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81 κολλύ̄ρα
κολλύ̄ρα (- ού-)Other forms: also κολλούραDerivatives: Diminut. κολλυρίς and κολλύριον (- ού-) (LXX, pap.); κολλύριον (- ού-) usu. `eye-salve, salve in gen.' (in the form of a tablet; Apok., Arr., medic., inscr. a. pap.); κολλυρικός `made from κολλῦραι' (Plaut. Pers. 95), κολλυρίζω `bake κ.' (LXX), κολλυριόομαι in κεκολλυριωμένον (cod. - ρόμενον) λευκῳ̃ κεχρισμένον H.; κολλυρίων m. name of a bird prob. a `thrush' (Arist.; H. also κορυλλίων), motive of the name unknown (cf. Thompson Birds s. v.).Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]Etymology: Formation like ἄγκῡρα, γέφυρα, λέπῡρον a. o. (Chantraine Formation 234), further unknown. Cf. on κόλλοψ. Like the words in - υρα prob. Pre-Greek (Beekes, Pre-Greek, suff.). If the variation -υ\/ ου- is old, this also points to Pre-Greek.Page in Frisk: 1,900Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > κολλύ̄ρα
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82 κόλος
Grammatical information: adj.Meaning: of cows and goats `hornless, with not fullgrown horns' (Hdt., TheoC., Nic., H.), of a spear `without point' (Π 117), of battle `broken off' (sch. as name of Θ).Compounds: As 1. member in κόλουρος `with short tail' (Plu.), as mathem. and astron. term `stump' (Hipparch. Astr., Hero, Nicom.); with κολουραῖος `broken off, steep' ( πέτρα, Call.), κολούρα `hill etc.' (Hermione, Epid.), κολουρίᾳ τῃ̃ ἀποτομίᾳ, κολουρῖτις γῆ. Σικελοί H., κολούρωσις = κολόβωσις (Iamb.); Lat. LW [loanword] clūra `ape' (W.-Hofmann s. v., Leumann Sprache 1, 206 n. 8). -Derivatives: After κόλ-ουρος prob.(?) κόλ-ερος `with short-sheared wool-fleece' (Arist.; oppos. εὔ-, ἔπ-ερος; s. εἶρος); further κολόχειρ χείραργος H. - Derived from κόλος or closely related two verbs: 1. κολάζω, κολάσαι, rarely with συν-, ἀντι-, προ-, `wring in, chastise, punish, cut' (IA); prob. denomin. κόλασις `chastisment' (IA.), - ασμα (Ar., X.), - ασμός (Plu.) `id.'; κολαστής `punisher' (trag., also Pl., Lys.; Fraenkel Nom. ag. 2, 36f.), also κολαστήρ `id.' (Arr.), with f. κολάστρια (Ezek.), κολάστειρα (AP); κολαστήριον, adj. - ος `punishment, punishing' (X., Ph.), κολαστικός `punishing' (Pl.). - 2. κολούω, κολοῦσαι, somet. with περι-, κατα-, ἀπο-, `mutilate, limit' (Il.); formation unclear; (cf. Schwyzer 683, Chantraine Gramm. hom. 1, 374; s. also on κωλύω). From it κόλουσις `docking, cutting short' (Arist.), κολούσματα κλάσματα H.Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]Etymology: The archaic and dying κόλος, which was in a way replaced by the expressive form κολοβός, partly also by κόλ-ουρος, belongs as verbal noun to a Balto-Slavic, in Greek replaced by κολάπτω (s. v.) primary verb meaning `beat, hew, cut off, break off', which left in Greek several continuants, s. κλάω, κελεός m. (uncertain, improbable). The remarkable barytonesis (Schwyzer 459) may be connected with the passive meaning; perhaps κόλος was like stump orig. a substantive. A formal parallel is OCS kolъ `πάσσαλος', Russ. kol `pole' (prop. "splitoff, cut off piece of wood"?; cf. σκῶλος `pointed pole' to σκάλλω?); with lengthened grade Lith. kuõlas `pole'. - The further history of κόλος is uncertain because the word is not often attested; so we don't know, whether we must start from a general meaning like `stump' or from a word with a special meaning, like `hornless' (from *`broken off' v. t.); cf. the history of κόλουρος.- The parallels adduced are not very convincing; the verbs κολάπτω, κολούω, of unclear formation, point rather to a Pre-Greek complex.Page in Frisk: 1,902-903Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > κόλος
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83 κύπτω
Grammatical information: v.Meaning: `bend forward, stoop, (run) with the head down' (IA).Derivatives: ἐπί-, κατά-, παρά-, πρό-κυψις `stoopng' (medic., hell.); συγκύπ-ται pl. `rafters, sloping beams' (Ath. Mech.), παρακυπτ-ικός `looking inside, inspect inquisitively' ( Cod. Iust.). Adv. κύβ-δα `bent forward' (Archil., com.). Enlarged present κυπτάζω `keep stooping, go poking about' (com.). - Besides κῡφός `bent forwards, hunchbacked' (β 16) with several derivv.: κύφων, - ωνος m. `bent yoke of the plough, pillory, who has had is neck in a pillory, curved beam etc.' (Thgn., Archil., com. etc.) with κυφώνιον kind of salve (Alex. Trall.), - ισμός `punishment by the κ,' (sch.); κυφότης `being bent' (Hld.), κῦφος n. `hump, hunch' (Hdn.; Schwyzer 512). Denomin. κυφόομαι `be bent, humpbacked' with κύφωσις `being humpbacked', - ωμα `hump' (medic.); as backformation (to κυφός or κέκυφα?) κύφω in κύφοντα ὀφθαλμοῖς `with downcast eyes' (LXX). - With factitive meaning κυπόω `overthrow', only ( ἀνα-) κυπώσας (Lyc., Nic.); after τύπτω (: τύπος): τυπόω?Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]Etymology: As κῡφός is in Greek isolated in its formation, it may be original as against the regular κύπτω (with old perfect κέκῡφα?). κυφός has been compared with Skt. kubhrá- m. `humpbacked bull', kubjá- `humpbacked, curved', for which recently mundide origin has been claimed; a reduplicated formation is found in Skt. kakúbh- f. `top, summit, hump'. Directe comparison of κῦφος n. with Av. kaōfa- m. `mountain, camel-hump' (Brandenstein Μνήμης χάριν 1, 53) is deceptive, as κῦφος was built in Greek to κυφός. Of words with final -p- may be mentioned Lith. kuprà, OHG hovar `hump'. Uncertain is the relation to diverse glosses as κύφερον η κυφήν κεφαλήν. Κρῆτες H. (cf. Bechtel Dial. 2, 789) [prob.not here; see 2. κύμβη], also words for `pot, jar' as Skt. kumbhá-, Av. xumba- m. (cf. Sturtevant Lang. 17, 10). Cf. further on κύπελλον, 1. κύμβη, κύβος, κυψέλη. The variation κυφ- κυπ- rather points to a Pre-Greek word; there is no good IE comparandum.Page in Frisk: 2,52-53Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > κύπτω
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84 κῶας
Grammatical information: n., pl.Meaning: `weak, hairy skin, fleece' (Il.).Dialectal forms: Myc. kowo \/kōwos\/.Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]Etymology: Without certain etymology. Acc. to Bq from long grade *κῶϜας, IE. * kōuǝs- (as γῆρας; Schwyzer 349) from the s. κύτος discussed group `cover, conceal', IE. ( s)keu-; incorrect; doubts in WP. 2, 547 and Pok. 951. Not (with Curtius and Prellwitz) to κεῖμαι. - A full grade is what we expect, which would give *koHu̯-H-s or *keh₃u̯-h₂-s, which is rather strange; the inflection - ας, - ε- is also unusual: the -e- would fit with the Myc. nom., but then - ας is strange; it rather seems that a strange, i.e. Pre-Greek, word was adapted to Greek; so prob. the word is Pre-Greek.Page in Frisk: 2,59Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > κῶας
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85 λάτρον
Grammatical information: n.Derivatives: Beside it, prob. as deriv. (Schwyzer 462 A. 3), λάτρις, - ιος m. f. `hired servant, handmaid' (Thgn., S., E.); λάτριος `belonging to a hired servant or to the payment etc.' (Pi., Man.); λατρεύω, El. - είω `serve (for hire), serve a god (with prayer a. sacrifice)' (Sol., Olympia VIa, trag., Isoc., X.) with λατρεία (trag., Pl., LXX, Ep. Rom. u. a.), λατρεύματα pl. (S., E.) `service, s. of gods', λατρευ-τός (LXX), - τικός (Ptol.) `belonging to a servant, servile'; λατρεύς `servant' (Lyc.; from λατρεύω or λάτρον, Boßhardt 66), λατρώδης `servile' (Vett. Val.).Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]Etymology: As (north) west Greek word λάτρον etc. was not only foreign to the Aeolians and Ionians, but orig. also in Athens (v. Wilamowitz Eur. Her. 389, Bechtel Dial. 1, 207, E. Kretschmer Glotta 17, 79). There is no convincing IE connection. Usually λά-τρον (on the formation Chantraine Form. 331) is considered as the zero grade parallel of some words occurring in Germ., Balt.-Slav., Indo-Iran., which all go back on a full grade IE * lē(i)-'provide, possession' (WP. 2, 394, Pok. 665). This is, however, impossible as a root *lē- = * leh₁- would not give λα- in Greek. Skt. rātí-, Av. rāiti- `prepared to give', f. `liberality, gift'; the Indo-Ir. words are uncertain because of the r-; the whole combination rests on a weak foundation. So we can be rather sure that the word is of Pre-Greek origin. - From hell. *λάτρων Lat. latrō `hired soldier' (Leumann Sprache 1, 207).Page in Frisk: 2,89-90Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > λάτρον
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86 λέπω
Grammatical information: v.Meaning: `peel (off)' (Il.)Other forms: aor. λέψαι, fut. λέψω (Il.), perf. midd. ἀπο-λέλεμμαι (Epich.), aor. pass. ἀπελέπη ἀπελεπίσθη H.; also with ablaut λέλαμμαι (Att. inscr. around 330a), ἐκ-λαπῆναι (Ar. Fr. 164),Dialectal forms: Myc. repoto \/leptos\/.Derivatives: Many derivv. A. With ε-grade (from the present): 1. λεπτός (cf. στρεπ-τός a.o. in Ammann Μνήμης χάριν 1,17) `peeled' = `unveiled' (Υ 497), `thin, meager, weak, fine, delicate' (Il., often as 1. member. Poet. lengthened λεπτ-αλέος `weak, fine' (Il.; Chantraine Form. 255), λεπτ-ακινός'id.' (AP; from *λέπταξ ?, Bechtel Lex. s. φυζακινός); further λεπτίον `beaker' (pap.) from λεπτόν (sc. κεράμιον) `thin earthenware' (pap.), λεπτάγιον kind of vase? ( PHib. 1, 47, 13; IIIa; acc. to the edd. perh. = λεπτόγειον `barren land'), λεπτάριον name of a medic. instrument (Herm. 38, 282); λεπτίτιδες κριθαί kind of barley (Gp.; Redard Les noms grecs en - της 113); λεπτότης f. `thinness, leanness etc.' (IA.), λεπτοσύνη `id.' (AP); λεπτύνω, - ομαι `make thin etc. resp. become' (Hp., X., Arist.) with λεπτυσμός, λέπτυνσις (Hp.), - υντικός (Dsc., Gal.). - 2. λεπρός `scaly, with eruption, uneven, raw' (Hp., Hippon., hell.), f. λεπράς (Theoc., Opp.); λέπρα, ion. - ρη `efflorescence, leprosy' (Ion., Arist., hell.), both prob. first from an ρ-stem (cf. Schwyzer 481); with λεπρώδης `with unevennesses, leprous' (Ael., Dsc., medic.), λεπρικός `regarding efflorescence' (Dsc., pap.); denomin. verbs λεπράω `become scaly, efflorescent' (Ion.), also λεπρ-ιάω (Dsc.; after the verbs of disease in - ιάω); λεπρόομαι `become efflorescent' (LXX, pap.) with λέπρωσις = λέπρα (Tz.), λεπρύνομαι `besome scaly, uneven' (Nic.). - 3. λέπος n. (Alex., Nic., Luc.) with λέπιον (Hp.), usu. λεπίς, - ίδος f. (Ion. hell.) `scale, shell, pod, metal plate' with dimin. λεπίδιον (Hero), also as plant-name `pepperwort' (Dsc., Gal., Ath.; as remedy against efflorescence), λεπιδίσκη `id.' (Imbros IIa); further λεπιδ-ωτός `scaly' (Hdt., Arist.), with λεπιδόομαι `become scaly' (Hp.); other denomin.: λεπίζω (: λέπος or λεπίς) `remove the scale etc., peel off' (hell.) with λέπισμα `scale' (LXX, Dsc., Gal.); ἐλέπουν οἷον ἐλέπιζον. H. (: λεπόω, - έω); note λέπασμα `pod, skin' (sch. Nic. Th. 184); rather lengthened from λέπος as from *λεπάζω. - 4. On λεπάς, λέπας s. v. - 5. λέπῡρον `scale, pod' (LXX, Batr.) with λεπυρώδης `like scales' (Thphr.); λεπύρ-ιον `id.' (Hp., Arist., Theoc.), - ιώδης `like scales, consisting of...' (Arist., Thphr.), λεπυρίζομαι `be enveloped by a scale' (sch.), λεπυριῶσαι ἐξαχυριῶσαι H.; besides λεπῠρός `in a scale' (Nic.); on the υ-stem beside λέπρ-α, λέπος cf. e. g. αἶσχος. On itself stands λεπύχανον `coat (of an onion), fruit-schale' (Theopomp. Com., Plu., Dsc.), prob. popular cross with λάχανον, s. Strömberg Wortstudien 52. - B. With ο-grade. 6. λοπός m. `scale, rind' (τ 233, Hp.) with λόπιμος `easy to peel off', (Nic., Gal.), λόπιμα κάστανα... H.; Arbenz Adj. auf - ιμος 101; dimin. λοπάς f. `dish', also name of a crustacean and a plant-disease (com., Thphr., Luc.), with λοπάδ-ιον (com., pap.), - ίσκος (sch.); λοπίς `scale, dish etc.' (Ar., inscr.) with λοπίδιον (Delos); denomin. λοπάω `scale off, let the bark peel off' (Thphr.) with λοπητός m. `time to be peeled off' (Thphr.), λοπίζω `be peeled off' (Thphr., pap.). -7. On ἔλλοψ s. v. - C. With lengthened grade s. λώπη `pod, coat' (Od., Theoc., A. R.), λῶπος m. `id.' (Alc. [?], Hippon., Anacr., Herod.); as 1. member in λωπο-δύ-της m. "who travels in (foreign) clothes", `thief of clothes' with λωποδυτ-έω etc. (Att.); suffixless form λώψ χλαμύς H.; cf. Schwyzer 515, Chantraine Form. 424. Dimin. λώπιον (Arist., inscr.); denomin. ἀπο-, περι-λωπίζω `undress, put off' (S., Hyp.).Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]Etymology: The primary thematic present λέπω, from which all verbal forms were derived ( λέλαμμαι, - λαπῆναι innovations after ἔστραμμαι, στραφῆναι etc.), has no direct agreements outside Greek. There are a few nominal formations, which resemble the Greek forms: Lith. lãpas `leaf', Alb. lapë `rag, leaf, peritoneum' (: λοπός), Lith. lõpas `rag, piece' (: λῶπος; also OE lōf m. `band of the forehead'??, Holthausen IF 32, 340), with Russ. lápotь `shoe of bark' (lapotók `rag, piece'); quite doubtful OE leber, læfer f. `rush, cane, metal plate' (: λέπρα?; Holthausen IF 48, 255). With λέπος one compared also Lat. s-stem lepōs `fine-ness, delicacy', and the Slav. extension in Russ. lépest `rag, piece, leaf of a flower'. Given the productivity of these formations and the varying meanings we may have parallel creations. - Further, partly very doubtful and debated forms in WP. 2, 429f., Pok. 678, W.-Hofmann s. lepidus, Fraenkel Lit. et. Wb. s. lãpas, lõpas, also lèpti `be coddled', Vasmer Russ. et. Wb. s. lépest, lápotь, lópotõk; with rich lit. - We can safely conclude that the verb is not IE: there is hardly a formal agreement, nor does the meaning agree well. So the verb will be Pre-Greek. Note the forms λεπάγιον, λεπακινός, λέπασμα, λέπυρον, λεπύχανον, λέπρα, λώψ, λῶπος etc. The verb may be compared with ὀλόπτω and ὀλούφω, which would also point to a non-IE word.Page in Frisk: 2,105-107Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > λέπω
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87 λέσχη
λέσχη Bremmer WAAR?Grammatical information: f.Meaning: `room, builing as meeting place' (σ 329, Hes.); `grave' (Rhodos); see H. Bolkestein MAWNied. 84B: 3 (1937) 18ff.Compounds: ἔλ-λεσχος `commonly talked off' (Hdt. 1, 153; from ἐν λέσχῃ), πρό-λεσχος `eager to talk' (A. Supp. 200; cf. πρό-χειρος a.o.; ἀδο-λέσχης (s.s.v.).Derivatives: λεσχήν, - ῆνος m. `chatterer' (Timo 46); λεσχην-εῖ ὁμιλεῖ, μυθολογεῖ H. - λεσχαῖος ἐξηγητής, ὁμιλητής H.; λεσχάραι οἷον αἱ σχολαί... (EM561, 17). See Solmsen Wortforsch. 124 f. - Two month names of unclear formation: Λεσχανάσιος (Tegea), Λεσχανόριος (Thessal., Gortyn); also Άπόλλων Λεσχηνόριος (from the λέσχαι which were under his protection?).Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]Etymology: Mostly connected with λέχος, from *λέχσκᾱ. As Greek has no nomin. suffix - sk-, and as a k-suffix from the zero grade *λεχσ- is also improbable, one assumes a σκ-present *λέχ-σκ-εται (\> *λέσχεται); but there is no trace of this verb. The same formation was assumed for OHG. lëscan ' löschen' (as `lie down'); also for Celtic, e. g. OIr. lesc `lazy', where it is quite uncertain. - As the room was not for lying down, this etymology (supposing *λεσχεται really existed) is improbable. - Long ago the agreement with Hebr. liškāh was observed. This cannot be ignored. It was assumed that Greek had the word from the Near East (West, East Face 38; not the other way round, ib.), but as the word is isolated in NWSemitic, Schrader (FS Jahrh.feier Univ. Breslau, 1911, 469) already assumed that both languages had it from Anatolia, which seems the most probable interpretation. Thus Fur. 295, 257, who points out that the suffix of λεσχάραι is non-Greek; he also points to the Hebr. variant niškāh, which may point to Anat. l\/n, as in Fur. 388. Thus now Bremmer, WAAR?See also: weitere Lit. s. λέχεται.Page in Frisk: 2,107-108Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > λέσχη
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88 μακεδνός
Grammatical information: adj.Meaning: `tall, taper', of trees etc. (η 106, Nic., Lyc.); also as name of a people cognate with the Dorians (Hdt.).Derivatives: Also PN Μακεδόνες pl. m. `Macedonians', sg. - ών (IA.) wiht Μακεδον-ία, - ίη, - ικός `Macedonia, -nian' (IA.), also ἡ Μακεδον-ίς (Hdt.), - ῖτις (Ael.), i.e. γῆ, - ισσα `Macedonian woman' (Stratt.); μακεδονίζω `be pro-Macedonian' (Plb., Plu.). With long medial vowel Μακηδών (Hes. Fr. 5, 2, Kall.), - δονία, - ίη (hell. poet.). Beside Μακε-δόν-ες the form μακε-δν-ός seems to show ablaut, zero grade in the suffix, which is also seen (without variant - δόν-) also in γοε-δν-ός a. o. (Solmsen Wortforsch. 46). A suffixal, mostly primary - δόν- is at home in animal-names, some appellatives as well as in nom. actionis a. o. (Chantraine Form. 360ff., Schwyzer 529 f.). Not cognate with μακ-ρός, μῆκ-ος; cf. Specht Ursprung 199 u. 345. A by-form is Μακέτης (Gell.), f. - τις (Str., AP) and - τία, τη (AP), - τᾰ (pap.; Mayser 1: 3, 24); cf. οἰκέτης etc.; s. Schwyzer 498 n. 13, Krahe ZONF 11, 90. -Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]Etymology: After Fick BB 26, 242 the Μακεδόνες were prop. "Highlanders" (beside Μακέτα *'Highland'). New, very daring and hypothetical interpretation by Pisani Arch. glottol. it. 33, 72: from *Μακι-κεδόνες "of who the Earth is high", from μακ-ι- (: μακ-ρός) and a Maced. word agreeing with χθών (s.v.); the second member is more than doubtful; the whole must be rejected. Doubts on the Greek origin of Μακεδόνες by Krahe Glotta 17, 159. -- Cf. μηκεδανός to μῆκος. Fur. does not discuss the forms. The name seems rather non-IE, so Pre-Greek; cf. Λακεδαίμων (cf. Fick, Vorgr. Ortsnamen 90). An analysis μακε-δνος is impossible in an IE word; also the form with τ points to Pre-Greek. The meaning of the adj. strongly suggests that it is cognate with μακρός, but this can hardly be accounted for in IE morphology.Page in Frisk: 2,163Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > μακεδνός
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89 μηχανή
Grammatical information: f.Meaning: `means, tool, contrivance, apparatus, machine, device' (IA, Dor.).Other forms: Dor. μαχανά.Compounds: Compp., e.g. μηχανο-ποιός `machine-builder, engineer, machinist' (Att.), ἀ-μήχανος (Dor. - ά-) `without means etc., helpless; who cannot be helped with means, irresistible, impossible' (Il.; partly associated with μηχανάομαι) with ἀμηχαν-ία, - ίη (ι 295), - έω (Ion.).Derivatives: 1. Uncertain Μαχα-νεύς surn. of Zeus (Argos, Tanagra, Cos, since Va; s.v. Wilamowitz Glaube 2, 172), also name of a month (Corcyra), Μαχανεῖος name of a month (Chalcedon); Μαχαν-ίς surn. of Athena (Cos), - ῖτις surn. of Aphrodite and Athena (Megalopolis). -- 2. μηχανιώτης `contriver', of Hermes (h. Merc. 436; after ἀγγελι-ώτης a.o., Zumbach Neuerungen 7). -- 3. μηχανάριος `machinist' (pap.). -- 4. μηχαν-όεις `full of means, inventive' (S.), - ικός `id., belonging to machines, mechanical', subst. `machinebuilder' (X., Arist.; Chantraine Études 101 a. 141). -- 5. μηχάνωμα (Dor. μα-) n. `apparatus, crane' (Thphr., Delphi; enlarged from μηχανη, Chantraine Form. 187). -- 6. Denomin. μηχανάομαι (- άω), aor. μηχανήσασθαι etc., also with prefix, e.g. ἐπι-, ἀντι-, προσ-, `realize, construct, manufacture artificially, devise (with ruse)' (Il.); from this μηχάν-ημα `invention, apparatus, mechanical device' (Hp., D., trag.), - ησις `id.' (Hp., Plb.), - ητής m. `inventor of warmaschines' (Sch.), - ητικός `inventive' (X.). -- Besides μῆχαρ n. indecl. `means, tool' (A., Lyc.), μῆχος (Dor. μᾶ-) n. `id.' (Il., also Hdt.), both as opposed to μηχανή dying words without compp. a. abl.Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]Etymology: Not with Frisk from a heteroclitic *μᾶχαρ, *μάχαν-ος, from which with added -ā (cf. Schwyzer 459) the almost absolute reigning μαχαν-ά, μηχαν-ή arose; accent after the verbal nouna ( φυλακ-ή, κομιδ-ή etc.). Beside the r-n-stem as so often an s -stem, μῆχος. -- As cognate are usually with Osthoff PBBeitr. 15, 211 ff. (after Bopp, Pott a.o.) considered some short-vowel verbal forms with accompanying nouns in Germanic and Slavic: Germ., e.g. Goth. mag `can, is able, mag', Slav., e.g. OCS mogǫ, mošti, Russ. mogú, močь `can, be able' with Goth. mahts `power, Macht' etc. = OCS moštь, Russ. močь `id.'. Beside this ti-derivation stands in Germ. a n-formation in OHG magan, megin, OWNo. magn, megin `power, might', which may belong directly to μηχανή. Here also (with v. Windekens Lex. etym.) Toch. A mokats `mighty' (like tsop-ats `great' etc.). -- Diff. Prellwitz (as alternative), Fraenkel Lexis 2, 170 a. Wb. s.v.: to Lith. móku, mokė́ti `can, understand, pay' assuming a IE tenuis asp. kʰ; mag, mogǫ etc. are then classified diff. (to Lith. magù, -ė́ti `please, be pleasant', mė́gstu, mė́gti `love, like' etc.). To connect the last mentioned Lith. words also with μηχανή (W.-Hofmann s. mactus, Vasmer s. mogú) is, apart from the meaning, doubtful already because of the ablaut ē: ā one would have to assume. In 1998, 10f [MKNAW Afd. Lett. 61, 9] I pointed out that in Slavic a laryngeal cannot have been vocalized; so the Germ. and Slavic forms cannot go back to * mh₂gh-. The Greek word then remains isolated. The suffix - αν- is typical for Pre-Greek words; note still that Greek has no forms with *μαχ-. -- From Dor. μαχανά Lat. māchina, from μηχανή Pashto mēčan `handmill' (Morgenstierne Acta Or. 7, 200; 18, 143); on the meaning cf. VLat. māchina also `millstone, handmill', Alb. (through Illyrian) mókërë `millstone'. -- WP. 2, 227, Pok. 695; further W.-Hofmann, Vasmer and Fraenkel (s. above).Page in Frisk: 2,234-235Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > μηχανή
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90 μιαίνω
Grammatical information: v.Meaning: `stain, soil, defile, esp. defile through bloodcrime'.Other forms: aor. μιᾶναι, μιῆναι, pass. μιανθῆναι (Il.), fut. μιανῶ (Cyrene, Antipho), pass. fut. a. perf. μιανθήσομαι, μεμίασμαι (Att.), act. perf. μεμίαγκα (Plu.), pass. aor. subj. 3. sg. μιᾳ̃ w. fut. μιασεῖ (Cyrene; Schwyzer 743 w. n. 9 a. 786),Compounds: Rarely w. prefix as ἐκ-, κατα- συν-. Comp. μιαι-φόνος `committing a defiling murther, stained by murther', adjunct of Ares (in E und Φ, B., Hdt., E.; μιη-φόνος Archil.) with - έω (Att.), - ία (D., D. S., Plu.). -- Isolated are w. χ-suffix (Schwyzer 498, Chantraine Form. 403f.) the expressive μίαχος μίασμα, μιαχρόν \<οὑ?\> καθαρόν H.Derivatives: μίασμα n. `defilement, abomination, horrible stain' (IA; on the formation etc. Porzig Satzinhalte 241), μιασμός m. `defilement' (LXX, Plu.), μίανσις f. `id.' (LXX); μιάστωρ m. `defiler, avenging ghost, avenger' (trag., late prose; - σ- as in μίασμα, cf. also ἀλάστωρ and Schwyzer 531; unnecessary objections in Fraenkel Nom. ag. 2, 24); μιάντης m. `id.' (EM), ἀ-μίαν-τος `unstained' (Thgn., Pi.), w. des. of a stone = asbestos (Arist., Plin., Dsc.). -- Beside μιαρός (Il.), μιερός (Call.) `defiled, soilt, polluted, esp. through bloodcrime' with μιαρ-ία (Att.), - ότης (An. Ox.).Etymology: "With the r-n-change - αίνω: - αρός, μιαίνω: μιαρός ( ἰαίνω: ἱερός?; s. Fraenkel Glotta 20, 92 f. with Debrunner IF 21, 32 a. 43) follow a wellknown scheme" says Frisk; a certain non-Greek agreement is however not known; but r\/n after a is hard to explain as IE. Improbable or quite uncertain hypotheses: to Skt. mū́tram n. `urine', Av. mūÞra- n. `impureness' (Fick GGA 1881, 1427; agreeing Bechtel Lex. 227; in vowel deviating); to Lith. máiva `marsh-bottom', miẽlės `yeast', Germ., e.g. OHG meil(a) `stain, blemish' (Persson Beitr. 1, 221; the last with Grienberger and Wiedemann), to which after H. Petersson Heteroklisie 180 ff. (w. further uncertain combinations) also Arm. mic, gen. mc-i `dirt, mud' (IE *miǵ-). -- The 1. member in μιαι-φόνος is prob. as in ταλαί-πωρος to be taken as verbal (" ὁ μιαίνων φόνῳ"); beside it μιη-φόνος like Άλθη- beside Άλθαι-μένης [but this remains unexplained]; a long syllable was metr. needed. Details in Schwyzer 448. A subst. *μι(Ϝ)ᾱ, esp. with a supp. loc. μιαι- (Persson Stud. 155, Bechtel Lex. s.v. a. Dial. 3, 118f.) is not credible. -- WP. 2, 243 w. more forms, Pok. 697, Fraenkel Wb. s. máiva. - Blanc, BSL 96(2001)153-179 tries to connect Goth. bi-smeitan `besmear, strike', bur there is no certain evidence for s- in Greek, which would have unlengthened * smei-; the development of the meaning in Germanic is difficult. If there is no etymology, the word will rather be Pre-Greek. Did it have *mya(n)-, with palatal *m-? We know that an \/a\/ could be pronounced as [e] after a palatalized consonant; so here we may have the origin of the ε\/α- alternation in Greek.Page in Frisk: 2,235-236Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > μιαίνω
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91 μιμνήσκω
Grammatical information: v.Meaning: `remind (oneself), give heed, care for, make mention'; usu. - ομαι (- ῄσκω, Schwyzer 709f., Aeol. μιμναισκω [Gramm.], μνήσκεται Anacr.); fut. μνήσω, - ομαι, aor. μνῆσαι (Dor. μνᾶσαι), - ασθαι, perf. midd. μέμνημαι (Dor. -μνᾱ-, Aeol. - μναι-) with fut. μεμνήσομαι (all Il.), aor. pass. μνησθῆναι (δ 418, Aeol. μνασθῆναι) with fut. μνησθήσομαι (IA); pres. also μνάομαι, μνῶμαι, μνώοντο, μνωόμενος etc. (Il.), `woo for one's bride, court' (Od.) `solicit' (Hdt., Pi.), προ-μνάομαι `court for' (S., Pl., X.); cf. below.Compounds: Often with prefix, esp. ὑπο-, ἀνα-, with παρ-, προσ-υπομιμνήσκω, ἐπ-, συν-, προ-αναμιμνήσκω.Derivatives: 1. μνῆμα, Dor. Aeol. μνᾶμα n. `memorial, monument, tomb' (Il.) with μνημ-εῖον, Ion. -ήϊον, Dor. μναμ- `id.' (Dor., IA; cf. σῆμα: σημεῖον a.o., Chantraine Form. 61, Schwyzer 470), rare a. late - άτιον, - άδιον, - άφιον, - όριον (s. μεμόριον); μνηματίτης λόγος `funeral oration' (Choerob., Eust.; Redard 47); ὑπόμνη-μα `remembrance, note' (Att.) with - ματικός, - ματίζομαι -- 2. μνήμη, Dor. μνάμα f. `remembrance, mention' (Dor., IA; μνή-σ-μη Lycaonia); from this or from μνῆμα: μνημ-ήϊος `as a remembrance' (Phryg.), - ίσκομαι = μιμνήσκομαι (Pap.). -- 3. μνεία f. `remembrance, mention' (Att.), verbal noun \< * μνᾱ-ΐα as πεν-ία a.o. (cf. Chantraine Form. 81), hardly with Schwyzer 425 foll. Sandsjoe Adj. auf - αιος 75f. enlarged from a root noun *μνᾱ. -- 4. μνῆστις ( μνᾶσ-) f. `remembrance, thought, renown' (ν 280) with - σ- as in μνη-σ-θῆναι, μνη-σ-τύς etc.; rather after λῆστις (s. λανθάνω) than with Porzig Satzinhalte 196 the other way round. -- 5. ἀνά-, ὑπό-μνη-σις `remembrance, admonition' (Att.); also μνησι- as verbal 1. member e.g. in μνησι-κακέω `remember the (suffered) wrong' with - ία, - ος (IA). -- 6. μνηστύς, - ύος f. `courting' (Od.), later replaced by μνηστ-εία, - ευμα (s. μνηστεύω); attempt at semantic differentiation by Benveniste Noms d'agent 68f. -- 7. μνηστήρ (μνᾱσ-), - τῆρος m. `wooer' (Od.; on μνηστήρ: μνηστύς Fraenkel Nom. ag. 1, 32 n. 2), also name of a month ( μναστήρ, Messene; cf. Γαμη-λιών and Fraenkel 1, 162); adjectiv. `remembering, reminding' (Pi.; Fraenkel 1, 156 f.), f. μνήστειρα `bride' (AP, `reminding' (Pi.); μνῆστρον `betrothal, marriage' ( Cod. Just.) ; προμνήστρ-ια ( προ-μνάομαι) f. `(woman) matchmaker' (E., Ar., Pl.), - ίς `id.' (X.). -- 8. μνήστωρ `mindful' (A.); on μνήσ-τωρ, - τήρ Fraenkel 2, 12, Benveniste Noms d'agent 47. -- 9. μνηστή f. `wood and won, wedded, memorable' (Hom., A. R.) also `worth remembering' ( Sammelb. 6138), πολυ-μνήστη (- ος) `much wood' (Od.), also `mindful, remaining in memory' (Emp., A.); but Ἄ-μνᾱτος (Gortyn; Schwyzer 503); from this μνηστεύω ( μνασ-) `woo a wife' (Od.), also `canvass a job' with μνήστευμα (E.), - εία (hell.) `wooing'. --10. μνήμων ( μνά-), - ονος m. f., first from μνῆμα, but also directly associated with the verb, `mindful' (Od.), often as title of an office `notary, registrator' (Halic., Crete, Arist.), with μνημο-σύνη `remembrance' (Θ 181); cf. Wyss - σύνη 34; also as name of one of the Muses (h. Merc., Hes.); - συνον n. `id.' (Hdt., Th., Ar.); prob. poetical (Wyss 50); - ος `for remembrance' (LXX); besides Μναμόν-α (Ar. Lys. 1248; cf. on εὑφρόνη), Μνημ-ώ (Orph.) = Μνημοσύνη. Denominat. μνημον-εύω `remember' (IA) with μνημόνευ-σις, - μα etc. Adj. μνημον-ικός `for remembrance, with good memory' (Att.). -- 11. PN like Μνησεύς (Pl.; short name of Μνήσ-αρχος, Bosshardt 130), Μνασίλλει (Boeot.); Μνασέας; prob. hellenis. of Sem. Mǝnašše = Μανασση (Schulze Kl. Schr. 394 f.; cf. Bechtel Dial. 1, 414).Etymology: The above paradigm, together with the nominal formations built on a general μνᾱ-, is a purely Greek creation. The basis of the generalized system were of course one or a few verbal forms; as however the new system was already complete at the beginneing of Greek and the cognate languages present nothing that could be compared directly with the Greek forms, we can no more follow its creation. A monosyllabic IE * mnā- is found in class. Sanskrit, as in aor. a-mnā-siṣ-uḥ `they mentioned', which typologically reminds of μνῆ-σ-αι, in the perf. act. ma-mnau (gramm.), prob. innovation to midd. ma-mn-e (cf. μέμονα) and not (with Brugmann Grundr.2 II: 3,441) to be connected with μέμνημαι; further in - mnā-ta- `mentioned' and mnā-ya-te `is mentioned', with which agree on the one hand Ἄ-μνᾱ-τος and - with secondary σ (Schwyzer 503) - μνη-σ-τή, on the other hand μνάομαι. But the last is undoubtedly analogically innovated after wellknown patterns to μνήσασθαι etc.; also the verbal adj. does not look archaic. The development of μιμνήσκω has been prob. about the same as with κικλήσκω (where however καλέ-σαι was retained) or with βιβρώσκω (s.v.), where also non-Greek agreements to βρω- are rare or doubtful. The general re-creation isolated μιμνήσκω both formally and semantically from the old μέμονα and even more from μαίνομαι. -- From μνάομαι `remind, mention' developed as courteous expression the meaning `woo a woman, court'; s. Benveniste Sprachgesch. u. Wortbed. 13 ff., where also against the connection with γυνή (Schwyzer 726 n. 1). Against Benveniste Ambrosini Rend. Acc. Lincei 8: 10, 62ff. with new interpretation: to δάμνημι, ἀδμής; not convincing. -- Further rich lit. in WP. 2, 264ff., Pok. 726ff., W. -Hofmann s. meminī, Fraenkel Lit. et. Wb. s. miñti. Cf. μαίνομαι, μέμονα, μένος.Page in Frisk: 2,238-241Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > μιμνήσκω
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92 μόθος
Grammatical information: m.Compounds: Comp. μοθούρας τὰς λαβὰς τῶν κωπῶν H. (expl. in Solmsen Wortforsch. 56 A. 2).Derivatives: μόθαξ, - ακος m. `children of the Helotes or Perioikoi, who has got a common education with a Spartan' (Phylarch. Hist. [IIIa], Plu., Ael.); μόθων, - ωνος m. = μόθαξ (sch., EM., H.), also about `impudent man' (Ar. Pl. 279), also parodising presented as demon (beside Κόβαλοι a.o., Ar. Eq. 635); name of a vulgar dance, practised by seamen (Ar., Poll.), also name of a melody on the flute accompanying the dance (Trypho ap. Ath. 14, 618 c). -- μοθωνικός `like the μόθωνες' (Ion ap. Plu. Per. 5), μοθωνία ἀλαζονεία τις τοῦ σώματος κινητική (EM).Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]X [probably]Etymology: The relation between the words mentioned is not convincingly explained. Remarkable is esp. the great stilistic difference between ep. μόθος and Doric μόθαξ and μόθων. A common basic meaning `noise, tumbler(sic?)' does not help much. (I don't see a problem here.) -- Outside Greek no cognates. Against the connection with Slav., e.g. CS. motati sę `agitari', Russ. motátь `throw to and fro, waste, reel, wind up' (further forms in Vasmer s. mot) tells Gr. θ against Slav. t (cf. Meillet BSL 28, c. r. 79); against further connection of Skt. mánthati, mathnā́ti `stir, shake' (WP. 2, 269, Pok. 732, W.-Hofmann s. mamphur m.) further the inner nasal of the group menth- (Kuiper Nasalpräs. 104). Untenable Ehrlich KZ 41, 287f. (s. Bq and WP. l.c.); new theory by Kuiper l.c. n. 2: -o- Central Greek representative of IE *n̥ (to be rejected). - Perhaps the word is Pre-Greek.Page in Frisk: 2,248-249Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > μόθος
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93 μυελός
Grammatical information: m.Meaning: `marrow' (Il.).Other forms: ep. ῡ metr. lengthening. Late Greek has μυαλός, rejected by Phrynichos.Compounds: Some compp., e.g. ἀ-μύελος `without marrow' (Arist.).Derivatives: μυελ-όεις `full of marrow' (Od.), - ώδης `marrow-like' (Arist.), - ινος `soft as marrow' (AP); μυελόομαι `be changed into marrow, consist of marrow' (LXX).Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]Etymology: On the formation cf. πιμελή `fat' with comparable meaning. Prob. to μυών `ball of muscles, knot' (s. μῦς) with n: l-variation as in ἀγκών: ἀγκάλη etc. (Specht Ursprung 84). Both the weak marrow and the weak muscles form an opposition to the hard knuckle. As in Latin by medulla, in Greek the old word for `marrow' in Skt. majján-, OHG mark etc. was replaced by μυελός (Porzig Gliederung 211). -- Wrong older interpretations were rejected by Bq. But the word has no further etymology; Chantraine Fom. 244 is prob. right that the word is Pre-Greek. Fur. 350 adduces μυαλός as evidence, but this may be recent and is unreliable.Page in Frisk: 2,264Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > μυελός
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94 νέκταρ
νέκταρ, - αροςGrammatical information: n.Meaning: `nectar, drink of the gods' (Il.).Compounds: As 1. member a.o. in νεκταρο-σταγής `dripping nectar' (com.).Derivatives: νεκτάρ-εος `of nectar, smelling as nectar' (Il.), - ώδης `nectar-like' (Gp.); νεκτάριον n. plantname = ἑλένιον (Dsc.), also name of a medicine and several eye-salves (Gal.), with νεκταρίτης ( οἶνος) `wine spiced with νεκτάριον' (Dsc., Plin., Redard 98).Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin](X)Etymology: As opposed to the comparable ἀμβροσία (s. βροτός) without certain etymology. Often considered as compoound of νεκ- in νέκ-ες (cf. νέκ-υς, νεκ-ρός) and a verb `get over, overcome', which is found a.o. in Skt. tárati and as zero grade final member in ap-túr `passing the waters', viśva-túr `overcoming everything' etc. (cf. τέρμα). Thus (after Grimm a.o.) esp. Thieme Studien 5ff. with extensive argumentation and criticism of other views: νέκταρ prop. as expression of the IE poetic language "das über die [Todes -]Vernichtung Hinwegrettende". Doubts in Leumann Gnomon 25, 190 f.; agreeing Schmitt KZ 77, 88 who refers to Skt. mr̥tyúmáti tr̥̄ `overcome death' (odanéna `through rice-milk' AV 4, 35). -- To be rejected Güntert Kalypso 161 ff. (agreeing Heubeck Würzb. Jb. 4, 218 A.): νέ-κταρ prop. "Nichttotsein" (to κτέρες νεκροί H.; but s. on κτέρας), not better Grošelj Razprave II 46 f.: to Lith. nė̃koti `stir, knead'. New hypothesis by v. Windekens Rev.. belge de phil. 21, 146 ff.: to Toch. A ñkät, B ñakte `god'; thus Kretschmer WienAkAnz. 84, 13ff., but as Anatolian LW [loanword]. - Fur. 320 compares νικὰριον, an eye-salve. If this is correct, the word is clearly Pre-Greek; he also points to the Pre-Greek words in - αρ (134 n. 75). He holds that the existing interpretations are too Indo-Iranian in character, not so much Greek.Page in Frisk: 2,Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > νέκταρ
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95 ξίφος
Grammatical information: n.Meaning: `sword with straight double-edged balde' (Il.; see Trümpy Fachausdrücke 60ff.); metaph. of the ξίφος- like bone of the cuttle-fish (Arist.), as plantname = ξιφίον (Thphr.); also σκίφος (sch., EM, H.); on the anlaut Schwyzer 266, Heubeck Würzb. Jb. 4, 201. Myk. qi-si-pe-e (du., Heubeck Minos 6, 55f.)?Compounds: As 1. member a.o. in ξιφη-φόρος `sword-bearing' (A., E.) with analog. - η- (Schwyzer 440); on σκιφα-τόμος s. below. As 2. member in ἄ-ξιφος `swordess' (Lyc., A. D.), adv. ἀξιφ-εί (Hdn.).Derivatives: 1. ξιφίδιον dimin. (Ar., Th.), also plantname = σπαργάνιον, `swodgrass' (Ps.-Dsc.; Strömberg Pfl.n. 44); 2. ξιφύδριον ( σκιφ- Epich.) name of a shell-animal (medic., H.). 3. ξιφίας ( σκιφ- Epich.) m. `swordfish' (Arist.), also name of a comet (Plin.; Scherer Gestirnnamen 107 ff.); 4. ξιφίον n. kind of swordlily, `Gladiolus segetum' (Thphr., Dsc.); 5. ξιφή-ρης `heavily armed' (E., late prose). 6. ξιφήν ὁ φέρων ξίφος Suid. 7. ξιφίνδα παίζειν = ξιφίζειν (Theognost.). 8. ξιφίζω dance a swoddance' (Cratin.), ἀποξιφίζειν ὀρχεῖσθαι ποιὰν ὄρχησιν, σκιφίζει ξιφίζει. ἔστι δε σχῆμα μαχαιρικῆς ὀρχήσεως H. From there ξιφ-ισμός (Ath., D. C.), - ισμα (Choerob., H.) `sworddance', ξιφιστύς μαχαιρομαχία, μάχη ἐκ χειρῶν H. (Benveniste Noms d'agent 74); but ξιφιστήρ m. (pap., Plu.). - ιστής H. `swordbelt' because of the meaning rather directly from ξίφος; cf. on κορυφιστήρ s. κορυφή. With prefix δια-ξιφίζομαι `fight with the sword' (Ar.), διαξιφισ-μός m. `swordbattle' (Plu.). -- Two further H.glosses: ξίφαι τὰ ἐν ταῖς ῥυκάναις δρέπανα η σιδήρια and (wit metathesis) σκιφίνιον πλέγμα ἐκ φοίνικος (after κοφίνιον a. o.); here also σκιφα-τόμος profession (Sparta Ia) ?; cf. on κίφος.Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]Etymology: Etymology unknown; like so many weaponnnames prob. LW [loanword]. For oriental origin (Aram. sajǝfā, ārab. saifun, Egypt.. sēfet `sword') a.o. Lewy Fremdw. 176 f., Spiegelberg KZ 41, 127ff., Huber Comm. Aenip. 9, 34, Schrader-Nehring Reallex. 2, 362 f. Wrong IE etymologies in Bq (rejected). New hypothesis by Čop KZ 74, 231 f.: to Osset. äxsirf `sickle', which can go back on IE *ksibhró-. Myc. qisipee points to a labio-velar (possible also for äxsirf), which could have been lost through dissimilation with the following φ; s. Heubeck Minos 6, 55 ff. with further details and lit. On the treatment of the labio-velar cf. also Schwyzer 299. The Myc. form clearly points to Pre-Greek origin; perhaps the forms with σκιφ- also point in this direction. It is well known that Pre-Greek had labio-velars (Beekes, Pre-Greek).Page in Frisk: 2,Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ξίφος
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96 οἴαξ-
οἴαξ-, - ακοςGrammatical information: m.Meaning: `handle (bar) of the rudder, rudder' (trag., Pl.), οἴηκες pl. name of a apparatus on the yoke ('handle'?, `eyes'?; Ω 269).Compounds: As 1. member e.g. in οἰακο-νόμος m. `steersman' (A. in lyr.; cf. Sommer Nominalkomp. 166), as 2. member in κερ-οίακες (from κερα(ι)-οίακες) pl. `rigging of the yardarm'? (Luc. Nav. 4).Derivatives: Dimin. οἰάκιον (Eust.); adv. οἰακ-ηδόν `after the mannar of an οἴαξ' (A.D.); denom. οἰακ-ίζω (- η-) `to pilot, to steer' (ion. att.) with - ισμα `steering' ( Trag. Adesp.), - ιστής (Suid.); οἰάκ-ωσις `steering' (Aq.), from *οἰακ-όω or directly from noun (cf. Chantraine Form. 279). -- Besides οἰήϊον n. `rudder' (Hom.).Etymology: Instrument-name formed like πόρπᾶξ, τρόπηξ, resp. λαισήϊον, ἐργαλήϊον a.o. (Chantraine 381 a. 60 f.). The basis of the Greek words was an old noun with unknown stem; an ā-stem * oisā- is possible, nut not necessary. The noun seems preserved as Balt. LW [loanword] in Finnougr., e.g. Finn. aisa `bar of the forked pole (thill)' from Balt. * aisō or * aisa- (IE * oisā-, * oiso-). The Balt. word is again based on a Slav. s-stem, e.g. Sloven. ojê, ojês-a `(carriage) pole' (further Slav. forms in Vasmer s.vojé), IE. * oio \/ es- n. Besides with zero grade, also lengthened, Skt. īṣ-ā́ f. `pole', from which as LW [loanword] Hitt. hišša-'pole' (s. Kronasser Etymologie 144 against Kammenhuber; borrowing is also denied by Benveniste Hitt. et i.-eur. 13f.). Further combinations, for Greek unimportant, in WP. 1, 167 and Pok. 298 (after Lidén Stud. 60ff., Specht Ursprung 101). -- To be rejected Dumézil BSL 39, 192f. On the meaning of οἴαξ Meringer WuS 5, 89 ff, Hermann Gött. Nachr. 1943, 7 f.; the connection with a ship is a Greek innovation, cf. on ἱστός. -- Ngr. δοιάκι (Schwyzer KZ 63, 62). - The suffix -ᾱκ- rather suggests a Pre-Greek word (which the language may have adapted to nautical use).Page in Frisk: 2,356Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > οἴαξ-
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97 ὄργυια
Grammatical information: f.Meaning: `fathom' (Ψ 327).Compounds: As 2. member beside regelar and usual - όργυιος (λ 312) also δεκ-ώρυγος `ten fathoms long' a.o. (X. Kyn. 2,5) with comp. length. and remarkable metathesis (cf. - ώνυμος).Derivatives: ὀργυι-αῖος (AP), - όεις (Nic.), `a fathom long or wide', - όομαι in ( δι-, περι-)ωργυιωμένος `outstretched (a fathom wide)' (Ctes., Hipparch., Lyc.).Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]Etymology: Subst. ptc. without reuplucation like ἄγυια, ἅρπυια (s. vv. w. lit.) a.o., from ὀρέγω (- ομαι? Fraenkel Glotta 32, 18) `stretch (the arms)' with vowel syncope conditioned by the oxytonesis (or ablaut): ὀρόγυια (assim. from *ὀρέγυια?): ὀργυιᾶς, - αί; s. Schwyzer 255f., 381 a. 474 w. lit., also (on the meaning) 541 n. 5. Older lit. in Bq and WP. 2, 363. - The explanation as a perfect ptc. is rather difficult, both formally and semantic; for the old interpretation see Beekes Devel. 27f. Also the supposed archaic ablaut ὄργυια - ὀρόγυια is problematic; rather one thinks the o was anaptyctic, as Chantraine says in DELG ("semble secondaire"); anaptyxis is frequent in Pre-Greek (Furnée 378-385, esp. 381f.). The enaptyxis could also take the form - ορυγ- [from Pre-Greek *αρυγ-?], which explains the compound form - ωρυγ-, and the transition to - υος (Chantraine). Now that ἄγυια has proved to be a Pre-Greek word, this must also be assumed for our word. (Not in Furnée.)Page in Frisk: 2,412Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ὄργυια
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98 ὄστρειον
ὄστρειον, - εονGrammatical information: n.Meaning: `oyster, mussel, sea-snail; purple paint' (A., Epich., Att.).Compounds: Compp. ὀστρειο-γραφής `painted with purple' (Eleg. ap. Plu.), λιμν-όστρεα pl. `pond oyster' (Arist.).Derivatives: ὀστρ-έϊνος `musselish, provided with a shell(?)' (Pl.), - ῖνος `purple' ( POxy. 109, 5; III--IVp), prob. from Lat. ostrīnus `id.' (since Varro), cf. below; - ε(ι)ώδης `oyster-like' (Arist., Str.), - ειακός `belonging to oysters' (Zonar.), - ίτης m. kind of stone (Orph. L.; Redard 59).Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]Etymology: Prop. "Knochentier" (= `bony animal'), with ε(ι)ο-suffix from a noun ὀστρ-'bone', assumed for s. ὄστρακον. Lat. LW [loanword] ostreum n., ostre- f. (from ὄστρεα n. pl.) with ostr-īnus (from where Gr. ὀστρῖνος, s. above), - eātus, - eārius a.o.; from there NHG Auster etc. - As there is no IE evidence for * ostr- meaning `bone' (s. on ο῎στρακον), the old etymology is wrong; the word must be Pre-Greek. Note that "la forme usuelle semble avoir été le collectif ὄστρα ou ὄστρεια" (the notion `collective' is introduced here assuming that the form is of IE origin); " ὄστρεια est la forme la plus ancienne" (Chantraine, Form. 62). I assume that - ε(ι)- continues a Pre-Greek suffix - ay- (Beekes, Pre-Greek, Suffixes s.v. - αι-\/- ε(ι)-). That a word with this meaning would come from a substratum seems only to be expected.Page in Frisk: 2,438Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ὄστρειον
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99 παλλακή
Grammatical information: f.Meaning: `concubine'. (IA., hell.; in hexam. unusable).Other forms: - ίς (Hom., X., hell.).Derivatives: παλλακ-ίδιον n. (Plu.), - ῖνος m. `son of a π.' (Sophr.), - ία (also - εία to - εύω; Scheller Oxytonierung 34 f.) f. `concubinage' (Is., Str.). - εύομαι, - εύω `to take as a concubine, to be a concubine' (Hdt., Str., Plu.). Here, prob. as backformation (cf. Lommel Femininbild. 52), πάλλαξ f. (Gell. as explanation of paelex), also m. `youngling' (gramm.) with - άκιον = μειράκιον (Pl. Com., Ael. Dion.), thematic παλλακός ἐρώμενος ( ἐρρωμένος cod.) H., Phot.; πάλληξ m. (Samos III--IIa, Ar. Byz.) with παλληκάριον (pap., written. - ι-), with NGr. παλληκάρι (cf. Schwyzer 497); w. diff. suffix πάλλᾱς, - αντος m. `youngling' (Philistid.; after γίγᾱς), from where names of Titans- and Gigantes (Hes.). -- On itself stands Παλλάς, - άδος (like μαινάς, δρυάς a.o.) f. surn. of Athena (Il.), by the Greeks in Egypt. Thebes still as sacral term = παρθένος (Str. 17, 1,46, Eust.), with - άδιον n. `statue of Pallas', prop. `doll, feminine idol' (Hdt., Ar., inscr.).Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]X [probably]Etymology: Old Wanderwort of unclear origin. One compares 1. Lat. paelex `concubine', perh. Greek LW [loanword] through Etrusc. intermediary (Ernout BSL 30, 122); 2. from Semit. Hebr. pīlegeš (- ll-), Aram. pīlaqtā (from Greek?), by nobody accepted; 3. less certain from Oldiran. Av. pairikā f. `demonic, through love-magic seductive woman', MPers. parīk, NPers. parī `Peri', PIr. *parī̆kā, which does not fit semantically (DELG), to which Ir. airech, gen. airige f. `concubine' (with Celt. loss of the p-?) closely resembles (Thurneysen IF 42, 146f.). Critical review of diff. views w. rich lit. W.-Hofmann s. paelex; older lit. also in Bq and WP. 2, 7. - The word is supposed to be anAnatolian loan, Walde IF 39, 85; the word may well be Pre-Greek (suff. - ακ-).Page in Frisk: 2,468-469Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > παλλακή
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100 πάσσαλος
Grammatical information: m.Meaning: `plug, pin, peg, to hang sth. up to' (Il.).Other forms: Att. πάτταλος.Derivatives: Dimin. πασσαλ-ίσκος (Hp.) and - ιον (H.); - ιστής H. s. κυνδαλοπαίστης (s. κύνδαλος); - εύω, often w. προσ-, also w. δια-, κατα-, `to pin, to hang up' (Hdt., Att.) with the nom. instr. - εῖον (Plb., EM); - όομαι `to be provided with π.' (sch.), προσ-όω `to pin' (Thphr.). -- Beside it πάσσᾱξ, -ᾱκος m. `id.' (Megar., Ar. Ach. 763; like πόρπᾱξ, κνώδᾱξ a.o.; Chantraine Form. 381) with - άκιον, - ακίζω (H.); πασσάριος σταυρός H.Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]Etymology: First from *πάκι̯αλος with λ-suffix; to Lat. păc-iscor `conclude a treaty', prop. `make fast', παγ-ῆναι (with variation k: g); s. πήγνυμι. As intermediate we must posit an unknown noun: *πάσσα (\< *πακ-ι̯ᾰ), *-πασσος or *πάσσων (cf. on κνώδαλον)?; diff. Benveniste Origines 47 (s. also Schwyzer 483 w. n. 8). Independent, but also with l-suffix, Lat. pālus (from * pac-s-lo-s); here also Toch. A pyākäṣ (B pyāśi) `pole, stake' (Duchesne-Guillemin BSL 41, 159)? -- Lat. LW [loanword] pessulus `bolt' (on the meaning Rocco Glotta 32, 99); s. W.-Hofmann s.v. -- Derivation from *ph2k- is improbable: a pin has not become stiff (like ice). It has been sfatened, fixed to a wal or a pillar. The suffix - αλ- is pre-Greek, cannot be IE. (The words in -ᾱκ- seem Pre-Greek.) So prob. the whole word is Pre-Greek (*paky-al-)?Page in Frisk: 2,477Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > πάσσαλος
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