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there's+a+strong+wind

  • 81 spirare

    blow
    fig die
    * * *
    spirare1 v. intr.
    1 ( soffiare) to blow*: un forte vento spirava dal sud, a strong wind was blowing from the south; non spirava un alito di vento, there wasn't a breath of wind // spira aria di burrasca, (anche fig.) there is a storm in the air (o a storm is brewing)
    2 (letter.) ( emanare) to emanate: una fraganza spirava dal giardino, a fragrance emanated from the garden
    3 (poet.) ( respirare) to breathe
    ◆ v.tr.
    1 ( emanare) to give* off, to emit, to exhale, to send* out: spirare fumo, fragranza, to exhale smoke, fragrance // spirare l'anima, to breathe one's last
    2 (fig.) ( esprimere) to radiate, to express: i suoi occhi spirano dolcezza, her eyes radiate sweetness
    3 (poet.) ( ispirare) to inspire.
    spirare2 v. intr.
    1 ( morire) to pass away, to breathe one's last: è spirato ieri sera, he passed away last night
    2 (fig. non com.) ( scadere) to expire, to come* to an end: il contratto spira domani, the contract expires tomorrow.
    * * *
    I [spi'rare] vi
    (aus avere) (vento) to blow, (odore: emanare)
    II [spi'rare] vi
    (aus essere) (morire) to expire, pass away, (scadere) to expire
    * * *
    I 1. [spi'rare]
    verbo intransitivo (aus. avere)
    1) (soffiare) [ vento] to blow*
    2) (emanare) to radiate
    2.
    verbo transitivo lett. to emanate, to radiate [dolcezza, gioia]
    II [spi'rare]
    verbo intransitivo (aus. essere) (morire) to pass away
    * * *
    spirare1
    /spi'rare/ [1]
     (aus. avere)
     1 (soffiare) [ vento] to blow*
     2 (emanare) to radiate
     lett. to emanate, to radiate [dolcezza, gioia].
    ————————
    spirare2
    /spi'rare/ [1]
    (aus. essere) (morire) to pass away.

    Dizionario Italiano-Inglese > spirare

  • 82 run

    [rʌn] n
    1) ( jog) Lauf m;
    the burglar made a \run for the door [or for it] der Einbrecher nahm Reißaus ( fam)
    to let the dog out for [or let the dog have] a \run den Hund hinauslassen [o (( ÖSTERR) ( fam)) äußerln führen];
    to break into a \run zu laufen beginnen;
    to go for [or do] a \run laufen gehen;
    I go for [or do] a 5 mile \run before breakfast ich laufe vor dem Frühstück 5 Meilen;
    to set off/come in at a \run weg-/hereinlaufen;
    he took the ditch at a \run er nahm Anlauf und sprang über den Graben; ( fig)
    with his main rival out injured, he has a clear \run at the title da sein Hauptrivale verletzt ist, hat er keine Konkurrenten beim Kampf um den Titel
    2) ( journey) Strecke f;
    the \run down to the coast only takes half an hour man braucht nur eine halbe Stunde zur Küste;
    on the London-Glasgow \run auf der Strecke London-Glasgow;
    to go for a \run in the car (dated) eine Spritztour machen ( fam)
    bombing \run Bombardierungsstrecke f
    3) ( period) Dauer f;
    \run of bad/ good luck Pech-/Glückssträhne f;
    a long \run of bad weather eine lange Schlechtwetterperiode
    4) ( trend) Verlauf m;
    in the normal \run of things normalerweise
    5) theat Laufzeit f;
    after a short \run on Broadway nach kurzer Laufzeit am Broadway;
    dry [or dummy] [or practice] \run Generalprobe f
    6) ( production) Auflage f;
    the company is planning a first \run of 10,000 red teddy bears die Firma plant eine Anfangsproduktion von 10.000 roten Teddybären
    7) usu sing ( demand) Ansturm m (on auf +akk);
    a sudden \run on the dollar has lowered its value die plötzliche Nachfrage nach dem Dollar ließ den Kurs sinken
    8) ( type) Art f;
    their food is not the usual \run of hotel cooking ihr Essen hebt sich von der üblichen Hotelküche ab
    9) ( enclosed area) Gehege nt;
    chicken \run Hühnerhof m
    10) sports ( point) Treffer m; ( sailing) Vorwindkurs m; (in cricket, baseball) Run m;
    to score 4 \runs vier Treffer erzielen;
    to score a home \run einen Homerun erzielen
    11) ( esp Am) ( ladder) Laufmasche f
    12) (fam: diarrhoea)
    to have the \runs Dünnpfiff haben (sl)
    PHRASES:
    to give sb a \run for their money jdn etw für sein Geld tun lassen;
    to have a [good] \run for one's money etw für sein Geld bekommen;
    in the long \run auf lange Sicht gesehen;
    in the short \run kurzfristig;
    to have the \run of sth etw zur Verfügung haben;
    while she's away, I have the \run of the house während sie weg ist, hat sie mir das Haus überlassen;
    on the \run ( escaped) auf der Flucht;
    ( extremely busy) auf Trab ( fam)
    when I am rushed in the mornings, I eat breakfast on the \run wenn ich morgens in Eile bin, dann esse ich mein Frühstück auf dem Weg vi <ran, run>
    1) ( move fast) laufen, rennen;
    he ran up/ down the hill er rannte den Hügel hinauf/hinunter;
    he ran along/ down the street er rannte die Straße entlang/hinunter;
    he ran into/ out of the house er rannte in das Haus/aus dem Haus;
    people came \running at the sound of shots Menschen kamen gelaufen, als sie Schüsse hörten;
    to \run for the bus dem Bus nachlaufen;
    to \run for cover schnell in Deckung gehen;
    to \run for it sich akk aus dem Staub machen;
    to \run for one's life um sein Leben rennen;
    to \run for help um Hilfe laufen;
    to \run for the police die Polizei benachrichtigen;
    to \run on the spot auf der Stelle laufen;
    to go \running laufen gehen;
    to \run at sb jdn angreifen
    2) ( operate) fahren, verkehren; engine laufen; machine in Betrieb sein;
    are there a lot of trains \running between London and York? verkehren viele Züge zwischen London und York?;
    they had the new computer system up and \running within an hour sie hatten das neue Computerprogramm innerhalb einer Stunde installiert und am Laufen; ( fig)
    work is \running smoothly at the moment die Arbeit geht im Moment glatt von der Hand;
    to keep the economy \running die Wirtschaft am Laufen halten
    3) ( travel) laufen;
    (go) verlaufen; ski gleiten;
    the route \runs through the mountains die Strecke führt durch die Berge;
    a shiver ran down my back mir lief ein Schauder über den Rücken ( geh)
    to \run off the road von der Straße abkommen;
    to \run onto the rocks [or aground] [or ashore] auflaufen, auf Grund laufen
    4) ( grow) plants sich akk schlingen;
    the vine \runs up the wall and along the fence die Weinreben schlingen sich die Wand hinauf und den Zaun entlang
    5) ( extend)
    there's a beautiful cornice \running around all the ceilings ein wunderschönes Gesims verläuft um alle Decken
    6) ( last) [an]dauern;
    the film \runs for two hours der Film dauert zwei Stunden, der Film geht zwei Stunden ( fam)
    how much longer does this course \run? wie lange dauert dieser Kurs noch?;
    a magazine subscription usually only \runs for one year ein Zeitschriftenabonnement läuft normalerweise nur ein Jahr;
    I've had that tune \running in my head all day diese Melodie geht mir schon den ganzen Tag im Kopf herum;
    this show will \run and \run diese Show wird ewig laufen
    7) (be)
    inflation is \running at 10% die Inflationsrate beträgt 10 %
    8) ( flow) fließen;
    I could feel trickles of sweat \running down my neck ich fühlte, wie mir die Schweißtropfen den Hals herunterliefen;
    their bodies were \running with sweat ihre Körper waren schweißüberströmt;
    when the sand has \run through the egg timer, it'll be five minutes wenn der Sand durch die Eieruhr gelaufen ist, dann sind fünf Minuten vorbei;
    the river \runs [down] to the sea der Fluss mündet in das Meer;
    there was a strong tide/heavy sea \running die Flut/die See war hoch;
    don't cry, or your make-up will \run weine nicht, sonst verwischt sich dein Make-up;
    the colour of the dress has \run das Kleid hat abgefärbt;
    my nose is \running meine Nase läuft;
    if the paint is wet, the colours will \run into each other wenn die Farbe nass ist, fließen die Farben ineinander
    9) pol ( enter an election) kandidieren;
    to \run for President für das Präsidentenamt kandidieren, sich akk für das Amt des Präsidenten bewerben;
    to \run against sb gegen jdn kandidieren
    oh no, my tights have \run oh nein, ich habe eine Laufmasche im Strumpf
    11) ( proceed) verlaufen;
    can you give me an idea of how the discussion ran? kannst du mir den Verlauf der Diskussion schildern?
    12) naut fahren;
    to \run before the wind vor dem Wind segeln
    PHRASES:
    to make sb's blood \run cold jds Blut in den Adern gefrieren lassen;
    to \run with blood blutüberströmt sein;
    the streets were \running with blood in den Straßen floss überall Blut;
    to \run round [or (Am) around] in circles sich akk im Kreise drehen;
    to \run in the family in der Familie liegen;
    feelings are \running high die Gefühle gehen hoch;
    to \run amok Amok laufen;
    to \run deep;
    differences between the two sides \run deep die Unterschiede zwischen den beiden Seiten sind sehr groß;
    to \run dry river austrocknen;
    to \run low supplies [langsam] ausgehen;
    to \run short knapp werden;
    to \run short of sth etw nicht mehr haben;
    we're beginning to \run short of money uns geht langsam das Geld aus;
    to \run wild animals frei herumlaufen; plants wuchern; children alles machen dürfen; ( pej)
    she lets her kids \run wild [or \run riot] sie setzt ihren Kindern keinerlei Grenzen;
    to let one's imagination \run wild seiner Fantasie freien Lauf lassen vt <ran, run>
    1) ( move fast)
    to \run a dead heat/ a mile/ a race ein totes Rennen/eine Meile/ein Rennen laufen
    to \run a candidate einen Kandidaten aufstellen;
    to \run a horse ein Pferd laufen lassen
    3) ( drive)
    he ran his car into a tree last night er fuhr letzte Nacht mit seinem Auto gegen einen Baum;
    to \run sb home jdn nach Hause fahren;
    to \run sb to the station jdn zum Bahnhof bringen
    4) ( pass)
    she ran her eyes/ finger down the list sie ließ die Augen/den Finger über die Liste gleiten;
    \run this rope round the tree wickle dieses Seil um den Baum;
    she ran a vacuum cleaner over the carpet sie saugte den Teppich ab;
    to \run one's fingers through one's hair sich dat mit den Fingern durchs Haar fahren
    5) ( operate)
    to \run sth machine etw bedienen;
    to \run a computer program ein Computerprogramm laufen lassen;
    to \run the engine den Motor laufen lassen;
    to \run additional trains zusätzliche Züge einsetzen;
    to \run the dishwasher/ washing machine die Spülmaschine/Waschmaschine laufen lassen
    6) ( manage)
    to \run sth business etw leiten; farm etw betreiben;
    how did he end up \running the city? wie wurde er Bürgermeister der Stadt?;
    don't tell me how to \run my life! erklär mir nicht, wie ich mein Leben leben soll!;
    some people \run their lives according to the movements of the stars manche Leute richten ihr Leben nach dem Verlauf der Sterne aus;
    to \run a company ein Unternehmen leiten;
    to \run a government/ household eine Regierung/einen Haushalt führen;
    to \run a store ein Geschäft haben
    7) ( conduct)
    to \run a course einen Kurs anbieten;
    to \run an experiment/ a test ein Experiment/einen Test durchführen
    8) ( let flow)
    to \run sth water etw laufen lassen;
    he ran a little cold water into the bath er ließ etwas kaltes Wasser in die Badewanne laufen;
    to \run [sb] a bath [or to \run a bath [for sb]] [jdm] ein Bad einlaufen lassen
    to \run a story about sth über etw akk berichten;
    to \run an article/ a series einen Artikel/eine Serie bringen ( fam)
    to \run sth etw schmuggeln;
    to \run sth across the border etw über die Grenze schmuggeln
    to \run a blockade eine Blockade durchbrechen;
    to \run a red light eine rote Ampel überfahren
    to \run a risk ein Risiko eingehen;
    you \run the risk when gambling of losing your entire stake wenn du spielst, riskierst du, deinen gesamten Einsatz zu verlieren
    to \run errands [for sb] [für jdn] Botengänge machen
    PHRASES:
    to let sth \run its course etw seinen Lauf nehmen lassen;
    to \run sb to earth [or ground] jdn aufspüren;
    to \run one's eye over sth etw überfliegen;
    to be \run off one's feet alle Hände voll zu tun haben ( fam)
    to \run a fever [or temperature] Fieber haben;
    to \run oneself into the ground sich akk völlig verausgaben;
    to \run a mile ( Brit) sich akk aus dem Staub machen ( fam)
    to \run the show verantwortlich sein;
    to \run sb close nur knapp von jdm geschlagen werden;
    to \run sb ragged jdn schaffen ( fam)

    English-German students dictionary > run

  • 83 onshore

    adj. \/ˌɒnˈʃɔː\/
    1) pålands-
    2) nær kysten, langs kysten, på kysten, kyst-
    3) i land
    4) ( som adverb) mot land
    onshore wind pålandsvind

    English-Norwegian dictionary > onshore

  • 84 hold

    I [həuld] 1. гл.; прош. вр., прич. прош. вр. held
    1)
    а) держать; обнимать

    to hold a spoon / knife — держать ложку, нож

    to hold smth. in one's hand — держать что-л. в руке

    to hold smth. tight(ly) — крепко держать что-л.

    to hold smb. in one's arms — держать кого-л. на руках; держать в объятиях, обнимать кого-л.

    to hold smb. tight / close — (крепко) обнимать кого-л., прижимать кого-л. к себе

    The mother was holding the baby in her arms. — Мать держала ребёнка на руках.

    He will hold her in his arms and tell her she is finally safe. — Он обнимет её и скажет ей, что теперь она в безопасности.

    Syn:
    б) удерживать, задерживать

    He jumped back to try and hold the lift for me. — Он отпрыгнул назад, стараясь задержать для меня лифт.

    Syn:
    2)
    а) удерживать, поддерживать

    A pile of sandbags held the bridge. — Груда мешков с песком поддерживала мост.

    б) держать, выдерживать

    The glue didn't hold. — Клей не держал.

    This rope won't hold in a strong wind. — При сильном ветре эта верёвка не выдержит.

    The nail still holds. — Гвоздь ещё держится.

    •
    Syn:
    3)
    а) содержать в себе, вмещать

    This box holds a pound of candy. — В этой коробке находится один фунт конфет.

    This jug holds two pints. — Этот кувшин вмещает две пинты.

    This room holds a hundred people. — Эта комната вмещает сто человек.

    Syn:
    have a capacity of, contain, accommodate, take in, include, enclose
    б) держать, хранить
    4) владеть, иметь; быть (официальным) владельцем, обладателем, держателем ( акций)

    to hold shares / stock — быть держателем акций, акционерного капитала

    5) занимать (пост, должность); иметь (звание, ранг)

    The Social Democrats held office then. — В правительстве в то время были социал-демократы.

    to hold a rank — иметь звание, чин

    6) воен. удерживать, защищать

    The bridge was held for some time. — Некоторое время они удерживали мост.

    Syn:

    He holds the record for the 100-metre dash. — Он является рекордсменом на 100-метровой дистанции.

    8)
    а) сохранять, удерживать (в каком-л. состоянии)

    She found herself held by his eyes. — Она обнаружила, что его глаза прикованы к ней.

    - hold the stage
    б) сохраняться, длиться, продолжаться; оставаться ( в силе); держаться ( о погоде)

    I was only too glad, however, to see that their appetites held. — Однако я был только рад, что у них по-прежнему хороший аппетит.

    The frost still held. — По-прежнему стояли морозы.

    Our bet holds true. — Наше соглашение остаётся в силе.

    If the weather holds, we'll both take a trip. — Если погода продержится, мы вдвоём совершим поездку.

    Syn:
    9) собирать, созывать, проводить (собрание, совещание, ассамблею)
    10) отмечать, праздновать (что-л.)
    11) поддерживать (связь, контакты), поддерживать (компанию, беседу)
    12)
    а) сдерживать, удерживать; прекращать, останавливать

    Hold everything! — Подожди!, Ничего не предпринимай!

    б) сдерживаться, удерживаться; воздерживаться

    She could not hold from saying this. — Она не могла удержаться, чтобы не сказать это.

    Syn:
    restrain oneself, refrain, forbear, cease, stop, give over
    13) хранить, удерживать ( в памяти)
    Syn:
    have in mind, keep in mind, entertain
    14) полагать, считать; рассматривать; придерживаться (доктрины, мнения, взгляда)

    to hold smb. responsible — считать кого-л. ответственным

    I hold that the details are altogether unhistorical. — Я считаю, что эти детали абсолютно неисторичны.

    He held the lives of other men as cheap as his own. — Он оценивал жизнь других так же низко, как и свою.

    Syn:
    15) питать (какие-л.) чувства (к кому-л.)

    to hold smb. in esteem — уважать кого-л.

    to hold smb. in contempt — презирать кого-л.

    16) (официально) утверждать, устанавливать, решать ( о суде)
    17)
    а) держать (в каком-л. положении)

    She held her head as proudly as ever. — Она, как и прежде, ходила с гордо поднятой головой.

    She held her face averted. — Она так и не повернула головы.

    Hold yourself still for a moment while I take your photograph. — Не двигайся минутку, пока я тебя сфотографирую.

    б) ( hold oneself) держаться, вести себя

    She held herself like a queen. — Она держалась, как королева.

    Syn:
    18) эк. придерживать, не продавать ( товар)
    19) амер.; нарк. иметь наркотики на продажу

    He was holding, just as Red had said. — Как и говорил Ред, у него хранились наркотики.

    21) держать в тюрьме, держать под стражей
    22) спорт. быть, находиться в клинче ( в боксе)
    23) ( hold to)
    а) держаться, придерживаться ( мнения)

    Whatever your argument, I shall hold to my decision. — Что бы ты там не говорил, я не изменю своего решения.

    to hold smb. to his promise — настаивать на выполнении кем-л. своего обещания

    24) ( hold against) обвинять

    I don't hold it against Jim that he has won every year, but some of the other competitors might. — Я-то не злюсь, что Джим каждый год выигрывает, но других участников соревнований это может раздражать.

    We will not hold your past blunders against you. — Мы не будем принимать во внимание твои предыдущие ошибки.

    25)
    а) ( hold by) держаться ( решения); слушаться ( совета)

    There was no anchor, none, to hold by. (Tennyson) — Не было никакой надежды, за которую можно было бы ухватиться.

    б) ( hold with) соглашаться; держаться одинаковых взглядов; одобрять

    I don't hold with some of the strange ideas that you believe in. — Я не согласен со странными представлениями, в которые ты веришь.

    26) (hold smth. over smb.) шантажировать кого-л., манипулировать кем-л. при помощи чего-л.

    He held the Will over her like a threat. — Своим завещанием он держал её на коротком поводке.

    •
    - hold aside
    - hold back
    - hold down
    - hold forth
    - hold in
    - hold off
    - hold on
    - hold out
    - hold over
    - hold together
    - hold up
    - hold sway
    ••

    hold hard! — стой!; подожди!

    to hold it against smb. — иметь претензии к кому-л., иметь что-л. против кого-л.

    to hold cheap — не дорожить, ни в грош не ставить

    to hold one's tongue — молчать, держать язык за зубами, прикусить язык

    - hold water
    - hold one's sides with laughter 2. сущ.
    1) схватывание, захват; сжатие; удержание

    to keep hold of smth. — держать

    to take / get / grab / catch / seize / lay hold of smth. — схватить что-л., ухватиться за что-л.

    to let go / lose one's hold of smth. — выпустить что-л. из рук

    Take a firm hold of this line. — Твёрдо придерживайся этой линии.

    Syn:
    2) рукоятка, ручка; захват, ушко; опора

    The mountain climber couldn't find a hold to climb any higher. — Альпинист не мог найти опору, чтобы подниматься дальше.

    Syn:
    3)
    а) гнездо, паз; крепёжная деталь
    б) вместилище, хранилище
    4)
    а) власть; влияние (на кого-л. / на что-л.)

    They refused to relinquish their hold over this area. — Они отказались уступить свою власть в этом регионе.

    firm / strong hold (up)on / over smb. — большое влияние на кого-л.

    Her brother has always had a strong hold over her. — Её брат всегда имел на неё большое влияние.

    Syn:
    б) владение, обладание

    to get hold of oneself — владеть собой, держать себя в руках

    Legal documents give the present owner a legitimate hold on the property. — Юридические документы дают нынешнему владельцу законное право владения имуществом.

    •
    Syn:
    5) схватывание, понимание

    to get hold of exactly what is happening — точно понять, что происходит

    6) спорт. клинч, захват (в борьбе, боксе, дзю-до)

    No holds (are) barred. — Все захваты разрешены.

    7)
    а) тюремная камера, тюрьма
    б) уст. заключение в тюрьму, лишение свободы
    Syn:
    8)
    а) убежище, укрытие; берлога, нора
    б) уст. крепость
    Syn:
    9)
    а) отсрочка, задержка

    to put smb. on hold — заставить кого-л. ждать ( особенно на телефоне)

    Syn:
    б) задержка ( запуска ракеты) в последний момент перед стартом
    в) муз. фермата
    ••
    II [həuld] сущ.; мор.

    Англо-русский современный словарь > hold

  • 85 ventiscar

    v.
    to blow a blizzard.
    * * *
    Conjugation model [ SACAR], like link=sacar sacar
    1 (Used only in the third person; it does not take a subject) (nevar) to blow a blizzard
    * * *
    1.
    ventisquear verbo impersonal
    2.
    ventiscar vi nieve to drift
    * * *
    1.
    ventisquear verbo impersonal
    2.
    ventiscar vi nieve to drift
    * * *
    ventiscar [A2 ], ventisquear [A1 ]
    to blow a blizzard
    vi
    «nieve» to drift
    * * *

    ventiscar, ventisquear impers to snow with a strong wind, to blow a blizzard
    ' ventiscar' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    ventisquear
    * * *
    ventiscar, ventisquear v impersonal
    está ventiscando there's a blizzard o snowstorm
    * * *
    v/i blow a blizzard

    Spanish-English dictionary > ventiscar

  • 86 Gegenwind

    Ge·gen·wind m
    headwind;
    sie hatten starken \Gegenwind they had a strong headwind against them, there was a strong headwind

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch für Studenten > Gegenwind

  • 87 pro|sto

    Ⅰ adv. grad. 1. (wzdłuż linii prostej) [jechać, prowadzić, płynąć] straight
    - ta ścieżka biegnie prosto do morza the path runs straight to the sea
    - słońce świeciło im prosto w oczy the sun shone straight into their eyes
    - spojrzała mu prosto w oczy she looked straight into his eyes
    2. (w pozycji pionowej) upright, straight
    - stój prosto, nie garb się stand up straight, don’t stoop!
    - zawsze trzymał się prosto jak żołnierz he always stood erect like a soldier
    3. (nieskomplikowanie) [tłumaczyć, mówić] simply, plainly
    - już prościej nie mogę tego wyjaśnić I can’t explain it in a simpler way, I can’t put it any more simply than that
    Ⅱ adv. 1. (bezpretensjonalnie) simply, plainly
    - ubierała się prosto, przeważnie na czarno she dressed simply, usually in black
    2. (nie zatrzymując się) straight (on a. ahead)
    - idź prosto do biura go straight to the office
    - ze szkoły wracaj prosto do domu come straight home after school
    3. (bezpośrednio) straight
    - pił prosto z butelki he drank straight from the bottle
    - mleko prosto od krowy milk fresh from the cow
    - jabłka prosto z drzewa freshly picked apples
    Ⅲ po prostu 1. (bezpośrednio) just, simply
    - po prostu idź tam i powiedz im całą prawdę just go there and tell them the whole truth
    - zwrócił się po prostu do kolegów o pomoc he simply asked his friends for help
    2. (zwyczajnie) only, just
    - po prostu wiatr huczy i stąd ten hałas it’s just a strong wind blowing, hence the noise
    - po prostu bądź przy mnie just stay by me
    - innego wyjścia po prostu nie ma there’s simply no other way out
    Ⅳ prosto- w wyrazach złożonych prostopadle do czegoś at right angles to sth
    ■ powiedzieć a. wygarnąćpot. coś komuś prosto w oczy a. prosto z mostu to tell sb sth straight from the shoulder
    - mówiąc prosto z mostu to put it bluntly
    - powiedziała mu, co o nim myśli prosto w oczy she told him in plain English a. in no uncertain terms what she thought of him
    - powiem prosto z mostu, weź rozwód I’ll come straight out with it: get a divorce

    The New English-Polish, Polish-English Kościuszko foundation dictionary > pro|sto

  • 88 только слава

    только < одна> слава, тж. одна слава, что...
    прост., неодобр., пренебр.
    it's mere pretence; it's all talk that...; one could hardly call it...; they call it..., but...

    - А слышь, ты, Василиса Егоровна, - отвечал Иван Кузьмич, - я был занят службой: солдатушек учил. - И, полно! - возразила капитанша. - Только слава, что солдат учишь: ни им служба не даётся, ни ты в ней толку не ведаешь. (А. Пушкин, Капитанская дочка) — 'But I was busy drilling soldiers, Vasilisa Yegorovna, let me tell you.' 'Come, come,' his wife retorted, 'all this drilling is mere pretence - your soldiers don't learn anything and you are no good at it either.'

    - Да, заплаточки не на чем положить, укрепиться ей не за что, подержка больно велика. Только слава, что сукно, а подуй ветер, так разлетится. (Н. Гоголь, Шинель) — 'But there's nothing to put the patch onto, nothing to hold it fast, you've worn it terribly thin. You could hardly even call it cloth any more: get it in a strong wind and it'll fall to pieces.'

    - Загнали нас на зиму в бараки, а в них нешто можно жить-то? Одна только слава, что бараки, а то как есть из лучины выстроены. (А. Куприн, Молох) — 'They put us into barracks for the winter, but how can you live there? They call 'em barracks, sure enough, but it's chips they're built of.'

    Русско-английский фразеологический словарь > только слава

  • 89 strain

    strain [streɪn]
    1 noun
    (a) Technology (pressure) pression f; (tension) tension f; (pull) traction f; (weight) poids m;
    ∎ the rope snapped under the strain la corde a rompu sous la tension;
    ∎ the weight put too much strain on the rope le poids a exercé une trop forte tension sur la corde;
    ∎ to collapse under the strain (bridge, animal) s'effondrer sous le poids;
    ∎ I took most of the strain c'est moi qui ai fourni le plus gros effort;
    ∎ the buttress takes the strain off the wall le contrefort réduit la pression qui s'exerce sur le mur;
    ∎ the girder can't take the strain la poutre ne peut pas supporter cette pression;
    ∎ figurative the war is putting a great strain on the country's resources la guerre grève sérieusement les ressources du pays;
    ∎ the new taxes take the strain off the budget les nouveaux impôts renflouent le budget
    (b) (mental or physical effort) (grand) effort m; (overwork) surmenage m; (tiredness) (grande) fatigue f; (stress) stress m, tension f ou fatigue f nerveuse;
    ∎ he's beginning to feel/show the strain il commence à sentir la fatigue/à donner des signes de fatigue;
    ∎ I've been under great physical strain je me suis surmené;
    ∎ it was quite a strain for me to have to stand j'ai trouvé très fatigant de devoir rester debout;
    ∎ the strain of making polite conversation l'effort que ça demande de faire la conversation à quelqu'un;
    ∎ the situation has put our family under a great deal of strain la situation a mis notre famille à rude épreuve;
    ∎ recent events have placed considerable strain on their relationship les événements récents ont mis leur relation à rude épreuve;
    ∎ he can't take the strain anymore il ne peut plus supporter cette situation stressante;
    ∎ it's a terrible strain on her nerves ses nerfs sont mis à rude épreuve;
    ∎ they've been under a lot of strain recently leurs nerfs ont été mis à rude épreuve ces derniers temps;
    ∎ the arrival of a new secretary took the immediate strain off me avec l'arrivée d'une nouvelle secrétaire, j'ai été immédiatement soulagée d'une partie de mon travail;
    ∎ I couldn't stand the strain of commuting je trouvais trop épuisant de prendre les transports en commun tous les matins
    (c) Medicine (of muscle) froissement m; (sprain → of ankle, wrist) entorse f;
    ∎ to give one's back a strain se donner un tour de reins
    (d) (breed, variety → of animal, insect) race f; (→ of virus, bacteria) souche f; (→ of plant, grain) variété f
    (e) (style) genre m, style m;
    ∎ his other books are all very much in the same strain ses autres livres sont tout à fait dans le même genre ou dans le même style ou dans le même esprit
    (f) (streak, tendency) fond m, tendance f;
    ∎ there is a strain of madness in the family il y a une prédisposition à la folie dans la famille;
    ∎ there's a strong strain of fantasy in his novels il y a une grande part de rêve dans ses romans
    (a) (rope, cable, girder) tendre (fortement); figurative (resources, economy, budget) grever; (patience) mettre à l'épreuve, abuser de; (friendship, relationship) mettre à l'épreuve, mettre à rude épreuve;
    ∎ he strained the canvas over the frame il a tendu la toile sur le cadre;
    ∎ to be strained to breaking point être tendu au point de se rompre;
    ∎ this new expense is straining our income to the limit nos revenus nous permettent tout juste cette dépense supplémentaire
    (b) (force → voice) forcer;
    ∎ he strained his ears to hear what they were saying il tendit l'oreille pour entendre ce qu'ils disaient;
    ∎ to strain one's eyes to see sth plisser les yeux pour mieux voir qch;
    ∎ to strain every nerve or sinew to do sth s'efforcer de faire qch
    (c) (hurt, damage → eyes) fatiguer;
    ∎ reading small print strains your eyes ça fatigue les yeux de lire des petits caractères;
    ∎ you'll strain your eyes tu vas te fatiguer les yeux;
    ∎ to strain a muscle se froisser un muscle;
    ∎ I have to be careful not to strain my heart il faut que je veille à ménager mon cœur;
    ∎ to strain one's back se donner un tour de reins;
    ∎ I've strained my arm je me suis froissé un muscle du bras;
    ∎ to strain oneself (by gymnastics, lifting) se froisser un muscle; (by overwork) se surmener;
    ∎ mind you don't strain yourself lifting that typewriter attention de ne pas te faire mal en soulevant cette machine à écrire;
    ∎ ironic don't strain yourself! surtout ne te fatigue pas!;
    ∎ she lent a hand, but she didn't exactly strain herself elle a mis la main à la pâte, mais elle ne s'est pas vraiment fatiguée
    (d) (distort → meaning) forcer; (→ word) forcer le sens de;
    ∎ it would be straining the truth to call the play a masterpiece dire que cette pièce est un chef-d'œuvre serait exagéré
    (e) Cookery (soup, milk) passer; (vegetables) (faire) égoutter
    (f) Technology (deform → part) déformer
    (g) literary (press → child, lover) serrer;
    ∎ she strained the child to her breast elle serra l'enfant contre sa poitrine
    (a) (pull) tirer fort; (push) pousser fort;
    ∎ she was straining at the door (pulling) elle tirait sur la porte de toutes ses forces; (pushing) elle poussait (sur) la porte de toutes ses forces;
    ∎ to strain at a rope/at the oars tirer sur une corde/sur les rames;
    ∎ the dog strained at the leash le chien tirait sur sa laisse;
    ∎ figurative to be straining at the leash piaffer d'impatience;
    ∎ I had to strain against the wind j'ai dû lutter contre le vent;
    ∎ she strained under the weight elle ployait sous la charge
    (b) (strive) s'efforcer, faire beaucoup d'efforts;
    ∎ to strain to do sth s'efforcer de faire qch;
    ∎ I strained to understand/hear what they were saying je me suis efforcé de comprendre/d'entendre ce qu'ils disaient;
    ∎ he tends to strain after effect il a tendance à vouloir se faire remarquer
    (c) (be under tension → rope, cable) se tendre; (→ beam) fatiguer, travailler; (become deformed) gauchir, se fausser
    (d) (liquid) filtrer ( through à travers)
    ∎ to strain at sth (be unwilling) se faire un scrupule de qch;
    ∎ to strain at doing sth avoir des scrupules à faire qch
    (of music) accents mpl, accords mpl;
    ∎ the crowd rose to the strains of the national anthem le public s'est levé aux accents de l'hymne national
    (liquid) vider, égoutter

    Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > strain

  • 90 colaborar

    v.
    1 to collaborate.
    2 to contribute.
    3 to collaborate with.
    Le colaboró a ella He collaborated with her.
    * * *
    1 to collaborate ( con, with)
    2 (prensa) to contribute (en, to)
    * * *

    te necesitamos ¡colabora! — we need you, come and join us!

    • colaborar a algo — to contribute to sth

    • colaborar con algo, colaboramos con los movimientos pacifistas — we are collaborating with the peace groups

    • colaborar en algo, nuestra empresa colaborará en el proyecto — our company is to collaborate on the project

    colaborar en un periódico — to contribute to a newspaper, write for a newspaper

    * * *
    verbo intransitivo

    colaborar con alguien/algo — to collaborate with somebody/something

    colabore con nosotros, mantenga limpia la ciudad — help us keep the city clean

    colaborar en algo — en proyecto to collaborate on something

    * * *
    = collaborate, cooperate [co-operate], join + forces, play + ball, team, partner, pull + Posesivo + (own) weight, lend + a (helping) hand, pull together, put + Posesivo + shoulder to the wheel, set + Posesivo + shoulder to the wheel, muck in, pitch in.
    Ex. A joint author is a person who collaborates with one or more other persons to produce a work in relation to which the collaborators perform the same function.
    Ex. By 1960 a draft code had been produced, and from this time on, British and American Committees co-operated closely.
    Ex. Therefore, school librarians need to find ways of joining forces with publishers, booksellers and other librarians.
    Ex. She then said: 'If you want to fare reasonably well, you better play ball with me'.
    Ex. Information Today, Inc. and I are teaming to create a series of articles to be published in Computers in Libraries which will provide user ratings of library automation software.
    Ex. The article 'Let's partner as patriots' maintains that in recent years some people have begun to view the public library as an anachronism.
    Ex. Sometimes one person is left with all the work because their partner doesn't pull their weight.
    Ex. In a small shop the master would lend a hand with the work, certainly as a corrector and often as a compositor as well.
    Ex. She tells a story of courage in which the crew and the mission control pull together to work the problem through.
    Ex. They've all been putting their shoulder to the wheel and it's paid off.
    Ex. The Bolsheviks have manfully set their shoulders to the wheel undaunted by this staggering catastrophe.
    Ex. All our neighbours, relatives, friends, we all mucked in and helped each other -- they were mostly all women because all the men had gone to war.
    Ex. It's up to everyone to pitch in and help those who find themselves lacking the most basic of necessities -- food.
    ----
    * colaborando estrechamente = in close collaboration.
    * colaborar con = team up (with), partner with, become + engaged (in/with), engage with, consort with.
    * colaborar conjuntamente = work + cooperatively.
    * * *
    verbo intransitivo

    colaborar con alguien/algo — to collaborate with somebody/something

    colabore con nosotros, mantenga limpia la ciudad — help us keep the city clean

    colaborar en algo — en proyecto to collaborate on something

    * * *
    colaborar (con)
    (v.) = team up (with), partner with, become + engaged (in/with), engage with, consort with

    Ex: Blackwells, for example, has teamed up with the highly successful CARL Uncover service in the US.

    Ex: To what extent and in what manner should public libraries partner with local businesses to provide the resources needed for economic development?.
    Ex: There is a strong demand for information about Asia as Australia becomes engaged with countries of the Asia-Pacific region.
    Ex: In order to overcome isolation and develop a community oriented approach, libraries will need to engage with people.
    Ex: It is time the USA took a lead in consorting with other Western nations in mounting the 1st Annual international conference on information interchange.

    = collaborate, cooperate [co-operate], join + forces, play + ball, team, partner, pull + Posesivo + (own) weight, lend + a (helping) hand, pull together, put + Posesivo + shoulder to the wheel, set + Posesivo + shoulder to the wheel, muck in, pitch in.

    Ex: A joint author is a person who collaborates with one or more other persons to produce a work in relation to which the collaborators perform the same function.

    Ex: By 1960 a draft code had been produced, and from this time on, British and American Committees co-operated closely.
    Ex: Therefore, school librarians need to find ways of joining forces with publishers, booksellers and other librarians.
    Ex: She then said: 'If you want to fare reasonably well, you better play ball with me'.
    Ex: Information Today, Inc. and I are teaming to create a series of articles to be published in Computers in Libraries which will provide user ratings of library automation software.
    Ex: The article 'Let's partner as patriots' maintains that in recent years some people have begun to view the public library as an anachronism.
    Ex: Sometimes one person is left with all the work because their partner doesn't pull their weight.
    Ex: In a small shop the master would lend a hand with the work, certainly as a corrector and often as a compositor as well.
    Ex: She tells a story of courage in which the crew and the mission control pull together to work the problem through.
    Ex: They've all been putting their shoulder to the wheel and it's paid off.
    Ex: The Bolsheviks have manfully set their shoulders to the wheel undaunted by this staggering catastrophe.
    Ex: All our neighbours, relatives, friends, we all mucked in and helped each other -- they were mostly all women because all the men had gone to war.
    Ex: It's up to everyone to pitch in and help those who find themselves lacking the most basic of necessities -- food.
    * colaborando estrechamente = in close collaboration.
    * colaborar con = team up (with), partner with, become + engaged (in/with), engage with, consort with.
    * colaborar conjuntamente = work + cooperatively.

    * * *
    colaborar [A1 ]
    vi
    1 (en una tarea, un libro) to work, collaborate
    colaboró con nosotros en el proyecto he collaborated o worked with us on this project
    colabore con nosotros, mantenga limpia la ciudad help us keep the city clean
    colaborar EN algo:
    colaboró activamente en la resistencia she was active in the resistance
    colabora en una revista de fotografía he contributes to a photography magazine
    2 (contribuir) colaborar A algo to contribute TO sth, help sth
    el deporte colabora al desarrollo físico del niño sport contributes to o helps a child's physical development
    el nuevo reglamento ha colaborado a mejorar la situacion the new legislation has helped to improve the situation o has contributed to an improvement in the situation
    * * *

     

    colaborar ( conjugate colaborar) verbo intransitivo
    to collaborate;
    colaborar con algn to collaborate with sb;

    colaborar en algo ‹en proyecto/tarea› to collaborate on sth;

    ‹ en revista› to contribute to sth
    colaborar verbo intransitivo to collaborate, cooperate
    ' colaborar' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    negación
    English:
    collaborate
    - cooperate
    - write
    - well
    * * *
    1. [cooperar] to collaborate ( con with);
    algunos maridos se niegan a colaborar en las tareas domésticas some husbands refuse to help with the housework;
    muchas personas colaboraron en el rescate many people helped in the rescue;
    que cada uno colabore con lo que pueda let everyone contribute what they can;
    colaboró en la campaña con un donativo de 3 millones she made a donation of 3 million to the campaign
    2. [en prensa]
    colaborar en o [m5] con to write for, to work for
    3. [contribuir] to contribute;
    una dieta que colabora a controlar el nivel colesterol a diet which helps to control cholesterol levels;
    los robots colaboran a incrementar la productividad robots help to increase productivity, robots contribute to increased productivity
    * * *
    v/i collaborate
    * * *
    : to collaborate
    * * *
    colaborar vb to cooperate

    Spanish-English dictionary > colaborar

  • 91 intensamente

    adv.
    intensely, strongly, powerfully.
    * * *
    1 intenselly
    * * *
    ADV
    1) (=con intensidad) intensely
    2) (=con fuerza, vehemencia) powerfully, strongly
    3) (=vivamente) vividly, profoundly
    * * *
    adverbio < trabajar> tirelessly; <mirar/amar> intensely
    * * *
    = powerfully, vividly, fiercely, intensely, vehemently, outrageously.
    Ex. All I wanted to underscore with these four horror stories is that the judicious, discretionary assignment of added entries can either powerfully inhibit or promote access to the documents.
    Ex. But even today, people recall the 1951 Festival of Britain more vividly than they remember the day of accession to the Community.
    Ex. Whether libraries are entirely suitable for extending their role into community information and advice has been fiercely debated.
    Ex. Such special duty can be intensely challenging, freeing creative energies that would otherwise lie dormant.
    Ex. She is not a 'progressive' educator in any sense of the word, and vehemently resists what she calls 'undigested novelties' and 'frills and fripperies' in teaching methodologies.
    Ex. I tend to wonder if it's me sometimes who is the only one not laughing outrageously at lines that were apparently meant to be funny.
    ----
    * Hacer Algo intensamente = Verbo + Posesivo + heart out.
    * pensar intensamente = think + hard.
    * trabajando intensamente = hard at work.
    * trabajar intensamente = work + hard.
    * Verbo + intensamente = Verbo + hard.
    * vivir intensamente = live + life to the full.
    * * *
    adverbio < trabajar> tirelessly; <mirar/amar> intensely
    * * *
    = powerfully, vividly, fiercely, intensely, vehemently, outrageously.

    Ex: All I wanted to underscore with these four horror stories is that the judicious, discretionary assignment of added entries can either powerfully inhibit or promote access to the documents.

    Ex: But even today, people recall the 1951 Festival of Britain more vividly than they remember the day of accession to the Community.
    Ex: Whether libraries are entirely suitable for extending their role into community information and advice has been fiercely debated.
    Ex: Such special duty can be intensely challenging, freeing creative energies that would otherwise lie dormant.
    Ex: She is not a 'progressive' educator in any sense of the word, and vehemently resists what she calls 'undigested novelties' and 'frills and fripperies' in teaching methodologies.
    Ex: I tend to wonder if it's me sometimes who is the only one not laughing outrageously at lines that were apparently meant to be funny.
    * Hacer Algo intensamente = Verbo + Posesivo + heart out.
    * pensar intensamente = think + hard.
    * trabajando intensamente = hard at work.
    * trabajar intensamente = work + hard.
    * Verbo + intensamente = Verbo + hard.
    * vivir intensamente = live + life to the full.

    * * *
    ‹trabajar› tirelessly; ‹mirar› intensely; ‹amar› intensely
    vivió intensamente he lived life to the full, he lived intensely
    * * *
    [con intensidad] intensely; [llover] heavily; [iluminar] brightly; [amar] passionately; [trabajar] intensively;
    me duele intensamente it really hurts;
    lo odio intensamente I detest him, I really hate him;
    vive su vida muy intensamente she really lives life to the full;
    el viento soplaba intensamente there was a very strong wind

    Spanish-English dictionary > intensamente

  • 92 fly

    N
    1. पैंट में ज़िप लगाने की जगह
    His fly is open as the zip is not closed.
    2. तम्बू का दरवाज़ा
    Please close the fly of your tent to prevent entry of snakes in this jungle.
    --------
    N
    1. मक्खी
    There are many flies in this room.
    2. बंसी में लगाने का चारा
    He uses only artificial fly for fishing.
    --------
    V
    1. उड़ना
    The bees fly to the garden to collect necter.
    I normally fly to save time.
    Her skirt was flying in the strong wind.
    The rumours of a coup were flying thick and fast.
    2. उड़ाना
    This company flies its own planes between the locations of its plants.
    The commercial pilots are trained to fly aeroplanes.
    I want to fly a kite.
    3. फहराना
    People are allowed to fly the national flag at their homes on specific days.
    4. तेज़ रफ्तार से जाना
    The bus was flying along the road at a very high speed.
    He was hit by a stone which came flying at him.
    The gate flew open when the car dashed against it.
    Time flew so fast that holidays were over before he realised.
    pages 453 and 454 of OALD
    5. भागना
    He flew from the city fearing his arrest.
    --------
    fly / go off at a tangent
    IDM
    1.
    --------
    fly / go out of the window
    IDM
    1.
    fly / show / wave the flag
    IDM see FLAG

    English-Hindi dictionary > fly

  • 93 rattle

    1. intransitive verb
    1) (clatter) [Fenster, Maschinenteil, Schlüssel:] klappern; [Hagel:] prasseln; [Flaschen:] klirren; [Kette:] rasseln; [Münzen:] klingen

    rattle at the door — an der Tür rütteln

    2) (move) [Zug, Bus:] rattern; [Kutsche:] rumpeln
    2. transitive verb
    1) (make rattle) klappern mit [Würfel, Geschirr, Dose, Münzen, Schlüsselbund]; klirren lassen [Fenster[scheiben]]; rasseln mit [Kette]
    2) (coll.): (disconcert)

    rattle somebody, get somebody rattled — jemanden durcheinander bringen

    don't get rattled! — reg dich nicht auf!

    3. noun
    1) (of baby; Mus.) Rassel, die; (of sports fan) Ratsche, die
    2) (sound) Klappern, das; (of hail) Prasseln, das; (of drums) Schnarren, das; (of machine-gun) Rattern, das; (of chains) Rasseln, das
    Phrasal Verbs:
    - academic.ru/90724/rattle_off">rattle off
    * * *
    [rætl] 1. verb
    1) (to (cause to) make a series of short, sharp noises by knocking together: The cups rattled as he carried the tray in; The strong wind rattled the windows.) klappern
    2) (to move quickly: The car was rattling along at top speed.) jagen
    3) (to upset and confuse (a person): Don't let him rattle you - he likes annoying people.) aus der Fassung bringen
    2. noun
    1) (a series of short, sharp noises: the rattle of cups.) das Klappern
    2) (a child's toy, or a wooden instrument, which makes a noise of this sort: The baby waved its rattle.) die Rassel
    3) (the bony rings of a rattlesnake's tail.) die Klapper
    •
    - rattling
    - rattlesnake
    - rattle off
    - rattle through
    * * *
    rat·tle
    [ˈrætl̩, AM -t̬l̩]
    I. n
    1. no pl (sound) Klappern nt; (of chains) Rasseln nt; (of hail) Prasseln nt
    2. MUS Rassel f
    [baby's] \rattle Klapper f BRD, Rassel f
    [football] \rattle Ratsche f, Rätsche f SCHWEIZ
    3. (of a rattlesnake) Klapper f
    II. vi
    1. (make noise) klappern; keys rasseln; hail prasseln; engine knattern; bottles [in a crate] klirren; coins klingen
    2. (move noisily) rattern
    3. (talk)
    ▪ to \rattle away [los]plappern fam
    ▪ to \rattle on [drauflos]quasseln fam
    III. vt
    1. (jangle)
    ▪ to \rattle sth windows etw zum Klirren bringen; keys mit etw dat rasseln; crockery mit etw dat klappern [o klirren
    2. (make nervous)
    ▪ to \rattle sb jdn durcheinanderbringen, jdn aus dem Konzept bringen fam
    * * *
    ['rtl]
    1. vi
    klappern; (chains) rasseln, klirren; (bottles) klirren; (gunfire) knattern; (drums) schlagen; (hailstones) prasseln; (rattlesnake) klappern

    to rattle at the door — an der Tür rütteln

    there's something rattling — da klappert etwas

    to rattle along/away (vehicle) —

    2. vt
    1) box, dice, keys schütteln; bottles, cans zusammenschlagen; chains rasseln mit; windows rütteln an (+dat)
    2) (inf: alarm) person durcheinanderbringen

    don't get rattled! — reg dich nicht auf!

    she was rattled by the news, the news rattled her — die Nachricht hat ihr einen Schock versetzt

    3. n
    1) (= sound) Klappern nt no pl; (of chains) Rasseln nt no pl, Klirren nt no pl; (of bottles) Klirren nt no pl; (of gunfire) Knattern nt no pl; (of drums) Schlagen nt no pl; (of hailstones) Prasseln nt no pl; (of rattlesnake) Klappern nt no pl; (MED also death rattle) Todesröcheln nt
    2) (child's) Rassel f; (sports fan's) Schnarre f
    * * *
    rattle [ˈrætl]
    A v/i
    1. rattern, klappern, rasseln, klirren:
    rattle at the door an der Tür rütteln;
    rattle off losrattern, davonjagen;
    rattle away at ( oder on) the typewriter auf der Schreibmaschine hämmern
    2. a) röcheln
    b) rasseln (Atem)
    3. auch rattle on (drauflos)plappern, (pausenlos) quasseln umg ( about über akk):
    B v/t
    1. rasseln mit oder an einer Kette etc, mit Geschirr etc klappern, an der Tür etc rütteln:
    rattle sb’s cage umg jemanden auf die Palme bringen; → bone1 A 6, saber A 1
    2. rattle off eine Rede etc herunterrasseln
    3. umg aus der Fassung bringen, nervös machen, durcheinanderbringen:
    don’t get rattled! nur nicht nervös werden!
    4. rattle up jemanden aufrütteln
    C s
    1. Rattern n, Klappern n, Rasseln n, Klirren n
    2. Rassel f, (Kinder)Klapper f, Schnarre f
    3. Klapper f, Rassel f (der Klapperschlange)
    4. Röcheln n
    5. Lärm m, Krach m, Trubel m
    6. BOT
    a) auch red rattle Sumpfläusekraut n
    b) auch yellow rattle Klappertopf m
    7. Geplapper n, Geschwätz n
    8. Schwätzer(in)
    * * *
    1. intransitive verb
    1) (clatter) [Fenster, Maschinenteil, Schlüssel:] klappern; [Hagel:] prasseln; [Flaschen:] klirren; [Kette:] rasseln; [Münzen:] klingen
    2) (move) [Zug, Bus:] rattern; [Kutsche:] rumpeln
    2. transitive verb
    1) (make rattle) klappern mit [Würfel, Geschirr, Dose, Münzen, Schlüsselbund]; klirren lassen [Fenster[scheiben]]; rasseln mit [Kette]
    2) (coll.): (disconcert)

    rattle somebody, get somebody rattled — jemanden durcheinander bringen

    3. noun
    1) (of baby; Mus.) Rassel, die; (of sports fan) Ratsche, die
    2) (sound) Klappern, das; (of hail) Prasseln, das; (of drums) Schnarren, das; (of machine-gun) Rattern, das; (of chains) Rasseln, das
    Phrasal Verbs:
    * * *
    n.
    Knarre -n f.
    Rassel -n f. v.
    knattern v.
    rasseln v.
    scheppern v.

    English-german dictionary > rattle

  • 94 stay on

    1. phr v оставаться, задерживаться

    stay in — не выходить, оставаться дома

    to stay young — оставаться молодым, сохранять молодость

    to stay indoors — не выходить на улицу, оставаться дома

    2. phr v оставаться включённым

    the lights were allowed to stay on after everybody went home — свет не был выключен после того, как все ушли домой

    Синонимический ряд:
    delay (verb) dawdle; delay; diddle; lag; linger; loiter; remain; tarry; trail

    English-Russian base dictionary > stay on

  • 95 scharf

    (beißend) caustic; acrimonious; biting; pungent; acrid; tart;
    (bissig) fierce;
    (brüsk) stiff;
    (geladen) live;
    (scharfsinnig) trenchant; incisive; keen;
    (schneidend) cutting; edged; sharp;
    (sexuell erregt) randy (ugs.); horny (ugs.)
    * * *
    schạrf [ʃarf]
    1. adj comp - er
    ['ʃɛrfɐ] superl -ste(r, s) ['ʃɛrfstə]
    1) Messer, Kante, Kurve sharp; (= durchdringend) Wind keen, biting, cutting; Kälte biting; Luft raw, keen; Frost sharp, keen; Ton piercing, shrill

    das scharfe S (Aus inf) — the "scharfes s" (German symbol ß), ess-tset

    2) (= stark gewürzt) hot; Geruch, Geschmack pungent, acrid; Käse strong, sharp; Alkohol (= stark) strong; (= brennend) fiery; (= ätzend) Waschmittel, Lösung caustic

    scharfe Sachen (inf) — hard stuff (inf)

    3) (= hart, streng) Mittel, Maßnahmen tough, severe, drastic; (inf) Prüfung, Untersuchung strict, tough; Lehrer, Polizist tough; Bewachung close, tight; Hund fierce
    4) (= schonungslos, stark) Worte, Kritik sharp, biting, harsh; Widerstand, Konkurrenz fierce, tough; Gegner, Protest strong, fierce; Auseinandersetzung bitter, fierce

    eine scharfe Zunge haben — to have a sharp tongue, to be sharp-tongued

    jdn/etw in scharfer Form kritisieren — to criticize sb/sth in strong terms

    5) (= deutlich, klar, genau) sharp; Unterschied sharp, marked; Brille, Linse sharply focusing; Augen sharp, keen; Töne clear, precise; Verstand, Intelligenz, Gehör sharp, keen, acute; Beobachter keen
    6) (= heftig, schnell) Ritt, Trab hard

    ein scharfes Tempo fahren (inf) — to drive hell for leather (Brit) or like a bat out of hell (inf), to drive at quite a lick (Brit inf)

    7) (= echt) Munition etc, Schuss live
    8) (inf = geil) randy (Brit inf horny (inf)

    scharf werden — to get turned on (inf), to get randy (Brit inf) or horny (inf)

    auf jdn/etw scharf sein — to be keen on (inf) or hot for (inf) sb/sth, to fancy sb/sth (inf)

    der Kleine/Alte ist scharf wie Nachbars Lumpi or tausend Russen or sieben Sensen (dated) — he's a randy (Brit) or horny little/old bugger (inf)

    See:
    → auch scharfmachen
    2. adv comp -er,
    superl am -sten
    1)

    (= intensiv) scharf nach etw riechen — to smell strongly of sth

    scharf würzen — to season highly, to make hot (inf)

    2)

    (= schneidend) etw scharf schleifen — to sharpen or hone sth to a fine edge

    das "s" wird oft scharf ausgesprochen — "s" is often voiceless, "s" is often pronounced as an "s" and not a "z"

    3) (= heftig) attackieren, kritisieren sharply; ablehnen adamantly; protestieren emphatically
    4) (= konzentriert) zuhören closely

    jdn scharf ansehen — to give sb a scrutinizing look; (missbilligend) to look sharply at sb

    scharf nachdenken — to have a good or long think, to think long and hard

    5) (= präzise) analysieren carefully, in detail
    6)

    (= genau) etw scharf einstellen (Bild, Diaprojektor etc) — to bring sth into focus; Sender to tune sth in (properly)

    scharf eingestellt — in (sharp) focus, (properly) tuned in

    scharf sehen/hören — to have sharp eyes/ears

    7) (= schnell) fahren, marschieren fast
    8) (= abrupt) bremsen sharply, hard
    9)

    (= hart) scharf vorgehen/durchgreifen — to take decisive action

    10) (= streng) bewachen closely
    11)

    (= knapp) scharf kalkulieren — to reduce one's profit margin

    12) (= fein) hören, sehen clearly, well
    13) (MIL)

    in der Diskussion wurde ziemlich scharf geschossen (inf) — the discussion became rather heated, sparks flew in the discussion

    * * *
    2) ((of the senses) keen: acute hearing.) acute
    3) ((of food) having a sharp, burning taste: a hot curry.) hot
    4) (insulting or offending: a cutting remark.) cut
    6) keen
    7) (sharp: Her eyesight is as keen as ever.) keen
    8) ((of wind etc) very cold and biting.) keen
    9) ((of food) containing a lot of pepper: The soup is too peppery.) peppery
    10) (full of energy, and capable of becoming active: a live bomb) live
    12) ((of a taste or smell) sharp and strong.) pungent
    13) (unpleasantly stale and strong: a rank smell of tobacco.) rank
    14) severe
    15) (having a thin edge that can cut or a point that can pierce: a sharp knife.) sharp
    16) ((of changes in direction) sudden and quick: a sharp left turn.) sharp
    17) (alert: Dogs have sharp ears.) sharp
    18) (with an abrupt change of direction: Turn sharp left here.) sharp
    19) (in a sharp manner: a sharply-pointed piece of glass; The road turned sharply to the left; He rebuked her sharply.) sharply
    * * *
    <schärfer, schärfste>
    [ʃarf]
    I. adj
    1. (gut geschliffen) Messer, Klinge sharp, keen form
    \scharfe Krallen/Zähne sharp claws/teeth
    etw \scharf machen to sharpen sth
    etw \scharf schleifen to sharpen sth
    eine \scharfe Bügelfalte a sharp crease
    \scharfe Gesichtszüge sharp features
    eine \scharfe Kante a sharp edge
    eine \scharfe Kurve/Kehre a hairpin bend
    eine \scharfe Nase a sharp nose
    3. KOCHK (hochprozentig) strong; (sehr würzig) highly seasoned; (stark gewürzt) hot
    \scharfe Gewürze/ \scharfer Senf hot spices/mustard
    \scharfer Käse strong cheese
    einen S\scharfen trinken (fam) to knock back some of the hard stuff fam
    4. (ätzend) aggressive, caustic [or strong]
    \scharfe Dämpfe caustic vapours [or AM -ors]
    ein \scharfer Geruch a pungent odour [or AM -or]
    \scharfe Putzmittel aggressive detergents; s.a. Sache
    5. (schonungslos, heftig) harsh, severe, tough
    \scharfe Ablehnung fierce [or strong] opposition
    \scharfe Aufsicht/Bewachung/Kontrolle rigorous [or strict] supervision/surveillance/control
    \scharfe Auseinandersetzungen bitter altercations
    \scharfe dirigistische Eingriffe POL drastic state interference
    etw in schärfster Form verurteilen to condemn sth in the strongest possible terms
    ein \scharfer Gegner a fierce opponent
    \scharfe Konkurrenz fierce [or keen] competition
    \scharfe Maßnahmen ergreifen to take drastic [or harsh] measures
    ein \scharfer Polizist a tough policeman
    ein \scharfer Prüfer a strict examiner
    \scharfer Protest strong [or vigorous] protest
    ein \scharfes Urteil a harsh [or scathing] judgement
    6. (bissig) fierce, vicious pej
    \scharfe Kritik biting [or fierce] criticism
    ein \scharfer Verweis a strong reprimand
    \scharfer Widerstand fierce [or strong] resistance
    eine \scharfe Zunge haben to have a sharp tongue
    sehr \scharf gegen jdn werden to be very sharp with sb
    7. inv (echt) real
    eine \scharfe Bombe a live bomb
    mit \scharfen Patronen schießen to shoot live bullets
    \scharfe Schüsse abfeuern to shoot with live ammunition
    8. (konzentriert, präzise) careful, keen
    ein \scharfer Analytiker a careful [or thorough] analyst
    eine \scharfe Auffassungsgabe haben to have keen powers of observation
    ein \scharfes Auge für etw akk haben to have a keen eye for sth
    ein \scharfer Beobachter a keen [or perceptive] observer
    \scharfe Beobachtung astute [or keen] observation
    \scharfe Betrachtung careful [or thorough] examination
    \scharfer Blick close [or thorough] inspection
    \scharfe Intelligenz keen intelligence
    ein \scharfer Verstand a keen [or sharp] mind
    9. FOTO sharp
    ein gestochen \scharfes Foto an extremely sharp photo
    eine \scharfe Linse a strong [or powerful] lens
    \scharfe Umrisse sharp outlines
    10. (schneidend) biting
    \scharfer Frost sharp frost
    \scharfe Kälte biting [or fierce] cold
    \scharfes Licht glaring [or stabbing] light
    \scharfe Luft raw air
    eine \scharfe Stimme a sharp voice
    ein \scharfer Ton a shrill sound
    ein \scharfer Wind a biting wind
    11. (forciert) hard, fast
    in \scharfem Galopp reiten to ride at a furious gallop
    ein \scharfer Ritt a hard ride
    in \scharfem Tempo at a [fast and] furious pace
    12. (sl: fantastisch) great fam, fantastic fam, terrific
    ein \scharfes Auto a cool car
    [das ist] \scharf! [that is] cool!
    das ist das Schärfste! (sl) that [really] takes the biscuit [or AM cake]! fig
    13. FBALL (kraftvoll) fierce
    ein \scharfer Schuss a fierce shot
    14. (aggressiv) fierce
    ein \scharfer [Wach]hund a fierce [watch]dog
    15. (sl: aufreizend, geil) spicy fam, naughty fam, sexy fam
    ein \scharfes Mädchen a sexy girl
    \scharf auf jdn sein (fam) to have the hots for sb fam
    auf etw akk \scharf sein to [really] fancy sth fam, to be keen on sth
    II. adv
    \scharf gebügelte Hosen sharply ironed trousers [or pants
    ich esse/koche gerne \scharf I like eating/cooking spicy/hot food
    \scharf schmecken to taste hot
    etw \scharf würzen to highly season sth
    3. (heftig) sharply
    etw \scharf ablehnen to reject sth outright [or out of hand], to flatly reject sth
    etw \scharf angreifen [o attackieren] to attack sth sharply [or viciously]
    \scharf durchgreifen to take drastic action
    etw \scharf kritisieren to criticize sth sharply [or harshly] [or severely]
    gegen etw akk \scharf protestieren to protest strongly [or vigorously] against sth
    etw \scharf verurteilen to condemn sth strongly [or harshly]
    jdm \scharf widersprechen to vehemently contradict
    4. (konzentriert, präzise) carefully
    \scharf analysieren to analyze carefully [or painstakingly] [or thoroughly]
    \scharf aufpassen to take great [or extreme] care
    ein Problem \scharf beleuchten to get right to the heart of a problem
    \scharf beobachten to observe [or watch] carefully [or closely]
    \scharf hinsehen to look good and hard
    etw \scharf unter die Lupe nehmen to investigate sth carefully [or thoroughly], to take a careful [or close] look at sth
    \scharf nachdenken to think hard
    etw \scharf umreißen to define sth clearly [or sharply
    5. (streng) hard, closely
    etw \scharf bekämpfen to fight hard [or strongly] against sth
    jdn \scharf bewachen to keep a close guard on sb
    gegen etw akk \scharf durchgreifen [o vorgehen] to take drastic [or vigorous] action [or to take drastic steps] against sth
    6. (klar) sharply
    der Baum hebt sich \scharf vom Hintergrund ab the tree contrasts sharply to the background
    das Bild/den Sender \scharf einstellen to sharply focus the picture/tune in the station
    \scharf sehen to have keen [or sharp] eyes
    7. (abrupt) abruptly, sharply
    \scharf links/rechts abbiegen/einbiegen to take a sharp left/right, to turn sharp left/right
    Fleisch \scharf anbraten to sear meat
    \scharf bremsen to brake sharply, to slam on the brakes
    \scharf geladen sein to be loaded [with live ammunition]
    \scharf schießen to shoot [with live ammunition]
    9. (in forciertem Tempo) fast, like the wind [or devil]
    \scharf reiten to ride hard
    10. FBALL (kraftvoll) fiercely
    \scharf schießen to shoot fiercely
    * * *
    1.
    ; schärfer, schärfst... Adjektiv
    2) (stark gewürzt, brennend, stechend) hot; strong <drink, vinegar, etc.>; caustic < chemical>; pungent, acrid < smell>
    3) (durchdringend) shrill; (hell) harsh; biting <wind, air, etc.>; sharp < frost>
    4) (deutlich wahrnehmend) keen; sharp
    5) (deutlich hervortretend) sharp <contours, features, nose, photograph>
    6) (schonungslos) tough, fierce <resistance, competition, etc.>; sharp <criticism, remark, words, etc.>; strong, fierce <opponent, protest, etc.>; severe, harsh <sentence, law, measure, etc.>; fierce < dog>
    7) (schnell) fast; hard <ride, gallop, etc.>
    8) (explosiv) live; (Ballspiele) powerful < shot>
    9)

    das scharfe S — (bes. österr.) the German letter ‘ß’

    10) (ugs.): (geil) sexy <girl, clothes, pictures, etc.>; randy <fellow, thoughts, etc.>
    11)

    scharf auf jemanden/etwas sein — (ugs.) really fancy somebody (coll.) /be really keen on something

    2.
    1)

    scharf würzen/abschmecken — season/flavour highly

    2) (durchdringend) shrilly; (hell) harshly; (kalt) bitingly
    3) (deutlich wahrnehmend) <listen, watch, etc.> closely, intently; <think, consider, etc.> hard
    5) (schonungslos) <attack, criticize, etc.> sharply, strongly; <contradict, oppose, etc.> strongly, fiercely; <watch, observe, etc.> closely
    6) (schnell) fast

    scharf bremsen — brake hard or sharply

    7)
    * * *
    scharf; schärfer, am schärfsten
    A. adj
    1. Messer etc: sharp (auch fig);
    scharfe Zunge sharp tongue
    2. Essen: hot, spicy, highly seasoned; Essig, Senf, Käse: strong; Geruch: acrid, pungent; Säure: caustic; Paprika, Pfeffer: hot; Alkohol: strong; (brennend) sharp; Waschmittel: aggressive;
    scharfe Saucen picante sauces;
    scharfe Sachen umg the hard stuff sg;
    das ist vielleicht ein scharfes Zeug umg it really burns your throat
    3. Sinnesorgan etc: sharp;
    scharfes Auge, scharfer Blick sharp ( oder keen) eye(s), keen eyesight;
    ein scharfes Auge haben für have a keen ( oder good) eye for;
    scharfes Gehör sharp ears, keen sense of hearing;
    scharfer Beobachter/Denker keen observer/thinker;
    scharfer Verstand keen ( oder incisive) mind
    4. Kritik, Zurechtweisung etc: harsh, severe; (heftig) hard;
    scharfer Kritiker severe critic;
    scharfer Protest fierce ( oder sharp oder vehement) protest;
    schärfsten Protest einlegen protest vehemently;
    scharfer Widerstand severe ( oder stiff) opposition;
    in scharfem Ton in a sharp tone
    5. (durchdringend) Ton: piercing, shrill;
    scharfer Wind biting ( oder cutting) wind;
    die Luft ist scharf there’s a nip ( oder bite) in the air
    6. (hart, stark) Gegensatz: stark;
    ein scharfer Gegner von … a sworn enemy of …;
    scharfer Kampf hard fight;
    scharfe Konkurrenz stiff competition;
    scharfe Maßnahmen strict ( oder stringent) measures;
    eine scharfe Satire über … a pungent satire on …;
    scharfe Bestrafung severe punishment;
    ein scharfer Hund an attack dog (trained to attack intruders etc); umg, fig hard taskmaster;
    sie ist eine scharfe Prüferin umg she’s a demanding ( oder tough) examiner
    7. (deutlich) sharp, clear;
    scharfe Umrisse clear ( oder sharp) outlines;
    scharfe Gesichtszüge sharp ( oder clear-cut) features;
    das Bild ist nicht ganz scharf the picture isn’t quite sharp ( oder is slightly blurred);
    eine schärfere Brille brauchen need stronger spectacles; → auch gestochen
    8. (jäh, abrupt) abrupt, sharp;
    scharfe Kurve sharp bend;
    scharfe Kurven umg, fig a sensational figure sg
    9. (schnell) fast;
    scharfer Ritt hard ride;
    scharfes Tempo fast ( oder sharp) pace;
    scharfer Schuss SPORT powerful shot
    10. umg (versessen)
    auf jemanden/etwas scharf sein be keen on (US eager about) sb/sth; stärker: be wild about sb/sth;
    ganz scharf darauf sein zu (+inf) umg be dead keen on (US wild about) (+ger), be dead keen to (US dying to) (+inf)
    11. umg (geil) besonders Br randy, horny sl;
    scharf wie Nachbars Lumpi as randy (US horny) as a dog on (US in) heat;
    scharfer Film/scharfes Buch/scharfe Wäsche sexy film/book/underwear
    12. umg (toll) great, cool;
    scharfe Klamotten/scharfes Auto auch snazzy clothes/car;
    das ist ja scharf that’s really (US real) cool
    13. LING:
    ein scharfes „S“ a German ß character
    14. Munition: live;
    mit scharfer Munition schießen shoot ( oder fire) live bullets
    B. adv
    1. sharply etc;
    scharf sehen/hören have sharp eyes/ears;
    scharf geschnitten Profil etc: clear-cut;
    scharf anbraten (fry to) seal;
    scharf bewachen keep a close guard (fig watch, eye) on;
    scharf aufpassen pay close attention, keep close watch;
    scharf ins Auge fassen fix sb with one’s eyes; fig take a close look at sb (oder sth);
    jemanden scharf anfassen müssen have to be very strict with sb;
    scharf durchgreifen take tough action (
    bei against);
    scharf ablehnen flatly reject;
    scharf verurteilen/kritisieren severely condemn/criticize;
    scharf formuliert sharply ( oder strongly)worded;
    scharf nachdenken think hard, have a good think;
    denkt mal scharf nach umg put your thinking caps on (for a minute);
    scharf schießen shoot with live ammunition;
    in der Diskussion wurde scharf geschossen fig there were some sharp exchanges during the discussion
    2.
    scharf würzen season with hot spices;
    zu scharf gewürzt too highly seasoned;
    gerne scharf essen like highly seasoned ( oder very spicy) food
    3. (genau) sharply, accurately;
    scharf einstellen FOTO focus (accurately);
    schärfer stellen Bild: make sharper; Radio: tune in better ( oder more accurately);
    mit dieser Brille sehe ich nicht scharf I can’t see clearly with these spectacles (US glasses);
    scharf blickend sharp-sighted; fig perspicacious;
    scharf umrissen sharply defined; fig clear-cut
    scharf bremsen brake hard, slam on the brakes;
    scharf anfahren make a racing start;
    ein unheimlich scharf geschossener Ball an incredibly powerful shot
    5.
    scharf nach rechts/links gehen turn sharp right/left;
    scharf rechts/links fahren dicht am Straßenrand: keep well in to the right/left, hug the right-hand/left-hand kerb (US curb); unkontrolliert: swerve ( oder veer) to the right/left; (abbiegen) turn sharp right/left;
    scharf auf ein Auto auffahren drive right up to a car’s rear bumper, besonders US tailgate a car; → schärfen
    * * *
    1.
    ; schärfer, schärfst... Adjektiv
    2) (stark gewürzt, brennend, stechend) hot; strong <drink, vinegar, etc.>; caustic < chemical>; pungent, acrid < smell>
    3) (durchdringend) shrill; (hell) harsh; biting <wind, air, etc.>; sharp < frost>
    4) (deutlich wahrnehmend) keen; sharp
    5) (deutlich hervortretend) sharp <contours, features, nose, photograph>
    6) (schonungslos) tough, fierce <resistance, competition, etc.>; sharp <criticism, remark, words, etc.>; strong, fierce <opponent, protest, etc.>; severe, harsh <sentence, law, measure, etc.>; fierce < dog>
    7) (schnell) fast; hard <ride, gallop, etc.>
    8) (explosiv) live; (Ballspiele) powerful < shot>
    9)

    das scharfe S — (bes. österr.) the German letter ‘ß’

    10) (ugs.): (geil) sexy <girl, clothes, pictures, etc.>; randy <fellow, thoughts, etc.>
    11)

    scharf auf jemanden/etwas sein — (ugs.) really fancy somebody (coll.) /be really keen on something

    2.
    1)

    scharf würzen/abschmecken — season/flavour highly

    2) (durchdringend) shrilly; (hell) harshly; (kalt) bitingly
    3) (deutlich wahrnehmend) <listen, watch, etc.> closely, intently; <think, consider, etc.> hard
    5) (schonungslos) <attack, criticize, etc.> sharply, strongly; <contradict, oppose, etc.> strongly, fiercely; <watch, observe, etc.> closely
    6) (schnell) fast

    scharf bremsen — brake hard or sharply

    7)
    * * *
    adj.
    acrid adj.
    acute adj.
    caustic adj.
    edged adj.
    hot adj.
    keen adj.
    poignant adj.
    pungent adj.
    sharp adj.
    strident adj.
    subtle adj.
    tangy adj.
    trenchant adj.
    twangy adj. adv.
    acridly adv.
    keenly adv.
    poignantly adv.
    pungently adv.
    sharply adv.
    stridently adv.
    trenchantly adv.

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > scharf

  • 96 fuerza

    f.
    1 strength (fortaleza).
    no me siento con fuerzas I don't feel strong enough
    tener fuerzas para to have the strength to
    la fuerza del destino the power of destiny
    fuerza física strength
    no llegué por un caso de fuerza mayor I didn't make it due to circumstances beyond my control
    tener mucha fuerza to be very strong
    recuperar fuerzas to recover one's strength, to get one's strength back
    sacar fuerzas de flaqueza to screw up one's courage
    2 force (violencia).
    tuvo que llevarle al colegio a la fuerza she had to drag him to school by force
    recurrir a la fuerza to resort to force
    a la fuerza tenía que saber la noticia she must have known the news
    por la fuerza by force
    fuerza bruta brute force
    todas las fuerzas políticas all the political groups
    fuerza aérea air force
    Fuerzas Armadas armed forces
    fuerza de intervención troops, forces
    fuerza de intervención rápida rapid reaction force
    fuerzas de pacificación peacekeeping forces
    fuerzas de seguridad security forces
    4 force (physics).
    fuerza centrífuga/centrípeta centrifugal/centripetal force
    fuerza de la gravedad force of gravity
    fuerza motriz driving force
    pres.indicat.
    3rd person singular (él/ella/ello) present indicative of spanish verb: forzar.
    imperat.
    2nd person singular (tú) Imperative of Spanish verb: forzar.
    * * *
    1 (gen) strength
    2 (violencia) force, violence
    3 (militar) force
    4 (en física) force
    5 (electricidad) power, electric power
    6 (poder) power
    1 (el poder) authorities
    \
    a fuerza de by dint of, by force of
    a la fuerza by force
    con fuerza (gen) strongly 2 (llover) heavily 3 (apretar, agarrar) tightly; (pegar, empujar) hard
    por fuerza by force
    por la fuerza against one's will
    fuerza bruta brute force
    fuerza mayor force majeure
    fuerza de gravedad force of gravity
    Fuerzas Aéreas Royal Air Force
    Fuerzas Armadas Armed Forces
    * * *
    noun f.
    •
    * * *
    SF
    1) [de persona]
    a) [física] strength

    • con fuerza — [golpear] hard; [abrazar, agarrar, apretar] tightly, tight; [aplaudir] loudly

    • hacer fuerza, el médico me ha prohibido que hiciera fuerza — the doctor has told me not to exert myself

    vamos a intentar levantar la losa: haced fuerza — let's try and lift up the slab: heave!

    • hacer fuerza de vela — to crowd on sail

    b) [de carácter] strength

    • restar fuerzas al enemigo — to reduce the enemy's strength

    • sentirse con fuerzas para hacer algo — to have the strength to do sth

    • tener fuerzas para hacer algo — to be strong enough to do sth, have the strength to do sth

    medir 1., 3)
    2) (=intensidad) [de viento] strength, force; [de lluvia] intensity

    el agua caía con fuerza torrencial — the rain came down in torrents, there was torrential rainfall

    3) (=ímpetu)
    4) (=poder) [de fe] strength; [de argumento] strength, force, power; [de la ley] force

    serán castigados con toda la fuerza de la ley — they will be punished with the full weight of the law, they will feel the full force of the law

    • cobrar fuerza — [rumores] to grow stronger, gain strength

    • por la fuerza de la costumbre — out of habit, from force of habit

    • con fuerza legal — (Com) legally binding

    fuerza mayor — (Jur) force majeure

    5) (=violencia) force

    • por la fuerza, quisieron impedirlo por la fuerza — they tried to prevent it forcibly o by force

    por la fuerza no se consigue nada — using force doesn't achieve anything, nothing is achieved by force

    • a viva fuerza, abrió la maleta a viva fuerza — he forced open the suitcase

    6) [locuciones]
    a)

    • a fuerza de — by

    b)

    • a la fuerza, hacer algo a la fuerza — to be forced to do sth

    yo no quería, pero tuve que hacerlo a la fuerza — I didn't want to, but I was forced to do it

    se lo llevaron de su casa a la fuerza — he was taken from his home by force, he was taken forcibly from his home

    a la fuerza tuvo que oírlos: ¡estaba a su lado! — he must have heard them: he was right next to them!

    • alimentar a algn a la fuerza — to force-feed sb

    • entrar en un lugar a la fuerza — [ladrón] to break into a place, break in; [policía, bombero] to force one's way into a place, enter a place forcibly

    a la fuerza ahorcan —

    dejará el ministerio cuando lo haga su jefe, ¡a la fuerza ahorcan! — he'll leave the ministry when his boss does, not that he has any choice anyway o life's tough! *

    c)

    • en fuerza de — by virtue of

    d)

    • es fuerza hacer algo — it is necessary to do sth

    es fuerza reconocer que... — we must recognize that..., it must be admitted that...

    e)

    • por fuerza — inevitably

    una región pobre como la nuestra, por fuerza ha de ser más barata — in a poor region like ours prices will inevitably be o must be cheaper

    7) (Fís, Mec) force

    fuerza ascensional — (Aer) buoyancy

    fuerza de sustentación — (Aer) lift

    fuerza motriz — (lit) motive force; (fig) driving force

    8) (=conjunto de personas) (Mil, Pol) force

    fuerza de trabajo — workforce, labour force, labor force (EEUU)

    fuerza pública — police, police force

    9) (Elec) power
    * * *
    I
    1) (vigor, energía)

    por más que hizo fuerza, no logró abrirlo — try as she might, she couldn't open it

    2) (del viento, de las olas) strength, force
    3) (de estructura, material) strength
    4) ( violencia) force
    5) (autoridad, poder) power

    por (la) fuerza de costumbre — out of o from force of habit

    6) (Mil, Pol) force

    a la fuerza: tiene que pasar por aquí a la fuerza she has no option but to come this way; a la fuerza tuvo que verme he must have seen me; lo llevaron a la fuerza they dragged him there; comí a la fuerza I forced myself to eat; entraron a la fuerza they forced their way in; lo hicieron salir a la fuerza they forced him to leave; a fuerza de by; aprobó a fuerza de estudiar he managed to pass by studying hard; por fuerza: por fuerza tiene que saberlo he must know about it; por la fuerza by force; a viva fuerza by sheer force; medir sus fuerzas con or contra alguien to measure one's strength against somebody; sacar fuerzas de flaqueza — to make a supreme effort

    II
    fuerzas, etc see forzar
    * * *
    = drive, force, strength, power, might, muscle power, sinew, powerfulness, mightiness.
    Ex. Hierarchical bibliometry would act as a positive drive to support the authorship requirements now stipulated by some international editorial committees.
    Ex. Her reason admitted the force of his arguments, but her instinct opposed it.
    Ex. The strength of the acetone rinsing on the strength of the paper is investigated, and its efficiency in removing NM2P is also examined using gas liquid chromatography.
    Ex. She added that she felt sorry for the assistant because he had so little power.
    Ex. Gradually many of these conquerors came to realize that, although military might was necessary to gain control over an area, sheer force of arms was not sufficient to govern effectively.
    Ex. Their development, particularly for replacing human muscle power, has been in parallel with that of information technology, but largely independent of it.
    Ex. Such sentiments provide the heart, soul, and sinew of comics.
    Ex. The students also rated each picture's tastefulness, newsworthiness, likability, and powerfulness.
    Ex. He holds in derision all wisdom and all mightiness.
    ----
    * a fuerza de = by dint of.
    * a fuerza de cometer errores = the hard way.
    * a fuerza de errores = the hard way.
    * a la fuerza = forcefully, of necessity, forcibly, compulsorily.
    * alimentar a la fuerza = force-feed.
    * apartar a la fuerza = prise + Nombre + away.
    * aprender a fuerza de errores = learn by + trial and error.
    * aprender Algo a fuerza de errores = learn + Nombre + the hard way.
    * aprender Algo a fuerza de golpes = learn + Nombre + the hard way.
    * arrancar a la fuerza = prise + Nombre + away.
    * camisa de fuerza = straitjacket [straightjacket].
    * causa de fuerza mayor = act of God.
    * cobrar fuerza = gather + strength, grow in + power, gain + strength.
    * cobrar fuerzas = gain + strength.
    * con fuerza = forcefully, vigourously [vigorously, -USA], powerfully.
    * con toda su fuerza = in full force.
    * contra fuerzas superiores = against (all/the) odds.
    * dar fuerza = empower, bring + strength.
    * de fuerza = forceful.
    * desplazar a la fuerza = uproot [up-root].
    * dividir las fuerzas de Uno = fragment + Posesivo + energies.
    * en caso de fuerza mayor = in the event of circumstances beyond + Posesivo + control.
    * fuerza aérea = Air Force.
    * fuerza bruta = brute force, raw power, brute power.
    * fuerza centrífuga = centrifugal force.
    * fuerza de cohesión = bonding strength.
    * fuerza de gravedad = gravitational force.
    * fuerza de la convicción = courage of conviction.
    * fuerza de la gravedad = G-force.
    * fuerza de la gravedad, la = force of gravity, the.
    * fuerza de la naturaleza = force of nature.
    * fuerza de las armas = force of arms.
    * fuerza de la señal = signal strength, tower strength.
    * fuerza de voluntad = force of will, willpower [will power].
    * fuerza económica = economic leverage.
    * fuerza expedicionaria = expeditionary force.
    * fuerza giratoria = turning power.
    * fuerza gravitatoria = gravitational force.
    * fuerza impulsora = moving force, driving force, thrust force.
    * fuerza letal = deadly force.
    * fuerza mayor = force majeure.
    * fuerza militar = military forces.
    * fuerza motriz = powerhouse, power engine, motive force.
    * fuerza muscular = muscle power.
    * fuerza niveladora = levelling force.
    * fuerza política = political force, political power.
    * fuerzas aéreas británicas = RAF [Royal Air Force].
    * fuerzas aliadas = coalition forces.
    * fuerzas armadas = military forces.
    * fuerzas armadas, las = armed forces, the.
    * fuerzas de defensa, las = defence forces, the.
    * fuerzas defensivas, las = defence forces, the.
    * fuerzas del orden = police force.
    * fuerzas del orden público = police force.
    * fuerzas de paz = peacekeeping forces.
    * fuerzas de seguridad = security forces.
    * fuerzas encargadas del mantenimiento de la paz = peacekeeping forces.
    * fuerza vital = life force.
    * fuerza viva = living force.
    * ganar fuerza = gather + strength, gather + steam.
    * golpear con fuerza = smite.
    * juego de fuerzas = interplay of forces.
    * la fuerza de la mayoría = strength in numbers.
    * la unión hace la fuerza = strength in numbers.
    * medición de fuerzas = battle of wills.
    * medida de fuerza = crackdown.
    * medirse la fuerzas (con) = lock + horns (with).
    * medirse las fuerzas = pit against.
    * mermar las fuerzas = sap + the energy.
    * perder fuerza = lose + power, lose + steam.
    * por la fuerza = forcibly.
    * quedarse sin fuerza = lose + steam.
    * recobrar fuerza = gather + Reflexivo.
    * recobrar la fuerza = regain + Posesivo + strength.
    * recuperar la fuerza = regain + Posesivo + strength, gain + strength.
    * recuperar las fuerzas = recoup + energy, gain + strength.
    * reponer fuerzas = gather + energy.
    * resistir con todas las fuerzas = resist + with every cell in + Posesivo + body.
    * restar fuerza = take + the bite out of.
    * ser un pilar de fuerza = be a tower of strength.
    * toda la fuerza = full force.
    * toda la fuerza de = the full force of.
    * toda la fuerza del impacto = full force.
    * unir fuerzas = join + forces, pool + forces.
    * * *
    I
    1) (vigor, energía)

    por más que hizo fuerza, no logró abrirlo — try as she might, she couldn't open it

    2) (del viento, de las olas) strength, force
    3) (de estructura, material) strength
    4) ( violencia) force
    5) (autoridad, poder) power

    por (la) fuerza de costumbre — out of o from force of habit

    6) (Mil, Pol) force

    a la fuerza: tiene que pasar por aquí a la fuerza she has no option but to come this way; a la fuerza tuvo que verme he must have seen me; lo llevaron a la fuerza they dragged him there; comí a la fuerza I forced myself to eat; entraron a la fuerza they forced their way in; lo hicieron salir a la fuerza they forced him to leave; a fuerza de by; aprobó a fuerza de estudiar he managed to pass by studying hard; por fuerza: por fuerza tiene que saberlo he must know about it; por la fuerza by force; a viva fuerza by sheer force; medir sus fuerzas con or contra alguien to measure one's strength against somebody; sacar fuerzas de flaqueza — to make a supreme effort

    II
    fuerzas, etc see forzar
    * * *
    = drive, force, strength, power, might, muscle power, sinew, powerfulness, mightiness.

    Ex: Hierarchical bibliometry would act as a positive drive to support the authorship requirements now stipulated by some international editorial committees.

    Ex: Her reason admitted the force of his arguments, but her instinct opposed it.
    Ex: The strength of the acetone rinsing on the strength of the paper is investigated, and its efficiency in removing NM2P is also examined using gas liquid chromatography.
    Ex: She added that she felt sorry for the assistant because he had so little power.
    Ex: Gradually many of these conquerors came to realize that, although military might was necessary to gain control over an area, sheer force of arms was not sufficient to govern effectively.
    Ex: Their development, particularly for replacing human muscle power, has been in parallel with that of information technology, but largely independent of it.
    Ex: Such sentiments provide the heart, soul, and sinew of comics.
    Ex: The students also rated each picture's tastefulness, newsworthiness, likability, and powerfulness.
    Ex: He holds in derision all wisdom and all mightiness.
    * a fuerza de = by dint of.
    * a fuerza de cometer errores = the hard way.
    * a fuerza de errores = the hard way.
    * a la fuerza = forcefully, of necessity, forcibly, compulsorily.
    * alimentar a la fuerza = force-feed.
    * apartar a la fuerza = prise + Nombre + away.
    * aprender a fuerza de errores = learn by + trial and error.
    * aprender Algo a fuerza de errores = learn + Nombre + the hard way.
    * aprender Algo a fuerza de golpes = learn + Nombre + the hard way.
    * arrancar a la fuerza = prise + Nombre + away.
    * camisa de fuerza = straitjacket [straightjacket].
    * causa de fuerza mayor = act of God.
    * cobrar fuerza = gather + strength, grow in + power, gain + strength.
    * cobrar fuerzas = gain + strength.
    * con fuerza = forcefully, vigourously [vigorously, -USA], powerfully.
    * con toda su fuerza = in full force.
    * contra fuerzas superiores = against (all/the) odds.
    * dar fuerza = empower, bring + strength.
    * de fuerza = forceful.
    * desplazar a la fuerza = uproot [up-root].
    * dividir las fuerzas de Uno = fragment + Posesivo + energies.
    * en caso de fuerza mayor = in the event of circumstances beyond + Posesivo + control.
    * fuerza aérea = Air Force.
    * fuerza bruta = brute force, raw power, brute power.
    * fuerza centrífuga = centrifugal force.
    * fuerza de cohesión = bonding strength.
    * fuerza de gravedad = gravitational force.
    * fuerza de la convicción = courage of conviction.
    * fuerza de la gravedad = G-force.
    * fuerza de la gravedad, la = force of gravity, the.
    * fuerza de la naturaleza = force of nature.
    * fuerza de las armas = force of arms.
    * fuerza de la señal = signal strength, tower strength.
    * fuerza de voluntad = force of will, willpower [will power].
    * fuerza económica = economic leverage.
    * fuerza expedicionaria = expeditionary force.
    * fuerza giratoria = turning power.
    * fuerza gravitatoria = gravitational force.
    * fuerza impulsora = moving force, driving force, thrust force.
    * fuerza letal = deadly force.
    * fuerza mayor = force majeure.
    * fuerza militar = military forces.
    * fuerza motriz = powerhouse, power engine, motive force.
    * fuerza muscular = muscle power.
    * fuerza niveladora = levelling force.
    * fuerza política = political force, political power.
    * fuerzas aéreas británicas = RAF [Royal Air Force].
    * fuerzas aliadas = coalition forces.
    * fuerzas armadas = military forces.
    * fuerzas armadas, las = armed forces, the.
    * fuerzas de defensa, las = defence forces, the.
    * fuerzas defensivas, las = defence forces, the.
    * fuerzas del orden = police force.
    * fuerzas del orden público = police force.
    * fuerzas de paz = peacekeeping forces.
    * fuerzas de seguridad = security forces.
    * fuerzas encargadas del mantenimiento de la paz = peacekeeping forces.
    * fuerza vital = life force.
    * fuerza viva = living force.
    * ganar fuerza = gather + strength, gather + steam.
    * golpear con fuerza = smite.
    * juego de fuerzas = interplay of forces.
    * la fuerza de la mayoría = strength in numbers.
    * la unión hace la fuerza = strength in numbers.
    * medición de fuerzas = battle of wills.
    * medida de fuerza = crackdown.
    * medirse la fuerzas (con) = lock + horns (with).
    * medirse las fuerzas = pit against.
    * mermar las fuerzas = sap + the energy.
    * perder fuerza = lose + power, lose + steam.
    * por la fuerza = forcibly.
    * quedarse sin fuerza = lose + steam.
    * recobrar fuerza = gather + Reflexivo.
    * recobrar la fuerza = regain + Posesivo + strength.
    * recuperar la fuerza = regain + Posesivo + strength, gain + strength.
    * recuperar las fuerzas = recoup + energy, gain + strength.
    * reponer fuerzas = gather + energy.
    * resistir con todas las fuerzas = resist + with every cell in + Posesivo + body.
    * restar fuerza = take + the bite out of.
    * ser un pilar de fuerza = be a tower of strength.
    * toda la fuerza = full force.
    * toda la fuerza de = the full force of.
    * toda la fuerza del impacto = full force.
    * unir fuerzas = join + forces, pool + forces.

    * * *
    A
    (vigor, energía): tiene mucha fuerza en los brazos she has very strong arms, she has great strength in her arms
    ¡qué fuerza tienes! you're really strong!
    agárralo con fuerza hold on to it tightly
    tuvimos que empujar con fuerza we had to push very hard
    por más que hizo fuerza, no logró abrirlo try as she might, she couldn't open it
    tuvo que hacer mucha fuerza para levantarlo it took all her strength to lift it
    a último momento le fallaron las fuerzas his strength failed him at the last moment
    necesitaba recuperar fuerzas I needed to recover my strength o get my strength back
    no me siento con fuerzas para hacer un viaje tan largo I don't have the strength to go on such a long journey, I don't feel up to making such a long journey
    gritó con todas sus fuerzas she shouted with all her might
    ha entrado al mercado con gran fuerza it has made a big impact on the market
    Compuestos:
    strength of character
    willpower
    B (del viento, de las olas) strength, force
    vientos de fuerza ocho force eight winds
    C (de una estructura, un material) strength
    D (violencia) force
    hubo que recurrir a la fuerza para reducir al agresor they had to resort to force to subdue the assailant
    Compuesto:
    brute force
    E (autoridad, poder) power
    un sindicato de mucha fuerza a very strong union, a union with great power
    van armados con la fuerza de la razón they are armed with the power of reason ( liter)
    se les castigará con toda la fuerza de la ley they will be punished with the full rigor o weight of the law
    tener fuerza de ley to have the force of law
    la fuerza de sus argumentos the strength of her argument
    por fuerza de costumbre out of force of habit
    Compuesto:
    se suspendió por causas de fuerza mayor it was canceled owing to circumstances beyond our control
    las pérdidas sufridas por razones de fuerza mayor losses in cases of force majeure
    F ( Mil, Pol) force
    una fuerza de paz a peacekeeping force
    una fuerza de ocupación an occupying force
    fuerzas parlamentarias/políticas parliamentary/political forces
    Compuestos:
    air force
    taskforce
    workforce
    ● fuerza disuasoria or de disuasión
    deterrent
    ( period):
    la fuerza pública the police
    fpl armed forces (pl)
    fpl strike force ( Mil)
    ● fuerzas del orden or de orden público
    fpl ( period); police
    fpl ( frml); security forces (pl)
    Special Forces
    fpl social forces (pl)
    G ( Fís) force
    Compuestos:
    acceleration
    ● fuerza centrífuga/centrípeta
    centrifugal/centripetal force
    gravity, force of gravity, gravitational pull
    inertia
    lift
    hydraulic power
    motive power
    deceleration
    kinetic energy
    H ( en locs):
    a la fuerza: tiene que pasar por aquí a la fuerza she has no option but to come this way, she has to come this way
    a la fuerza tuvo que verme, estaba sentado justo enfrente he must have seen me, I was sitting right opposite
    no quería ir al dentista, hubo que llevarlo a la fuerza he didn't want to go to the dentist, we had to drag him there
    entraron a la fuerza they forced their way in
    lo hicieron salir a la fuerza they forced him to leave o made him leave
    pude localizarlo a fuerza de llamarlo todos los días I had to call his number every day before I finally got hold of him, I only managed to get hold of him by calling him every day
    por fuerza: tendrá que ganar por fuerza si quiere seguir compitiendo she has to win if she wants to stay in the competition
    por la fuerza by force
    lo tuvieron que sacar de la casa por la fuerza he had to be forcibly removed from the house
    a la fuerza ahorcan I/we have no alternative
    a viva fuerza by sheer force
    írsele a algn la fuerza por la boca to be all talk (and no action) ( colloq), to be all mouth and no trousers ( BrE colloq)
    medir sus fuerzas con or contra algn to measure one's strength against sb
    sacar fuerzas de flaqueza: sacó fuerzas de flaqueza y consiguió llegar a la meta she made a supreme effort and managed to reach the tape
    saqué fuerzas de flaqueza y me enfrenté a él I plucked o screwed up my courage and confronted him
    * * *

     

    Del verbo forzar: ( conjugate forzar)

    fuerza es:

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) presente indicativo

    2ª persona singular (tú) imperativo

    Multiple Entries:
    forzar    
    fuerza
    forzar ( conjugate forzar) verbo transitivo
    1 ( obligar) to force
    2
    a) ‹ vista› to strain;


    b) ‹ sonrisa› to force

    3 ‹puerta/cerradura› to force
    fuerza 1 sustantivo femenino
    1
    a) (vigor, energía) strength;


    no me siento con fuerzas I don't have the strength;
    tiene mucha fuerza en los brazos she has very strong arms;
    agárralo con fuerza hold on to it tightly;
    empuja con fuerza push hard;
    le fallaron las fuerzas his strength failed him;
    recuperar fuerzas to get one's strength back;
    gritó con todas sus fuerzas she shouted with all her might;
    fuerza de voluntad willpower
    b) (del viento, de olas) strength, force

    c) (de estructura, material) strength

    2 ( violencia) force;

    fuerza bruta brute force
    3 (Mil, Pol, Fís) force;

    las fuerzas armadas the armed forces;
    las fuerzas de orden público (period) the police;
    fuerza de gravedad (force of) gravity
    4 ( en locs)
    ◊ a la fuerza: a la fuerza tuvo que verme he must have seen me;

    lo llevaron a la fuerza they dragged him there;
    comí a la fuerza I forced myself to eat;
    entraron a la fuerza they forced their way in;
    a fuerza de by;
    aprobó a fuerza de estudiar he managed to pass by studying hard;
    por fuerza: por fuerza tiene que saberlo he must know about it;
    por la fuerza by force
    fuerza 2,
    ◊ fuerzas, etc see forzar

    forzar verbo transitivo
    1 (obligar por la fuerza) to force: la forzaron a casarse, she was forced to get married
    2 (un motor, una situación) to force
    3 (una cerradura) to force, break open
    4 (violar a alguien) to rape
    fuerza sustantivo femenino
    1 Fís force
    2 (vigor físico) strength
    3 (violencia física) force
    sin usar la fuerza, without violence
    (obligación, autoridad) force
    fuerza mayor, force majeure
    4 (garra, ímpetu) grip
    5 (grupo de tropas) force
    las Fuerzas Armadas, the Armed Forces
    ♦ Locuciones: figurado a fuerza de, by dint of
    a la fuerza, (por obligación) of necessity
    (con violencia) by force
    por fuerza, of necessity

    ' fuerza' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    aflojar
    - agarrar
    - ánimo
    - boca
    - camisa
    - cerrarse
    - débil
    - decaer
    - declinar
    - demostración
    - descafeinada
    - descafeinado
    - enfriar
    - estrujar
    - fenomenal
    - flaquear
    - forzar
    - fuerte
    - garra
    - gravedad
    - impulso
    - incapaz
    - me
    - menos
    - motor
    - motriz
    - poder
    - remolque
    - renegar
    - resistencia
    - reunir
    - sonora
    - sonoro
    - tirar
    - Titán
    - toro
    - voluntad
    - alarde
    - apretar
    - arrollador
    - bloque
    - capitán
    - ceder
    - chaleco
    - comunicar
    - fortificar
    - maña
    - siniestro
    - someter
    - vigor
    English:
    act
    - apply
    - arm
    - blow over
    - bluster
    - bodily
    - bolster
    - brawn
    - burn
    - constraint
    - decrease
    - deterrent
    - display
    - draw
    - driving force
    - drum
    - dynamic
    - force
    - forcible
    - forcibly
    - G-force
    - gain
    - gale
    - gather
    - grit
    - hard
    - hp
    - hustle
    - jam
    - jam in
    - juggernaut
    - might
    - motive
    - muscle
    - necessarily
    - peacekeeping
    - plonk
    - power
    - pull
    - punch
    - ram
    - rule out
    - sanction
    - sap
    - shall
    - shoot out
    - shoot up
    - show
    - spent
    - straitjacket
    * * *
    ♦ nf
    1. [fortaleza] strength;
    el animal tiene mucha fuerza the animal is very strong;
    no me siento con fuerzas para caminar I don't feel strong enough to walk, I don't feel up to walking;
    su amor fue cobrando fuerza con el tiempo her love grew stronger with time;
    recuperar fuerzas to recover one's strength, to get one's strength back;
    tener fuerzas para to have the strength to;
    Fam
    se le va la fuerza por la boca he's all talk and no action;
    sacar fuerzas de flaqueza to screw up one's courage
    la fuerza de la costumbre force of habit;
    la fuerza del destino the power of destiny;
    fuerza física strength;
    se necesita mucha fuerza física para hacer eso you need to be very strong to do that;
    Der fuerza mayor force majeure; [en seguros] act of God;
    no llegué por un caso de fuerza mayor I didn't make it due to circumstances beyond my control;
    2. [resistencia] [de material] strength
    3. [intensidad] [de sonido] loudness;
    [de dolor] intensity;
    aprieta con fuerza press hard;
    llueve con fuerza it's raining hard;
    un viento de fuerza 8 a force 8 wind
    4. [violencia] force;
    ceder a la fuerza to give in to force;
    emplear la fuerza to use force;
    por la fuerza by force;
    recurrir a la fuerza to resort to force
    fuerza bruta brute force
    5. Mil force
    fuerza aérea air force;
    fuerzas armadas armed forces;
    fuerzas de choque shock troops, storm troopers;
    fuerza disuasoria deterrent;
    fuerza de intervención troops, forces;
    fuerza de intervención rápida rapid reaction force;
    fuerzas de pacificación peacekeeping forces;
    fuerzas de seguridad security forces
    6.
    fuerzas [grupo] forces;
    las diferentes fuerzas sociales the different forces in society;
    todas las fuerzas políticas se han puesto de acuerdo all the political groups have reached an agreement;
    las fuerzas vivas de la ciudad the most influential people in the city
    7. Fís force
    fuerza centrífuga centrifugal force;
    fuerza centrípeta centripetal force;
    fuerza electromotriz electromotive force;
    fuerza de la gravedad force of gravity;
    fuerza hidráulica water power;
    fuerza motriz [que causa movimiento] driving force;
    Fig [impulso] prime mover;
    fuerza nuclear débil weak nuclear force;
    fuerza nuclear fuerte strong nuclear force
    8. Elec power;
    han cortado la fuerza the power has been cut
    ♦ a fuerza de loc prep
    [a base de] by dint of;
    a fuerza de gritar mucho, conseguimos que nos oyera after a lot of shouting, we eventually managed to make him hear us;
    he aprendido la lección a fuerza de mucho estudiar I learnt the lesson by studying hard
    ♦ a la fuerza loc adv
    1. [contra la voluntad] by force, forcibly;
    firmaron a la fuerza they were forced to sign;
    tuvo que llevarlo al colegio a la fuerza she had to drag him to school by force, she had to forcibly drag him to school
    2. [forzosamente] inevitably;
    a la fuerza tenía que saber la noticia she must have known the news;
    a la fuerza tenía que ocurrir un accidente there was bound to be an accident, an accident was inevitable
    ♦ por fuerza loc adv
    [forzosamente] inevitably;
    tenía que ocurrir un desastre por fuerza a disaster was inevitable;
    esta noche tengo que salir por fuerza para atender a un paciente I absolutely have to go out tonight to see a patient
    * * *
    f
    1 strength;
    hacer fuerza try hard, make an effort;
    hacer fuerza a alguien fig put pressure on s.o., pressure s.o.;
    sacar fuerzas de flaqueza make a superhuman effort;
    cobrar fuerza fig gather o
    gain strength
    2 ( violencia) force;
    por fuerza I have no choice o option but to work this Sunday
    3 EL power
    4
    :
    la fuerza de la costumbre force of habit;
    a fuerza de … by (dint of)
    5
    :
    fuerza es reconocer que … it has to be admitted that …
    * * *
    fuerza nf
    1) : strength, vigor
    fuerza de voluntad: willpower
    2) : force
    fuerza bruta: brute force
    3) : power, might
    fuerza de brazos: manpower
    4) fuerzas nfpl
    : forces
    fuerzas armadas: armed forces
    5)
    a fuerza de : by, by dint of
    * * *
    1. (en general) strength
    2. (potencia) force

    Spanish-English dictionary > fuerza

  • 97 tener

    v.
    1 to have.
    tengo un hermano I have o I've got a brother
    tener fiebre to have a temperature
    tuvieron una pelea they had a fight
    tener un niño to have a baby
    ¡que tengan buen viaje! have a good journey!
    tengo las vacaciones en agosto my holidays are in August
    Yo tengo una casa I have a house.
    El carro tuvo un accidente The car had an accident.
    Esto tiene azúcar This has=is made of sugar.
    Yo tengo dos hijos I have=am the parent of two sons.
    Tengo un primo I have a cousin,
    Ella tuvo una gran idea She had a great idea.
    Yo tengo paperas I have=suffer from the mumps.
    Tengo un ataque de nervios I am having a nervous fit.
    Ella tiene su aprobación She has=meets with his approval.
    2 to be.
    tiene 3 metros de ancho it's 3 meters wide
    ¿cuántos años tienes? how old are you?
    tiene diez años she's ten (years old)
    tener hambre/miedo to be hungry/afraid
    tener mal humor to be bad-tempered
    le tiene lástima he feels sorry for her
    3 to get (recibir) (mensaje, regalo, visita, sensación).
    tuve un verdadero desengaño I was really disappointed
    tendrá una sorpresa he'll get a surprise
    4 to hold.
    tenlo por el asa hold it by the handle
    Ella tiene su bolso She holds her purse.
    5 to offer, to have.
    * * *
    Present Indicative
    tengo, tienes, tiene, tenemos, tenéis, tienen.
    Past Indicative
    Future Indicative
    Conditional
    Present Subjunctive
    Imperfect Subjunctive
    Future Subjunctive
    Imperative
    ten (tú), tenga (él/Vd.), tengamos (nos.), tened (vos.), tengan (ellos/Vds.).
    * * *
    verb
    2) hold
    3) own, possess
    4) feel
    •
    - tener que
    - tenerse por
    * * *
    Para las expresiones como tener cuidado, tener ganas, tener suerte, tener de particular, tener en cuenta, ver la otra entrada.
    1. VERBO TRANSITIVO
    El uso de got con el verbo have es más frecuente en inglés británico, pero solo se usa en el presente.
    1) (=poseer, disponer de) to have, have got

    ¿tienes dinero? — do you have {o} have you got any money?

    ¿tienes un bolígrafo? — do you have {o} have you got a pen?

    ¿tiene usted permiso para esto? — do you have {o} have you got permission for this?

    tiene un tío en Venezuela — he has an uncle in Venezuela, he's got an uncle in Venezuela

    ahora no tengo tiempo — I don't have {o} I haven't got time now

    2) [referido a aspecto, carácter] to have, have got

    tiene el pelo rubio — he has blond hair, he's got blond hair

    tiene la nariz aguileña — she has an aquiline nose, she's got an aquiline nose

    3) [referido a edad] to be

    ¿cuántos años tienes? — how old are you?

    4) [referido a ocupaciones] to have, have got

    tenemos clase de inglés a las 11 — we have an English class at 11, we've got an English class at 11

    el lunes tenemos una reunión — we're having a meeting on Monday, we've got a meeting on Monday

    5) (=parir) to have
    6) (=medir) to be
    7) (=sentir) + sustantivo to be + adj

    tener hambre/sed/calor/frío — to be hungry/thirsty/hot/cold

    8) (=padecer, sufrir) to have

    Luis tiene la gripe — Luis has {o} has got flu

    tengo fiebre — I have {o} I've got a (high) temperature

    ¿qué tienes? — what's the matter with you?, what's wrong with you?

    9) (=sostener) to hold

    tenía el pasaporte en la mano — he had his passport in his hand, he was holding his passport in his hand

    tenme el vaso un momento, por favor — hold my glass for me for a moment, please

    ¡ten!, ¡aquí tienes! — here you are!

    10) (=recibir) to have

    ¿has tenido noticias suyas? — have you heard from her?

    11) (=pensar, considerar)

    • tener [a bien] hacer algo — to see fit to do sth

    • tener a algn [en] algo, te tendrán en más estima — they will hold you in higher esteem

    • tener a algn [por] — + adj to consider sb (to be) + adj

    • ten por [seguro] que... — rest assured that...

    12) tener algo que ({+ infin})

    tengo trabajo que hacer — I have {o} I've got work to do

    no tengo nada que hacer — I have {o} I've got nothing to do

    eso no tiene nada que ver — that has {o} that's got nothing to do with it

    13) [locuciones]

    • ¡[ahí] lo tienes! — there you are!, there you have it!

    • tener algo [de] + adj —

    ¿qué tiene de malo? — what's wrong with that?

    • tenerlo [difícil] — to find it difficult

    • tenerlo [fácil] — to have it easy

    - ¿conque esas tenemos?

    no las tengo todas conmigo de que lo haga — I'm none too sure that he'll do it, I'm not entirely sure that he'll do it

    2. VERBO AUXILIAR
    1) tener que ({+ infin})
    a) [indicando obligación]

    tengo que comprarlo — I have to {o} I've got to buy it, I must buy it

    tenemos que marcharnos — we have to {o} we've got to go, we must be going

    tienen que aumentarte el sueldo — they have to {o} they've got to give you a rise

    b) [indicando suposición, probabilidad]

    ¡tienes que estar cansadísima! — you must be really tired!

    tiene que dolerte mucho ¿no? — it must hurt a lot, doesn't it?

    c) [en reproches]

    ¡tendrías que haberlo dicho antes! — you should have said so before!

    ¡tendría que darte vergüenza! — you should be ashamed of yourself!

    ¡tú tenías que ser! — it would be you!, it had to be you!

    d) [en sugerencias, recomendaciones]
    2) + participio
    3) + adj

    me tiene perplejo la falta de noticias — the lack of news is puzzling, I am puzzled by the lack of news

    4) esp Méx (=llevar)

    tienen tres meses de no cobrar — they haven't been paid for three months, it's three months since they've been paid

    3.
    See:
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo [El uso de 'got' en frases como 'I've got a new dress' está mucho más extendido en el inglés británico que en el americano. Éste prefiere la forma 'I have a new dress']
    1) (poseer, disponer de) <dinero/trabajo/tiempo> to have

    ¿tienen hijos? — do they have any children?, have they got any children?

    no tenemos pan — we don't have any bread, we haven't got any bread

    aquí tienes al culpable — here's o this is the culprit

    ¿conque ésas tenemos? — so that's the way things are, is it?

    2)
    a) ( llevar encima) to have

    ¿tiene hora? — have you got the time?

    b) ( llevar puesto) to be wearing
    3) (hablando de actividades, obligaciones) to have

    tengo invitados a cenar — I have o I've got some people coming to dinner

    tener... que + inf — to have... to + inf

    tengo cosas que hacer — I have o I've got things to do

    4)
    a) (señalando características, atributos) to have

    tiene el pelo largo — she has o she's got long hair

    ¿y eso qué tiene de malo? — and what's so bad about that?

    le lleva 15 años - ¿y eso qué tiene? — (AmL fam) she's 15 years older than he is - so what does that matter?

    ¿cuántos años tienes? — how old are you?

    5) ( dar a luz) <bebé/gemelos> to have
    6) (sujetar, sostener) to hold
    7) ( tomar)

    ten la llave — take o here's the key

    8) ( recibir) to have
    9)
    a) ( sentir)

    tengo hambre/sueño/frío — I'm hungry/tired/cold

    tengo el placer de... — it gives me great pleasure to...

    ¿qué tienes? — what's wrong?, what's the matter?

    b) (refiriéndose a síntomas, enfermedades) to have

    tengo dolor de cabeza — I have o I've got a headache

    c) (refiriéndose a experiencias, sucesos) to have

    ten paciencia/cuidado — be patient/careful

    11) (indicando estado, situación) (+ compl)

    lo tiene dominado — she has him under her thumb

    12) ( considerar)

    tener algo/a alguien por algo: se lo tiene por el mejor he/it is considered (to be) the best; siempre lo tuve por tímido I always thought he was shy; ten por seguro que lo hará — you can be sure he'll do it

    2.
    tener v aux
    1)
    a) (expresando obligación, necesidad)

    tener que + inf — to have (got) to + inf

    tengo que estudiar hoy — I have to o I must study today

    b) (expresando propósito, recomendación)

    tener que + inf: tenemos que ir a verla we must go and see her; tengo que hacer ejercicio I must get some exercise; tendrías que llamarlo — you should ring him

    tener que + inf: tiene que estar en este cajón it must be in this drawer; tiene que haber sido él it must have been him; tú tenías que ser! — it had to be you!

    ¿tiene previsto asistir? — do you plan to attend?

    3.
    tenerse v pron

    no tenerse de sueño — to be dead o asleep on one's feet

    2) (refl) ( considerarse)

    tenerse por algo: se tiene por muy inteligente — he considers himself to be very intelligent

    * * *
    = bear, contain, have, hold, own, carry, have got, have + in place, live with, have at + Posesivo + disposal, possess.
    Ex. Use a uniform title for an entry if the item bears a title proper that differs from the uniform title.
    Ex. The label contains information about the record, indicating, for instance, its length, status, for example, new, amended, type and class.
    Ex. Many of the aspects of the indexing process including, in particular, term selection and search logic have common features.
    Ex. If the search is made with a call number, a summary of copies with that call number which are held by the library is first displayed.
    Ex. For example, a person can consult the system holdings files to find out whether a library in the network owns a copy of the document.
    Ex. Europe Environment carries useful reports on the activities of the lobby groups in the environmental, consumer protection and research fields.
    Ex. Typical examples of enquiries of this kind that could be satisfied within minutes in any decently stocked library are ' Have you got anything on organising weddings?' 'Can you find me something on the history of paddle-steamers?'.
    Ex. The first country to have in place an operational domestic geostationary satellite communications system was Canada.
    Ex. Medical advances are improving the lives of people living with HIV/AIDS, while prevention remains the key to stopping the spread of this disease.
    Ex. But this would require time and competencies, which not all policy makers have at their disposal.
    Ex. Not every index necessarily exhibits all the features of either of these types of indexing systems, and indeed, some will possess elements of both types of systems.
    ----
    * acabar teniendo = end up with.
    * acontecimiento + tener lugar = occurrence + take place.
    * a mí también me gustaría tener la misma oportunidad = turnabout is fair play.
    * aquí tiene(s) = here is/are.
    * a tener en cuenta en el futuro = for future reference.
    * cambio + tener lugar = change + take place.
    * curso que tiene lugar fuera de la universidad = extension course, off-campus course.
    * dar gracias por lo que Uno tiene = count + Posesivo + blessings.
    * del que se tiene constancia = recorded.
    * demostrar que se tiene razón = prove + Posesivo + point.
    * el cliente siempre tiene la razón = the customer is always right.
    * empezar a tener dudas = get + cold feet.
    * empezar a tener sentido = become + meaningful.
    * estudiar + Nombre + teniendo en cuenta + Nombre = place + Nombre + against the background of + Nombre.
    * hacer que tenga más valor = put + a premium on.
    * hombre que tiene mucho mundo = a man of the world.
    * lo que tenga que pasar, que pase = que sera sera, what's meant to be, will be, whatever will be, will be.
    * lo que tenga que ser, será = que sera sera, whatever will be, will be, what's meant to be, will be.
    * mujer que tiene mucho mundo = a woman of the world.
    * necesitarse tener en cuenta = need + consideration.
    * negar tener relación con = disclaim + connection with.
    * no querer tener nada que ver con = want + nothing to do with.
    * no tener alternativa = have + no choice.
    * no tener apetito = be off + Posesivo + food, be off + Posesivo + oats.
    * no tener constancia de Algo = unrecorded.
    * no tener donde caerse muerto = not have two pennies to rub together.
    * no tener dos dedos de frente = as thick as a brick, as thick as two (short) planks, as daft as a brush.
    * no tener dos dedos de frnete = knucklehead.
    * no tener en cuenta = disregard, overlook, skip over, be oblivious of/to, close + the door on, leave + Nombre + out of the picture, fly in + the face of, drop + Nombre + out of the picture.
    * no tener errores = be error-free.
    * no tener éxito = come up with + nothing, prove + unsuccessful, be unsuccessful.
    * no tener fin = there + be + no end to.
    * no tener fronteras = have + no boundaries.
    * no tener fundamento = be unfounded.
    * no tener ganas = can't/couldn't be bothered, can't/couldn't be bothered.
    * no tener ganas de comer = be off + Posesivo + food, be off + Posesivo + oats.
    * no tener hijos = be childless.
    * no tener hogar = be homeless.
    * no tener idea = have + no clue, have + no idea.
    * no tener idea de = be clueless about, have + no understanding of.
    * no tener importancia = be of no importance, make + no difference, be of no consequence.
    * no tener información = be undocumented.
    * no tener la más mínima idea sobre Algo = Negativo + have + the foggiest idea.
    * no tener la menor importancia = be of no particular concern.
    * no tener la necesidad de usar Algo = have + no use for.
    * no tener la obligación de = be under no obligation.
    * no tener la preparación = be untrained.
    * no tener límite = have + no limit.
    * no tener límites = be boundless.
    * no tener lugar = fall through.
    * no tener más alternativa que = have + no other option but.
    * no tener más opción que = have + little choice but, have + no other option but.
    * no tener más remedio que = be stuck with, be left with the need to, get + stuck with.
    * no tener nada en contra de = have + no quarrel with, have + nothing against.
    * no tener nada en contra de Algo = have + no quarrel about + Nombre.
    * no tener nada que perder = have + nothing to lose.
    * no tener nada que ver con = be irrelevant to.
    * no tener ni idea sobre Algo = not know the first thing about.
    * no tener ni la más mínima posibilidad = not to have a prayer.
    * no tener ni la más remota posibilidad = not to have a prayer.
    * no tener ningún escrúpulo en = have + no qualms about.
    * no tener ningún fundamento = not have a leg to stand on.
    * no tener ningún interés = can't/couldn't be bothered.
    * no tener ningún problema con = be okay with.
    * no tener ningún remilgo en = have + no qualms about.
    * no tener ningún reparo = have + no qualms about.
    * no tener ni pies ni cabeza = be pointless.
    * no tener ni punto de comparación = be in a different league.
    * no tener ni puta idea = not get + Posesivo + shit together.
    * no tener ni puta idea sobre Algo = not know the first thing about.
    * no tener ni un pelo de tonto = there are no flies (on/about) + Pronombre.
    * no tener ni voz ni voto en = have + no say in.
    * no tener noticias es buena señal = no news is good news.
    * no tener opción = have + no choice.
    * no tener otra alternativa = have + no choice.
    * no tener otra alternativa que = have + no other option but.
    * no tener otra opción = have + no choice.
    * no tener otra opción que = have + no other option but.
    * no tener otro objetivo que el de = have + no other purpose than.
    * no tener otro sitio donde recurrir = have + nowhere else to turn.
    * no tener parangón = be unequalled, be without peer.
    * no tener pelos en la lengua = call + a spade a spade.
    * no tener posibilidades = be dead meat.
    * no tener prejuicios = be open-minded.
    * no tener presente = be oblivious of/to.
    * no tener que ir muy lejos = not have to look far.
    * no tener razón = be wrong.
    * no tener razón de ser + Infinitivo = there + be + no sense in + Gerundio.
    * no tener reparos = make + no bones about + Algo.
    * no tener reparos en admitir que = make + no bones about + Algo.
    * no tener representación = be unrepresented.
    * no tener respuesta = be unanswerable.
    * no tener rival = be second to none.
    * no tener rumbo = lose + Posesivo + way.
    * no tener salida = be stuck, get + stuck.
    * no tenerse en pie = Negativo + hold + water.
    * no tener sentido = be meaningless, be pointless, be senseless.
    * no tener sentido el + Infinitivo = there + be + no point in + Gerundio.
    * no tener sentido + Infinitivo = there + be + little point in + Gerundio, there + be + no sense in + Gerundio.
    * no tener suerte = be out of luck.
    * no tener tiempo de nada = have + not a moment to spare.
    * no tener trabajo = be unemployed.
    * no tener trascendencia = be of no consequence.
    * no tener un duro = not have a bean.
    * no tener valor = be valueless.
    * no tener vida privada = like being in a (gold)fish bowl.
    * no terminar nunca de tener problemas con = have + no end of problems with.
    * ¡Ojalá tuviera...! = I wish I had....
    * ¡Ojalá tuviese...! = I wish I had....
    * parece tener poco sentido que = there + seem + little point in.
    * por si + tener + suerte = on spec.
    * que no tiene compensación = non-compensatory [noncompensatory].
    * que no tiene precio = priceless.
    * que pase lo que tenga que pasar = que sera sera, whatever will be, will be, what's meant to be, will be.
    * que tiene lugar una vez a la semana = once-weekly.
    * que tiene precio = priced.
    * que tiene sentido = meaningful.
    * que tiene solución = solvable.
    * revista que tiene una gran demanda popular = mass-market journal.
    * sin tener = in the absence of.
    * sin tener en cuenta = never mind, without regard to, independently of, disregarding, not including.
    * sin tener en cuenta el hecho de que = overlook + the fact that.
    * sin tener que recurrir a = without recourse to.
    * tenemos intereses en ambas partes = our feet are in both worlds.
    * tener a Alguien metido en un puño = have + Nombre + under + Posesivo + thumb.
    * tener a cargo de uno = have + as + Posesivo + charge.
    * tener acceso a información confidencial = be on the inside.
    * tener acuerdos con = have + deals with.
    * tener afinidades = share + common ground.
    * tener aire acondiconado = be air-conditioned.
    * tener a la disposición de Uno = have at + Posesivo + disposal.
    * tener al alcance = have at + Posesivo + touch.
    * tener Algo al alcance = have + Nombre + at + Posesivo + fingertips.
    * tener algo a mano = have + Nombre + at + Posesivo + fingertips.
    * tener + Algo + a + Posesivo + entera disposición = have + the run of the + Nombre.
    * tener Algo bajo el control de Uno = have + Nombre + at + Posesivo + command.
    * tener Algo claro = clarify + Posesivo + mind.
    * tener Algo en común = have + Nombre + in common, share + Nombre + in common.
    * tener algo en contra de = have + something against.
    * tener Algo fácilmente accesible = have + Nombre + at + Posesivo + fingertips.
    * tener Algo hecho a la medida de uno = have + Nombre + cut out.
    * tener algo muy vivo en la mente de uno = be strong in + mind.
    * tener algo que decir sobre = have + a say in.
    * tener algo que ver con = have + something to do with.
    * tener algo reservado = have + something up + Posesivo + sleeve.
    * tener alguna incidencia en = have + some bearing on.
    * tener alguna posibilidad = have + a fighting chance.
    * tener alguna posibilidad de triunfar = have + a fighting chance.
    * tener alguna relevancia para = have + some bearing on.
    * tener alucinaciones = hallucinate.
    * tener a mano = have at + Posesivo + touch, have + on call, have + to hand, keep within + reach, be to hand.
    * tener ansias de = crave, crave for.
    * tener antecedentes de = have + a track record of.
    * tener antojo de = crave, crave for.
    * tener a + Posesivo + cargo = have + in + Posesivo + charge.
    * tener aspecto = look.
    * tener atrasos = be in arrears.
    * tener aversión a = have + aversion to.
    * tener beneficios = have + benefits.
    * tener buena mano con las plantas = have + a green thumb, have + green fingers.
    * tener buen apetito = have + a good appetite.
    * tener buenas intenciones = be well-intentioned, mean + well.
    * tener buenas perspectivas para = be well-placed to.
    * tener buen ojo para juzgar a la gente = be a good judge of character.
    * tener bulla = be in a hurry.
    * tener cabida para = hold, accommodate, include, take.
    * tener calentura = have + a temperature, have + a fever.
    * tener características en común = share + similarities.
    * tener cara de muerto = look like + death warmed (over/up).
    * tener carencias = find + wanting.
    * tener carta blanca = have + carte-blanche.
    * tener causa justificada = have + good cause.
    * tener cautela = proceed + with caution.
    * tener celos = feel + jealous.
    * tener claro = be clear in your mind.
    * tener coherencia = cohere.
    * tener cólicos = be colicky.
    * tener como consecuencia = result (in).
    * tener como equivalente = have + counterpart.
    * tener como motivo central = plan around + Nombre.
    * tener como objetivo = have + as + Posesivo + objective, be in business for.
    * tener como sede = headquarter (at/in).
    * tener compasión de = have + compassion for.
    * tener conocimiento de = be privy to, be aware of.
    * tener consecuencias = have + consequences.
    * tener consecuencias en = have + implication for.
    * tener consecuencias negativas = backfire.
    * tener contacto = have + contact.
    * tener contactos = liaise (with/between).
    * tener controlado a Alguien = have + Nombre + on the run.
    * tener control sobre = have + hold on.
    * tener coraje = pluck up + courage, gather up + courage.
    * tener correlación con = bear + correlation with.
    * tener correspondencia = bear + correspondence (to).
    * tener cosas en común = share + common ground.
    * tener cualidades + Adjetivo = be of + Adjetivo + quality.
    * tener cuidado = exercise + care, exercise + caution, proceed + with caution, watch out, take + caution.
    * tener cuidado con = watch for, beware (of/that), look out for, be wary of.
    * tener cuidado con lo que se dice = say + the right thing.
    * tener cuidado con lo que Uno dice = watch + Posesivo + mouth, watch what + say.
    * tener cuidado de = be careful, be chary of, take + (great) pains to.
    * tener cuidado (de que) = take + care (that).
    * tener cultivos = grow + crops.
    * tener debilidad por = have + a soft spot for.
    * tener delante = have + before.
    * tener demasiada prisa = be in too much of a hurry, be in too much of a rush.
    * tener derecho a = be entitled to, have + a right to, entitle to, have + the right to, have + a say in.
    * tener derecho a expresar + Posesivo + opinión = be entitled to + Posesivo + own opinion.
    * tener derecho de paso = have + the right of way.
    * tener dificultad = struggle, experience + difficulty, be hard pressed.
    * tener dificultad de + Infinitivo = have + difficulty + Gerundio, have + difficulty in + Gerundio.
    * tener dificultad en + Verbo = be at pains to + Infinitivo.
    * tener dificultades = have + a hard time, have + a tough time.
    * tener dinero a punta pala = roll in + Dinero.
    * tener dominado a Alguien = have + Nombre + on the run.
    * tener dudas = be doubtful, have + misgivings, have + reservations (about), be suspicious.
    * tener dudas sobre = be ambivalent about.
    * tener efecto = take + effect, have + effect.
    * tener efecto sobre = impinge on/upon.
    * tener el atrevimiento de = have + the nerve(s) to, have + the cheek to.
    * tener el corazón de un león = have + the heart of a lion.
    * tener el deber de = have + a responsibility to.
    * tener el derecho de = have + the right to.
    * tener el descaro de = have + the gall to, have + the nerve(s) to, have + the cheek to.
    * tener el destino de = suffer + the fate of.
    * tener el estatus profesional de + Nombre = have + Nombre + status.
    * tener el gusto de = take + pleasure.
    * tener el hábito de = have + the habit of.
    * tener el honor de = have + the honour of.
    * tener el lujo = have + luxury.
    * tener el mando = rule + the roost.
    * tener el mejor aspecto posible = look + Posesivo + best.
    * tener el mismo destino = suffer + the same fate.
    * tener el mono = suffer from + withdrawal symptoms.
    * tener el placer de = take + pleasure.
    * tener el plazo cumplido = be due.
    * tener el plazo vencido = be overdue.
    * tener el poder = be the boss, call + the shots, call + the tune, rule + the roost.
    * tener el poder de = have + the power to.
    * tener el toque mágico = have + the magic touch.
    * tener el valor = have + the courage.
    * tener el valor de = have + the guts to, have + the nerve(s) to, have + the cheek to.
    * tener en común = hold in + common, tread + common ground.
    * tener en común con = partake (in/of).
    * tener en consideración = take into + consideration, take into + consideration.
    * tener en cuenta = allow for, bear in + mind, cater for/to, consider (as), heed, make + allowances, take + account of, take + cognisance of, take + cognition of, take into + account, take into + consideration, make + provision for, bring into + play, give + an ear to, factor, have + regard for, factor in, be aware of, note, keep in + mind.
    * tener en cuenta las posibilidades de Algo = consider + possibilities.
    * tener en cuenta un punto de vista = take into + account + viewpoint, contemplate + view.
    * tener en funcionamiento = have + in effect.
    * tener en gran estima = have + a very high regard for.
    * tener en mente = bear in + mind, have + in mind, keep in + mind.
    * tener en observación = hold under + observation, keep under + observation.
    * tener en reserva = hold in + reserve.
    * tener entre manos = be up to.
    * tener envidia de = envy.
    * tener errores = be flawed.
    * tener éxito = achieve + success, be successful, get + anywhere, meet + success, prove + successful, succeed, attain + appeal, be a success, find + success, come up + trumps, prove + trumps, take off, meet with + success, hit + the big time, be popular, go + strong.
    * tener éxito en el mundo = succeed in + the world.
    * tener éxito en la vida = succeed in + life, get on in + life.
    * tener expectativas = hold + expectations, have + expectations.
    * tener experiencia = have + experience.
    * tener fácilmente accesible = have at + Posesivo + touch.
    * tener fallos = be flawed.
    * tener fe = have + faith (in).
    * tener fe en = have + faith (in).
    * tener fiebre = have + a temperature, have + a fever.
    * tener fijación por = be hipped (on/to), get hipped (on/to).
    * tener flatulencia = pass + gas, break + wind, pass + wind.
    * tener forma + Adjetivo = be + Adjetivo + in shape.
    * tener frenillo = lisp.
    * tener fundamento para pensar que = have + reason to believe that.
    * tener futuro = have + potential, there + be + a future for/in, have + a future.
    * tener ganada la mitad de la batalla = be half the battle.
    * tener ganada sólo la mitad de la batalla = be only half the battle.
    * tener ganas de = be keen to, have + an/the inclination to.
    * tener ganas de + Infinitivo = feel like + Gerundio.
    * tener gancho = be engaging.
    * tener gastos = incur + costs.
    * tener gastos generales = incur + overheads.
    * tener gran éxito = hit + a home run, hit it out of + the park, knock it out of + the park.
    * tener gran importancia = be of high significance.
    * tener gran repercusión = be far reaching.
    * tener hambre = be hungry, feel + hungry.
    * tener hambre después del esfuerzo = work up + an appetite.
    * tener hijos = father + children, have + children.
    * tener hipo = hiccup.
    * tener horario ajustado = be under time constraint.
    * tener horror a = loathe, hate.
    * tener idea = have + a clue.
    * tener impacto = make + impact.
    * tener impacto (sobre) = have + impact (on).
    * tener implicaciones para = have + implication for.
    * tener importancia = carry + weight, have + high profile, be of consequence.
    * tener indigestión = have + indigestion.
    * tener influencias = have + pull.
    * tener influencia sobre = have + hold on.
    * tener iniciativa = be proactive.
    * tener intereses en = have + a stake in.
    * tener intereses en juego = have + invested.
    * tener interés por = have + an interest in.
    * tener interés por/en = be interested in.
    * tener inventiva = be inventive.
    * tener jurisdicción = have + jurisdiction (over).
    * tener la autoridad = have + mandate.
    * tener la bragueta abierta = fly + be undone.
    * tener la capacidad de = have + the potential (to/for).
    * tener la cara de = have + the nerve(s) to, have + the cheek to.
    * tener la cara descompuesta = look like + death warmed (over/up).
    * tener la categoría profesional de + Nombre = hold + Nombre + rank, have + Nombre + rank, enjoy + Nombre + rank.
    * tener la certeza de = feel + confident.
    * tener la certeza de que = rest + assured that.
    * tener la conciencia limpia = have + a clear conscience.
    * tener la conciencia tranquila = have + a clear conscience.
    * tener la convicción = it + be + Posesivo + understanding.
    * tener la costumbre de = have + a habit of, have + the habit of.
    * tener la costumbre de + Infinitivo = be in the habit of + Gerundio.
    * tener la cuenta bancaria = bank.
    * tener la culpa (por/de) = be at fault (for/to).
    * tener la culpa de Algo que se ha causado Uno mismo = be of + Posesivo + own making.
    * tener la desfachatez de = have + the gall to, have + the nerve(s) to, have + the cheek to.
    * tener la desvergüenza de = have + the nerve(s) to, have + the cheek to.
    * tener la doble función = double as, double up as.
    * tener la facultad de = have + powers to.
    * tener la fama de = have + a good record for.
    * tener la fecha de + Fecha = be dated + Fecha.
    * tener la frescura de = have + the nerve(s) to, have + the cheek to.
    * tener la función de = be in the business of.
    * tener la impresión = have + the impression, get + the impression.
    * tener la impresión de que = get + the feeling that.
    * tener la intención de = be intended to, intend, mean.
    * tener la intención de + Infinitivo = set out to + Infinitivo.
    * tener la libertad de = be at liberty to, feel + free to.
    * tener la libertard de/para = have + the latitude to.
    * tener la malafortuna de = have + the misfortune to.
    * tener la mirada perdida = stare into + space, gaze into + space.
    * tener la misma importancia = carry + equal weight.
    * tener la obligación de = be under the obligation to.
    * tener la ocasión de = have + opportunity to.
    * tener la oficina central en = headquarter (at/in).
    * tener la opinión = it + be + Posesivo + understanding.
    * tener la oportunidad = have + the opportunity.
    * tener la oportunidad de = get + (a/the) + chance to, have + opportunity to, get + a chance to.
    * tener la osadía de = have + the gall to, have + the nerve(s) to, have + the cheek to.
    * tener la paciencia del santo Job = have + the patience of Job.
    * tener la paciencia de un santo = have + the patience of a saint.
    * tener la posibilidad de = have + chance.
    * tener la potestad = have + mandate.
    * tener la potestad de = have + the power to, have + the right to.
    * tener lapsus = have + lapses.
    * tener la reputación de ser = be well known for.
    * tener la responsabilidad = charge, undertake + burden.
    * tener la responsabilidad de = have + the responsibility of.
    * tener la sartén por el mango = call + the shots, be the boss, call + the tune, rule + the roost.
    * tener la seguridad de = have + the security of.
    * tener la seguridad de que = rest + assured that.
    * tener la sensación de que = have + a gut feeling that.
    * tener las mismas prerrogativas = have + an equal voice in.
    * tener las riendas de = hold + the reins of.
    * tener las riendas del poder = hold + the reins of power.
    * tener lástima = pity.
    * tener lástima de = take + pity on.
    * tener la tentación de = be tempted to.
    * tener la última palabra = have + the ultimate say, have + the final say, call + the shots, be the boss, call + the tune, rule + the roost.
    * tener la vista cansada = need + reading glasses.
    * tenerle manía a Alguien = have + it in for + Nombre.
    * tenerle rabia a Alguien = have + it in for + Nombre.
    * tenerle tirria a Alguien = have + it in for + Nombre.
    * tener libertad = have + freedom.
    * tener libertad sobre = have + wide discretion over.
    * tenerlo crudo = not be easy.
    * tenerlo difícil = not be easy, not be easy.
    * tenerlo duro = not be easy.
    * tenerlo fácil = have + an easy ride.
    * tener lo mejor de ambos mundos = have + the best of both worlds.
    * tener lo mejor de los dos mundos = have + the best of both worlds.
    * tener lo que hace falta = have + what it takes.
    * tener lo que hay que tener = have + what it takes.
    * tener lo que se necesita = have + what it takes.
    * tener los días contados = day + be + numbered, be doomed, doomed, be dead meat, the (hand)writing + be + on the wall, see it + coming.
    * tener los nervios de punta = have + butterflies in + Posesivo + stomach.
    * tener los nervios en el estómago = have + butterflies in + Posesivo + stomach.
    * tener los pies firmemente en el suelo = feet + be + firmly planted on the ground.
    * tenerlo todo = have + the best of both worlds.
    * tenerlo todo hecho = have + an easy ride.
    * tener lugar = take + place, go on, come to + pass.
    * tener madera de = be cut out for.
    * tener mala fama por = hold in + disrepute, be infamous for.
    * tener malas conexiones con = have + poor connections with.
    * tener malas intenciones = be up to no good, get up to + no good.
    * tener mal de amores = be lovesick.
    * tener mal ojo para juzgar a la gente = be a bad judge of character.
    * tener más paciencia que el santo Job = have + the patience of Job.
    * tener más paciencia que un santo = have + the patience of a saint.
    * tener mérito = be meritorious.
    * tener miedo = be afraid, be in fear, frighten.
    * tener miedo a = be scared of.
    * tener miedo a Alguien = regard + Nombre + with fear.
    * tener motivo = be right.
    * tener motivo justificado = have + good cause.
    * tener motivo para = have + cause to.
    * tener movilidad = be mobile.
    * tener mucha distancia que recorrer = have + a long way to go.
    * tener mucha ilusión = be thrilled.
    * tener mucha personalidad = be full of character.
    * tener mucho camino que recorrer = have + a long way to go.
    * tener mucho carácter = be full of character.
    * tener mucho cuidado = be extra vigilant.
    * tener mucho éxito = hit + a home run, hit it out of + the park, knock it out of + the park.
    * tener mucho interés en = have + a high stake in.
    * tener mucho interés por = be keen to.
    * tener mucho que ver con = have + a great deal to do with.
    * tener mucho tiempo libre = have + plenty of time to spare.
    * tener muy mala cara = look like + death warmed (over/up).
    * tener niños = have + children.
    * tener + Nombre = be not without + Nombre.
    * tener noticias de = hear from.
    * tener + Número + Período de Tiempo = be + Período de Tiempo + old.
    * tener obligación = have + obligation.
    * tener obsesión con = be hipped (on/to), get hipped (on/to).
    * tener ojeras = have + bags under + Posesivo + eyes.
    * tener ojos en la nuca = have + eyes in the back of + Posesivo + head.
    * tener opinión = take + view.
    * tener paciencia = be patient.
    * tener paciencia con = bear with + Pronombre.
    * tener palabra = keep + Posesivo + word, live up to + Posesivo + word.
    * tener paralelo = have + parallel.
    * tener pelos en la lengua = mince + words.
    * tener pérdidas = make + a loss.
    * tener perplejo = stump.
    * tener plena conciencia de = be fully aware of.
    * tener poca información = be information poor.
    * tener pocas luces = as thick as a brick, as thick as two (short) planks, as daft as a brush, knucklehead.
    * tener pocas posibilidades de = have + little recourse.
    * tener poco que ver = have + little to do.
    * tener poco valor = be of little value.
    * tener por costumbre + Infinitivo = be in the habit of + Gerundio.
    * tener por término medio = average.
    * tener posibilidades = stand + chance, be in with a chance.
    * tener potencial = have + potential.
    * tener precaución de = be chary of.
    * tener precedencia = take + priority.
    * tener preferencia = be preferential, have + the right of way.
    * tener preferencia (sobre) = take + precedence (over).
    * tener presente = be mindful of/that, bear in + mind, consider (as), keep in + focus, keep in + mind, make + consideration, mind, make + provision for, have + regard for, be aware of.
    * tener presente las posibilidades de Algo = consider + possibilities.
    * tener prioridad = trump.
    * tener prisa = be in a hurry.
    * tener problema con Algo = experience + trouble with.
    * tener problemas = have + problems.
    * tener problemas con = fall + foul of, run + afoul of problems, run + afoul of, fall + afoul of.
    * tener problemas con la ley = fall + foul of the law, go + afoul of the law, fall + afoul of the law.
    * tener programado su comienzo = be scheduled to start.
    * tener programado su finalización = be scheduled for completion.
    * tener pros y contras = be a mixed blessing.
    * tener que = have to, hafta [have to].
    * tener que aguantar Algo = be stuck with, get + stuck with.
    * tener que arreglárselas solo = leave (up) to + Posesivo + own resources, leave to + Posesivo + own devices.
    * tener que cargar con = be stuck with, saddle with, get + stuck with.
    * tener que cargar con el peso de = be burdened with.
    * tener que cargar con el peso de la tradición = be burdened with + tradition.
    * tener que competir con = face + competition from.
    * tener + que felicitar a Alguien = have to hand it to + Nombre.
    * tener que ocurrir = be boun.
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo [El uso de 'got' en frases como 'I've got a new dress' está mucho más extendido en el inglés británico que en el americano. Éste prefiere la forma 'I have a new dress']
    1) (poseer, disponer de) <dinero/trabajo/tiempo> to have

    ¿tienen hijos? — do they have any children?, have they got any children?

    no tenemos pan — we don't have any bread, we haven't got any bread

    aquí tienes al culpable — here's o this is the culprit

    ¿conque ésas tenemos? — so that's the way things are, is it?

    2)
    a) ( llevar encima) to have

    ¿tiene hora? — have you got the time?

    b) ( llevar puesto) to be wearing
    3) (hablando de actividades, obligaciones) to have

    tengo invitados a cenar — I have o I've got some people coming to dinner

    tener... que + inf — to have... to + inf

    tengo cosas que hacer — I have o I've got things to do

    4)
    a) (señalando características, atributos) to have

    tiene el pelo largo — she has o she's got long hair

    ¿y eso qué tiene de malo? — and what's so bad about that?

    le lleva 15 años - ¿y eso qué tiene? — (AmL fam) she's 15 years older than he is - so what does that matter?

    ¿cuántos años tienes? — how old are you?

    5) ( dar a luz) <bebé/gemelos> to have
    6) (sujetar, sostener) to hold
    7) ( tomar)

    ten la llave — take o here's the key

    8) ( recibir) to have
    9)
    a) ( sentir)

    tengo hambre/sueño/frío — I'm hungry/tired/cold

    tengo el placer de... — it gives me great pleasure to...

    ¿qué tienes? — what's wrong?, what's the matter?

    b) (refiriéndose a síntomas, enfermedades) to have

    tengo dolor de cabeza — I have o I've got a headache

    c) (refiriéndose a experiencias, sucesos) to have

    ten paciencia/cuidado — be patient/careful

    11) (indicando estado, situación) (+ compl)

    lo tiene dominado — she has him under her thumb

    12) ( considerar)

    tener algo/a alguien por algo: se lo tiene por el mejor he/it is considered (to be) the best; siempre lo tuve por tímido I always thought he was shy; ten por seguro que lo hará — you can be sure he'll do it

    2.
    tener v aux
    1)
    a) (expresando obligación, necesidad)

    tener que + inf — to have (got) to + inf

    tengo que estudiar hoy — I have to o I must study today

    b) (expresando propósito, recomendación)

    tener que + inf: tenemos que ir a verla we must go and see her; tengo que hacer ejercicio I must get some exercise; tendrías que llamarlo — you should ring him

    tener que + inf: tiene que estar en este cajón it must be in this drawer; tiene que haber sido él it must have been him; tú tenías que ser! — it had to be you!

    ¿tiene previsto asistir? — do you plan to attend?

    3.
    tenerse v pron

    no tenerse de sueño — to be dead o asleep on one's feet

    2) (refl) ( considerarse)

    tenerse por algo: se tiene por muy inteligente — he considers himself to be very intelligent

    * * *
    = bear, contain, have, hold, own, carry, have got, have + in place, live with, have at + Posesivo + disposal, possess.

    Ex: Use a uniform title for an entry if the item bears a title proper that differs from the uniform title.

    Ex: The label contains information about the record, indicating, for instance, its length, status, for example, new, amended, type and class.
    Ex: Many of the aspects of the indexing process including, in particular, term selection and search logic have common features.
    Ex: If the search is made with a call number, a summary of copies with that call number which are held by the library is first displayed.
    Ex: For example, a person can consult the system holdings files to find out whether a library in the network owns a copy of the document.
    Ex: Europe Environment carries useful reports on the activities of the lobby groups in the environmental, consumer protection and research fields.
    Ex: Typical examples of enquiries of this kind that could be satisfied within minutes in any decently stocked library are ' Have you got anything on organising weddings?' 'Can you find me something on the history of paddle-steamers?'.
    Ex: The first country to have in place an operational domestic geostationary satellite communications system was Canada.
    Ex: Medical advances are improving the lives of people living with HIV/AIDS, while prevention remains the key to stopping the spread of this disease.
    Ex: But this would require time and competencies, which not all policy makers have at their disposal.
    Ex: Not every index necessarily exhibits all the features of either of these types of indexing systems, and indeed, some will possess elements of both types of systems.
    * acabar teniendo = end up with.
    * acontecimiento + tener lugar = occurrence + take place.
    * a mí también me gustaría tener la misma oportunidad = turnabout is fair play.
    * aquí tiene(s) = here is/are.
    * a tener en cuenta en el futuro = for future reference.
    * cambio + tener lugar = change + take place.
    * curso que tiene lugar fuera de la universidad = extension course, off-campus course.
    * dar gracias por lo que Uno tiene = count + Posesivo + blessings.
    * del que se tiene constancia = recorded.
    * demostrar que se tiene razón = prove + Posesivo + point.
    * el cliente siempre tiene la razón = the customer is always right.
    * empezar a tener dudas = get + cold feet.
    * empezar a tener sentido = become + meaningful.
    * estudiar + Nombre + teniendo en cuenta + Nombre = place + Nombre + against the background of + Nombre.
    * hacer que tenga más valor = put + a premium on.
    * hombre que tiene mucho mundo = a man of the world.
    * lo que tenga que pasar, que pase = que sera sera, what's meant to be, will be, whatever will be, will be.
    * lo que tenga que ser, será = que sera sera, whatever will be, will be, what's meant to be, will be.
    * mujer que tiene mucho mundo = a woman of the world.
    * necesitarse tener en cuenta = need + consideration.
    * negar tener relación con = disclaim + connection with.
    * no querer tener nada que ver con = want + nothing to do with.
    * no tener alternativa = have + no choice.
    * no tener apetito = be off + Posesivo + food, be off + Posesivo + oats.
    * no tener constancia de Algo = unrecorded.
    * no tener donde caerse muerto = not have two pennies to rub together.
    * no tener dos dedos de frente = as thick as a brick, as thick as two (short) planks, as daft as a brush.
    * no tener dos dedos de frnete = knucklehead.
    * no tener en cuenta = disregard, overlook, skip over, be oblivious of/to, close + the door on, leave + Nombre + out of the picture, fly in + the face of, drop + Nombre + out of the picture.
    * no tener errores = be error-free.
    * no tener éxito = come up with + nothing, prove + unsuccessful, be unsuccessful.
    * no tener fin = there + be + no end to.
    * no tener fronteras = have + no boundaries.
    * no tener fundamento = be unfounded.
    * no tener ganas = can't/couldn't be bothered, can't/couldn't be bothered.
    * no tener ganas de comer = be off + Posesivo + food, be off + Posesivo + oats.
    * no tener hijos = be childless.
    * no tener hogar = be homeless.
    * no tener idea = have + no clue, have + no idea.
    * no tener idea de = be clueless about, have + no understanding of.
    * no tener importancia = be of no importance, make + no difference, be of no consequence.
    * no tener información = be undocumented.
    * no tener la más mínima idea sobre Algo = Negativo + have + the foggiest idea.
    * no tener la menor importancia = be of no particular concern.
    * no tener la necesidad de usar Algo = have + no use for.
    * no tener la obligación de = be under no obligation.
    * no tener la preparación = be untrained.
    * no tener límite = have + no limit.
    * no tener límites = be boundless.
    * no tener lugar = fall through.
    * no tener más alternativa que = have + no other option but.
    * no tener más opción que = have + little choice but, have + no other option but.
    * no tener más remedio que = be stuck with, be left with the need to, get + stuck with.
    * no tener nada en contra de = have + no quarrel with, have + nothing against.
    * no tener nada en contra de Algo = have + no quarrel about + Nombre.
    * no tener nada que perder = have + nothing to lose.
    * no tener nada que ver con = be irrelevant to.
    * no tener ni idea sobre Algo = not know the first thing about.
    * no tener ni la más mínima posibilidad = not to have a prayer.
    * no tener ni la más remota posibilidad = not to have a prayer.
    * no tener ningún escrúpulo en = have + no qualms about.
    * no tener ningún fundamento = not have a leg to stand on.
    * no tener ningún interés = can't/couldn't be bothered.
    * no tener ningún problema con = be okay with.
    * no tener ningún remilgo en = have + no qualms about.
    * no tener ningún reparo = have + no qualms about.
    * no tener ni pies ni cabeza = be pointless.
    * no tener ni punto de comparación = be in a different league.
    * no tener ni puta idea = not get + Posesivo + shit together.
    * no tener ni puta idea sobre Algo = not know the first thing about.
    * no tener ni un pelo de tonto = there are no flies (on/about) + Pronombre.
    * no tener ni voz ni voto en = have + no say in.
    * no tener noticias es buena señal = no news is good news.
    * no tener opción = have + no choice.
    * no tener otra alternativa = have + no choice.
    * no tener otra alternativa que = have + no other option but.
    * no tener otra opción = have + no choice.
    * no tener otra opción que = have + no other option but.
    * no tener otro objetivo que el de = have + no other purpose than.
    * no tener otro sitio donde recurrir = have + nowhere else to turn.
    * no tener parangón = be unequalled, be without peer.
    * no tener pelos en la lengua = call + a spade a spade.
    * no tener posibilidades = be dead meat.
    * no tener prejuicios = be open-minded.
    * no tener presente = be oblivious of/to.
    * no tener que ir muy lejos = not have to look far.
    * no tener razón = be wrong.
    * no tener razón de ser + Infinitivo = there + be + no sense in + Gerundio.
    * no tener reparos = make + no bones about + Algo.
    * no tener reparos en admitir que = make + no bones about + Algo.
    * no tener representación = be unrepresented.
    * no tener respuesta = be unanswerable.
    * no tener rival = be second to none.
    * no tener rumbo = lose + Posesivo + way.
    * no tener salida = be stuck, get + stuck.
    * no tenerse en pie = Negativo + hold + water.
    * no tener sentido = be meaningless, be pointless, be senseless.
    * no tener sentido el + Infinitivo = there + be + no point in + Gerundio.
    * no tener sentido + Infinitivo = there + be + little point in + Gerundio, there + be + no sense in + Gerundio.
    * no tener suerte = be out of luck.
    * no tener tiempo de nada = have + not a moment to spare.
    * no tener trabajo = be unemployed.
    * no tener trascendencia = be of no consequence.
    * no tener un duro = not have a bean.
    * no tener valor = be valueless.
    * no tener vida privada = like being in a (gold)fish bowl.
    * no terminar nunca de tener problemas con = have + no end of problems with.
    * ¡Ojalá tuviera...! = I wish I had....
    * ¡Ojalá tuviese...! = I wish I had....
    * parece tener poco sentido que = there + seem + little point in.
    * por si + tener + suerte = on spec.
    * que no tiene compensación = non-compensatory [noncompensatory].
    * que no tiene precio = priceless.
    * que pase lo que tenga que pasar = que sera sera, whatever will be, will be, what's meant to be, will be.
    * que tiene lugar una vez a la semana = once-weekly.
    * que tiene precio = priced.
    * que tiene sentido = meaningful.
    * que tiene solución = solvable.
    * revista que tiene una gran demanda popular = mass-market journal.
    * sin tener = in the absence of.
    * sin tener en cuenta = never mind, without regard to, independently of, disregarding, not including.
    * sin tener en cuenta el hecho de que = overlook + the fact that.
    * sin tener que recurrir a = without recourse to.
    * tenemos intereses en ambas partes = our feet are in both worlds.
    * tener a Alguien metido en un puño = have + Nombre + under + Posesivo + thumb.
    * tener a cargo de uno = have + as + Posesivo + charge.
    * tener acceso a información confidencial = be on the inside.
    * tener acuerdos con = have + deals with.
    * tener afinidades = share + common ground.
    * tener aire acondiconado = be air-conditioned.
    * tener a la disposición de Uno = have at + Posesivo + disposal.
    * tener al alcance = have at + Posesivo + touch.
    * tener Algo al alcance = have + Nombre + at + Posesivo + fingertips.
    * tener algo a mano = have + Nombre + at + Posesivo + fingertips.
    * tener + Algo + a + Posesivo + entera disposición = have + the run of the + Nombre.
    * tener Algo bajo el control de Uno = have + Nombre + at + Posesivo + command.
    * tener Algo claro = clarify + Posesivo + mind.
    * tener Algo en común = have + Nombre + in common, share + Nombre + in common.
    * tener algo en contra de = have + something against.
    * tener Algo fácilmente accesible = have + Nombre + at + Posesivo + fingertips.
    * tener Algo hecho a la medida de uno = have + Nombre + cut out.
    * tener algo muy vivo en la mente de uno = be strong in + mind.
    * tener algo que decir sobre = have + a say in.
    * tener algo que ver con = have + something to do with.
    * tener algo reservado = have + something up + Posesivo + sleeve.
    * tener alguna incidencia en = have + some bearing on.
    * tener alguna posibilidad = have + a fighting chance.
    * tener alguna posibilidad de triunfar = have + a fighting chance.
    * tener alguna relevancia para = have + some bearing on.
    * tener alucinaciones = hallucinate.
    * tener a mano = have at + Posesivo + touch, have + on call, have + to hand, keep within + reach, be to hand.
    * tener ansias de = crave, crave for.
    * tener antecedentes de = have + a track record of.
    * tener antojo de = crave, crave for.
    * tener a + Posesivo + cargo = have + in + Posesivo + charge.
    * tener aspecto = look.
    * tener atrasos = be in arrears.
    * tener aversión a = have + aversion to.
    * tener beneficios = have + benefits.
    * tener buena mano con las plantas = have + a green thumb, have + green fingers.
    * tener buen apetito = have + a good appetite.
    * tener buenas intenciones = be well-intentioned, mean + well.
    * tener buenas perspectivas para = be well-placed to.
    * tener buen ojo para juzgar a la gente = be a good judge of character.
    * tener bulla = be in a hurry.
    * tener cabida para = hold, accommodate, include, take.
    * tener calentura = have + a temperature, have + a fever.
    * tener características en común = share + similarities.
    * tener cara de muerto = look like + death warmed (over/up).
    * tener carencias = find + wanting.
    * tener carta blanca = have + carte-blanche.
    * tener causa justificada = have + good cause.
    * tener cautela = proceed + with caution.
    * tener celos = feel + jealous.
    * tener claro = be clear in your mind.
    * tener coherencia = cohere.
    * tener cólicos = be colicky.
    * tener como consecuencia = result (in).
    * tener como equivalente = have + counterpart.
    * tener como motivo central = plan around + Nombre.
    * tener como objetivo = have + as + Posesivo + objective, be in business for.
    * tener como sede = headquarter (at/in).
    * tener compasión de = have + compassion for.
    * tener conocimiento de = be privy to, be aware of.
    * tener consecuencias = have + consequences.
    * tener consecuencias en = have + implication for.
    * tener consecuencias negativas = backfire.
    * tener contacto = have + contact.
    * tener contactos = liaise (with/between).
    * tener controlado a Alguien = have + Nombre + on the run.
    * tener control sobre = have + hold on.
    * tener coraje = pluck up + courage, gather up + courage.
    * tener correlación con = bear + correlation with.
    * tener correspondencia = bear + correspondence (to).
    * tener cosas en común = share + common ground.
    * tener cualidades + Adjetivo = be of + Adjetivo + quality.
    * tener cuidado = exercise + care, exercise + caution, proceed + with caution, watch out, take + caution.
    * tener cuidado con = watch for, beware (of/that), look out for, be wary of.
    * tener cuidado con lo que se dice = say + the right thing.
    * tener cuidado con lo que Uno dice = watch + Posesivo + mouth, watch what + say.
    * tener cuidado de = be careful, be chary of, take + (great) pains to.
    * tener cuidado (de que) = take + care (that).
    * tener cultivos = grow + crops.
    * tener debilidad por = have + a soft spot for.
    * tener delante = have + before.
    * tener demasiada prisa = be in too much of a hurry, be in too much of a rush.
    * tener derecho a = be entitled to, have + a right to, entitle to, have + the right to, have + a say in.
    * tener derecho a expresar + Posesivo + opinión = be entitled to + Posesivo + own opinion.
    * tener derecho de paso = have + the right of way.
    * tener dificultad = struggle, experience + difficulty, be hard pressed.
    * tener dificultad de + Infinitivo = have + difficulty + Gerundio, have + difficulty in + Gerundio.
    * tener dificultad en + Verbo = be at pains to + Infinitivo.
    * tener dificultades = have + a hard time, have + a tough time.
    * tener dinero a punta pala = roll in + Dinero.
    * tener dominado a Alguien = have + Nombre + on the run.
    * tener dudas = be doubtful, have + misgivings, have + reservations (about), be suspicious.
    * tener dudas sobre = be ambivalent about.
    * tener efecto = take + effect, have + effect.
    * tener efecto sobre = impinge on/upon.
    * tener el atrevimiento de = have + the nerve(s) to, have + the cheek to.
    * tener el corazón de un león = have + the heart of a lion.
    * tener el deber de = have + a responsibility to.
    * tener el derecho de = have + the right to.
    * tener el descaro de = have + the gall to, have + the nerve(s) to, have + the cheek to.
    * tener el destino de = suffer + the fate of.
    * tener el estatus profesional de + Nombre = have + Nombre + status.
    * tener el gusto de = take + pleasure.
    * tener el hábito de = have + the habit of.
    * tener el honor de = have + the honour of.
    * tener el lujo = have + luxury.
    * tener el mando = rule + the roost.
    * tener el mejor aspecto posible = look + Posesivo + best.
    * tener el mismo destino = suffer + the same fate.
    * tener el mono = suffer from + withdrawal symptoms.
    * tener el placer de = take + pleasure.
    * tener el plazo cumplido = be due.
    * tener el plazo vencido = be overdue.
    * tener el poder = be the boss, call + the shots, call + the tune, rule + the roost.
    * tener el poder de = have + the power to.
    * tener el toque mágico = have + the magic touch.
    * tener el valor = have + the courage.
    * tener el valor de = have + the guts to, have + the nerve(s) to, have + the cheek to.
    * tener en común = hold in + common, tread + common ground.
    * tener en común con = partake (in/of).
    * tener en consideración = take into + consideration, take into + consideration.
    * tener en cuenta = allow for, bear in + mind, cater for/to, consider (as), heed, make + allowances, take + account of, take + cognisance of, take + cognition of, take into + account, take into + consideration, make + provision for, bring into + play, give + an ear to, factor, have + regard for, factor in, be aware of, note, keep in + mind.
    * tener en cuenta las posibilidades de Algo = consider + possibilities.
    * tener en cuenta un punto de vista = take into + account + viewpoint, contemplate + view.
    * tener en funcionamiento = have + in effect.
    * tener en gran estima = have + a very high regard for.
    * tener en mente = bear in + mind, have + in mind, keep in + mind.
    * tener en observación = hold under + observation, keep under + observation.
    * tener en reserva = hold in + reserve.
    * tener entre manos = be up to.
    * tener envidia de = envy.
    * tener errores = be flawed.
    * tener éxito = achieve + success, be successful, get + anywhere, meet + success, prove + successful, succeed, attain + appeal, be a success, find + success, come up + trumps, prove + trumps, take off, meet with + success, hit + the big time, be popular, go + strong.
    * tener éxito en el mundo = succeed in + the world.
    * tener éxito en la vida = succeed in + life, get on in + life.
    * tener expectativas = hold + expectations, have + expectations.
    * tener experiencia = have + experience.
    * tener fácilmente accesible = have at + Posesivo + touch.
    * tener fallos = be flawed.
    * tener fe = have + faith (in).
    * tener fe en = have + faith (in).
    * tener fiebre = have + a temperature, have + a fever.
    * tener fijación por = be hipped (on/to), get hipped (on/to).
    * tener flatulencia = pass + gas, break + wind, pass + wind.
    * tener forma + Adjetivo = be + Adjetivo + in shape.
    * tener frenillo = lisp.
    * tener fundamento para pensar que = have + reason to believe that.
    * tener futuro = have + potential, there + be + a future for/in, have + a future.
    * tener ganada la mitad de la batalla = be half the battle.
    * tener ganada sólo la mitad de la batalla = be only half the battle.
    * tener ganas de = be keen to, have + an/the inclination to.
    * tener ganas de + Infinitivo = feel like + Gerundio.
    * tener gancho = be engaging.
    * tener gastos = incur + costs.
    * tener gastos generales = incur + overheads.
    * tener gran éxito = hit + a home run, hit it out of + the park, knock it out of + the park.
    * tener gran importancia = be of high significance.
    * tener gran repercusión = be far reaching.
    * tener hambre = be hungry, feel + hungry.
    * tener hambre después del esfuerzo = work up + an appetite.
    * tener hijos = father + children, have + children.
    * tener hipo = hiccup.
    * tener horario ajustado = be under time constraint.
    * tener horror a = loathe, hate.
    * tener idea = have + a clue.
    * tener impacto = make + impact.
    * tener impacto (sobre) = have + impact (on).
    * tener implicaciones para = have + implication for.
    * tener importancia = carry + weight, have + high profile, be of consequence.
    * tener indigestión = have + indigestion.
    * tener influencias = have + pull.
    * tener influencia sobre = have + hold on.
    * tener iniciativa = be proactive.
    * tener intereses en = have + a stake in.
    * tener intereses en juego = have + invested.
    * tener interés por = have + an interest in.
    * tener interés por/en = be interested in.
    * tener inventiva = be inventive.
    * tener jurisdicción = have + jurisdiction (over).
    * tener la autoridad = have + mandate.
    * tener la bragueta abierta = fly + be undone.
    * tener la capacidad de = have + the potential (to/for).
    * tener la cara de = have + the nerve(s) to, have + the cheek to.
    * tener la cara descompuesta = look like + death warmed (over/up).
    * tener la categoría profesional de + Nombre = hold + Nombre + rank, have + Nombre + rank, enjoy + Nombre + rank.
    * tener la certeza de = feel + confident.
    * tener la certeza de que = rest + assured that.
    * tener la conciencia limpia = have + a clear conscience.
    * tener la conciencia tranquila = have + a clear conscience.
    * tener la convicción = it + be + Posesivo + understanding.
    * tener la costumbre de = have + a habit of, have + the habit of.
    * tener la costumbre de + Infinitivo = be in the habit of + Gerundio.
    * tener la cuenta bancaria = bank.
    * tener la culpa (por/de) = be at fault (for/to).
    * tener la culpa de Algo que se ha causado Uno mismo = be of + Posesivo + own making.
    * tener la desfachatez de = have + the gall to, have + the nerve(s) to, have + the cheek to.
    * tener la desvergüenza de = have + the nerve(s) to, have + the cheek to.
    * tener la doble función = double as, double up as.
    * tener la facultad de = have + powers to.
    * tener la fama de = have + a good record for.
    * tener la fecha de + Fecha = be dated + Fecha.
    * tener la frescura de = have + the nerve(s) to, have + the cheek to.
    * tener la función de = be in the business of.
    * tener la impresión = have + the impression, get + the impression.
    * tener la impresión de que = get + the feeling that.
    * tener la intención de = be intended to, intend, mean.
    * tener la intención de + Infinitivo = set out to + Infinitivo.
    * tener la libertad de = be at liberty to, feel + free to.
    * tener la libertard de/para = have + the latitude to.
    * tener la malafortuna de = have + the misfortune to.
    * tener la mirada perdida = stare into + space, gaze into + space.
    * tener la misma importancia = carry + equal weight.
    * tener la obligación de = be under the obligation to.
    * tener la ocasión de = have + opportunity to.
    * tener la oficina central en = headquarter (at/in).
    * tener la opinión = it + be + Posesivo + understanding.
    * tener la oportunidad = have + the opportunity.
    * tener la oportunidad de = get + (a/the) + chance to, have + opportunity to, get + a chance to.
    * tener la osadía de = have + the gall to, have + the nerve(s) to, have + the cheek to.
    * tener la paciencia del santo Job = have + the patience of Job.
    * tener la paciencia de un santo = have + the patience of a saint.
    * tener la posibilidad de = have + chance.
    * tener la potestad = have + mandate.
    * tener la potestad de = have + the power to, have + the right to.
    * tener lapsus = have + lapses.
    * tener la reputación de ser = be well known for.
    * tener la responsabilidad = charge, undertake + burden.
    * tener la responsabilidad de = have + the responsibility of.
    * tener la sartén por el mango = call + the shots, be the boss, call + the tune, rule + the roost.
    * tener la seguridad de = have + the security of.
    * tener la seguridad de que = rest + assured that.
    * tener la sensación de que = have + a gut feeling that.
    * tener las mismas prerrogativas = have + an equal voice in.
    * tener las riendas de = hold + the reins of.
    * tener las riendas del poder = hold + the reins of power.
    * tener lástima = pity.
    * tener lástima de = take + pity on.
    * tener la tentación de = be tempted to.
    * tener la última palabra = have + the ultimate say, have + the final say, call + the shots, be the boss, call + the tune, rule + the roost.
    * tener la vista cansada = need + reading glasses.
    * tenerle manía a Alguien = have + it in for + Nombre.
    * tenerle rabia a Alguien = have + it in for + Nombre.
    * tenerle tirria a Alguien = have + it in for + Nombre.
    * tener libertad = have + freedom.
    * tener libertad sobre = have + wide discretion over.
    * tenerlo crudo = not be easy.
    * tenerlo difícil = not be easy, not be easy.
    * tenerlo duro = not be easy.
    * tenerlo fácil = have + an easy ride.
    * tener lo mejor de ambos mundos = have + the best of both worlds.
    * tener lo mejor de los dos mundos = have + the best of both worlds.
    * tener lo que hace falta = have + what it takes.
    * tener lo que hay que tener = have + what it takes.
    * tener lo que se necesita = have + what it takes.
    * tener los días contados = day + be + numbered, be doomed, doomed, be dead meat, the (hand)writing + be + on the wall, see it + coming.
    * tener los nervios de punta = have + butterflies in + Posesivo + stomach.
    * tener los nervios en el estómago = have + butterflies in + Posesivo + stomach.
    * tener los pies firmemente en el suelo = feet + be + firmly planted on the ground.
    * tenerlo todo = have + the best of both worlds.
    * tenerlo todo hecho = have + an easy ride.
    * tener lugar = take + place, go on, come to + pass.
    * tener madera de = be cut out for.
    * tener mala fama por = hold in + disrepute, be infamous for.
    * tener malas conexiones con = have + poor connections with.
    * tener malas intenciones = be up to no good, get up to + no good.
    * tener mal de amores = be lovesick.
    * tener mal ojo para juzgar a la gente = be a bad judge of character.
    * tener más paciencia que el santo Job = have + the patience of Job.
    * tener más paciencia que un santo = have + the patience of a saint.
    * tener mérito = be meritorious.
    * tener miedo = be afraid, be in fear, frighten.
    * tener miedo a = be scared of.
    * tener miedo a Alguien = regard + Nombre + with fear.
    * tener motivo = be right.
    * tener motivo justificado = have + good cause.
    * tener motivo para = have + cause to.
    * tener movilidad = be mobile.
    * tener mucha distancia que recorrer = have + a long way to go.
    * tener mucha ilusión = be thrilled.
    * tener mucha personalidad = be full of character.
    * tener mucho camino que recorrer = have + a long way to go.
    * tener mucho carácter = be full of character.
    * tener mucho cuidado = be extra vigilant.
    * tener mucho éxito = hit + a home run, hit it out of + the park, knock it out of + the park.
    * tener mucho interés en = have + a high stake in.
    * tener mucho interés por = be keen to.
    * tener mucho que ver con = have + a great deal to do with.
    * tener mucho tiempo libre = have + plenty of time to spare.
    * tener muy mala cara = look like + death warmed (over/up).
    * tener niños = have + children.
    * tener + Nombre = be not without + Nombre.
    * tener noticias de = hear from.
    * tener + Número + Período de Tiempo = be + Período de Tiempo + old.
    * tener obligación = have + obligation.
    * tener obsesión con = be hipped (on/to), get hipped (on/to).
    * tener ojeras = have + bags under + Posesivo + eyes.
    * tener ojos en la nuca = have + eyes in the back of + Posesivo + head.
    * tener opinión = take + view.
    * tener paciencia = be patient.
    * tener paciencia con = bear with + Pronombre.
    * tener palabra = keep + Posesivo + word, live up to + Posesivo + word.
    * tener paralelo = have + parallel.
    * tener pelos en la lengua = mince + words.
    * tener pérdidas = make + a loss.
    * tener perplejo = stump.
    * tener plena conciencia de = be fully aware of.
    * tener poca información = be information poor.
    * tener pocas luces = as thick as a brick, as thick as two (short) planks, as daft as a brush, knucklehead.
    * tener pocas posibilidades de = have + little recourse.
    * tener poco que ver = have + little to do.
    * tener poco valor = be of little value.
    * tener por costumbre + Infinitivo = be in the habit of + Gerundio.
    * tener por término medio = average.
    * tener posibilidades = stand + chance, be in with a chance.
    * tener potencial = have + potential.
    * tener precaución de = be chary of.
    * tener precedencia = take + priority.
    * tener preferencia = be preferential, have + the right of way.
    * tener preferencia (sobre) = take + precedence (over).
    * tener presente = be mindful of/that, bear in + mind, consider (as), keep in + focus, keep in + mind, make + consideration, mind, make + provision for, have + regard for, be aware of.
    * tener presente las posibilidades de Algo = consider + possibilities.
    * tener prioridad = trump.
    * tener prisa = be in a hurry.
    * tener problema con Algo = experience + trouble with.
    * tener problemas = have + problems.
    * tener problemas con = fall + foul of, run + afoul of problems, run + afoul of, fall + afoul of.
    * tener problemas con la ley = fall + foul of the law, go + afoul of the law, fall + afoul of the law.
    * tener programado su comienzo = be scheduled to start.
    * tener programado su finalización = be scheduled for completion.
    * tener pros y contras = be a mixed blessing.
    * tener que = have to, hafta [have to].
    * tener que aguantar Algo = be stuck with, get + stuck with.
    * tener que arreglárselas solo = leave (up) to + Posesivo + own resources, leave to + Posesivo + own devices.
    * tener que cargar con = be stuck with, saddle with, get + stuck with.
    * tener que cargar con el peso de = be burdened with.
    * tener que cargar con el peso de la tradición = be burdened with + tradition.
    * tener que competir con = face + competition from.
    * tener + que felicitar a Alguien = have to hand it to + Nombre.
    * tener que ocurrir = be boun

    * * *
    tener [ E27 ]
    ■ tener (verbo transitivo)
    A poseer, disponer de
    B
    1 llevar encima
    2 llevar puesto
    C actividades, obligaciones
    D
    1 señalando características
    2 expresando edad
    3 con idea de posibilidad
    E dar a luz
    A sujetar, sostener
    B tomar
    A recibir
    B
    1 sentir
    2 refiriéndose a síntomas
    3 refiriéndose a sucesos
    C refiriéndose a actitudes
    A indicando estado, situación
    B tener algo/a alguien por algo
    ■ tener (verbo auxiliar)
    A
    1 tener que: obligación
    2 tener que: propósito
    B tener que: certeza
    A con participio pasado
    B en expresiones de tiempo
    ■ tenerse (verbo pronominal)
    A sostenerse
    B tenerse por algo
    vt
    [El uso de `got' en frases como `I've got a new dress' está mucho más extendido en el inglés británico que en el americano. Éste prefiere la forma `I have a new dress']
    A (poseer, disponer de) ‹dinero/trabajo/tiempo› to have
    ése ya lo tengo I already have that one, I've already got that one
    ¿tienen hijos? do they have any children?, have they got any children?
    tiene un sueldo muy bueno she earns a very good salary, she is on a very good salary
    no tenemos aceitunas we don't have any olives, we haven't got any olives
    no tenía bastante dinero I didn't have enough money
    no tengo a quién recurrir I have o I've got nobody to turn to
    tú no tienes idea de lo que fue you've no idea o you can't imagine what it was like
    aquí tienes al autor del delito here's o this is the culprit
    ¡ahí tienes! ¿ves cómo no se los puede dejar solos? there you are! you see how they can't be left on their own?
    ¿conque ésas tenemos? so that's the way things are, is it?
    no tenerlas todas consigo ( fam): no sé, no las tengo todas conmigo I don't know, I'm not entirely sure o I'm not a hundred percent sure o I'm not at all sure
    tenerla con algn (CS fam); to have it in for sb ( colloq)
    tenerla con algo (CS fam); to keep o go on about sth ( colloq)
    B
    1 (llevar encima) to have
    ¿tienes cambio de $100? do you have change for $100?
    no tengo un lápiz I don't have a pencil (on me), I haven't got a pencil (on me)
    ¿tiene hora? have you got the time?, could you tell me the time?
    2 (llevar puesto) to be wearing, have on
    ¡qué traje más elegante tienes! that's a smart suit you're wearing o you have on!
    C (hablando de actividades, obligaciones) to have
    esta noche tengo una fiesta I'm going to o I have a party tonight
    los viernes tenemos gimnasia we have keep-fit on Fridays
    tenemos invitados a cenar we have o we've got some people coming to dinner
    tengo un par de camisas que planchar I have o I've got a couple of shirts to iron
    D
    1 [ Vocabulary notes (Spanish) ] (señalando características, atributos) to have
    tiene los ojos castaños/el pelo largo she has o she's got brown eyes/long hair
    tiene mucho tacto/valor he's very tactful/brave
    tiene habilidad para esas cosas he's very good at that sort of thing
    tiene sus defectos he has o he's got his faults
    la habitación tiene mucha luz the room is very light o gets a lot of light
    tiene cuatro metros de largo por tres de ancho it is four meters long and three meters wide
    ¿cuánto tienes de cintura? what's your waist measurement?
    tiene mucho de su padre he's very much like his father, he takes after his father
    tener algo DE algo:
    ¿y eso qué tiene de malo? and what's (so) bad about that?
    no tiene nada de extraño there's nothing strange about it
    le lleva 15 años — ¿y eso qué tiene? ( AmL fam); she's 15 years older than he is — so what does that matter?
    (expresando edad): ¿cuántos años tienes? how old are you?
    tengo cuarenta años I'm forty (years old)
    tengo edad para ser tu padre I'm old enough to be your father
    el televisor ya tiene muchos años the television set is very old
    3
    (con idea de posibilidad): no creo que tenga arreglo I don't think it can be fixed, I think it's beyond repair
    el problema no tiene solución there is no solution to the problem, the problem is insoluble
    E (dar a luz) to have
    tener un niño or hijo or bebé to have a child o baby
    A (sujetar, sostener) to hold
    sube, que yo te tengo la escalera go on up, I'll hold the ladder for you
    ¿me tienes esto un minuto? could you hold this for a minute?
    tenlo derecho hold it upright
    B
    (tomar): ten la llave take the key, here's the key
    A (recibir) to have
    hace un mes que no tenemos noticias de él we haven't heard from him for a month
    la propuesta tuvo una acogida favorable the proposal was favorably received
    tuvo una gran decepción/sorpresa it was a terrible disappointment/a big surprise for her
    B
    1
    (sentir): tengo hambre/sueño/frío I'm hungry/tired/cold
    tiene celos de su hermano she's jealous of her brother
    no tiene interés por nada she's not interested in anything
    le tengo mucho cariño a esta casa I'm very fond of this house
    tengo el placer/honor de anunciar … it gives me great pleasure/I have the honor to announce …
    ¿qué tienes? ¿por qué lloras? what's wrong? o what's the matter? why are you crying?
    2 (refiriéndose a síntomas, enfermedades) to have
    tengo un dolor de cabeza horrible I have o I've got a terrible headache
    ¿has tenido las paperas? have you had mumps?
    está enfermo, pero no saben qué tiene he's ill, but they don't know what it is o what he's got o what's wrong with him
    3 (refiriéndose a sucesos, experiencias) to have
    tuvimos un verano muy bueno we had a very good summer
    tuve un sueño espantoso I had a terrible dream
    que tengas buen viaje have a good trip
    tuve una discusión con él I had an argument with him
    C
    (refiriéndose a actitudes): ten un poco más de respeto have a little more respect
    ten paciencia/cuidado be patient/careful
    tuvo la gentileza de prestármelo she was kind enough to lend it to me
    tuvo la precaución de llamar antes de ir she had the foresight to phone before she went
    bien2 adv G. (↑ bien (2))
    A (indicando estado, situación) (+ compl):
    el sofá tiene el tapizado sucio the upholstery on the sofa is dirty
    la mesa tiene una pata rota one of the table legs is broken
    tenía el suéter puesto al revés he had his sweater on back to front
    tengo las manos sucias my hands are dirty
    tenía los ojos cerrados she had her eyes closed
    lo tengo escondido I have it hidden away
    ya lo tiene roto it's already broken o he's broken it already
    la tuvo engañada mucho tiempo he was cheating on her for a long time
    lo tiene dominado she has him under her thumb
    eso me tiene muy preocupada I'm very worried about that
    me tuvo escribiendo a máquina toda la tarde she had me typing all afternoon
    nos tuvo allí esperando una hora he kept us waiting there for an hour
    a la pobre la tienen de sirvienta they treat the poor girl like a maid
    tengo a la niña enferma my little girl's sick
    ¿en qué mano lo tengo? which hand is it in?
    B (considerar) tener algo/a algn POR algo:
    se lo tiene por el mejor hospital del país it is supposed to be o it is considered (to be) the best hospital in the country
    lo tienen por buen cirujano he's held to be o he's considered (to be) a good surgeon
    siempre lo tuve por tímido I always thought he was shy
    ten por seguro que lo hará rest assured o you can be sure he'll do it
    ■
    A
    1 (expresando obligación, necesidad) tener QUE + INF:
    tengo que terminarlo hoy I have to o I must finish it today
    tienes que comer más, estás muy delgada you must eat more, you're very thin
    no tienes más que apretar este botón all you have to do is press this button
    no tienes que estar allí hasta las nueve you don't have to be there until nine
    no tengo por qué darte cuentas a ti I don't have to explain anything to you, I don't owe you any explanations
    no tienes que comer tanto (no debes) you mustn't eat so much; (no hace falta) you don't have to eat that much, there's no need to eat that much
    tendría que cambiarme, no puedo ir así I'd have to o I ought to o I should change, I can't go like this
    2 (expresando propósito, recomendación) tener QUE + INF:
    tenemos que ir a ver esa película we must go and see that movie
    tengo que hacer ejercicio I must get some exercise
    tienes que leerlo, es buenísimo you must read it, it's really good
    B (expresando certeza) tener QUE + INF:
    tiene que estar en este cajón it must be in this drawer
    tiene que haber sido él it must have been him
    tengo que haberlo dejado en casa I must have left it at home
    ¡tú tenías que ser! it had to be you, didn't it?
    ver2 vt I. (↑ ver (2))
    A
    (con participio pasado): ¿tiene previsto asistir al congreso? do you plan to attend the conference?
    ya tenían planeada su estrategia they already had their strategy worked out
    tengo entendido que llega mañana I understand he's arriving tomorrow
    tiene ganado el afecto del público she has won the public's affection
    te tengo dicho que eso no me gusta I've told you before I don't like that
    teníamos pensado irnos el jueves we intended leaving on Thursday
    tiene bastante dinero ahorrado she has quite a lot of money saved up
    B
    ( AmL) (en expresiones de tiempo): cuatro años tenía sin verlo she hadn't seen him for four years
    tienen tres años de casados they've been married for three years
    A
    (sostenerse): no podía tenerse en pie he couldn't stand
    tiene un sueño que no se tiene ( fam); he's out o dead on his feet ( colloq)
    B ( refl) (considerarse) tenerse POR algo:
    se tiene por muy inteligente he considers himself to be o he thinks he is very intelligent
    * * *

     

    Multiple Entries:
    tener    
    tener algo
    tener ( conjugate tener) verbo transitivo El uso de `got' en frases como `I've got a new dress' está mucho más extendido en el inglés británico que en el americano. Este prefiere la forma `I have a new dress'
    1
    a) (poseer, disponer de) ‹dinero/trabajo/tiempo› to have;


    no tenemos pan we don't have any bread, we haven't got any bread;
    tiene el pelo largo she has o she's got long hair
    b) ( llevar encima) ‹lápiz/cambio› to have;

    ◊ ¿tiene hora? have you got the time?

    c) (hablando de actividades, obligaciones) to have;

    ◊ tengo invitados a cenar I have o I've got some people coming to dinner;

    tengo cosas que hacer I have o I've got things to do
    d) ( dar a luz) ‹bebé/gemelos› to have

    2
    a) (señalando características, tamaño) to be;


    tiene un metro de largo it is one meter long;
    le lleva 15 años — ¿y eso qué tiene? (AmL fam) she's 15 years older than he is — so what does that matter?

    ◊ ¿cuántos años tienes? how old are you?;

    tengo veinte años I'm twenty (years old)
    3
    a) (sujetar, sostener) to hold;


    b) ( tomar):

    ◊ ten la llave take o here's the key

    4
    a) ( sentir):

    ◊ tengo hambre/frío I'm hungry/cold;

    le tengo mucho cariño I'm very fond of him;
    tengo el placer de … it gives me great pleasure to …
    b) ( refiriéndose a enfermedades) ‹gripe/cáncer› to have;

    ◊ tengo dolor de cabeza I have o I've got a headache

    c) ( refiriéndose a experiencias) ‹discusión/accidente› to have;


    5 ( refiriéndose a actitudes):

    ten paciencia/cuidado be patient/careful;
    tiene mucho tacto he's very tactful
    6 (indicando estado, situación):

    tengo las manos sucias my hands are dirty;
    tienes el cinturón desabrochado your belt's undone;
    me tiene muy preocupada I'm very worried about it
    tener v aux
    1 tener que hacer algo
    a) (expresando obligación, necesidad) to have (got) to do sth;

    ◊ tengo que estudiar hoy I have to o I must study today;

    tienes que comer más you ought to eat more
    b) (expresando propósito, recomendación):


    tendrías que llamarlo you should ring him


    ¡tú tenías que ser! it had to be you!
    2 ( con participio pasado):
    ◊ tengo entendido que sí viene I understand he is coming;

    te tengo dicho que … I've told you before (that) …;
    teníamos pensado irnos hoy we intended leaving today
    3 (AmL) ( en expresiones de tiempo):

    tenía un año sin verlo she hadn't seen him for a year
    tenerse verbo pronominal ( sostenerse):

    no tenerse de sueño to be dead on one's feet
    tener
    I verbo transitivo
    1 (poseer, disfrutar) to have, have got: tengo muy buena memoria, I have a very good memory
    no tiene coche, he hasn't got a car
    tiene dos hermanas, he has two sisters
    tiene mucho talento, he's very talented
    no tenemos suficiente dinero, we don't have enough money
    (ser dueño de) to own: tiene una cadena de hoteles, he owns a chain of hotels ➣ Ver nota en have 2 (contener) to contain: esta bebida no tiene alcohol, this drink doesn't contain alcohol
    3 (asir, sujetar) to hold: la tenía en brazos, she was carrying her in her arms
    4 (hospedar) tiene a su suegra en casa, his mother-in-law is staying with them
    5 (juzgar, considerar) la tengo por imposible, I regard her as a hopeless case
    nos tienen por tontos, they think we are stupid
    tenlo por seguro, you can be sure
    6 (pasar el tiempo de cierta manera) to have: he tenido un día espantoso, I've had a dreadful day
    7 (padecer, sentir) tiene celos, he's jealous
    tengo hambre/sed, I'm hungry/thirsty
    ten paciencia conmigo, be patient with me
    tengo un dolor de cabeza terrible, I have a terrible headache
    8 (profesar) to have: me tiene cariño, he is very fond of me
    no le tengo ningún respeto, I have no respect for him
    9 (años, tiempo) to be: el bebé tiene ocho días, the baby is eight days old
    (medidas) la cama tiene metro y medio de ancho, the bed is one and a half metres wide
    10 (mantener) to keep: no sabe tener la boca cerrada, she can't keep her mouth shut
    nos tuvo dos horas esperando, he kept us waiting for two hours
    tiene su habitación muy ordenada, he keeps his room very tidy
    me tiene preocupada, I'm worried about him
    11 ( tener que + infinitivo) tengo que hacerlo, I must do it
    tienes que tomarte las pastillas, you have to take your pills
    tendrías que habérselo dicho, you ought to have told her ➣ Ver nota en must
    II verbo aux to have: mira que te lo tengo dicho veces, I've told you time and time again
    Tener tiene dos traducciones básicas: to have o to have got. Esta segunda se usa casi únicamente para expresar posesión y solo en el presente: Tengo un coche nuevo. I have got a new car.
    La primera se usa en sentido más general: Va a tener un problema. He's going to have a problem. Recuerda que la forma interrogativa de I have got es have I got?, mientras que la forma interrogativa de I have es do I have?
    Cuando tener significa sentir, se traduce por el verbo to be: Tengo hambre. I am hungry.

    ' tener' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    abrigar
    - abuela
    - abundar
    - acarrear
    - accidente
    - acostumbrar
    - admirar
    - adolecer
    - agobiarse
    - añorar
    - antena
    - apetecer
    - apremiar
    - aptitud
    - arcada
    - arte
    - banco
    - bombera
    - bombero
    - burbuja
    - cabida
    - cabronada
    - cacao
    - caer
    - cagalera
    - calor
    - cantar
    - capaz
    - carácter
    - carrete
    - celebrarse
    - céntimo
    - certeza
    - certidumbre
    - ciega
    - ciego
    - conciencia
    - conllevar
    - consecuencia
    - constar
    - contingente
    - corazón
    - correa
    - correrse
    - cosa
    - cosquillas
    - costar
    - creer
    - cruda
    - crudo
    English:
    access
    - accommodate
    - act
    - add up
    - afraid
    - agree
    - aim to
    - allow for
    - allowance
    - approve of
    - around
    - associate
    - attached
    - augment
    - authoritarian
    - ax
    - axe
    - barrel
    - be
    - bear
    - bear with
    - bearing
    - begrudge
    - believe in
    - belong
    - beware
    - boast
    - bone
    - boomerang
    - breathing space
    - broody
    - brush
    - butterfly
    - calculate
    - careful
    - celebrate
    - clash
    - clever
    - come off
    - command
    - connected
    - conscience
    - consider
    - consideration
    - count
    - crash
    - date
    - daunt
    - debt
    - depend
    * * *
    ♦ vt
    1. [poseer, disfrutar de] [objeto, cualidad, elemento, parentesco] to have;
    no tengo televisor/amigos I haven't got o I don't have a television/any friends;
    ¿tienes un bolígrafo? have you got o do you have a pen?;
    ¿tiene usted hora? have you got the time?;
    tenemos un mes para terminarlo we've got a month in which to finish it;
    tiene el pelo corto, ojos azules y gafas she has (got) short hair, blue eyes and she wears glasses;
    muchos no tienen trabajo o [m5] empleo a lot of people are out of work;
    el documental no tiene mucho interés the documentary is not very interesting;
    ¿cuántas habitaciones tiene? how many rooms has it got o does it have?;
    ¿tienes hermanos? have you got o do you have any brothers or sisters?;
    tengo un hermano I've got o I have a brother;
    tener un niño to have a baby;
    no tienen hijos they haven't got o don't have any children;
    RP Fam
    tener algo a bocha [en gran cantidad] to have tons o loads of sth;
    ¿conque ésas tenemos?, ¿ahora no quieres ayudar? so that's the deal, is it? you don't want to help now, then;
    no las tiene todas consigo he is not too sure about it;
    muy Fam
    tenerlos bien puestos to have guts;
    tanto tienes, tanto vales you are what you own
    2. [padecer, realizar, experimentar] to have;
    tener fiebre to have a temperature;
    tiene cáncer/el sida she has (got) cancer/AIDS;
    doctor, ¿qué tengo? what's wrong with me, doctor?;
    no tienes nada (grave) it's nothing (serious), there's nothing (seriously) wrong with you;
    tuvieron una pelea/reunión they had a fight/meeting;
    tengo las vacaciones en agosto my holidays are in August;
    mañana no tenemos clase we don't have to go to school tomorrow, there's no school tomorrow;
    ¡que tengan buen viaje! have a good journey!;
    no he tenido un buen día I haven't had a good day;
    tiene lo que se merece she's got what she deserves
    3. [medida, años, sensación, sentimiento] to be;
    tiene 3 metros de ancho it's 3 metres wide;
    ¿cuántos años tienes? how old are you?;
    tiene diez años she's ten (years old);
    Am
    tengo tres años aquí I've been here for three years;
    tener hambre/miedo to be hungry/afraid;
    tener suerte/mal humor to be lucky/bad-tempered;
    tengo un dolor de espalda terrible I have a terrible backache;
    tengo alergia al polvo I'm allergic to dust;
    me tienen cariño/envidia they're fond/jealous of me;
    le tiene lástima he feels sorry for her;
    tengo ganas de llorar I feel like crying
    4. [hallarse o hacer estar en cierto estado]
    tenía la cara pálida her face was pale;
    tienes una rueda pinchada you've got a Br puncture o US flat;
    tienes la corbata torcida your tie isn't straight;
    me tuvo despierto it kept me awake;
    eso la tiene despistada/preocupada that has her confused/worried;
    esto la tendrá ocupada un rato this will keep her busy for a while;
    un psicópata tiene atemorizada a la población a psychopath is terrorizing the population;
    nos tuvieron una hora en comisaría they kept us at the police station for an hour;
    me tuvo esperando una hora she kept me waiting an hour;
    nos tuvieron toda la noche viendo vídeos they made us watch videos all night;
    la tienen como o [m5] de encargada en un restaurante she's employed as a manageress in a restaurant
    5. [sujetar] to hold;
    tenlo por el asa hold it by the handle;
    ¿puedes tenerme esto un momento? could you hold this for me a minute?;
    ten los brazos en alto hold your arms up high
    6. [tomar]
    ten el libro que me pediste here's the book you asked me for;
    ¡aquí tienes!, ¡ten! here you are!;
    ahí tienes la respuesta there's your answer
    7. [recibir] [mensaje, regalo, visita, sensación] to get;
    tuve una carta suya I got o had a letter from her;
    el que llegue primero tendrá un premio whoever arrives first will get a prize;
    tendrás noticias mías you'll hear from me;
    tenemos invitados/a la familia a cenar we've got guests/the family over for dinner;
    tendrá una sorpresa he'll get a surprise;
    tenía/tuve la impresión de que… I had/got the impression that…;
    tuve una verdadera desilusión I was really disappointed
    8. [valorar, estimar]
    tener en mucho/poco a alguien to think a lot/not to think very much of sb;
    me tienen por tonto they think I'm stupid;
    Formal
    tener a bien hacer algo to be kind enough to do sth;
    les ruego tengan a bien considerar mi candidatura para el puesto de… I would be grateful if you would consider my application for the post of…
    9. [guardar, contener] to keep;
    ¿dónde tienes las joyas/el dinero? where do you keep the jewels/money?;
    ¿dónde tendré las gafas? where can my glasses be?;
    la botella tenía un mensaje the bottle had a message inside;
    esta cuenta no tiene fondos there are no funds in this account
    10. RP Fam
    tenerla con algo/alguien to go on about sth/sb;
    ¡cómo la tenés con tu vecino! you're always going on about your neighbour!;
    ¡cómo la tiene con el auto que se va a comprar! he's always going on about the car he's going to buy!;
    ¡cómo la tiene el jefe contigo! the boss really has it in for you!
    ♦ v aux
    1. [antes de participio] [haber]
    teníamos pensado ir al teatro we had thought of going to the theatre, we had intended to go to the theatre;
    ¿cuánto tienes hecho de la tesis? how much of your thesis have you (got) done?;
    te tengo dicho que no pises los charcos I've told you before not to step in puddles;
    tengo entendido que se van a casar I understand (that) they are going to get married
    2.
    tener que: [indica obligación] [m5] tener que hacer algo to have to do sth;
    tenía/tuve que hacerlo I had to do it;
    ¿tienes que irte? do you have to go?, have you got to go?;
    tienes que esforzarte más you must try harder;
    tiene que ser así it has to be this way;
    tenemos que salir de aquí we have (got) to o need to get out of here, we must get out of here;
    teníamos que haber hecho esto antes we should have o ought to have done this before;
    no tienes que disculparte you needn't apologize, you don't need to apologize;
    si quieres algo, no tienes más que pedirlo if you want something, all you have to do is ask;
    no tienes por qué venir, si no quieres you don't have to come if you don't want to
    3.
    tener que: [indica propósito, consejo] [m5] tenemos que ir a cenar un día we ought to o should go for dinner some time;
    tienes que ir a ver esa película you must see that movie;
    tenías que haber visto cómo corría you should have seen him run;
    tendrías que dejar de fumar you ought to give up smoking
    4.
    tener que: [indica probabilidad] [m5] ya tienen que haber llegado they must have o should have arrived by now;
    las llaves tienen que andar por aquí the keys must be round here somewhere;
    tendría que haber terminado hace rato she should have o ought to have finished some time ago;
    tenía que ser él, no podía ser otro it had to be him, it couldn't have been anyone else
    5.
    tener que ver: tener que ver con algo/alguien to have to do with sth/sb;
    actitudes que tienen que ver con la falta de educación attitudes which are related to a lack of education;
    se apellida Siqueiros, pero no tiene que ver con el pintor his surname is Siqueiros, but he's got nothing to do with the painter;
    ¿qué tiene eso que ver conmigo? what has that got to do with me?;
    no tener nada que ver con algo/alguien to have nothing to do with sth/sb;
    lo que digo no tiene nada que ver con eso what I'm saying has nothing to do with that;
    aunque los dos vinos sean Rioja, no tienen nada que ver even if both wines are Riojas, there's no comparison between them;
    ¿qué tiene que ver que sea mujer para que haga bien su trabajo? what's her being a woman got to do with whether or not she does a good job?;
    es un poco tarde, ¿no? – ¿y qué tiene que ver? it's a bit late, isn't it? – so what?;
    tener que ver en algo to be involved in sth;
    dicen que la CIA tuvo que ver en ello rumour has it the CIA were involved;
    ¿has tenido tú algo que ver en esto? have you had something to do with this?
    * * *
    v/t
    1 have;
    tener 10 años be 10 (years old);
    tener un metro de ancho/largo be one meter wide/long o in width/length
    2
    :
    ha tenido un niño she’s had a little boy
    3
    :
    tener a alguien por algo regard s.o. as sth, consider s.o. to be sth
    4
    :
    tengo que madrugar I must get up early, I have to o I’ve got to get up early;
    tuve que madrugar I had to get up early
    5
    :
    conque ¿esas tenemos? so that’s how it is o things stand, eh?;
    no tuvo a bien saludarme he did not see fit to greet me;
    no las tengo todas conmigo fam I’m not one hundred per cent sure;
    eso me tiene nervioso that makes me nervous
    * * *
    tener {80} vt
    1) : to have
    tiene ojos verdes: she has green eyes
    tengo mucho que hacer: I have a lot to do
    tiene veinte años: he's twenty years old
    tiene un metro de largo: it's one meter long
    2) : to hold
    ten esto un momento: hold this for a moment
    3) : to feel, to make
    tengo frío: I'm cold
    eso nos tiene contentos: that makes us happy
    4)
    tener por : to think, to consider
    me tienes por loco: you think I'm crazy
    tener v aux
    1)
    tener que : to have to
    tengo que salir: I have to leave
    tiene que estar aquí: it has to be here, it must be here
    tenía pensado escribirte: I've been thinking of writing to you
    * * *
    tener vb
    1. (en general) to have
    En el presente, sobre todo en inglés hablado, se puede emplear have got en vez de have, por ejemplo, have you got any brothers or sisters?
    2. (edad, tamaño) to be
    tener que ver to have to do with / to concern
    no tiene nada que ver contigo it's got nothing to do with you / it doesn't concern you

    Spanish-English dictionary > tener

  • 98 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

  • 99 sentir

    sentir [sɑ̃tiʀ]
    ➭ TABLE 16
    1. transitive verb
       a. ( = percevoir) (par l'odorat) to smell ; (au goût) to taste ; (au toucher, contact) to feel
    • je ne le sens pas, ce type (inf) I don't like the look of him
       b. ( = avoir une odeur) to smell
    • sentir bon/mauvais to smell good/bad
    • ça ne sent pas la rose ! (inf) that doesn't smell too good!
       c. ( = dénoter) to smack of
       d. ( = annoncer) ça sent le piège there's a trap
    • ça sent la pluie/la neige it looks like rain/snow
       e. ( = avoir conscience de) [+ changement, fatigue] to feel ; [+ importance de qch] to be aware of ; [+ danger, difficulté] to sense
    • sentir que to be aware that ; ( = pressentir) to sense that
    2. reflexive verb
       a. [personne]
    • se sentir bien (physiquement, psychologiquement) to feel good
    • se sentir mieux/fatigué to feel better/tired
    • se sentir revivre/rajeunir to feel o.s. coming alive again/growing young again
    • il ne se sent plus ! (inf) he really thinks he's arrived!
    * * *
    sɑ̃tiʀ
    1.
    1) ( percevoir par l'odorat) to smell [parfum, fleur]
    2) (percevoir par le toucher, le corps, le goût) to feel

    j'ai marché trop longtemps, je ne sens plus mes pieds — I've been walking for too long, my feet are numb

    sentir d'où vient le vent — lit, Nautisme to see how the wind blows ou lies; fig to see which way the wind is blowing

    3) ( comprendre) to be conscious of [importance]; to feel [beauté, force]; to appreciate [difficulté]; to sense [danger, désapprobation]

    sentir que — ( percevoir) to feel that; ( avoir l'idée) to have a feeling that

    je te sens inquiet, je sens que tu es inquiet — I can tell you're worried

    se faire sentir — [besoin, présence, absence] to be felt


    2.
    verbe intransitif
    1) ( avoir une odeur) to smell
    2) ( puer) to smell
    3) ( révéler) to smack of

    3.
    se sentir verbe pronominal

    ne plus se sentir — (colloq) ( de joie) to be overjoyed; ( de vanité) to get above oneself

    2) ( être perceptible) [phénomène, amélioration, effet] to be felt
    ••

    je l'ai senti passer! — (piqûre, addition) it really hurt!; ( réprimande) I really got it in the neck!

    * * *
    sɑ̃tiʀ
    1. vt
    1) (= percevoir) (odorat) to smell, (goût) to taste, (toucher) to feel

    "Ça t'a fait mal?" — "Non, je n'ai rien senti." — "Did it hurt?" — "No, I didn't feel a thing."

    2) (= ressentir) to feel

    faire sentir; Il m'a bien fait sentir que j'étais de trop. — He certainly made me feel I was in the way.

    Ça sent les frites ici. — It smells of chips in here.

    4) (= dénoter, annoncer) to smack of
    5) * (= supporter) to stand

    Il ne peut pas le sentir. — He can't stand him.

    Il ne peut pas la sentir. — He can't stand her.

    2. vi

    Ça sent bon ici. — It smells good in here.

    Ça sent mauvais ici. — It smells bad in here.

    * * *
    sentir verb table: partir
    A vtr
    1 ( percevoir par l'odorat) to smell [parfum, fleur]; on sentait les foins or l'odeur des foins we could smell the hay; tu ne sens pas une odeur? can't you smell something?; je ne sens rien I can't smell anything; fais-moi sentir ce fromage let me smell that cheese; on sent que tu fumes le cigare one can tell that you smoke cigars by the smell;
    2 (percevoir par le toucher, le corps, le goût) to feel; sentir le froid/un caillou to feel the cold/a stone; je ne sens rien I can't feel anything; je ne sens plus mes orteils tellement j'ai froid I'm so cold I can't feel my toes any more; j'ai marché trop longtemps, je ne sens plus mes pieds I've been walking for too long, my feet are numb; elle m'a fait sentir sa bosse she made me feel her lump; on sent qu'il y a du vin dans la sauce one can smell ou taste the wine in the sauce; sentir d'où vient le vent lit, Naut to see how the wind blows ou lies; fig to see which way the wind is blowing; le froid commence à se faire sentir the cold weather is setting in; les effets du médicament se feront bientôt sentir the effects of the medicine will soon be felt;
    3 ( avoir conscience de) to be conscious of [importance]; ( percevoir) to feel [beauté, force]; ( apprécier) to appreciate [difficulté]; ( percevoir intuitivement) to sense [danger, désapprobation]; sentir les beautés d'un texte/la force d'une expression to feel the beauty of a text/the force of an expression; as-tu bien senti le message de ce film? did you fully appreciate the message of the film?; sentir que ( percevoir) to feel that; ( avoir l'idée) to have a feeling that; je sens qu'il est sincère I feel that he's sincere; je sens que ce livre te plaira I have a feeling that you'll like this book; on sent que l'hiver approche it feels wintry; il ne sent pas sa force he doesn't know his own strength; il ne sent pas (les subtilités de) l'art moderne he has no feeling for (the subtleties of) modern art; je te sens inquiet, je sens que tu es inquiet I can tell you're worried; faire sentir son autorité to make one's authority felt; les mesures commencent à faire sentir leurs effets the effects of the measures are beginning to make themselves felt ou to be felt; je leur ai fait sentir mon désaccord I made it clear to them that I didn't agree; faire sentir le rythme d'un poème to bring out the rhythm of a poem; se faire sentir [besoin, présence, absence] to be felt.
    B vi
    1 ( avoir une odeur) to smell; sentir bon/mauvais/fort to smell nice/bad/strong; tu sens le vin! you smell of wine!; ça sent le chou/la charogne/la cigarette it smells of cabbage/carrion/cigarettes; herbes qui sentent bon la Provence herbs smelling ou redolent sout of Provence; ça sent bon le café there's a nice smell of coffee; ça sent drôle ici there's a funny smell in here; fleurs qui ne sentent pas flowers which don't have a scent;
    2 ( puer) to smell; le poisson commence à sentir the fish is beginning to smell; qu'est-ce qui sent (comme ça)? what's that smell?; sentir des pieds/aisselles to have smelly feet/armpits; sentir de la bouche to have bad breath;
    3 ( révéler) to smack of; ta douleur/ton attitude sent la comédie or le théâtre your grief/your attitude smacks of insincerity; une fille qui sent la or sa province a girl with a touch of the provinces about her; ciel nuageux qui sent l'orage cloudy sky that heralds a storm.
    C se sentir vpr
    1 ( avoir la sensation de) to feel; se sentir mieux/las/chez soi to feel better/tired/at home; se sentir surveillé to feel that one is being watched; elle ne s'est pas sentie visée par ma remarque she didn't feel that my remark was aimed at her; elle s'est sentie rougir she felt herself blushing; elle s'est senti piquer par un moustique she felt a mosquito bite; non mais tu te sens bien (dans ta tête)○? are you feeling all right (in the head)○?; ne plus se sentir○ ( de joie) to be overjoyed; ( de vanité) to get above oneself; ne plus se sentir de joie○ to be beside oneself with joy;
    2 ( se reconnaître) to feel; se sentir assez fort pour faire, se sentir la force de faire to feel strong enough to do; se sentir libre de faire to feel free to do; se sentir victime d'une machination to feel that one is the victim of a scheme; se sentir une obligation envers qn to feel an obligation towards sb;
    3 ( être perceptible) [phénomène, amélioration, effet] to be felt; les sanctions commencent à se sentir the sanctions are beginning to bite, the effects of the sanctions are beginning to be felt.
    je ne peux pas le sentir I can't stand him; je l'ai senti passer! (piqûre, addition) it really hurt!; ( réprimande) I really got it in the neck!; elle va la sentir passer! (piqûre, addition) it's going to hurt!; ( réprimande) she's going to get it in the neck!
    [sɑ̃tir] verbe transitif
    A.[AVOIR UNE IMPRESSION DE]
    1. [par l'odorat] to smell
    [par le toucher] to feel
    [par le goût] to taste
    je n'ai pas senti l'après-midi/les années passer the afternoon/years just flashed by
    j'ai senti qu'on essayait de mettre la main dans ma poche I was aware ou I felt that someone was trying to reach into my pocket
    le sentir passer, la sentir passer (familier) [douleur, claque]: je l'ai sentie passer that really hurt
    vous allez la sentir passer, l'amende! you'll certainly know about it when you get the fine!
    c'est lui qui a payé le repas, il a dû le sentir passer! he paid for the meal, it must have cost him an arm and a leg!
    2. [avoir l'intuition de - mépris, présence, réticence] to feel, to sense, to be aware of ; [ - danger, menace] to be aware ou conscious of, to sense
    je le sentais prêt/résolu I could feel ou tell he was ready/determined
    je sens bien qu'il m'envie I can feel ou tell that he envies me
    j'ai senti qu'on me suivait I felt ou sensed (that) I was being followed
    faire sentir quelque chose à quelqu'un to make somebody aware of something, to show somebody something
    elle nous le fait sentir, qu'elle est le chef! (familier) she makes sure we know who's the boss!
    3. (soutenu) [éprouver - joie, chagrin, remords] to feel
    4. [apprécier - art, musique] to feel, to have a feeling for
    5. (familier) [être convaincu par]
    je ne le sens pas, ton projet I'm not convinced by your project
    6. [maîtriser - instrument, outil] to have a feel for ; [ - rôle, mouvement à exécuter] to feel at ease with
    7. (familier) [tolérer]
    je ne peux pas sentir ses blagues sexistes I can't stomach ou I just can't take his sexist jokes
    B.[EXHALER, DONNER UNE IMPRESSION]
    1. [dégager - odeur, parfum] to smell (of), to give off a smell of
    ça sent bon le lilas, ici there's a nice smell of lilac in here
    2. [annoncer]
    ça sent la pluie/neige it feels like rain/snow
    se faire sentir [devenir perceptible] to be felt, to become obvious
    3. [laisser deviner] to smack of (inseparable), to savour of (inseparable)
    son interprétation/style sent un peu trop le travail her performance/style is rather too constrained
    ce n'est pas un acte de vandalisme, ça sentirait plutôt la vengeance it's not pure vandalism, it feels more like revenge
    ça sent sa province/les années trente! (familier) it smacks of provincial life/the thirties!
    ————————
    [sɑ̃tir] verbe intransitif
    1. [avoir une odeur] to smell
    a. [fleur, parfum] it smells nice
    b. [nourriture] it smells good ou nice
    ça commence à sentir mauvais, filons! (familier & figuré) things are beginning to turn nasty, let's get out of here!
    il sent des pieds his feet smell, he's got smelly feet
    ————————
    se sentir verbe pronominal (emploi réciproque)
    ————————
    se sentir verbe pronominal (emploi passif)
    ————————
    se sentir verbe pronominal intransitif
    se sentir en sécurité/danger to feel safe/threatened
    a. [s'évanouir] to feel faint
    b. [être indisposé] to feel ill
    non mais, tu te sens bien? (familier) have you gone mad?, are you off your rocker?
    ne plus se sentir de joie to be bursting ou beside oneself with joy
    ————————
    se sentir verbe pronominal transitif
    je ne me sens pas le courage/la force de marcher I don't feel up to walking/have the strength to walk

    Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > sentir

  • 100 strength

    see strong
    strength n fuerza
    tr[streŋɵ]
    1 (of person - physical) fuerza, fuerzas nombre femenino plural, fortaleza; (- stamina) resistencia, aguante nombre masculino
    2 (intellectual, spiritual) fortaleza, entereza, firmeza
    3 (of machine, object) resistencia; (of wind, current) fuerza; (of light, sound, magnet, lens) potencia
    4 (of solution) concentración nombre femenino; (of drug) potencia; (of alcohol) graduación nombre femenino
    5 (of currency) valor nombre masculino, fortaleza; (of economy) solidez nombre femenino, fortaleza
    6 (of argument, evidence, story) fuerza, validez nombre femenino, credibilidad nombre femenino; (of emotion, conviction, colour) intensidad nombre femenino; (of protest) energía
    7 (strong point) punto fuerte, virtud nombre femenino; (ability, capability) capacidad nombre femenino; (advantage) ventaja
    8 (power, influence) poder nombre masculino, potencia
    9 (force in numbers) fuerza numérica, número
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    in great strength en gran número
    to be on the strength (be a member) formar parte del personal
    to do something on the strength of something hacer algo basándose en algo
    to be at full strength estar con la plantilla completa
    to be under strength estar corto,-a de personal
    to go from strength to strength ir ganando fuerzas, marchar viento en popa
    strength ['strɛŋkɵ] n
    1) power: fuerza f
    2) solidity, toughness: solidez f, resistencia f, dureza f
    3) intensity: intensidad f (de emociones, etc.), lo fuerte (de un sabor, etc.)
    4) : punto m fuerte
    strengths and weaknesses: virtudes y defectos
    5) number: número m, complemento m
    in full strength: en gran número
    n.
    • aguante s.m.
    • facultad s.m.
    • fibra s.f.
    • fortaleza s.f.
    • fuerza s.f.
    • intensidad s.f.
    • rejo s.m.
    • resistencia s.f.
    streŋθ
    1) u ( of persons)
    a) ( physical energy) fuerza(s) f(pl); ( health) fortaleza f física
    b) (emotional, mental) fortaleza f; ( in adversity) fortaleza f, entereza f

    strength of will — fuerza f de voluntad

    strength of character — firmeza f or fortaleza f de carácter

    strength of purpose — resolución f, determinación f

    give me strength! — (colloq) Dios me dé paciencia!

    2) u (of economy, currency) solidez f

    political/military strength — poderío m político/militar

    3) u
    a) ( of materials) resistencia f; (of wind, current) fuerza f; (of drug, solution) concentración f; ( of alcoholic drink) graduación f

    half-strength — diluido al 50%

    b) (of sound, light) potencia f; ( of emotions) intensidad f
    c) (of argument, evidence) lo convincente; ( of protests) lo enérgico
    4) c ( strong point) virtud f, punto m fuerte

    from strength to strength: the firm has gone from strength to strength since she took over la empresa ha tenido un éxito tras otro desde que ella está al frente; his career seems to be going from strength to strength — su carrera marcha viento en popa

    5) u c ( force in numbers) número m

    we're below o under strength at the moment — en este momento estamos cortos de personal

    [streŋθ]
    N
    1) (=might, energy) (for particular task) fuerzas fpl ; (=general attribute) fuerza f

    • to save one's strength — ahorrar las energías

    • with all my strength — con todas mis fuerzas

    2) (=fortitude) fortaleza f, fuerzas fpl ; (=firmness) [of belief, conviction] firmeza f

    • strength of character — fortaleza f or firmeza f de carácter

    • to draw strength from sth — sacar fuerzas de algo

    • the independence movement is gathering strength — el movimiento independiente está cobrando fuerza

    • give me strength! * — ¡Dios dame paciencia! *

    • inner strength — fuerza interior

    • strength of purpose — determinación f

    gather, tower
    3) (=sturdiness) [of material, structure, frame] resistencia f
    4) (=power) [of argument] lo convincente, solidez f ; [of claim, case, evidence] peso m ; [of protests] lo enérgico; [of magnet, lens, drug] potencia f ; [of wind] fuerza f ; [of alcohol] graduación f

    • on the strength of that success she applied for promotion — en base a ese éxito, solicitó un ascenso

    5) (=intensity) [of emotion] intensidad f, fuerza f ; [of sound] potencia f ; [of colour] intensidad f

    he warned the government not to underestimate the strength of feeling among voters — advirtió al gobierno que no subestimara la intensidad or fuerza de los sentimientos de los votantes

    6) [of currency] (=value) valor m ; (=high value) solidez f, fuerza f
    7) (=good point, asset) punto m fuerte

    to go from strength to strength —

    8) (in number) número m ; (Mil, Police) efectivos mpl

    • to be at full strength — [army] disponer de todos sus efectivos; (Sport) [team] contar con todos sus jugadores; [office] contar con todo el personal

    • his supporters were there in strength or had come in strength — sus partidarios habían acudido en masa

    • to be on the strength — (gen) formar parte de la plantilla; (Mil) formar parte del regimiento

    to take sb on to the strength — admitir a algn en la plantilla; (Mil) admitir a algn en el regimiento

    • to be under or below strength, the team was under or below strength due to injuries — el equipo contaba con pocos jugadores debido a las lesiones

    two people are off sick so we're a bit under or below strength — dos de los empleados se encuentran enfermos y estamos un poco cortos de personal

    his army was seriously under or below strength — su ejército contaba con poquísimos efectivos

    * * *
    [streŋθ]
    1) u ( of persons)
    a) ( physical energy) fuerza(s) f(pl); ( health) fortaleza f física
    b) (emotional, mental) fortaleza f; ( in adversity) fortaleza f, entereza f

    strength of will — fuerza f de voluntad

    strength of character — firmeza f or fortaleza f de carácter

    strength of purpose — resolución f, determinación f

    give me strength! — (colloq) Dios me dé paciencia!

    2) u (of economy, currency) solidez f

    political/military strength — poderío m político/militar

    3) u
    a) ( of materials) resistencia f; (of wind, current) fuerza f; (of drug, solution) concentración f; ( of alcoholic drink) graduación f

    half-strength — diluido al 50%

    b) (of sound, light) potencia f; ( of emotions) intensidad f
    c) (of argument, evidence) lo convincente; ( of protests) lo enérgico
    4) c ( strong point) virtud f, punto m fuerte

    from strength to strength: the firm has gone from strength to strength since she took over la empresa ha tenido un éxito tras otro desde que ella está al frente; his career seems to be going from strength to strength — su carrera marcha viento en popa

    5) u c ( force in numbers) número m

    we're below o under strength at the moment — en este momento estamos cortos de personal

    English-spanish dictionary > strength

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