr. starting point) von; (from within) aus

    [come] from Paris/Munich — aus Paris/München [kommen]

    2) (expr. beginning) von

    from the year 1972 we never saw him again — seit 1972 haben wir ihn nie mehr [wieder]gesehen

    from tomorrow [until...] — von morgen an [bis...]

    start work from 2 August — am 2. August anfangen zu arbeiten

    3) (expr. lower limit) von

    blouses [ranging] from £2 to £5 — Blusen [im Preis] zwischen 2 und 5 Pfund

    dresses from £20 [upwards] — Kleider von 20 Pfund aufwärts od. ab 20 Pfund

    from 4 to 6 eggs — 4 bis 6 Eier

    from the age of 18 [upwards] — ab 18 Jahre od. Jahren

    from a child — (since childhood) schon als Kind

    4) (expr. distance) von
    5) (expr. removal, avoidance) von; (expr. escape) vor (+ Dat.)
    6) (expr. change) von

    from... to... — von... zu...; (relating to price) von... auf...

    from crisis to crisis, from one crisis to another — von einer Krise zur anderen

    7) (expr. source, origin) aus

    buy everything from the same shop — alles im selben Laden kaufen

    where do you come from?, where are you from? — woher kommen Sie?

    8) (expr. viewpoint) von [... aus]
    9) (expr. giver, sender) von

    take it from me that... — lass dir gesagt sein, dass...

    10) (after the model of)

    painted from life/nature — nach dem Leben/nach der Natur gemalt

    11) (expr. reason, cause)

    she was weak from hunger/tired from so much work — sie war schwach vor Hunger/müde von der vielen Arbeit

    from what I can see/have heard... — wie ich das sehe/wie ich gehört habe,...

    12) with adv. von [unten, oben, innen, außen]
    13) with prep.

    from behind/under[neath] something — hinter/unter etwas (Dat.) hervor

    * * *
    [from]
    1) (used before the place, thing, person, time etc that is the point at which an action, journey, period of time etc begins: from Europe to Asia; from Monday to Friday; a letter from her father.) von
    2) (used to indicate that from which something or someone comes: a quotation from Shakespeare.) von
    3) (used to indicate separation: Take it from him.) von
    4) (used to indicate a cause or reason: He is suffering from a cold.) an,von
    * * *
    [frɒm, frəm, AM frɑ:m, frəm]
    1. (off) von + dat
    please get me that letter \from the table gib mir bitte den Brief von dem Tisch; (out of) aus + dat
    he took a handkerchief \from his pocket er nahm ein Taschentuch aus seiner Hosentasche
    I'm so happy that the baby eats \from the table already ich bin so froh, dass das Baby jetzt schon am Tisch isst
    2. (as seen from) von dat... [aus]
    you can see the island \from here von hier aus kann man die Insel sehen; ( fig)
    she was talking \from her own experience of the problem sie sprach aus eigener Erfahrung mit dem Problem
    \from sb's point of view aus jds Sicht
    3. after vb (as starting location) von + dat
    the wind comes \from the north der Wind kommt von Norden
    a flight leaving \from the nearest airport ein Flug vom nächstgelegenen Flughafen
    the flight \from Amsterdam der Flug von Amsterdam
    the water bubbled out \from the spring das Wasser sprudelte aus der Quelle
    ▪ \from sth to sth (between places) von etw dat nach etw dat
    my dad goes often \from Washington to Florida mein Vater reist oft von Washington nach Florida; (indicating desultoriness) von etw dat in etw dat
    the woman walked \from room to room die Frau lief vom einen Raum in den anderen
    4. (as starting time) von + dat
    , ab + dat
    the price will rise by 3p a litre \from tomorrow der Preis steigt ab morgen um 3 Pence pro Liter
    \from the thirteenth century aus dem dreizehnten Jahrhundert
    ▪ \from sth to sth von etw dat bis etw dat
    the show will run \from 10 a.m. to 2 p.m. die Show dauert von 10.00 Uhr bis 14.00 Uhr
    \from start to finish vom Anfang bis zum Ende
    \from day to day von Tag zu Tag, täglich
    her strength improved steadily \from day to day sie wurden jeden Tag ein bisschen stärker
    \from hour to hour von Stunde zu Stunde, stündlich
    \from time to time von Zeit zu Zeit, ab und zu
    \from that day [or time] on[wards] von diesem Tag [an], seitdem
    they were friends \from that day on seit diesem Tag sind sie Freunde
    \from now/then on von da an, seither
    as \from... esp BRIT ab... + dat
    as \from 1 January, a free market will be created ab dem 1. Januar haben wir einen freien Markt
    5. (as starting condition) bei + dat
    prices start \from £2.99 die Preise beginnen bei 2,99 Pfund
    ▪ \from sth to sth von etw dat auf etw dat
    the number has risen \from 25 to 200 in three years die Anzahl ist in drei Jahren von 25 auf 200 gestiegen
    she translated into German \from the Latin text sie übersetzte aus dem Lateinischen ins Deutsche
    things went \from bad to worse die Situation wurde noch schlimmer
    \from strength to strength immer besser
    she has gone \from strength to strength sie eilte von Erfolg zu Erfolg
    tickets will cost \from $10 to $45 die Karten kosten zwischen 10 und 45 Dollar
    \from soup to nuts alles zusammen
    the whole dinner, \from soup to nuts, costs $55 das ganze Essen mit allem drum und dran kostet 55 Dollar
    anything \from geography to history alles von A bis Z
    6. after n (at distance to) von + dat
    we're about a mile \from home wir sind ca. eine Meile von zu Hause entfernt
    a day's walk \from her camping spot eine Tageswanderung von ihrem Zeltplatz
    ▪ \from sth to sth von etw dat zu etw dat
    it's about two kilometres \from the airport to your hotel der Flughafen ist rund zwei Kilometer vom Hotel entfernt
    ▪ \from sth aus + dat
    though \from working-class parents, he made it to the Fortune 500 list obwohl er als Arbeiterkind aufwuchs, ist er heute unter den 500 Reichsten der Welt
    my mother is \from France meine Mutter stammt aus Frankreich
    I'm \from New York ich komme aus New York
    daylight comes \from the sun das Tageslicht kommt von der Sonne
    8. after vb (in temporary location) von + dat
    , aus + dat
    he hasn't returned \from work yet er ist noch nicht von der Arbeit zurück
    she called him \from the hotel sie rief mich aus dem Hotel an
    they're here fresh \from the States sie sind gerade aus den USA angekommen
    his return \from the army was celebrated seine Rückkehr aus der Armee wurde gefeiert
    ▪ sb \from sth von + dat
    they sent someone \from the local newspaper sie schickten jemanden von der örtlichen Zeitung
    9. after vb (as source) von + dat
    can I borrow $10 \from you? kann ich mir 10 Dollar von dir leihen?
    the vegetables come \from an organic farm das Gemüse kommt von einem Biobauernhof
    ▪ sth \from sb [to sb/sth] etw von jdm (für jdn/etw)
    I wonder who this card is \from ich frage mich, von wem wohl diese Karte ist
    this is a present \from me to you das ist ein Geschenk von mir für dich
    ▪ \from sth aus etw dat
    the seats are made \from leather die Sitze sind aus Leder
    in America, most people buy toys \from plastic in Amerika kaufen die meisten Leute Spielzeug aus Plastik
    11. after vb (removed from) aus + dat
    to extract usable fuel \from crude oil verwertbaren Brennstoff aus Rohöl gewinnen
    they took the child \from its parents sie nahmen das Kind von seinen Eltern weg
    he knows right \from wrong er kann gut und böse unterscheiden
    sth [subtracted] \from sth MATH etw minus etw dat
    three \from sixteen is thirteen sechzehn minus drei ist dreizehn
    12. (considering) aufgrund + gen
    , wegen + gen
    to conclude \from the evidence that aufgrund des Beweismaterials zu dem Schluss kommen, dass
    to make a conclusion from sth wegen einer S. gen zu einem Schluss kommen
    information obtained \from papers and books Informationen aus Zeitungen und Büchern
    \from looking at the clouds, I would say it's going to rain wenn ich mir die Wolken so ansehe, würde ich sagen, es wird Regen geben
    13. after vb (caused by) an + dat
    he died \from his injuries er starb an seinen Verletzungen
    she suffers \from arthritis sie leidet unter Arthritis
    ▪ to do sth \from sth etw aus etw dat tun
    he did it \from jealousy er hat es aus Eifersucht getan
    ▪ to do sth \from doing sth etw durch etw akk tun
    she made her fortune \from investing in property sie hat ihr Vermögen durch Investitionen in Grundstücke gemacht
    to get sick \from salmonella sich akk mit Salmonellen infizieren
    to reduce the risk \from radiation das Risiko einer Verstrahlung reduzieren
    they got a lot of happiness \from hearing the news sie haben sich über die Neuigkeiten unheimlich gefreut
    14. after vb (indicating protection) vor + dat
    to guard sb \from sth jdn vor etw dat schützen
    they insulated their house \from the cold sie dämmten ihr Haus gegen die Kälte
    they found shelter \from the storm sie fanden Schutz vor dem Sturm
    15. after vb (indicating prevention) vor + dat
    the truth was kept \from the public die Wahrheit wurde vor der Öffentlichkeit geheim gehalten
    the bank loan saved her company \from bankruptcy das Bankdarlehen rettete die Firma vor der Pleite
    he saved him \from death er rettete ihm das Leben
    he has been banned \from driving for six months er darf sechs Monate lang nicht Auto fahren
    ▪ \from doing sth von etw dat
    he boss tried to discourage her \from looking for a new job ihr Chef versuchte, sie davon abzubringen, nach einem neuen Job zu suchen
    16. after vb (indicating distinction) von + dat
    conditions vary \from one employer to another die Bedingungen sind von Arbeitgeber zu Arbeitgeber unterschiedlich
    he knows his friends \from his enemies er kann seine Freunde von seinen Feinden unterscheiden
    his opinion could hardly be more different \from mine unsere Meinungen könnten kaum noch unterschiedlicher sein
    17.
    ▶ \from the bottom of one's heart aus tiefstem Herzen
    * * *
    [frɒm]
    prep

    he/the train has come from London — er/der Zug ist von London gekommen

    he/it comes or is from Germany — er/es kommt or ist aus Deutschland

    where have you come from today? — von wo sind Sie heute gekommen?

    where does he come from?, where is he from? — woher kommt or stammt er?

    a representative from the company — ein Vertreter/eine Vertreterin der Firma

    2) (indicating time, in past) seit (+dat); (in future) ab (+dat), von (+dat)... an

    from... on — ab...

    from now on — von jetzt an, ab jetzt

    from then on — von da an; (in past also) seither

    from his childhood — von Kindheit an, von klein auf

    as from the 6th May — vom 6. Mai an, ab (dem) 6. Mai

    3) (indicating distance) von (+dat) (... weg); (from town etc) von (+dat)... (entfernt)
    4) (indicating sender, giver) von (+dat)

    tell him from me —

    "from..." (on envelope, parcel) — "Absender...", "Abs...."

    5) (indicating removal) von (+dat); (= out of from pocket, cupboard etc) aus (+dat)

    to take/grab etc sth from sb — jdm etw wegnehmen/wegreißen etc

    he took it from the top/middle/bottom of the pile — er nahm es oben vom Stapel/aus der Mitte des Stapels/unten vom Stapel weg

    6) (indicating source) von (+dat); (= out of) aus (+dat)

    where did you get that from? — wo hast du das her?, woher hast du das?

    I got it from the supermarket/the library/Kathy — ich habe es aus dem Supermarkt/aus der Bücherei/von Kathy

    to drink from a stream/glass — aus einem Bach/Glas trinken

    quotation from "Hamlet"/the Bible/Shakespeare — Zitat nt aus "Hamlet"/aus der Bibel/nach Shakespeare

    made from... — aus... hergestellt

    7) (= modelled on) nach (+dat)
    8) (indicating lowest amount) ab (+dat)

    from £2/the age of 16 (upwards) — ab £ 2/16 Jahren (aufwärts)

    dresses (ranging) from £60 to £80 — Kleider pl zwischen £ 60 und £ 80

    9)

    (indicating escape) he fled from the enemy — er floh vor dem Feind

    10)

    (indicating change) things went from bad to worse — es wurde immer schlimmer

    11)

    (indicating difference) he is quite different from the others — er ist ganz anders als die andern

    I like all sports, from swimming to wrestling — ich mag alle Sportarten, von Schwimmen bis Ringen

    12)

    (= because of, due to) to act from compassion — aus Mitleid handeln

    13)

    (= on the basis of) from experience — aus Erfahrung

    to judge from recent reports... — nach neueren Berichten zu urteilen...

    to conclude from the information — aus den Informationen einen Schluss ziehen, von den Informationen schließen

    from what I heard —

    from what I can see... — nach dem, was ich sehen kann...

    from the look of things... — (so) wie die Sache aussieht...

    14) (MATH)

    £10 will be deducted from your account — £ 10 werden von Ihrem Konto abgebucht

    15)

    (in set phrases, see also other element) to prevent/stop sb from doing sth — jdn daran hindern/davon zurückhalten, etw zu tun

    he prevented me from coming — er hielt mich davon ab, zu kommen

    16) +adv von

    from inside/underneath — von innen/unten

    17) +prep

    from above or over/across sth — über etw (acc) hinweg

    from out of sth —

    from inside/outside the house — von drinnen/draußen

    * * *
    from [frɒm; unbetont frəm; US frɑm; frəm] präp
    1. von, aus, von … aus oder her, aus … heraus, von oder aus … herab:
    from the well aus dem Brunnen;
    from the sky vom Himmel;
    he is ( oder comes) from London er ist oder kommt aus London;
    from crisis to crisis von einer Krise in die andere
    2. von, von … an, seit:
    from 2 to 4 o’clock von 2 bis 4 Uhr;
    from day to day von Tag zu Tag;
    a month from today heute in einem Monat;
    from Monday (onward[s]) Br, from Monday on US ab Montag
    3. von … an:
    I saw from 10 to 20 boats ich sah 10 bis 20 Boote;
    good wines from £5 gute Weine von 5 Pfund an (aufwärts)
    4. (weg oder entfernt) von:
    ten miles from Rome 10 Meilen von Rom (weg oder entfernt)
    5. von, aus, aus … heraus:
    he took it from me er nahm es mir weg;
    stolen from the shop (the table) aus dem Laden (vom Tisch) gestohlen;
    they released him from prison sie entließen ihn aus dem Gefängnis
    6. von, aus (Wandlung):
    change from red to green von Rot zu Grün übergehen;
    from dishwasher to millionaire vom Tellerwäscher zum Millionär;
    an increase from 5 to 8 per cent eine Steigerung von 5 auf 8 Prozent
    he does not know black from white er kann Schwarz und Weiß nicht auseinanderhalten, er kann Schwarz und oder von Weiß nicht unterscheiden; → academic.ru/637/Adam">Adam, different 2, tell A 8
    8. von, aus, aus … heraus (Quelle):
    draw a conclusion from the evidence einen Schluss aus dem Beweismaterial ziehen;
    from what he said nach dem, was er sagte;
    a quotation from Shakespeare ein Zitat aus Shakespeare;
    four points from four games SPORT vier Punkte aus vier Spielen
    9. von, von … aus (Stellung):
    from his point of view von seinem Standpunkt (aus)
    10. von (Geben etc):
    a gift from his son ein Geschenk seines Sohnes oder von seinem Sohn
    11. nach:
    painted from nature nach der Natur gemalt;
    from a novel by … ( FILM, TV) nach einem Roman von …
    12. aus, vor (dat), wegen (gen), infolge von, an (dat) (Grund):
    he died from fatigue er starb vor Erschöpfung
    13. siehe die Verbindungen mit den einzelnen Verben etc
    f. abk
    1. SCHIFF fathom
    2. feet pl
    3. LING female
    6. foot
    7. PHYS frequency
    8. from
    fm abk
    2. from
    fr. abk
    3. from
    * * *
    preposition
    1) (expr. starting point) von; (from within) aus

    [come] from Paris/Munich — aus Paris/München [kommen]

    2) (expr. beginning) von

    from the year 1972 we never saw him again — seit 1972 haben wir ihn nie mehr [wieder]gesehen

    from tomorrow [until...] — von morgen an [bis...]

    start work from 2 August — am 2. August anfangen zu arbeiten

    3) (expr. lower limit) von

    blouses [ranging] from £2 to £5 — Blusen [im Preis] zwischen 2 und 5 Pfund

    dresses from £20 [upwards] — Kleider von 20 Pfund aufwärts od. ab 20 Pfund

    from the age of 18 [upwards] — ab 18 Jahre od. Jahren

    from a child — (since childhood) schon als Kind

    4) (expr. distance) von
    5) (expr. removal, avoidance) von; (expr. escape) vor (+ Dat.)
    6) (expr. change) von

    from... to... — von... zu...; (relating to price) von... auf...

    from crisis to crisis, from one crisis to another — von einer Krise zur anderen

    7) (expr. source, origin) aus

    where do you come from?, where are you from? — woher kommen Sie?

    8) (expr. viewpoint) von [... aus]
    9) (expr. giver, sender) von

    take it from me that... — lass dir gesagt sein, dass...

    painted from life/nature — nach dem Leben/nach der Natur gemalt

    11) (expr. reason, cause)

    she was weak from hunger/tired from so much work — sie war schwach vor Hunger/müde von der vielen Arbeit

    from what I can see/have heard... — wie ich das sehe/wie ich gehört habe,...

    12) with adv. von [unten, oben, innen, außen]
    13) with prep.

    from behind/under[neath] something — hinter/unter etwas (Dat.) hervor

    * * *
    prep.
    aus präp.
    von präp.
    vor präp.

    English-german dictionary > from

  • 48 point

    1. noun
    1) (tiny mark, dot) Punkt, der
    2) (sharp end of tool, weapon, pencil, etc.) Spitze, die

    come to a [sharp] point — spitz zulaufen

    at gun-point/knife-point — mit vorgehaltener [Schuss]waffe/vorgehaltenem Messer

    not to put too fine a point on it — (fig.) um nichts zu beschönigen

    3) (single item) Punkt, der

    agree on a point — in einem Punkt od. einer Frage übereinstimmen

    be a point of honour with somebody — für jemanden [eine] Ehrensache sein

    4) (unit of scoring) Punkt, der

    score points off somebody — (fig.) jemanden an die Wand spielen

    things have reached a point where or come to such a point that... — die Sache ist dahin od. so weit gediehen, dass...; (negatively) es ist so weit gekommen, dass...

    up to a point — bis zu einem gewissen Grad

    she was abrupt to the point of rudeness — sie war in einer Weise barsch, die schon an Unverschämtheit grenzte

    6) (moment) Zeitpunkt, der

    be at/on the point of something — kurz vor etwas (Dat.) sein; einer Sache (Dat.) nahe sein

    be on the point of doing something — im Begriff sein, etwas zu tun; etwas gerade tun wollen

    7) (distinctive trait) Seite, die

    best/strong point — starke Seite; Stärke, die

    the point — (essential thing) das Entscheidende

    8) (thing to be discussed)

    that is just the point or the whole point — das ist genau der springende Punkt

    come to or get to the point — zur Sache od. zum Thema kommen

    keep or stick to the point — beim Thema bleiben

    be beside the point — unerheblich sein; keine Rolle spielen

    carry or make one's point — sich durchsetzen

    make a point of doing something — [großen] Wert darauf legen, etwas zu tun

    make or prove a point — etwas beweisen

    you have a point there — da hast du recht; da ist [et]was dran (ugs.)

    9) (tip) Spitze, die; (Boxing) Kinnspitze, die; Kinn, das; (Ballet) Spitze, die
    10) (of story, joke, remark) Pointe, die; (pungency, effect) (of literary work) Eindringlichkeit, die; (of remark) Durchschlagskraft, die
    11) (purpose, value) Zweck, der; Sinn, der

    there's no point in protesting — es hat keinen Sinn od. Zweck zu protestieren

    12) (precise place, spot) Punkt, der; Stelle, die; (Geom.) Punkt, der

    point of contact — Berührungspunkt, der

    point of no return — Punkt, an dem es kein Zurück mehr gibt

    point of view — (fig.) Standpunkt, der

    13) (Brit.)

    [power or electric] point — Steckdose, die

    14) usu in pl. (Brit. Railw.) Weiche, die
    15) usu. in pl. (Motor Veh.): (contact device) Kontakt, der

    prices/the cost of living went up three points — die Preise/Lebenshaltungskosten sind um drei [Prozent]punkte gestiegen

    17) (on compass) Strich, der
    2. intransitive verb
    1) zeigen, weisen, [Person auch:] deuten (to, at auf + Akk.)
    2)

    point towards or to — (fig.) [hin]deuten od. hinweisen auf (+ Akk.)

    3. transitive verb
    1) (direct) richten [Waffe, Kamera] (at auf + Akk.)

    point one's finger at something/somebody — mit dem Finger auf etwas/jemanden deuten od. zeigen od. weisen

    2) (Building) aus-, verfugen [Mauer, Steine]
    Phrasal Verbs:
    - academic.ru/108004/point_out">point out
    * * *
    [point] 1. noun
    1) (the sharp end of anything: the point of a pin; a sword point; at gunpoint (= threatened by a gun).) die Spitze
    2) (a piece of land that projects into the sea etc: The ship came round Lizard Point.) die Landspitze
    3) (a small round dot or mark (.): a decimal point; five point three six (= 5.36); In punctuation, a point is another name for a full stop.) der Punkt
    4) (an exact place or spot: When we reached this point of the journey we stopped to rest.) der Punkt
    5) (an exact moment: Her husband walked in at that point.) der Punkt
    6) (a place on a scale especially of temperature: the boiling-point of water.) der Punkt
    7) (a division on a compass eg north, south-west etc.) der Kompaßstrich
    8) (a mark in scoring a competition, game, test etc: He has won by five points to two.) der Punkt
    9) (a particular matter for consideration or action: The first point we must decide is, where to meet; That's a good point; You've missed the point; That's the whole point; We're wandering away from the point.) der Punkt
    10) ((a) purpose or advantage: There's no point (in) asking me - I don't know.) der Zweck
    11) (a personal characteristic or quality: We all have our good points and our bad ones.) die Eigenschaft
    12) (an electrical socket in a wall etc into which a plug can be put: Is there only one electrical point in this room?) der Kontakt
    2. verb
    1) (to aim in a particular direction: He pointed the gun at her.) richten
    2) (to call attention to something especially by stretching the index finger in its direction: He pointed (his finger) at the door; He pointed to a sign.) zeigen
    3) (to fill worn places in (a stone or brick wall etc) with mortar.) verfugen
    •
    - pointed
    - pointer
    - pointless
    - pointlessly
    - points
    - be on the point of
    - come to the point
    - make a point of
    - make one's point
    - point out
    - point one's toes
    * * *
    [pɔɪnt]
    I. NOUN
    1. (sharp end) Spitze f; of a star Zacke f; of deer Ende nt fachspr, Sprosse f fachspr
    the \point of the chin die Kinnspitze
    knife/pencil \point Messer-/Bleistiftspitze f
    to hold sb at gun\point/knife \point jdn mit vorgehaltener Pistole/vorgehaltenem Messer bedrohen
    2. (dot) Punkt m
    \point of light Lichtpunkt m
    3. (punctuation mark) Punkt; (in Hebrew) Vokalzeichen nt
    4. (decimal point) Komma
    decimal \point Dezimalpunkt m
    5. (position) Stelle f, Punkt m
    ... at London and all \points west... in London und allen Orten westlich davon
    \point of contact Berührungspunkt m
    \point of departure [or starting \point] Ausgangspunkt m a. fig
    \point of entry (border) Ort m der Einreise; (bullet wound) Einschussstelle f
    to reach the \point of no return den Punkt erreichen, an dem man nicht mehr zurück kann
    at this \point an dieser Stelle
    6. (particular time) Zeitpunkt m
    this seems like a good \point dies scheint ein günstiger Zeitpunkt zu sein
    she was on the \point of collapse sie stand kurz vor dem Zusammenbruch
    I was completely lost at one \point an einer Stelle hatte ich mich komplett verlaufen
    when it comes to the \point that... wenn es einmal so weit kommt, dass...
    they tickled him to the \point of torture sie kitzelten ihn so sehr, dass es fast zur Folter wurde
    at no \point did I think our relationship wouldn't work out zu keinem Zeitpunkt hatte ich daran gezweifelt, dass es zwischen uns nicht klappen würde
    to be [or lie] at the \point of death an der Schwelle des Todes stehen geh, im Sterben liegen
    at this/that \point in time zu dieser/jener Zeit
    at that \point zu diesem Zeitpunkt; (then) in diesem Augenblick
    from that \point on... von da an...
    7. (about to do)
    to be on the \point of doing sth [gerade] im Begriff sein, etw zu tun
    I was on the \point of ringing you myself actually ich wollte dich auch gerade anrufen!
    she was on the \point of telling him the truth when... sie wollte ihm gerade die Wahrheit sagen, als...
    I was on the \point of handing in my resignation beinahe hätte ich gekündigt
    I was on the \point of leaving him ich war kurz davor, ihn zu verlassen
    8. (argument, issue) Punkt m
    ok ok, you've made your \point! ja, ich hab's jetzt verstanden! fam
    you made some interesting \points in your speech Sie haben in Ihrer Rede einige interessante Punkte angesprochen
    what \point are you trying to make? worauf wollen Sie hinaus?
    you have a \point there da ist was dran fam
    she does have a \point though so ganz Unrecht hat sie nicht
    she made the \point that... sie wies darauf hin, dass...; (stress) sie betonte, dass...
    my \point was that... ich wollte sagen, dass...
    my \point exactly das sag ich ja fam
    ok, \point taken o.k., ich hab schon begriffen fam
    that's a \point das ist ein Argument sl
    I take your \point einverstanden
    I can see your \point ich weiß, was du sagen willst
    the \point under dispute der strittige Punkt
    \point of detail Detailfrage f
    to make [or raise] a \point in favour of/against sth ein Argument für etw akk /gegen etw akk einbringen
    to drive home the \point seinen Standpunkt klarmachen
    \point of honour Ehrensache f
    \point of law Rechtsfrage f
    a 5-\point plan ein Fünfpunkteplan m
    to make/prove one's \point seinen Standpunkt deutlich machen
    \point by \point Punkt für Punkt
    9. no pl (most important idea)
    ▪ the \point der springende Punkt
    the \point is... der Punkt ist nämlich der,...
    more to the \point, however,... wichtiger jedoch ist...
    your arguments were very much to the \point deine Argumente waren wirklich sehr sachbezogen
    that's beside the \point [or not the \point]! darum geht es doch gar nicht!
    to come [or get] to the \point auf den Punkt [o zur Sache] kommen
    to get the \point of sth etw verstehen
    to keep [or stick] to the \point beim Thema bleiben
    to make a \point of doing sth [großen] Wert darauf legen, etw zu tun
    to miss the \point of sth nicht verstehen [o begreifen], worum es geht
    10. no pl (purpose) Sinn m, Zweck m
    but that's the whole \point! aber das ist doch genau der Punkt!
    what's the \point of waiting for them? warum sollten wir auf sie warten?
    there's no \point of talking about it any longer es hat keinen Zweck, sich noch länger darüber zu unterhalten
    I really don't see the \point of going to this meeting ich weiß wirklich nicht, warum ich zu dieser Besprechung gehen sollte
    but that's the whole \point of doing it! aber deswegen machen wir es ja gerade!
    what's the \point anyway? was soll's?
    11. (stage in process) Punkt m
    from that \point on... von diesem Moment an...
    the high \point of the evening... der Höhepunkt des Abends...
    things have reached a \point where I just can't bear it any longer ich bin an einen Punkt angelangt, wo ich es einfach nicht mehr aushalten kann
    it got to the \point where no one knew what was going on irgendwann wusste dann keiner mehr, was Sache war
    ... when it came to the \point...... als es soweit war,...
    we'll start again tomorrow from the \point where we left off today wir werden morgen da weitermachen, wo wir heute aufgehört haben
    up to a \point bis zu einem gewissen Grad [o Maße
    being single does have its \points single zu sein hat auch seine Vorteile
    bad/good \points schlechte/gute Seiten
    the book has its \points das Buch hat auch seine guten Seiten
    sb's strong \points jds Stärken
    sb's weak \points jds Schwächen
    13. (in sports) Punkt m
    San Francisco has scored 31 \points San Francisco hat 31 Punkte erzielt
    a win on \points ein Sieg m nach Punkten
    to win on \points nach Punkten siegen
    14. (unit) STOCKEX Punkt m; (with prices) [Prozent]punkt m
    to have risen seven \points sieben Punkte gestiegen sein
    15. (for diamonds) 0,01 Karat
    16. (on compass) Strich m; (on thermometer) Grad m
    17. (in bridge) Punkt m
    18. BOXING Kinnspitze f
    19. (in ballet) Spitze f
    to dance on \points auf Spitzen tanzen
    20. BRIT, AUS (socket) Steckdose f
    21. AUTO
    ▪ \points pl Unterbrecherkontakte pl
    ▪ \points pl Weichen pl
    23. (promontory) Landspitze f
    24. TYPO Punkt m
    the small letters are in 6 \point die kleinen Buchstaben haben Schriftgröße 6 Punkt
    25. (cricket) Position in der Nähe des Schlagmannes
    ▪ \points pl of horse, dog Extremitäten pl
    27. (punch line) of a story Pointe f
    28.
    ▶ to be a good case in \point [für etw akk] ein gutes Beispiel sein
    ▶ sb makes a \point of doing sth für jdn ist es wichtig, etw zu tun
    I know the door was locked because I made a point of checking it ich weiß, dass die Tür abgeschlossen war, weil ich extra nochmal nachgesehen habe
    ▶ to not put too fine a \point on sth nicht um den heißen Brei herumreden fam
    not to put too fine a \point on it,... ehrlich gesagt...
    1. (with finger) deuten, zeigen
    ▪ to \point at [or to] sth/sb [mit dem Finger] auf etw/jdn zeigen
    it's rude to \point at people man zeigt nicht mit dem Finger auf Leute
    2. (be directed) weisen
    there was an arrow \pointing to the door ein Pfeil wies den Weg zur Tür
    the needle was \pointing to ‘empty’ die Nadel zeigte auf ‚leer‘
    to \point east/west nach Osten/Westen weisen [o zeigen
    ▪ to \point to sth auf etw akk hinweisen [o hindeuten]
    all the signs \point to his reinstatement alles deutet darauf hin, dass er wieder eingestellt wird
    4. (use as evidence)
    ▪ to \point to sth auf etw akk verweisen
    5. HUNT dog vorstehen
    ▪ to \point sth at sb/sth weapon etw [auf jdn/etw] richten; stick, one's finger mit etw dat auf jdn/etw zeigen
    to \point the finger [at sb] ( fig) sich akk [über jdn] beschweren
    to \point sb in the direction of sth jdn den Weg zu etw dat beschreiben
    could you \point me in the direction of the bus station, please? könnten Sie mir bitte sagen, wie ich zum Busbahnhof komme?
    to \point the way [to sth] ( fig) den Weg [für etw akk] ebnen
    3. (extend)
    to \point one's toes die Zehen strecken
    ▪ to \point sth etw verfugen [o ausfugen
    5. HUNT
    ▪ to \point sth dog etw anzeigen
    ▪ to \point sth etw interpunktieren fachspr; (in Hebrew) etw vokalisieren
    to \point a psalm einen Psalm mit Deklamationszeichen versehen
    * * *
    point [pɔınt]
    A s
    1. (Nadel-, Messer-, Schwert-, Bleistift- etc) Spitze f:
    not put too fine a point upon sth etwas nicht gerade gewählt ausdrücken;
    at the point of the pistol mit vorgehaltener Pistole oder Waffe, mit Waffengewalt;
    at the point of the sword fig unter Zwang, mit Gewalt
    2. obs
    a) Dolch m
    b) Schwert n
    3. TECH spitzes Instrument, besonders
    a) Stecheisen n
    b) Grabstichel m, Griffel m
    c) Radier-, Ätznadel f
    d) Ahle f
    4. GEOG
    a) Landspitze f
    b) Bergspitze f
    5. JAGD (Geweih)Ende n, Sprosse f
    6. pl Gliedmaßen pl (besonders von Pferden)
    7. LING Punkt m (am Satzende)
    8. TYPO
    a) Punktur f
    b) (typografischer) Punkt (= 0,376 mm)
    c) Punkt m (Blindenschrift)
    9. MATH (geometrischer) Punkt: → intersection 2, 3 a
    10. MATH (Dezimal) Punkt m, Komma n:
    (nought) point three ( in Ziffern: 0.3 oder.3) null Komma drei (0,3);
    9 points fig 90%, fast das Ganze;
    possession is nine points of the law (Sprichwort) der Besitzende hat fast immer das Gesetz auf seiner Seite
    11. auch point of the compass Kompassstrich m
    12. Punkt m:
    a) bestimmte Stelle
    b) PHYS Grad m (einer Skala), Stufe f ( auch TECH eines Schalters):
    4 points below zero 4 Grad unter null;
    point of contact Berührungspunkt;
    point of impact MIL Aufschlag-, Auftreffpunkt;
    a) FLUG Gefahrenmitte f, Umkehrgrenzpunkt m,
    b) fig Punkt, von dem es kein Zurück mehr gibt;
    up to a point fig bis zu einem gewissen Grad; → boiling point, freezing A 1, etc
    13. GEOG Himmelsrichtung f
    14. Punkt m, Stelle f, Ort m:
    point of destination Bestimmungsort;
    point of entry WIRTSCH Eingangshafen m;
    point of lubrication TECH Schmierstelle f, Schmiernippel m
    15. Anschluss-, Verbindungspunkt m, besonders
    a) ELEK Kontakt(punkt) m
    b) ELEK Br Steckdose f
    16. Grenz-, Höhe-, Gipfelpunkt m, Grenze f:
    point of culmination Kulminations-, Höhepunkt;
    frankness to the point of insult Offenheit, die schon an Beleidigung grenzt;
    it gave a point to their day das setzte ihrem Tag ein Glanzlicht auf
    17. a) auch point of time Zeitpunkt m, Augenblick m
    b) kritischer Punkt, entscheidendes Stadium:
    when it came to the point als es so weit war, als es darauf ankam;
    at this point in diesem Augenblick, weitS. an dieser Stelle, hier (in einer Rede etc);
    at the point of death im Sterben, im Augenblick des Todes;
    be on the point of doing sth im Begriff oder auf dem Sprung sein, etwas zu tun;
    18. Punkt m (einer Tagesordnung etc), (Einzel-, Teil)Frage f:
    a case in point ein einschlägiger Fall, ein (typisches) Beispiel;
    at all points in allen Punkten, in jeder Hinsicht;
    differ on several points in etlichen Punkten nicht übereinstimmen;
    point of comparison Vergleichspunkt;
    a point of interest eine interessante Einzelheit;
    point of order PARL Antrag m zur Geschäftsordnung;
    five-point plan Fünfpunkteplan m; → controversy 3, order A 7, question A 2
    19. entscheidender oder springender Punkt, Kernpunkt m, -frage f:
    come (speak) to the point zur Sache kommen (sprechen);
    a) nicht zur Sache gehörig, abwegig,
    b) unwichtig, unerheblich;
    be beside the point auch nichts zur Sache tun;
    to the point zur Sache (gehörig), sachdienlich, sachlich, (zu-)treffend;
    make a point ein Argument anbringen, seine Ansicht durchsetzen;
    the point I’m trying to make is that … was ich sagen will, ist, dass …;
    a) Wert oder Gewicht legen auf (akk), bestehen auf (dat),
    b) sich etwas zum Prinzip machen;
    make the point that … bemerken, dass …;
    that is the point das ist die Frage oder der springende Punkt;
    that’s not the point darum geht es nicht;
    the point is that … die Sache ist die, dass …;
    that’s the point I wanted to make darauf wollte ich hinaus;
    you have a point there es ist etwas dran an dem, was Sie sagen;
    I take your point ich verstehe, was Sie meinen;
    it hasn’t got much point es ist nicht sehr wichtig
    20. Pointe f (eines Witzes etc)
    21. auch point of view Stand-, Gesichtspunkt m, Ansicht f:
    from a political point of view vom politischen Standpunkt aus (gesehen), politisch gesehen;
    make sth a point of hono(u)r etwas als Ehrensache betrachten;
    it’s a point of hono(u)r to him das ist Ehrensache für ihn;
    in point of hinsichtlich (gen);
    in point of fact tatsächlich; → press A 13, stretch A 11
    22. Ziel n, Zweck m, Absicht f:
    carry ( oder make) one’s point sich oder seine Ansicht durchsetzen;
    what’s the point of doing that? was für einen Sinn oder Zweck hat es, das zu tun?;
    what’s your point in doing that? was bezweckst du damit?;
    there is no point in going there es hat keinen Zweck oder es ist sinnlos hinzugehen
    23. Nachdruck m:
    give point to one’s words seinen Worten Gewicht oder Nachdruck verleihen
    24. (hervorstechende) Eigenschaft, (Charakter)Zug m:
    good (bad) points gute (schlechte) Eigenschaften;
    a noble point in her ein edler Zug an ihr;
    strong point starke Seite, Stärke f;
    weak point wunder Punkt, schwache Seite;
    it has its points es hat so seine Vorzüge
    25. Tierzucht: besonderes Rassenmerkmal
    26. Punkt m (eines Bewertungs- oder Rationierungssystems):
    point rationing Punktrationierung f
    27. WIRTSCH Börsensprache: Punkt m, Point m (bei Kursschwankungen)
    28. SPORT Punkt m:
    three points from three games drei Punkte aus drei Spielen;
    be on five points bei fünf Punkten liegen;
    win (lose) on points nach Punkten gewinnen (verlieren);
    points defeat Punktniederlage f;
    points win Punktsieg m, Sieg m nach Punkten;
    winner on points, points winner Punktsieger(in);
    beat sb on points jemanden nach Punkten schlagen;
    be in the points auf einem Punkterang liegen;
    finish out of the points außerhalb der Punkteränge enden;
    a) jemandem vorgeben,
    b) fig jemandem überlegen sein;
    be points better than sb fig jemandem hoch überlegen sein; → score B 1
    29. Boxen: Punkt m, Kinnspitze f
    30. Würfel-, Kartenspiel: Auge n, Punkt m
    a) Näh-, Nadelspitze f (Ggs Klöppelspitze)
    b) Handarbeitsspitze f
    c) → point lace
    d) Stickstich m
    32. MUS
    a) Stakkatopunkt m
    b) Wiederholungszeichen n
    c) charakteristisches Motiv
    d) Imitationsmotiv n
    e) (Themen) Einsatz m
    33. MIL
    a) Spitze f (einer Vorhut)
    b) Ende n (einer Nachhut)
    34. JAGD Stehen n (des Hundes):
    make ( oder come to) a point (vor)stehen (vor dem Wild)
    35. BAHN
    a) Weiche f
    b) Br Weichenschiene f
    36. Heraldik: Feld n (eines Wappens)
    37. potatoes and point sl Kartoffeln mit ohne was dazu
    B v/t
    1. einen Bleistift etc (an-, zu)spitzen
    2. fig seine Worte etc pointieren, betonen
    3. eine Waffe etc richten (at auf akk):
    point one’s finger at sb
    a) (mit dem Finger) auf jemanden deuten oder zeigen,
    b) auch point a ( oder the) finger at sb fig mit Fingern oder dem Finger auf jemanden zeigen;
    point (up)on seine Augen, Gedanken etc richten auf (akk);
    point to den Kurs, jemandes Aufmerksamkeit lenken auf (akk), jemanden bringen auf (akk)
    4. zeigen:
    point the way den Weg weisen (a. fig);
    a) zeigen,
    b) fig hinweisen oder aufmerksam machen auf (akk), betonen,
    c) fig aufzeigen (auch Fehler), klarmachen,
    d) fig ausführen, darlegen;
    point out to sb that … jemanden darauf aufmerksam machen, dass …
    5. auch point up fig betonen, unterstreichen ( beide:
    with mit)
    6. MATH Dezimalstellen durch einen Punkt oder ein Komma trennen:
    point off places Stellen abstreichen
    a) ARCH verfugen,
    b) TECH eine Fuge glatt streichen
    8. JAGD einem Wild vorstehen
    C v/i
    1. (mit dem Finger) deuten, weisen ( beide:
    at, to auf akk)
    2. point to nach einer Richtung weisen oder liegen (Haus)
    3. point to fig
    a) hinweisen, -deuten auf (akk):
    b) ab-, hinzielen auf (akk)
    4. SCHIFF hart am Wind segeln
    5. JAGD vorstehen (Jagdhund)
    6. MED reifen (Abszess etc)
    pt abk
    1. part T.
    3. pint ( pints pl)
    5. port
    * * *
    1. noun
    1) (tiny mark, dot) Punkt, der
    2) (sharp end of tool, weapon, pencil, etc.) Spitze, die

    come to a [sharp] point — spitz zulaufen

    at gun-point/knife-point — mit vorgehaltener [Schuss]waffe/vorgehaltenem Messer

    not to put too fine a point on it — (fig.) um nichts zu beschönigen

    3) (single item) Punkt, der

    agree on a point — in einem Punkt od. einer Frage übereinstimmen

    be a point of honour with somebody — für jemanden [eine] Ehrensache sein

    4) (unit of scoring) Punkt, der

    score points off somebody — (fig.) jemanden an die Wand spielen

    5) (stage, degree)

    things have reached a point where or come to such a point that... — die Sache ist dahin od. so weit gediehen, dass...; (negatively) es ist so weit gekommen, dass...

    she was abrupt to the point of rudeness — sie war in einer Weise barsch, die schon an Unverschämtheit grenzte

    6) (moment) Zeitpunkt, der

    be at/on the point of something — kurz vor etwas (Dat.) sein; einer Sache (Dat.) nahe sein

    be on the point of doing something — im Begriff sein, etwas zu tun; etwas gerade tun wollen

    7) (distinctive trait) Seite, die

    best/strong point — starke Seite; Stärke, die

    the point — (essential thing) das Entscheidende

    that is just the point or the whole point — das ist genau der springende Punkt

    come to or get to the point — zur Sache od. zum Thema kommen

    keep or stick to the point — beim Thema bleiben

    be beside the point — unerheblich sein; keine Rolle spielen

    carry or make one's point — sich durchsetzen

    make a point of doing something — [großen] Wert darauf legen, etwas zu tun

    make or prove a point — etwas beweisen

    you have a point there — da hast du recht; da ist [et]was dran (ugs.)

    9) (tip) Spitze, die; (Boxing) Kinnspitze, die; Kinn, das; (Ballet) Spitze, die
    10) (of story, joke, remark) Pointe, die; (pungency, effect) (of literary work) Eindringlichkeit, die; (of remark) Durchschlagskraft, die
    11) (purpose, value) Zweck, der; Sinn, der

    there's no point in protesting — es hat keinen Sinn od. Zweck zu protestieren

    12) (precise place, spot) Punkt, der; Stelle, die; (Geom.) Punkt, der

    point of contact — Berührungspunkt, der

    point of no return — Punkt, an dem es kein Zurück mehr gibt

    point of view — (fig.) Standpunkt, der

    13) (Brit.)

    [power or electric] point — Steckdose, die

    14) usu in pl. (Brit. Railw.) Weiche, die
    15) usu. in pl. (Motor Veh.): (contact device) Kontakt, der
    16) (unit in competition, rationing, stocks, shares, etc.) Punkt, der

    prices/the cost of living went up three points — die Preise/Lebenshaltungskosten sind um drei [Prozent]punkte gestiegen

    17) (on compass) Strich, der
    2. intransitive verb
    1) zeigen, weisen, [Person auch:] deuten (to, at auf + Akk.)
    2)

    point towards or to — (fig.) [hin]deuten od. hinweisen auf (+ Akk.)

    3. transitive verb
    1) (direct) richten [Waffe, Kamera] (at auf + Akk.)

    point one's finger at something/somebody — mit dem Finger auf etwas/jemanden deuten od. zeigen od. weisen

    2) (Building) aus-, verfugen [Mauer, Steine]
    Phrasal Verbs:
    * * *
    (Typography) n.
    typographischer Punkt (Schriftgrößenskala) m. n.
    Einzelheit f.
    Punkt -e m.
    Spitze -n (Kinn-, Messer-) f.
    Standpunkt m. v.
    zeigen v.

    English-german dictionary > point

  • 49 Worsdell, Thomas William

    [br]
    b. 14 January 1838 Liverpool, England
    d. 28 June 1916 Arnside, Westmorland, England
    [br]
    English locomotive engineer, pioneer of the use of two-cylinder compound locomotives in Britain.
    [br]
    T.W.Worsdell was the son of Nathaniel Worsdell. After varied training, which included some time in the drawing office of the London \& North Western Railway's Crewe Works, he moved to the Pennsylvania Railroad, USA, in 1865 and shortly became Master Mechanic in charge of its locomotive workshops in Altoona. In 1871, however, he accepted an invitation from F.W. Webb to return to Crewe as Works Manager: it was while he was there that Webb produced his first compound locomotive by rebuilding an earlier simple.
    In 1881 T.W.Worsdell was appointed Locomotive Superintendent of the Great Eastern Railway. Working with August von Borries, who was Chief Mechanical Engineer of the Hannover Division of the Prussian State Railways, he developed a two-cylinder compound derived from the work of J.T.A. Mallet. Von Borries produced his compound 2–4–0 in 1880, Worsdell followed with a 4–4–0 in 1884; the restricted British loading gauge necessitated substitution of inside cylinders for the outside cylinders used by von Borries, particularly the large low-pressure one. T.W.Worsdell's compounds were on the whole successful and many were built, particularly on the North Eastern Railway, to which he moved as Locomotive Superintendent in 1885. There, in 1888, he started to build, uniquely, two-cylinder compound "single driver" 4–2–2s: one of them was recorded as reaching 86 mph (138 km/h). He also equipped his locomotives with a large side-window cab, which gave enginemen more protection from the elements than was usual in Britain at that time and was no doubt appreciated in the harsh winter climate of northeast England. The idea for the cab probably originated from his American experience. When T.W.Worsdell retired from the North Eastern Railway in 1890 he was succeeded by his younger brother, Wilson Worsdell, who in 1899 introduced the first 4– 6–0s intended for passenger trains in England.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    C.Hamilton Ellis, 1958, Twenty Locomotive Men, Shepperton: Ian Allan, Ch. 15 (biography).
    E.L.Ahrons, 1927, The British Steam Railway Locomotive 1825–1925, London: The Locomotive Publishing Co., pp. 253–5 (describes his locomotives). C.Fryer, 1990, Experiments with Steam, Patrick Stephens, Ch. 7.
    PJGR

    Biographical history of technology > Worsdell, Thomas William

  • 50 on

    [ɔn]
    on and off (или off and on) время от времени, иногда; and so on и так далее so: on to say так сказать; and so on, and so forth и так далее, и тому подобное my opinion on that question мое мнение по этому вопросу; a book on phonetics книга по фонетике on prep в пространственном значении указывает на направление на; the boy threw the ball on the floor мальчик бросил мяч на пол bring pressure to bear on заставлять двигаться в заданном направлении build on основываться to buy (smth.) on the cheap разг. купить по дешевке; to live on one's parents быть на иждивении родителей confer a right on давать право count on рассчитывать on prep в пространственном значении указывает на нахождение на поверхности (какого-л.) предмета на; the cup is on the table чашка на столе default on не выполнять договор default on не выполнять обязательство default on не являться по вызову суда depend on зависеть от depend on надеяться на depend on находиться на иждивении depend on полагаться на depend on получать помощь от depend on рассчитывать на devolve on передавать полномочия on prep указывает на состояние, процесс, характер действия в, на; on fire в огне; the dog is on the chain собака на цепи; on sale в продаже the door opens on a lawn дверь выходит на лужайку; on the right направо; on the North на севере drawing on использование drawing on получение drawing on расходование elaborate on конкретизировать embark on начинать дело enlarge on вдаваться в подробности enlarge on распространяться exert influence on оказывать влияние на on указывает на отправную точку или момент: from this day on с этого дня I heard it on some air show я слышал это в (какой-то) радиопостановке; he borrowed money on his friend он занял деньги у своего друга the picture hangs on the wall картина висит на стене; he has a blister on the sole of his foot у него волдырь на пятке on указывает на: приближение (к какому-л. моменту) к; he is getting on in years он стареет; he is going on for thirty ему скоро исполнится тридцать on указывает на: приближение (к какому-л. моменту) к; he is getting on in years он стареет; he is going on for thirty ему скоро исполнится тридцать on prep указывает на направление действия; передается дат. падежом: he turned his back on them он повернулся к ним спиной on prep указывает на цель, объект действия по, на; he went on business он отправился по делу the town lies on lake Michigan город находится на озере Мичиган; a house on the river дом у реки a joke on me шутка на мой счет; I congratulate you on your success поздравляю вас с успехом I heard it on some air show я слышал это в (какой-то) радиопостановке; he borrowed money on his friend он занял деньги у своего друга impress on производить впечатление imprint on ставить печать interest on capital процент на капитал; tax on imports налог на импорт; on high вверху, на высоте on prep указывает на основание, причину, источник из, на, в, по, у; it is all clear on the evidence все ясно из показаний it is on for ten o'clock время приближается к десяти (часам) on разг. удачный, хороший; it is one of my on days я сегодня в хорошей форме a joke on me шутка на мой счет; I congratulate you on your success поздравляю вас с успехом on указывает на включение, соединение (об аппарате, механизме): turn on the gas! включи газ!; the light is on свет горит, включен on prep за (что-л.), на (что-л.); to live on 5 a week жить на 5 фунтов в неделю; she got it on good terms она получила это на выгодных условиях to buy (smth.) on the cheap разг. купить по дешевке; to live on one's parents быть на иждивении родителей on указывает на идущие в театре (кинотеатре) пьесы (фильмы): Macbeth is on tonight сегодня идет "Макбет"; what is on in London this spring? какие пьесы идут этой весной в Лондоне? maturing on выход в тираж maturing on наступление срока долгового обязательства maturing on наступление срока платежа maturing on наступление срока погашения my opinion on that question мое мнение по этому вопросу; a book on phonetics книга по фонетике neighbour on граничить on prep в пространственном значении указывает на способ передвижения в, на; on a truck на грузовике; on a train в поезде on prep в пространственном значении указывает на способ передвижения в, на; on a truck на грузовике; on a train в поезде on and off (или off and on) время от времени, иногда; and so on и так далее on указывает на движение дальше, далее, вперед; to send one's luggage on послать багаж вперед, заранее; on and on не останавливаясь on prep во временном значении указывает на определенный день недели, определенную дату, точный момент в; on Tuesday во вторник; on another day в другой день on the 5th of December 5-го декабря; on Christmas eve в канун рождества on errand на посылках on errand по поручению on examining the box closer I found it empty внимательно осмотрев ящик, я убедился, что в нем ничего нет; payable on demand оплата по требованию on prep указывает на состояние, процесс, характер действия в, на; on fire в огне; the dog is on the chain собака на цепи; on sale в продаже on good authority из достоверного источника; on that ground на этом основании interest on capital процент на капитал; tax on imports налог на импорт; on high вверху, на высоте on prep во временном значении указывает на последовательность, очередность наступления действий по, после; on my return I met many friends по возвращении я встретил много друзей on prep во временном значении указывает на одновременность действий во время, в течение; on my way home по пути домой on prep указывает на состояние, процесс, характер действия в, на; on fire в огне; the dog is on the chain собака на цепи; on sale в продаже sale: on on в продаже on good authority из достоверного источника; on that ground на этом основании on prep в (составе, числе); on the commission(delegation) в составе комиссии (делегации); on the jury в числе присяжных; on the list в списке on prep в (составе, числе); on the commission(delegation) в составе комиссии (делегации); on the jury в числе присяжных; on the list в списке on prep в (составе, числе); on the commission(delegation) в составе комиссии (делегации); on the jury в числе присяжных; on the list в списке on the morning of the 5th of December утром 5-го декабря; on time вовремя the door opens on a lawn дверь выходит на лужайку; on the right направо; on the North на севере the door opens on a lawn дверь выходит на лужайку; on the right направо; on the North на севере right: on правая сторона; on the right справа (где); to the right направо (куда) on the 5th of December 5-го декабря; on Christmas eve в канун рождества on the morning of the 5th of December утром 5-го декабря; on time вовремя time: to make on амер. ехать на определенной скорости; on time амер. точно, вовремя; at one time некогда on prep во временном значении указывает на определенный день недели, определенную дату, точный момент в; on Tuesday во вторник; on another day в другой день pass on передавать pass on переходить к другому вопросу pass: on on выносить (решение) on on передавать дальше on on переходить (к другому вопросу и т. п.) on on проходить дальше; pass on, please! проходите!, не останавливайтесь! on on проходить дальше; pass on, please! проходите!, не останавливайтесь! on on умереть passing on передача passing on переход к другому вопросу the picture hangs on the wall картина висит на стене; he has a blister on the sole of his foot у него волдырь на пятке put on включать put on запускать put on прибавлять put on приводить в действие put on увеличивать put: on on надевать on on принимать вид; напускать на себя reckon on полагаться reckon on рассчитывать reflect on бросать тень reflect on быть во вред reflect on вызывать сомнения reflect: on размышлять, раздумывать (on, upon); reflect on, reflect upon бросать тень; подвергать сомнению rely on быть уверенным rely on доверять rely on надеяться rely on опираться rely on основываться rely on полагаться rely on рассчитывать secured on гарантированный secured on обеспеченный send on отправлять send on отсылать on указывает на движение дальше, далее, вперед; to send one's luggage on послать багаж вперед, заранее; on and on не останавливаясь sending on отправление on prep за (что-л.), на (что-л.); to live on 5 a week жить на 5 фунтов в неделю; she got it on good terms она получила это на выгодных условиях she had a green hat on на ней была зеленая шляпа she smiled on me она мне улыбнулась sign on нанимать на работу sign: on on вчт. войти on on вчт. входить on on радио дать знак начала передачи; sign up = sign on on on радио дать знак начала передачи; sign up = sign on on on нанимать(ся) на работу signing on возвращение на работу signing on прием на работу sit on заседать sit: on on быть членом (комиссии) on on разг. осадить; выбранить on on разбирать (дело) on up разг. (внезапно) заинтересоваться (тж. sit up and take notice); to make (smb.) sit up расшевелить, встряхнуть (кого-л.); sit upon = sit on stake on делать ставку take on браться за дело take on нанимать на службу take: on on брать (работу); браться (за дело и т. п.) on on важничать, задирать нос on on иметь успех, становиться популярным on on воен. открыть огонь on on полнеть on on принимать на службу on on разг. сильно волноваться, огорчаться, расстраиваться taken on нанятый taken on приглашенный на работу interest on capital процент на капитал; tax on imports налог на импорт; on high вверху, на высоте on указывает на: продолжение или развитие действия: to walk on продолжать идти; go on! продолжай(те)!; there is a war on идет война they rose on their enemies они поднялись на своих врагов the town lies on lake Michigan город находится на озере Мичиган; a house on the river дом у реки trade on извлекать выгоду trade on использовать в личных целях on указывает на включение, соединение (об аппарате, механизме): turn on the gas! включи газ!; the light is on свет горит, включен verge on граничить с verge: on клониться, приближаться (to, towards - к чему-л.); verge on, verge upon граничить (с чем-л.); it verges on madness это граничит с безумием on указывает на: продолжение или развитие действия: to walk on продолжать идти; go on! продолжай(те)!; there is a war on идет война walk: on on театр. играть роль без слов on on идти вперед on on продолжать ходьбу on prep о, об, относительно, касательно, по; we talked on many subjects мы говорили о многом on указывает на наличие (какой-л.) одежды (на ком-л.): what had he on? во что он был одет? on указывает на идущие в театре (кинотеатре) пьесы (фильмы): Macbeth is on tonight сегодня идет "Макбет"; what is on in London this spring? какие пьесы идут этой весной в Лондоне? work on продолжать упорно работать work: on on = work upon on on продолжать работать

    English-Russian short dictionary > on

  • 51 stay

    1. noun
    1) Aufenthalt, der; (visit) Besuch, der

    come/go for a short stay with somebody — jemanden kurz besuchen

    stay [of execution] — Aussetzung [der Vollstreckung]; (fig.) Galgenfrist, die

    2. intransitive verb
    1) (remain) bleiben

    be here to stay, have come to stay — sich fest eingebürgert haben; [Arbeitslosigkeit, Inflation:] zum Dauerzustand geworden sein; [Modeartikel:] in Mode bleiben

    stay for or to dinner/for the party — zum Essen/zur Party bleiben

    stay put — (coll.) [Ball, Haar:] liegen bleiben; [Hut:] fest sitzen; [Bild:] hängen bleiben; [Person:] bleiben[, wo man ist]

    2) (dwell temporarily) wohnen

    stay abroad — im Ausland leben

    stay the night in a hotel — die Nacht in einem Hotel verbringen

    stay at somebody's or with somebody for the weekend — das Wochenende bei jemandem verbringen

    3) (Sport) durchhalten
    3. transitive verb
    1) (arch./literary): (stop) aufhalten

    stay somebody's hand — (fig.) jemanden zurückhalten

    2) (endure)

    stay the course or distance — die [ganze] Strecke durchhalten; (fig.) durchhalten

    Phrasal Verbs:
    - academic.ru/92065/stay_away">stay away
    * * *
    [stei] 1. verb
    1) (to remain (in a place) for a time, eg while travelling, or as a guest etc: We stayed three nights at that hotel / with a friend / in Paris; Aunt Mary is coming to stay (for a fortnight); Would you like to stay for supper?; Stay and watch that television programme.) bleiben
    2) (to remain (in a particular position, place, state or condition): The doctor told her to stay in bed; He never stays long in any job; Stay away from the office till your cold is better; Why won't these socks stay up?; Stay where you are - don't move!; In 1900, people didn't realize that motor cars were here to stay.) bleiben
    2. noun
    (a period of staying (in a place etc): We had an overnight stay / a two days' stay in London.) der Aufenthalt
    - stay behind
    - stay in
    - stay out
    - stay put
    - stay up
    * * *
    stay1
    [steɪ]
    n
    1. NAUT, TRANSP Stütztau nt, Stag nt fachspr
    2. ARCHIT Strebe f, Verspannung f
    stay2
    [steɪ]
    I. n
    1. (act of remaining) Aufenthalt m
    a \stay with one's family ein Familienbesuch m
    overnight \stay Übernachtung f
    2. LAW (postponement) Aussetzung f, Vollstreckungsaufschub m
    \stay of death penalty Hinrichtungsaufschub m
    \stay of execution Aussetzung f der Zwangsvollstreckung, Gewährung f von Vollstreckungsschutz
    \stay of proceedings Ruhen nt des Verfahrens
    3. ( hist: corset)
    ▪ \stays pl Korsett nt, Mieder nt
    to lace/unlace one's \stays sein Mieder schnüren/aufschnüren
    II. vi
    1. (remain present) bleiben
    \stay until the rain has stopped bleib doch, bis der Regen aufgehört hat
    why don't you \stay for dinner? warum bleibst du nicht zum Abendessen?
    fax machines are here to \stay Faxgeräte haben Einzug gehalten
    he is convinced that computer-aided design has come to \stay er ist überzeugt, dass CAD auf Dauer unverzichtbar ist
    to \stay at home/in bed zu Hause/im Bett bleiben
    to \stay home esp AM zu Hause bleiben
    to \stay on message ( fig) aufmerksam bleiben
    to \stay put ( fam: keep standing) stehen bleiben; (not stand up) sitzen bleiben; (not move) sich akk nicht vom Fleck rühren
    ▪ to \stay with sth an etw dat dranbleiben, bei der Sache bleiben
    you have to \stay with a language and practise it regularly Sprachkenntnisse muss man pflegen und regelmäßig anwenden
    3. (reside temporarily) untergebracht sein, wohnen
    where are you \staying while you're in town? wo wohnen Sie während Ihres Aufenthaltes in der Stadt?
    the children usually \stay with their grandparents for a week in the summer die Kinder verbringen gewöhnlich im Sommer eine Woche bei ihren Großeltern
    to \stay overnight [or the night] übernachten, über Nacht bleiben
    can we \stay with you overnight? können wir bei Ihnen übernachten?
    to come to \stay zu Besuch kommen
    4. + n, adj (remain) bleiben
    the shops \stay open until 9 p.m. die Läden haben bis 21 Uhr geöffnet
    how can we get this post to \stay upright? was müssen wir tun, damit dieser Pfosten stehen bleibt?
    this far north it \stays light until 10 p.m. in high summer so hoch im Norden ist es im Hochsommer bis um 10 Uhr abends hell
    he's decided not to \stay in teaching er hat sich entschieden, nicht mehr zu unterrichten
    to \stay within budget im Rahmen des Budgets bleiben
    to \stay friends Freunde bleiben
    to \stay in touch [or contact] in Verbindung [o Kontakt] bleiben
    to \stay awake/cool/healthy wach/ruhig/gesund bleiben
    to \stay tuned RADIO, TV, MEDIA am Apparat bleiben
    \stay tuned — we'll be right back bleiben Sie dran — wir sind gleich wieder da
    III. vt
    1. (assuage)
    to \stay one's hunger/thirst seinen Hunger/Durst stillen
    ▪ to \stay sth etw in Schranken halten
    to \stay one's hand sich akk zurückhalten
    to \stay proceedings das Verfahren aussetzen
    4.
    ▶ to \stay the course [or distance] durchhalten
    * * *
    I [steɪ]
    1. n
    2) (JUR) Aussetzung f

    stay of execution — Aussetzung f, Vollstreckungsaufschub m; (fig) Galgenfrist f; (of death penalty) Hinrichtungsaufschub m

    2. vt
    1) (old, liter: stop) Einhalt gebieten (+dat) (geh); hunger stillen

    to stay one's/sb's hand — sich/jdn zurückhalten

    2) (JUR) order, sentence aussetzen
    3)
    4)

    to stay the night (with sb/in a hotel) — (bei jdm/in einem Hotel) übernachten

    3. vi
    1) (= remain) bleiben

    if he can stay with the others — wenn er mit den anderen mithalten kann

    See:
    → put
    2) (= reside) wohnen; (at youth hostel etc) übernachten

    I stayed in Italy for a few weeks — ich habe mich ein paar Wochen in Italien aufgehalten

    when I/Goethe was staying in Italy — als ich/Goethe in Italien war or weilte (liter)

    3) (old

    = wait) stay! — stehen bleiben!

    stay, wanderer! — halt inne, Wanderer! (old, liter)

    II
    n
    1) (= guy-rope) Stütztau nt, Halteseil nt; (NAUT) Stag nt
    2) pl (old: corsets) Korsett nt
    * * *
    stay1 [steı]
    A v/i prät und pperf stayed, obs staid [steıd]
    1. bleiben ( with sb bei jemandem):
    stay around in der Nähe bleiben;
    stay away (from) fernbleiben (dat), wegbleiben (von);
    a) zurückbleiben,
    b) noch dableiben;
    come to stay (für immer) bleiben;
    a fashion that has come ( oder is here) to stay eine Mode, die bleiben oder sich halten wird;
    a) auch stay indoors zu Hause oder drinnen bleiben
    b) SCHULE nachsitzen;
    stay on (noch länger) bleiben;
    he is staying on as chairman er bleibt (noch weiter) Präsident;
    a) draußen bleiben (auch Wäsche etc), wegbleiben, nicht heimkommen,
    b) WIRTSCH weiterstreiken;
    a) aufbleiben, wach bleiben,
    b) hängen bleiben (Bild etc),
    c) über Wasser bleiben,
    d) SPORT oben bleiben (nicht absteigen);
    stay for ( oder to) dinner zum Essen bleiben;
    stay off meiden, sich von Alkohol fernhalten;
    stay out of sich heraushalten aus;
    stay! halt!; → late B 1, put B, B, true A 3
    2. sich (vorübergehend) aufhalten, wohnen ( beide:
    at, in in dat;
    with sb bei jemandem)
    3. verweilen
    4. stehen bleiben
    5. warten ( for sb auf jemanden)
    6. besonders SPORT umg durchhalten
    7. stay with besonders SPORT US umg mithalten (können) mit
    B v/t
    1. a) aufhalten, Halt gebieten (dat), hemmen
    b) anhalten
    c) zurückhalten ( from von)
    d) (fest)halten:
    stay one’s hand sich zurückhalten
    2. JUR
    a) die Urteilsvollstreckung, ein Verfahren aussetzen
    b) ein Verfahren, die Zwangsvollstreckung einstellen
    3. jemandes Hunger etc stillen
    4. stay the course SPORT durchhalten (a. fig); → distance A 4
    a) überleben,
    b) länger bleiben als
    a) stützen (a. fig),
    b) fig jemandem den Rücken steifen
    7. TECH
    a) absteifen
    b) ab-, verspannen
    c) verankern
    C s
    1. (vorübergehender) Aufenthalt:
    make a long stay in London sich längere Zeit in London aufhalten
    2. a) Halt m, Stockung f
    b) Hemmnis n (on für):
    put a stay on seine Gedanken etc zügeln
    3. JUR Aussetzung f, Einstellung f, (Vollstreckungs)Aufschub m:
    he was given a stay of execution seine Hinrichtung wurde aufgeschoben
    4. umg Ausdauer f, Stehvermögen n
    5. TECH
    a) Stütze f
    b) Strebe f
    c) Verspannung f
    d) Verankerung f
    6. pl besonders Br Korsett n
    7. fig Stütze f
    stay2 [steı] SCHIFF
    A s Stag n:
    be (hove) in stays → C;
    miss the stays das Wenden verfehlen
    B v/t
    1. den Mast stagen
    2. das Schiff durch oder gegen den Wind wenden
    C v/i über Stag gehen, wenden
    * * *
    1. noun
    1) Aufenthalt, der; (visit) Besuch, der

    come/go for a short stay with somebody — jemanden kurz besuchen

    stay [of execution] — Aussetzung [der Vollstreckung]; (fig.) Galgenfrist, die

    2. intransitive verb
    1) (remain) bleiben

    be here to stay, have come to stay — sich fest eingebürgert haben; [Arbeitslosigkeit, Inflation:] zum Dauerzustand geworden sein; [Modeartikel:] in Mode bleiben

    stay for or to dinner/for the party — zum Essen/zur Party bleiben

    stay put — (coll.) [Ball, Haar:] liegen bleiben; [Hut:] fest sitzen; [Bild:] hängen bleiben; [Person:] bleiben[, wo man ist]

    stay at somebody's or with somebody for the weekend — das Wochenende bei jemandem verbringen

    3) (Sport) durchhalten
    3. transitive verb
    1) (arch./literary): (stop) aufhalten

    stay somebody's hand — (fig.) jemanden zurückhalten

    stay the course or distance — die [ganze] Strecke durchhalten; (fig.) durchhalten

    Phrasal Verbs:
    * * *
    n.
    Aufenthalt m.
    Halt -e m.
    Stehbolzen m.
    Strebe -n f. (abroad) v.
    sich aufhalten (im Ausland) v. v.
    bleiben v.
    (§ p.,pp.: blieb, ist geblieben)
    sich aufhalten v.
    warten v.

    English-german dictionary > stay

  • 52 phraseology of meteorological breefing/consultation

    фразеология метеоконсультации

    This is the 0600 UTC surface synoptic (significant weather, high level) chart. – Это приземная синоптическая (особых явлений, высотная) карта за 0600 UTC.

    This prognostic significant weather (high level, 200, 300 hPa) chart is valid for 1800 UTC. – Эта прогностическая карта особых явлений (высотная, 200, 300 гПа) на 18 UTC.

    Wind speed and displacement of baric systems on our charts is given in kmh. – Скорость ветра и смещения барических систем на наших картах указана в км/ч.

    Altitudes on our charts are given in decametres. – Высоты на наших картах даны в декаметрах.

    This cyclone (anticyclone) according to data of barric topography is tracked up to the altitude of... km. – Этот циклон (антициклон) по данным барической топографии прослеживается до высоты... км.

    The cyclone (anticyclone) centred at (Northern, Southern...) Norway is displacing North-East (South...) with the speed of... kmh. – Циклон (антициклон), расположенный над (северной, южной...) Норвегией смещается к северо-востоку (югу...) со скоростью... км/ч.

    The low (high) centred North (South...) of the Bahames is moving North-Eastward (South-Eastward...) at about 20 kmh and is deepening. – Циклон (антициклон), расположенный севернее (южнее...) Багамских о-вов, смещается в северо-восточном (юго-восточном...) направлении со скоростью 20 км/ч углубляясь.

    The 300 hPa chart shows a trough lying North-East to South-West across the track. – На карте 300 гПа поверхности прослеживается ложбина, пересекая маршрут с северо-востока на юго-запад.

    The trough is expected to remain in the present position for the next 12 hours. – Предполагается, что положение ложбины сохранится на ближайшие 12 часов.

    The semi-permanent high (low) over the Baltic sea is bilding up. – Квазистационарный антициклон (циклон) формируется над Балтийским морем.

    Weather along the route (section of the route) will be influenced by... Northern (Southern, Eastern...) periphery of deepening, (filling) cyclone (anticyclone, trough, crest, warm sector of the cyclone). – Погода по маршруту (участку маршрута) обуславливается... северной (южной, восточной) периферией углубляющегося (заполняющегося) циклона (антициклона, ложбины, гребня, теплым сектором циклона).

    Weather conditions on the route... to... are therefore expected to be... – Поэтому по маршруту... ожидаются метеоусловия...

    Flight in cold (warm, secondary cold, occluded) front zone. – Полет в зоне холодного (теплого, вторичного холодного, окклюдированного) фронта.

    Flight along cold (warm...) front (cold front with waves). – Полет вдоль холодного (теплого) фронта (холодного фронта с волнами).

    While crossing cold (warm...) front... – При пересечении холодного (теплого...) фронта...

    Cold (warm...) front is displacing North (Northeast...) with the speed... kmh, to the East (West...). – Холодный (теплый...) фронт смещается к северу (северо-востоку...) со скоростью... км/ч, на восток (запад...).

    An active warm front lying South-East to North-West along the coast of Norway at 12 UTC is moving East at 30 kmh. It is preceded by a narrow belt of heavy snow. – Активный теплый фронт, пролегающий с юго-востока на северо-запад вдоль побережья Норвегии на 12 UTC, смещается на восток со скоростью 30 км/ч. Ему предшествует узкая зона сильного снегопада.

    Front is well expressed in temperature contrasts (wind regime, precipitation...). – Фронт хорошо выражен в температурных контрастах (в ветровом режиме, осадках...).

    A cold (warm...) front is shown on 12 UTC surface chart. – На приземной карте, за 12 UTC показан холодный (теплый...) фронт.

    It is recommended not to cross cold front zone, to go above clouds at a distance not less than 1000 m from CB. – Рекомендуется не пересекать зону холодного фронта, идти над облаками на расстоянии не менее 1000 м от куч.-дождевых облаков.

    Warm (high warm) front is placed over Norway at 18 UTC. – Теплый (высотный теплый) фронт расположен над Норвегией на 18 UTC.

    In connection with it, it is expected... – В связи с этим ожидается...

    Scattered (broken, overcast) clouds (layers), embedded CB – Рассеянная (значительная, сплошная) облачность (слой), маскированная куч.-дождевая

    Base of cloud... km. – Нижняя граница облачности... км.

    Top... km. – Верхняя граница... км.

    CB top above... km. – Верхняя границы куч.-дождевой облачности выше... км.

    Cloud base will be lowering to... m (km) (rapidly). Increasing cloud layers, (local) thunderstorm(s) (probability of thunderstorm, thunderstorm situation is shown on the charts as RISK &) – Нижняя границы облачности понизится до... м (км) (быстро). Повышающаяся облачность, (местами) гроза(ы), (вероятность грозы, т.е. грозовое положение на картах RISK |^)

    Cb clouds with tops above 10 km and associated thunderstorms are expected to effect the route – Предполагается по маршруту влияния куч.-дождевой облачности с верхней границей свыше 10 км и связанные с ней грозы.

    Light (moderate, severe) icing in cloud (precipitation). – Слабое (умеренное, сильное) обледенение в облаках (осадках).

    Moderate (severe) turbulence in cloud (surface layer). – Умеренная (сильная) турбулентность в облаках (приземном слое).

    (Orographic) Moderate (severe) clear air turbulence is expected North of... (the jet stream) at... km – (Орографическая) умеренная (сильная) турбулентность в ясном небе ожидается к северу от... (оси струйного течения) на высоте... км

    To escape icing (turbulence) we advise you to choose flight level over... km. – Чтобы избежать обледенения (турбулентности) рекомендуем выбрать высоту полета выше... км.

    Data from boards confirm presence of moderate (severe) icing (turbulence) in cloud. – Бортовые данные подтверждают наличие умеренного (сильного) обледенения (турбулентности) в облаках.

    Radar (satellite) data confirm presence of thunderstorms, CB clouds. – Радиолокационные (спутниковые) данные подтверждают наличие грозовых очагов, куч.-дождевой облачности.

    Displacing Northward (Southward...). – Смещение к северу (югу...).

    Visibility... km (m) (in rain). – Видимость... км (м) (в дожде).

    Changing for the best (worse) – Улучшение (ухудшение)

    The altitude of tropopause is... km – Высота тропопаузы... км

    Sharp slope of tropopause is observed over area of... – Резкий наклон тропопаузы наблюдается над районом...

    Upper wind and temperature, wind and temperature aloft – Ветер и температура на высоте

    The 500 hPa prognostic chart for 12 UTC indicates upper winds of 240 degrees 60 kilometres per hour with temperature minus 20 degrees Celsius – По 500 гПа прогностической карте за 12 UTC высотный ветер 240° 60 км/ч и температура – 20° С

    Wind direction... degrees (variable) – Направление ветра... град (неустойчивое)

    Wind speed... kilometres per hour (metres per second if surface) – Скорость ветра... км/ч (если приземный – м/сек)

    Wind speeds over the route Moscow – London are expected to increase (decrease) from... to... kmh – Предполагается усиление (ослабление) ветра по маршруту Москва – Лондон от... до... км/ч

    Wind shift – Изменение ветра

    It is expected to remain in the present position for the next 12 hours – Предполагается сохранение настоящего положения на последующие 12 часов

    Maximum wind – Максимальный ветер

    The jet stream with winds 240 degrees and speed 200 kmh is expected at 12 km – Струйное течение с ветром 240° 200 км/ч предполагается на высоте 12 км

    Wind shear was reported by aircrafts – Борты сообщают о сдвиге ветра

    According data from arriving (departing) aircrafts... – Согласно данным прибывающих (вылетающих) воздушных судов...

    Information about observed (expected) existence of wind shear – Информация о наблюдаемом (ожидаемом) сдвиге ветра

    (In this case) wind shear conditions are associated with thunderstorm (cold/warm front; strong surface wind; low level temperature inversion) – (В этом случае) условия сдвига ветра связаны с грозой (холод ным/теплым фронтом; сильным приземным ветром; температурной инверсией в приземном слое)

    Wind shear could adversly affect aircraft on the takeoff path (in climb out) in layer from runway level to 500 metres – Сдвиг ветра может оказать неблагоприятное воздействие на воздушное судно на взлете (при наборе высоты) в слое – уровень ВПП/500 м

    The intensity of wind shear – Интенсивность сдвига ветра

    Wind shear warning surface wind 320/10 wind at 60m 360/25 in approach – Оповещения о сдвиге ветра – в зоне захода на посадку – приземный ветер 320/10, на высоте 60 м – 360/25

    B-707 reported moderate (strong, severe) wind shear in approach (while takeoff, in climbout) runway 34 at 15.10 – Б707 сообщает об умеренном (сильном, очень сильном) сдвиге ветра при подходе (на взлете, при наборе высоты) к ВПП 34 в 15.10

    Temperature between... and (minus)... degrees Celsius – Температура... (м)... градусов Цельсия

    Zero isotherm is at the altitude of... km – Нулевая изотерма на высоте... км

    At the beginning (end, in the middle, in the first half) of the route – В начале (конце, в середине, в первой половине) маршрута

    It is displacing to the North (South...) Northward (Southward...) – Смещается к северу (югу...), на север (юг...)

    Locally from... to... – Местами от... до...

    At the altitude of... km – На высоте... км

    In the layer from (between)... to (and)... km – В слое... –... км (между)...

    While landing (takeoff) – При посадке (взлете)

    The information depicted on high level (wind, temperature) charts should be grid points data – Информация на высотных картах (ветер, температура) является данными в точках сетки

    Satellite nephanalysis for 12 UTC today shows that... – На основании данных нефанализа за 12 UTC настоящего дня видно, что...

    Actual weather in the point of departure (landing) – Фактическая погода в пункте вылета (посадки)

    Runway visual range is... m – Дальность видимости на ВПП –... м

    Your alternate is... – Ваш запасной...

    Have you any questions? – У вас есть вопросы?

    English-Russian aviation meteorology dictionary > phraseology of meteorological breefing/consultation

  • 53 Saxby, John

    [br]
    b. 17 August 1821 Hurstpierpoint, Sussex, England
    d. 22 April 1913 Hassocks, Sussex, England
    [br]
    English railway signal engineer, pioneer of interlocking.
    [br]
    In the mid-1850s Saxby was a foreman in the Brighton Works of the London Brighton \& South Coast Railway, where he had no doubt become familiar with construction of semaphore signals of the type invented by C.H. Gregory; the London-Brighton line was one of the first over which these were installed. In the 1850s points and signals were usually worked independently, and it was to eliminate the risk of accident from conflicting points and signal positions that Saxby in 1856 patented an arrangement by which related points and signals would be operated simultaneously by a single lever.
    Others were concerned with the same problem. In 1855 Vignier, an employee of the Western Railway of France, had made an interlocking apparatus for junctions, and in 1859 Austin Chambers, who worked for the North London Railway, installed at Kentish Town Junction an interlocking lever frame in which a movement that depended upon another could not even commence until the earlier one was completed. He patented it early in 1860; Saxby patented his own version of such an apparatus later the same year. In 1863 Saxby left the London Brighton \& South Coast Railway to enter into a partnership with J.S.Farmer and established Saxby \& Farmer's railway signalling works at Kilburn, London. The firm manufactured, installed and maintained signalling equipment for many prominent railway companies. Its interlocking frames made possible installation of complex track layouts at increasingly busy London termini possible.
    In 1867 Saxby \& Farmer purchased Chambers's patent of 1860, Later developments by the firm included effective interlocking actuated by lifting a lever's catch handle, rather than by the lever itself (1871), and an improved locking frame known as the "gridiron" (1874). This was eventually superseded by tappet interlocking, which had been invented by James Deakin of the rival firm Stevens \& Co. in 1870 but for which patent protection had been lost through non-renewal.
    Saxby \& Farmer's equipment was also much used on the European continent, in India and in the USA, to which it introduced interlocking. A second manufacturing works was set up in 1878 at Creil (Oise), France, and when the partnership terminated in 1888 Saxby moved to Creil and managed the works himself until he retired to Sussex in 1900.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    1856, British patent no. 1,479 (simultaneous operation of points and signals). 1860, British patent no. 31 (a true interlocking mechanism).
    1867, jointly with Farmer, British patent no. 538 (improvements to the interlocking mechanism patented in 1860).
    1870, jointly with Farmer, British patent no. 569 (the facing point lock by plunger bolt).
    1871, jointly with Farmer, British patent no. 1,601 (catch-handle actuated interlocking) 1874, jointly with Farmer, British patent no. 294 (gridiron frame).
    Further Reading
    Westinghouse Brake and Signal Company, 1956, John Saxby (1821–1913) and His Part in the Development of Interlocking and of the Signalling Industry, London (published to mark the centenary of the 1856 patent).
    PJGR

    Biographical history of technology > Saxby, John

  • 54 Telford, Thomas

    SUBJECT AREA: Canals, Civil engineering
    [br]
    b. 9 August 1757 Glendinning, Dumfriesshire, Scotland
    d. 2 September 1834 London, England.
    [br]
    Scottish civil engineer.
    [br]
    Telford was the son of a shepherd, who died when the boy was in his first year. Brought up by his mother, Janet Jackson, he attended the parish school at Westerkirk. He was apprenticed to a stonemason in Lochmaben and to another in Langholm. In 1780 he walked from Eskdale to Edinburgh and in 1872 rode to London on a horse that he was to deliver there. He worked for Sir William Chambers as a mason on Somerset House, then on the Eskdale house of Sir James Johnstone. In 1783–4 he worked on the new Commissioner's House and other buildings at Portsmouth dockyard.
    In late 1786 Telford was appointed County Surveyor for Shropshire and moved to Shrewsbury Castle, with work initially on the new infirmary and County Gaol. He designed the church of St Mary Magdalene, Bridgnorth, and also the church at Madley. Telford built his first bridge in 1790–2 at Montford; between 1790 and 1796 he built forty-five road bridges in Shropshire, including Buildwas Bridge. In September 1793 he was appointed general agent, engineer and architect to the Ellesmere Canal, which was to connect the Mersey and Dee rivers with the Severn at Shrewsbury; William Jessop was Principal Engineer. This work included the Pont Cysyllte aqueduct, a 1,000 ft (305 m) long cast-iron trough 127 ft (39 m) above ground level, which entailed an on-site ironworks and took ten years to complete; the aqueduct is still in use today. In 1800 Telford put forward a plan for a new London Bridge with a single cast-iron arch with a span of 600 ft (183 m) but this was not built.
    In 1801 Telford was appointed engineer to the British Fisheries Society "to report on Highland Communications" in Scotland where, over the following eighteen years, 920 miles (1,480 km) of new roads were built, 280 miles (450 km) of the old military roads were realigned and rebuilt, over 1,000 bridges were constructed and much harbour work done, all under Telford's direction. A further 180 miles (290 km) of new roads were also constructed in the Lowlands of Scotland. From 1804 to 1822 he was also engaged on the construction of the Caledonian Canal: 119 miles (191 km) in all, 58 miles (93 km) being sea loch, 38 miles (61 km) being Lochs Lochy, Oich and Ness, 23 miles (37 km) having to be cut.
    In 1808 he was invited by King Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden to assist Count Baltzar von Platen in the survey and construction of a canal between the North Sea and the Baltic. Telford surveyed the 114 mile (183 km) route in six weeks; 53 miles (85 km) of new canal were to be cut. Soon after the plans for the canal were completed, the King of Sweden created him a Knight of the Order of Vasa, an honour that he would have liked to have declined. At one time some 60,000 soldiers and seamen were engaged on the work, Telford supplying supervisors, machinery—including an 8 hp steam dredger from the Donkin works and machinery for two small paddle boats—and ironwork for some of the locks. Under his direction an ironworks was set up at Motala, the foundation of an important Swedish industrial concern which is still flourishing today. The Gotha Canal was opened in September 1832.
    In 1811 Telford was asked to make recommendations for the improvement of the Shrewsbury to Holyhead section of the London-Holyhead road, and in 1815 he was asked to survey the whole route from London for a Parliamentary Committee. Construction of his new road took fifteen years, apart from the bridges at Conway and over the Menai Straits, both suspension bridges by Telford and opened in 1826. The Menai bridge had a span of 579 ft (176 m), the roadway being 153 ft (47 m) above the water level.
    In 1817 Telford was appointed Engineer to the Exchequer Loan Commission, a body set up to make capital loans for deserving projects in the hard times that followed after the peace of Waterloo. In 1820 he became the first President of the Engineers Institute, which gained its Royal Charter in 1828 to become the Institution of Civil Engineers. He was appointed Engineer to the St Katharine's Dock Company during its construction from 1825 to 1828, and was consulted on several early railway projects including the Liverpool and Manchester as well as a number of canal works in the Midlands including the new Harecastle tunnel, 3,000 ft (914 m) long.
    Telford led a largely itinerant life, living in hotels and lodgings, acquiring his own house for the first time in 1821, 24 Abingdon Street, Westminster, which was partly used as a school for young civil engineers. He died there in 1834, after suffering in his later years from the isolation of deafness. He was buried in Westminster Abbey.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    FRSE 1803. Knight of the Order of Vasa, Sweden 1808. FRS 1827. First President, Engineers Insitute 1820.
    Further Reading
    L.T.C.Rolt, 1979, Thomas Telford, London: Penguin.
    C.Hadfield, 1993, Thomas Telford's Temptation, London: M. \& M.Baldwin.
    IMcN

    Biographical history of technology > Telford, Thomas

  • 55 Stanier, Sir William Arthur

    [br]
    b. 27 May 1876 Swindon, England
    d. 27 September 1965 London, England
    [br]
    English Chief Mechanical Engineer of the London Midland \& Scottish Railway, the locomotive stock of which he modernized most effectively.
    [br]
    Stanier's career started when he was Office Boy at the Great Western Railway's Swindon works. He was taken on as a pupil in 1892 and steady promotion elevated him to Works Manager in 1920, under Chief Mechanical Engineer George Churchward. In 1923 he became Principal Assistant to Churchward's successor, C.B.Collett. In 1932, at the age of 56 and after some forty years' service with the Great Western Railway (GWR), W.A.Stanier was appointed Chief Mechanical Engineer of the London Midland \& Scottish Railway (LMS). This, the largest British railway, had been formed by the amalgamation in 1923 of several long-established railways, including the London \& North Western and the Midland, that had strong and disparate traditions in locomotive design. A coherent and comprehensive policy had still to emerge; Stanier did, however, inherit a policy of reducing the number of types of locomotives, in the interest of economy, by the withdrawal and replacement of small classes, which had originated with constituent companies.
    Initially as replacements, Stanier brought in to the LMS a series of highly successful standard locomotives; this practice may be considered a development of that of G.J.Churchward on the GWR. Notably, these new locomotives included: the class 5, mixed-traffic 4–6–0; the 8F heavy-freight 2–8–0; and the "Duchess" 4–6–2 for express passenger trains. Stanier also built, in 1935, a steam-turbine-driven 4–6–2, which became the only steam-turbine locomotive in Britain to have an extended career in regular service, although the economies it provided were insufficient for more of the type to be built. From 1932–3 onwards, and initially as part of a programme to economize on shunting costs by producing a single-manned locomotive, the LMS started to develop diesel shunting locomotives. Stanier delegated much of the responsibility for these to C.E.Fairburn. From 1939 diesel-electric shunting locomotives were being built in quantity for the LMS: this was the first instance of adoption of diesel power on a large scale by a British main-line railway. In a remarkably short time, Stanier transformed LMS locomotive stock, formerly the most backward of the principal British railways, to the point at which it was second to none. He was seconded to the Government as Scientific Advisor to the Ministry of Production in 1942, and retired two years later.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Knighted 1943. FRS 1944. President, Institution of Mechanical Engineers 1941.
    Bibliography
    1955, "George Jackson Churchward", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 30 (Stanier provides a unique view of the life and work of his former chief).
    Further Reading
    O.S.Nock, 1964, Sir William Stanier, An Engineering Biography, Shepperton: Ian Allan (a full-length biography).
    John Bellwood and David Jenkinson, 1976, Oresley and Stanier. A Centenary Tribute, London: HMSO (a comparative account).
    C.Hamilton Ellis, 1970, London Midland \& Scottish, Shepperton: Ian Allan.
    PJGR

    Biographical history of technology > Stanier, Sir William Arthur

  • 56 due

    dju:
    1. adjective
    1) (owed: I think I'm still due some pay; Our thanks are due to the doctor.) debido; ser pagadero; estar muy agradecido
    2) (expected according to timetable, promise etc: The bus is due in three minutes.) esperado
    3) (proper: Take due care.) debido

    2. adverb
    (directly South: sailing due east.) derecho hacia

    3. noun
    1) (what is owed, especially what one has a right to: I'm only taking what is my due.) merecido
    2) ((in plural) charge, fee or toll: He paid the dues on the cargo.) derechos
    •
    - due to
    - give someone his due
    - give his due
    due adj
    when is the rent due? ¿cuándo hay que pagar el alquiler?
    due to debido a / por
    tr[djʊː]
    1 (expected, supposed to happen) esperado,-a
    ■ when is the baby due? ¿para cuándo espera el bebé?
    2 formal use (proper, correct) debido,-a
    3 (payable, requiring immediate payment) pagadero,-a, que vence
    4 (owed as right) merecido,-a; (owed as debt) debido,-a
    ■ how much are you due? ¿cuánto te deben?
    1 merecido
    1 derecho hacia
    1 (charges, payments, fees) cuota
    ■ have you paid your dues? ¿has pagado la cuota?
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    due to debido a
    to become due SMALLFINANCE/SMALL vencer, hacerse efectivo,-a
    to be due to deberse a, ser causado,-a por
    to give somebody his/her due dar a alguien su merecido, ser justo,-a con alguien, hacer justicia a alguien
    with all due respect con el debido respeto, con todo el respeto que se merece, sin ganas de ofender
    due date (fecha de) vencimiento
    due ['du:, 'dju:] adv
    : justo a, derecho hacia
    due north: derecho hacia el norte
    due adj
    1) payable: pagadero, sin pagar
    2) appropriate: debido, apropiado
    after due consideration: con las debidas consideraciones
    3) expected: esperado
    the train is due soon: esperamos el tren muy pronto, el tren debe llegar pronto
    4)
    due to : debido a, por
    due n
    1)
    to give someone his (her) due : darle a alguien su merecido
    2) dues npl
    : cuota f
    adj.
    • atrasado, -a adj.
    • debido, -a adj.
    • oportuno, -a adj.
    • pagadero, -a adj.
    adv.
    • directamente adv.
    • exactamente adv.
    n.
    • cuota s.f.
    • deuda s.f.

    I duː, djuː
    a) ( payable)

    the payment becomes o falls due on the 5th — hay que hacer efectivo el pago el día 5

    b) ( owed)

    due TO somebody/something: the respect due to one's elders el respeto que se les debe a los mayores; the money due to them el dinero que se les debe or (frml) se les adeuda; it's all due to you todo gracias a ti, te lo debemos todo a ti; it was due to a technical problem — se debió a un problema técnico

    c)

    due to — (as prep) (crit) debido a

    d) ( scheduled)

    when is the next train/flight due? — ¿cuándo llega el próximo tren/vuelo?

    when is the baby due? — ¿para cuándo espera or tiene fecha?

    she's due back tomorrow — vuelve mañana, su regreso está previsto para mañana

    2) (before n)
    a) ( proper) <consideration/regard> debido

    with all due respect — con el debido respeto, con todo el respeto que se merece

    in due course — en su debido momento, a su debido tiempo

    b) ( deserved) < reward> merecido

    II

    the fort is due west of the town — el fuerte está justo or exactamente al oeste del pueblo


    III
    1)

    to give him his due, he is efficient — tienes que reconocer que es eficiente

    2) dues plural noun ( subscription) cuota f
    [djuː]
    1. ADJ
    1) (=expected)

    when is the plane due (in)? — ¿a qué hora llega el avión?

    the train is due (in) or due to arrive at eight — el tren llega a las ocho, el tren tiene su hora de llegada a las ocho

    the magazine/film/record is due out in December — la revista/la película/el disco sale en diciembre

    he is due back tomorrow — estará de vuelta mañana, está previsto que vuelva mañana

    when is it due to happen? — ¿para cuándo se prevé?

    when is the baby due? — ¿cuándo se espera que nazca el niño?

    2) (=owing) [sum, money] pagadero, pendiente

    he's due a salary raise — (US) le corresponde un aumento de sueldo

    when is the rent due? — ¿cuándo se paga el alquiler?, ¿cuándo hay que pagar el alquiler?

    I feel I'm about due a holiday! — ¡me parece que necesito unas vacaciones!

    • to fall due — (Econ) vencer

    • he is due for a rise/promotion — le corresponde un aumento de sueldo/un ascenso

    • I have £50 due to me — me deben 50 libras

    they must be treated with the respect due to their rank/age — deben ser tratados con el respeto que su rango/edad merece

    3) (=appropriate) [care, attention] debido

    • to drive without due care and attention — (Jur) conducir or (LAm) manejar sin el cuidado y la atención debidos

    • we'll let you know in due course — le avisaremos a su debido tiempo

    • he has never received due credit for his achievements — nunca ha recibido el crédito que merece por sus logros

    • due process (of law) — (Jur) (el buen hacer de) la justicia

    • with (all) due respect (to Mrs Harrison) — con el debido respeto (hacia la señora Harrison)

    4)

    due to — (=caused by) debido a

    due to repairs, the garage will be closed next Saturday — esta gasolinera estará cerrada por obras el próximo sábado

    what's it due to? — ¿a qué se debe?

    2.
    ADV

    • to face due north — [person] mirar justo hacia el norte; [building] estar orientado completamente hacia el norte

    • to go due north — ir derecho hacia el norte

    3. N
    1) (=due credit)

    to give him his due, he did try hard — para ser justo, se esforzó mucho

    2) dues (=club, union fees) cuota fsing ; (=taxes) derechos mpl

    harbour/port dues — derechos mpl de puerto

    - pay one's dues
    4.
    CPD

    due date N — (Econ) [of loan, debt] fecha f de vencimiento

    when is your due date? — (for birth) ¿cuándo cumples?

    she is five days past her due date — cumplió hace cinco días, salió de cuentas hace cinco días (Sp)

    * * *

    I [duː, djuː]
    a) ( payable)

    the payment becomes o falls due on the 5th — hay que hacer efectivo el pago el día 5

    b) ( owed)

    due TO somebody/something: the respect due to one's elders el respeto que se les debe a los mayores; the money due to them el dinero que se les debe or (frml) se les adeuda; it's all due to you todo gracias a ti, te lo debemos todo a ti; it was due to a technical problem — se debió a un problema técnico

    c)

    due to — (as prep) (crit) debido a

    d) ( scheduled)

    when is the next train/flight due? — ¿cuándo llega el próximo tren/vuelo?

    when is the baby due? — ¿para cuándo espera or tiene fecha?

    she's due back tomorrow — vuelve mañana, su regreso está previsto para mañana

    2) (before n)
    a) ( proper) <consideration/regard> debido

    with all due respect — con el debido respeto, con todo el respeto que se merece

    in due course — en su debido momento, a su debido tiempo

    b) ( deserved) < reward> merecido

    II

    the fort is due west of the town — el fuerte está justo or exactamente al oeste del pueblo


    III
    1)

    to give him his due, he is efficient — tienes que reconocer que es eficiente

    2) dues plural noun ( subscription) cuota f

    English-spanish dictionary > due

  • 57 of

    əv
    1) (belonging to: a friend of mine.) av
    2) (away from (a place etc); after (a given time): within five miles of London; within a year of his death.) fra, etter
    3) (written etc by: the plays of Shakespeare.) av
    4) (belonging to or forming a group: He is one of my friends.) av
    5) (showing: a picture of my father.) av
    6) (made from; consisting of: a dress of silk; a collection of pictures.) av
    7) (used to show an amount, measurement of something: a gallon of petrol; five bags of coal.) med, à
    8) (about: an account of his work.) om
    9) (containing: a box of chocolates.) med, av
    10) (used to show a cause: She died of hunger.) av, fra
    11) (used to show a loss or removal: She was robbed of her jewels.) fra-, av
    12) (used to show the connection between an action and its object: the smoking of a cigarette.) av
    13) (used to show character, qualities etc: a man of courage.) med, av
    14) ((American) (of time) a certain number of minutes before (the hour): It's ten minutes of three.) på, før
    om
    prep. \/ɒv\/, trykksvakəv\/ eller \/v\/, foran ubetont konsonant: \/f\/
    2) (etter et tall eller bestemmelsesfaktor, av og til uten oversettelse til norsk) med, om, av, blant
    • would you like a cup of tea?
    3) ( om retning eller sted) fra, for
    • have you met Professor Smith of Cambridge?
    han er en romanforfatter fra det 18. århundre
    • in the opinion of the teachers, this is wrong
    6) (om forholdet mellom et verb og et etterfølgende objekt der verbet uttrykker en mental eller abstrakt tilstand) fra, etter, om, på
    • just think of the consequences!
    • the sales will decrease of 5%
    salget vil gå ned med 5%
    9) (om alder, av og til uten oversettelse på norsk) på
    11) (om dato, årstid, navn eller tittel, av og til uten oversettelse på norsk) på
    • he's the governor of St. Helena
    han er guvernøren på St. Helena
    12) (om personlig egenskap, av og til uten oversettelse på norsk) på
    13) ( om sammenligning) til, av
    • he has one merit, that of being honest
    han har ett fortrinn, nemlig det å være ærlig
    15) (i visse tidsuttrykk, litterært) på, om
    • what do you do of Sundays?
    16) (amer., om klokkeslett) på
    be of delta i, være med i, tilhøre
    of late i det siste
    i de siste årene\/i de senere år
    of oneself av seg selv, frivillig

    English-Norwegian dictionary > of

  • 58 estar

    v.
    1 to be.
    el dólar está a 10 pesos the dollar is at 10 pesos
    están a dos euros el kilo they're two euros a kilo
    está terminado it's finished
    2 to be.
    ¿dónde está la llave? where is the key?
    ¿está María? — no, no está is Maria there? — no, she's not here
    Ella estuvo aburrida She was bored.
    El edificio está en la calle tres The building is on third street.
    3 to be (expresa cualidad, estado).
    los pasteles están ricos the cakes are delicious
    esta calle está sucia this street is dirty
    estar de mudanza to be (in the process of) moving
    estamos de suerte we're in luck
    estar de vacaciones to be on holiday
    estar de viaje to be on a trip
    estar en uso to be in use
    estar en guardia to be on guard
    estamos sin agua we have no water, we're without water
    5 to be.
    están golpeando la puerta they're banging on the door
    6 to stay, to be.
    estaré un par de horas y me iré I'll stay a couple of hours and then I'll go
    7 to be ready (hallarse listo).
    ¿aún no está ese trabajo? is that piece of work still not ready?
    8 to be for.
    Me estuvo difícil el examen The exam was difficult for me.
    * * *
    Present Indicative
    estoy, estás, está, estamos, estáis, están.
    Imperfect Indicative
    estaba, estabas, estaba, estábamos, estabais, estaban.
    Past Indicative
    Future Indicative
    estaré, estarás, estará, estaremos, estaréis, estarán.
    Conditional
    estaría, estarías, estaría, estaríamos, estaríais, estarían.
    Present Subjunctive
    esté, estés, esté, estemos, estéis, estén.
    Imperfect Subjunctive
    Future Subjunctive
    Imperative
    está (tú), esté (él/Vd.), estemos (nos.), estad (vos.), estén (ellos/Vds.).
    * * *
    verb
    - estarse
    * * *
    Para las expresiones estar bien, estar mal, ver la otra entrada.
    1. VERBO INTRANSITIVO
    1) [indicando situación] to be

    ¿dónde estabas? — where were you?

    -las tijeras están en el cajón -no, aquí no están — "the scissors are in the drawer" - "no, they're not in here"

    -hola, ¿está Carmen? -no, no está — "hello, is Carmen in?" - "no, I'm afraid she isn't"

    • está [fuera] — [de casa] she's out; [de la ciudad/en el extranjero] she's away

    • [ya que] estamos — while we are at it

    2) [indicando un estado transitorio]
    a) + adj, adv to be

    estar enfermo {o} malo — to be ill

    ¿estás casado o soltero? — are you married or single?

    ¿cómo estamos? — [gen] how are we doing?; [a otra persona] how are you?

    con este frío, aquí no se puede estar — it's unbearably cold here

    ¡qué bueno está este café! — this coffee's really good!

    ¿está libre el baño? — is the bathroom free?

    ¿qué tal {o} cómo estás? — how are you?

    el récord anterior estaba en 33 segundos — the previous record was {o} stood at 33 seconds

    b) + participio to be
    c) + gerundio to be

    venga, ya nos estamos yendo, que es tarde — come on, it's time to go, it's late

    3) (=existir) to be

    • [dejar] estar, déjalo estar — just leave him be

    4) [indicando el aspecto de algo] to look

    ¡qué elegante estás! — you're looking really smart!

    estás más delgado — you've lost weight, you look slimmer

    ese tío está muy bueno — * that guy's gorgeous *, that guy's a bit of all right *

    5) (=estar listo) to be ready

    ¡ya está! ya sé lo que podemos hacer — that's it! I know what we can do

    ya estoy — I'm done, that's me *

    ¡ya estamos! — [después de hacer algo] that's it!; [dicho con enfado] that's enough!

    ¿estamos? — [al estar listo] ready?; [para pedir conformidad] are we agreed?, right?, OK? *

    ¡ya estuvo! — Méx that's it!

    6) [indicando fecha, distancia, temperatura]

    cuando estemos en verano — when it's summer, in the summer

    7) [en estructuras con preposición]
    estar a

    estamos a 8 de junio — it is 8 June {or} the 8th of June, today is 8 June {o} the 8th of June

    estábamos a 40°C — it was 40°C

    ¿a cuántos estamos? — what's the date?

    ¿a cuánto estamos de Madrid? — how far are we from Madrid?

    las uvas están a 1,60 euros — the grapes are one euro 60 cents

    ¿a cuánto está el kilo de naranjas? — how much are oranges per kilo?

    estar con

    está con la gripe — he's down with flu, he's got the flu

    estuvo con la enfermedad durante dos años — she had {o} suffered from the disease for two years

    • estar con [algn], yo estoy con él — I'm with him

    estar de

    está de jefe temporalmente — he is acting as boss, he is the acting boss

    ¡estoy de nervioso! — I'm so nervous!

    estar en

    el problema está en que... — the problem lies in the fact that...

    yo estoy en que... — (=creer) I believe that...

    estar para

    para eso estamos — [gen] that's why we're here, that's what we're here for; [respondiendo a gracias] don't mention it

    • estar para [hacer] algo — (=a punto de) to be about to do sth, be on the point of doing sth

    • [no] estoy para bromas — I'm not in the mood for joking

    si alguien llama, no estoy para nadie — if anyone calls, I'm not in

    estar por (=en favor de) [+ política] to be in favour {o} (EEUU) favor of; [+ persona] to support hueso 1) estar por ({+ infin})

    la historia de ese hallazgo está por escribir — the story of that discovery is still to be written {o} has yet to be written

    está todavía por hacer — it remains to be done, it is still to be done

    yo estoy por dejarlo — I'm for leaving it, I'm in favour of leaving it

    está por llover — LAm it's going to rain

    estar sin ({+ infin})

    las camas estaban sin hacer — the beds were unmade, the beds hadn't been made

    ¿todavía estás sin peinar? — haven't you brushed your hair yet?

    estar sobre algn/algo

    hay que estar sobre el arroz para que no se pegue — you need to keep a close eye on the rice to make sure it doesn't stick to the pan

    estar sobre sí — to be in control of o.s.

    8) [en oraciones ponderativas]

    • está [que] rabia — * he's hopping mad *, he's furious

    estoy que me caigo de sueño — I'm terribly sleepy, I can't keep my eyes open

    2.
    See:
    * * *
    I 1.
    1) ( seguido de adjetivos) [ Estar denotes a changed condition or state as opposed to identity or nature, which is normally expressed by ser. Estar is also used when the emphasis is on the speaker's perception of things, of their appearance, taste, etc. The examples given below should be contrasted with those to be found in ser 1 cópula 1] to be

    qué gordo está! — isn't he fat!, hasn't he got(ten) fat!

    la sopa está deliciosa/muy caliente — the soup is delicious/very hot

    está muy simpático conmigo — he's being o he's been so nice to me (recently)

    todo está tan caro! — things are o have become so expensive!

    está cansada/furiosa/embarazada — she is tired/furious/pregnant

    2) (con bien, mal, mejor, peor)

    están todos bien, gracias — they're all fine, thanks

    está mal que no se lo perdones — it's wrong of you not to forgive him; ver tb bien, mal, mejor, peor

    estar sentado/echado/arrodillado — to be sitting/lying/kneeling (down)

    estaban abrazados — they had their arms around each other; ver tb verbo auxiliar 2

    ¿a cómo está la uva? — how much are the grapes?

    están de limpieza/viaje — they're spring-cleaning/on a trip

    estar con alguien — ( estar de acuerdo) to agree with somebody; ( apoyar) to support somebody, be on somebody's side

    estar en algo: no lo hemos solucionado pero estamos en ello or eso — we haven't solved it but we're working on it

    2.
    estar vi
    edificio/pueblo ( estar ubicado) to be

    ¿dónde está Chiapas? — where's Chiapas?

    2)
    a) persona/objeto ( hallarse en cierto momento) to be

    ¿sabes dónde está Pedro? — do you know where Pedro is?

    ¿a qué hora tienes que estar allí? — what time do you have to be there?

    ¿dónde estábamos la clase pasada? — where did we get to in the last class?

    b) ( figurar) to be

    yo no estaba en la lista — I wasn't on the list, my name didn't appear on the list

    ¿está Rodrigo? — is Rodrigo in?

    ¿estamos todos? — are we all here?

    4)
    a) (quedarse, permanecer)

    ¿cuánto tiempo estarás en Londres? — how long are you going to be in London (for)?

    b) ( vivir)

    ahora estamos en Soca — we're in o we live in Soca now

    ¿a qué (día) estamos? — what day is it today?

    ¿a cuánto estamos hoy? — what's the date today?

    estamos a 28 de mayo — it's May 28th (AmE) o (BrE) the 28th of May

    ¿en qué mes estamos? — what month are we in o is it?

    6) (existir, haber)

    y después está el problema de... — and then there's the problem of...

    luego están los niños, hay que pensar en ellos — then there are the children to think about

    7) (tener como función, cometido)

    estar para algo: para eso están los amigos that's what friends are for; estamos para ayudarlos — we're here to help them

    8) ( radicar)

    estar en algo: en eso está el problema that's where the problem lies; todo está en que él quiera — it all depends on whether he wants to or not

    9) (estar listo, terminado)

    que no vuelva a suceder ¿estamos? — don't let it happen again, understand? o (colloq) got it?

    11)

    ya que estamos/estás — while we're/you're at it

    12) (Esp) ( quedar) (+ me/te/le etc) (+ compl)

    te está grande/pequeña — it's too big/too small for you

    3.
    estar v aux

    ya está hecho un hombrecito — he's a proper young man now; ver tb estar cópula 4)

    4.
    estarse v pron
    1) (enf) ( permanecer) to stay

    ¿no te puedes estar quieto? — can't you stay o keep still?

    2) (enf) ( llegar) to be
    II
    masculino (esp AmL) living room
    * * *
    = be, become, live with.
    Ex. Systems such as Dialog, IRS, ORBIT and BLAISE may be accessed by libraries and information units.
    Ex. Some degree of ignorance of this kind is not unusual since the usual objective in consulting an information source is to become better informed.
    Ex. Medical advances are improving the lives of people living with HIV/AIDS, while prevention remains the key to stopping the spread of this disease.
    ----
    * ¡cómo se nota que no está el jefe! = while the cat's away, the mice will play.
    * ahí está el problema = herein lies the rub, there's the rub.
    * ahí está la dificultad = herein lies the rub, there's the rub.
    * creer que estar bien = feel + right.
    * creer que estar mal = feel + wrong.
    * dar la señal de estar listo = prompt.
    * dejar como + estar = leave + untouched.
    * dejar las cosas como están = let + sleeping dogs lie.
    * de tal forma que + ser/estar = in such form as to + be.
    * el diablo está en los detalles = the devil (is/lives) in the details.
    * el futuro + estar + justo a la vuelta de la esquina = the future + be + just around the corner.
    * esperanza + estar = hope + lie.
    * estando de acuerdo = approvingly.
    * estando de servicio = while on the job.
    * estando sentado = from a seated position.
    * estar a años de distancia = be years away.
    * estar abierto a = be open to.
    * estar abocado a ser = be doomed.
    * estar absorto en = be wrapped up in.
    * estar aburridísimo = be bored stiff, be bored to death, be bored to tears, be bored out of + Posesivo + mind.
    * estar aburrido como una ostra = be bored stiff.
    * estar a caballo entre = stand + midway between, straddle (between).
    * estar a caballo entre... y... = lie + midway between... and..., tread + a fine line between... and, tread + the thin line between... and, tread + a delicate line between... and.
    * estar acabando con = eat away at.
    * estar acabándose = be on the way out, be on + Posesivo + last legs.
    * estar a + Cantidad + de distancia = Cantidad + distant from.
    * estar a cargo de = man, be the responsibility of.
    * estar accesible = be up.
    * estar accesible en línea = go + online.
    * estar accesible en red = go + online.
    * estar acertado = be right on track.
    * estar acostumbrado a = be familiar with, be no stranger to, be used to.
    * estar acostumbrado a + Infinitivo = be accustomed to + Gerundio.
    * estar a dos velas = not have a bean.
    * estar a + Expresión Numérica + de distancia = be + Número + away.
    * estar a favor de = be for, be in favour (of), come down in + favour of.
    * estar a favor de una idea = favour + idea.
    * estar a favor o en contra = be for or against.
    * estar agobiado de = be snowed under with.
    * estar agradecido = be thankful.
    * estar a la alerta de = be wary of.
    * estar a la altura de = live up to, be equal to.
    * estar a la altura de la circunstancias = make + the cut.
    * estar a la altura de las circunstancias = come up with + the goods.
    * estar a la altura de las circunstancias = rise (up) to + challenge.
    * estar a la altura de las circunstancias = be up to the mark, be up to scratch, be equal to the occasion, rise (up) to + the occasion, deliver + the goods, measure up (to), be up to snuff.
    * estar a la altura de las expectativas = live up to + Posesivo + expectations.
    * estar a la altura de las posibilidades = live up to + Posesivo + potential.
    * estar a la altura de lo que se espera = live up to + Posesivo + expectations.
    * estar a la baja = be down.
    * estar al acecho = lie in + wait.
    * estar a la entera disposición de Alguien = be at + Posesivo + feet.
    * estar al alcance de la mano = be at hand.
    * estar a la misma altura que = rank with.
    * estar a la orden del día = be the order of the day.
    * estar a la par de = rank with.
    * estar a la vuelta de la esquina = be just around the corner.
    * estar al borde de = teeter + on the edge of.
    * estar al completo = overbook.
    * estar al corriente = monitor + developments.
    * estar al día = monitor + developments, stay on top of + the game, stay on top of, stay on + top of things, keep on + top of things, be on top of things.
    * estar alejado + Expresión Numérica = be + Número + away.
    * estar al lado de = stand by + Lugar.
    * estar al loro de = be on the lookout for, keep + Posesivo + eyes (wide) open, keep + Posesivo + eyes peeled, keep + Posesivo + eyes skinned.
    * estar al máximo = overstretch.
    * estar al mismo nivel = be on a par.
    * estar al tanto = monitor + developments.
    * estar al tanto de = be on the lookout for, keep + track of, keep + Posesivo + eyes peeled, keep + Posesivo + eyes skinned.
    * estar al tanto de las cosas = stay on + top of things, keep on + top of things, be on top of things.
    * estar a mano = be on hand, be around.
    * estar a medio camino entre... y... = lie + midway between... and....
    * estar a merced de = be at the mercy of.
    * estar ansioso por = be eager to.
    * estar ante = be faced with.
    * estar apagado = be off.
    * estar a punto de = be poised to, be about to, be on the point of, stand + poised, come + very close to.
    * estar a punto de cascarlas = be on + Posesivo + last legs.
    * estar a punto de decir = be on the tip of + Posesivo + tongue to say.
    * estar a punto de + Infinitivo = be about + Infinitivo.
    * estar aquí ya = be upon us.
    * estar a resultas de = keep + track of.
    * estar arraigado en = be rooted in.
    * estar arrestado = be under arrest.
    * estar arriba = sit on + top.
    * estar a salvo = be in safe hands.
    * estar asociado a = be associated with, be bound up with.
    * estar atado a = hold + hostage to.
    * estar atareado = be tied up.
    * estar atento a = be on the lookout for, keep + Posesivo + eyes peeled, keep + Posesivo + eyes skinned.
    * estar aterrorizado = be petrified of, be frightened to death, be scared stiff, be terrified.
    * estar a tope = overstretch.
    * estar atrancado = be stuck.
    * estar atrasado en el pago = be in arrears.
    * estar aumentando = be on the increase.
    * estár aún más alejados = be one step further removed.
    * estar aún por llegar = be yet to come.
    * estar ausente = lack.
    * estar ausente de = be absent (from).
    * estar avanzado = be well under way.
    * estar avergonzado = be ashamed.
    * estar averiado = be out of order.
    * estar aviado = be (in) a mess.
    * estar bajo arresto = be under arrest.
    * estar bajo la tutela de = fall under + the auspices of.
    * estar bastante acostumbrado a = be all too familiar with.
    * estar bastante alejado = be a distance apart.
    * estar bien = be okay, be in good shape, be in good health.
    * estar bien de salud = be in good health.
    * estar bien encaminado = be on the right track.
    * estar bien pensado = be carefully thought out.
    * estar borracho = be drunk, see + double.
    * estar callado = keep + quiet.
    * estar cansado de = be sick and tired of.
    * estar capacitado para = be qualified to.
    * estar casi finalizado = near + completion.
    * estar casi terminado = be nearing completion, reach + near completion.
    * estar castigado = be in the doghouse.
    * estar cerca = be at hand, be on hand, be around.
    * estar cerca de = be close to.
    * estar chalado = be off + Posesivo + rocker.
    * estar chiflado = be off + Posesivo + rocker.
    * estar chiflado por = have + a crush on.
    * estar chupado = be a cinch, be a doddle, be a breeze, be a snap, be a picnic, be duck soup.
    * estar clarísimo = be patently clear.
    * estar claro = be plain, be out in the open.
    * estar colado por = have + a crush on.
    * estar como una cabra = be a real nutter.
    * estar completamente borracho = be drunk and incapable.
    * estar completamente de acuerdo con = agree + wholeheartedly with.
    * estar completamente equivocado = be way off.
    * estar comprometido a = hold + hostage to.
    * estar comprometido a + Infinitivo = be committed to + Gerundio.
    * estar con amigos en la calle pasando el rato sin hacer nada = hang out + on the street.
    * estar condenado a ser = be doomed.
    * estar conectado = be on.
    * estar con el alma en vilo = put + Posesivo + life on hold, Posesivo + life + be + on hold.
    * estar con el tema = be on the topic.
    * estar confinado = be confined.
    * estar confuso = blur, be at sixes and sevens with, be at a nonplus, be all at sea.
    * estar congelado = be frozen stiff.
    * estar con la espalda contra la pared = Posesivo + back + be + against the wall.
    * estar contentísimo = thrill + Nombre + to bits, be chuffed to bits, be tickled pink.
    * estar contraindicado = be contraindicated.
    * estar contra las cuertas = be against the ropes.
    * estar convencido = there + be + strong feeling.
    * estar convencido de la idea de que = be committed to the idea that.
    * estar convirtiéndose rápidamente = be fast becoming.
    * estar correcto = be correct.
    * estar correlacionado con = be correlated with.
    * estar de acorde con = be commensurate with.
    * estar de acuerdo = approve, be in agreement, concur (with), be agreed.
    * estar de acuerdo con = accord with, conform to, fit, go along with, fit with, be in conformity with, mesh with, see + eye to eye (with/on), jive with.
    * estar de acuerdo (con/en) = see + eye to eye (with/on).
    * estar de acuerdo con una idea = subscribe to + idea.
    * estar de acuerdo en que no + estar + de acuerdo = agree to + disagree.
    * estar de acuerdo sobre = agree (on/upon).
    * estar de acuerdo unánimemente = agree on + all hands.
    * estar de baja = be off work.
    * estar de baja por enfermedad = be off work sick.
    * estar debatiéndose = be under discussion.
    * estar de brazos cruzados = stand + idle, sit + idle.
    * estar de buen humor = be high.
    * estar de camino a = be on the road to.
    * estar de capa caída = be in the doldrums.
    * estar de cháchara = chinwag.
    * estar decidido a = be determined to, be of a mind to, be intent on, be all set to.
    * estar decidido a continuar = be set to continue.
    * estar decidido a + Infinitivo = be set to + Infinitivo.
    * estar demasiado representado = overrepresent.
    * estar de moda = be in.
    * estar densamente poblado de = be dense with.
    * estar dentro de = fall within/into.
    * estar dentro de la competencia = be the province of.
    * estar dentro de las posibilidades de uno = lie within + Posesivo + power.
    * estar de palique = chinwag.
    * estar de parloteo = chinwag.
    * estar de pie = stand.
    * estar de pie por encima de = stand over.
    * estar desacertado = miss + the mark, miss + the point.
    * estar desacreditado = hold in + disrepute.
    * estar desapareciendo = be on the way out.
    * estar desasosegado = put + Posesivo + life on hold, Posesivo + life + be + on hold.
    * estar desbordado de = be snowed under with.
    * estar desbordante de = spill over with.
    * estar descaminado = be on the wrong track, be headed down the wrong track.
    * estar descontento con = express + dissatisfaction with.
    * estar deseoso de = be anxious to, be more than ready for.
    * estar desesperado = Posesivo + back + be + against the wall.
    * estar desocupado = stand + idle.
    * estar desordenado = be out of order.
    * estar desquiciado = be a shambles, be (in) a mess.
    * estar destinado a = be intended for/to.
    * estar destrozado = be + wreck, be a shambles.
    * estar de suerte = be in luck.
    * estar detenido = be under arrest.
    * estar de vacaciones = be on vacation, be off on vacation.
    * estar de vuelta = be back.
    * estar de vuelta dentro de = be back in + Expresión Temporal.
    * estar directamente relacionado con = be directly correlated to.
    * estar disgustado por = feel deeply about.
    * estar disperso = lie + scattered.
    * estar disponible = be available, be forthcoming, be at hand.
    * estar dispuestísimo a = be more than willing to.
    * estar dispuesto = be game.
    * estar dispuesto a = be keen to, be prepared to, be willing to, be of a mind to, be willing and able to, be ready, willing and able.
    * estar dispuesto a todo = be ready, willing and able.
    * estar dispuesto y deseoso a = be willing and able to.
    * estar dominado por Alguien = be under + Posesivo + thumb.
    * estar ducho en = be adept at.
    * estar dudoso = be doubtful.
    * estar embarazada = be up the spout, have + a bun in the oven.
    * estar emocionado = be thrilled.
    * estar empachado = have + indigestion.
    * estar empeorando = be in decline.
    * estar en = be in the course of.
    * estar en alza = be up.
    * estar enamorado de = carry + a torch for + Nombre, have + a crush on.
    * estar en apuros = be in trouble, be in a fix.
    * estar en ascuas = put + Posesivo + life on hold, Posesivo + life + be + on hold, sit on + the edge of + Posesivo + seat.
    * estar en auge = go + strong.
    * estar en Babia = be in cloud cuckoo land, live in + cloud cuckoo land.
    * estar en barbecho = lie + fallow.
    * estar en buenas manos = be in safe hands.
    * estar encaminado a = be on the road to.
    * estar en camino de = be on the way to.
    * estar encantadísimo = thrill + Nombre + to bits, be chuffed to bits, be tickled pink.
    * estar encantado = be thrilled.
    * estar encantado de Hacer Algo = be more than happy to + Infinitivo.
    * estar en casa = be in.
    * estar en celo = be on heat, be in heat.
    * estar encendido = be on.
    * estar enchufado = be on.
    * estar encinta = be up the spout, have + a bun in the oven.
    * estar en consonancia con = be consonant with, attune to, align + Reflexivo + with.
    * estar en contacto (con) = stay in + touch (with), be in touch (with).
    * estar en contra de = be against.
    * estar en debate = be under discussion.
    * estar en decadencia = be in decline, be in retreat.
    * estar en declive = be in decline.
    * estar en desacuerdo = be at variance, disagree, quarrel with, beg to differ, be at sixes and sevens with each other.
    * estar en desacuerdo con = be at odds with, be at loggerheads with.
    * estar en desacuerdo sobre = be at odds over.
    * estar en desigualdad = be under par.
    * estar en desventaja = be disadvantaged, be at a disadvantage.
    * estar en deuda = be in debt.
    * estar en deuda con = be beholden to.
    * estar endeudado = be in debt.
    * estar en dificultades = be in trouble.
    * estar en duda = be in question.
    * estar en el lugar adecuado en el momento adecuado = be in the right place at the right time.
    * estar en el lugar indicado en el momento indicado = be in the right place at the right time.
    * estar en el lugar oportuno en el momento oportuno = be in the right place at the right time.
    * estar en el séptimo cielo = be on cloud nine, float on + air.
    * estar en el sitio justo en el momento preciso = be on the spot.
    * estar enemistados = be at loggerheads.
    * estar en estado = be up the spout, have + a bun in the oven.
    * estar en estado de buena esperanza = be up the spout, have + a bun in the oven.
    * estar en estado de cambio = be in flux.
    * estar enfermo de amor = be lovesick.
    * estar en flor = be in bloom, be in flower.
    * estar en floración = be in bloom, be in flower.
    * estar en forma = be in shape, be in good shape.
    * estar enfrascado en Algo = have + Nombre + on the go.
    * estar enfrentados = be at loggerheads.
    * estar en funcionamiento = be up.
    * estar en función de = be a function of.
    * estar en guardia = be on guard (against), be on + Posesivo + guard.
    * estar en guerra con = be at war with.
    * estar en igualdad de condiciones con = be on (an) equal footing with.
    * estar en inferioridad de condiciones = punch above + Posesivo + weight.
    * estar en juego = be at stake.
    * estar en la gloria = be on cloud nine, float on + air.
    * estar en la inopia = live in + cloud cuckoo land.
    * estar en la mejor posición para = be best positioned to.
    * estar en la misma categoria que = rank with.
    * estar en la onda = attune to + wavelength.
    * estar en las mismas = be back to square one.
    * estar en las últimas = be on + Posesivo + last legs.
    * estar en lo cierto = hit + the truth.
    * estar en manos privadas = hold in + private hands.
    * estar en marcha = tick over.
    * estar en mayoría = be in the majority.
    * estar en medio de = caught in the middle.
    * estar en minoría = be in the minority.
    * estar en misa y repicando = have + a finger in every pie.
    * estar enojado = get + Posesivo + knickers in a twist, get + Posesivo + knickers in a bundle, get + Posesivo + panties in a bundle.
    * estar en paz = pay + Posesivo + dues.
    * estar en peligro = be in jeopardy, be in question, be endangered, be at risk, be at stake.
    * estar en peligro (de) = be in danger (of).
    * estar en posición de = be in a position to.
    * estar en proceso de = be on the way to, be in the process of, be in the course of.
    * estar en proceso de cambio = be in flux.
    * estar en proceso de + Infinitivo = be on to + Infinitivo.
    * estar en retirada = be in retreat.
    * estar en ruinas = be a shambles, be (in) a mess.
    * estar en sintonía con = attune to.
    * estar en situación de = be in a position to.
    * estar en suspense = sit on + the edge of + Posesivo + seat.
    * estar en tensión = sit on + the edge of + Posesivo + seat.
    * estar en todo = have + a finger in every pie.
    * estar en trance de = be in the process of.
    * estar entre = fall between.
    * estar entre la espada y la pared = be on the horns of a dilemma.
    * estar entre los primeros = stay on top.
    * estar entre rejas = be behind bars.
    * estar entusiasmado = be thrilled.
    * estar en un aprieto = be in a fix.
    * estar en una situación diferente = be on a different track.
    * estar en un berenjenal = be (in) a mess.
    * estar en un mar de dudas = feel at + sea, be all at sea.
    * estar en un momento clave = be at a watershed.
    * estar en un momento decisivo = be at a watershed.
    * estar en un sinvivir = put + Posesivo + life on hold, Posesivo + life + be + on hold.
    * estar en venta = be up for sale.
    * estar en vías de = be on the road to, be in the process of.
    * estar en vías de conseguir = be on the road to.
    * estar en vilo = put + Posesivo + life on hold, Posesivo + life + be + on hold, sit on + the edge of + Posesivo + seat.
    * estar equivoado = miss + the point.
    * estar equivocado = be mistaken, be wide of the mark, be wrong, be in error, miss + the mark, be in the wrong.
    * estar equivocado en + Número + cosas = be wrong on + Número + count(s).
    * estar erróneo = be in error.
    * estar esparcido = lie + scattered.
    * estar estrechamente ligado a = be closely tied to.
    * estar estropeado = be kaput.
    * estar estropeándose = be on the way out.
    * estar exento de pagar impuestos = write off.
    * estar falto de = be short of.
    * estar falto de práctica = get + rusty.
    * estar familiarizado con = have + familiarity with.
    * estar firmemente convencido = strongly held opinion.
    * estar frenético = be furious.
    * estar frito de sed = be parched, spit + feathers, be parched with thirst.
    * estar fuera = be out.
    * estar fuera con los amigos = be out with the guys.
    * estar fuera de contienda = be out of contention.
    * estar fuera del alcance = lie outside + the scope of.
    * estar fuera de las posibilidades de Alguien = be out of + Posesivo + league.
    * estar fuera del interés = lie outside + the scope of.
    * estar fuera del interés de uno = lie beyond + concern.
    * estar fuera de lugar = be out of place, be out of order.
    * estar fuera de quicio = be beside + Reflexivo.
    * estar fuera de rumbo = be off course.
    * estar fuera de secuencia = be out of order.
    * estar fuera de sí = be beside + Reflexivo.
    * estar funcionando = be in place.
    * estar furioso = fume.
    * estar + Gerundio = be on the way to.
    * estar hablando del tema = be on the topic.
    * estar haciendo = be up to.
    * estar haciendo Algo = have + Nombre + on the go.
    * estar haciendo algo que no se debe = be up to no good, get up to + no good.
    * estar hambriento = starve.
    * estar harto = have had enough.
    * estar harto de = be all too familiar with, be sick and tired of.
    * estar hasta la coronilla de = be sick and tired of.
    * estar hecho a escala = be to scale.
    * estar hecho con la intención de = be intended for/to.
    * estar hecho con la mismas dimensiones que el original = be to scale.
    * estar hecho el uno para el otro = be well suited to each other, be two of a kind, be a right pair.
    * estar hecho para = be geared to, be intended for/to, mean, be cut out for.
    * estar hecho polvo = be + wreck.
    * estar hecho un desastre = look like + a wreck, be a shambles, look like + the wreck of the Hesperus, look like + drag + through a hedge backwards, be (in) a mess.
    * estar hecho un esqueleto = be a bag of bones.
    * estar hecho un flan = shake like + a leaf, tremble like + a leaf.
    * estar hecho un lío = be at sixes and sevens with.
    * estar hecho un perla = be a bit of a lad.
    * estar hecho un pinta = be a bit of a lad.
    * estar hecho un prenda = be a bit of a lad.
    * estar helado = be frozen stiff.
    * estar implícito en = run through.
    * estar inactivo = lie + fallow, lie + dormant.
    * estar incluido = be embedded.
    * estar indeciso = be hesitant (to).
    * estar indeciso entre... o... = be torn between... and....
    * estar inerte = lie + fallow.
    * estar informado puntualmente sobre = monitor + information on.
    * estar inmune a = be immune against.
    * estar inquieto = be disturbed.
    * estar interesado en = be interested in, be keen to.
    * estar inundado de = be snowed under with.
    * estar junto a = stand by + Lugar.
    * estar juntos = be together, stand + together.
    * estar justo en medio de = stand + squarely in.
    * estar la mar de contento = be over the moon.
    * estar lejos de (ser) + Infinitivo = be far from + Gerundio.
    * estar levantado = be up.
    * estar libre de = be free from.
    * estar ligado a = be bound up with.
    * estar listo = stand + ready, be ready.
    * estar listo para = be poised to, stand + poised, be all set to.
    * estar lleno de problemas = bristle with + problems.
    * estar localizable = be locatable.
    * estar loco = be off + Posesivo + rocker.
    * estar loco de alegría = be chuffed to bits, thrill + Nombre + to bits, be tickled pink.
    * estar loco de contento = be beside + Reflexivo + with joy, be over the moon, be over the moon.
    * estar loco de remate = be a real nutter.
    * estar loco por = have + a crush on.
    * estar majareta = be off + Posesivo + rocker.
    * estar mal = be wrong, feel under + the weather, be under the weather.
    * estar mal comunicado con = have + poor connections with.
    * estar mal encaminado = be on the wrong track, be headed down the wrong track.
    * estar mal visto = frown on/upon.
    * estar manga por hombro = be a shambles, be (in) a mess.
    * estar marcado por = be pockmarked with.
    * estar mareado de tanto trabajo = be reeling.
    * estar mejor = be better off, be better served by.
    * estar metido en todo = have + a finger in every pie.
    * estar molesto = be displeased, get + Posesivo + knickers in a twist, get + Posesivo + knickers in a bundle, get + Posesivo + panties in a bundle, put off.
    * estar motivado = be motivated, have + motivation.
    * estar moviéndose en terreno seguro = be on secure ground.
    * estar muerto de asco = be bored to death, be bored stiff, be bored to tears, be bored out of + Posesivo + mind.
    * estar muerto de frío = be frozen stiff.
    * estar muerto de hambre = be starving to death.
    * estar muerto de miedo = be scared stiff, be frightened to death, be petrified of, be terrified.
    * estar muerto de sed = spit + feathers, be parched, be parched with thirst.
    * estar muy acostumbrado a = be all too familiar with.
    * estar muy agradecido a = be indebted to.
    * estar muy alejado de = be a long way from.
    * estar muy arraigado en = be well embedded in.
    * estar muy bajo = be way down.
    * estar muy cerca de = be one step away from, be steps away from, come + very close to.
    * estar muy convencido de = have + strong feelings about.
    * estar muy emocionado con/por = be excited about.
    * estar muy esparcido = spread + Nombre + thinly.
    * estar muy lejano = be far off.
    * estar muy lejos = be far off, be a long way off.
    * estar muy por delante de = be way out ahead of.
    * estar muy por delante de su tiempo = be years ahead of + Posesivo + time.
    * estar muy puesto = stay on top of + the game, stay on top.
    * estar muy separado = set + far apart.
    * estar muy usado = be well thumbed.
    * estar nervioso = be in a tizz(y), have + butterflies in + Posesivo + stomach.
    * estar oculto = lie + hidden.
    * estar ocupado = busyness, be engaged, be tied up.
    * estar ordenado en forma circular = be on a wheel.
    * estar orgulloso de = be proud (of/to).
    * estar orientado a/para = be geared to.
    * estar orientado hacia = target.
    * estar orientado hacia + Nombre = be + Nombre + driven.
    * estar patas arriba = be a shambles, be (in) a mess.
    * estar pendiente de = be on the lookout for, pay + attention to, keep + an eye on, keep + Posesivo + eyes peeled, keep + Posesivo + eyes skinned.
    * estar pendiente de todo = stay on + top of things, keep on + top of things, be on top of things.
    * estar perdido = be out of + Posesivo + league, be out of + Posesivo + depth, be in over + Posesivo + head, be all at sea.
    * estar permitido = be permissible.
    * estar plagado de = be rife with.
    * estar plenamente convencido de Algo = feel (it) in + Posesivo + bones.
    * estar pluriempleado = moonlight, work + a second job.
    * estar pluriempleado, tener un segundo trabajo, tener un segundo empleo = work + a second job.
    * estar poco dispuesto = be reluctant.
    * estar poco representado = underrepresent [under-represent].
    * estar por delante de = be ahead of.
    * estar por demostrar = be unproven.
    * estar por detrás = be behind.
    * estar por encima de = overlay, overlie.
    * estar por las nubes = be through the roof.
    * estar por ver = be an open question.
    * estar poseído por los espíritus = haunt.
    * estar precavido = be on + Posesivo + guard, be on guard (against).
    * estar predestinado a = be predestined to.
    * estar predispuesto = feel + partial.
    * estar predispuesto a = be predisposed to/toward(s).
    * estar preñada = be up the spout, have + a bun in the oven.
    * estar preocupadísimo = be worried stiff (about), be worried sick.
    * estar preocupado por = be anxious to.
    * estar preparado = be readied, stand + ready, be ready.
    * estar preparado para = be geared up for/to, stand + poised.
    * estar preparado y dispuesto a = be willing and able to.
    * estar preparado y dispuesto a todo = be ready, willing and able.
    * estar presente = be manifest, be present, be in evidence.
    * estar presionado = be under the gun.
    * estar propuesto a = be intent on.
    * estar próximo = be at hand.
    * estar quedándose sin = run + low (on).
    * estar que + subirse + por las paredes = tear + Posesivo + hair out.
    * estar realizándose = underway [under way], be in progress, be in hand.
    * estar rebosante de = spill over with.
    * estar rebosante de salud = fit as a fiddle.
    * estar relacionado con = be associated with, regard.
    * estar relacionado con el trabajo = be work related.
    * estar resentido = carry + a chip on + Posesivo + shoulder.
    * estar resfriado = have + a cold.
    * estar respaldado por Alguien = have + Nombre + behind + Pronombre.
    * estar restringido = be constrained.
    * estar resuelto a = be intent on, be all set to.
    * estar saliendo con alguien = be in a dating relationship.
    * estar salpicado de = be dotted with.
    * estar sano y salvo = be alive and well.
    * estar satisfecho (de) = be satisfied (with).
    * estar saturado de trabajo = work to + capacity.
    * estar sediento = be thirsty, spit + feathers, be parched, be parched with thirst.
    * estar seguro = be sure, make + sure, set + your watch by.
    * estar seguro de = be certain (of), be confident about, feel + confident.
    * estar seguro de que = be confident that.
    * estar sentado sin hacer o decir nada = sit by.
    * estar separado = set + apart.
    * estar separado de = be remote from.
    * estar sesgado = bias, slant.
    * estar siempre + Adjetivo = be ever + Adjetivo.
    * estar siempre buscando = be on the lookout for.
    * estar siempre dispuesto a ayudar = be always willing to assist.
    * estar siendo + Participio = be in process of + Nombre.
    * estar sin blanca = not have a bean.
    * estar sin hacer nada = sit + idle, stand + idle.
    * estar sin trabajo = stay out of + work.
    * estar sin una pela = not have a bean.
    * estar sin un centavo = not have a bean.
    * estar sin un céntimo = not have a bean.
    * * *
    I 1.
    1) ( seguido de adjetivos) [ Estar denotes a changed condition or state as opposed to identity or nature, which is normally expressed by ser. Estar is also used when the emphasis is on the speaker's perception of things, of their appearance, taste, etc. The examples given below should be contrasted with those to be found in ser 1 cópula 1] to be

    qué gordo está! — isn't he fat!, hasn't he got(ten) fat!

    la sopa está deliciosa/muy caliente — the soup is delicious/very hot

    está muy simpático conmigo — he's being o he's been so nice to me (recently)

    todo está tan caro! — things are o have become so expensive!

    está cansada/furiosa/embarazada — she is tired/furious/pregnant

    2) (con bien, mal, mejor, peor)

    están todos bien, gracias — they're all fine, thanks

    está mal que no se lo perdones — it's wrong of you not to forgive him; ver tb bien, mal, mejor, peor

    estar sentado/echado/arrodillado — to be sitting/lying/kneeling (down)

    estaban abrazados — they had their arms around each other; ver tb verbo auxiliar 2

    ¿a cómo está la uva? — how much are the grapes?

    están de limpieza/viaje — they're spring-cleaning/on a trip

    estar con alguien — ( estar de acuerdo) to agree with somebody; ( apoyar) to support somebody, be on somebody's side

    estar en algo: no lo hemos solucionado pero estamos en ello or eso — we haven't solved it but we're working on it

    2.
    estar vi
    edificio/pueblo ( estar ubicado) to be

    ¿dónde está Chiapas? — where's Chiapas?

    2)
    a) persona/objeto ( hallarse en cierto momento) to be

    ¿sabes dónde está Pedro? — do you know where Pedro is?

    ¿a qué hora tienes que estar allí? — what time do you have to be there?

    ¿dónde estábamos la clase pasada? — where did we get to in the last class?

    b) ( figurar) to be

    yo no estaba en la lista — I wasn't on the list, my name didn't appear on the list

    ¿está Rodrigo? — is Rodrigo in?

    ¿estamos todos? — are we all here?

    4)
    a) (quedarse, permanecer)

    ¿cuánto tiempo estarás en Londres? — how long are you going to be in London (for)?

    b) ( vivir)

    ahora estamos en Soca — we're in o we live in Soca now

    ¿a qué (día) estamos? — what day is it today?

    ¿a cuánto estamos hoy? — what's the date today?

    estamos a 28 de mayo — it's May 28th (AmE) o (BrE) the 28th of May

    ¿en qué mes estamos? — what month are we in o is it?

    6) (existir, haber)

    y después está el problema de... — and then there's the problem of...

    luego están los niños, hay que pensar en ellos — then there are the children to think about

    7) (tener como función, cometido)

    estar para algo: para eso están los amigos that's what friends are for; estamos para ayudarlos — we're here to help them

    8) ( radicar)

    estar en algo: en eso está el problema that's where the problem lies; todo está en que él quiera — it all depends on whether he wants to or not

    9) (estar listo, terminado)

    que no vuelva a suceder ¿estamos? — don't let it happen again, understand? o (colloq) got it?

    11)

    ya que estamos/estás — while we're/you're at it

    12) (Esp) ( quedar) (+ me/te/le etc) (+ compl)

    te está grande/pequeña — it's too big/too small for you

    3.
    estar v aux

    ya está hecho un hombrecito — he's a proper young man now; ver tb estar cópula 4)

    4.
    estarse v pron
    1) (enf) ( permanecer) to stay

    ¿no te puedes estar quieto? — can't you stay o keep still?

    2) (enf) ( llegar) to be
    II
    masculino (esp AmL) living room
    * * *
    = be, become, live with.

    Ex: Systems such as Dialog, IRS, ORBIT and BLAISE may be accessed by libraries and information units.

    Ex: Some degree of ignorance of this kind is not unusual since the usual objective in consulting an information source is to become better informed.
    Ex: Medical advances are improving the lives of people living with HIV/AIDS, while prevention remains the key to stopping the spread of this disease.
    * ¡cómo se nota que no está el jefe! = while the cat's away, the mice will play.
    * ahí está el problema = herein lies the rub, there's the rub.
    * ahí está la dificultad = herein lies the rub, there's the rub.
    * creer que estar bien = feel + right.
    * creer que estar mal = feel + wrong.
    * dar la señal de estar listo = prompt.
    * dejar como + estar = leave + untouched.
    * dejar las cosas como están = let + sleeping dogs lie.
    * de tal forma que + ser/estar = in such form as to + be.
    * el diablo está en los detalles = the devil (is/lives) in the details.
    * el futuro + estar + justo a la vuelta de la esquina = the future + be + just around the corner.
    * esperanza + estar = hope + lie.
    * estando de acuerdo = approvingly.
    * estando de servicio = while on the job.
    * estando sentado = from a seated position.
    * estar a años de distancia = be years away.
    * estar abierto a = be open to.
    * estar abocado a ser = be doomed.
    * estar absorto en = be wrapped up in.
    * estar aburridísimo = be bored stiff, be bored to death, be bored to tears, be bored out of + Posesivo + mind.
    * estar aburrido como una ostra = be bored stiff.
    * estar a caballo entre = stand + midway between, straddle (between).
    * estar a caballo entre... y... = lie + midway between... and..., tread + a fine line between... and, tread + the thin line between... and, tread + a delicate line between... and.
    * estar acabando con = eat away at.
    * estar acabándose = be on the way out, be on + Posesivo + last legs.
    * estar a + Cantidad + de distancia = Cantidad + distant from.
    * estar a cargo de = man, be the responsibility of.
    * estar accesible = be up.
    * estar accesible en línea = go + online.
    * estar accesible en red = go + online.
    * estar acertado = be right on track.
    * estar acostumbrado a = be familiar with, be no stranger to, be used to.
    * estar acostumbrado a + Infinitivo = be accustomed to + Gerundio.
    * estar a dos velas = not have a bean.
    * estar a + Expresión Numérica + de distancia = be + Número + away.
    * estar a favor de = be for, be in favour (of), come down in + favour of.
    * estar a favor de una idea = favour + idea.
    * estar a favor o en contra = be for or against.
    * estar agobiado de = be snowed under with.
    * estar agradecido = be thankful.
    * estar a la alerta de = be wary of.
    * estar a la altura de = live up to, be equal to.
    * estar a la altura de la circunstancias = make + the cut.
    * estar a la altura de las circunstancias = come up with + the goods.
    * estar a la altura de las circunstancias = rise (up) to + challenge.
    * estar a la altura de las circunstancias = be up to the mark, be up to scratch, be equal to the occasion, rise (up) to + the occasion, deliver + the goods, measure up (to), be up to snuff.
    * estar a la altura de las expectativas = live up to + Posesivo + expectations.
    * estar a la altura de las posibilidades = live up to + Posesivo + potential.
    * estar a la altura de lo que se espera = live up to + Posesivo + expectations.
    * estar a la baja = be down.
    * estar al acecho = lie in + wait.
    * estar a la entera disposición de Alguien = be at + Posesivo + feet.
    * estar al alcance de la mano = be at hand.
    * estar a la misma altura que = rank with.
    * estar a la orden del día = be the order of the day.
    * estar a la par de = rank with.
    * estar a la vuelta de la esquina = be just around the corner.
    * estar al borde de = teeter + on the edge of.
    * estar al completo = overbook.
    * estar al corriente = monitor + developments.
    * estar al día = monitor + developments, stay on top of + the game, stay on top of, stay on + top of things, keep on + top of things, be on top of things.
    * estar alejado + Expresión Numérica = be + Número + away.
    * estar al lado de = stand by + Lugar.
    * estar al loro de = be on the lookout for, keep + Posesivo + eyes (wide) open, keep + Posesivo + eyes peeled, keep + Posesivo + eyes skinned.
    * estar al máximo = overstretch.
    * estar al mismo nivel = be on a par.
    * estar al tanto = monitor + developments.
    * estar al tanto de = be on the lookout for, keep + track of, keep + Posesivo + eyes peeled, keep + Posesivo + eyes skinned.
    * estar al tanto de las cosas = stay on + top of things, keep on + top of things, be on top of things.
    * estar a mano = be on hand, be around.
    * estar a medio camino entre... y... = lie + midway between... and....
    * estar a merced de = be at the mercy of.
    * estar ansioso por = be eager to.
    * estar ante = be faced with.
    * estar apagado = be off.
    * estar a punto de = be poised to, be about to, be on the point of, stand + poised, come + very close to.
    * estar a punto de cascarlas = be on + Posesivo + last legs.
    * estar a punto de decir = be on the tip of + Posesivo + tongue to say.
    * estar a punto de + Infinitivo = be about + Infinitivo.
    * estar aquí ya = be upon us.
    * estar a resultas de = keep + track of.
    * estar arraigado en = be rooted in.
    * estar arrestado = be under arrest.
    * estar arriba = sit on + top.
    * estar a salvo = be in safe hands.
    * estar asociado a = be associated with, be bound up with.
    * estar atado a = hold + hostage to.
    * estar atareado = be tied up.
    * estar atento a = be on the lookout for, keep + Posesivo + eyes peeled, keep + Posesivo + eyes skinned.
    * estar aterrorizado = be petrified of, be frightened to death, be scared stiff, be terrified.
    * estar a tope = overstretch.
    * estar atrancado = be stuck.
    * estar atrasado en el pago = be in arrears.
    * estar aumentando = be on the increase.
    * estár aún más alejados = be one step further removed.
    * estar aún por llegar = be yet to come.
    * estar ausente = lack.
    * estar ausente de = be absent (from).
    * estar avanzado = be well under way.
    * estar avergonzado = be ashamed.
    * estar averiado = be out of order.
    * estar aviado = be (in) a mess.
    * estar bajo arresto = be under arrest.
    * estar bajo la tutela de = fall under + the auspices of.
    * estar bastante acostumbrado a = be all too familiar with.
    * estar bastante alejado = be a distance apart.
    * estar bien = be okay, be in good shape, be in good health.
    * estar bien de salud = be in good health.
    * estar bien encaminado = be on the right track.
    * estar bien pensado = be carefully thought out.
    * estar borracho = be drunk, see + double.
    * estar callado = keep + quiet.
    * estar cansado de = be sick and tired of.
    * estar capacitado para = be qualified to.
    * estar casi finalizado = near + completion.
    * estar casi terminado = be nearing completion, reach + near completion.
    * estar castigado = be in the doghouse.
    * estar cerca = be at hand, be on hand, be around.
    * estar cerca de = be close to.
    * estar chalado = be off + Posesivo + rocker.
    * estar chiflado = be off + Posesivo + rocker.
    * estar chiflado por = have + a crush on.
    * estar chupado = be a cinch, be a doddle, be a breeze, be a snap, be a picnic, be duck soup.
    * estar clarísimo = be patently clear.
    * estar claro = be plain, be out in the open.
    * estar colado por = have + a crush on.
    * estar como una cabra = be a real nutter.
    * estar completamente borracho = be drunk and incapable.
    * estar completamente de acuerdo con = agree + wholeheartedly with.
    * estar completamente equivocado = be way off.
    * estar comprometido a = hold + hostage to.
    * estar comprometido a + Infinitivo = be committed to + Gerundio.
    * estar con amigos en la calle pasando el rato sin hacer nada = hang out + on the street.
    * estar condenado a ser = be doomed.
    * estar conectado = be on.
    * estar con el alma en vilo = put + Posesivo + life on hold, Posesivo + life + be + on hold.
    * estar con el tema = be on the topic.
    * estar confinado = be confined.
    * estar confuso = blur, be at sixes and sevens with, be at a nonplus, be all at sea.
    * estar congelado = be frozen stiff.
    * estar con la espalda contra la pared = Posesivo + back + be + against the wall.
    * estar contentísimo = thrill + Nombre + to bits, be chuffed to bits, be tickled pink.
    * estar contraindicado = be contraindicated.
    * estar contra las cuertas = be against the ropes.
    * estar convencido = there + be + strong feeling.
    * estar convencido de la idea de que = be committed to the idea that.
    * estar convirtiéndose rápidamente = be fast becoming.
    * estar correcto = be correct.
    * estar correlacionado con = be correlated with.
    * estar de acorde con = be commensurate with.
    * estar de acuerdo = approve, be in agreement, concur (with), be agreed.
    * estar de acuerdo con = accord with, conform to, fit, go along with, fit with, be in conformity with, mesh with, see + eye to eye (with/on), jive with.
    * estar de acuerdo (con/en) = see + eye to eye (with/on).
    * estar de acuerdo con una idea = subscribe to + idea.
    * estar de acuerdo en que no + estar + de acuerdo = agree to + disagree.
    * estar de acuerdo sobre = agree (on/upon).
    * estar de acuerdo unánimemente = agree on + all hands.
    * estar de baja = be off work.
    * estar de baja por enfermedad = be off work sick.
    * estar debatiéndose = be under discussion.
    * estar de brazos cruzados = stand + idle, sit + idle.
    * estar de buen humor = be high.
    * estar de camino a = be on the road to.
    * estar de capa caída = be in the doldrums.
    * estar de cháchara = chinwag.
    * estar decidido a = be determined to, be of a mind to, be intent on, be all set to.
    * estar decidido a continuar = be set to continue.
    * estar decidido a + Infinitivo = be set to + Infinitivo.
    * estar demasiado representado = overrepresent.
    * estar de moda = be in.
    * estar densamente poblado de = be dense with.
    * estar dentro de = fall within/into.
    * estar dentro de la competencia = be the province of.
    * estar dentro de las posibilidades de uno = lie within + Posesivo + power.
    * estar de palique = chinwag.
    * estar de parloteo = chinwag.
    * estar de pie = stand.
    * estar de pie por encima de = stand over.
    * estar desacertado = miss + the mark, miss + the point.
    * estar desacreditado = hold in + disrepute.
    * estar desapareciendo = be on the way out.
    * estar desasosegado = put + Posesivo + life on hold, Posesivo + life + be + on hold.
    * estar desbordado de = be snowed under with.
    * estar desbordante de = spill over with.
    * estar descaminado = be on the wrong track, be headed down the wrong track.
    * estar descontento con = express + dissatisfaction with.
    * estar deseoso de = be anxious to, be more than ready for.
    * estar desesperado = Posesivo + back + be + against the wall.
    * estar desocupado = stand + idle.
    * estar desordenado = be out of order.
    * estar desquiciado = be a shambles, be (in) a mess.
    * estar destinado a = be intended for/to.
    * estar destrozado = be + wreck, be a shambles.
    * estar de suerte = be in luck.
    * estar detenido = be under arrest.
    * estar de vacaciones = be on vacation, be off on vacation.
    * estar de vuelta = be back.
    * estar de vuelta dentro de = be back in + Expresión Temporal.
    * estar directamente relacionado con = be directly correlated to.
    * estar disgustado por = feel deeply about.
    * estar disperso = lie + scattered.
    * estar disponible = be available, be forthcoming, be at hand.
    * estar dispuestísimo a = be more than willing to.
    * estar dispuesto = be game.
    * estar dispuesto a = be keen to, be prepared to, be willing to, be of a mind to, be willing and able to, be ready, willing and able.
    * estar dispuesto a todo = be ready, willing and able.
    * estar dispuesto y deseoso a = be willing and able to.
    * estar dominado por Alguien = be under + Posesivo + thumb.
    * estar ducho en = be adept at.
    * estar dudoso = be doubtful.
    * estar embarazada = be up the spout, have + a bun in the oven.
    * estar emocionado = be thrilled.
    * estar empachado = have + indigestion.
    * estar empeorando = be in decline.
    * estar en = be in the course of.
    * estar en alza = be up.
    * estar enamorado de = carry + a torch for + Nombre, have + a crush on.
    * estar en apuros = be in trouble, be in a fix.
    * estar en ascuas = put + Posesivo + life on hold, Posesivo + life + be + on hold, sit on + the edge of + Posesivo + seat.
    * estar en auge = go + strong.
    * estar en Babia = be in cloud cuckoo land, live in + cloud cuckoo land.
    * estar en barbecho = lie + fallow.
    * estar en buenas manos = be in safe hands.
    * estar encaminado a = be on the road to.
    * estar en camino de = be on the way to.
    * estar encantadísimo = thrill + Nombre + to bits, be chuffed to bits, be tickled pink.
    * estar encantado = be thrilled.
    * estar encantado de Hacer Algo = be more than happy to + Infinitivo.
    * estar en casa = be in.
    * estar en celo = be on heat, be in heat.
    * estar encendido = be on.
    * estar enchufado = be on.
    * estar encinta = be up the spout, have + a bun in the oven.
    * estar en consonancia con = be consonant with, attune to, align + Reflexivo + with.
    * estar en contacto (con) = stay in + touch (with), be in touch (with).
    * estar en contra de = be against.
    * estar en debate = be under discussion.
    * estar en decadencia = be in decline, be in retreat.
    * estar en declive = be in decline.
    * estar en desacuerdo = be at variance, disagree, quarrel with, beg to differ, be at sixes and sevens with each other.
    * estar en desacuerdo con = be at odds with, be at loggerheads with.
    * estar en desacuerdo sobre = be at odds over.
    * estar en desigualdad = be under par.
    * estar en desventaja = be disadvantaged, be at a disadvantage.
    * estar en deuda = be in debt.
    * estar en deuda con = be beholden to.
    * estar endeudado = be in debt.
    * estar en dificultades = be in trouble.
    * estar en duda = be in question.
    * estar en el lugar adecuado en el momento adecuado = be in the right place at the right time.
    * estar en el lugar indicado en el momento indicado = be in the right place at the right time.
    * estar en el lugar oportuno en el momento oportuno = be in the right place at the right time.
    * estar en el séptimo cielo = be on cloud nine, float on + air.
    * estar en el sitio justo en el momento preciso = be on the spot.
    * estar enemistados = be at loggerheads.
    * estar en estado = be up the spout, have + a bun in the oven.
    * estar en estado de buena esperanza = be up the spout, have + a bun in the oven.
    * estar en estado de cambio = be in flux.
    * estar enfermo de amor = be lovesick.
    * estar en flor = be in bloom, be in flower.
    * estar en floración = be in bloom, be in flower.
    * estar en forma = be in shape, be in good shape.
    * estar enfrascado en Algo = have + Nombre + on the go.
    * estar enfrentados = be at loggerheads.
    * estar en funcionamiento = be up.
    * estar en función de = be a function of.
    * estar en guardia = be on guard (against), be on + Posesivo + guard.
    * estar en guerra con = be at war with.
    * estar en igualdad de condiciones con = be on (an) equal footing with.
    * estar en inferioridad de condiciones = punch above + Posesivo + weight.
    * estar en juego = be at stake.
    * estar en la gloria = be on cloud nine, float on + air.
    * estar en la inopia = live in + cloud cuckoo land.
    * estar en la mejor posición para = be best positioned to.
    * estar en la misma categoria que = rank with.
    * estar en la onda = attune to + wavelength.
    * estar en las mismas = be back to square one.
    * estar en las últimas = be on + Posesivo + last legs.
    * estar en lo cierto = hit + the truth.
    * estar en manos privadas = hold in + private hands.
    * estar en marcha = tick over.
    * estar en mayoría = be in the majority.
    * estar en medio de = caught in the middle.
    * estar en minoría = be in the minority.
    * estar en misa y repicando = have + a finger in every pie.
    * estar enojado = get + Posesivo + knickers in a twist, get + Posesivo + knickers in a bundle, get + Posesivo + panties in a bundle.
    * estar en paz = pay + Posesivo + dues.
    * estar en peligro = be in jeopardy, be in question, be endangered, be at risk, be at stake.
    * estar en peligro (de) = be in danger (of).
    * estar en posición de = be in a position to.
    * estar en proceso de = be on the way to, be in the process of, be in the course of.
    * estar en proceso de cambio = be in flux.
    * estar en proceso de + Infinitivo = be on to + Infinitivo.
    * estar en retirada = be in retreat.
    * estar en ruinas = be a shambles, be (in) a mess.
    * estar en sintonía con = attune to.
    * estar en situación de = be in a position to.
    * estar en suspense = sit on + the edge of + Posesivo + seat.
    * estar en tensión = sit on + the edge of + Posesivo + seat.
    * estar en todo = have + a finger in every pie.
    * estar en trance de = be in the process of.
    * estar entre = fall between.
    * estar entre la espada y la pared = be on the horns of a dilemma.
    * estar entre los primeros = stay on top.
    * estar entre rejas = be behind bars.
    * estar entusiasmado = be thrilled.
    * estar en un aprieto = be in a fix.
    * estar en una situación diferente = be on a different track.
    * estar en un berenjenal = be (in) a mess.
    * estar en un mar de dudas = feel at + sea, be all at sea.
    * estar en un momento clave = be at a watershed.
    * estar en un momento decisivo = be at a watershed.
    * estar en un sinvivir = put + Posesivo + life on hold, Posesivo + life + be + on hold.
    * estar en venta = be up for sale.
    * estar en vías de = be on the road to, be in the process of.
    * estar en vías de conseguir = be on the road to.
    * estar en vilo = put + Posesivo + life on hold, Posesivo + life + be + on hold, sit on + the edge of + Posesivo + seat.
    * estar equivoado = miss + the point.
    * estar equivocado = be mistaken, be wide of the mark, be wrong, be in error, miss + the mark, be in the wrong.
    * estar equivocado en + Número + cosas = be wrong on + Número + count(s).
    * estar erróneo = be in error.
    * estar esparcido = lie + scattered.
    * estar estrechamente ligado a = be closely tied to.
    * estar estropeado = be kaput.
    * estar estropeándose = be on the way out.
    * estar exento de pagar impuestos = write off.
    * estar falto de = be short of.
    * estar falto de práctica = get + rusty.
    * estar familiarizado con = have + familiarity with.
    * estar firmemente convencido = strongly held opinion.
    * estar frenético = be furious.
    * estar frito de sed = be parched, spit + feathers, be parched with thirst.
    * estar fuera = be out.
    * estar fuera con los amigos = be out with the guys.
    * estar fuera de contienda = be out of contention.
    * estar fuera del alcance = lie outside + the scope of.
    * estar fuera de las posibilidades de Alguien = be out of + Posesivo + league.
    * estar fuera del interés = lie outside + the scope of.
    * estar fuera del interés de uno = lie beyond + concern.
    * estar fuera de lugar = be out of place, be out of order.
    * estar fuera de quicio = be beside + Reflexivo.
    * estar fuera de rumbo = be off course.
    * estar fuera de secuencia = be out of order.
    * estar fuera de sí = be beside + Reflexivo.
    * estar funcionando = be in place.
    * estar furioso = fume.
    * estar + Gerundio = be on the way to.
    * estar hablando del tema = be on the topic.
    * estar haciendo = be up to.
    * estar haciendo Algo = have + Nombre + on the go.
    * estar haciendo algo que no se debe = be up to no good, get up to + no good.
    * estar hambriento = starve.
    * estar harto = have had enough.
    * estar harto de = be all too familiar with, be sick and tired of.
    * estar hasta la coronilla de = be sick and tired of.
    * estar hecho a escala = be to scale.
    * estar hecho con la intención de = be intended for/to.
    * estar hecho con la mismas dimensiones que el original = be to scale.
    * estar hecho el uno para el otro = be well suited to each other, be two of a kind, be a right pair.
    * estar hecho para = be geared to, be intended for/to, mean, be cut out for.
    * estar hecho polvo = be + wreck.
    * estar hecho un desastre = look like + a wreck, be a shambles, look like + the wreck of the Hesperus, look like + drag + through a hedge backwards, be (in) a mess.
    * estar hecho un esqueleto = be a bag of bones.
    * estar hecho un flan = shake like + a leaf, tremble like + a leaf.
    * estar hecho un lío = be at sixes and sevens with.
    * estar hecho un perla = be a bit of a lad.
    * estar hecho un pinta = be a bit of a lad.
    * estar hecho un prenda = be a bit of a lad.
    * estar helado = be frozen stiff.
    * estar implícito en = run through.
    * estar inactivo = lie + fallow, lie + dormant.
    * estar incluido = be embedded.
    * estar indeciso = be hesitant (to).
    * estar indeciso entre... o... = be torn between... and....
    * estar inerte = lie + fallow.
    * estar informado puntualmente sobre = monitor + information on.
    * estar inmune a = be immune against.
    * estar inquieto = be disturbed.
    * estar interesado en = be interested in, be keen to.
    * estar inundado de = be snowed under with.
    * estar junto a = stand by + Lugar.
    * estar juntos = be together, stand + together.
    * estar justo en medio de = stand + squarely in.
    * estar la mar de contento = be over the moon.
    * estar lejos de (ser) + Infinitivo = be far from + Gerundio.
    * estar levantado = be up.
    * estar libre de = be free from.
    * estar ligado a = be bound up with.
    * estar listo = stand + ready, be ready.
    * estar listo para = be poised to, stand + poised, be all set to.
    * estar lleno de problemas = bristle with + problems.
    * estar localizable = be locatable.
    * estar loco = be off + Posesivo + rocker.
    * estar loco de alegría = be chuffed to bits, thrill + Nombre + to bits, be tickled pink.
    * estar loco de contento = be beside + Reflexivo + with joy, be over the moon, be over the moon.
    * estar loco de remate = be a real nutter.
    * estar loco por = have + a crush on.
    * estar majareta = be off + Posesivo + rocker.
    * estar mal = be wrong, feel under + the weather, be under the weather.
    * estar mal comunicado con = have + poor connections with.
    * estar mal encaminado = be on the wrong track, be headed down the wrong track.
    * estar mal visto = frown on/upon.
    * estar manga por hombro = be a shambles, be (in) a mess.
    * estar marcado por = be pockmarked with.
    * estar mareado de tanto trabajo = be reeling.
    * estar mejor = be better off, be better served by.
    * estar metido en todo = have + a finger in every pie.
    * estar molesto = be displeased, get + Posesivo + knickers in a twist, get + Posesivo + knickers in a bundle, get + Posesivo + panties in a bundle, put off.
    * estar motivado = be motivated, have + motivation.
    * estar moviéndose en terreno seguro = be on secure ground.
    * estar muerto de asco = be bored to death, be bored stiff, be bored to tears, be bored out of + Posesivo + mind.
    * estar muerto de frío = be frozen stiff.
    * estar muerto de hambre = be starving to death.
    * estar muerto de miedo = be scared stiff, be frightened to death, be petrified of, be terrified.
    * estar muerto de sed = spit + feathers, be parched, be parched with thirst.
    * estar muy acostumbrado a = be all too familiar with.
    * estar muy agradecido a = be indebted to.
    * estar muy alejado de = be a long way from.
    * estar muy arraigado en = be well embedded in.
    * estar muy bajo = be way down.
    * estar muy cerca de = be one step away from, be steps away from, come + very close to.
    * estar muy convencido de = have + strong feelings about.
    * estar muy emocionado con/por = be excited about.
    * estar muy esparcido = spread + Nombre + thinly.
    * estar muy lejano = be far off.
    * estar muy lejos = be far off, be a long way off.
    * estar muy por delante de = be way out ahead of.
    * estar muy por delante de su tiempo = be years ahead of + Posesivo + time.
    * estar muy puesto = stay on top of + the game, stay on top.
    * estar muy separado = set + far apart.
    * estar muy usado = be well thumbed.
    * estar nervioso = be in a tizz(y), have + butterflies in + Posesivo + stomach.
    * estar oculto = lie + hidden.
    * estar ocupado = busyness, be engaged, be tied up.
    * estar ordenado en forma circular = be on a wheel.
    * estar orgulloso de = be proud (of/to).
    * estar orientado a/para = be geared to.
    * estar orientado hacia = target.
    * estar orientado hacia + Nombre = be + Nombre + driven.
    * estar patas arriba = be a shambles, be (in) a mess.
    * estar pendiente de = be on the lookout for, pay + attention to, keep + an eye on, keep + Posesivo + eyes peeled, keep + Posesivo + eyes skinned.
    * estar pendiente de todo = stay on + top of things, keep on + top of things, be on top of things.
    * estar perdido = be out of + Posesivo + league, be out of + Posesivo + depth, be in over + Posesivo + head, be all at sea.
    * estar permitido = be permissible.
    * estar plagado de = be rife with.
    * estar plenamente convencido de Algo = feel (it) in + Posesivo + bones.
    * estar pluriempleado = moonlight, work + a second job.
    * estar pluriempleado, tener un segundo trabajo, tener un segundo empleo = work + a second job.
    * estar poco dispuesto = be reluctant.
    * estar poco representado = underrepresent [under-represent].
    * estar por delante de = be ahead of.
    * estar por demostrar = be unproven.
    * estar por detrás = be behind.
    * estar por encima de = overlay, overlie.
    * estar por las nubes = be through the roof.
    * estar por ver = be an open question.
    * estar poseído por los espíritus = haunt.
    * estar precavido = be on + Posesivo + guard, be on guard (against).
    * estar predestinado a = be predestined to.
    * estar predispuesto = feel + partial.
    * estar predispuesto a = be predisposed to/toward(s).
    * estar preñada = be up the spout, have + a bun in the oven.
    * estar preocupadísimo = be worried stiff (about), be worried sick.
    * estar preocupado por = be anxious to.
    * estar preparado = be readied, stand + ready, be ready.
    * estar preparado para = be geared up for/to, stand + poised.
    * estar preparado y dispuesto a = be willing and able to.
    * estar preparado y dispuesto a todo = be ready, willing and able.
    * estar presente = be manifest, be present, be in evidence.
    * estar presionado = be under the gun.
    * estar propuesto a = be intent on.
    * estar próximo = be at hand.
    * estar quedándose sin = run + low (on).
    * estar que + subirse + por las paredes = tear + Posesivo + hair out.
    * estar realizándose = underway [under way], be in progress, be in hand.
    * estar rebosante de = spill over with.
    * estar rebosante de salud = fit as a fiddle.
    * estar relacionado con = be associated with, regard.
    * estar relacionado con el trabajo = be work related.
    * estar resentido = carry + a chip on + Posesivo + shoulder.
    * estar resfriado = have + a cold.
    * estar respaldado por Alguien = have + Nombre + behind + Pronombre.
    * estar restringido = be constrained.
    * estar resuelto a = be intent on, be all set to.
    * estar saliendo con alguien = be in a dating relationship.
    * estar salpicado de = be dotted with.
    * estar sano y salvo = be alive and well.
    * estar satisfecho (de) = be satisfied (with).
    * estar saturado de trabajo = work to + capacity.
    * estar sediento = be thirsty, spit + feathers, be parched, be parched with thirst.
    * estar seguro = be sure, make + sure, set + your watch by.
    * estar seguro de = be certain (of), be confident about, feel + confident.
    * estar seguro de que = be confident that.
    * estar sentado sin hacer o decir nada = sit by.
    * estar separado = set + apart.
    * estar separado de = be remote from.
    * estar sesgado = bias, slant.
    * estar siempre + Adjetivo = be ever + Adjetivo.
    * estar siempre buscando = be on the lookout for.
    * estar siempre dispuesto a ayudar = be always willing to assist.
    * estar siendo + Participio = be in process of + Nombre.
    * estar sin blanca = not have a bean.
    * estar sin hacer nada = sit + idle, stand + idle.
    * estar sin trabajo = stay out of + work.
    * estar sin una pela = not have a bean.
    * estar sin un centavo = not have a bean.
    * estar sin un céntimo = not have a bean

    * * *
    estar1 [ A27 ]
    ■ estar (cópula)
    A seguido de adjetivos
    B estar bien, mal, mejor, peor
    C hablando de estado civil
    D seguido de participios
    E con preposición + predicado
    F con que + predicado
    ■ estar (verbo intransitivo)
    A quedar ubicado
    B
    1 hallarse en cierto momento
    2 figurar
    C
    1 hallarse en determinado lugar
    2 acudir
    D
    1 quedarse, permanecer
    2 vivir
    Sentido II en el tiempo
    A existir, haber
    B tener como función etc
    C radicar
    D estar listo, terminado
    E quedar entendido
    F quedar grande, pequeño etc
    G Derecho
    ■ estar (verbo auxiliar)
    A con gerundio
    B con participio
    ■ estarse (verbo pronominal)
    A permanecer
    B acudir
    A (seguido de adjetivos) [ Estar denotes a changed condition or state as opposed to identity or nature, which is normally expressed by ser1 (↑ ser (1)) . Estar is also used when the emphasis is on the speaker's perception of things, of their appearance, taste, etc. The examples given below should be contrasted with those to be found in ser1 (↑ ser (1)) ] to be
    ¡qué gordo está! isn't he fat!, hasn't he got(ten) fat! o put on a lot of weight!
    ¡qué alto está Ignacio! isn't Ignacio tall now!, hasn't Ignacio got(ten) tall o grown!
    ¡pobre abuelo! está viejo poor grandpa! he's really aged
    el rape está delicioso ¿qué le has puesto? the monkfish is delicious, how did you cook it?
    está muy simpático con nosotros ¿qué querrá? he's being o he's been so nice to us (recently), what do you think he's after?
    no estuvo grosero contigo — sí, lo estuvo he wasn't rude to you — yes, he was
    estás muy callado ¿qué te pasa? you're very quiet, what's the matter?
    ¡pero tú estás casi calvo! but you're almost bald, but you've gone almost bald o you've lost almost all your hair!
    ¿no me oyes? ¿estás sorda? can't you hear me? are you deaf?
    ¿está muerto/vivo? is he dead/alive?
    está cansada/furiosa/embarazada she is tired/furious/pregnant
    ¿cómo están por tu casa? — están todos bien, gracias how's everybody at home? — they're all fine, thanks
    ¡qué bien estás en esta foto! you look great in this photo!
    está mal que no se lo perdones it's wrong of you not to forgive him
    está casada con un primo mío she's married to a cousin of mine
    sus padres están divorciados her parents are divorced
    D
    (seguido de participios): estaba sentado/echado en la cama he was sitting/lying on the bed
    está colgado de una rama it's hanging from a branch
    estaban abrazados they had their arms around each other
    estaba arrodillada she was kneeling (down)
    ver tb estar1 v aux B.
    estoy a régimen I'm on a diet
    ¿a cómo está la uva? how much are the grapes?
    estamos como al principio we're back to where we started
    está con el sarampión she has (the) measles
    estoy con muchas ganas de empezar I'm really looking forward to starting
    siempre está con lo mismo/con que es un incomprendido he's always going on about the same thing/about how nobody understands him
    estaba de luto/de uniforme he was in mourning/uniform
    hoy está de mejor humor she's in a better mood today
    están de limpieza/viaje they're spring-cleaning/on a trip
    estoy de cocinera hasta que vuelva mi madre I'm doing the cooking until my mother comes back
    estuvo de secretaria en una empresa internacional she worked as a secretary in an international company
    estás en un error you're mistaken
    no estoy para fiestas/bromas I'm not in the mood for parties/joking
    estamos sin electricidad we don't have any electricity at the moment, the electricity is off at the moment
    éste está sin pintar this one hasn't been painted yet
    estar con algn (estar de acuerdo) to agree with sb; (apoyar) to support sb, be on sb's side
    yo estoy contigo, creo que ella está equivocada I agree with you o ( colloq) I'm with you, I think she's mistaken
    nuestro partido está con el pueblo our party supports o is on the side of the people
    el pueblo está con nosotros the people are with us
    estar en algo: todavía no hemos solucionado el problema, pero estamos en ello or eso we still haven't solved the problem, but we're working on it
    estar por algn ( Esp fam); to be sweet o keen on sb ( colloq)
    está que no hay quien lo aguante he's (being) unbearable
    el agua está que pela the water's scalding hot
    vi
    A «edificio/pueblo» (quedar, estar ubicado) ; to be
    la agencia está en el centro the agency is in the center
    ¿dónde está Camagüey? where's Camagüey?
    el pueblo está a 20 kilómetros de aquí the town's 20 kilometers from here
    B
    1 «persona/objeto» (hallarse en cierto momento) to be
    ¿a qué hora tienes que estar allí? what time do you have to be there?
    estando allí conoció a Micaela he met Micaela while he was there
    ¿dónde estábamos la clase pasada? where did we get to o had we got(ten) to in the last class?
    2 (figurar) to be
    esa palabra no está en el diccionario that word isn't in the dictionary
    yo no estaba en la lista I wasn't on the list, my name didn't appear on the list
    C
    1
    (hallarse en determinado lugar): fui a verla pero no estaba I went to see her but she wasn't there
    ¿está Rodrigo? is Rodrigo in?
    ¿estamos todos? are we all here?, is everyone here?
    2
    (Col, RPl) (acudir): el médico había estado a verla the doctor had been to see her
    D
    1
    (quedarse, permanecer): sólo estaré unos días I'll only be staying a few days, I'll only be here/there a few days
    ¿cuánto tiempo estuviste en Londres? how long were you in London?
    2
    (vivir): ya no vivimos allí, ahora estamos en Soca we don't live there anymore, we're in o we live in Soca now
    de momento estoy con mi hermana at the moment I'm staying with my sister
    (en el tiempo): ¿a qué (día) estamos? what day is it today?
    ¿a cuánto estamos hoy? what's the date today o today's date?, what date is it today?
    estamos a 28 de mayo it's May 28th ( AmE) o ( BrE) the 28th of May
    estamos a mediados de mes we're halfway through the month
    estamos en primavera it's spring, spring has come
    ¿en qué mes estamos? what month are we in o is it?
    ellos están en primavera ahora it's spring for them now, it's their spring now
    A
    (existir, haber): y después está el problema de la financiación and then there's the problem of finance
    B (tener como función, cometido) estar PARA algo:
    para eso estamos that's what we're here for
    para eso están los amigos that's what friends are for
    ya que estamos/estás while we're/you're at it o ( BrE) about it
    C
    (radicar): ahí está el quid del asunto that's the crux of the matter
    estar EN algo:
    la dificultad está en hacerlo sin mirar the difficult thing is to do it o the difficulty lies in doing it without looking
    todo está en que él quiera ayudarnos it all depends on whether he wants to help us or not
    D
    (estar listo, terminado): la carne todavía no está the meat's not ready yet
    lo atas con un nudo aquí y ya está you tie a knot in it here and that's it o there you are
    enseguida estoy I'll be with you in a minute o in a second, I'll be right with you
    ¡ya está! ¡ya sé lo que podemos hacer! I've got it! I know what we can do!
    ¡ahí está! that's it!
    E
    (quedar entendido): quiero que estés de vuelta a las diez ¿estamos? or (Ur) ¿está? I want you to be back by ten, all right?
    que no vuelva a suceder ¿estamos? don't let it happen again, understand? o is that understood? o ( colloq) got it?
    F
    ( Esp) (quedar) (+ me/te/le etc), (+ compl): esa falda te está grande/pequeña that skirt's too big/too small for you
    la 46 te está mejor the 46 fits you better
    G ( frml) ( Derecho) estar A algo:
    se estará a lo estipulado en la cláusula 20 the stipulations of clause 20 will apply
    ■
    A
    (con gerundio): está lloviendo it's raining
    no hagas ruido, están durmiendo don't make any noise, they're asleep
    se está afeitando/duchando or está afeitándose/duchándose he's shaving/taking a shower
    estuve un rato hablando con él I was talking o I talked to him for a while
    ¿qué estará pensando? I wonder what she's thinking
    ya estoy viendo que va a ser imposible I'm beginning to see that it's going to be impossible
    ya te estás quitando de ahí, que ése es mi lugar ( fam); OK, out of there/off there, that's my place ( colloq)
    B
    (con participio): ¿esta ropa está planchada? have these clothes been ironed?, are these clothes ironed?
    la foto estaba tomada desde muy lejos the photo had been taken from a long way away o from a great distance
    ese asiento está ocupado that seat is taken
    ya está hecho un hombrecito he's a proper young man now
    está hecha una vaga she's got(ten) o become lazy
    A ( enf) (permanecer) to stay
    se estuvo horas ahí sentado sin moverse he remained sitting there for hours without moving, he sat there for hours without moving
    ¿no te puedes estar quieto un momento? can't you stay o keep still for a minute?
    estése tranquilo don't worry
    B ( enf) ( RPl) (acudir) to be
    estáte allí media hora antes be there o arrive half an hour before
    living room
    * * *

     

    estar 1 ( conjugate estar) cópula
    1

    ◊ Estar denotes a changed condition or state as opposed to identity or nature, which is normally expressed by ser. Estar is also used when the emphasis is on the speaker's perception of things, of their appearance, taste, etc. The examples given below should be contrasted with those to be found in ser 1 cópula 1 to be;

    estás más gordo you've put on weight;
    estoy cansada I'm tired;
    está muy simpático conmigo he's being o he's been so nice to me (recently);
    ¡todo está tan caro! things are o have become so expensive!
    b) ( con

    ◊ bien, mal, mejor, peor): están todos bien, gracias they're all fine, thanks;

    ¡qué bien estás en esta foto! you look great in this photo!;
    está mal que no se lo perdones it's wrong of you not to forgive him;
    ver tb bien, mal, mejor, peor
    2 ( hablando de estado civil) to be;

    3 ( seguido de participios)

    estaban abrazados they had their arms around each other;
    ver tb v aux 2
    4 ( seguido de preposición) to be;
    (para más ejemplos ver tb la preposición o el nombre correspondiente);

    ¿a cómo está la uva? how much are the grapes?;
    está con el sarampión she has (the) measles;
    estoy de cocinera I'm doing the cooking;
    estamos sin electricidad the electricity is off at the moment;
    está sin pintar it hasn't been painted yet
    verbo intransitivo
    1 ( en un lugar) to be;
    ◊ ¿dónde está Chiapas? where's Chiapas?;

    está a 20 kilómetros de aquí it's 20 kilometers from here;
    ¿sabes dónde está Pedro? do you know where Pedro is?;
    ¿está Rodrigo? is Rodrigo in?;
    solo estaré unos días I'll only be staying a few days;
    ¿cuánto tiempo estarás en Londres? how long are you going to be in London (for)?
    2 ( en el tiempo):
    ◊ ¿a qué (día) estamos? what day is it today?;

    ¿a cuánto estamos hoy? what's the date today?;
    estamos a 28 de mayo it's May 28th (AmE) o (BrE) the 28th of May;
    estamos en primavera it's spring
    3
    a) (tener como función, cometido):


    estamos para ayudarlos we're here to help them


    4 (estar listo, terminado):

    lo atas con un nudo y ya está you tie a knot in it and that's it o there you are;
    enseguida estoy I'll be right with you
    5 (Esp) ( quedar) (+ me/te/le etc) (+ compl):

    la 46 te está mejor the 46 fits you better
    estar v aux
    1 ( con gerundio):

    estoy viendo que va a ser imposible I'm beginning to see that it's going to be impossible
    2 ( con participio):

    ya está hecho un hombrecito he's a proper young man now;
    ver tb estar cópula 3
    estarse verbo pronominal ( enf) ( permanecer) to stay;
    ◊ ¿no te puedes estar quieto? can't you stay o keep still?;

    estese tranquilo don't worry
    estar 2 sustantivo masculino (esp AmL) living room
    estar verbo intransitivo
    1 (existir, hallarse) to be: está al norte, it is to the north
    ¿estarás en casa?, will you be at home?
    no está en ningún lado, it isn't anywhere
    estamos aquí para servirle, we are at your service
    su pedido aún no está, your order isn't ready yet
    2 (permanecer) to stay: estos días estoy en casa de mis padres, these days I'm staying at my parents' place
    estoy en la oficina de ocho a dos, I'm at the office from eight to two
    quiero que estés aquí un minuto, ahora vuelvo, stay here, I'll be right back
    3 (tener una situación actual determinada: con adjetivo o participio) estaba blanco como la cera, he had turned as white as a sheet
    está dormido, he's asleep
    está teñida de rubio, her hair's dyed blonde
    (con gerundio) está estudiando, he is studying
    estaba preparando la comida, I was cooking
    (con adverbio) estoy tan lejos, I'm so far away
    está muy mal, (enfermo) he is very ill
    4 (quedar, sentar) el jersey me está pequeño, the sweater is too small for me
    5 (para indicar precio, grados, fecha) (+ a: fecha) to be: ¿a qué día estamos?, what's the date?
    estamos a 1 de Julio, it is the first of July
    (: precio) to be at: ¿a cómo/cuánto están las manzanas?, how much are the apples?
    están a setenta pesetas el kilo, they're seventy pesetas a kilo
    (: grados) en Madrid estamos a cuarenta grados, it's forty degrees in Madrid
    ♦ Locuciones: ¿estamos?, agreed?
    estar a disposición de, to be at the disposal of
    estar a la que salta, to be ready to take advantage of an opportunity
    estar a las duras y a las maduras, to take the bad with the good
    estar al caer, to be just round the corner
    estar en baja, to be waning
    estar en todo, to be on top of everything
    estaría bueno, whatever next
    ESTAR CON: (de acuerdo con) estoy con María, I agree with Mary
    ESTAR DE: estoy de broma, I'm joking
    está de camarero, he's working as a waiter
    estaba de Dios que las cosas sucedieran así, it was God's will that things turned out this way, está de vacaciones, he's on holiday
    me voy a marchar porque está claro que aquí estoy de más, I'm going to go because it's obvious that I'm in the way
    ESTAR ENCIMA: su madre siempre está encima de él, his mother is always on top of him
    ESTAR PARA: no estamos para bromas, we are in no mood for jokes
    esa ropa está para planchar, these clothes are ready to be ironed
    cuando estaba para salir, me llamaron, when I was just about to leave, they called me
    ESTAR POR: la casa está por construir, the house has still to be built
    estuve por decirle lo que pensaba, I was tempted to tell him what I thought
    estoy por la igualdad de derechos, I'm for equal rights
    ESTAR QUE: está que no puede con su alma, he is exhausted
    familiar está que trina, he's hopping mad
    ESTAR TRAS: está tras el ascenso, he is after promotion
    estoy tras una blusa blanca, I'm looking for a white blouse
    El uso del verbo to stay como traducción de estar en un lugar es incorrecto, a menos que quieras expresar lo contrario de irse o marcharse (no me voy a la playa, estaré en casa todo el verano, I'm not going to the beach, I'm staying at home all summer) o te refieras a alojarse: Estoy en el Palace. I'm staying at the Palace.

    ' estar' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    abismo
    - acatarrada
    - acatarrado
    - acecho
    - acomplejada
    - acomplejado
    - acostada
    - acostado
    - acostumbrada
    - acostumbrado
    - activa
    - activo
    - afónica
    - afónico
    - agradecer
    - agua
    - aire
    - ajo
    - ala
    - alero
    - alerta
    - amiga
    - amigo
    - andar
    - antena
    - apañada
    - apañado
    - apogeo
    - ascua
    - atar
    - aviar
    - azotea
    - Babia
    - baja
    - bandera
    - banquillo
    - barco
    - blanca
    - bordear
    - borracha
    - borracho
    - bote
    - braga
    - brecha
    - brete
    - buena
    - bueno
    - cabal
    - cabeza
    - cabo
    English:
    about
    - accustom
    - action
    - agree
    - agreement
    - ahead
    - air
    - alert
    - alive
    - alone
    - aloof
    - amenable
    - amiss
    - antsy
    - anxious
    - approve
    - associate
    - attend
    - away
    - back
    - ball
    - barbecue
    - be
    - bean
    - beck
    - beg
    - behind
    - believe in
    - beside
    - best
    - board
    - boil
    - book
    - boom
    - bored
    - brain
    - breath
    - bristle with
    - broke
    - brown
    - bulge
    - burn
    - by
    - cake
    - call
    - change
    - charge
    - cheese off
    - clash
    - close
    * * *
    ♦ vi
    1. [hallarse] to be;
    ¿dónde está la llave? where is the key?;
    ¿está María? – no, no está is Maria there? – no, she's not here
    2. [con fechas]
    ¿a qué estamos hoy? what's the date today?;
    hoy estamos a martes/a 15 de julio today is Tuesday/15 July;
    estábamos en octubre it was October;
    estamos en invierno it's winter
    3. [quedarse] to stay, to be;
    estaré un par de horas y me iré I'll stay a couple of hours and then I'll go;
    ¿cuánto tiempo piensas estar? how long do you plan on staying?;
    estuvimos una semana en su casa we stayed with her for a week, we spent a week at her place
    4. (antes de “a”) [expresa valores, grados]
    estamos a 20 grados it's 20 degrees here;
    el dólar está a 10 pesos the dollar is at 10 pesos;
    están a dos euros el kilo they're two euros a kilo
    5. [hallarse listo] to be ready;
    ¿aún no está ese trabajo? is that piece of work still not ready?;
    ¿ya estás? pues, vámonos are you ready? let's go then
    6. [servir]
    estar para to be (there) for;
    para eso están los amigos that's what friends are for;
    para eso estoy that's what I'm here for;
    la vida está para vivirla life is for living;
    no tires eso al suelo, que las papeleras están para algo don't throw that on the floor, the wastepaper bins are there for a reason
    7. (antes de gerundio) [expresa duración] to be;
    están golpeando la puerta they're banging on the door
    8. (antes de “sin” + infinitivo) [expresa negación]
    estoy sin dormir desde ayer I haven't slept since yesterday;
    está sin acabar it's not finished;
    estuve sin voz dos días I had no voice o I lost my voice for two days
    9. [faltar]
    eso está aún por escribir that has yet to be written;
    eso está por ver that remains to be seen;
    todavía está por hacer it hasn't been done yet
    10. [consistir]
    estar en to be, to lie in;
    el problema está en la fecha the problem is the date;
    el truco está en no mirar nunca al suelo the trick o secret is not to look at the ground
    11. [hallarse a punto de]
    estar al llegar o [m5] caer [persona] to be about to arrive;
    [acontecimiento] to be about to happen;
    estar por hacer algo to be on the verge of doing sth;
    estuve por pegarle I was on the verge of hitting him;
    estoy por no ir I'm not so sure I want to go;
    estuve por llamarte I was about to phone you, I was just going to phone you
    12. [expresa disposición]
    estar para algo to be in the mood for sth;
    no estoy para bromas I'm not in the mood for jokes;
    el enfermo no está para ver a nadie the patient is in no condition to see anyone
    13. [ser favorable]
    estar por to be in favour of;
    estoy por la libertad de expresión I'm in favour of o for freedom of speech
    14. [hallarse embarazada]
    está de cinco meses she's five months pregnant
    15. RP [ir]
    estuve a verlo en el hospital I went to see him in hospital;
    estuvieron a visitarlo they went to visit him
    ♦ v copulativo
    1. (antes de adj) [expresa cualidad, estado] to be;
    los pasteles están ricos the cakes are delicious;
    esta calle está sucia this street is dirty;
    ¡qué alta estás! you've really grown!;
    estoy cansado/enfadado I'm tired/angry;
    ¿qué tal estás? how are you?;
    está muy irritable últimamente she's been very irritable lately;
    está divorciado he's divorced;
    estoy enfermo/mareado I am ill/I feel sick;
    Andes
    cuando estaba chiquito when I was little
    2. (antes de “con” o “sin” + sustantivo) [expresa estado] to be;
    estamos sin agua we have no water, we're without water;
    Fam
    estoy sin blanca I'm broke, Br I'm skint
    3. [expresa situación, acción]
    estar de vacaciones to be on holiday;
    estar de viaje to be on a trip;
    estar de mudanza to be (in the process of) moving;
    estamos de suerte we're in luck;
    estar de mal humor to be in a (bad) mood;
    ¿has cambiado la rueda? – estoy en ello have you changed the tyre? – I'm working on it o I'm doing it right now;
    ¡ya está bien! that's enough (of that)!
    4. [expresa permanencia]
    estar en uso to be in use;
    estar en guardia to be on guard
    5. [expresa apoyo, predilección]
    estoy contigo I'm on your side
    6. [expresa ocupación]
    estar como o [m5]de to be;
    está como o [m5] de cajera she's a checkout girl;
    yo he estado de portero toda la primera parte I've been in goal all of the first half
    7. Esp [ropa]
    este traje te está bien this suit looks good on you;
    esa falda te está corta that skirt's too short for you;
    ¿cómo me está? how does this look?
    8. (antes de “que” + verbo) [expresa actitud]
    está que muerde porque ha suspendido he's furious because he failed
    ♦ v aux
    1. (antes de gerundio) to be;
    estuvo nevando it was snowing;
    se está peinando she's brushing her hair;
    estuvieron discutiendo durante toda la reunión they spent the whole meeting arguing, they were arguing throughout the whole meeting;
    mañana a estas horas estaré bañándome en la playa this time tomorrow I'll be swimming at the beach
    2. (antes de participio)
    está terminado it's finished;
    está organizado por el ayuntamiento it's organized by the town council
    * * *
    v/i
    ¿cómo está Vd.? how are you?;
    estoy mejor I’m (feeling) better;
    estoy bien/mal I’m fine/I’m not feeling too great;
    estar de tres meses be three months pregnant;
    estar sin dinero have no money;
    ¡ya estoy! I’m ready!
    :
    ¿está Javier? is Javier in?;
    mi padre no está my father isn’t here;
    ¡ahí está! there it is!;
    ahora estoy con Vd. I’ll be with you in just a moment;
    ¿dónde estábamos? where were we?
    3
    :
    estar haciendo algo be doing sth;
    estoy leyendo I’m reading
    4 ( sentar)
    :
    te está grande it's too big for you;
    el vestido te está bien the dress suits you
    5
    :
    estar de ocupación work as, be;
    está de camarero he’s working as a waiter
    6 ( padecer de)
    :
    estar del corazón/estómago have heart/stomach problems
    :
    estamos a 3 de enero it’s January 3rd;
    el kilo está a un peso they’re one peso a kilo
    8
    :
    estar con alguien agree with s.o.; ( apoyar) support s.o.;
    estar a bien/mal con alguien be on good/bad terms with s.o.;
    estar en algo be working on sth;
    estar para hacer algo be about to do sth;
    no estar para algo not be in a mood for sth;
    estar por algo be in favor of sth;
    está por hacer it hasn’t been done yet;
    ¡ya está! that’s it!
    * * *
    estar {34} v aux
    : to be
    estoy aprendiendo inglés: I'm learning English
    está terminado: it's finished
    estar vi
    está muy alto: he's so tall, he's gotten very tall
    ¿ya estás mejor?: are you feeling better now?
    estoy casado: I'm married
    están en la mesa: they're on the table
    estamos en la página 2: we're on page 2
    3) : to be at home
    ¿está María?: is Maria in?
    4) : to remain
    estaré aquí 5 días: I'll be here for 5 days
    5) : to be ready, to be done
    estará para las diez: it will be ready by ten o'clock
    6) : to agree
    ¿estamos?: are we in agreement?
    estoy contigo: I'm with you
    7)
    ¿cómo estás? : how are you?
    8)
    ¡está bien! : all right!, that's fine!
    9)
    estar a : to cost
    estar a : to be
    ¿a qué dia estamos?: what's today's date?
    estar con : to have
    está con fiebre: she has a fever
    estar de : to be
    estoy de vacaciones: I'm on vacation
    está de director hoy: he's acting as director today
    estar bien (mal) : to be well (sick)
    estar para : to be in the mood for
    estar por : to be in favor of
    estar por : to be about to
    está por cerrar: it's on the verge of closing
    estar de más : to be unnecessary
    estar que : to be (in a state or condition)
    está que echa chispas: he's hopping mad
    * * *
    estar vb
    1. (en general) to be
    ¿estás cansada? are you tired?
    3. (en casa, en el trabajo) to be in / to be there / to be here
    ¿está Pepe? is Pepe in? / is Pepe there?
    ¿está tu madre en casa? is your mother in?
    4. (listo, preparado) to be ready
    5. (aspecto) to look
    ¡qué guapo estás! you look very smart!
    estar a... to be...
    ¿a cuánto están los tomates? how much are the tomatoes?
    estar de... to be...

    Spanish-English dictionary > estar

  • 59 Booth, Henry

    [br]
    b. 4 April 1789 Liverpool, England
    d. 28 March 1869 Liverpool, England
    [br]
    English railway administrator and inventor.
    [br]
    Booth followed his father as a Liverpool corn merchant but had great mechanical aptitude. In 1824 he joined the committee for the proposed Liverpool \& Manchester Railway (L \& MR) and after the company obtained its Act of Parliament in 1826 he was appointed Treasurer.
    In 1829 the L \& MR announced a prize competition, the Rainhill Trials, for an improved steam locomotive: Booth, realizing that the power of a locomotive depended largely upon its capacity to raise steam, had the idea that this could be maximized by passing burning gases from the fire through the boiler in many small tubes to increase the heating surface, rather than in one large one, as was then the practice. He was apparently unaware of work on this type of boiler even then being done by Marc Seguin, and the 1791 American patent by John Stevens. Booth discussed his idea with George Stephenson, and a boiler of this type was incorporated into the locomotive Rocket, which was built by Robert Stephenson and entered in the Trials by Booth and the two Stephensons in partnership. The boiler enabled Rocket to do all that was required in the trials, and far more: it became the prototype for all subsequent conventional locomotive boilers.
    After the L \& MR opened in 1830, Booth as Treasurer became in effect the general superintendent and was later General Manager. He invented screw couplings for use with sprung buffers. When the L \& MR was absorbed by the Grand Junction Railway in 1845 he became Secretary of the latter, and when, later the same year, that in turn amalgamated with the London \& Birmingham Railway (L \& BR) to form the London \& North Western Railway (L \& NWR), he became joint Secretary with Richard Creed from the L \& BR.
    Earlier, completion in 1838 of the railway from London to Liverpool had brought problems with regard to local times. Towns then kept their own time according to their longitude: Birmingham time, for instance, was 7¼ minutes later than London time. This caused difficulties in railway operation, so Booth prepared a petition to Parliament on behalf of the L \& MR that London time should be used throughout the country, and in 1847 the L \& NWR, with other principal railways and the Post Office, adopted Greenwich time. It was only in 1880, however, that the arrangement was made law by Act of Parliament.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    1835. British patent no. 6,814 (grease lubricants for axleboxes). 1836. British patent no. 6,989 (screw couplings).
    Booth also wrote several pamphlets on railways, uniformity of time, and political matters.
    Further Reading
    H.Booth, 1980, Henry Booth, Ilfracombe: Arthur H.Stockwell (a good full-length biography, the author being the great-great-nephew of his subject; with bibliography).
    R.E.Carlson, 1969, The Liverpool \& Manchester Railway Project 1821–1831, Newton Abbot: David \& Charles.
    PJGR

    Biographical history of technology > Booth, Henry

  • 60 Merz, Charles Hesterman

    [br]
    b. 5 October 1874 Gateshead, England
    d. 14 October 1940 London, England
    [br]
    English engineer who pioneered large-scale integration of electricity-supply networks, which led to the inauguration of the British grid system.
    [br]
    Merz was educated at Bootham School in York and Armstrong College in Newcastle. He served an apprenticeship with the Newcastle Electric Supply Company at their first power station, Pandon Dene, and part of his training was at Robey and Company of Lincoln, steam engine builders, and the British Thomson-Houston Company, electrical equipment manufacturers. After working at Bankside in London and at Croydon, he became Manager of the Croydon supply undertaking. In 1898 he went to Cork on behalf of BTH to build and manage a tramway and electricity company. It was there that he met William McLellan, who later joined him in establishing a firm of consulting engineers. Merz, with his vision of large-scale electricity supply, pioneered an integrated traction and electricity scheme in north-eastern England. He was involved in the reorganization of electricity schemes in many countries and established a reputation as a leading parliamentary witness. Merz was appointed Director of Experiments and Research at the Admiralty, where his main contribution was the creation of an organization of outstanding engineers and scientists during the First World War. In 1925 he was largely responsible for a report of the Weir Committee which led to the Electricity (Supply) Act of 1926, the formation of the Central Electricity Board and the construction of the National Grid. The choice of 132 kV as the original grid voltage was that of Merz and his associates, as was the origin of the term "grid". Merz and his firm produced many technical innovations, including the first power-system control room and Merz-Price and Merz-Hunter forms of cable and transformer protection.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Institution of Electrical Engineers Faraday Medal 1931.
    Bibliography
    1903–4, with W.McLennan, "Power station design", Journal of the Institution of Electrical Engineers 33:696–742 (a classic on its subject).
    1929, "The national scheme of electricity supply in Great Britain", Proceedings of the British Association, Johannesburg.
    Further Reading
    J.Rowland, 1960, Progress in Power. The Contribution of Charles Merz and His Associates to Sixty Years of Electrical Development 1899–1959, London (the most detailed account).
    L.Hannah, 1979, Electricity Before Nationalisation, London.
    ——, 1985, Dictionary of Business Biography, ed. J.Jeremy, London, pp. 221–7 (a short account).
    GW

    Biographical history of technology > Merz, Charles Hesterman

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