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under+the+orders+(of)

  • 41 doctor

    1. noun
    1) Arzt, der/Ärztin, die; Doktor, der (ugs.); as title Doktor, der; as address Herr/Frau Doktor

    just what the doctor ordered — [ganz] genau das richtige!

    2) (Amer.): (dentist) Zahnarzt, der/-ärztin, die
    3) (Amer.): (veterinary surgeon) Tierarzt, der/-ärztin, die
    4) (holder of degree) Doktor, der
    2. transitive verb
    (coll.) (falsify) verfälschen [Dokumente, Tonbänder]; frisieren (ugs.) [Bilanzen, Bücher]; (adulterate) panschen (ugs.) [Wein]; verwürzen [Gericht]
    * * *
    ['doktə] 1. noun
    1) (a person who is trained to treat ill people: Doctor Davidson; You should call the doctor if you are ill; I'll have to go to the doctor.) der Doktor
    2) (a person who has gained the highest university degree in any subject.) der Doktor
    2. verb
    1) (to interfere with; to add something to (usually alcohol or drugs): Someone had doctored her drink.) vermischen
    2) (to treat with medicine etc: I'm doctoring my cold with aspirin.) behandeln
    •
    - academic.ru/21561/doctorate">doctorate
    * * *
    doc·tor
    [ˈdɒktəʳ, AM ˈdɑ:ktɚ]
    I. n
    1. (medic) Arzt, Ärztin m, f
    good morning, \doctor Smith guten Morgen, Herr/Frau Doktor Smith
    to be at the \doctor's beim Arzt/bei der Ärztin sein
    to go to the \doctor's zum Arzt/zur Ärztin gehen
    to see a \doctor [about sth] einen Arzt/eine Ärztin [wegen einer S. gen] aufsuchen
    \doctor's certificate Attest nt, ärztliche Bescheinigung
    company \doctor (medic) Werksarzt, -ärztin m, f, Betriebsarzt, -ärztin m, f ÖSTERR, SCHWEIZ
    \doctor's orders ärztliche Anweisung
    2. (academic) Doktor m
    3.
    ▶ to be just what the \doctor ordered genau das Richtige sein
    II. vt
    1. ( pej: falsify)
    ▪ to \doctor sth etw fälschen
    2. (poison)
    ▪ to \doctor sth [with sth] etw [mit etw dat] vergiften
    3. AM (add alcohol to)
    ▪ to \doctor sth etw mit Alkohol versetzen
    4. usu passive BRIT, AUS ( fam: neuter)
    to \doctor an animal ein Tier kastrieren [o sterilisieren]
    * * *
    ['dɒktə(r)]
    1. n
    1) (MED) Arzt m, Ärztin f, Doktor(in) m(f) (inf)

    Doctor Smith yes, doctor — Doktor Smith ja, Herr/Frau Doktor

    to send for the doctor — den Arzt holen

    he is a doctor — er ist Arzt

    to get one's doctor's degree —

    doctor of Law/of Science etc — Doktor der Rechte/der Naturwissenschaften etc

    Dear Doctor Smith — Sehr geehrter Herr Dr./Sehr geehrte Frau Dr. Smith

    2. vt
    1) cold behandeln

    to doctor oneself/sb — an sich (dat)/jdm herumdoktern

    2) (inf: castrate) kastrieren
    3) (= tamper with) accounts frisieren; text verfälschen

    the food's/wine's been doctored — dem Essen/Wein ist etwas beigemischt worden

    * * *
    doctor [ˈdɒktə; US ˈdɑktər]
    A s
    1. Doktor m, Arzt m, Ärztin f, (als Anrede) Herr oder Frau Doktor:
    doctor’s assistant Arzthelfer(in);
    doctor’s certificate ärztliches Attest, ärztliche Bescheinigung;
    doctor’s stuff umg Medizin f;
    doctor’s surgery Arztpraxis f;
    doctor’s wife Arztfrau f;
    be under the doctor umg in Behandlung sein ( for wegen);
    that’s just what the doctor ordered umg das ist genau das Richtige;
    you are the doctor umg Sie müssen es ja schließlich wissen
    2. US
    a) Zahnarzt m, -ärztin f
    b) Tierarzt m, ärztin f
    3. UNIV Doktor m:
    Doctor of Divinity (Laws, Medicine) Doktor der Theologie (Rechte, Medizin);
    doctor’s degree Doktorgrad m;
    take one’s doctor’s degree den oder seinen Doktor machen, promovieren;
    Dear Doctor Sehr geehrter Herr Doktor …;
    Dr Smith Herr oder Frau Dr. Smith;
    Dr and Mrs B. Herr Dr. B. und Frau
    4. Gelehrte(r) m/f(m) (obs außer in):
    Doctor of the Church Kirchenvater m
    5. umg jemand, der etwas (berufsmäßig) repariert:
    doll doctor Puppendoktor m;
    radio doctor Rundfunkmechaniker(in)
    6. sl Koch m, Köchin f, SCHIFF auch Smutje m
    7. TECH ein Hilfsmittel, besonders
    a) Schaber m, Abstreichmesser n
    b) Lötkolben m
    d) auch doctor blade Rakelmesser n (einer Druckwalze)
    8. Angeln: (eine) künstliche Fliege
    9. umg kühle Brise
    B v/t
    1. (ärztlich) behandeln, verarzten umg
    2. umg ein Tier kastrieren
    3. a) herumdoktern an (dat) pej
    b) zusammenflicken, (notdürftig) ausbessern pej
    4. jemandem die Doktorwürde verleihen
    5. jemanden mit Doktor anreden
    a) Wein etc (ver)pan(t)schen,
    b) Abrechnungen etc frisieren umg, (ver)fälschen
    C v/i umg als Arzt praktizieren
    * * *
    1. noun
    1) Arzt, der/Ärztin, die; Doktor, der (ugs.); as title Doktor, der; as address Herr/Frau Doktor

    just what the doctor ordered — [ganz] genau das richtige!

    2) (Amer.): (dentist) Zahnarzt, der/-ärztin, die
    3) (Amer.): (veterinary surgeon) Tierarzt, der/-ärztin, die
    4) (holder of degree) Doktor, der
    2. transitive verb
    (coll.) (falsify) verfälschen [Dokumente, Tonbänder]; frisieren (ugs.) [Bilanzen, Bücher]; (adulterate) panschen (ugs.) [Wein]; verwürzen [Gericht]
    * * *
    n.
    Arzt ¨-e m.
    Doktor -en m.

    English-german dictionary > doctor

  • 42 ground

    past tense, past participle; = grind
    ground1 n
    1. suelo / tierra / terreno
    2. campo
    ground2 vb
    tr[graʊnd]
    1 (surface of earth) suelo; (soil, earth) tierra; (terrain, land) terreno
    3 SMALLAMERICAN ENGLISH/SMALL (electrical) tierra
    4 SMALLART/SMALL (background) fondo
    5 (area of knowledge, experience) terreno
    7 (matter, subject) aspecto, punto
    1 (plane) obligar a quedarse en tierra; (boat) varar, hacer encallar
    2 SMALLAMERICAN ENGLISH/SMALL familiar (child, teenager) castigar, no dejar salir
    3 (base) fundar
    1 (instruct) dar buenos conocimientos (in, de), enseñar los conocimientos básicos
    1 SMALLAMERICAN ENGLISH/SMALL (electrical apparatus) conectar a tierra
    1 (ship) encallar
    1 (reason, justification) razón nombre femenino, motivo
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    above ground vivo,-a
    below ground muerto,-a
    on the ground sobre el terreno
    to be on one's own ground estar en su elemento
    to break new ground abrir nuevos caminos, abrir nuevos horizontes
    to burn something to the ground reducir algo a cenizas
    to cut the ground from under somebody's feet tomarle la delantera a alguien
    to drive/run/work oneself into the ground dejarse el pellejo en el trabajo
    to gain ground ganar terreno
    to get off the ground (plan, project, scheme) llevarse a cabo, realizarse
    to go to ground esconderse
    to hold/keep/stand one's ground mantenerse firme
    to lose ground perder terreno
    to prepare the ground (for something) preparar el terreno (para algo)
    to shift/change one's ground cambiar de postura
    to suit somebody down to the ground (situation) venirle a alguien de perlas 2 (clothes) quedarle a alguien que ni pintado
    to touch ground SMALLMARITIME/SMALL tocar fondo
    ground control control nombre masculino de tierra
    ground floor planta baja
    ground glass vidrio molido, cristal nombre masculino molido
    ground staff (at airport) personal nombre masculino de tierra 2 (at sports stadium) personal nombre masculino de mantenimiento
    ground swell mar m & f de fondo
    ————————
    tr[graʊnd]
    1→ link=grind grind{
    1 (coffee) molido,-a
    2 SMALLAMERICAN ENGLISH/SMALL (beef) picado,-a
    ground ['graʊnd] vt
    1) base: fundar, basar
    2) instruct: enseñar los conocimientos básicos a
    to be well grounded in: ser muy entendido en
    3) : conectar a tierra (un aparato eléctrico)
    4) : varar, hacer encallar (un barco)
    5) : restringir (un avión o un piloto) a la tierra
    1) earth, soil: suelo m, tierra f
    to dig (in) the ground: cavar la tierra
    to fall to the ground: caerse al suelo
    2) land, terrain: terreno m
    hilly ground: terreno alto
    to lose ground: perder terreno
    3) basis, reason: razón f, motivo m
    grounds for complaint: motivos de queja
    4) background: fondo m
    5) field: campo m, plaza f
    parade ground: plaza de armas
    6) : tierra f (para electricidad)
    7) grounds npl
    premises: recinto m, terreno m
    8) grounds npl
    dregs: posos mpl (de café)
    adj.
    • deslustrado, -a adj.
    • fundamental adj.
    • molido, -a adj.
    • suelo, -a adj.
    • terrestre adj.
    • tierra (Electricidad) adj.
    n.
    • base s.m.
    • campo s.m.
    • fondo s.m.
    • masa s.f.
    • suelo s.m.
    • terreno s.m.
    • tierra s.f.
    pret., p.p.
    (Preterito definido y participio pasivo de "to grind")
    v.
    • basar v.
    • establecer v.
    • fundar v.
    • varar v.

    I graʊnd
    1) u (land, terrain) terreno m

    to be on dangerous o slippery ground — pisar terreno peligroso

    to be on safe o firm o solid ground — pisar terreno firme

    to be sure of one's ground — saber* qué terreno se pisa

    to change o shift one's ground — cambiar de postura

    to fall on stony ground — caer* en saco roto

    to gain/lose ground — ganar/perder* terreno

    to stand/hold one's ground — ( in argument) mantenerse* firme, no ceder terreno; ( in battle) no ceder terreno

    2) grounds pl ( premises) terreno m; ( gardens) jardines mpl, parque m
    3) u ( surface of the earth) suelo m; ( soil) tierra f

    to fall/drop to the ground — caer* al suelo

    thin on the ground — (BrE colloq)

    to break new o fresh ground — abrir* nuevos caminos

    to cut the ground from under somebody/somebody's feet: his evidence cut the ground from under the prosecuting lawyer's feet su testimonio echó por tierra el argumento del fiscal; his sudden change of mind cut the ground from under me su inesperado cambio de opinión echó por tierra todos mis planes; to get off the ground \<\<plan/project\>\> llegar* a concretarse; \<\<talks\>\> empezar* a encaminarse; to get something off the ground \<\<project\>\> poner* algo en marcha; to go to ground (BrE) \<\<fugitive\>\> esconderse; ( lit) \<\<fox\>\> meterse en la madriguera; to prepare the ground for something preparar el terreno para algo; to run o work oneself into the ground: you're working yourself into the ground te estás dejando el pellejo en el trabajo (fam); to suit somebody down to the ground (colloq) \<\<arrangement\>\> venirle* de perlas a alguien (fam); \<\<hat\>\> quedarle que ni pintado a alguien (fam); to worship the ground somebody walks on besar la tierra que pisa alguien; (before n) < conditions> del terreno; <personnel, support> de tierra; ground frost — helada f ( con escarcha sobre el suelo)

    4) u (matter, subject)
    5) c ( outdoor site)

    football ground — (BrE) campo m de fútbol, cancha f de fútbol (AmL)

    6) u (AmE Elec) tierra f
    7) ( justification) (usu pl) motivo m

    grounds for divorce — causal f de divorcio

    on financial grounds — por motivos económicos, por razones económicas

    they refused to do it, on the grounds that... — se negaron a hacerlo, alegando or aduciendo que...

    8) grounds pl ( dregs)

    coffee grounds — posos mpl de café


    II
    1.
    a) ( base) \<\<argument/theory\>\> fundar, cimentar*
    b) ( instruct)
    2)
    a) \<\<plane\>\> retirar del servicio
    b) \<\<child/teenager\>\> (esp AmE colloq)

    I can't go out tonight; I'm grounded — no puedo salir esta noche, estoy castigado or no me dejan

    3) ( Naut) \<\<ship\>\> hacer* encallar
    4) ( Sport) (in US football, rugby) \<\<ball\>\> poner* en tierra; ( in baseball) \<\<ball\>\> hacer* rodar
    5) (AmE Elec) conectar a tierra

    2.
    vi ( Naut) encallar, varar

    III
    past & past p of grind I

    IV
    adjective <coffee/pepper> molido

    ground beef — (AmE) carne f molida or (Esp, RPl) picada


    I [ɡraʊnd]
    1. N
    1) (=soil) tierra f, suelo m
    2) (=terrain) terreno m

    high/hilly ground — terreno m alto/montañoso

    • to break new ground — hacer algo nuevo

    • common ground — terreno m común

    • to cover a lot of ground — (lit) recorrer una gran distancia

    • to be on dangerous ground — entrar en territorio peligroso

    • to be on firm ground — hablar con conocimiento de causa

    • to gain ground — ganar terreno

    • to go to ground — [fox] meterse en su madriguera; [person] esconderse, refugiarse

    • to hold one's ground — (lit) no ceder terreno; (fig) mantenerse firme

    • to be on (one's) home ground — tratar materia que uno conoce a fondo

    • to lose ground — perder terreno

    • to run sb to ground — localizar (por fin) a algn, averiguar el paradero de algn

    • to shift one's ground — cambiar de postura

    • to stand one's ground — (lit) no ceder terreno; (fig) mantenerse firme

    • to be on sure ground — hablar con conocimiento de causa

    - cut the ground from under sb's feet
    prepare 1.
    3) (=surface) suelo m, tierra f

    • above ground — sobre la tierra

    • below ground — debajo de la tierra

    • to fall to the ground — (lit) caerse al suelo; (fig) fracasar

    • to get off the ground — [aircraft] despegar; [plans etc] ponerse en marcha

    • on the ground — en el suelo

    raze
    4) (=pitch) terreno m, campo m
    parade 4., recreation
    5) (=estate, property) tierras fpl
    6) grounds (=gardens) jardines mpl, parque msing
    7) (Art etc) (=background) fondo m, trasfondo m
    8) (US) (Elec) tierra f
    9) (=reason) (usu pl) razón f, motivo m; (=basis) fundamento m

    • grounds for complaint — motivos mpl de queja

    • what ground(s) do you have for saying so? — ¿en qué se basa para decir eso?

    • on the ground(s) of... — con motivo de..., por causa de..., debido a...

    on the ground(s) that... — a causa de que..., por motivo de que...

    2. VT
    1) [+ ship] varar, hacer encallar
    2) [+ plane, pilot] obligar a permanecer en tierra
    3) (US) (Elec) conectar con tierra
    4) (=teach)

    to be well grounded in — tener un buen conocimiento de, estar versado en

    5) (esp US) [+ student] encerrar, no dejar salir
    3.
    VI (Naut) encallar, varar; (lightly) tocar (on en)
    4.
    CPD

    ground attack N — ataque m de tierra; (Aer) ataque m a superficie

    ground bass N — bajo m rítmico

    ground colour N — fondo m, primera capa f

    ground control N — (Aer) control m desde tierra

    ground crew N — (Aer) personal m de tierra

    ground floor N — (Brit) planta f baja

    ground-floor flat — (Brit) piso m or (LAm) departamento m de planta baja

    ground forces NPL — (Mil) fuerzas fpl de tierra

    ground ivy N — hiedra f terrestre

    ground level N — nivel m del suelo

    ground plan N — plano m, planta f

    ground pollution N — contaminación f del suelo

    ground rent N — (esp Brit) alquiler m del terreno

    ground rules NPL — reglas fpl básicas

    ground staff N — = ground crew

    ground troops NPL — tropas fpl de tierra

    ground wire N — (US) cable m de toma de tierra

    Ground Zero N — (in New York) zona f cero


    II [ɡraʊnd]
    1.
    PT
    PP of grind
    2.
    ADJ [coffee etc] molido; [glass] deslustrado; (US) [meat] picado
    3.
    N
    grounds [of coffee] poso msing, sedimento msing
    4.
    CPD

    ground almonds NPL — almendras fpl molidas

    ground beef N — (US) picadillo m

    * * *

    I [graʊnd]
    1) u (land, terrain) terreno m

    to be on dangerous o slippery ground — pisar terreno peligroso

    to be on safe o firm o solid ground — pisar terreno firme

    to be sure of one's ground — saber* qué terreno se pisa

    to change o shift one's ground — cambiar de postura

    to fall on stony ground — caer* en saco roto

    to gain/lose ground — ganar/perder* terreno

    to stand/hold one's ground — ( in argument) mantenerse* firme, no ceder terreno; ( in battle) no ceder terreno

    2) grounds pl ( premises) terreno m; ( gardens) jardines mpl, parque m
    3) u ( surface of the earth) suelo m; ( soil) tierra f

    to fall/drop to the ground — caer* al suelo

    thin on the ground — (BrE colloq)

    to break new o fresh ground — abrir* nuevos caminos

    to cut the ground from under somebody/somebody's feet: his evidence cut the ground from under the prosecuting lawyer's feet su testimonio echó por tierra el argumento del fiscal; his sudden change of mind cut the ground from under me su inesperado cambio de opinión echó por tierra todos mis planes; to get off the ground \<\<plan/project\>\> llegar* a concretarse; \<\<talks\>\> empezar* a encaminarse; to get something off the ground \<\<project\>\> poner* algo en marcha; to go to ground (BrE) \<\<fugitive\>\> esconderse; ( lit) \<\<fox\>\> meterse en la madriguera; to prepare the ground for something preparar el terreno para algo; to run o work oneself into the ground: you're working yourself into the ground te estás dejando el pellejo en el trabajo (fam); to suit somebody down to the ground (colloq) \<\<arrangement\>\> venirle* de perlas a alguien (fam); \<\<hat\>\> quedarle que ni pintado a alguien (fam); to worship the ground somebody walks on besar la tierra que pisa alguien; (before n) < conditions> del terreno; <personnel, support> de tierra; ground frost — helada f ( con escarcha sobre el suelo)

    4) u (matter, subject)
    5) c ( outdoor site)

    football ground — (BrE) campo m de fútbol, cancha f de fútbol (AmL)

    6) u (AmE Elec) tierra f
    7) ( justification) (usu pl) motivo m

    grounds for divorce — causal f de divorcio

    on financial grounds — por motivos económicos, por razones económicas

    they refused to do it, on the grounds that... — se negaron a hacerlo, alegando or aduciendo que...

    8) grounds pl ( dregs)

    coffee grounds — posos mpl de café


    II
    1.
    a) ( base) \<\<argument/theory\>\> fundar, cimentar*
    b) ( instruct)
    2)
    a) \<\<plane\>\> retirar del servicio
    b) \<\<child/teenager\>\> (esp AmE colloq)

    I can't go out tonight; I'm grounded — no puedo salir esta noche, estoy castigado or no me dejan

    3) ( Naut) \<\<ship\>\> hacer* encallar
    4) ( Sport) (in US football, rugby) \<\<ball\>\> poner* en tierra; ( in baseball) \<\<ball\>\> hacer* rodar
    5) (AmE Elec) conectar a tierra

    2.
    vi ( Naut) encallar, varar

    III
    past & past p of grind I

    IV
    adjective <coffee/pepper> molido

    ground beef — (AmE) carne f molida or (Esp, RPl) picada

    English-spanish dictionary > ground

  • 43 come

    [kʌm] v (came; come)
    I
    1. 1) приходить: идти

    to come to the office [to the meeting] - приходить на службу [на собрание]

    to come home - приходить домой [см. тж. ♢ ]

    to come down - спускаться, опускаться

    please ask him to come down - пожалуйста, попросите его сойти вниз

    to come up - подниматься, идти вверх

    I saw him coming up the hill - я видел, как он поднимался в гору

    the diver came up at last - наконец водолаз появился на поверхности /вынырнул/

    I saw him coming along the road - я видел, как он шёл по дороге

    I will wait here until he comes by - я буду ждать здесь, пока он не пройдёт (мимо)

    to come forward - выходить вперёд, выступить (из рядов и т. п.)

    volunteers, come forward - добровольцы, (шаг) вперёд!

    to come into a room - входить, в комнату

    when he came out (of the house) it was dark - когда он вышел (из дома), было уже темно

    to come back - вернуться, прийти назад

    to come late [early] - приходить поздно [рано]

    to come to smb. for advice - прийти к кому-л. за советом

    come and see what I have found - приходите посмотреть, что я нашёл

    2) приезжать, прибывать

    he has come a long way - он приехал издалека [ср. тж. ♢ ]

    2. идти; ехать

    come! - пошли!, идём!

    coming! - иду! сейчас!

    are you coming my way? - вам со мной по пути?

    the soldier had orders not to let anybody come past - солдат получил приказ никого не пропускать

    to come and go - ходить /сновать/ взад и вперёд

    3. ( часто to) подходить, приближаться

    come nearer! - подойди ближе!

    the girl started when he came near - девочка вздрогнула, когда он приблизился

    4. (обыкн. to)
    1) доходить, достигать

    does the railway come right to the town? - подходит ли железнодорожная линия к самому городу?

    his voice came to me through the mist - его голос доносился /долетал/ до меня сквозь туман

    through the open window came the sounds of a piano - из открытого окна раздавались звуки рояля

    it came to me /to my ears/ that... - до меня дошло, что..., мне стало известно, что...

    it came to me at last that... - наконец до моего сознания дошло, что... [ср. тж. 6, 1)]

    2) равняться, достигать

    your bill comes to £10 - ваш счёт равняется десяти фунтам

    his earnings come to £1,000 a year - его заработок составляет тысячу фунтов стерлингов в год

    let us put it all together and see what it will come to - давайте сложим всё это и посмотрим, что получится

    3) сводиться (к чему-л.)

    to come to nothing /to naught/ - окончиться ничем, свестись к нулю; сойти на нет

    4) прийти (к чему-л.); достичь (чего-л.)

    to come to an understanding - прийти к соглашению, договориться

    to come to an end - прийти к концу, окончиться

    5. 1) наступать, приходить

    spring came - пришла /наступила/ весна

    his turn came - наступила его очередь, настал его черёд

    dinner came at last - наконец подали обед /обед был подан/

    2) ожидаться, предстоять
    6. 1) появляться, возникать

    an idea came into his head - ему пришла в голову мысль, у него возникла идея

    it came to me - а) у меня появилась /возникла/ мысль; б) я припомнил; [ср. тж. 4, 1)]

    it comes to me that I owe you money - я припоминаю, что я вам должен (деньги)

    his colour came and went - он то краснел, то бледнел

    he tried to speak but no word would come from his mouth - он хотел что-то сказать, но не мог вымолвить ни слова

    2) находиться

    on what page does it come? - на какой это странице?

    7. случаться; происходить; проистекать

    how did it come that you quarrelled? - как это (случилось, что) вы поссорились?

    no harm will come to you - с тобой ничего не случится; тебе ничего не грозит

    8. выходить, получаться, приводить

    to come to harm - пострадать; попасть в беду, неприятность и т. п.

    it will come all right in the end - в конце концов всё будет в порядке /образуется/

    no good will come of it - ничего хорошего из этого, не получится, это до добра не доведёт

    the dress would not come as she wanted - платье получилось не таким, как ей хотелось

    9. происходить, иметь происхождение
    10. доставаться

    the house is coming to his son after his death - после его смерти дом достанется /перейдёт к/ сыну

    11. прорастать, всходить, расти
    12. амер. разг. устроить, сделать (что-л.)
    13. разг. испытать оргазм, кончить
    14. (тж. come on, come now) в грам. знач. междометия выражает
    1) побуждение к совершению какого-л. действия ну!, живо!, давай!

    come out with it, boy - ну, парень, выкладывай

    2) упрёк, протест ну что вы!

    what? He here! Oh! come, come! - как? Он здесь?! Да оставьте /бросьте/ вы!

    3) увещевание полно!, ну, ну!

    come, come, you shouldn't speak like that! - ну полно, вы не должны так говорить!

    now come! be patient! - ну потерпите; имей(те) терпение

    come, come, don't be so foolish! - ну, ну, не дури /не глупи/!

    15. в грам. знач. сущ. (the to come) будущее
    16. в грам. знач. предлога (если) считать, считая с ( такого-то дня)

    a fortnight come Sunday - через две недели (считая) со следующего воскресенья

    it'll be a year come Monday since lie left - в будущий понедельник год, как он уехал

    II А
    1. становиться ( известным); приобретать (какое-л. положение)

    author who is beginning to come into notice - автор, который начинает завоёвывать известность

    2. вступать ( во владение); получить ( в наследство)

    he came into some money [a property, an estate] - он получил в наследство немного денег [недвижимое имущество, поместье]

    3. вступать (в должность и т. п.)
    4. 1) вступать ( в конфликт в сговор)

    to come into collision - столкнуться, войти в противоречие

    2) переходить ( в другую фазу)

    to come into flower /bloom/ - расцвести, выходить в цветок; вступать в пору цветения

    to come into ear - колоситься, выходить в колос

    5. войти (в употребление, обиход и т. п.)

    to come into use [into fashion] - войти в употребление [в моду]

    6. вступить (в силу и т. п.)

    to come into effect /force/ - вступать в силу

    to come into operation - начать действовать или применяться; вступать в силу

    7. входить (в компетенцию, обязанности кого-л.)

    to come within the terms of reference - относиться к ведению /компетенции/

    II Б
    1. to come across smb., smth. случайно встретить кого-л., что-л.; случайно встретиться с кем-л., чем-л., натолкнуться на кого-л., что-л.

    he came across the man in the street - он случайно встретил этого человека на улице

    I came across these lines by chance - я случайно натолкнулся на эти строки

    I came across a very interesting book - мне попалась, очень интересная книга

    2. to come after smb., smth.
    1) домогаться чего-л., преследовать кого-л.

    to come after a situation - искать место /службу/

    2) следовать, идти за
    ❝N❞comes after ❝M❞ - за буквой «М» следует «Н»
    3) наследовать
    3. 1) to come against smb. нападать на кого-л., атаковать кого-л.

    the enemy now came against us in larger numbers - теперь противник атаковал нас более крупными силами

    2) to come against smth. столкнуться с чем-л., наткнуться на что-л.

    one does not often come (up) against an experience of this nature - такое не часто встретишь

    4. to come at smb., smth.
    1) нападать, набрасываться на кого-л., что-л.

    just let me come at you! - дай мне только добраться до тебя!

    2) налететь; натолкнуться
    3) амер. подразумевать, намекать

    what are you coming at? - что вы имеете в виду?, на что вы намекаете?

    4) добираться до сути и т. п.; доискиваться чего-л.

    to come at the truth - раскрыть /обнаружить/ правду

    5) получать, добывать что-л.

    money was very hard to come at - деньги было очень трудно добыть,

    6) пройти, попасть, кому-л.

    if only I could come at his secretary - если бы только я смог повидать его секретаря

    7) австрал., новозел. разг. взяться за что-л., предпринять что-л.

    I told you before I wouldn't come at that again - я вам уже сказал, что я не возьмусь за это снова

    5. to come before smth.
    1) быть или считаться более важным
    2) предстать
    3) подлежать рассмотрению

    these cases come before a conciliation court - эти дела подсудны суду примирительного производства

    6. to come between smb., smth. вмешиваться

    he came between us - он встал между нами; он разлучил нас

    you must not let play come between you and your work - развлечения не должны мешать вашей работе

    7. to come by smth. приобрести, получить, достать что-л.

    how did you come by that money? - откуда у вас эти деньги?

    8. to come into smth.
    1) принять участие в чём-л.; присоединиться к чему-л.

    to come into a scheme - присоединиться к плану; принять участие в проекте

    2) появляться на свет и т. п., возникать

    to come into being /existence/ - возникать, появляться

    9. to come off smth. сходить, слезать с чего-л.

    come off the ladder! - слезь с лестницы!

    come off the grass! - по траве не ходить!, сойдите с газона [см. тж. ♢ ]

    to come off (the) curve - спорт. выйти на прямую ( из поворота)

    10. to come on smth. натыкаться, наталкиваться на что-л.

    we shall come on it sooner or later - рано или поздно мы столкнёмся с этим

    11. to come out of smth. вытекать, являться результатом чего-л.

    it comes out of the economy with which work is managed - это является результатом экономии, с которой ведётся работа

    can good come out of such scenes? - могут ли такие сцены довести до добра?

    12. to come over smb.
    1) овладевать кем-л., захватывать кого-л.

    sadness came over his spirit - им овладела грусть, он загрустил

    whatever has come over you to speak like that? - что на вас нашло, почему вы так разговариваете?

    2) разг. взять верх, перехитрить, обойти кого-л.

    you are not going to come over me in this manner! - уж не хотите ли вы перехитрить меня таким образом?

    13. разг.
    1) to come round smb. обмануть, перехитрить, обойти кого-л.

    he is certain to come round his uncle - он, конечно, обойдёт /перехитрит/ своего дядюшку

    2) to come round smth. обойти что-л., уклониться от чего-л.

    to come round an objection [a difficulty] - обойти возражение [трудность]

    14. to come through smth.
    1) проникать сквозь что-л.

    no chink of light came through the closed shutters - сквозь закрытые ставни совсем не проникал свет

    2) перенести, пережить что-л.

    to come through an illness - благополучно перенести болезнь, выжить

    she has come through the anaesthetic remarkably well - она прекрасно перенесла анестезию

    15. to be coming to smb. амер. разг. причитаться, следовать кому-л.; доставаться кому-л.

    you will get what's coming to you - а) ты получишь, что тебе причитается; б) ты не уйдёшь от расплаты

    a small sum of money was coming to him - ему причиталась небольшая сумма денег

    16. to come under smth.
    1) подходить, подпадать
    2) подвергаться действию чего-л.

    to come under smb.'s influence - подпасть под чьё-л. влияние

    to come under smb.'s notice - обращать на себя чьё-л. внимание

    to come under the penalty of the law - подлежать, наказанию по закону

    17. to come upon smb., smth.
    1) натолкнуться на кого-л., что-л.; случайно встретиться с кем-л., чем-л.
    2) напасть на кого-л., атаковать кого-л., что-л.

    the brush fire came upon them from all sides - лесной пожар окружил их стеной огня

    18. to come upon smb. прийти в голову кому-л. (о мысли и т. п.)

    it came upon me that I had seen this man before - мне показалось, что я видел раньше /где-то встречал/ этого человека

    I cannot think what has come upon you - я не понимаю, что на вас нашло

    19. to come upon smb. for smth. предъявить кому-л. требование в отношении чего-л.

    to come upon smb. for £20 damage - предъявить претензию на 20 фунтов в покрытие убытков

    20. to come to do smth. начинать делать что-л.

    to come to love smb. - полюбить кого-л.

    to come to know one's opponent - изучить, противника

    how did you come to hear of it? - как случилось, что вы узнали /услышали, прослышали/ об этом?, как вы узнали об этом?, как вам удалось узнать, об этом?

    to come to stay - укорениться, привиться, получить признание

    this material has come to be used in many branches of industry - этот материал стал использоваться во многих отраслях промышленности

    21. to come to á condition приходить в какое-л. состояние

    to come to a full stop - остановиться, зайти в тупик

    to come to a standstill - а) остановиться; б) зайти в тупик

    to come to rest - стр. остановиться ( об осадке сооружения)

    to come to the front - выйти на передний план, выдвинуться, занять ведущее место

    22. to come out of á condition выходить из какого-л. состояния

    he came out of his reverie - он очнулся от своих мыслей /мечтаний/

    23. to come near smth. разг. быть на грани чего-л.

    I come near forgetting my glasses! - я чуть не позабыл очки!

    III А
    1) становиться

    to come undone - а) расстегнуться, развязаться; your shoe-laces have come undone /untied, loose/ - у вас развязались шнурки; б) раскрыться

    the dead things seemed to come alive - казалось, что мёртвые предметы ожили

    to come true - сбываться, осуществляться, претворяться в жизнь

    to come unstuck - разг. провалиться, не осуществиться, пойти прахом

    2) быть, являться

    to come natural (to smb.) - быть естественным (для кого-л.)

    to come easy (to smb.) - не представлять трудностей (для кого-л.)

    it will come very cheap [expensive] to you - это обойдётся /станет/ вам очень дёшево [дорого]

    3) выпускаться; продаваться

    they come in all shapes - они бывают /встречаются/ всех видов, они бывают разные

    the dress comes in three sizes - (в продаже) имеются три размера этого платья

    this soup comes in a can - этот суп продаётся в жестяных банках /расфасован в жестяные банки/

    2. в сочетании с последующим причастием настоящего времени называет действие, выраженное причастием:

    ♢

    to come home - а) попасть в цель; ≅ попасть не в бровь, а в глаз; б) задеть за живое; [см. тж. I 1, 1)]

    to come home to smb. - а) доходить до чьего-л. сознания; б) растрогать кого-л. до глубины души, найти отклик в чьей-л. душе

    to come short of smth. - а) испытывать недостаток в чём-л.; б) не хватать; her money came short of her expenditure - ей не хватило денег на расходы; в) не соответствовать; не оправдать ожиданий /надежд/; this comes short of accepted standards - это не соответствует /уступает/ принятым нормам

    to come to a head - а) созреть ( о нарыве); б) назреть, перейти в решающую стадию

    to come to light - обнаружиться, стать известным

    to come in(to) sight /into view/ - появиться, показаться

    oh, come off it! - амер. груб. а) заткнись!, брось трепаться!; б) перестань!, хватит!, прекрати!

    come off your perch /your high horse/! - не зазнавайтесь!, не задирайте нос!

    come off the grass! - а) не вмешивайтесь не в свои дела!; б) брось задаваться!; брось преувеличивать!; не ври!

    to come out of action - а) воен. выйти из боя; б) выйти /выбыть/ из строя

    come out of that! - перестань вмешиваться!, не суйся!, не лезь!

    to come a long way - преуспеть [ср. тж. I 1, 2)]

    to come the old soldier over smb. - а) поучать кого-л., командовать кем-л.; б) обманывать, надувать кого-л.

    come quick! - радио сигнал общего вызова /«всем»/

    to come one's way /амер. ways/ - выпасть на чью-л. долю (особ. о чём-л. благоприятном)

    to come to the point - а) говорить по существу дела; б) делать стойку ( о собаке)

    to come into play - а) начать действовать; б) быть полезным, пригодиться

    to come it strong - сл. а) зайти слишком далеко; хватить через край; б) действовать решительно, быть напористым

    that is coming it a little too strong - это уж слишком!

    not to know whether /if/ one is coming or going - растеряться, потерять голову; не знать, на каком ты свете

    come day, go day - ≅ день да ночь, сутки прочь

    it's come day, go day with him - ему ни до чего нет дела; день прожил - и ладно

    everything comes to him who waits - кто ждёт, тот дождётся; ≅ терпение и труд всё перетрут

    after dinner comes the reckoning - поел - плати!; ≅ любишь кататься, люби и саночки возить

    he who comes uncalled, sits unserved - пришёл без приглашения - не жди угощения

    НБАРС > come

  • 44 counter

    I noun
    1) (in shop) Ladentisch, der; (in cafeteria, restaurant, train) Büfett, das; (in post office, bank) Schalter, der

    counter clerk — Schalterbeamte, der/-beamtin, die

    [buy/sell something] under the counter — (fig.) [etwas] unter dem Ladentisch [kaufen/verkaufen]

    2) (disc for games) Spielmarke, die
    3) (apparatus for counting) Zähler, der
    II 1. adjective
    entgegengesetzt; Gegen-/gegen-
    2. transitive verb
    1) (oppose, contradict) begegnen (+ Dat.)
    2) (take action against) kontern
    3. intransitive verb
    (take opposing action) antworten
    4. adverb

    act counter to — zuwiderhandeln (+ Dat.)

    go counter to — zuwiderlaufen (+ Dat.)

    * * *
    I noun 0. see count II II 1. adverb
    ((with to) in the opposite direction or manner to: The election is running counter to the forecasts.) entgegengesetzt
    2. verb
    (to meet or answer (a stroke or move etc by another): He successfully countered all criticisms.) kontern
    - academic.ru/16582/counter-">counter-
    III noun
    (a kind of table or surface on which goods are laid: Can you get me some sweets from the confectionery counter?) der Ladentisch
    * * *
    count·er1
    [ˈkaʊntəʳ, AM -t̬ɚ]
    n
    1. (service point) Theke f; (in shop) [Laden]theke f, Ladentisch m; (in bar, restaurant) Theke f; (in bank, post office) Schalter m
    [kitchen] \counter AM (worktop) [Küchen]arbeitsplatte f
    bargaining \counter Verhandlungsbasis f
    over the \counter rezeptfrei
    over-the-\counter market STOCKEX Freiverkehr[smarkt] m (für nicht im offiziellen Börsenhandel zugelassene Aktien)
    under the \counter ( fig) unterm Ladentisch
    2. (person who counts) Zähler(in) m(f); (machine that counts) Zählwerk nt
    3. (disc) Spielmarke f
    4. (factor) Zähler m
    count·er2
    [ˈkaʊntəʳ, AM -t̬ɚ]
    I. vt
    to \counter sb's arguments jds Argumenten widersprechen
    to \counter sb's instructions/orders jds Instruktionen/Befehle aufheben
    to \counter a loss/death/divorce einen Verlust/Tod/eine Scheidung wettmachen [o ausgleichen
    II. vi (oppose)
    to \counter with sth mit etw dat kontern; SPORT (react by scoring) kontern
    III. adv inv entgegen
    to act \counter to sth etw dat zuwiderhandeln
    to run \counter to sth etw dat zuwiderlaufen
    * * *
    ['kaʊntə(r)]
    1. n
    1) (in shop) Ladentisch m, Tresen m (N Ger); (in café) Theke f; (in bank, post office) Schalter m

    to sell/buy sth under/over the counter — etw unter dem/über den Ladentisch verkaufen/bekommen

    medicines which can be bought over the counter — Medikamente, die man rezeptfrei bekommt

    under-the-counter deals (fig) — dunkle Geschäfte pl, Schiebereien pl

    2) (= small disc for games) Spielmarke f
    3) (TECH) Zähler m
    4) (SPORT, FENCING) Parade f; (BOXING ALSO) Konter m
    5) (= reply) Entgegnung f, Erwiderung f, Replik f (geh)
    6) (= opposing force) Gegengewicht nt (to zu)
    2. vt
    (= retaliate against) antworten auf (+acc), kontern (ALSO SPORT)

    how dare you counter my orders! (= countermand) — wie können Sie es wagen, meine Anweisungen or (Mil) Befehle aufzuheben

    to counter the loss — den Verlust wettmachen or ausgleichen

    3. vi
    kontern (ALSO SPORT)
    4. adv

    counter to — gegen (+acc)

    * * *
    counter1 [ˈkaʊntə(r)]
    A s
    1. Ladentisch m:
    a) Feuerwerkskörper etc frei verkaufen,
    b) Medikamente rezeptfrei verkaufen,
    c) Börse: US im freien Verkehr oder freihändig verkaufen;
    a) unter dem Ladentisch, im Schleichhandel,
    b) unter der Hand, heimlich
    2. Theke f (im Wirtshaus etc)
    3. Schalter m (in der Bank, Post):
    counter clerk Schalterangestellte(r) m/f(m), -beamte(r) m, -beamtin f
    4. WIRTSCH Schranke f (an der Börse)
    5. HIST oder obs (Schuld)Gefängnis n
    B adj rezeptfrei (Medikament)
    counter2 [ˈkaʊntə(r)] s
    1. Zähler(in)
    2. TECH Zähler m, Zählgerät n, -vorrichtung f, -werk n
    3. → scaler 2
    4. Spielmarke f, Jeton m
    5. Zählperle f, -kugel f (einer Kinderrechenmaschine)
    counter3 [ˈkaʊntə(r)]
    A adv
    1. in entgegengesetzter Richtung, verkehrt
    2. fig im Widerspruch, im Gegensatz ( beide:
    to zu):
    counter to wider (akk), zuwider (dat), entgegen (dat);
    run ( oder go) counter to sth einer Sache zuwiderlaufen;
    run ( oder go) counter to a plan einen Plan durchkreuzen
    B adj Gegen…, entgegengesetzt
    C s
    1. Gegenteil n
    2. Boxen:
    a) Kontern n
    b) Konter m
    3. Fechten: Konterparade f
    4. Eis-, Rollkunstlauf: Gegenwende f
    5. SCHIFF Gilling f, Gillung f
    6. TYPO Bunze f
    7. VET, ZOOL Brustgrube f (des Pferdes)
    D v/t
    1. entgegenwirken (dat), einen Plan durchkreuzen
    2. zuwiderhandeln (dat)
    3. entgegentreten (dat), widersprechen (dat), entgegnen (dat), bekämpfen
    4. MIL abwehren
    5. besonders SPORT einen Schlag, Zug etc mit einem Gegenschlag oder -zug beantworten, kontern (auch fig:
    that dass)
    E v/i besonders SPORT kontern ( with mit) (auch fig)
    counter4 [ˈkaʊntə(r)] obs für encounter
    * * *
    I noun
    1) (in shop) Ladentisch, der; (in cafeteria, restaurant, train) Büfett, das; (in post office, bank) Schalter, der

    counter clerk — Schalterbeamte, der/-beamtin, die

    [buy/sell something] under the counter — (fig.) [etwas] unter dem Ladentisch [kaufen/verkaufen]

    2) (disc for games) Spielmarke, die
    3) (apparatus for counting) Zähler, der
    II 1. adjective
    entgegengesetzt; Gegen-/gegen-
    2. transitive verb
    1) (oppose, contradict) begegnen (+ Dat.)
    3. intransitive verb 4. adverb

    act counter to — zuwiderhandeln (+ Dat.)

    go counter to — zuwiderlaufen (+ Dat.)

    * * *
    (shop) n.
    Ladentisch m. (store) n.
    Ladentisch m. n.
    Zähler - m. pref.
    Konter- präfix. v.
    kontern v.

    English-german dictionary > counter

  • 45 seal

    I noun
    (Zool.) Robbe, die

    [common] seal — [Gemeiner] Seehund

    II 1. noun
    1) (piece of wax, lead, etc., stamp, impression) Siegel, das; (lead seal also) Plombe, die; (stamp also) Siegelstempel, der; Petschaft, das; (impression also) Siegelabdruck, der
    2)

    set the seal on — (fig.) zementieren (+ Akk.)

    gain the seal of respectability — sich (Dat.) großes Ansehen erwerben

    3) (to close aperture) Abdichtung, die
    2. transitive verb
    1) (stamp with seal, affix seal to) siegeln [Dokument]; (fasten with seal) verplomben, plombieren [Tür, Stromzähler]
    2) (close securely) abdichten [Behälter, Rohr usw.]; zukleben [Umschlag, Paket]; [zum Verschließen der Poren] kurz anbraten [Fleisch]

    my lips are sealed — (fig.) meine Lippen sind versiegelt

    3) (stop up) verschließen; abdichten [Leck]; verschmieren [Riß]
    4) (decide) besiegeln [Geschäft, Abmachung, jemandes Schicksal]
    Phrasal Verbs:
    - academic.ru/91337/seal_in">seal in
    * * *
    I 1. [si:l] noun
    1) (a piece of wax or other material bearing a design, attached to a document to show that it is genuine and legal.) das Siegel
    2) (a piece of wax etc used to seal a parcel etc.) das Siegel
    3) ((something that makes) a complete closure or covering: Paint and varnish act as protective seals for woodwork.) die Abdichtung
    2. verb
    1) (to mark with a seal: The document was signed and sealed.) siegeln
    2) ((negative unseal) to close completely: He licked and sealed the envelope; All the air is removed from a can of food before it is sealed.) versiegeln
    3) (to settle or decide: This mistake sealed his fate.) besiegeln
    •
    - sealing-wax
    - seal of approval
    - seal off
    - set one's seal to     II [si:l] noun
    (any of several types of sea animal, some furry, living partly on land.) der Seehund
    * * *
    seal1
    [si:l]
    n ZOOL Seehund m, Robbe f
    seal2
    [si:l]
    I. n
    1. (insignia) Siegel nt
    given under my hand and \seal von mir unterzeichnet und versiegelt
    2. (stamp) Siegel nt, Siegelstempel m
    3. (to prevent opening) on letters Siegel nt; on goods Verschluss m; (from customs man) Plombe f; (on doors) Siegel nt, Plombe f
    the police put \seals on the doors die Polizei versiegelte [o verplombte] die Türen
    4. (air-, watertight join) Verschluss m
    5. ( fig: guarantee)
    sb's \seal of approval jds Zustimmung
    6.
    ▶ to set [or put] the \seal on sth etw besiegeln
    II. vt
    ▪ to \seal sth
    1. (stamp) etw siegeln [o mit einem Siegel versehen
    2. (prevent from being opened) etw [fest] verschließen; (with a seal) etw versiegeln; (for customs) etw plombieren; (with adhesive) etw zukleben
    3. (make airtight) etw luftdicht verschließen; (make watertight) etw wasserdicht verschließen; door, window, gaps etw abdichten; (cover with sealing fluid) etw versiegeln
    to \seal a joint einen Balken abdichten
    4. (block access to) etw versiegeln [o verschließen]
    to \seal a frontier [or AM border] /port eine Grenze/einen Hafen schließen
    5. (confirm and finalize) etw besiegeln
    we won't celebrate until the contract has been signed, \sealed and delivered wir feiern erst, wenn der Vertrag auch wirklich unter Dach und Fach ist
    to \seal an agreement with a handshake eine Vereinbarung durch Handschlag besiegeln
    to \seal sb's fate jds Schicksal besiegeln
    * * *
    I [siːl]
    1. n (ZOOL)
    Seehund m; (= sealskin) Seal m
    2. vi

    to go on a sealing expedition — an einer Seehundjagd teilnehmen

    II
    1. n
    1) (= impression in wax etc) Siegel nt; (against unauthorized opening) Versiegelung f; (of metal) Plombe f; (= die) Stempel m; (= ring) Siegelring m; (= decorative label) Aufkleber m

    to be under seal —

    under the seal of secrecy — unter dem Siegel der Verschwiegenheit

    to put one's or the seal of approval on sth — einer Sache (dat) seine offizielle Zustimmung geben

    to set one's seal on sth (lit, fig) — unter etw (acc) sein Siegel setzen

    2) (= airtight closure) Verschluss m; (= washer) Dichtung f
    2. vt
    versiegeln; envelope, parcel also zukleben; (with wax) siegeln; border dichtmachen; area abriegeln; (= make air- or watertight) joint, container abdichten; porous surface versiegeln; (fig = settle, finalize) besiegeln

    sealed train —

    this sealed his fate — dadurch war sein Schicksal besiegelt

    to seal victory — den Sieg besiegeln

    * * *
    seal1 [siːl]
    A s
    1. pl seals, besonders koll seal ZOOL Robbe f, engS. Seehund m
    2. → sealskin A
    B adj → sealskin B
    C v/i auf Robbenjagd gehen
    seal2 [siːl]
    A s
    1. Siegel n:
    given under my hand and seal von mir unterzeichnet und versiegelt;
    set one’s seal to sth sein Siegel auf etwas drücken, bes fig etwas besiegeln (bekräftigen);
    set the (final) seal on fig
    a) die Krönung bilden (gen),
    b) krönen;
    under (the) seal of secrecy (of confession) unter dem Siegel der Verschwiegenheit (des Beichtgeheimnisses)
    2. Siegel(prägung) n(f)
    3. Siegel(stempel) n(m), Petschaft n:
    the seals die Amtssiegel (besonders als Symbol der Amtsgewalt);
    resign the seals das Amt niederlegen; → great seal
    4. Postwesen: Aufkleber m (meist für karitative Zwecke, ohne postalischen Wert):
    5. JUR (Amts)Siegel n
    6. Plombe f, (amtlicher) Verschluss:
    under seal (Zoll etc) unter Verschluss
    7. sicherer Verschluss
    8. Garantie f, Zusicherung f
    9. fig Siegel n, Besiegelung f, Bekräftigung f
    10. fig Stempel m, Zeichen n:
    as a seal of friendship zum Zeichen der Freundschaft;
    he has the seal of death in his face sein Gesicht ist vom Tode gezeichnet
    11. TECH
    a) (wasser-, luftdichter) Verschluss:
    water seal Wasserverschluss
    b) (Ab)Dichtung f
    c) Versiegelung f (von Holz, Kunststoff etc)
    B v/t
    1. ein Dokument siegeln, mit einem Siegel versehen
    2. besiegeln, bekräftigen ( beide:
    by, with mit):
    seal a transaction ein Geschäft besiegeln
    3. fig besiegeln (endgültig entscheiden):
    his fate is sealed sein Schicksal ist besiegelt
    4. autorisieren, mit einem Gültigkeitsstempel versehen
    5. zeichnen, seinen Stempel oder sein Zeichen aufdrücken (dat)
    6. a) versiegeln:
    sealed orders besonders SCHIFF versiegelte Order;
    my lips are sealed fig meine Lippen sind versiegelt; → book A 1
    sealed envelope verschlossener Umschlag
    7. einen Verschluss, Waggon etc plombieren
    8. oft seal up hermetisch ( oder TECH wasser-, luftdicht) verschließen oder abdichten:
    sealed cabin FLUG Höhenkabine f;
    a vessel sealed in ice ein eingefrorenes oder vom Eis festgehaltenes Schiff
    a) MIL etc einen Flughafen etc abriegeln,
    b) die Grenze zu-, dichtmachen
    10. ELEK den Stecker, Sockel etc einrasten oder einschnappen lassen
    11. TECH
    a) Holz, Kunststoff etc versiegeln
    b) grundieren
    c) befestigen, einzementieren
    d) zuschmelzen
    * * *
    I noun
    (Zool.) Robbe, die

    [common] seal — [Gemeiner] Seehund

    II 1. noun
    1) (piece of wax, lead, etc., stamp, impression) Siegel, das; (lead seal also) Plombe, die; (stamp also) Siegelstempel, der; Petschaft, das; (impression also) Siegelabdruck, der
    2)

    set the seal on — (fig.) zementieren (+ Akk.)

    gain the seal of respectability — sich (Dat.) großes Ansehen erwerben

    3) (to close aperture) Abdichtung, die
    2. transitive verb
    1) (stamp with seal, affix seal to) siegeln [Dokument]; (fasten with seal) verplomben, plombieren [Tür, Stromzähler]
    2) (close securely) abdichten [Behälter, Rohr usw.]; zukleben [Umschlag, Paket]; [zum Verschließen der Poren] kurz anbraten [Fleisch]

    my lips are sealed — (fig.) meine Lippen sind versiegelt

    3) (stop up) verschließen; abdichten [Leck]; verschmieren [Riß]
    4) (decide) besiegeln [Geschäft, Abmachung, jemandes Schicksal]
    Phrasal Verbs:
    * * *
    n.
    Dichtung -en f.
    Robbe -n f.
    Seehund -e m.
    Siegel - n.
    Stempel - m.
    Verschluss ¨-e m. v.
    versiegeln v.

    English-german dictionary > seal

  • 46 order

    ['o:də] 1. noun
    1) (a statement (by a person in authority) of what someone must do; a command: He gave me my orders.) ordem
    2) (an instruction to supply something: orders from Germany for special gates.) ordem
    3) (something supplied: Your order is nearly ready.) encomenda
    4) (a tidy state: The house is in (good) order.) ordem
    5) (a system or method: I must have order in my life.) ordem
    6) (an arrangement (of people, things etc) in space, time etc: in alphabetical order; in order of importance.) ordem
    7) (a peaceful condition: law and order.) ordem
    8) (a written instruction to pay money: a banker's order.) ordem
    9) (a group, class, rank or position: This is a list of the various orders of plants; the social order.) classe
    10) (a religious society, especially of monks: the Benedictine order.) ordem
    2. verb
    1) (to tell (someone) to do something (from a position of authority): He ordered me to stand up.) mandar
    2) (to give an instruction to supply: I have ordered some new furniture from the shop; He ordered a steak.) encomendar
    3) (to put in order: Should we order these alphabetically?) ordenar
    •
    3. noun
    1) (a hospital attendant who does routine jobs.) auxiliar
    2) (a soldier who carries an officer's orders and messages.) ordenança
    •
    - order-form
    - in order
    - in order that
    - in order
    - in order to
    - made to order
    - on order
    - order about
    - out of order
    - a tall order
    * * *
    or.der
    ['ɔ:də] n 1 ordem, seqüência, disposição. 2 regra, norma, método. 3 arrumação. 4 condição, estado. 5 classe, categoria. 6 mando, diretiva. 7 comando. 8 pedido, encomenda. 9 encargo. 10 natureza. 11 sociedade religiosa ou fraternal. 12 ordem de pagamento. 13 ordenação. 14 comenda. 15 condição normal, correta, apropriada. 16 estado de eficiência. 17 regulamento. 18 qualidade, espécie, prescrição, receita. • vt+vi 1 ordenar, dispor, arranjar. 2 mandar, determinar. 3 comandar. 4 regular. 5 decidir, resolver. 6 pedir, encomendar. 7 consagrar. 8 Med receitar. banker’s order = link=standing%20orderstanding order. autorizado para débito em conta bancária. by order of por ordem de. I am not under your orders eu não estou sob as suas ordens. in due order em perfeita ordem. in good order em bom estado. in order that a fim de que. in order to a fim de. in short order rapidamente. made to order feito por encomenda. mail order aquisição de bens pelo correio. of/ in the order of Brit on the order of Amer cerca de, da ordem de. on order pedido, mas ainda não recebido. order of the day ordem do dia. orders are orders ordens são ordens. out of order desarranjado, enguiçado. pecking order ordem hierárquica. postal order vale postal. temporary restraining order liminar. to call to order chamar à ordem. to keep order manter a ordem. to order about ou around mandar de lá para cá. to order out mandar sair. to place an order Com fazer um pedido. to take orders / to be in orders ordenar-se.

    English-Portuguese dictionary > order

  • 47 counter

    {'kauntə}
    I. n тезгях, щанд, гише (в банка)
    over the COUNTER чрез посредник (за продaжба), без рецепта (за лекарство)
    under the COUNTER тайно, по нечестен/по втория начин (за нещо купено, продадено)
    II. 1. жетон, чип
    2. пул
    3. брояч, тех. тахиметър
    III. 1. предница (на кон)
    2. форт (на обувка)
    3. фехт. париране, при което се описва кръг, бокс удар
    as COUNTER to като противовес/отговор на
    4. извита задна част на кораб
    5. ам. прен. спирачка
    IV. a противоположен, обратен, насрещен
    COUNTER orders заповеди, които отменят предишните
    V. adv в обратна посока, обратно
    to go/hunt/run COUNTER тичам в обратна посока
    COUNTER to противно на, в противовес на
    to run/go COUNTER to противореча на
    VI. 1. противопоставям се (на), отговарям на (удар, довод и пр.), отвръщам, възразявам
    2. отблъсквам, парирам, нанасям противоудар
    * * *
    {'kauntъ} n тезгях; щанд; гише (в банка); over the counter чрез пос(2) {'kauntъ} n 1. жетон, чип; 2. пул; 3. брояч; тех. тахимет{3} {'kauntъ} n 1. предница (на кон); 2. форт (на обувка); 3.{4} {'kauntъ} а противоположен, обратен; насрещен; counter orders з{5} {'kauntъ} adv в обратна посока, обратно; to go/hunt/run counter{6} {'kauntъ} v 1. противопоставям се (на), отговарям на (уда
    * * *
    чип; щанд; тезгях; обратно; парирам; париране; броител; брояч; пул; противоположен; противопоставям; противно; жетон; насрещен; неутрализирам;
    * * *
    1. as counter to като противовес/отговор на 2. counter orders заповеди, които отменят предишните 3. counter to противно на, в противовес на 4. i. n тезгях, щанд, гише (в банка) 5. ii. жетон, чип 6. iii. предница (на кон) 7. iv. a противоположен, обратен, насрещен 8. over the counter чрез посредник (за продaжба), без рецепта (за лекарство) 9. to go/hunt/run counter тичам в обратна посока 10. to run/go counter to противореча на 11. under the counter тайно, по нечестен/по втория начин (за нещо купено, продадено) 12. v. adv в обратна посока, обратно 13. vi. противопоставям се (на), отговарям на (удар, довод и пр.), отвръщам, възразявам 14. ам. прен. спирачка 15. брояч, тех. тахиметър 16. извита задна част на кораб 17. отблъсквам, парирам, нанасям противоудар 18. пул 19. фехт. париране, при което се описва кръг, бокс удар 20. форт (на обувка)
    * * *
    counter[´kauntə] I. n тезгях, щанд; to serve behind the \counter работя в магазин; over the \counter без рецепта; under the \counter под тeзгяха, тайно. II. n 1. жетон, чип; 2. пул. III. v противопоставям се, нанасям контраудар (на), отблъсквам, противодействам на, парирам; контраатакувам; II. adv в обратна посока, обратно; в разрез, противно; act \counter to s.o.'s wishes действия в разрез с нечии желания; to run \counter to вървя срещу, противореча на; IV. adj противоположен, срещуположен, обратен, насрещен; V. n 1. предница (на кон); 2. форт (на обувка); 3. париране, при което се описва кръг (във фехтовката); удар (в бокса); as \counter to като противовес (отговор); 4. извита задна част на кораб. VI. n брояч, броячно устройство; скоростомер; оборотомер.

    English-Bulgarian dictionary > counter

  • 48 order **** or·der

    ['ɔːdə(r)]
    1. n
    1) (sequence) ordine m

    to be in the wrong order or out of order — non essere in ordine

    2) (also: good order) ordine m

    in order — (room) in ordine, (documents) in regola

    to be out of order — (machine, toilets) essere guasto (-a), (telephone, lift) essere fuori servizio

    3) (peace, control) ordine m
    4) (command) ordine m, comando, (of court: for search, arrest) mandato, (for payment of fine, maintenance) ingiunzione f
    5) (correct procedure: at meeting, Parliament) procedura

    order (order)! — (in Parliament) ordine, signori!

    6) Comm ordinazione f, ordinativo

    made to order — fatto (-a) su ordinazione, fatto (-a) su misura

    payment order — (social security) mandato (di pagamento)

    7)

    in order that — perché + sub, affinché + sub

    8)

    of or in the order of — (approximately) nell'ordine di

    his income is of the order of £40,000 per year — il suo reddito annuale è nell'ordine delle 40.000 sterline

    9) (of society), (also) Bio ordine m

    to be in/take orders Rel — aver ricevuto/prendere gli ordini

    2. vt
    1) (command) ordinare
    2) (put in order) ordinare, fare ordine in, mettere in ordine
    3) (meal) ordinare, (goods) ordinare, commissionare, (taxi) chiamare
    3. vi
    •

    English-Italian dictionary > order **** or·der

  • 49 place

    pleɪs
    1. сущ.
    1) а) место to give place to ≈ уступить место( кому-л.) to take the place of ≈ занять( чье-л.) место, заместить( кого-л.) Syn: site б) сиденье, место ( в автомобиле, за столом и т. п.) to engage places, secure places ≈ заказать билеты в) место в книге, страница, отрывок, пассаж
    2) а) площадь (часто в названиях, напр., Gloucester Place) б) жилище, усадьба, загородный дом;
    резиденция Come down to my place tonight. ≈ Приходи ко мне сегодня вечером. summer place ≈ летняя резиденция в) город, местечко, селение What place do you come from? ≈ Откуда вы родом?
    3) а) должность, место, положение, служба б) спорт одно из первых мест (в состязании) to get a place ≈ прийти к финишу в числе первых
    4) горн. забой
    5) мат. разряд после десятичной точки calculated to six decimal places ≈ с точностью до шестой цифры после запятой ∙ another place ≈ палата лордов in the first place ≈ во-первых in the second place ≈ во-вторых in the next place ≈ затем
    2. гл.
    1) а) помещать, размещать;
    класть, ставить The notice was placed above the door, and I didn't see it. ≈ Объявление было приклеено над дверью, так что я его не заметил. б) помещать, отдавать, посылать( куда-л.) Your suggestion will be placed before the board of directors at their next meeting. ≈ Ваше предложение будет рассмотрено на следующем заседаниии советам директоров. We must make sure to place the children in the right school. ≈ Надо позаботиться о том, чтобы отдать детей в хорошую школу. в) помещать, вкладывать деньги, капитал;
    делать, размещать заказ I wish to place some money in this bank. ≈ Я хочу вложить деньги в этот банк. place a call г) возлагать (надежду, ответственность и т. п.) Why are you trying to place the blame on me? ≈ Почему ты пытаешься свалить вину на меня?
    2) а) определять на должность, устраивать;
    занять (какое-л.) место Who has been placed in charge during the director's absence? ≈ Кого назначили замещать директора в его отсутствие? б) спорт присудить одно из первых мест в) находиться в определенном положении;
    поставить в определенное положение What an awkward position I'm now placed in! ≈ В каком же глупом положении я сейчас оказался!
    3) а) считать, причислять;
    оценивать б) прикидывать, определять примерно (местоположение, дату и т. д.), соотносить( что-л. с чем-л.) I placed her age at
    33. ≈ Я бы дал ей 33 года.
    4) продавать, сбывать (товар и т. п.) ∙ place aside place back place before place out Syn: happen to place one's cards on the table ≈ раскрыть свои карты to place a construction on ≈ по-своему понимать, интерпретировать Make sure that you don't place the wrong construction on his remark. ≈ Будьте внимательны, чтобы не понять его превратно. to place smth. on one side ≈ отложить to place in jeopardy ≈ поставить под угрозу to place oneself in smb.'s position/shoes ≈ поставить кого-л. на чье-л. место Place yourself in my position, and then perhaps you'll stop complaining. ≈ Станьте на мое место и тогда вы перестанете жаловаться. to place a call to ≈ заказать разговор по телефону место - some * где-то - some *, some time где-нибудь, когда-нибудь - starting * (спортивное) центральный круг - jumping * (спортивное) сектор для прыжков - landing * (спортивное) место соскока;
    (авиация) место приземления - turnback * место поворота (велоспорт) - reporting * (спортивное) место сбора спортсменов - I can't be at two *s at once я не могу быть в двух местах одновременно - this would be a good * for us to picnic это хорошее место для пикника место, город, местечко;
    (населенный) пункт - holy *s святые места - from * to * с места на место - to move from * to * переезжать с места на место - to come to a * прибыть в какой-л. пункт /куда-л./ - it is a quiet * это тихое местечко /-ий городок/ - London is a noisy * Лондон - шумный город - Bath is a very hot * in summer летом в Бате очень жарко - N. is a great * for oysters в N. отлично ловятся устрицы - what * do you come from? откуда вы родом? - * of arrival место прибытия место, точка на поверхности;
    участок - a wet * on the floor мокрое пятно на полу - a rough * on the road скверный участок дороги - bad /raw, tender, sore/ * больное место, болячка - show me the sore * on your arm покажите, где /в каком месте/ у вас болит рука обычное, привычное, отведенное место - in * на месте;
    уместный - everything in its * все на месте - to put a book (back) in its * поставить книгу на место - to put smth. in the wrong * поставить /положить/ что-л. не на место - he would be very much in * as a journalist ему бы очень подошло быть журналистом - the proposal is not quite in * это предложение не совсем уместно - out of * не на месте;
    неуместный - the book is out of (its) place книга не на (своем) месте - to look (sadly) out of * быть удивительно неуместным /неподходящим/ - remark out of * неуместное замечание - familiarity is quite out of * фамильярность здесь совсем неуместна - to give * to smb., smth. уступить место кому-л., чему-л. - his anger gave * to a feeling of pity его гнев уступил место жалости - to take the * of smth. заменить что-л. - electricity took the * of candles на смену свечам пришло электричество сиденье, место (в классе, за столом, в поезде и т. п.) - to book /to engage, to secure/ *s заказать билеты - to change *s with smb. обменяться с кем-л. местами - go back to your * садитесь на свое место - there is no * for you для вас нет места - would you like to take my *? не хотите ли сесть на мое место? - six *s were laid стол был накрыт на шесть персон место в книге;
    страница;
    отрывок - to find one's * найти нужное место в книге - put smth. to mark the * заложите чем-л. это место - the author repeats that in another * автор повторяет это в другом месте - I've lost my * я не помню, до какого места я дочитал /где я остановился/ место, пространство - * and time пространство и время - you must find * for this bookcase вы должны найти место для этого книжного шкафа - fear can have no * in his heart в его сердце нет места страху существенное место;
    важная роль - sports never had a * in his life спорт никогда не занимал важного места в его жизни подходящий момент, ситуация - this isn't a * to talk about one's private affairs здесь не место обсуждать свои личные дела (P.) в названиях: площадь;
    небольшая улица, тупик;
    имение - Woburn P. Уоборн-плейс - Penhurst P. имение /усадьба/ Пенхерст здание, помещение, место и т. п. специального назначения - * of amusement место развлечений - * of residence место жительства - * of business контора - * of resort место отдыха - * of worship молитвенный дом - * of joining (военное) призывной пункт - public * общественное здание, учреждение и т. п. дом, жилище - come round to my * tonight заходите ко мне вечерком - you can all come and lunch at our * вы все можете у нас позавтракать - all over the * везде, по всему дому - he leaves his things all over the * он разбрасывает свои вещи по всей квартире - they are looking for you all over the * вас ищут по всему дому имение, загородный дом - he has a * in Hempshire у него имение в Гемпшире - he has a nice little * in the country у него хорошенький загородный домик( устаревшее) укрепление должность, место, служба - out of a * безработный - a * at court придворная должность - the * of President должность президента - to take smb.'s * заменять кого-л.;
    занять чье-л. место - to fill smb.'s * заменять кого-л. - he has got a * in the Custom House он получил место на таможне - he worked ten years in his last * на последнем месте он проработал десять лет - has he got a * yet? нашел ли он себе работу /место/? высокая государственная должность;
    ответственная должность, высокий пост - hunting after *s погоня за должностями членство, участие( в спортивной команде) - a * in the Oxford boat участие /членство/ в гребной команде Оксфордского университета (тк. в ед. ч.) дело, право, обязанность - it is not my * to corret his errors не мое дело исправлять его ошибки положение, статус - high *s высший свет - to attain a high * достичь высокого положения - to know /to keep/ one's * знать свое место - to put smb. in his (proper) * поставить кого-л. на место - his * among physicists is in the front rank он занимает видное место среди физиков - his name has taken its * /has found a */ in history его имя вошло в историю (спортивное) второе или третье призовое место (американизм) второе место (на скачках) (горное) забой, выработка (математика) разряд - decimal * разряд десятичной дроби - to calculate to five decimal *s вычислить с точностью до одной стотысячной (астрономия) местонахождение( небесного тела) > another * (парламентское) палата лордов > in * of вместо > in the first * во-первых;
    прежде всего;
    первым делом;
    вообще > he shouldn't be here in the first * ему вообще здесь делать нечего > in the second * во-вторых > in the next * затем > to take * случаться, иметь место > changes have taken * произошли изменения > it took * ten years ago это случилось десять лет тому назад > the marriage will not take * этот брак не состоится > to have /to find/ * иметь место > to go *s достичь успеха > to have a soft * in one's heart for smb. питать к кому-л. слабость > the place where you cough уборная, туалет > one's * in the sun место под солнцем > there is no * like home в гостях хорошо, а дома лучше ставить, помещать;
    размещать - to * a cake in the oven поставить пирог в духовку - to * a board edgeways поставить доску на ребро - to * sentries расставить часовых - to * in the clearest light полностью осветить (вопрос, положение и т. п.) - to * in jeopardy поставить под угрозу - to * no restrictions on smth. не устанавливать каких-л. ограничений на что-л. - to * a question on the agenda поставить вопрос на повестку дня - to * on /in/ orbit выводить на орбиту;
    (военное) размещать на орбите - to * the bar (спортивное) установить планку (для прыжков) - to * a seal to a document приложить печать к документу - to * in inverted commas поставить в кавычки - to * down the weight опустить штангу (тяжелая атлетика) - to * oneself on all fours переходить в партер (борьба) - to * on the defensive( военное) вынуждать( противника) перейти к обороне помещать, отдавать (куда-л.) - to * a child under smb.'s care отдать ребенка на чье-л. попечение - to * a child for adoption отдать ребенка на усыновление - to * in reserve( военное) выделять в резерв - to * smb., smth. in /at/ smb.'s service отдать /выделить/ кого-л., что-л. в чье-л. распоряжение - he *d his car in our service он отдал /предоставил/ свой автомобиль в наше распоряжение - to * oneself under smb.'s orders поступить в чье-л. распоряжение - to * a matter in smb.'s hands отдать дело в чьи-л. руки - I * my fate in your hands я отдаю свою судьбу в ваши руки - to * under the command (of) (военное) подчинять, передавать в подчинение определять на должность;
    ставить на приход( священника) - to * smb. in an office устроить кого-л. в учреждение - to * smb. in a good situation устроить кого-л. на хорошую должность - to * smb. in command поставить кого-л. во главе - I am placing you in charge вы будете старшим - he has been *d at the head of the department его поставили во главе /начальником/ отдела помещать, вкладывать деньги (тж. * out) - to * one's money to the best advantage наилучшим образом поместить свои деньги - to * an amount to smb.'s credit положить сумму на чей-л. счет делать, помещать заказ - to * an order with smb. for goods поместить заказ у кого-л. /у какой-л. фирмы/ на какие-л. товары - to * a call (американизм) заказать разговор по телефону - the French Government *d orders in England французское правительство поместило заказы в Англии договориться об издании книги, постановке пьесы и т. п. - to * a play пристроить пьесу - he *d his book with a publisher он договорился об издании своей книги продавать товары, акации - difficult to * плохо продается, плохо идет (in, on) возлагать (надежды и т. п.) - to * importance on smth. придавать значение чему-л. - to * pressure on /upon/ smb. оказывать давление на кого-л. - to * confidence in /reliance upon/ smb. довериться кому-л. - no confidence could be *d in any of the twelve judges из двенадцати судей нельзя было верить ни одному определять местоположение или дату;
    соотносить (с чем-л.) - to try to * the spot where Caesar landed пытаться определить то место, где высадился Цезарь - to * a manuscript датировать рукопись - the manuscript is *d not later than the tenth century установлено, что рукопись относится к десятому веку, не позже - I know his face but I cannot * him мне знакомо его лицо, но я не могу вспомнить, где я его видел /кто он такой и т. п./ - he could not * her particular peculiarities of pronunciation он не мог установить, в чем особенности ее произношения - he is a difficult man to * трудно определить, что он из себя представляет считать, причислять;
    оценивать - as a poet I * him among the first как поэта я считаю его одним из первых (спортивное) определять занятые места в соревновании (спортивное) присудить второе или третье призовое место (американизм) (спортивное) присудить второе место (на скачках) занять (какое-л.) место (на конкурсе, выборах и т. п.) - he campaigned for 10 weeks and * fifth он проводил предвыборную кампанию десять недель и вышел на пятое место pass занимать определенное положение - to be well *d занимать хорошее положение находиться в определенном положении - to be awkwardly *d находиться в неудобном положении - I explained to him how I was *d я объяснил ему, в каком я нахожусь положении, я объяснил ему ситуацию (американизм) (разговорное) повысить голос( в разговоре, пении) > to * a construction on smth., smb. по-своему понимать, интепретировать что-л., кого-л. > what construction am I to * on that? как прикажете это понимать? > to * one's cards on the table раскрыть свои карты ~ спорт. присудить одно из первых мест;
    to be placed прийти к финишу в числе первых трех burial ~ место захоронения place мат.: calculated to five decimal places с точностью до одной стотысячной ~ жилище;
    усадьба;
    загородный дом;
    резиденция;
    summer place летняя резиденция;
    come down to my place tonight приходи ко мне сегодня вечером ~ сиденье, место (в экипаже, за столом и т. п.) ;
    six places were laid стол был накрыт на шесть приборов;
    to engage (или to secure) places заказать билеты free ~ свободное место ~ спорт. одно из первых мест (в состязании) ;
    to get a place прийти к финишу в числе первых ~ место;
    to give place (to smb.) уступить место (кому-л.) ;
    to take the place( of smb.) занять (чье-л.) место, заместить (кого-л.) in ~ на месте in ~ уместный ~ горн. забой;
    in place of вместо;
    in the first (in the second) place вопервых (во-вторых) ;
    in the next place затем ~ горн. забой;
    in place of вместо;
    in the first (in the second) place вопервых (во-вторых) ;
    in the next place затем to keep (smb.) in his ~ не давать (кому-л.) зазнаваться;
    to take place случаться, иметь место ~ положение, должность, место, служба;
    to know one's place знать свое место;
    out of place безработный ~ положение, должность, место, служба;
    to know one's place знать свое место;
    out of place безработный out of ~ не на месте out of ~ неуместный parking ~ место для стоянки place мат.: calculated to five decimal places с точностью до одной стотысячной ~ возлагать (надежды и т. п.) ;
    to place confidence (in smb.) довериться (кому-л.) ~ выпускать на рынок ~ город, местечко, селение;
    what place do you come from? откуда вы родом? ~ город ~ делать заказ;
    to place a call амер. заказать разговор по телефону ~ жилище;
    усадьба;
    загородный дом;
    резиденция;
    summer place летняя резиденция;
    come down to my place tonight приходи ко мне сегодня вечером ~ жилище ~ горн. забой;
    in place of вместо;
    in the first (in the second) place вопервых (во-вторых) ;
    in the next place затем ~ спорт. занять одно из призовых мест ~ класть деньги на счет ~ кредитовать ~ место;
    to give place (to smb.) уступить место (кому-л.) ;
    to take the place (of smb.) занять (чье-л.) место, заместить (кого-л.) ~ место ~ место в книге, страница, отрывок ~ населенный пункт ~ спорт. одно из первых мест (в состязании) ;
    to get a place прийти к финишу в числе первых ~ определять место, положение, дату;
    относить к определенным обстоятельствам ~ определять на должность ~ площадь (в названиях, напр., Gloucester P.) ~ положение, должность, место, служба;
    to know one's place знать свое место;
    out of place безработный ~ помещать, размещать;
    ставить, класть;
    to place in the clearest light полностью осветить (вопрос, положение и т. п.) ~ помещать ~ помещать деньги, капитал ~ помещать на должность, устраивать ~ спорт. присудить одно из первых мест;
    to be placed прийти к финишу в числе первых трех ~ продавать вновь выпущенные ценные бумаги ~ размещать денежные средства ~ размещать ценные бумаги ~ сбывать (товар) ~ сиденье, место (в экипаже, за столом и т. п.) ;
    six places were laid стол был накрыт на шесть приборов;
    to engage (или to secure) places заказать билеты ~ делать заказ;
    to place a call амер. заказать разговор по телефону ~ возлагать (надежды и т. п.) ;
    to place confidence (in smb.) довериться (кому-л.) ~ in bond размещать облигации на рынке ~ in solitary confinement подвергать одиночному заключению ~ in solitary confinement помещать в одиночную камеру ~ помещать, размещать;
    ставить, класть;
    to place in the clearest light полностью осветить (вопрос, положение и т. п.) ~ of arms воен. плацдарм ~ of arrival пункт прибытия ~ of birth место рождения ~ of business местонахождение предприятия ~ of business местонахождение фирмы ~ of death место смерти ~ of disembarkation место выгрузки ~ of disembarkation место высадки ~ of domicile постоянное место жительства ~ of embarkation место погрузки ~ of embarkation место посадки ~ of employment место работы ~ of employment место службы ~ of entertainment увеселительное заведение ~ of insurance место страхования ~ of issue место выпуска ~ of operation место деятельности ~ of payment место платежа ~ of performance место деятельности ~ of performance местонахождение фирмы ~ of performance of contract место исполнения договора ~ of redemption место погашения ~ of registration место регистрации ~ of residence место жительства ~ of settlement место заключения сделки ~ of shipment место погрузки ~ of signature место подписи ~ of work место работы ~ on equal footing ставить в равные условия ~ on register вносить в список ~ on register регистрировать ~ to account вносить на счет public ~ государственная должность scrolling to distant ~ вчт. прокрутка до нужного места ~ сиденье, место (в экипаже, за столом и т. п.) ;
    six places were laid стол был накрыт на шесть приборов;
    to engage (или to secure) places заказать билеты ~ жилище;
    усадьба;
    загородный дом;
    резиденция;
    summer place летняя резиденция;
    come down to my place tonight приходи ко мне сегодня вечером to keep (smb.) in his ~ не давать (кому-л.) зазнаваться;
    to take place случаться, иметь место take ~ происходить take ~ случаться take: to ~ place случаться;
    to take shelter укрыться;
    to take a shot выстрелить ~ место;
    to give place (to smb.) уступить место (кому-л.) ;
    to take the place (of smb.) занять (чье-л.) место, заместить (кого-л.) there is no ~ like home = в гостях хорошо, а дома лучше;
    another place парл. палата лордов training ~ место обучения training ~ место прохождения практики ~ город, местечко, селение;
    what place do you come from? откуда вы родом?

    Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > place

  • 50 place

    1. [pleıs] n
    1. 1) место

    some place, some time - где-нибудь, когда-нибудь

    starting place - спорт. центральный круг

    jumping place - спорт. сектор для прыжков

    landing place - а) спорт. место соскока; б) ав. место приземления

    reporting place - спорт. место сбора спортсменов

    I can't be at two places at once - я не могу быть в двух местах одновременно

    this would be a good place for us to picnic in - это хорошее место для пикника

    2) место, город, местечко; (населённый) пункт

    to come to a place - прибыть в какой-л. пункт /куда-л./

    it is a quiet place - это тихое местечко /-ий городок/

    N. is a great place for oysters - в N. отлично ловятся устрицы

    what place do you come from? - откуда вы родом?

    place of arrival [of destination] - место прибытия [назначения]

    3) место, точка на поверхности; участок

    bad /raw, tender, sore/ place - больное место, болячка

    show me the sore place on your arm - покажите, где /в каком месте/ у вас болит рука

    2. 1) обычное, привычное, отведённое место

    in place - а) на месте; everything in its place - всё на месте; to put a book (back) in its place - поставить книгу на место; to put smth. in the wrong place - поставить /положить/ что-л. не на место; he would be very much in place as a journalist - ему бы очень подошло быть журналистом; б) уместный

    out of place - а) не на месте; the book is out of (its) place - книга не на (своём) месте; б) неуместный

    to look (sadly) out of place - быть удивительно неуместным /неподходящим/

    to give place to smb., smth. - уступить место кому-л., чему-л.

    his anger gave place to a feeling of pity - его гнев уступил место жалости

    to take the place of smth. - заменить что-л. [ср. тж. 7, 1)]

    electricity took the place of candles - на смену свечам пришло электричество

    2) сиденье, место (в классе, за столом, в поезде и т. п.)

    to book /to engage, to secure/ places - заказать билеты

    to change places with smb. - обменяться с кем-л. местами

    would you like to take my place? - не хотите ли сесть на моё место?

    3) место в книге; страница; отрывок

    to find one's place - найти нужное место в книге [ср. тж. ♢ ]

    put smth. to mark the place - заложите чем-л. это место

    the author repeats that in another place - автор повторяет это в другом месте

    I've lost my place - я не помню, до какого места я дочитал /где я остановился/

    3. 1) место, пространство

    you must find place for this bookcase - вы должны найти место для этого книжного шкафа

    2) существенное место; важная роль

    sports never had a place in his life - спорт никогда не занимал важного места в его жизни

    3) подходящий момент, ситуация

    this isn't a place to talk about one's private affairs - здесь не место обсуждать свои личные дела

    1) площадь
    2) небольшая улица, тупик
    3) имение

    Penhurst Place - имение /усадьба/ Пенхерст

    5. 1) здание, помещение, место и т. п. специального назначения

    place of joining - воен. призывной пункт

    public place - общественное здание, учреждение и т. п.

    2) дом, жилище

    you can all come and lunch at our place - вы все можете у нас позавтракать

    all over the place - везде, по всему дому

    he leaves his things all over the place - он разбрасывает свои вещи по всей квартире

    6. 1) имение, загородный дом

    he has a nice little place in the country - у него хорошенький загородный домик

    2) уст. укрепление
    7. 1) должность, место, служба

    to take smb.'s place - а) заменять кого-л.; б) занять чьё-л. место; [ср. тж. 2, 1)]

    to fill smb.'s place = to take smb.'s place а)

    he worked ten years in his last place - на последнем месте он проработал десять лет

    has he got a place yet? - нашёл ли он себе работу /место/?

    2) высокая государственная должность; ответственная должность, высокий пост
    3) членство, участие ( в спортивной команде)

    a place in the Oxford boat - участие /членство/ в гребной команде Оксфордского университета

    4) тк. sing дело, право, обязанность

    it is not my place to correct his errors - не моё дело исправлять его ошибки

    8. положение, статус

    to know /to keep/ one's place - знать своё место

    to put smb. in his (proper) place - поставить кого-л. на место

    his place among physicists is in the front rank - он занимает видное место среди физиков

    his name has taken its place /has found a place/ in history - его имя вошло в историю

    9. спорт.
    1) второе или третье призовое место
    2) амер. второе место ( на скачках)
    10. горн. забой, выработка
    11. мат. разряд

    to calculate to five decimal places - вычислить с точностью до одной стотысячной

    12. астр. местонахождение ( небесного тела)

    ♢ another place - парл. палата лордов

    in the first place - а) во-первых, прежде всего; первым делом; б) вообще

    to take place - случаться, иметь место

    to have /to find/ place - иметь место [ср. тж. 2, 3)]

    to have a soft place in one's heart for smb. - питать к кому-л. слабость

    the place where you cough - уборная, туалет

    there is no place like home - ≅ в гостях хорошо, а дома лучше

    2. [pleıs] v
    1. 1) ставить, помещать; размещать

    to place no restrictions on smth. - не устанавливать каких-л. ограничений на что-л.

    to place on /in/ orbit - косм. выводить на орбиту; воен. размещать на орбите

    to place the bar - спорт. установить планку ( для прыжков)

    to place on the defensive - воен. вынуждать ( противника) перейти к обороне

    2) помещать, отдавать (куда-л.)

    to place a child under smb.'s care - отдать ребёнка на чьё-л. попечение

    to place in reserve - воен. выделять в резерв

    to place smb., smth. in /at/ smb.'s service - отдать /выделить/ кого-л., что-л. в чьё-л. распоряжение

    he placed his car in our service - он отдал /предоставил/ свой автомобиль в наше распоряжение

    to place oneself under smb.'s orders - поступить в чье-л. распоряжение

    to place a matter in smb.'s hands - отдать дело в чьи-л. руки

    to place under the command (of) - воен. подчинять, передавать в подчинение

    2. определять на должность; ставить на приход ( священника)

    to place smb. in an office - устроить кого-л. в учреждение

    to place smb. in a good situation - устроить кого-л. на хорошую должность

    to place smb. in command (of) - поставить кого-л. во главе

    he has been placed at the head of the department - его поставили во главе /начальником/ отдела

    3. 1) помещать, вкладывать деньги (тж. place out)

    to place one's money to the best advantage - наилучшим образом поместить свои деньги

    to place an amount to smb.'s credit - положить сумму на чей-л. счёт

    2) делать, помещать заказ

    to place an order with smb. for goods - поместить заказ у кого-л. /у какой-л. фирмы/ на какие-л. товары

    to place a call - амер. заказать разговор по телефону

    the French Government placed orders in England - французское правительство поместило заказы в Англии

    3) договориться об издании книги, постановке пьесы и т. п.

    he placed his book with a publisher - он договорился об издании своей книги

    4. продавать товары, акции

    difficult to place - плохо продаётся, плохо идёт

    5. (in, on) возлагать (надежды и т. п.)

    to place importance on smth. - придавать значение чему-л.

    to place pressure on /upon/ smb. - оказывать давление на кого-л.

    to place confidence in /reliance upon/ smb. - довериться кому-л.

    no confidence could be placed in any of the twelve judges - из двенадцати судей нельзя было верить ни одному

    6. 1) определять местоположение или дату; соотносить (с чем-л.)

    to try to place the spot where Caesar landed - пытаться определить то место, где высадился Цезарь

    the manuscript is placed not later than the tenth century - установлено, что рукопись относится к десятому веку, не позже

    I know his face but I cannot place him - мне знакомо его лицо, но я не могу вспомнить, где я его видел /кто он такой и т. п./

    he could not place her particular peculiarities of pronunciation - он не мог установить, в чём особенности её произношения

    he is a difficult man to place - трудно определить, что он из себя представляет

    2) считать, причислять; оценивать

    as a poet I place him among the first - как поэта я считаю его одним из первых

    3) спорт. определять занятые места в соревновании
    4) спорт. присудить второе или третье призовое место
    5) амер. спорт. присудить второе место ( на скачках)
    6) занять (какое-л.) место (на конкурсе, выборах и т. п.)

    he campaigned for 10 weeks and placed fifth - он проводил предвыборную кампанию десять недель и вышел на пятое место

    7. pass
    1) занимать определённое положение

    to be well [badly] placed - занимать хорошее [плохое] положение

    2) находиться в определённом положении

    I explained to him how I was placed - я объяснил ему, в каком я нахожусь положении, я объяснил ему ситуацию

    8. амер. разг. повысить голос (в разговоре, пении)

    ♢ to place a construction on smth., smb. - по-своему понимать, интерпретировать что-л., кого-л.

    what construction am I to place on that? - как прикажете это понимать?

    НБАРС > place

  • 51 control

    1. noun
    1) (power of directing, restraint) Kontrolle, die (of über + Akk.); (management) Leitung, die

    governmental control — Regierungsgewalt, die

    have control of something — die Kontrolle über etwas (Akk.) haben; (take decisions) für etwas zuständig sein

    take control of — die Kontrolle übernehmen über (+ Akk.)

    be in control [of something] — die Kontrolle [über etwas (Akk.)] haben

    [go or get] out of control — außer Kontrolle [geraten]

    [get something] under control — [etwas] unter Kontrolle [bringen]

    lose/regain control of oneself — die Beherrschung verlieren/wiedergewinnen

    have some/complete/no control over something — eine gewisse/die absolute/keine Kontrolle über etwas (Akk.) haben

    2) (device) Regler, der

    controls — (as a group) Schalttafel, die; (of TV, stereo system) Bedienungstafel, die

    be at the controls — [Fahrer, Pilot:] am Steuer sitzen

    2. transitive verb,
    - ll-
    1) (have control of) kontrollieren; steuern, lenken [Auto]

    he controls the financial side of things — er ist für die Finanzen zuständig

    controlling interest — (Commerc.) Mehrheitsbeteiligung, die

    2) (hold in check) beherrschen; zügeln [Zorn, Ungeduld, Temperament]; (regulate) kontrollieren; regulieren [Geschwindigkeit, Temperatur]; einschränken [Export, Ausgaben]; regeln [Verkehr]
    * * *
    [kən'trəul] 1. noun
    1) (the right of directing or of giving orders; power or authority: She has control over all the decisions in that department; She has no control over that dog.) die Kontrolle
    2) (the act of holding back or restraining: control of prices; I know you're angry but you must not lose control (of yourself).) die Kontrolle
    3) ((often in plural) a lever, button etc which operates (a machine etc): The clutch and accelerator are foot controls in a car.) die Regulierung
    4) (a point or place at which an inspection takes place: passport control.) die Kontrolle
    2. verb
    1) (to direct or guide; to have power or authority over: The captain controls the whole ship; Control your dog!) beherrschen
    2) (to hold back; to restrain (oneself or one's emotions etc): Control yourself!) beherrschen
    3) (to keep to a fixed standard: The government is controlling prices.) kontrollieren
    •
    - academic.ru/15792/controller">controller
    - control-tower
    - in control of
    - in control
    - out of control
    - under control
    * * *
    con·trol
    [kənˈtrəʊl, AM -ˈtroʊl]
    I. n
    1. no pl (command) Kontrolle f; of a country, of a people Gewalt f, Macht f, Herrschaft f; of a company Leitung, f
    he's got no \control over that child of his er hat sein Kind überhaupt nicht im Griff
    the junta took \control of the country die Junta hat die Gewalt über das Land übernommen
    to be in \control of sth etw unter Kontrolle haben; a territory etw in seiner Gewalt haben
    he's firmly in \control of the company er hält in der Firma die Fäden fest in der Hand
    to be in full \control of sth völlig die Kontrolle über etw akk haben
    we're in full \control of the situation wir sind vollkommen Herr der Lage
    to be out of [or beyond] \control außer Kontrolle sein
    to be under \control unter Kontrolle sein
    don't worry, everything is under \control! keine Sorge, wir haben alles im Griff!
    to be under the \control of sb MIL unter jds Kommando stehen
    to bring [or get] a fire under \control ein Feuer unter Kontrolle bringen
    to exert [or ( form) exercise] \control over sb/sth jdn/etw beherrschen
    to get [or go] [or run] out of \control außer Kontrolle geraten
    the car/fire went out of \control der Wagen/das Feuer geriet außer Kontrolle
    to lose \control over sth die Kontrolle [o Gewalt] über etw akk verlieren
    to gain/lose \control of a company die Leitung eines Unternehmens übernehmen/abgeben müssen
    to slip out of sb's \control nicht mehr in jds Macht liegen, jds Kontrolle entgleiten
    to wrest \control of a town from sb jdm die Herrschaft über eine Stadt entreißen
    ball \control SPORT Ballführung f
    2. no pl (self-restraint) Selbstbeherrschung f
    to be in \control of one's emotions seine Gefühle unter Kontrolle haben, Herr seiner Gefühle sein
    3. (means of regulating) Kontrolle f
    ▪ \controls on sth Kontrolle f einer S. gen
    arms \control Rüstungsbegrenzung f
    birth \control Geburtenkontrolle f
    price \controls Preiskontrollen pl
    rent \controls Mietpreisbindung f
    traffic \control Verkehrsregelung f
    quality \control Qualitätskontrolle f
    wage \controls Gehaltskontrollen pl
    to impose [or introduce] /tighten \controls Kontrollen einführen/konsolidieren
    the government has recently imposed strict \controls on dog ownership die Regierung macht den Hundehaltern neuerdings strenge Auflagen
    4. TECH Schalter m, Regler m
    the co-pilot was at the \controls when the plane landed der Kopilot steuerte das Flugzeug bei der Landung
    to take over the \controls die Steuerung übernehmen
    \control panel Schalttafel f
    volume \control Lautstärkeregler m
    5. no pl (checkpoint) Kontrolle f
    customs/passport \control Zoll-/Passkontrolle f
    to go through customs \control die Zollkontrolle passieren geh, durch den Zoll gehen fam
    6. (person) Kontrollperson f
    \control [group] Kontrollgruppe f
    7. COMPUT Steuerung f, Control f
    \control-F2 Steuerung [o Strg] -F2
    8. (base)
    \control [room] Zentrale f
    \control tower AVIAT Kontrollturm m
    9. (in an intelligence organization) Agentenführer(in) m(f)
    II. vt
    <- ll->
    ▪ to \control sth etw kontrollieren
    to \control a business ein Geschäft führen
    to \control a car ein Auto steuern
    to \control a company eine Firma leiten
    the car is difficult to \control at high speeds bei hoher Geschwindigkeit gerät der Wagen leicht außer Kontrolle
    the whole territory is now \controlled by the army das ganze Gebiet steht jetzt unter Kontrolle der Streitkräfte
    ▪ to \control sth etw regulieren [o kontrollieren]
    many biological processes are \controlled by hormones viele biologische Prozesse werden von Hormonen gesteuert
    the laws \controlling drugs are very strict in this country hierzulande ist das Arzneimittelgesetz sehr streng
    to \control a blaze/an epidemic ein Feuer/eine Epidemie unter Kontrolle bringen
    to \control inflation die Inflation eindämmen
    to \control pain Schmerzen in Schach halten
    to \control prices/spending Preise/Ausgaben regulieren
    3. (as to emotions)
    ▪ to \control sb/sth jdn/etw beherrschen
    I was so furious I couldn't \control myself ich war so wütend, dass ich mich nicht mehr beherrschen konnte
    to \control one's anger seinen Zorn mäßigen
    to \control one's feelings seine Gefühle akk unter Kontrolle haben
    to \control one's temper/urge sein Temperament/Verlangen zügeln
    4. TECH
    ▪ to \control sth temperature, volume etw regulieren
    the knob \controls the volume der Knopf regelt die Lautstärke
    the traffic lights are \controlled by a computer die Ampeln werden von einem Computer gesteuert
    5.
    ▶ to \control the purse strings das Geld zusammenhalten, den Daumen draufhalten sl
    * * *
    [kən'trəʊl]
    1. n
    1) no pl (= management, supervision) Aufsicht f (of über +acc); (of money, fortune) Verwaltung f (
    of +gen); (of situation, emotion, language) Beherrschung f ( of +gen); (= self-control) (Selbst)beherrschung f; (= physical control) (Körper)beherrschung f ( of +gen); (= authority, power) Gewalt f, Macht f (over über +acc); (over territory) Gewalt f (over über +acc = regulation, of prices, disease, inflation) Kontrolle f ( of +gen); (of traffic) Regelung f ( of +gen); (of pollution) Einschränkung f ( of +gen)

    to have control of sb — jdn unter Kontrolle haben; children jdn beaufsichtigen

    to be in control of one's emotions — Herr über seine Gefühle sein, Herr seiner Gefühle sein

    she has no control over how the money is spent/what her children do — sie hat keinen Einfluss darauf, wie das Geld ausgegeben wird/was ihre Kinder machen

    to lose control (of sth) — etw nicht mehr in der Hand haben, (über etw acc ) die Gewalt or Herrschaft verlieren; of business die Kontrolle (über etw acc ) verlieren; of car die Kontrolle or Herrschaft (über etw acc ) verlieren

    to be/get out of control (child, class) — außer Rand und Band sein/geraten; (situation) außer Kontrolle sein/geraten; (car) nicht mehr zu halten sein; (inflation, prices, disease, pollution) sich jeglicher Kontrolle (dat) entziehen/nicht mehr zu halten or zu bremsen (inf) sein; (fire) nicht unter Kontrolle sein/außer Kontrolle geraten

    the car spun out of control —

    to bring or get sth under control — etw unter Kontrolle bringen; situation Herr einer Sache (gen) werden; car etw in seine Gewalt bringen

    to be under control — unter Kontrolle sein; (children, class) sich benehmen; (car) (wieder) lenkbar sein

    everything or the situation is under control — wir/sie etc haben die Sache im Griff (inf)

    the situation was beyond their control —

    2) (= check) Kontrolle f (
    on +gen, über +acc)

    wage/price controls — Lohn-/Preiskontrolle f

    3) (= control room) die Zentrale; (AVIAT) der Kontrollturm
    4) (= knob, switch) Regler m; (of vehicle, machine) Schalter m

    to be at the controls (of spaceship, airliner) — am Kontrollpult sitzen; (of small plane, car) die Steuerung haben

    5) (SCI: person) Kontrollperson f; (= animal) Kontrolltier nt; (= group) Kontrollgruppe f
    6) (SPIRITUALISM) Geist einer Persönlichkeit, dessen Äußerungen das Medium wiedergibt
    7) (COMPUT) Steuerung f
    2. vt
    1) (= direct, manage) kontrollieren; business führen, leiten, unter sich (dat) haben; sea beherrschen; organization in der Hand haben; animal, child, class fertig werden mit; car steuern, lenken; traffic regeln; emotions, movements beherrschen, unter Kontrolle halten; hair bändigen

    to control oneself/one's temper — sich beherrschen

    control yourself! — nimm dich zusammen!

    please try to control your children/dog — bitte sehen Sie zu, dass sich Ihre Kinder benehmen/sich Ihr Hund benimmt

    2) (= regulate, check) prices, rents, growth etc kontrollieren; temperature, speed regulieren; disease unter Kontrolle bringen; population eindämmen, im Rahmen halten
    * * *
    control [kənˈtrəʊl]
    A v/t
    1. beherrschen, die Herrschaft oder Kontrolle haben über (akk), etwas in der Hand haben, gebieten über (akk):
    the company controls the entire industry die Gesellschaft beherrscht die gesamte Industrie;
    control the race SPORT das Rennen kontrollieren;
    controlling company WIRTSCH Muttergesellschaft f;
    controlling interest WIRTSCH maßgebliche Beteiligung, ausschlaggebender Kapitalanteil;
    controlling shareholder (bes US stockholder) WIRTSCH Besitzer(in) der Aktienmajorität, maßgebliche(r) Aktionär(in)
    2. in Schranken halten, einer Sache Herr werden, Einhalt gebieten (dat), (erfolgreich) bekämpfen, eindämmen:
    control o.s. ( oder one’s temper) sich beherrschen
    3. kontrollieren:
    a) überwachen, beaufsichtigen
    b) (nach)prüfen:
    control an experiment ein Experiment durch Gegenversuche kontrollieren
    4. regeln:
    5. leiten, lenken, führen, verwalten
    6. WIRTSCH (staatlich) bewirtschaften, planen, dirigieren, den Absatz, Konsum, die Kaufkraft etc lenken, die Preise binden:
    controlled economy gelenkte Wirtschaft, Planwirtschaft f
    7. ELEK, TECH steuern, regeln, regulieren, eine Maschine etc bedienen:
    controlled by compressed air druckluftgesteuert;
    controlled rocket gesteuerte Rakete;
    controlled ventilation regulierbare Lüftung
    B s
    1. (of, over) Beherrschung f (gen) (auch fig), Macht f, Gewalt f, Kontrolle f, Herrschaft f (über akk):
    be in control of o.s. sich in der Gewalt haben;
    bring ( oder get) under control Herr werden (gen), unter Kontrolle bringen;
    get control of one’s life sein Leben in den Griff bekommen;
    get control over in seine Gewalt oder in die Hand bekommen;
    get beyond sb’s control jemandem über den Kopf wachsen;
    get out of control außer Kontrolle geraten, (Diskussion etc) ausufern;
    circumstances beyond our control unvorhersehbare Umstände, Fälle höherer Gewalt;
    a) → A 1,
    b) Gewalt über jemanden haben;
    have the situation under control Herr der Lage sein, die Lage beherrschen;
    keep under control im Zaum halten, fest in der Hand haben;
    lose control die Herrschaft oder Gewalt oder Kontrolle verlieren (over, of über eine Partei, ein Auto etc);
    lose control of o.s. die Beherrschung verlieren
    2. Selbstbeherrschung f:
    3. Körperbeherrschung f
    4. (of, over) Aufsicht f, Kontrolle f (über akk), Überwachung f (gen):
    government ( oder state) control staatliche Aufsicht;
    be in control of sth etwas leiten oder unter sich haben;
    be under sb’s control jemandem unterstehen oder unterstellt sein
    5. Leitung f, Verwaltung f (eines Unternehmens etc)
    6. WIRTSCH
    a) (Kapital-, Konsum-, Kaufkraft- etc) Lenkung f
    b) (Devisen- etc) Bewirtschaftung f
    7. JUR
    a) Gewahrsam m
    b) Verfügungsgewalt f (of, over über akk)
    c) auch parental control elterliche Gewalt (of, over über akk):
    place sb under control jemanden unter Vormundschaft stellen
    8. Bekämpfung f, Eindämmung f
    9. ELEK, TECH Steuerung f, Bedienung f
    10. TECH Bedienungselement n:
    be at the controls fig das Sagen haben, an den (Schalt-)Hebeln der Macht sitzen
    11. ELEK, TECH
    a) Regelung f, Regulierung f
    b) Regler m
    12. pl FLUG Steuerung f, Leitwerk n, Steuerzüge pl
    13. a) Kontrolle f, Anhaltspunkt m
    b) Vergleichswert m
    * * *
    1. noun
    1) (power of directing, restraint) Kontrolle, die (of über + Akk.); (management) Leitung, die

    governmental control — Regierungsgewalt, die

    have control of something — die Kontrolle über etwas (Akk.) haben; (take decisions) für etwas zuständig sein

    take control of — die Kontrolle übernehmen über (+ Akk.)

    be in control [of something] — die Kontrolle [über etwas (Akk.)] haben

    [go or get] out of control — außer Kontrolle [geraten]

    [get something] under control — [etwas] unter Kontrolle [bringen]

    lose/regain control of oneself — die Beherrschung verlieren/wiedergewinnen

    have some/complete/no control over something — eine gewisse/die absolute/keine Kontrolle über etwas (Akk.) haben

    2) (device) Regler, der

    controls — (as a group) Schalttafel, die; (of TV, stereo system) Bedienungstafel, die

    be at the controls — [Fahrer, Pilot:] am Steuer sitzen

    2. transitive verb,
    - ll-
    1) (have control of) kontrollieren; steuern, lenken [Auto]

    controlling interest — (Commerc.) Mehrheitsbeteiligung, die

    2) (hold in check) beherrschen; zügeln [Zorn, Ungeduld, Temperament]; (regulate) kontrollieren; regulieren [Geschwindigkeit, Temperatur]; einschränken [Export, Ausgaben]; regeln [Verkehr]
    * * *
    n.
    Bedienungselement n.
    Beherrschung f.
    Kontrolle f.
    Lenkung -en f.
    Steuerung f. v.
    ansteuern v.
    beherrschen v.
    kontrollieren v.
    steuern v.

    English-german dictionary > control

  • 52 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

  • 53 discount

    1. сущ.
    1)
    а) торг. скидка (с цены), ценовая скидка (денежная сумма или процент, на который поставщик снижает стандартную цену товара или услуги; напр., снижение стандартной цены товара в рамках кампании по стимулированию сбыта или снижение прейскурантной цены в качестве вознаграждения за быстрый или наличный платеж, за покупку в большом количестве и т. п.; также снижение стандартного тарифа на услуги для клиентов, удовлетворяющих определенным требованиям, напр., уменьшение величины страховой премии в связи с особенностями данного риска, отсутствием аварий или других страховых случаев в течение определенного времени, либо уменьшение стоимости туристической путевки при приобретении общей путевки для группы лиц и т. п.)

    ATTRIBUTES:

    one-time discount — единовременная [разовая\] скидка

    COMBS:

    discount in the amount of— скидка в сумме

    At the purchase of 6-10 titles you will obtain the discount in the amount of 5%.

    discount of $125, $125 discount — скидка в размере 125 долл.

    10% discount, discount of 10% — скидка в размере 10%, десятипроцентная скидка

    1% discount for cash — скидка 1% за расчет наличными

    15% discount for quantity purchases — 15-процентная скидка за покупку в большом количестве

    less discount of 5% — со сидкой в 5%, за вычетом 5%

    A discount of up to 40% may apply to Physical Damage Coverage for your boat, if the boat is less than 11 years old.

    a discount of 10 to 40 percent — скидка (в размере) от 10% до 40%

    a discount (of) between 10% and 20% — скидка (в размере) от 10% до 20%, скидка между 10% и 20%

    discount on [below, to, off, from\] — скидка с (цены, тарифной ставки)

    50% discount below the normal retail price — 50% скидка с обычной розничной цены

    You can get 50% discount off the regular ticket price!

    Click here to order this book at a discount from the regular list price.

    discount on (smth.) — скидка на (что-л.)

    Members will receive special discounts on all products. — Участники получат специальные скидки на все товары.

    special discount to students, special students discounts — специальные скидки для студентов, специальные скидки студентам, специальные студенческие скидки

    50% discount for children under 12 — 50% скидка для детей в возрасте до 12 лет

    to give [to grant, to allow\] a discount — предоставить скидку

    Discounts are given for quantity purchases.

    First, they commit all participants to grant discounts of the same type to buyers who meet the same conditions of eligibility.

    The producer usually establishes a list price and then allows discounts from it to various types of intermediate customers.

    Later in the century, as competition for customers increased, some booksellers offered discounts of 20 percent and more.

    to get [to receive, to obtain\] a discount — получить скидку

    Club members get special discount off the normal rates. — Члены клуба получают специальную скидку с обычных тарифов.

    He received cash discount of 3%. — Он получил скидку в размере 3% за оплату наличными.

    to earn a discount — получить [заслужить, заработать\] скидку

    When purchases must be placed within a specified period to earn a discount, the prospective contractor must indicate the required time period.

    Those who purchase for cash are allowed a discount of 2%, while those who pay within one month can claim a discount of 1%.

    to ask for a discount — просить [требовать\] скидку, обращаться за скидкой

    If you're going to pay cash, ask for a discount.

    It could be very useful to be able to negotiate a discount for cash if you are buying luxury items like a fur coat or an expensive piece of jewellery.

    Large volume orders may be subject to a discount. — Крупные заказы могут подлежать скидке. [По крупным заказам может предоставляться скидка.\]

    to qualify for a discount — иметь право на скидку; получить право на скидку; давать право на скидку

    To qualify for discount all orders must be received by 30th June. — Чтобы иметь право на скидку, все заказы должны быть получены до 30 июня.

    to be eligible for [to be entitled to\] a discount — иметь право на скидку

    Find out if you are entitled to a discount. — Выясните, имеете ли вы право на скидку.

    to lose a discount — терять скидку, терять право на скидку

    This means that you can make 1 claim in any year or 2 claims in any 3-year period, and you won't lose the discount earned for your previous years of safe driving. — Это означает, что вы можете предъявить одно требование в течение любого года или два требования в течение любого трехлетнего периода, и вы не потеряете скидку, заработанную за предыдущие года безопасного вождения.

    To find the sale price of the item, you calculate the discount and subtract the discount from the original price.

    to reduce/to increase discount — уменьшать/увеличивать скидку

    ThyssenKrupp Nirosta reduces cash discount.

    Under the Local Government Act 2003, all District Councils have been allowed to reduce their Council Tax discount on second homes from 50% to 10%.

    American Airlines also has increased its discount from 21 percent to 22 percent on all domestic fares and international full fares.

    They've increased the tax discount on the house.

    Syn:
    rebate 1. 1), reduction 1. 2) б)
    Ant:
    See:
    advertising discount, aggregated discount, bulk discount а), bulk purchase discount, cash discount, chain discount, commercial discount, cumulative discount, deep discount 2) а), deferred discount, discount allowed, discount earned, discount for cash, discount for cash payment, discount for early payment, discount for paying cash, discount for prompt payment, discount for quantity, discount for quantity purchases, discount from price, discount on price, discount received, discounts lost, early payment discount, functional discount, group discount 1) а), insurance discount, insurance premium discount, invoice discount 1) а), long discount, lost discounts, loyalty discount, net name discount, noncumulative discount, off-invoice discount, patronage discount, premium discount, prepayment discount, price discount а), prompt payment discount, purchase discount, quantity discount, quantity purchase discount, renewal discount, retail discount, retro discount, retrodiscount, retrospective discount, sales discount, series discount 1) а), short discount, special discount, staff discount, trade discount, trade-in discount, unearned discount а), volume discount, wholesale discount, amount of discount, discount amount а), discount broker а), discount brokerage, discount card, discount chain, discount coupon, discount drugstore, discount fare, discount goods, discount house 2) а), discount loss, discount market 2) а), discount merchandiser, discount period 1) а), discount policy 1) а), discount price, discount pricing, discount retailer, discount retailing, discount sale, discount scale, discount series, discount schedule, discount store, discount supermarket, discount table, discount terms, percentage of discount, scale of discounts, table of discounts, allowance 1. 3) discounted price а), discounted goods, premium price а), trade credit, EOM, ROG, discounter б), discountable 2) б), regular price, list price, off-price product, at a discount 1) а) IDIOM: five-finger discount
    б) фин., бирж. дисконт (сумма, на которую номинал или цена погашения ценной бумаги больше цены ее первоначального размещения или текущей рыночной цены)

    ATTRIBUTES:

    accrued 2), amortizable 2) б)

    deep discount — глубокий дисконт, значительный дисконт*

    COMBS:

    discount in the amount of— дисконт в сумме

    discount of $125, $125 discount — дисконт в размере 125 долл.

    As a result, X treats the loan as having original issue discount in the amount of $130000.

    10% discount, discount of 10% — дисконт в размере 10%, десятипроцентный дисконт

    For example, if a $1000 par bond was bought at a discount of $900, at maturity there would be a $100 gain.

    a discount of 10 to 40 percent — дисконт (в размере) от 10% до 40%

    a discount (of) between 10% and 20% — скидка (в размере) от 10% до 20%, скидка между 10% и 20%

    discount on [below, to, off, from\] — дисконт к (цене, номиналу), дисконт с [от\] (цены, номинала)

    Coupons are sold at a discount to maturity value.

    The Company amortizes any discount or premium as part of interest expense on the related debt using the effective interest method.

    Although the issuer will calculate original issue discount, if any, based on its determination of the accrual periods, a bondholder may, subject to some restrictions, elect other accrual periods.

    All taxable discount securities, including Corporate and Government Bonds, Federal STRIPs, Eurobonds, and Taxable Municipal securities.

    Ant:
    See:
    в) фин., банк. дисконт, скидка (разница между номиналом векселя и суммой, получаемой векселедержателем при учете векселя до наступления срока его погашения)
    See:
    г) фин., бирж. дисконт, скидка (отклонение в меньшую сторону от официального курса валюты, т. е. ситуация, когда цена одной валюты занижена по отношению к цене другой валюты, напр., франк может продаваться со скидкой к фунту)
    д) фин., банк. дисконт (разница между базовой согласованной суммой кредита и суммой, фактически получаемой заемщиком; в обычных дисконтных кредитах соответствует величине процентов, подлежащих уплате по кредиту; в некоторых кредитах из базовой суммы кредита могут вычитаться дисконтные пункты или другие единовременные вознаграждения и комиссионные, причитающиеся кредитору)
    See:
    е) фин. дисконт, скидка (при оценке стоимости предприятия или крупных пакетов акций: разница, на которую фактически согласованная цена предприятия/пакета акций меньше базовой рыночной цены; такой дисконт может использоваться в качестве компенсации за узость вторичного рынка для акций, недостаточный размер продаваемого пакета акций для приобретения контроля за предприятием и т. п.)
    See:
    ж) фин. скидка, дисконт (в самом общем смысле: сумма, на которую уменьшена базовая стоимость или другая базовая величина)
    Ant:
    See:
    2) банк., фин. учет, операция по учету [по дисконту\] (операция, в ходе которой банк или другое финансовое учреждение выкупает вексель или иное долговое обязательство у его держателя по цене, равной номиналу долгового обязательства за вычетом вознаграждения за оставшийся до погашения срок, напр., вексель с номиналом в 100 долл. может продаваться за 90 долл.; впоследствии банк взыскивает полную номинальную стоимость долгового обязательства с лица, выписавшего это долговое обязательство)
    Syn:
    See:
    3) фин. дисконтирование (определение текущей стоимости актива или текущей стоимости будущих потоков доходов и расходов)
    Syn:
    See:
    4)
    а) торг. процент скидки (величина скидки, выраженная в процентах к цене)
    Syn:
    б) фин. учетная ставка; ставка дисконта [дисконтирования\]
    Syn:
    discount rate 1) а), 1) а), 2) а)
    See:
    2. гл.
    1) торг. предоставлять [делать\] скидку, снижать цену (уменьшать обычную прейскурантную цену для покупателя, приобретающего значительное количество товара, рассчитывающегося наличными и т. п.); продавать со скидкой (уценивать товары, уменьшать цену продаваемых товаров)

    The shop discounted goods. — Магазин сделал скидку на товары.

    to discount from [off\] price — сделать скидку с цены

    to discount (by) 10% — делать скидку в размере 10%

    Companies discount their goods by 10%-75% only to sell more volume. — Компании предоставляют скидку на свои товары в размере 10-75% [компании снижают цену своих товаров на 10-75%\] только для того, чтобы увеличить объем продаж.

    If an item has not sold within two weeks the store discounts the item by 25% for the third week, 50% for the fourth week, and 75% for the fifth week. — Если предмет не продается в течении двух недель, то в течение третьей недели предмет предлагается со скидкой в 25%, в течение четвертой — со скидкой 50%, а в течение пятой — со скидкой 75%.

    All items were discounted about 20% from the suggested list prices. — Цена всех товаров была снижена на 20% по сравнению с рекомендованной прейскурантной ценой.

    The company discounted prices on its products. — Компания сделала скидку с цены на свои товары.

    United discounts the fare by 50%. — "Юнайтед" делает скидку с тарифа в размере 50%.

    The one-way fares are now discounted 15% off regular fares. — Стоимость проезда в один конец в настоящее время снижена на 15% по сравнению с обычными тарифами.

    This interest rate is discounted from the published bank standard variable rate for an agreed period from the start of the mortgage. — Эта процентная ставка снижена по сравнению с опубликованной стандартной плавающей процентной ставкой банка на оговоренный период, считая от начала действия ипотечного кредита.

    discounted mortgage — ипотека с дисконтом*, дисконтная ипотека*

    discounted period — период скидки [скидок\]*, период действия скидки*

    discounted price — цена со скидкой [с дисконтом\], дисконтная цена

    See:
    2) фин., банк. учитывать
    а) (приобретать векселя или счета-фактуры по цене ниже их номинала, т. е. с дисконтом, с целью последующего взыскания суммы долга с должника)

    to discount at the rate of 10% — учитывать по ставке 10%

    In the same way, circumstances often forced discount houses themselves to discount fine trade bills at the rate for fine bank bills. — Точно также, обстоятельства часто вынуждают сами дисконтные дома учитывать первоклассные торговые векселя по ставке, установленной для первоклассных банковских векселей.

    The Federal Reserve was given the right to discount “eligible paper” for member banks, that is lend money to the banks on the basis of the commercial paper arising from loan transactions with their customers. — Федеральной резервной системе было предоставлено право учитывать "приемлемые бумаги" для банков-членов, т. е. давать банкам деньги взаймы на базе коммерческих бумаг, возникающих в связи с кредитными операциями с их клиентами.

    б) (продавать векселя или счета-фактуры по цене ниже их номинала специализированному финансовому учреждению)

    to discount the note at 10% — учитывать долговое обязательство под 10%

    The company discounted the note at a bank at 10%. — Компания учла долговое обязательство в банке под 10%.

    If the vendor receives a note, he may discount it at the bank. — Если торговец получает простой вексель, он может учесть его в банке.

    to get a bill discounted — учесть вексель, произвести учет векселя

    See:
    3) фин., банк. предоставлять дисконтный заем* (получать проценты вперед при даче денег взаймы, т. е. выдавать заемщику не полную оговоренную сумму кредита, а ее часть, оставшуюся после вычета определенного дисконта, и взамен сокращать или аннулировать процентную ставку на весь или часть срока кредита; употребляется всегда с дополнением в виде названия кредита)

    to discount the loan — предоставлять дисконтный заем, делать заем дисконтным

    Negotiate the terms of the loan ( amount, interest rates) first and then lender discounts the loan by charging a fee which will be deducted from the loan amount before being dispersed to the borrower. — Договоритесь об условиях кредитования (сумма, процентные ставки) и потом кредитор сделает заем дисконтным путем взимания платы, которая будет вычтена из суммы займа перед выдачей заемщику.

    See:

    to discount at a rate of 10% — дисконтировать по ставке 10%

    Discount future cash flows to the present using the firm's cost of capital. — Приведите будущие денежные потоки к текущей стоимости, используя стоимость капитала фирмы.

    To adjust for the time value of money, we discounted future costs to present value. — Чтобы осуществить корректировку на временную стоимость денег, мы привели будущие затраты к текущей стоимости.

    We discount future cash flows by an interest rate that has been adjusted for risk. — Мы дисконтируем будущие денежные потоки, используя процентную ставку, скорректированную на риск.

    The taxpayer must continue to discount the unpaid losses attributable to proportional reinsurance from pre-1988 accident years using the discount factors that were used in determining tax reserves for the 1987 tax year. — Налогоплательщик должен продолжать дисконтировать неоплаченные убытки, относящиеся к пропорциональному перестрахованию за годы убытка, предшествующие 1988 г., используя коэффициенты дисконтирования, которые применялись при определении налоговых резервов на 1987 налоговый год.

    When comparing projects with different risk levels, it is best to discount each project's cash flows at its own discount rate and then compare the NPVs. — При сравнении проектов с разным уровнем риска, лучше всего произвести дисконтирование [продисконтировать\] денежные потоки каждого проекта по своей собственной ставке дисконтирования и затем сравнить чистую приведенную стоимость.

    discounted cash flow — дисконтированный [приведенный\] денежный поток

    discounted payback period — дисконтированный срок [период\] окупаемости

    See:
    5) общ. не принимать в расчет, игнорировать, пропускать, опускать; относиться скептически, не принимать на веру, сомневаться в правдивости

    to discount smb's opinion — игнорировать чье-л. мнение

    They discount my opinion. — Они не принимают в расчет мое мнение.

    We had already discounted the theory that they were involved. — Мы уже оставили идею об их причастности.

    By stressing one factor, each theory discounts the others. — Выделяя один фактор, каждая теория оставляет без внимания остальные.

    Democratic theory discounts the notion that allocation of scarce resources is the result of natural forces. — Демократическая теория игнорирует представление о том, что распределение редких ресурсов является результатом действия естественных сил.

    Knowing his political bias they discounted most of his story. — Зная о его политических пристрастиях, они сомневались в правдивости большей части его истории.

    Many people discount the value of statistical analysis. — Многие люди недооценивают статистический анализ.

    6) бирж. учитывать* (обычно используется в биржевом контексте, указывая на то, что плохие или хорошие новости о компании-эмитенте, отдельной отрасли, экономике в целом либо ожидания получения таких новостей учитываются участниками рынка при определении курсов ценных бумаг, вызывая соответственно понижение или повышение курсов)

    Many traders don't realize the news they hear and read has, in many cases, already been discounted by the market. — Многие трейдеры не осознают, что новости, о которых они услышали или прочитали, уже были учтены рынком.

    Technology stocks discounted a lot of bad news from abroad. — Акции технологических компаний отреагировали на обилие плохих новостей из-за границы.

    The bear market ends when at least most of the bad news is finally discounted by the market. — "Медвежий" рынок заканчивается, когда, по крайней мере, большая часть из плохих новостей наконец учитывается рынком.

    In the United States, the stock market double discounts expected inflation, first through long term bond yields and second through relative stock prices. — В Соединенных Штатах, фондовый рынок дважды учитывает ожидаемую инфляцию, во-первых, в доходности долгосрочных облигаций, а во-вторых, в ценах на соответствующие акции.

    These stock prices are discounting anticipated massive increases in profits for the S&P 500 companies in the future. — Цены акций учитывают ожидаемый в будущем массовый рост прибылей компаний, включаемых в расчет индекса "Стандард энд Пурз 500".

    Today’s prices are discounting all future events, not only today’s news. — Сегодняшние цены учитывают все будущие события, а не только сегодняшние новости.

    See:

    * * *
    discount (Dis; Disct) 1) дисконт, скидка: разница между ценой эмиссии ценной бумаги или кредита (номиналом или ценой погашения) и ее текущей рыночной ценой или разница между наличным и срочным валютными курсами; 2) учет векселей: операция купли-продажи векселей по номиналу минус вознаграждение за оставшийся до погашения срок (напр., вексель с номиналом в 100 долл. продается за 90 долл.); 3) скидка с цены товара (или возврат, напр., в качестве вознаграждения за быстрый или наличный платеж); см. cash discount; 4) учет информации об определенном событии в движении цен, ставок, в т. ч. до его наступления; 5) соотношение между двумя валютами; напр., франк может продаваться со скидкой к фунту; 6) определить текущую стоимость актива, который имеет определенную стоимость на определенную дату в будущем.
    * * *
    вычет (процентов); дисконт; скидка; учет (векселя), учетный процент
    . Относится к цене продажи облигации. Цена ниже номинальной стоимости. См. также Premium (премия) . (1) The amount a price would be reduced to purchase a commodity of lesser grade; (2) sometimes used to refer to the price differences between futures of different delivery months, as in the phrase "July is trading at a discount to May," indicating that the price of the July future is lower than that of May; (3) applied to cash grain prices that are below the futures price. Словарь экономических терминов .
    * * *
    особое условие договора купли-продажи, определяющее размер снижения (уменьшения) исходной (базисной) цены сделки
    -----
    Финансы/Кредит/Валюта
    1. учет векселя
    2. процент, взимаемый банками при учете векселей
    3. скидка с цены валюты в валютных сделках

    Англо-русский экономический словарь > discount

  • 54 go

    1. [gəʋ] n (pl goes [gəʋz]) разг.
    1. ход, ходьба; движение

    come and go - хождение туда и сюда /взад и вперёд/

    the boat rolled gently with the come and go of small waves - лодка мягко покачивалась на мелких волнах

    to be on the go - быть в движении /в работе/

    he is always on the go - он всегда в движении; он никогда не сидит без дела

    he has two books on the go at the moment - в настоящее время он работает (одновременно) над двумя книгами

    2. обстоятельство, положение; неожиданный поворот дел

    a near go - опасное /рискованное/ положение; ≅ быть на волосок от гибели /провала, разорения и т. п./

    here's a pretty go!, what a go! - ≅ весёленькая история!, хорошенькое дельце!

    it's a queer /rum/ go - странное дело

    3. попытка

    to have a go at - попытаться, рискнуть, попытать счастья

    she was staying for another go - она осталась, чтобы сделать ещё одну попытку

    let's have another go at this problem - давай ещё раз попробуем разобраться в этом деле

    he had several goes at the examination before he passed - он не смог сдать экзамен с первого захода

    4. 1) приступ
    2) порция ( еды или вина)
    3) что-л. выполненное за один раз
    5. сделка, соглашение

    it's a go! - идёт!, по рукам, решено!, договорились!

    6. разг. энергия, воодушевление; рвение; увлечение
    7. разг. успех; удача; успешное предприятие

    to make a go of it - амер. добиться успеха, преуспеть

    he is convinced that he can make a go of it - он уверен, что добьётся в этом деле успеха

    no go - бесполезный, безнадёжный

    it's no go! - не пойдёт!, невозможно!

    8. редк. походка
    9. ход ( в игре); бросок ( в спортивных играх)

    ♢ to give smb. the go - дать кому-л. сигнал или разрешение действовать; ≅ дать «добро»

    quite /all/ the go - последний крик моды; предмет всеобщего увлечения

    first go - первым делом, сразу же

    at a go - сразу, зараз

    the great [little] go - студ. последний [первый] экзамен на степень бакалавра гуманитарных наук ( в Кембридже и Оксфорде)

    he was a drag on me from the word go - с самого начала он был для меня обузой

    2. [gəʋ] a амер. разг.
    быть в состоянии готовности; работать (безотказно) (об аппаратуре и т. п.)

    you are go for landing - ≅ разрешается посадка

    she was suddenly in a go condition - она внезапно почувствовала, что готова ко всему

    3. [gəʋ] v (went; gone)
    I
    1. идти, ходить

    to go slowly [quickly] - идти медленно [быстро]

    to go slow - а) идти медленно, не торопиться; б) быть осмотрительным; [ср. тж. ♢ ]

    cars go on the road - по дороге едут /ездят/ машины

    to go upstairs [downstairs] - подыматься [спускаться] по лестнице

    they went over the river - они перешли /переправились через/ реку

    he went to visit /to see/ her - он пошёл навестить /проведать/ её

    to go in single file [in pairs] - идти по одному [парами]

    you go first - а) вы идите первым /вперёд/; б) проходите, пожалуйста; в) ваш первый ход

    2. направляться, следовать; ехать, поехать

    to go to the country - поехать за город /в деревню, на дачу/ [см. тж. ♢ ]

    to go abroad - поехать за границу [см. тж. ♢ ]

    to go to France [to London] - поехать во Францию [в Лондон]

    to go on a journey - поехать в путешествие; совершать путешествие

    to go for a ride /a drive/ - поехать /отправиться/ на прогулку (особ. верхом, на велосипеде, в автомобиле)

    to go on a visit - поехать /отправиться/ с визитом; поехать погостить

    to go to a party - пойти в гости /на вечеринку, на вечер/

    to go on a tour - а) отправиться /пуститься/ в путешествие; б) отправляться на гастроли /в турне/

    to go (some) places - амер. разг. ездить /ходить/ по разным местам

    3. 1) ездить, путешествовать, передвигаться (каким-л. способом)

    to go by land [by water] - ехать по суше [по воде]

    to go by train [by bus, by tram, by rail, by steamer] - ехать поездом [автобусом, трамваем, по железной дороге, пароходом]

    to go in a carriage [in a motor-car, in a ship, in a tram, in a trolley-bus] - ехать в экипаже [в автомобиле, на пароходе, в трамвае, в троллейбусе]

    to go on foot - ходить /идти/ пешком

    2) ходить, курсировать
    4. 1) уходить, уезжать

    we came at six and went at nine - мы пришли в шесть, а ушли в девять

    it is time for us to go - нам пора уходить /идти, уезжать/

    I'll be going now - ну, я пошёл

    I must be going now, I must be gone - теперь мне нужно уходить

    she is gone - она ушла /уехала/, её нет

    be gone!, get you gone! - уходи!

    2) отходить, отправляться

    when does the train go? - когда отходит поезд?

    the train goes from platform 5 - поезд отходит от платформы №5

    one, two, three - go!, ready, steady, go! - внимание... приготовиться... марш!

    5. 1) двигаться, быть в движении

    I'd prefer to sit the way the train is going - я бы предпочёл сидеть по ходу поезда

    to set smth. going - привести что-л. в движение

    2) двигаться с определённой скоростью

    the train was going (at) fifty miles an hour - поезд шёл со скоростью 50 миль в час

    to go at full drive /tilt/ - идти полным ходом

    6. 1) работать, действовать, функционировать (о машине и т. п.)

    my watch is going too fast [slow] - мои часы слишком спешат [отстают]

    the engine went beautifully all day - весь день машина работала превосходно

    how do I make the washing machine go? - как включить стиральную машину?

    2) жить, действовать, функционировать ( о человеке)

    he manages to keep going - он как-то тянет, ему удаётся держаться

    7. 1) тянуться, проходить, пролегать, простираться

    mountains that go from east to west - горы, тянущиеся /простирающиеся/ с востока на запад

    how far does the road go? - далеко ли тянется эта дорога?

    2) дотягиваться; доходить

    I want a rope that will go from the top window to the ground - мне нужна верёвка, которую можно опустить с верхнего этажа до земли

    8. 1) протекать, проходить

    time goes quickly - время идёт быстро /летит/

    vacation goes quickly - не успеваешь оглянуться, а отпуск кончился

    2) протекать; завершаться каким-л. образом

    how is the evening going? - как проходит вечер?

    how did the interview go? - как прошло интервью?

    I hope all goes well with you - надеюсь, что у вас всё хорошо

    how did the voting go? - как завершилось голосование?; каковы результаты голосования?

    nobody knows how matters will go - никто не знает, как пойдут дела

    what made the party go? - что обеспечило успех вечера?

    9. 1) исчезать; проходить
    2) исчезнуть, пропасть

    his hat has gone - у него исчезла /пропала/ шляпа

    where's my pen? It's gone (off my desk) - где моя ручка? Она исчезла (с моего стола)

    10. распространяться; передаваться
    11. передаваться (по телеграфу и т. п.)

    this message will go by mail /by post, in the post/ - это сообщение пойдёт по почте

    12. иметь хождение, быть в обращении
    13. (обыкн. to) идти (на что-л.); брать на себя (что-л.); решаться (на что-л.)

    to go to a lot of [great] trouble to do smth. - приложить много [массу] усилий, чтобы сделать что-л.

    he will not even go to the trouble of doing that - он не захочет даже и попытаться сделать это

    to go so far as to say that! - дойти до того, чтобы сказать это!

    14. 1) податься; рухнуть; сломаться, расколоться

    the platform went - трибуна рухнула /обрушилась/

    first the sail went and then the mast - сперва подался парус, а затем и мачта

    there goes another button! - ну вот, ещё одна пуговица отлетела!

    the fuse [bulb] went - перегорела пробка [лампочка]

    the engine in the old car finally went - мотор в старой машине окончательно пришёл в негодность

    2) потерпеть крах, обанкротиться
    3) отменяться, уничтожаться

    this clause of the bill will have to go - эта статья законопроекта должна быть отменена /не должна быть принята/

    whatever is not done yet must simply go - всё, что не сделано, придётся оставить как есть

    4) (обыкн. с must, can, have to) отказываться; избавляться

    the car must go, we can't afford it - от машины придётся отказаться, она нам не по карману

    15. 1) быть расположенным, следовать в определённом порядке
    2) храниться, находиться (где-л.); становиться ( на определённое место)

    where is this carpet to go? - куда постелить этот ковёр?

    3) (into, under) умещаться, укладываться (во что-л.)

    the thread is too thick to go into the needle - нитка слишком толстая, чтобы пролезть в иголку

    how many pints go into a gallon? - сколько пинт содержится в одном галлоне?

    4) (обыкн. to) равняться
    16. заканчиваться определённым результатом

    I don't know whether the case goes for me or against me - я не знаю ещё, удастся ли мне выиграть процесс

    which way will the decision go? - как всё решится?

    17. 1) гласить, говорить

    I don't exactly remember how the words go - я точно не помню, как это там сказано

    how does the story go? - что там дальше в рассказе?

    the story goes that he was murdered - говорят, что его убили

    2) звучать (о мелодии и т. п.)

    the tune goes something like this... - вот как, примерно, звучит этот мотив

    how does that song go? - напомните мне мотив этой песни

    ducks go❝quack❞ - утки делают «кряк-кряк»

    the guns went❝boom❞ - «бабах!» грохнули пушки [см. тж. III А 2, 4)]

    18. 1) звонить

    I hear the bells going - я слышу, как звонят колокола

    2) бить, отбивать время
    19. умирать, гибнуть

    she is gone - она погибла, она умерла

    my grandmother went peacefully in the night - моя бабушка тихо скончалась ночью

    after George went, she moved into a smaller house - когда Джордж умер, она переехала в дом поменьше

    he is dead and gone - разг. он уже в могиле

    20. 1) пройти, быть принятым
    2) быть приемлемым

    here anything goes - разг. здесь всё сойдёт; здесь ты можешь делать, что твоей душе угодно

    21. разг. выдерживать, терпеть
    22. справляться, одолевать
    23. ходить определённым шагом

    to go narrow [wide] - идти узким [широким] шагом ( о лошади)

    to go above the ground - уст. ходить, высоко подымая ноги

    24. спариваться
    II А
    1. 1) участвовать ( в доле)

    to go halves [shares, snacks, амер. fifty-fifty, уст. snips], to go share and share alike - делить поровну /пополам/; принять участие наравне (с кем-л.)

    2) амер. разг. ставить (какую-л. сумму); рисковать (какой-л. суммой)

    how much do you go? - а) сколько вы ставите?; б) на сколько вы спорите?

    2. 1) пропадать, слабеть (о слухе, сознании и т. п.)

    my voice has gone because of my cold - от простуды я потеряла голос /у меня сел голос/

    2) разг. износиться ( об одежде)
    3. редк.
    1) сохраняться ( о пище)

    butter goes better in the refrigerator - масло сохраняется лучше в холодильнике

    2) носиться (о ткани, одежде и т. п.)
    4. быть ритмичными ( о стихах)
    5. получать ( пособие)

    to go on the parish - получать приходское пособие по бедности, жить за счёт прихожан

    to go on the dole - получать пособие по бедности; перейти на пособие

    II Б
    1. to be going to do smth.
    1) собираться, намереваться сделать что-л.

    we were going to France but we changed our minds - мы хотели поехать во Францию, но передумали

    she is going to spend holidays at a rest-home - она решила провести свои каникулы в доме отдыха

    he is not going to be cheated - он не допустит, чтобы его обманули

    2) ожидаться (о каком-л. событии)

    I'm going to be sick! - меня сейчас вырвет!

    she felt she was going to be ill - она чувствовала, что заболевает

    2. to go and do smth. разг. взять да сделать что-л.; пойти и сделать что-л.

    to go and fetch smb., smth. - сходить за кем-л., чем-л.

    you've gone and torn my dress - ну вот, вы порвали мне платье

    there now! if I haven't gone and lost my ticket! - и надо же было мне потерять билет!

    3. to go about smth. /doing smth./
    1) заниматься чем-л.

    she went about her work with energy - она энергично занималась своими делами

    we must go about it carefully - а) это надо делать осторожно; б) за это надо браться осторожно

    2) приниматься за что-л.

    how does one go about getting seats? - что нужно делать, чтобы достать билеты /места/?

    he didn't know how to go about building a boat - он не знал, как подступиться к строительству лодки

    4. to go at smth. энергично взяться за что-л.

    let's go at this problem in a different way - давайте попробуем решить эту проблему по-другому

    he went at his breakfast as if he'd never eaten for a week - он набросился на завтрак так, будто не ел целую неделю

    5. to go at smb. набрасываться, бросаться на кого-л.
    6. to go against smth.
    1) двигаться против чего-л.

    to go against the tide - плыть против течения [см. тж. ♢ ]

    2) идти вразрез с чем-л., противоречить чему-л.

    she went against her mother's wishes - она не послушалась своей матери; она поступила наперекор своей матери

    3) юр. оспаривать что-л.; спорить против чего-л.
    7. to go against smb. быть против кого-л.; не подходить кому-л.

    it goes against me - это противно мне, это противоречит моим убеждениям

    8. to go behind smth. пересматривать, рассматривать заново, изучать (основания, данные)
    9. to go beyond smth. выходить за пределы чего-л., превышать что-л.
    10. to go by /on/ smth.
    1) судить по чему-л.
    2) руководствоваться чем-л., следовать чему-л.

    it is a good rule to go by - вот хорошее правило, которым следует руководствоваться

    I shall go entirely by what the doctor says - я буду делать всё, что говорит врач

    we were just going on what you yourself had said - мы как раз действовали в соответствии с тем, что вы сами говорили

    that's all the police had to go on to catch the killer - вот и все улики, которые были у полиции и по которым она должна была поймать убийцу

    11. to go after smth., smb. домогаться чего-л., кого-л.

    he is going after Jane - он ухаживает /бегает/ за Джейн

    12. to go for smb.
    1) разг. наброситься, обрушиться на кого-л.

    suddenly the lion went for his keeper - внезапно лев набросился на служителя

    my wife went for me because I was late for dinner - жена выругала меня за то, что я опоздал к обеду

    2) слыть кем-л.; быть принятым за кого-л.

    he went for an old man among the youth - молодёжь принимала его за старика /считала его стариком/

    3) разг. увлекаться кем-л.; влюбиться в кого-л.

    I don't go for men of his type - мне такие мужчины, как он, не нравятся

    13. to go for smth.
    1) разг. заменить что-л., сойти за что-л.

    this synthetic material may easily go for pure wool - эта искусственная ткань может легко сойти за чистую шерсть

    2) стремиться к чему-л.; добиваться чего-л.

    will you go for the prize? - ты будешь бороться за призовое место?

    when you offer him sweets he goes for the biggest one - когда ему предлагают конфеты, он всегда тянется за самой большой

    3) увлекаться чем-л.

    do you go for modern music? - вы любите современную музыку?

    14. to go for /at/ á certain sum of money продаваться по определённой цене

    to go for nothing - продаваться за бесценок [см. тж. II Б 15]

    the books went for a shilling [for so little] - книги были проданы за шиллинг [так дёшево]

    there were good coats going at £50 - по 50 фунтов продавали хорошие пальто

    going for £10!, going!, going!, gone! - продаётся за 10 фунтов!, 10 фунтов - раз!, 10 фунтов - два!, 10 фунтов - три! продано (за 10 фунтов)

    15. to go to /in/ smth. расходоваться, уходить на что-л.

    half our money goes on food and clothes for the children - половина наших денег уходит на еду и одежду для детей

    his time goes in watching television - он всё своё время тратит на телевизор

    to go for nothing - пропасть, уйти впустую [см. тж. II Б 14]

    16. to go to smth., smb.
    1) обращаться к чему-л., на кого-л.

    his eyes went to her - он взглянул на неё, он обратил свой взгляд на неё

    2) прибегать к помощи; обращаться (к кому-л.)

    to go to law /to court/ - обращаться в суд

    to go to law with smb. - возбуждать дело в суде против кого-л.

    17. to go to smth. становиться кем-л.

    to go to the stage - стать актёром, пойти в актёры

    to go to the streets - стать проституткой, пойти на панель

    to go to school - ходить в школу; стать учеником, учиться в школе

    to go to college [to the university] - стать [быть] студентом, учиться в колледже [в университете]

    18. to go to smb.
    1) быть проданным кому-л.

    the house went to the one who made the highest offer - дом продали тому, кто предложил самую высокую цену

    going to the gentleman in the third row! going, going, gone! - продано джентльмену в третьем ряду! продано - раз!, продано - два!, продано - три!

    2) доставаться кому-л.
    19. to go through smth.
    1) тщательно, пункт за пунктом разбирать что-л.
    2) проделать, сделать что-л.

    let's go through the rehearsal without any interruptions - давайте проведём репетицию без всяких помех

    3) пройти, быть принятым где-л. (о проекте, предложении)

    the plan must go through several stages - план должен пройти несколько инстанций

    4) испытывать что-л., подвергаться чему-л.

    the country has gone through too many wars - эта страна перенесла слишком много войн

    5) выдержать столько-то изданий ( о книге)
    6) обыскивать, обшаривать что-л.

    he went through his pockets looking for the key - он обыскал все карманы в поисках ключа

    7) растратить, израсходовать (состояние, деньги и т. п.)

    he quickly went through his fortune [his savings] - он быстро растратил /промотал/ своё состояние [свои сбережения]

    20. to go into smth.
    1) тщательно разбирать что-л., вникать во что-л.; расследовать, рассматривать что-л.

    to go into details /particulars/ - вдаваться в подробности

    2) избирать (профессию и т. п.)

    to go into business - избрать карьеру делового человека; стать дельцом

    to go into Parliament [into the Cabinet] - стать членом парламента [кабинета министров]

    3) вступить в организацию, стать членом общества
    4) надевать

    she goes into woollen stockings in September - с сентября она начинает носить шерстяные чулки

    21. to go before /to/ smb., smth.
    1) предстать перед кем-л., чем-л.

    you will go before the board of directors - вы предстанете перед советом директоров

    2) передавать на рассмотрение кому-л., чему-л.

    your suggestion will go before the committee - о вашем предложении доложат комиссии

    can this question go direct to the minister? - нельзя ли этот вопрос поставить непосредственно перед министром?

    22. to go with smb.
    1) сопровождать кого-л., идти вместе с кем-л.

    shall I go with you? - хотите я пойду с вами?

    2) быть заодно, соглашаться с кем-л.
    23. to go with smth.
    1) подходить к чему-л., гармонировать с чем-л.; соответствовать чему-л.

    the blue scarf goes well with your blouse - этот голубой шарф красиво сочетается с вашей блузкой

    2) относиться к чему-л., быть связанным с чем-л.

    five acres of land go with the house - продаётся дом с прилегающим к нему участком в пять акров

    3) быть связанным с чем-л.; соответствовать чему-л.

    the salary that goes with an office - жалованье, соответствующее занимаемой должности

    24. to go without smth.
    1) обходиться без чего-л.
    2) не иметь чего-л.

    to go without money - не иметь денег, быть без денег

    25. to go by /under/ á name быть известным под каким-л. именем

    to go by /under/ the name of... - быть известным под именем...

    he went under a pseudonym - он был известен под псевдонимом, он носил псевдоним

    26. to go under smb.'s name приписываться кому-л. ( об авторстве)

    that play generally goes under the name of Shakespeare - обычно эту пьесу приписывают Шекспиру

    27. 1) to go to make up smth. составлять что-л., входить в состав чего-л.

    items which go to make up the total - пункты, из которых складывается целое

    2) to go to the making of smth., smb. быть необходимым для чего-л., кого-л.

    what qualities go to the making of a pilot? - какие качества необходимы пилоту?

    dressings that go to making a good salad - приправа, необходимая, чтобы приготовить вкусный салат

    28. to go into á state приходить в какое-л. состояние
    29. to go into á condition входить в какое-л. положение

    to go into anchor - мор. становиться на якорь

    to go into the assault - воен. идти в атаку

    to go into bivouac - воен. располагаться биваком

    30. ... as smth., smb. goes... как что-л. заведено...;... как другие

    as things go - разг. при сложившихся обстоятельствах, как это водится, в нынешних условиях

    that's not bad as things go - при существующем положении вещей это не так уж плохо

    31. to go to show that... свидетельствовать

    it all goes to show that he cannot be trusted - всё это свидетельствует о том, что ему нельзя доверять

    your behaviour goes to prove that... - ваше поведение служит доказательством того, что...

    32. smth. is going иметься, продаваться, подаваться и т. п.

    come along, there are ices going - идём скорее, подают мороженое

    I'll have what's going - дайте мне, что у вас есть

    are there any jobs going? - здесь есть работа?

    are there any houses going? - здесь продают(ся) дома?

    III А
    1. в сочетании с последующим герундием выражает действие, соответствующее значению герундия:

    to go (out) hunting /shooting/ - отправляться /ходить/ на охоту

    to go out fishing [duck-shooting] - отправляться на рыбную ловлю [охотиться на уток]

    to go shopping - отправляться за покупками; ходить по магазинам

    he goes frightening people with his stories - он постоянно пугает людей своими рассказами

    don't go doing that! - разг. не смей делать этого!

    don't go saying that! - разг. не болтай ерунды!

    1) находиться в каком-л. положении или состоянии

    to go free - быть свободным /незанятым/

    to go hungry /empty/ - (вечно) быть /ходить/ голодным

    to go armed - быть /ходить/ вооружённым, носить оружие

    the differences between them go deep - их разногласия имеют глубокие корни

    to go in fear (of smth.) - жить в вечном страхе (перед чем-л.)

    to go strong - держаться, сохранять силу, не сдаваться

    to be six months gone (with child) - быть на седьмом месяце (беременности)

    to go native см. native II 2

    2) делаться, становиться

    to go bad - испортиться; сгнить, прогнить, протухнуть

    to go dry - высыхать, становиться сухим [см. тж. ♢ ]

    she /her hair/ is going grey - она седеет

    to go mad /mental/ - сойти с ума

    to go queer in the head - а) помешаться; б) почувствовать головокружение

    to go wrong - а) сбиться с пути, встать на ложный путь; ошибаться; поступать неправильно; б) не выйти, не получиться; в) испортиться, перестать работать; разладиться; г) испортиться, протухнуть ( о пище)

    he went hot and cold - его бросало то в жар, то в холод

    a man gone ninety years of age - человек, которому за 90

    to go Conservative - стать /сделаться/ консерватором

    to go apprentice - сделаться подмастерьем /учеником/

    3) оставаться в каком-л. положении

    to go unpunished - быть /оставаться/ безнаказанным

    to go free /scot-free/ - оставаться свободным

    4) издавать внезапный или отчётливый звук

    to go pop - выстрелить, грохнуть, бахнуть

    to go snap - треснуть; с треском сломаться

    to go flop - а) хлопнуться, плюхнуться; б) потерпеть неудачу, провалиться

    to go fut, to go phut - а) лопнуть; б) сорваться, провалиться, лопнуть; потерпеть крах, неудачу; кончиться ничем; в) испортиться, сломаться

    ♢

    to go to bed /to sleep/ - ложиться спать

    to go to bye-bye - детск. идти бай-бай

    to go the round of - а) совершать обход; б) циркулировать (о слухах и т. п.); переходить или передаваться из уст в уста

    to go foreign - мор. жарг. уйти в заграничное плавание

    to go far - а) хватить надолго; those potatoes won't go far when there are 10 people to feed - картофеля надолго не хватит, раз надо кормить целых десять человек; б) зайти далеко; перейти границы (принятого, допустимого); you've gone too far! - ну, это ты хватил!, в) многого добиться; the boy is clever and will go far - мальчик умный и многого добьётся

    to go a long /good, great/ way - а) далеко пойти; б) далеко зайти, хватить через край; в) хватить надолго, быть достаточным (о деньгах, продуктах)

    far gone - а) в последней стадии ( болезни); б) совершенно безумный; в) сильно пьяный; опьяневший

    as /so/ far as it goes - поскольку дело касается, что касается, что до

    it will go hard /ill/ with him - ему придётся плохо /туго/

    to go smb. better - превзойти /перещеголять, затмить/ кого-л.

    to go dry - амер. а) запретить продажу спиртных напитков; б) отказаться от употребления спиртных напитков; стать трезвенником; [см. тж. III А 2, 2)]

    to go wet - амер. а) разрешить продажу спиртных напитков; б) начать пить

    to go steady - иметь постоянного возлюбленного /-ую возлюбленную/

    to go bail - а) юр. становиться поручителем, поручиться или внести залог (за кого-л.); б) разг. ручаться

    go bail that... - ручаюсь, что...

    to go downhill - а) катиться по наклонной плоскости; б) ухудшаться (о здоровье, материальном положении)

    to go abroad - получить известность [см. тж. I 2], распространиться ( о слухах)

    to go to the country - распустить парламент и назначить новые выборы [см. тж. I 2]

    to go to Canossa - пойти в Каноссу, публично унижаться (перед кем-л.), испрашивая прощение

    to let /to leave/ go - а) выпускать из рук; б) (от)пускать, выпускать; освобождать; let me go! - отпустите меня!; в) пропускать; г) перестать думать, выбросить из головы

    let it go at that! - довольно!, будет!, пусть это так и останется!

    I've let my music go - я запустил музыку, я перестал заниматься музыкой

    to let judgement go by default - юр. заочно решить в пользу истца ( ввиду неявки ответчика)

    go easy /slow/! - осторожнее!, потише! [ср. тж. I 1]

    to go easy on smth. - амер. быть тактичным в отношении чего-л.; проявлять осторожность в отношении чего-л.

    to go solid - амер. полит. жарг. придерживаться одного мнения, действовать единодушно

    to be going some - амер. быстро /успешно/ продвигаться вперёд

    to be going strong - а) быть полным сил; процветать; б) поступать безрассудно /опрометчиво/

    to go one's (own) way /gate/ - идти своим путём, действовать самостоятельно, поступать по-своему

    to go with the current /the tide, the stream, the crowd/ - плыть по течению

    to go with the times /the tides/ - идти в ногу со временем

    to go against the stream /the tide/ - а) идти /плыть/ против течения; б) работать в неблагоприятных условиях; действовать, преодолевая сопротивление /оппозицию/; [см. тж. II Б 6 1)]

    to go on one's marks - спорт. выходить на старт

    as you go!, as she goes! - мор. так держать!

    to go down the drain - быть истраченным впустую [см. тж. drain I ♢ ]

    to go over the top - а) воен. разг. идти в атаку ( из траншей); б) ринуться в атаку, начать решительно действовать, сделать решительный шаг

    to let oneself go - дать волю своим чувствам; разойтись, увлечься

    to go off the deep end - а) волноваться, приходить в возбуждение; б) амер. действовать сгоряча, принять необдуманное решение

    to go out of one's mind /senses/ - а) сойти с ума, рехнуться, лишиться рассудка; б) быть вне себя от волнения

    to go off one's head /груб. chump, nut/, to go round the bend - сойти с ума, помешаться, рехнуться, спятить; обезуметь, вести себя как безумный

    to go off at a tangent - сорваться, странно себя повести или высказаться

    to go off the hooks - а) умереть, протянуть ноги; б) сойти с ума, рехнуться, спятить; в) сбиться с пути, свихнуться

    to go out of the world - умереть, покинуть бренный мир

    to go the way of all the earth /flesh/, to go beyond the veil, to go home, to go to one's last /long/ home, to go to glory, to go to heaven, to go to one's long rest, to go to one's own place, to go over to the majority умереть, скончаться, разделить участь всех смертных, отправиться на тот свет, отправиться к праотцам, уйти на покой, покинуть этот бренный мир

    to go west - а) закатываться ( о солнце); б) умереть, скончаться; в) исчезнуть, пропасть

    to go (all) to pieces /rack and ruin, smash/ - а) развалиться; разбиться вдребезги, разлететься на части /на куски/; б) подорвать своё здоровье, выйти из строя; в) обанкротиться; вылететь в трубу; трещать по всем швам; г) погибнуть, пропасть

    to go to blazes /to hell, to pot, to the devil, to the dogs/, to go to pigs and whistles - разориться; погибнуть; вылететь в трубу; провалиться, пойти ко всем чертям, пойти прахом

    go to blazes /to Bath, to hell, to Jericho, to pot, to the devil, to thunder, to Hanover, to Halifax, to Putney, to Tunbridge, to grass/! - пошёл к чёрту!, убирайся к чёрту!

    go fly a kite!, go jump in the lake!, go lay an egg!, go lay a brick!, go sit on a tack - амер. груб. проваливай!, не мешай!

    to go the pace - а) мчаться, нестись во весь опор; б) прожигать жизнь, вести бурный образ жизни

    to go all out - а) напрягать все силы, стараться изо всех сил; ≅ из кожи вон лезть; б) бежать изо всех сил

    to go out of hand - а) выходить из повиновения; б) действовать тотчас же /немедленно, без подготовки/; в) амер. действовать опрометчиво /необдуманно, неосторожно/; проявлять несдержанность; г) завершать, оканчивать

    to go all /to great/ lengths - идти на всё

    to go the whole hog - а) делать (что-л.) основательно, доводить ( дело) до конца; б) ни перед чем не останавливаться, идти на всё

    to go (home) to smb.'s heart - опечалить /огорчить/ кого-л.

    to go home - а) доходить до сердца; найти отклик в душе; б) доходить до сознания

    to go on a bat /the batter, the bend, the bust, the spree, the razzle-dazzle/ - закутить, запить, загулять

    go while the going's good - убирайтесь подобру-поздорову /пока не поздно/

    to go it - а) действовать энергично; прилагать все усилия; б) говорить очень откровенно; в) обрушивать артиллерийский огонь

    go it! - ≅ давай, давай!, валяй! ( выражает поощрение к действию)

    to go it alone - действовать в одиночку, брать на себя всю ответственность

    if no one can help, I'll go it alone - если никто не может помочь, я буду действовать сам /я сделаю всё сам/

    to go it blind - действовать вслепую; поступать опрометчиво

    go along with you! - а) проваливайте!; убирайтесь; б) хватит!, не несите вздора!

    there you go! - ну (вот) поехал(а)!, опять (выражает досаду, недовольство)

    there he [she] goes! - ≅ полюбуйтесь на него [на неё]!, хорош [хороша]!, как разошёлся [разошлась]!, нечего сказать!, ну и картина! ( восклицание удивления или неодобрения)

    don't you go all polite on me! - откуда такая вежливость?

    there it goes! - ≅ смотри(те)!, слушай(те)! (восклицание, чтобы привлечь внимание слушателя)

    here goes! - а) ну, начали!; б) была не была!

    go by! - карт. пас!

    that /it/ goes for all of us - тут мы все заодно; мы все так считаем /думаем/

    it /that/ goes without saying - само собой разумеется, совершенно очевидно

    how goes it? - как дела?; как поживаете?; что слышно новенького?

    how goes the world with you? - как идут у вас дела?

    to go a-begging /begging/ - а) не иметь спроса /рынка/; б) быть вакантным ( о должности)

    to go a-wool-gathering - быть рассеянным, витать в облаках

    to go against the grain /the hair/ - быть не по вкусу /не по душе, не по нутру/; раздражать

    to go to seed - а) пойти в семена; перестать развиваться; б) прийти в упадок; в) морально опуститься

    go like this with your left foot! - сделай левой ногой так!

    to go like blazes - мчаться, нестись во весь опор

    to go like sixty /split/ - амер. мчаться, нестись во весь опор

    НБАРС > go

  • 55 head

    [hed]
    n
    1) голова, череп
    See:

    The water was over his head. — Вода была ему выше головы.

    She has a good head for heights. — Она хорошо переносит высоту.

    She has no head for heights. — Она не переносит высоту.

    His proud, noble head bowed to nothing. — Он ни перед чем не склонял своей гордой, благородной головы.

    I want a covering for the head. — Мне надо что-нибудь, чем покрыть голову.

    He felt a sharp pain in his head. — Он почувствовал резкую боль в голове.

    It cost him his head. — Это стоило ему головы/жизни.

    to be/to sit at the head of the table — сидеть во главе стола/сидеть на почетном месте за столом;

    Two heads are better than one. — Одна голова хорошо, а две лучше.

    I cannot make head or tail of it. — Ничего не возможно разобрать/понять.

    - shaven head
    - majestic head
    - bumpy head
    - shaking head
    - sore head
    - grey head
    - elegant head
    - egg-shaped head
    - irregular head
    - heavy head
    - curly head
    - bristling head
    - nodding head
    - drooping head
    - giddy head
    - bruised head
    - bloody head head
    - bleeding head
    - hot head
    - hooded head
    - feathered head
    - patient's head
    - horse's head
    - head net
    - head phone
    - head piece
    - sharp pain in the back of one's head
    - bandage on the head
    - constant buzzing in the head
    - blow knock on the head
    - nod of the head
    - shake of the head
    - crown of the head
    - sharp pain in smb's head
    - head with hair
    - head of classical form and beauty
    - head from a doll
    - head of hair
    - good head of hair
    - with a heavy head
    - with a feeling of dullness in one's head
    - with confusion in one's head
    - over the heads of others
    - from head to foot
    - with a bare head
    - with an uncovered head
    - with a bruise on the head
    - aim at smb's head
    - balance smth on one's head
    - bandage smb's head
    - apply a bandage to smb's head
    - be taller by a head
    - be head over ears in debt
    - beat oneself on the head with one's fist
    - beat smb's head off
    - bend one's head over the book
    - bite smb's head off
    - hang one's head in confusion
    - hang one's head down
    - hang one's head on one's chest
    - bow one's head in admiration
    - bow one's head to the ground
    - give one's head for a washing
    - brandish a sword over one's head
    - bring down a sword over smb's head
    - break one's head
    - bump one's head against smth
    - bump heads together
    - bury one's head in one's hands
    - bury one's head in the sand
    - chuck one's head to avoid the blow
    - complain of a throbbing pain in the head
    - cover one's head to protect it from the sun
    - cradle smb's head in one's breasts
    - cross one's hands behind one's head
    - cry one's head off
    - cut off smb's head
    - cut one's head open
    - dip one's head into the water
    - do smth standing on one's head
    - do smth over smb's head
    - give orders over smb's head
    - give answers over smb's head
    - sell a house over smb's head
    - draw one's head into one's shoulders
    - drop one's head on one's breast
    - fall head first
    - fall head over heels
    - fall on one's head
    - feel heavy in the head
    - feel one's head
    - get a bump on the head
    - go about with one's head high in the air
    - give one's head for smth, state one's head on smth
    - go queer in the head
    - have a good head for heights
    - have a strong head for drink
    - have pain in one's head
    - hit one's head on the wall
    - hit one's head against smth
    - hit smb on the head
    - hurt one's head
    - hold one's head up
    - hold one's head with one's hands
    - injure one's head
    - keep one's head above ground
    - keep jerking one's head
    - keep one's head covered
    - lay one's head on smb's chest
    - lift up one's head
    - look smb over from head to foot
    - nod one's head
    - nod one's head in greeting
    - plunge head over heels into the fighting
    - pull one's hat down on the head
    - pull the blanket over one's head
    - put one's head out of the window
    - put one's head in a noose
    - raise one's head
    - rest one's head on the pillow
    - scratch one's head
    - scream one's head off
    - seize one's head in one's hands
    - set a price on smb's head
    - shake one's head
    - shake one's head at smth
    - sit with one's head propped on one's hand
    - snap smb's head off
    - stand on one's head
    - stand with bare heads
    - stand with one's head down
    - stand with averted head
    - stand smth on its head
    - stick one's head in the door
    - stroke smb on the head
    - talk smb's head off
    - talk one's head off
    - throw one's head back
    - tip one's head to one side
    - toss one's head up
    - toss one's head in pride
    - toss one's head in dissent
    - touch one's head to the ground
    - tremble from head to foot
    - turn away one's head
    - turn one's head towards smb
    - walk with one's head high
    - wear nothing on one's head
    - work one's head off
    - wound smb in the head
    - head sitting deep between the shoulders
    - head covered with a kerchief
    2) руководитель, глава, начальник

    I must telephone the head office. — Мне надо позвонить в центр.

    - executive head
    - titular head
    - administrative head
    - military head
    - family head
    - union heads
    - learned heads
    - head teacher
    - head gardener
    - head nurse
    - head surgeon
    - head-cook
    - head waiter
    - head workman
    - head electrician
    - head office
    - head master
    - department head
    - royal heads of Europe
    - head of the delegation
    - head of the tribe
    - head of the department
    - heads of all states
    - Head of the Government
    - Head of the Army
    - head of the expedition
    - under a competent head
    - be at the head of smth
    - put smb at the head of the movement
    - be at the head of the whole business
    - stand at the head of all nations in matters of art
    - be at the head of the epoch
    - be at the head of the field
    - be at the head of the race
    - those at the head of the whole business
    3) ум, интеллект, умственные способности; (а.) a clear (bright, logical) head светлый (ясный, логичный) ум

    The problem is over/beuond our heads. — Нам эту проблему не понять.

    He talked over our heads. — То, что он говорил, не доходило до/было выше нашего понимания.

    He is positively/quite out of his head. — Он определенно выжил из ума.

    Such an idea never entered my head. — Такая мысль мне никогда не приходила в голову/на ум.

    I can't get that into his head. — Я не могу ему этого растолковать/втолковать.

    He made it up out of his own head. — Он все это сам придумал/очинил/выдумал.

    (b) a wise head — умница/мудрая голова/умник;

    the wiser heads — мудрецы;

    a hot head — горячая голова/вспыльчивый человек;

    a wooden head — тупица;

    a competent head — знающий человек;

    to have a good head upon one's shoulders — иметь хорошую голову на плечах/быть умным;

    to have an old head on young shoulders — иметь здравый смысл/быть не по годам умудрённым

    - steady head
    - cool head
    - level head
    - bother one's head about smth
    - be over smb's head
    - get a swollen head
    - be over the heads of the pupils
    - come to smb's head
    - do smth off the top of one's head
    - do calculations in one's head
    - fill one's head with trifles
    - give smb his head
    - have a good head for figures
    - have a head for details
    - have no head for names
    - have a good head for politics
    - keep a level head
    - keep one's head
    - keep one's head shut
    - keep smth in one's head
    - keep a cool head in emergencies
    - lose one's head
    - be of one's head
    - be off one's head about smb
    - have a good head on one's shoulders
    - have an old head on young shoulders
    - put smth into smb's head
    - put ideas into smb's head
    - put two heads together
    - puzzle one's head about smth
    - show much head for business
    - take smth into one's head
    - turn smb's head with flattery
    - trouble one's head about smth
    - use one's head
    - write out of one's head
    4) скот, голова скота (единица счёта), поголовье скота; 20 heads of deer двадцать голов оленей
    - large head of game
    - consumption of milk per head of the population
    5) верхняя главная часть предмета, верх, верхушка, верхняя часть, головная часть, передняя часть, головка, шляпка

    We'll have to knock in the head of the barrel. — Нам придется пробить верх бочки.

    heads I win, tails I lose. — Орел - я выигрываю, решка - проигрываю.

    Coins often bear the head of a famous ruler. — На монетах нередко высечена голова известного правителя.

    - forked head
    - wooden head
    - tape-recorder head
    - pit head
    - pointed arrow head
    - axe head
    - missile head
    - pin head
    - figure head
    - crumpled head
    - head tide
    - head wind
    - head lights
    - head stone
    - head land
    - head division of a parade
    - head of the bed
    - head of the column
    - head of the river
    - head of the bay
    - head of a hammer
    - head of a rail
    - head of a violin
    - head of cane
    - head of the stairs
    - head of the barrel
    - head of barley
    - head of a rock
    - head of a peer
    - mountain head overgrown by shrubbery
    - nails with a wide head
    - bolts with a square head
    - axe with a heavy head
    - glass of beer with a good head on it
    - car with a folding head
    - at the head of a page
    - at the head of the list
    - stand at the head of the bay
    - boil is gathering head
    6) раздел, рубрика, параграф, пункт, заголовок

    The story has a double head. — У рассказа двойное название.

    He arranged his speech under four main heads. — Он разбил свою речь на четыре основных пункта/раздела.

    It may be included under this head. — Это может быть включено в этот параграф/раздел.

    It comes/it is kept/it is included under the head of "miscellavous". — Это помещено в параграфе "разное".

    To hit the nail on the head. — ◊ Попасть в самую точку. /Попасть не в бровь, а в глаз.

    Two heads are better than one. — ◊ Ум хорошо, а два лучше. /Одна голова хорошо, а две лучше.

    To toss heads or tails. — ◊ Бросать жребий.

    I cannot make head or tail of it. — ◊ Не могу ничего понять/разобрать.

    - heads of chapters
    - document arranged under five heads
    - under two colums head
    - group the facts under three heads
    - remark on this head
    - speak on this head
    - treat the subject under three main heads
    •
    USAGE:
    See arm, n; USAGE (1.).

    English-Russian combinatory dictionary > head

  • 56 near cash

    !
    гос. фин. The resource budget contains a separate control total for “near cash” expenditure, that is expenditure such as pay and current grants which impacts directly on the measure of the golden rule.
    This paper provides background information on the framework for the planning and control of public expenditure in the UK which has been operated since the 1998 Comprehensive Spending Review (CSR). It sets out the different classifications of spending for budgeting purposes and why these distinctions have been adopted. It discusses how the public expenditure framework is designed to ensure both sound public finances and an outcome-focused approach to public expenditure.
    The UK's public spending framework is based on several key principles:
    "
    consistency with a long-term, prudent and transparent regime for managing the public finances as a whole;
    " "
    the judgement of success by policy outcomes rather than resource inputs;
    " "
    strong incentives for departments and their partners in service delivery to plan over several years and plan together where appropriate so as to deliver better public services with greater cost effectiveness; and
    "
    the proper costing and management of capital assets to provide the right incentives for public investment.
    The Government sets policy to meet two firm fiscal rules:
    "
    the Golden Rule states that over the economic cycle, the Government will borrow only to invest and not to fund current spending; and
    "
    the Sustainable Investment Rule states that net public debt as a proportion of GDP will be held over the economic cycle at a stable and prudent level. Other things being equal, net debt will be maintained below 40 per cent of GDP over the economic cycle.
    Achievement of the fiscal rules is assessed by reference to the national accounts, which are produced by the Office for National Statistics, acting as an independent agency. The Government sets its spending envelope to comply with these fiscal rules.
    Departmental Expenditure Limits ( DEL) and Annually Managed Expenditure (AME)
    "
    Departmental Expenditure Limit ( DEL) spending, which is planned and controlled on a three year basis in Spending Reviews; and
    "
    Annually Managed Expenditure ( AME), which is expenditure which cannot reasonably be subject to firm, multi-year limits in the same way as DEL. AME includes social security benefits, local authority self-financed expenditure, debt interest, and payments to EU institutions.
    More information about DEL and AME is set out below.
    In Spending Reviews, firm DEL plans are set for departments for three years. To ensure consistency with the Government's fiscal rules departments are set separate resource (current) and capital budgets. The resource budget contains a separate control total for “near cash” expenditure, that is expenditure such as pay and current grants which impacts directly on the measure of the golden rule.
    To encourage departments to plan over the medium term departments may carry forward unspent DEL provision from one year into the next and, subject to the normal tests for tautness and realism of plans, may be drawn down in future years. This end-year flexibility also removes any incentive for departments to use up their provision as the year end approaches with less regard to value for money. For the full benefits of this flexibility and of three year plans to feed through into improved public service delivery, end-year flexibility and three year budgets should be cascaded from departments to executive agencies and other budget holders.
    Three year budgets and end-year flexibility give those managing public services the stability to plan their operations on a sensible time scale. Further, the system means that departments cannot seek to bid up funds each year (before 1997, three year plans were set and reviewed in annual Public Expenditure Surveys). So the credibility of medium-term plans has been enhanced at both central and departmental level.
    Departments have certainty over the budgetary allocation over the medium term and these multi-year DEL plans are strictly enforced. Departments are expected to prioritise competing pressures and fund these within their overall annual limits, as set in Spending Reviews. So the DEL system provides a strong incentive to control costs and maximise value for money.
    There is a small centrally held DEL Reserve. Support from the Reserve is available only for genuinely unforeseeable contingencies which departments cannot be expected to manage within their DEL.
    AME typically consists of programmes which are large, volatile and demand-led, and which therefore cannot reasonably be subject to firm multi-year limits. The biggest single element is social security spending. Other items include tax credits, Local Authority Self Financed Expenditure, Scottish Executive spending financed by non-domestic rates, and spending financed from the proceeds of the National Lottery.
    AME is reviewed twice a year as part of the Budget and Pre-Budget Report process reflecting the close integration of the tax and benefit system, which was enhanced by the introduction of tax credits.
    AME is not subject to the same three year expenditure limits as DEL, but is still part of the overall envelope for public expenditure. Affordability is taken into account when policy decisions affecting AME are made. The Government has committed itself not to take policy measures which are likely to have the effect of increasing social security or other elements of AME without taking steps to ensure that the effects of those decisions can be accommodated prudently within the Government's fiscal rules.
    Given an overall envelope for public spending, forecasts of AME affect the level of resources available for DEL spending. Cautious estimates and the AME margin are built in to these AME forecasts and reduce the risk of overspending on AME.
    Together, DEL plus AME sum to Total Managed Expenditure (TME). TME is a measure drawn from national accounts. It represents the current and capital spending of the public sector. The public sector is made up of central government, local government and public corporations.
    Resource and Capital Budgets are set in terms of accruals information. Accruals information measures resources as they are consumed rather than when the cash is paid. So for example the Resource Budget includes a charge for depreciation, a measure of the consumption or wearing out of capital assets.
    "
    Non cash charges in budgets do not impact directly on the fiscal framework. That may be because the national accounts use a different way of measuring the same thing, for example in the case of the depreciation of departmental assets. Or it may be that the national accounts measure something different: for example, resource budgets include a cost of capital charge reflecting the opportunity cost of holding capital; the national accounts include debt interest.
    "
    Within the Resource Budget DEL, departments have separate controls on:
    "
    Near cash spending, the sub set of Resource Budgets which impacts directly on the Golden Rule; and
    "
    The amount of their Resource Budget DEL that departments may spend on running themselves (e.g. paying most civil servants’ salaries) is limited by Administration Budgets, which are set in Spending Reviews. Administration Budgets are used to ensure that as much money as practicable is available for front line services and programmes. These budgets also help to drive efficiency improvements in departments’ own activities. Administration Budgets exclude the costs of frontline services delivered directly by departments.
    The Budget preceding a Spending Review sets an overall envelope for public spending that is consistent with the fiscal rules for the period covered by the Spending Review. In the Spending Review, the Budget AME forecast for year one of the Spending Review period is updated, and AME forecasts are made for the later years of the Spending Review period.
    The 1998 Comprehensive Spending Review ( CSR), which was published in July 1998, was a comprehensive review of departmental aims and objectives alongside a zero-based analysis of each spending programme to determine the best way of delivering the Government's objectives. The 1998 CSR allocated substantial additional resources to the Government's key priorities, particularly education and health, for the three year period from 1999-2000 to 2001-02.
    Delivering better public services does not just depend on how much money the Government spends, but also on how well it spends it. Therefore the 1998 CSR introduced Public Service Agreements (PSAs). Each major government department was given its own PSA setting out clear targets for achievements in terms of public service improvements.
    The 1998 CSR also introduced the DEL/ AME framework for the control of public spending, and made other framework changes. Building on the investment and reforms delivered by the 1998 CSR, successive spending reviews in 2000, 2002 and 2004 have:
    "
    provided significant increase in resources for the Government’s priorities, in particular health and education, and cross-cutting themes such as raising productivity; extending opportunity; and building strong and secure communities;
    " "
    enabled the Government significantly to increase investment in public assets and address the legacy of under investment from past decades. Departmental Investment Strategies were introduced in SR2000. As a result there has been a steady increase in public sector net investment from less than ¾ of a per cent of GDP in 1997-98 to 2¼ per cent of GDP in 2005-06, providing better infrastructure across public services;
    " "
    introduced further refinements to the performance management framework. PSA targets have been reduced in number over successive spending reviews from around 300 to 110 to give greater focus to the Government’s highest priorities. The targets have become increasingly outcome-focused to deliver further improvements in key areas of public service delivery across Government. They have also been refined in line with the conclusions of the Devolving Decision Making Review to provide a framework which encourages greater devolution and local flexibility. Technical Notes were introduced in SR2000 explaining how performance against each PSA target will be measured; and
    "
    not only allocated near cash spending to departments, but also – since SR2002 - set Resource DEL plans for non cash spending.
    To identify what further investments and reforms are needed to equip the UK for the global challenges of the decade ahead, on 19 July 2005 the Chief Secretary to the Treasury announced that the Government intends to launch a second Comprehensive Spending Review (CSR) reporting in 2007.
    A decade on from the first CSR, the 2007 CSR will represent a long-term and fundamental review of government expenditure. It will cover departmental allocations for 2008-09, 2009-10 and 2010 11. Allocations for 2007-08 will be held to the agreed figures already announced by the 2004 Spending Review. To provide a rigorous analytical framework for these departmental allocations, the Government will be taking forward a programme of preparatory work over 2006 involving:
    "
    an assessment of what the sustained increases in spending and reforms to public service delivery have achieved since the first CSR. The assessment will inform the setting of new objectives for the decade ahead;
    " "
    an examination of the key long-term trends and challenges that will shape the next decade – including demographic and socio-economic change, globalisation, climate and environmental change, global insecurity and technological change – together with an assessment of how public services will need to respond;
    " "
    to release the resources needed to address these challenges, and to continue to secure maximum value for money from public spending over the CSR period, a set of zero-based reviews of departments’ baseline expenditure to assess its effectiveness in delivering the Government’s long-term objectives; together with
    "
    further development of the efficiency programme, building on the cross cutting areas identified in the Gershon Review, to embed and extend ongoing efficiency savings into departmental expenditure planning.
    The 2007 CSR also offers the opportunity to continue to refine the PSA framework so that it drives effective delivery and the attainment of ambitious national standards.
    Public Service Agreements (PSAs) were introduced in the 1998 CSR. They set out agreed targets detailing the outputs and outcomes departments are expected to deliver with the resources allocated to them. The new spending regime places a strong emphasis on outcome targets, for example in providing for better health and higher educational standards or service standards. The introduction in SR2004 of PSA ‘standards’ will ensure that high standards in priority areas are maintained.
    The Government monitors progress against PSA targets, and departments report in detail twice a year in their annual Departmental Reports (published in spring) and in their autumn performance reports. These reports provide Parliament and the public with regular updates on departments’ performance against their targets.
    Technical Notes explain how performance against each PSA target will be measured.
    To make the most of both new investment and existing assets, there needs to be a coherent long term strategy against which investment decisions are taken. Departmental Investment Strategies (DIS) set out each department's plans to deliver the scale and quality of capital stock needed to underpin its objectives. The DIS includes information about the department's existing capital stock and future plans for that stock, as well as plans for new investment. It also sets out the systems that the department has in place to ensure that it delivers its capital programmes effectively.
    This document was updated on 19 December 2005.
    Near-cash resource expenditure that has a related cash implication, even though the timing of the cash payment may be slightly different. For example, expenditure on gas or electricity supply is incurred as the fuel is used, though the cash payment might be made in arrears on aquarterly basis. Other examples of near-cash expenditure are: pay, rental.Net cash requirement the upper limit agreed by Parliament on the cash which a department may draw from theConsolidated Fund to finance the expenditure within the ambit of its Request forResources. It is equal to the agreed amount of net resources and net capital less non-cashitems and working capital.Non-cash cost costs where there is no cash transaction but which are included in a body’s accounts (or taken into account in charging for a service) to establish the true cost of all the resourcesused.Non-departmental a body which has a role in the processes of government, but is not a government public body, NDPBdepartment or part of one. NDPBs accordingly operate at arm’s length from governmentMinisters.Notional cost of a cost which is taken into account in setting fees and charges to improve comparability with insuranceprivate sector service providers.The charge takes account of the fact that public bodies donot generally pay an insurance premium to a commercial insurer.the independent body responsible for collecting and publishing official statistics about theUK’s society and economy. (At the time of going to print legislation was progressing tochange this body to the Statistics Board).Office of Government an office of the Treasury, with a status similar to that of an agency, which aims to maximise Commerce, OGCthe government’s purchasing power for routine items and combine professional expertiseto bear on capital projects.Office of the the government department responsible for discharging the Paymaster General’s statutoryPaymaster General,responsibilities to hold accounts and make payments for government departments and OPGother public bodies.Orange bookthe informal title for Management of Risks: Principles and Concepts, which is published by theTreasury for the guidance of public sector bodies.Office for NationalStatistics, ONS60Managing Public Money
    ————————————————————————————————————————
    "
    GLOSSARYOverdraftan account with a negative balance.Parliament’s formal agreement to authorise an activity or expenditure.Prerogative powerspowers exercisable under the Royal Prerogative, ie powers which are unique to the Crown,as contrasted with common-law powers which may be available to the Crown on the samebasis as to natural persons.Primary legislationActs which have been passed by the Westminster Parliament and, where they haveappropriate powers, the Scottish Parliament and the Northern Ireland Assembly. Begin asBills until they have received Royal Assent.arrangements under which a public sector organisation contracts with a private sectorentity to construct a facility and provide associated services of a specified quality over asustained period. See annex 7.5.Proprietythe principle that patterns of resource consumption should respect Parliament’s intentions,conventions and control procedures, including any laid down by the PAC. See box 2.4.Public Accountssee Committee of Public Accounts.CommitteePublic corporationa trading body controlled by central government, local authority or other publiccorporation that has substantial day to day operating independence. See section 7.8.Public Dividend finance provided by government to public sector bodies as an equity stake; an alternative to Capital, PDCloan finance.Public Service sets out what the public can expect the government to deliver with its resources. EveryAgreement, PSAlarge government department has PSA(s) which specify deliverables as targets or aimsrelated to objectives.a structured arrangement between a public sector and a private sector organisation tosecure an outcome delivering good value for money for the public sector. It is classified tothe public or private sector according to which has more control.Rate of returnthe financial remuneration delivered by a particular project or enterprise, expressed as apercentage of the net assets employed.Regularitythe principle that resource consumption should accord with the relevant legislation, therelevant delegated authority and this document. See box 2.4.Request for the functional level into which departmental Estimates may be split. RfRs contain a number Resources, RfRof functions being carried out by the department in pursuit of one or more of thatdepartment’s objectives.Resource accountan accruals account produced in line with the Financial Reporting Manual (FReM).Resource accountingthe system under which budgets, Estimates and accounts are constructed in a similar wayto commercial audited accounts, so that both plans and records of expenditure allow in fullfor the goods and services which are to be, or have been, consumed – ie not just the cashexpended.Resource budgetthe means by which the government plans and controls the expenditure of resources tomeet its objectives.Restitutiona legal concept which allows money and property to be returned to its rightful owner. Ittypically operates where another person can be said to have been unjustly enriched byreceiving such monies.Return on capital the ratio of profit to capital employed of an accounting entity during an identified period.employed, ROCEVarious measures of profit and of capital employed may be used in calculating the ratio.Public Privatepartnership, PPPPrivate Finance Initiative, PFIParliamentaryauthority61Managing Public Money
    "
    ————————————————————————————————————————
    GLOSSARYRoyal charterthe document setting out the powers and constitution of a corporation established underprerogative power of the monarch acting on Privy Council advice.Second readingthe second formal time that a House of Parliament may debate a bill, although in practicethe first substantive debate on its content. If successful, it is deemed to denoteParliamentary approval of the principle of the proposed legislation.Secondary legislationlaws, including orders and regulations, which are made using powers in primary legislation.Normally used to set out technical and administrative provision in greater detail thanprimary legislation, they are subject to a less intense level of scrutiny in Parliament.European legislation is,however,often implemented in secondary legislation using powers inthe European Communities Act 1972.Service-level agreement between parties, setting out in detail the level of service to be performed.agreementWhere agreements are between central government bodies, they are not legally a contractbut have a similar function.Shareholder Executive a body created to improve the government’s performance as a shareholder in businesses.Spending reviewsets out the key improvements in public services that the public can expect over a givenperiod. It includes a thorough review of departmental aims and objectives to find the bestway of delivering the government’s objectives, and sets out the spending plans for the givenperiod.State aidstate support for a domestic body or company which could distort EU competition and sois not usually allowed. See annex 4.9.Statement of Excessa formal statement detailing departments’ overspends prepared by the Comptroller andAuditor General as a result of undertaking annual audits.Statement on Internal an annual statement that Accounting Officers are required to make as part of the accounts Control, SICon a range of risk and control issues.Subheadindividual elements of departmental expenditure identifiable in Estimates as single cells, forexample cell A1 being administration costs within a particular line of departmental spending.Supplyresources voted by Parliament in response to Estimates, for expenditure by governmentdepartments.Supply Estimatesa statement of the resources the government needs in the coming financial year, and forwhat purpose(s), by which Parliamentary authority is sought for the planned level ofexpenditure and income.Target rate of returnthe rate of return required of a project or enterprise over a given period, usually at least a year.Third sectorprivate sector bodies which do not act commercially,including charities,social and voluntaryorganisations and other not-for-profit collectives. See annex 7.7.Total Managed a Treasury budgeting term which covers all current and capital spending carried out by the Expenditure,TMEpublic sector (ie not just by central departments).Trading fundan organisation (either within a government department or forming one) which is largely orwholly financed from commercial revenue generated by its activities. Its Estimate shows itsnet impact, allowing its income from receipts to be devoted entirely to its business.Treasury Minutea formal administrative document drawn up by the Treasury, which may serve a wide varietyof purposes including seeking Parliamentary approval for the use of receipts asappropriations in aid, a remission of some or all of the principal of voted loans, andresponding on behalf of the government to reports by the Public Accounts Committee(PAC).62Managing Public Money
    ————————————————————————————————————————
    GLOSSARY63Managing Public MoneyValue for moneythe process under which organisation’s procurement, projects and processes aresystematically evaluated and assessed to provide confidence about suitability, effectiveness,prudence,quality,value and avoidance of error and other waste,judged for the public sectoras a whole.Virementthe process through which funds are moved between subheads such that additionalexpenditure on one is met by savings on one or more others.Votethe process by which Parliament approves funds in response to supply Estimates.Voted expenditureprovision for expenditure that has been authorised by Parliament. Parliament ‘votes’authority for public expenditure through the Supply Estimates process. Most expenditureby central government departments is authorised in this way.Wider market activity activities undertaken by central government organisations outside their statutory duties,using spare capacity and aimed at generating a commercial profit. See annex 7.6.Windfallmonies received by a department which were not anticipated in the spending review.
    ————————————————————————————————————————

    Англо-русский экономический словарь > near cash

  • 57 strict

    strikt
    1) (severe, stern, and compelling obedience: This class needs a strict teacher; His parents were very strict with him; The school rules are too strict; strict orders.) estricto, severo
    2) (exact or precise: If the strict truth were known, he was drunk, not ill.) estricto, riguroso
    •
    - strictly
    - strictly speaking
    strict adj estricto / severo
    tr[strɪkt]
    1 (severe - person) severo,-a, estricto,-a; (- discipline) riguroso,-a, severo,-a, estricto,-a; (- rule, law, order, etc) estricto,-a, riguroso,-a, rígido,-a
    2 (exact, precise) estricto,-a, riguroso,-a; (complete, total) absoluto,-a
    strict ['strɪkt] adj
    : estricto
    ♦ strictly adv
    adj.
    • estrecho, -a adj.
    • estricto, -a adj.
    • ordenancista adj.
    • premioso, -a adj.
    • riguroso, -a adj.
    • rígido, -a adj.
    • severo, -a adj.
    • terminante adj.
    strɪkt
    adjective -er, -est
    1)
    a) ( severe) estricto, severo

    to be strict WITH somebody — ser* estricto or severo con alguien

    b) ( rigorous) < vegetarian> estricto, riguroso
    2)
    a) (exact, precise) (before n) estricto, riguroso
    b) ( complete) (before n) absoluto
    [strɪkt]
    ADJ (compar stricter) (superl strictest)
    1) (=stern, severe) [person, discipline] estricto, severo

    her strict upbringing — la educación estricta or rigurosa que recibió

    to be strict with sb — ser estricto or severo con algn

    2) (=stringent) [rules] estricto; [control] estricto, riguroso; [limit] riguroso; [security measures] riguroso, estricto; [orders] tajante, terminante, estricto
    3) (=precise) [meaning] estricto

    in strict order of precedence — por riguroso or estricto orden de precedencia

    4) (=absolute) [secrecy] absoluto

    strict liability — (Jur) responsabilidad f absoluta

    5) (=rigorous) [Methodist] estricto; [vegetarian, diet] estricto, riguroso; [hygiene] absoluto

    I'm a strict teetotaller — soy estrictamente or rigurosamente abstemio

    * * *
    [strɪkt]
    adjective -er, -est
    1)
    a) ( severe) estricto, severo

    to be strict WITH somebody — ser* estricto or severo con alguien

    b) ( rigorous) < vegetarian> estricto, riguroso
    2)
    a) (exact, precise) (before n) estricto, riguroso
    b) ( complete) (before n) absoluto

    English-spanish dictionary > strict

  • 58 authority

    noun
    1) no pl. (power) Autorität, die; (delegated power) Befugnis, die

    have the/no authority to do something — berechtigt od. befugt/nicht befugt sein, etwas zu tun

    have/exercise authority over somebody — Weisungsbefugnis gegenüber jemandem haben

    on one's own authority — in eigener Verantwortung

    [be] in authority — verantwortlich [sein]

    2) (body having power)

    the authorities — die Behörde[n]

    3) (expert, book, quotation) Autorität, die

    have it on the authority of somebody/something that... — durch jemanden/etwas wissen, dass...

    have it on good authority that... — aus zuverlässiger Quelle wissen, dass...

    4) no pl.

    give or add authority to something — einer Sache (Dat.) Gewicht verleihen

    5) no pl. (masterfulness) Souveränität, die
    * * *
    [o:'Ɵorəti]
    plural - authorities; noun
    1) (the power or right to do something: He gave me authority to act on his behalf.) die Befugnis; die Vollmacht
    2) (a person who is an expert, or a book that can be referred to, on a particular subject: He is an authority on Roman history.) die Autorität
    3) ((usually in plural) the person or people who have power in an administration etc: The authorities would not allow public meetings.) die Obrigkeit
    4) (a natural quality in a person which makes him able to control and influence people: a man of authority.) die Autorität
    •
    - academic.ru/4474/authoritarian">authoritarian
    - authoritative
    * * *
    author·ity
    [ɔ:ˈθɒrəti, AM əˈθɔ:rət̬i]
    n
    1. no pl (right of control) Autorität f; ADMIN Amtsgewalt f, Weisungsbefugnis f; MIL Befehlsgewalt f
    parental \authority elterliche Autorität; LAW elterliche Gewalt fachspr
    to be in \authority verantwortlich [o zuständig sein] sein
    we need to get the support of someone in \authority wir brauchen die Unterstützung eines Verantwortlichen
    person in \authority Verantwortliche(r) f(m)
    who is [the person] in \authority here? wer ist hier verantwortlich [o zuständig]?
    to be in [or have] \authority over sb (empowered to give orders) jdm gegenüber weisungsbefugt sein; (be above in hierarchy) jdm übergeordnet sein
    to be under sb's \authority (be answerable to) jdm gegenüber verantwortlich sein; (be below in hierarchy) jdm unterstehen
    to exercise [or exert] [or use] \authority Autorität ausüben
    to exercise [or exert] [or use] one's \authority over sb jdm gegenüber seine Autorität geltend machen
    2. no pl (permission) Befugnis f; (to act on sb's behalf) Vollmacht f
    \authority to purchase ECON, LAW Ankaufsermächtigung f
    to give sb \authority to do sth jdn [dazu] befugen, etw zu tun; (to act on one's behalf) jdn [dazu] bevollmächtigen, etw zu tun
    to have the \authority to do sth befugt sein, etw zu tun; (to act on sb's behalf) bevollmächtigt sein, etw zu tun
    by \authority ADMIN, LAW mit [amtlicher] Genehmigung
    on the \authority of sb im Auftrag [o mit Genehmigung] einer Person
    on one's own \authority in eigener Verantwortung
    without \authority unbefugt
    to act without \authority unbefugt handeln
    to act without [or to exceed one's] \authority seine Befugnisse überschreiten
    3. no pl (strength of personality) Autorität f
    to have \authority over/with sb [große] Autorität bei jdm genießen [o besitzen]
    he's got no \authority over his students er besitzt [o genießt] bei seinen Studenten keine Autorität
    4. no pl (knowledge) Sachverstand m, Kompetenz f
    to speak with \authority on sth sich akk [sehr] kompetent zu etw dat äußern
    5. (expert) Autorität f, Kapazität f, Experte, Expertin m, f
    world \authority international anerkannte Autorität
    to be an \authority for/on sth ein Experte/eine Expertin für etw akk sein
    to be an \authority on microbiology eine Autorität [o Kapazität] auf dem Gebiet der Mikrobiologie sein
    6. (organization) Behörde f, Amt nt
    education \authority Schulamt nt
    health \authority Gesundheitsbehörde f
    7. (bodies having power)
    ▪ the authorities pl die Behörden pl
    local authorities Kommunalbehörden pl
    to report sb/sth to the authorities jdn/etw den Behörden melden
    8. no pl (source) Quelle
    I have it on my bosses \authority that... ich weiß von meinem Chef, dass...
    to have sth on good \authority etw aus zuverlässiger Quelle wissen
    I have it on good \authority that... ich weiß aus zuverlässiger Quelle, dass...
    9. LAW
    legal \authority (statement) Rechtsmeinung f; (judgement) Präzedenzentscheidung f
    10. LAW
    [level of] \authority Instanz f
    proper \authority zuständige Instanz
    * * *
    [ɔː'ɵɒrItɪ]
    n
    1) (= power) Autorität f; (= right, entitlement) Befugnis f; (= specifically delegated power) Vollmacht f; (MIL) Befehlsgewalt f

    people who are in authority — Menschen, die Autorität haben

    parental authority — Autorität der Eltern; (Jur) elterliche Gewalt

    to put sb in authority over sb —

    those who are put in authority over us the Queen and those in authority under her — diejenigen, deren Aufsicht wir unterstehen die Königin und die ihr untergebenen Verantwortlichen

    to be under the authority of sb — unter jds Aufsicht (dat) stehen; (in hierarchy) jdm unterstehen; (Mil) jds Befehlsgewalt (dat) unterstehen

    you'll have to ask a teacher for the authority to take the key —

    under or by what authority do you claim the right to...? — mit welcher Berechtigung verlangen Sie, dass...?

    to have the authority to do sth — berechtigt or befugt sein, etw zu tun

    to have no authority to do sth — nicht befugt or berechtigt sein, etw zu tun

    he was exceeding his area of authority — er hat seinen Kompetenzbereich or seine Befugnisse überschritten

    to give sb the authority to do sth — jdn ermächtigen (form) or jdm die Vollmacht erteilen, etw zu tun

    he had my authority to do it — ich habe es ihm gestattet or erlaubt

    who gave you the authority to do that? —

    2) (also pl = ruling body) Behörde f, Amt nt; (= body of people) Verwaltung f; (= power of ruler) (Staats)gewalt f, Obrigkeit f

    the Prussian respect for authority —

    they appealed to the supreme authority of the House of Lords — sie wandten sich an die höchste Autorität or Instanz, das Oberhaus

    this will have to be decided by a higher authority — das muss an höherer Stelle entschieden werden

    3) (= weight, influence) Autorität f

    to have or carry ( great) authority — viel gelten (with bei); (person also) (große or viel) Autorität haben (with bei)

    to speak/write with authority — mit Sachkunde or mit der Autorität des Sachkundigen sprechen/schreiben

    I/he can speak with authority on this matter — darüber kann ich mich/kann er sich kompetent äußern

    to give an order with authority —

    4) (= expert) Autorität f, Fachmann m/-frau f

    I'm no authority but... —

    5) (= definitive book etc) (anerkannte) Autorität f; (= source) Quelle f

    to have sth on good authority —

    * * *
    authority [ɔːˈθɒrətı; US əˈθɑr-] s
    1. Autorität f, (Amts)Gewalt f:
    in authority verantwortlich;
    those in authority die Verantwortlichen;
    a) verantwortlich sein,
    b) das Sagen haben;
    on one’s own authority in eigener Verantwortung;
    be under sb’s authority jemandem verantwortlich sein
    2. Autorität f, Ansehen n ( with bei), Einfluss m ( over auf akk): → carry B 6
    3. Nachdruck m, Gewicht n:
    add authority to einer Geschichte etc Nachdruck oder Gewicht verleihen
    4. Vollmacht f, Ermächtigung f, Befugnis f:
    by authority mit amtlicher Genehmigung;
    on the authority of im Auftrage oder mit Genehmigung (gen);
    without authority unbefugt, unberechtigt;
    have the (no) authority to do sth (nicht) befugt oder berechtigt sein, etwas zu tun;
    have full authority to act volle Handlungsvollmacht besitzen;
    authority to sign Unterschriftsvollmacht, Zeichnungsberechtigung f
    5. Behörde f
    6. a) Quelle f
    b) Grundlage f ( for für):
    what is your authority for your thesis? worauf stützen Sie Ihre These?;
    we have it on his authority that … wir wissen durch ihn, dass …;
    I have it on good authority that … ich weiß aus sicherer oder verlässlicher Quelle, dass …
    7. Autorität f, Kapazität f (on auf dem Gebiet gen)
    8. JUR
    a) maßgebliche Gerichtsentscheidung
    b) Rechtsquelle f
    auth. abk
    2. author (authoress)
    * * *
    noun
    1) no pl. (power) Autorität, die; (delegated power) Befugnis, die

    have the/no authority to do something — berechtigt od. befugt/nicht befugt sein, etwas zu tun

    have/exercise authority over somebody — Weisungsbefugnis gegenüber jemandem haben

    [be] in authority — verantwortlich [sein]

    the authorities — die Behörde[n]

    3) (expert, book, quotation) Autorität, die

    have it on the authority of somebody/something that... — durch jemanden/etwas wissen, dass...

    have it on good authority that... — aus zuverlässiger Quelle wissen, dass...

    4) no pl.

    give or add authority to something — einer Sache (Dat.) Gewicht verleihen

    5) no pl. (masterfulness) Souveränität, die
    * * *
    n.
    Autorität f.
    Berechtigung f.
    Kompetenz f.
    Legitimation f.

    English-german dictionary > authority

  • 59 direction

    noun
    1) (guidance) Führung, die; (of firm, orchestra) Leitung, die; (of play, film, TV or radio programme) Regie, die
    2) usu. in pl. (order) Anordnung, die

    directions [for use] — Gebrauchsanweisung, die

    on or by somebody's direction — auf jemandes Anordnung (Akk.) [hin]

    give somebody directions to the museum/to York — jemandem den Weg zum Museum/nach York beschreiben

    3) (point moved towards or from, lit. or fig.) Richtung, die

    from which direction? — aus welcher Richtung?

    travel in a southerly direction/in the direction of London — in südliche[r] Richtung/in Richtung London reisen

    sense of direction — Orientierungssinn, der; (fig.) Orientierung, die

    lose all sense of direction — (lit. or fig.) jede Orientierung verlieren

    * * *
    [-ʃən]
    1) ((the) place or point to which one moves, looks etc: What direction did he go in?; They were heading in my direction (= towards me); I'll find my way all right - I've a good sense of direction.) die Richtung
    2) (guidance: They are under your direction.) die Führung
    3) ((in plural) instructions (eg on how to get somewhere, use something etc): We asked the policeman for directions; I have lost the directions for this washing-machine.) die Anleitung
    4) (the act of aiming or turning (something or someone) towards a certain point.) die Anweisung
    * * *
    di·rec·tion
    [dɪˈrekʃən]
    n
    1. (course taken) Richtung f
    he was going in the \direction of the bedroom er ging in Richtung Schlafzimmer
    sense of \direction Orientierungssinn m
    to lack \direction orientierungslos sein
    to move in a \direction sich akk in eine Richtung bewegen
    in opposite \directions in entgegengesetzter Richtung
    in the right/wrong \direction in die richtige/falsche Richtung
    to give sb \directions jdm den Weg beschreiben
    2. no pl (supervision) Leitung f, Führung f
    under sb's \direction unter jds Führung [o Leitung
    3. no pl FILM, TV, THEAT Regie f
    under sb's \direction unter jds Regie, unter der Regie von jdm
    ▪ \directions pl Anweisungen pl; LAW Instruktionen pl, Rechtsbelehrung f [der Geschworenen]; (orders given by judge) prozessleitende Verfügungen
    to give [or issue] \directions that... Anweisungen geben, dass...
    5. (tendency) Richtung f, Tendenz f, Strömung f
    * * *
    [dI'rekSən]
    n
    1) (lit, fig: way) Richtung f

    in every direction/all directions — in jede Richtung/alle Richtungen

    in the wrong/right direction (lit, fig) — in die falsche/richtige Richtung

    in the direction of Hamburg/the hotel —

    what direction did he go in? — in welche Richtung ist er gegangen/gefahren?

    2) (= management of company etc) Leitung f, Führung f
    3) (of film, actors) Regie f; (of play also) Spielleitung f; (of radio/TV programme) Leitung f
    4) pl (= instructions) Anweisungen pl; (to a place) Angaben pl; (for use) (Gebrauchs)anweisung or -anleitung f; (in recipe etc) Hinweise pl
    * * *
    direction [dıˈrekʃn; daı-] s
    1. Richtung f:
    take a direction eine Richtung einschlagen;
    in the direction of in (der) Richtung auf (akk) oder nach;
    from (in) all directions aus (nach) allen Richtungen, von (nach) allen Seiten;
    sense of direction Orts-, Orientierungssinn m;
    direction of rotation PHYS, TECH Drehrichtung, -sinn m
    2. fig Richtung f, Tendenz f, Strömung f:
    give another direction to in eine neue Richtung oder in andere Bahnen lenken;
    in many directions in vieler(lei) Hinsicht
    3. Leitung f, Lenkung f, Führung f (eines Betriebs etc):
    under his direction unter seiner Leitung
    4. Anweisung f, Anleitung f:
    directions pl for use Gebrauchsanweisung
    5. (An)Weisung f, Anordnung f, Befehl m:
    by ( oder at) direction of aufAnweisung von (od gen)
    6. Vorschrift f, Richtlinie f
    7. Adresse f, Aufschrift f (eines Briefes etc)
    8. WIRTSCH Direktorium n, Direktion f, Leitung f
    9. FILM, TV etc Regie f
    10. MUS
    a) Spielanweisung f (über Tempo etc)
    b) Stabführung f, Leitung f
    * * *
    noun
    1) (guidance) Führung, die; (of firm, orchestra) Leitung, die; (of play, film, TV or radio programme) Regie, die
    2) usu. in pl. (order) Anordnung, die

    directions [for use] — Gebrauchsanweisung, die

    on or by somebody's direction — auf jemandes Anordnung (Akk.) [hin]

    give somebody directions to the museum/to York — jemandem den Weg zum Museum/nach York beschreiben

    3) (point moved towards or from, lit. or fig.) Richtung, die

    travel in a southerly direction/in the direction of London — in südliche[r] Richtung/in Richtung London reisen

    sense of direction — Orientierungssinn, der; (fig.) Orientierung, die

    lose all sense of direction — (lit. or fig.) jede Orientierung verlieren

    * * *
    n.
    Anweisung f.
    Führung -en f.
    Leitung -en f.
    Regie -n (Film) f.
    Richtung -en f.

    English-german dictionary > direction

  • 60 seal

    seal [si:l]
    1 noun
    (a) Zoology phoque m
    (b) (on document, letter) sceau m; (on bottle of wine) cachet m; (on crate) plombage m; (on battery, gas cylinder) bande f de garantie; (on meter) plomb m;
    ∎ British Administration & Law given under my hand and seal signé et scellé par moi;
    ∎ to put one's seal to a document apposer son sceau à un document;
    ∎ does the project have her seal of approval? est-ce qu'elle a approuvé le projet?;
    ∎ to put or to set the seal on sth (confirm) sceller qch; (bring to end) mettre fin à qch
    (c) (UNCOUNT) Law (on door) scellé m, scellés mpl;
    ∎ under seal sous scellés;
    ∎ figurative under (the) seal of secrecy/of silence ≃ sous le sceau du secret/du silence;
    ∎ Religion under the seal of confession or of the confessional dans le secret de la confession
    (d) (tool) sceau m, cachet m;
    ∎ Administration the Great Seal le Grand Sceau (employé pour les actes publics)
    (e) Commerce label m
    (f) (joint → for engine, jar, sink) joint m d'étanchéité; (putty) mastic m
    ∎ Christmas seal timbre m de Noël
    (a) (document) apposer son sceau à, sceller;
    ∎ sealed with a kiss scellé d'un baiser;
    ∎ sealed orders des ordres scellés sous pli;
    ∎ figurative her fate is sealed son sort est réglé;
    ∎ figurative they finally sealed the deal ils ont enfin conclu l'affaire
    (b) (close → envelope, package) cacheter, fermer; (→ with sticky tape) coller, fermer; (→ jar) sceller, fermer hermétiquement; (→ can) souder; (→ tube, mineshaft) sceller; (window, door → for insulation) isoler;
    ∎ figurative my lips are sealed mes lèvres sont scellées
    (c) Law (door) apposer des scellés sur; (evidence) mettre sous scellés; (at customs → goods) (faire) sceller
    (d) Cookery (meat) saisir
    ►► Commerce seal of quality label m de qualité;
    seal ring chevalière f
    enfermer hermétiquement;
    ∎ the flavour is sealed in by freeze-drying le produit garde toute sa saveur grâce à la lyophilisation;
    ∎ fry the meat at a high temperature to seal in the flavour faites revenir la viande à feu vif afin de lui conserver toute sa saveur
    (passage, road) interdire l'accès de; (entrance) condamner;
    ∎ the street had been sealed off la rue avait été fermée (à la circulation)
    (close → envelope) cacheter, fermer; (→ with sticky tape) coller, fermer; (→ jar) sceller, fermer hermétiquement; (→ can) souder; (→ tube, mineshaft) sceller; (window, door → for insulation) isoler

    Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > seal

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