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101 ἐθέλω
Grammatical information: v.Meaning: `want'.Other forms: with aphairesis θέλω (Aeol. Ion. Hell.; in Hom. only ο 317; see Debrunner Festschrift Zucker 87ff.), aor. ( ἐ)θελῆσαι, fut. ( ἐ)θελήσω (Il.), perf. ἠθέληκα (X.), τεθέληκα (hell.)Compounds: As 1. member in ἐθελο-κακέω `do wrong deliberately, play the coward deliberately' (Hdt.) with ἐθελοκάκησις (Plb.), cf. μνησι-κακέω a. o.; ἐθελό-δουλος `voluntary slave' with - δουλεία (Pl.), ἐθέλ-εχθρος (Crat.) etc. EN Έθελο-κράτης a. o. (inscr.).Derivatives: ( ἐ)θελημός `voluntary' (Hes.), ( ἐ)θελήμων `id.' (Pl.) with ἐθελημοσύναι pl. (PMag. Par.); θέλημα `will' (Antipho Soph.; θελήμη Theognost.) with θελημάτιον; - τικός, θέλησις, - ητής, - ητός (LXX usw.). - From ἐθελοντ-: ἐθελοντής `volunteer' (Hdt.) with - τήν adv. (Hdt.); rare θελοντής (Hdt. v. l.); Hom. has ἐθελοντῆρας (β 292); ἐθελούσιος `voluntary' (X., after ἑκούσιος). Adv. ἐθελοντί, - τηδόν `voluntarily' (Th.), ἐθελόντως (sch.). - Isolated θέλεος ἀθέλεος `volens nolens' (A. Supp. 862 [lyr.]), poet. formation after the adj. in - εος.Etymology: ( ἐ)θέλω is a primary thematic pres. ind, which has - η- in all non-present forms. To OCS želéjǫ, -ěti `wish, desire', from * h₁gʷʰel-. (Not to φαλίζει θέλει H.; before e one expects a dental).Page in Frisk: 1,447-448Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ἐθέλω
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102 ἔθνος
Grammatical information: n.Meaning: `group, heap, swarm' (of people, animals; Hom., Pi.), `class, people' (Hdt.), `foreign people' (Arist.), τὰ ἔθνη `the heathens' (NT); on the meaning Chantr. BSL 43, 52ff.Compounds: As 1. member in ἐθν-άρχης `governor, prince' (LXX, J., NT), as 2. member a. o. in ὁμο-εθνής `belonging to the same people' (Hdt.), ἀλλο-εθνής (hell.).Derivatives: ἐθνικός `belonging to a foreign people, national, traditional, heathen' (hell.), cf. γενικός to γένος; ἐθνίτης `belonging to the same people' (Eust., Suid.), ἐθνισταί οἱ ἐκ τοῦ αὑτοῦ ἔθνους H.; cf. Redard Les noms grecs en - της 22; ἐθνυμών meaning? (Hdn. Gr.; after δαιτυμών?); ἐθνηδόν adv. `per people' (LXX).Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]X [probably]Etymology: Unknown. If - νος is a suffix ( ἔρ-νος, σμῆ-νος; Chantr. Form. 420, Schwyzer 512) one may compare ἔθος (s. v.), perh. from *su̯edh-nos, which like Goth. sibja ` Sippe', the peoples name Suēbī a. o. (IE *s(u̯)ē̆bh- Pok. 883) goes back on the reflexive *s(u̯)e (s. ἕ, ἑ). Other hypotheses by Fick (s. Bq), Fay (s. Kretschmer Glotta 1, 378), Bonfante (s. Schwyzer 512 n. 6). - One connected also ὀθνεῖος (Demokr., Pl.) as `belonging to the ἔθνος' (Fraenkel Gnomon 22, 238); in this case hardly from *su̯e-. The word could be of foreign origin. - From ἔθνος (spoken ἕθνος) Kopt. hεθνος, Arm. het` anos, and also Goth. haiÞno `heathen' (from where the other Germ. words).Page in Frisk: 1,448-449Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ἔθνος
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103 εἰκών
εἰκών, - όνοςGrammatical information: f.Meaning: `representation, picture, resemblance'.Compounds: As 1. member a. o. in εἰκονολογία `speaking in pictures' (Pl.).Derivatives: Dimin. εἰκόνιον (hell.) and - ίδιον (late); εἰκονικός `picturing' (hell.), εἰκονώδης (gloss.). Denomin. verb ( ἐξ-)εἰκονίζω `imitate, describe in documents' (LXX, pap., Plu.; cf. Mayser Pap. 1: 3, 146) with εἰκόνισμα = εἰκών (S. Fr. 573; cf. Chantr. Form. 188), εἰκονισμός `picture, personal description' (pap., Plu.), εἰκονιστής name of an official, `registrator' (pap.).Origin: IE [Indo-European] [1129] *u̯eik- `resemble'Etymology: Formation in - ών (Chantraine 159f.), as agent noun directly to ἔοικα (s. v.) with the same vocalisation as in εἰκώς, - ός, εἴκελος. - On the innovation εἰκώ s. Schwyzer 479 n. 4.Page in Frisk: 1,454-455Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > εἰκών
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104 εἶρος
Grammatical information: n.Meaning: `wool' (Od.), also a plant name = γναφάλλιον (Ps.-DsC.; on the name Strömberg Pflanzennamen 105) and name of a fever (Hp. ap. Erot.; because of the warmth?, cf. Strömberg Wortstudien 74ff.).Dialectal forms: Myc. wewesijeja \/ werwes-ieia\/ `women who work the wool', from wewesijo- \/ werwes-ios\/.Compounds: As 1. member e. g. in εἰρο-πόκος `with woollen fleece', - κόμος `preparing wool' (both Il.). As 2. member in εὔ-ειρος (Hp., AP), Att. εὔ-ερος (with εὑερ-ία [Pl. Com.]) `with beautiful wool', ἔπ-ερος `sheep' ( Schwyzer Ex. 644, 15, + 300a, Anatol. Aeolis); on the phonetics Schulze Kl. Schr. 367f., Forster Έπίχρυσος 41; on the 2. member (for *εὑ- resp. *ἐπ-ειρής) s. Sommer Nominalkomp. 112; on uncertain εὔειρας acc. pl. f. (S. Fr. 751, v. k.) Fraenkel Nom. ag. 1, 130.Derivatives: εἴριον (ep. Ion. Il.), Att. Cret. ἔριον `wool', w. artificial abbreviation (Schwyzer 584 n. 6) ἔρι (hell. poet); from there εἰρίνεος `of wool', Att. etc. ἐρεοῦς, ἐρειοῦς (for - ιοῦς) `id.', w. cross ἐρεινοῦς (pap. V-VIp); - ἐρέα `wool' (hell.; after αἰγέα a. o.; Chantraine Formation 91); on the derivations Schwyzer 468.Origin: IE [Indo-European] [niew] *u̯eru̯-os `wool'Etymology: Of the compared words note (after Schulze Q. 119f.) Lat. vervēx, - ēcis `wether', a k-derivation of u̯eru̯-, seen also in εἶρος, if from *ἔρϜος and ultimately from *ϜέρϜ-ος, a form now proven by Myc. (On (Ϝ) ἀρήν s. v.) Not here OIr. ferb `cow'. - Connection with Hitt. ešri- is impossible.Page in Frisk: 1,468-469Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > εἶρος
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105 ἐναργής
ἐναργής, - έςGrammatical information: adj.Derivatives: ἐνάργεια `clearness' (Pl., hell.), ἐνάργημα `outward appearance', also in plur. - ήματα `recognizable facts' (hell.; cf. Chantr. Form. 190); ἐναργότης (Poll.); also ἐναργώδης (Aret.).Origin: IE [Indo-European] [64] *h₂erǵ- `shining, white'Etymology: Formations like ἐν-τελής to τέλος demonstrate for ἐν-αργής as 2. member an σ-stem *ἄργος `shining', which is also found in ἀργεστής and ἀργεννός (s. 1. ἀργός and Schwyzer 512). Further difficult, but prob. a bahuvrihi with adverbial 1. member: `with ἄργος, with shining'. Strömberg Prefix Studies 118f.; diss. Sommer Nominalkomp. 108. S. also Fraenkel Nom. ag. 1, 143, Specht Ursprung 345.Page in Frisk: 1,510Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ἐναργής
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106 ἔνερθε(ν)
ἔνερθε(ν)Grammatical information: adv., prep.Meaning: `(from) below, below'.Derivatives: Compare ἔνεροι `those below, those below the earth', of the dead and the gods below the earth (Hom.), ἐνέρτερος, νέρτερος `below (the earth)' (Hom.), sup. ἐνέρτατος `the lowest' (Emp.).Etymology: Cf. the opposites ὕπερ-θε(ν), ὑπέρ-τερος, - τατος, to ὑπέρ; also ὕπερον, ὑπέρα (s. vv.). - A good formal agreement to νέρτερος gives Italic in Umbr. nertru `sinistro', Osc. nertra-k `a sinistra'. One compares further Germanic words for `north', e. g. OWNo. norđr n., which requires zero grade: PGm. *núrÞra-, IE *nr̥tro-. Basic meaning: `region where the sun is below', or `left side of someone who prays when turning to the east'. Another formation in Arm. ner-k`-in `the one below' (cf. i nerk`oy, i nerk` ust `(from) below'). Diff. again is Skt. naraka- `hell' (Wackernagel-Debrunner Ai. Gramm. II: 2, 150). Without consonantal suffix Toch. B ñor `below'; also A ñare, B nray, nrey `world below, hell' rather LW [loanword] from Skt.. niraya- `id.'; cf. Duchesne-Guillemin BSL 41, 180. - As Armenian has no e-, this may be a Greek innovation. (Improbable Bezzenberger BB 27, 174, Güntert IF 27, 49 and Sonne KZ 14, 11: ἔν ἔρᾳι = in the earth). - Further to Lith. neriù, ner̃ti `dive in, slip in' etc. (s. δενδρύω)? S. also νειρός. - The e- may be compared with that of ἐκεῖ?Page in Frisk: 1,514-515Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ἔνερθε(ν)
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107 ἐνῶπα
Grammatical information: adv.Meaning: `in the face, openly; against' m. gen. (Ο 320, Orph. L., Epigr.), univerbation of ἐν ὦπα, cf. ἔναντα and Schwyzer 619.Derivatives: ἐνωπα-δίως `from face to face, in the flesh' (ψ 94), - δίς (A. R. 4, 351), - δόν (Q. S. 2, 84) `id.'.Etymology: Through hypostasis arose ἐνώπ-ιος `in the face, visible', mostly. neutr. as adv. and prep. ἐνώπιον (w. gen.) `in the flesh, personally' (hell.), κατενώπιον `id.' (hell.). Neutr. pl. ἐνώπια `front wall, ouside wall, fassade of a house' (Hom.), also in sing. (Delos IIa); `face' (A. Supp. 146 [lyr.]). - An isolated dative is ἐνωπῃ̃ `in the face, openly' (Ε 374), from ἐνωπή `look, face' (only in ἐνωπῆς γλήνεα Nik. Th. 227; simplex ὠπή A. R.), if not reformatiom of ἐνῶπα after the adverbial datives in -ῃ̃ (σπουδῃ̃ etc.; Schwyzer 622), cf. Chantraine Gramm. hom. 1, 249. - See ὤψ; and cf. πρόσωπον and μέτωπον.Page in Frisk: 1,526-527Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ἐνῶπα
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108 ἐρέφω
Grammatical information: v.Meaning: `cover, give a roof' (Pi., Ar.)Compounds: somet. with prefix ἀμφ-, ἐπ-, κατ-, - As 2. member e. g. in ὑψ-όροφος `with high roof' (Hom.); also ὑψ-ερεφής, - ηρεφής `id.' (Hom.), κατ-ηρεφής `with a roof, vaulted' (Il.), πετρ-ηρεφής `vaulted with rocks' (A., E.) a. o.; cf. Schwyzer-Debrunner 475, Strömberg Prefix Studies 140.Derivatives: ἔρεψις `roofing' (Thphr.) with ἐρέψιμος (Pl.; vgl. Arbenz Die Adj. auf - ιμος 49); with ablaut ὄροφος m. `cover, roof' (Orac. ap. Hdt. 7, 140, A.), also `thatsch for a roof' (Ω 451), ὀροφή f. `roof', esp. `cover of a room' (Ion.-Att., Od.) with ὀροφίας name of a snake (Ar. V. 206), = ὄφις τῶν κατ' οἰκίαν H.; cf. Georgakas Μνήμης χάριν 1, 126; ὀρόφινος `covered with thatch' (Aen. Tact.), ὀροφ-ιαῖος, - ιος, - ικός `belonging to ὀροφή (ὄροφος)' (Att., hell.); denomin. verb ὀροφόω `roof' (hell.) with ὀρόφωμα, ὀρόφωσις.Etymology: The only agreements are the 2. member in OHG hirni-reba `skull' (prop. "brain-cover"), and the Germanic word for `rib' (as "roof of the breast"?) OHG rippa, rippi, OE ribb, OWNo. rif n., IE *h₁rebh-i̯o-, and also Russ. etc. rebró `id.' - Schrader KZ 30, 469f.; see Vasmer Russ. et. Wb. s. v. - Diff. Machek Listy filol. 68, 94ff. - The ὀ- ὀροφ- must be due to assimilation in *ἐροφ-.Page in Frisk: 1,556Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ἐρέφω
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109 ἕψω
Grammatical information: v.Meaning: `kook, seethe' (Ion.-Att.).Derivatives: ἕψημα `what is cooked, meal, soupe' (Ion.-Att.) with ἑψηματώδης (Dsc.), hell. ἕψεμα (LXX; cf. Schwyzer 523), ἕψησις `cooking' (Ion.-Att.); ἑψητήρ, - τήριον, - τής, - τικός (hell.); ἑφθός `cooked' (Ion.-Att.; with ἄπ-εφθος a. o.), ἐψητός `id.', also name of a fish (Ar., X.; cf. Strömberg Fischnamen 89), ἑψανός `cooked, to be cooked' (Hp.), ἑψαλέος `id.' (Nic.; after ὀπταλέος [Hom.] a. o.); also ἑψέϊνα n. pl. meaning unclear ( PLond. 3, 1177, 217; IIp). - From ἄπεφθος NGr. ἀπόχτι (through ἀπόφθι(ον)) `dried food' (Crete), `salted meat' (Cyprus), s. Hatzidakis Glotta 3, 72f.; from ἑψανός NGr. ψανός `what is roasted', ψάνη `wheat', s. Georgakas ByzZ 41, 380f.Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]Etymology: Cannot be separated from Arm. ep`em `cook'. As Arm. p` can hardly represent (with Pedersen KZ 39, 428) IE ps, we should posit IE * seph-, which would have had an s-enlargement in Greek (Schwyzer 706). The `new' (familiar?) Greco-Armenian word ousted old πέσσειν (s. v.). Cf. Porzig Gliederung 156. An other expression for `cook' is ζέω, s. v. The word is prob. Pre-Greek (Fur. 327, who compares δέφω \/ δέψω.Page in Frisk: 1,604-605Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ἕψω
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110 ζεῦγος
Grammatical information: n.Meaning: `yoke, team, pair' (Il.).Dialectal forms: Myc. ze-u-ke-u-si dat. pl., `man who looks after the span'Compounds: As 1. member e. g. in ζευγο-τρόφος `who has a pair, yoke' (Att. inscr. IVa a. o.), ζευγ-ηλάτης `driver of a span, pair' (S., X.).Derivatives: ζευγίτης, f. - τις `owner of a span', name of one of the Solonic classes (Arist.), also `going in a span' etc. (hell.); cf. Redard Les noms grecs en - της 28 and 111; from it ζευγίσιον `tax of the ζευγῖται' (Arist.). ζευγίον `door-panel' (hell. inscr.); ζευγίς f. `knot' (pap.). Denomin. verb ζευγίζω `yoke together, unite' (LXX, pap.).Origin: IE [Indo-European] [508] *i̯eug- `yoke, unite'Etymology: The plur. ζεύγεα, - γη is formally identical with Lat. iūgera, -um (sec. sg. iūgerum), MHG jiuch `a land measure'. On the meaning cf. NHG Joch, Juchert as land-measure; prop. `so much land as a aspan can turn in one day'. - Beside the s-stem, IE. *i̯éugos- (from where also OLat. pl. iouxmenta \> iūmenta, sg. -um `span'), there is an l-stem in ζεύγ-λη (s. ζεύγνυμι); cf. on ἔταλον. - Further s. ζεύγνυμι and ζυγόν.Page in Frisk: 1,610Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ζεῦγος
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111 θῆλυς
Grammatical information: adj. (also f., cf. Chantraine Gramm. hom. 1, 252)Meaning: `female', also metaph. (Il.).Other forms: - εια, -υCompounds: Compp., e. g. θηλυ-γενής, μιξό-θηλυς.Derivatives: θηλυδρίας `woman-like man' (Hdt., Arist.), from *θηλύδριον (Schwyzer 471 n. 8, Chantraine Formation 72); θηλυκός `womanly, womanish' (Arist., hell.; vgl. Chantraine Ét. sur le vocab. gr. 165), θηλώδης `womanish' (Ar.), θηλῶτις f. `id.' (Prisc.); θηλύτης `womanhood' (Arist.); denomin. verb θηλύνω `make womanly' (Ion. hell.). On comparative θηλύτερος Benveniste Noms d'agent 117f.Etymology: With θῆλυς agrees formally, except for the accent, Skt. dhārú- `suckling', if from IE * dʰeh₁lu-. dhārú- prob. directly from the verb `suck' (s. θῆσθαι) with suffix ru- or lu- (Wackernagel-Debrunner 2: 2, 860); ("who know to suck "; Pedersen REIE 1, 197; Fraenkel Nom. ag. 2, 173, Chantraine Formation 253) or from an intermediate nominal l-stem. - Acc. to Duchesne-Guillemin here also Toch. B tlai `woman'.Page in Frisk: 1,671Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > θῆλυς
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112 θρίδαξ
θρίδαξ, - ᾰκοςGrammatical information: f.Meaning: `lettuce' (Epich., Ion., hell.).Derivatives: θριδακί̄νη `id.' (Att., hell.; Chantraine Formation 204) with -ῑνίς f. (Stratt.), θριδακίσκα (Alkm. 20; Chantraine 407), θριδάκιον (Plu.); also θριδακίας = μανδραγόρας θῆλυς (Dsk., Chantraine 94) and the adj. θριδακ-ηΐς f. (Nic.), - ώδης (Dsc.) `lettuce-like'. - Several side-forms: θίδραξ (Arr., H.) with θιδρακίνη (H.; liquidametathesis; Schwyzer 258), θρύδαξ (pap.; after θρύον?), θρόδαξ (H.) with θοδράκιον (Choerob.).Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]Etymology: Acc. to Nehring Glotta 14, 151 Pre-Greek. Because of the typical leaves Strömberg Pflanzennamen 39 thinks of θρῖον `fig-leaf, leaf in gen..' and compares οἶδαξ `unripe figs'. Through association with τρι- `three' arose folketymological τετρακίνη = θριδακίνη (Hippon. 135). (Not with Wood ClassPhil. 16, 64f. to ONo. drīta `cacare' etc.) For ο\/ι cf. τορνία σταφυλή beside θρινία ἄμπελος, Fur. 392.Page in Frisk: 1,683Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > θρίδαξ
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113 θύρα
Grammatical information: f.Meaning: `door, doorleaf', mostly in plur. `gate' (Il.; cf. Schwyzer-Debrunner 44).Other forms: Ion. θύρηCompounds: Several compp., e. g. θυρᾰ-ωρός (Χ 69), θυρ-ωρός, - ουρός (Sapph.) `doorwaiter' (cf. on ὁράω and Schwyzer 438), as 2. member with thematic anlargement, e. g. πρό-θυρ-ον `place before the gatee, forecourt' (Il.).Derivatives: Diminut.: θύριον (Att.) and θυρίδιον (Gp.), θυρίς f. `window(opening)' (IA) with θυριδεύς `window-frame' (Delos IIIa; cf. the names in - εύς in Chantraine Formation 128), θυριδόω `provide with a window' (pap.) with θυριδωτός (inscr.). Further θυρεός m. `door-stone' (ι 240, 313), name of a long shield = Lat. scutum (hell.; on the formation Chantraine 51; also Schwyzer 468 and Hermann Sprachwiss. Komm. zu ι 240, but hardly with Bechtel Vocalcontr. 154 from the consonantstem in θύρ-δα) with θυρεόω `cover with a shield' (Aq.); θύρετρα pl. `door(-casing)' (ep.; Schwyzer 532, Chantraine 332) with θυρετρικός (Chios); θύρωμα, often in plur. - ώματα `doorway' (IA; not with Schwyzer 523 from θυρόω, cf. Chantraine 187); θυρών, - ῶνος m. `hall, antechamber' (S.). Adj. θυραῖος, Aeol. θύραος `belonging to the door, standing before the door, outside, foreign' (trag., hell.). Denomin. verb θυρόω `provide with doors' (Att.) wiht θύρωσις (Epid.), θυρωτός (Babr.). θυραυλέω `sleep before the door' from a compound with αὐλή. *θυράγματα ἀφοδεύματα H. (in wrong position), as from θυράζω.Etymology: From θύρ-δα ἔξω. Άρκάδες H. and θύσθεν for *θύρ-σθεν = θύρα-θεν (Tegea; on the formation Schwyzer 628), perhaps also from θύραζε `out (of the door)' (if for *θύρᾰς δε; Schwyzer 625 w. n. 1) one reconstructs a consonant-stem, IE * dhur-, which is often attested in other languages: Germ., e. g. OHG turi = Tür (prop. plur.), from IE *dhúr-es; Balt., e. g. Lith. acc. pl. dur-ìs, gen. dùr-ų̃, Skt. acc. pl. dúr-aḥ (IE *dhúr-n̥s; on the anlaut. d- for dh- cf. Mayrhofer KEWA 2, 83). The consonant -stem is often replaced by innovations, notably by an i-stem in Lith. nom. pl. dùr-y-s, gen. dùr-i-ų̄, by an o-stem in Goth. daúr n. = NHG Tor etc., by an n-stem in Arm. dur-n, by an ā-stem as in θύραι, also in Arm. gen. dat. abl. pl. dr-a-c̣, instr. dr-a-w-k`. - Beside zero-grade * dhur- full-grade *dhu̯er-, *dhu̯or-, e. g. Skt. nom. pl. dvā́r-aḥ, acc. dúr-aḥ (s. above), which were often generalized as in Lat. for-ēs, Toch. B twere; with enlargements, e. g. Skt. dvā́r-a-m, OCS dvor-ъ `court', Lat. for-īs `outside', for-ās `(towards) outside'. A zero grade *dhu̯r̥- has been supposed in θαιρός `pivot of a door', but is doubtful (s. v.). - The thematic enlargement of πρό-θυρ-ον also e. g. in Skt. śatá-dur-a- `with hundred doors' (Sommer Nominalkomp. 131). - Details in Pok. 278f., W.-Hofmann s. foris, Ernout-Meillet s. forēs, Mayrhofer Wb. 2, 83f., Fraenkel Lit. et. Wb. s. dùrys, Vasmer Russ. et. Wb. s. dverь. Cf. Benveniste, Institutions I 311ff.Page in Frisk: 1,695-696Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > θύρα
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114 θύω 2
θύω 2.Grammatical information: v.Derivatives: Derivations partly show the older meaning `smoke, incense' (s. below): 1. θῦμα `offer' (IA etc.); 2. ἔκ-, πρό-θυσις from ἐκ-, προ-θύω (late); 3. θυσία s. below on θύτης; 4. θύος n. with θυέστης a. o. `incense', s. v.; 5. θύον `life-tree', s. v.; 6. θυητά n. pl. `incense' (Aret.; on the formation cf. θυηλη s.v.); 7. θυ(ε)ία f. `strong smelling ceder, thuya' with θυῖον n. `resin' (Thphr.); formation unclear; to θύος (s. v.)? 8. θύτης m. `offerer' (hell.; ἐκ-θύτης from ἐκ-θύω E.); θύτας (Thess.), with θυτεῖον `offerplace' (Aeschin.), θυτικός `belonging to an offer' (hell., directly from θύω), θυσία `offer, offerfeast' (h. Cer.; cf. Fraenkel Nom. ag. 1, 224, Porzig Satzinhalte 200); from there θυσιάζω `offer' with θυσίασμα, - αστήριος, - ον; 9. θυτήρ m. `id.' (trag.) with θυτήριον `sacrificial animal' (E.), also `altar', name of the constellation Ara (Arat.; Scherer Gestirnnamen 192); 10. θύστας ὁ ἱερεὺς παρὰ Κρησί H., f. θυστάς, - άδος `belonging to the sacrifice' (A., S.; Fraenkel Nom. ag. 1, 182; 2, 37, E. Kretschmer Glotta 18, 85); 11. θύστρα n. = θύματα (Kos); 12. θυ\<σ\> τηρίοις θυμιατηρίοις H.; 13. θυσμικός `regarding the sacrifice' ( ἔτος; Paros, Tenos); the - σ- in the last words hardly with Schulze Q. 320 n. 1 and Fraenkel l. c. from the σ-stem in θύος, but rather with Solmsen KZ 29, 114 analogical [to what?] (cf. μύστης a. o.). - With λ-, resp. μ-suffix in θυηλη, θυμός, θύμον, [not in θυμάλωψ], s. vv.; with μελ-suffix (Frisk Eranos 41, 51) θῠμέλη `hearth, altar' (trag.; not with Aly Glotta 5, 60ff. prop. "practice-ground" from 1. θύω `storm') with θυμελικός.Origin: XX [etym. unknown]Etymology: The regular stemformation of θύω will be the resultof inner-Greek adjustment. The original paradigma can no longer be reconstructed. As the nearest parallel is given Lat. suf-fiō, - īre `incense', explained from *-dhu̯-ii̯ō, which is of course very far away. - It is often supposed that 1. θύω and 2. θύω were originally identical, but this is far from clear; one assumes a development like `stieben, stäuben, wirbeln, stürmen, rauchen' v. t., but this can well be wrong. The different languages show a mass of formations and meanings which can no longer be interpreted, see Pok. 261-267, (268-271). - S. further τύφω. θάνατος, θολός, ἀθύρω have nothing to do with our verb.- P. Pagot, RPh LXXV (2001) 144 connects Hitt. tuhhae `pant, sigh' from * dʰ(e)uh₂-, which is however very far as regards the meaning.Page in Frisk: 1,698-699Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > θύω 2
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115 καμμονίη
Grammatical information: f.Meaning: `perseverance, succesful defence' (Χ 257, Ψ 661, APl.; on the meaning Trümpy Fachausdrücke 201f.).Origin: GR [a formation built with Greek elements]Etymology: - With Aeolic treatment of the preposition for *καταμονίη, either as abstract to κατάμονος (hell.) or with metrically conditioned change of suffix for *καμμονή = καταμονή (hell.); to καταμένειν. - Cf. κάμμορος.Page in Frisk: 1,772-773Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > καμμονίη
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116 κάρταλλος
Grammatical information: m.Meaning: `basket with pointed bottom' (LXX, hell., Ph., H.)Other forms: (rarely - αλος)Derivatives: Dimin. καρτάλλιον (hell.).Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]Etymology: - Technical or popular word in - αλλος (cf. Chantraine Formation 245ff.), which one wants to connect with a root * k(e)rt- `turn (Pok. 584) "aber im einzelnen dunkel" (Frisk), also supposed in κύρτος. The variant with single -l- rather points to a Pre-Greek word; this fits well the meaning. DELG and Fur 352 suggest καρταλάμιον and κερτύλλιον.Page in Frisk: 1,794Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > κάρταλλος
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117 κάρυον
Grammatical information: n.Meaning: `nut' (Epich., Ar., Thphr.).Compounds: Compp., e. g. καρυο-ναύτης `wo sails in a nut' (Lyc.); καρυό-φυλλον `dried flower-but of the clove, Eugenia caryophyllata' (medic.), folketymological adaptation of a loan (Skt. kaṭuka-phalam?; s. Maidhof Glotta 10, 11.).Derivatives: 1. καρύα f. `walnut-tree', esp. `hazel, Corylus avellana' (S., LXX, Thphr. usw.; on the gender Schwyzer-Debrunner 30). 2. Diminut.: καρύδιον (Philyll. 19) with καρυδόω `castrate', καρύδωσις (Hippiatr.); καρυΐσκος (LXX). 3. Adject.: καρύ-ϊνος `of nuts, nut-brown etc.', - ώδης, - ηρός `nut-like' (hell.); καρυωτός `with nut-like hump or fruit' (= `date-tree'), καρυῶτις f. `kind of date' (hell.); substant. καρυΐτης `kind of Euphorbia' (Dsc.; Strömberg Pflanzennamen 53, Redard Les noms grecs en - της 72). 4. Adverb: καρυηδόν `like nuts' (medic.). 5. Verb: καρυατίζω `play with nuts' (Ph.; after the verbs in - ατίζω). - A further plural-form in καρυήματα κάρυα. Λάκωνες H. (after τραγήματα a. o.; Schwyzer 523, Chantraine Formation 178, Fraenkel Glotta 32, 26).Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]Etymology: All compared words differ from κάρυον and from one amother: Lat. carīna `ship's keel' (since Enn. and Plaut.), `shell of a nut' (Plin.), Welsh ceri (\< * carīso-) `pit of fruit'; Skt. karaka- m. `(shell of the) coco(a)-nut' (lex.), `jar for water'. Other doubts are: for Lat. carīna a Greek loan (from καρύϊνος = *`like a nut-shell' \> `ship's keel'?) as been supposed (W.-Hofmann s. v.); the priority of the meaning `coco-nut' beside `water-jar' for karaka- is doubted by Mayrhofer, see EWAia III 59 (later form). - The connection with a group * kar- `heart' (Pok. 531f.) is completely hypothetical. - Beside it occurs ἄρυα τὰ ΏΗρακλεωτικὰ κάρυα H., which suggests a Pre-Greek form, Fur. 591.Page in Frisk: 1,794-795Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > κάρυον
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118 κέραμος
Grammatical information: m.Meaning: `potter's earth, tiling, earthen vessel, jar, wine-jar, pottery' (Il.), Ε 387 (subterranean) dungeon, Cyprian acc. sch., but see Leumann Hom. Wörter 270 n. 17 and 273 (cf. Latte Glotta 34, 200ff. with arguments against, also σιρός πίθος, δεσμωτήριον H. (s. Bechtel Dial. 1, 450).Dialectal forms: Myc. kerameuCompounds: Compp., e. g. κεραμουργός `potter' (hell.).Derivatives: A. material adjectives: κερά-μινος (Hdt.), - μικός (IA), - μεος (Pl.), - μεοῦς (Att.; after ἐρεοῦς from ἐρέα), - μοῦς (hell.), - μαῖος (Plb.), - μιος (Str.), -μήϊος (Nic.), - μῖτις (Hp., Plu.; Redard Les noms grecs en - της 107). - B. Subst. 1. κεραμεύς `potter' (Il.) with Κεραμεικός m. "potter's market", also as adj. = - μικός (X.), κεραμευτικός `belonging to the potter' (D. S.), κεραμεῖον `pottery' (Att.), κεραμεύω `make of potter's earth, be potter' (Att.) with κεραμεία `pottery' (Pl.). 2. κεράμιον `earthen jar, vase' (IA) with κεραμύλλιον `small pot' (Delos, pap., IIIa; Leumann Glotta 32, 215). 3. κεραμίς f. `roof-tile' (IA) with κεραμίδιον (late) and κεραμιδόω `cover with tiles' (Arist.). 4. κεραμ(ε)ών `pottery' (Ar. Lys. 200, Hdn. Gr. 1, 32; 40). - Denomin. verb κεραμόω `cover with tiles' (Att. inscr.) with κεραμωτός (Plb., Str.), κεράμωσις (Epid. IVa).Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]X [probably]Etymology: No certain etym. The connection with κερά-σαι, κεράννυμι (Prellwitz) is formally unproblematic, but semantically not quite convincing. Direct connection with Lat. cremāre as "terra coctilis" (Vaniček) is formally hard to found; we would like better a verb * kerH- `burn, heat, glow' (Pokorny 571f.), which has been assumed in several Baltic and Germanic nominal derivations, e. g. Lith. kárštas `hot, glowing, burning', Goth. haúri n. `coals', OHG herd `hearth'; one adduced also Skt. kūḍayati `singe, burn'; impossible is Lith. kùrti `fire, heat', as it is prop. `make fire', s. Fraenkel Lit. et. Wb. s. v. As however among the words in -( α)μο- there are several suspect of being loans (Chantraine Formation 133f., Schwyzer 493f.), is for this technical term for tile-making also Pre-Greek-Anatolian origin possible; not the Carian GN Κέραμος (Kretschmer Glotta 11, 284, Schrader-Nehring Reallex. 2, 694). On a proto-Hattic term s. Laroche BSL 51, p. XXXIV.Page in Frisk: 1,823-824Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > κέραμος
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119 κεράννυμι
Grammatical information: v.Meaning: `mix, mix up' esp. of wine with water, `temper' (of the climate etc.) (Com., Hyp.)Other forms: also κεραννύω (Com., Hyp.), κεραίω (Ι 203, Delph. Va), κεράω (Od.; subj. κέρωνται Δ 260), κίρνημι, - νάω (Od.), aor. κεράσ(σ)αι (Il.), also ( ἐπι-)κρῆσαι (η 164, Hp.), pass. κρᾱθῆναι, κρηθῆναι (IA), also κερασθῆναι (Att.), perf. med. κέκρᾱμαι, - κρη- (Sapph., Pi., IA), also κεκέρασμαι (Arist.), fut. κερῶ (Att.), κεράσω (Them.), pass. κρᾱθήσομαι (Att.),Dialectal forms: Myc. karateraCompounds: also with prefix, esp. συν-Derivatives: A. Of κρᾱ- ( κρη-): 1. κρᾶσις, κρῆσις ( σύγκρ. etc.) `mix' (IA) with *κρᾱσίον \> ModGr. κρασί `wine' (Kretschmer Glotta 15, 64f., Hatzidakis ib. 139f.; on the meaning of κρᾶσις s. Den Dulk Κρᾶσις. Bijdrage tot de Grieksche Lexicographie. Diss. Leiden 1934). 2. κρᾶμα (rarely also κράμμα after βάμμα a. o.), Ion. κρῆμα `mix, alloy', also `mixed wine' (Ion. hell.) with κραμάτιον (Dsc.) and κραμ(μ)άτινος `consisting of an alloy' (pap.). 3. κρᾱτήρ, κρητήρ m. "mixer", `mixing bowl', also metaph., `Krater' (Il.; on the meaning Brommer Herm. 77, 359 a. 366) with κρατηρία `id.' (Dsc.; Scheller Oxytonierung 54) and the diminutiva κρατήριον, κρη- (Hp.), κρατηρ-ίδιον (Boeot., J.), - ίσκος (Delos IIIa, Ath.); κρατηρίζω "drink a bowl", `intoxicate oneself' (Sophr., D.; cf. Wackernagel Glotta 14, 52f. = Kl. Schr. 2, 860f.). 4. compounds like ἄ-κρᾱ-τος (- η-) `unmixed' (Il.), αὑτο-κρη-ής "mixed with itself", i. e. `unmixed' (Nic. Al. 163), αὑτό-κρας `id.' (Poll.). - B. Of κερᾰ-: κατα-κέρασις `mixing (with water)' (Arist.), κέρασμα `id.' (hell.), συγ-κερασμός `id.' (gloss.), κεραστός ( εὑ-, ἐγ-κέρ.) `mixed' (D. H., Plu., APl.), κεραστής `mixer' (Orph.), ἐπι-, κατα-κεραστικός `causing a (real) mix' (medic.), μετά-κερας adj. n. `tempered, lukewarm' (Com.), αὑτό-κερας, also as adv. `unmixed' (Poll., Phryn.; cf. αὑτοκρηής). S. also on 2. ἀκήρατος. In the meaning `unxed' ( οἶνος; Dsc. 5, 6, 10) ἀκέραιος is a reinterpretation of ἀκέραιος `undamaged'; s. on 1. ἀκήρατος.Origin: IE [Indo-European] [582] *ḱerh₂- `mix;Etymology: With the verbal adjective (ἄ)-κρᾱτος agrees Skt ptc. ā́-śīr-ta- `mixed'; both Gr. κρᾱ-, κρη- and Skt. śīr- represent the zero grade of a disyll. root. This root is seen in κερά-σαι (beside analogical κεράσ-σαι); (there is no Skt. *á-śari-ṣam). Nasal presents are Skt. śrī-ṇā́-ti and κίρ-νη-μι; both forms however are renewed or reshaped. An IE. *ḱr-nā-ti should have been Skt. *śr̥-ṇā́-ti (seen in the homonymous word for `break'), and Gr. *κάρ-νη-σι; the ι in κίρνημι is rather innovation after the reduplicating presents τίθημι, γίγνομαι etc. than old reduced grade. - To old κερά-σαι came the innovations κεραίω, κεράω, κεράννυμι (Schwyzer 676, 681, 697) just like κερῶ, κεράσω, κερασθῆναι, κεκέρασμαι (both with analogical σ); old(er) were κρᾱ-θῆναι, κέ-κρᾱ-μαι (like βλη-θῆναι, βέ-βλη-μαι a. o.). - Another system is provided by Oldiranian in the also semantically deviating Av. sar- `unite' (which must perhaps be separated; Gonda Acta Or. 14, 201; s. also Wackernagel-Debrunner KZ 67, 174 = Kl. Schr. 1, 390) - Further Pok. 582.Page in Frisk: 1,824-825Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > κεράννυμι
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120 κεφαλή
Grammatical information: f.Meaning: `head', also metaph. `the uppermost, most extreme, source etc.' (Il.).Compounds: several compp., e. g. κεφαλ-αλγ-ία `headache' (Hp.), through dissimilation - αργία (Luc.); βου-κέφαλος `with cow-head' (Ar.); also as plant-name (Strömberg Pflanzennamen 54); as PN Βου-κεφάλᾱς m. the personal horse of Alexander the Great (Str., Plu.; on the formation Schwyzer 451).Derivatives: Diminut. κεφάλιον (Att. inscr.), - ίδιον (Poll., pap.), κεφαλίς f. `bulb of an onion, toe-cap of a shoe, capital of a column etc.' (Arist.), κεφαλὶς βιβλίου `book-roll' (LXX); - κεφάλαιον n. `the main thing, -point, -sum, capital' (Pi., att.; rarely adj. κεφάλαιος [Ar. Ra. 854, PMasp. 151, 16, VIp]) with κεφαλαιώδης, adv. - ωδῶς `regarding the main point' (Hp., Arist., hell.) and the denominative κεφαλαιόω `(summarize the main points) ' (Att.), from where κεφαλαίωμα `total sum' (Hdt. 3, 159), - αίωσις `summary' (Sch.), - αιωτής = lat. capitularius with - τία (pap. Rom. Emp.); - κεφαλαία f. `chronic headache' (medic.); - κεφαλώδης `head-like' (Thphr.), κεφαλικός `belonging to the head, to life, capitalis' (pap., Dsc.); - κεφαλίτης λίθος `corner-stone' (H.), κεφαλίτης γλήχων prob. `Mentha aquatica' (Hippiatr.; Redard Les noms grecs en - της 73); κεφαλίνη `root of the tongue' (Poll.); κεφαλῖνος fishname = βλεψίας (Dorio ap. Ath.; Strömberg Fischnamen 41), also κέφαλος `Mugil cephalus' (Hp., Com., Arist.; extens. Thompson Fishes s. v.; diff. Pisani Ist. Lomb. 75: 2, 54f. [: to Skt. śaphara-, Lith. šãpalas `Cyprinus']); - κεφάλωμα `sum' (Messen., Delph.; after ἀνάλωμα, Bechtel Dial. 2, 156; cf. also κεφαλαίωμα above); κεφαλωτός `with a head' (Arist., hell.), as plant-name `Thymian' (Ps.-Dsc.; Strömberg Pflanzennamen 50), - ωτόν (sc. πράσον) `onion' (pap.); - κεφαληδόν `per head' (Priene IVa). - Denomin. κ]εφαλίζω `behead' ( BGU 1, 341, 9); in other meaning κεφαλισμός `table of multiplication' (Arist.); κεφαλόω in κεκεφαλωμένος `provided with a head' (Arist.-comm.); κεφαλιόω in ἐκεφαλίωσαν (Ev. Mark. 12, 4), meaning unclear `beat the head' or `behead'?, s. Bauer Gr.-dt. Wb. s. v. (wrong Pernot Neophilol. 26, 310ff.). - Further the hypostases προσ- (Dor. ποτι-), ὑπο-κεφάλαιον `(head)cushion' (IA.; cf. Schwyzer-Debrunner 517), ἀποκεφαλίζω `behead' (LXX, Phld.) with - ισμός, ισμα, - ιστής.Etymology: Old word for `head', found also in Tocharian and Germanic: Toch. A śpāl `head' (final unclear), OHG gebal m., MHG. gebel `skull', OHG gibilla f. `id.' (Germ. i̯ō-deriv); besides in the sense of `front' OHG gibil m., Goth. gibla m. (n-stem) and, with ablaut, ONo. gafl m. `side of a facade'; IE. * ghebh(e)l-, which looks like an l-stem; but a corresponding basis has nowhere been found. - Here also γαβαλάν ἐγκέφαλον η κεφαλήν H. and Maced. (Illyr.?) κεβ(α)λή; s. κεβλη. The Greek -α is difficult. S. Benveniste, Word 10 (1954) 255f.Page in Frisk: 1,835-836Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > κεφαλή
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