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that's+not+what+i+intended

  • 21 irritar

    v.
    1 to irritate.
    Su actitud irrita a Ricardo His attitude irritates Richard.
    La loción irrita la piel The lotion irritates the skin.
    2 to annul.
    El documento irrita la apelación The document annuls the appeal.
    * * *
    1 to irritate
    1 to lose one's temper, get annoyed
    * * *
    verb
    * * *
    1. VT
    1) (=enfadar) to irritate
    2) (Med) to irritate
    3) [+ celos, pasiones] to stir up, inflame
    2.
    See:
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    a) <piel/garganta> to irritate
    b) < persona> to annoy, irritate
    2.
    irritarse v pron
    a) piel/ojos to become irritated
    b) persona to get annoyed, get irritated
    * * *
    = irk, needle, irritate, rattle + Posesivo + cage, rub + Nombre + up the wrong way, spite, annoy, roil, nerve, gall, rile, peeve, enrage, hit + a (raw) nerve, strike + a nerve, exasperate, touch + a (raw) nerve, raise + Posesivo + hackles.
    Ex. She had been told from time to time that he seemed to derive satisfaction from needling the staff, but she had never been able to pin down specifically what he does that irks them.
    Ex. She had been told from time to time that he seemed to derive satisfaction from needling the staff, but she had never been able to pin down specifically what he does that irks them.
    Ex. Their education must accordingly be designed to prepare them for that future, however much this may irritate the myopics whose only concern is for the present.
    Ex. The author maintains that his poem makes an attempt to rattle the cage and is a gesture toward revolt, a call to abandon any vision of human life that does not embrace the sexual universe.
    Ex. Relations between the two countries would now be difficult as our Prime Minister had rubbed theirs up the wrong way over ridiculous matters.
    Ex. Men's abuse of children is in many instances instrumental in order to coerce or retaliate against women, echoing the Greek myth of Medea who killed her own children to spite her father.
    Ex. Library pests are any humans, large or microscopic beasts, library equipment or installations, or chemical and biological substances that hamper or annoy the reader.
    Ex. Episcopalians were roiled by the approval of a rector outspokenly conservative on such matters as the liturgy, the hymnal and ordination.
    Ex. But there's something which has nerved me before with the forum.
    Ex. It was the American attitude of superiority that galled them the most.
    Ex. Now is not the time for superfluous rantings intended to rile the public.
    Ex. Things like talking over the performances and cutting to commercials in the middle of performances were really peaving the people who watched.
    Ex. On a recent field trip, he drank too much and became enraged with another student by whom he felt insulted.
    Ex. Based on their account, it seems obvious that Beauperthuy hit a raw nerve among some of the medical research leaders of the day.
    Ex. His plethoric prose produced by a prodigious placement of words struck a nerve.
    Ex. Radical intellectuals often seem exasperated by what appears as excessive attention paid to conceptualization.
    Ex. Obama's election seems to have touched a raw nerve in conservative white America, unleashing a torrent of right-wing rage unseen in this country.
    Ex. But be prepared to raise some hackles if you take this approach, because it is essential you do it openly and not behind your boss' back.
    ----
    * irritarse con = get + short with.
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    a) <piel/garganta> to irritate
    b) < persona> to annoy, irritate
    2.
    irritarse v pron
    a) piel/ojos to become irritated
    b) persona to get annoyed, get irritated
    * * *
    = irk, needle, irritate, rattle + Posesivo + cage, rub + Nombre + up the wrong way, spite, annoy, roil, nerve, gall, rile, peeve, enrage, hit + a (raw) nerve, strike + a nerve, exasperate, touch + a (raw) nerve, raise + Posesivo + hackles.

    Ex: She had been told from time to time that he seemed to derive satisfaction from needling the staff, but she had never been able to pin down specifically what he does that irks them.

    Ex: She had been told from time to time that he seemed to derive satisfaction from needling the staff, but she had never been able to pin down specifically what he does that irks them.
    Ex: Their education must accordingly be designed to prepare them for that future, however much this may irritate the myopics whose only concern is for the present.
    Ex: The author maintains that his poem makes an attempt to rattle the cage and is a gesture toward revolt, a call to abandon any vision of human life that does not embrace the sexual universe.
    Ex: Relations between the two countries would now be difficult as our Prime Minister had rubbed theirs up the wrong way over ridiculous matters.
    Ex: Men's abuse of children is in many instances instrumental in order to coerce or retaliate against women, echoing the Greek myth of Medea who killed her own children to spite her father.
    Ex: Library pests are any humans, large or microscopic beasts, library equipment or installations, or chemical and biological substances that hamper or annoy the reader.
    Ex: Episcopalians were roiled by the approval of a rector outspokenly conservative on such matters as the liturgy, the hymnal and ordination.
    Ex: But there's something which has nerved me before with the forum.
    Ex: It was the American attitude of superiority that galled them the most.
    Ex: Now is not the time for superfluous rantings intended to rile the public.
    Ex: Things like talking over the performances and cutting to commercials in the middle of performances were really peaving the people who watched.
    Ex: On a recent field trip, he drank too much and became enraged with another student by whom he felt insulted.
    Ex: Based on their account, it seems obvious that Beauperthuy hit a raw nerve among some of the medical research leaders of the day.
    Ex: His plethoric prose produced by a prodigious placement of words struck a nerve.
    Ex: Radical intellectuals often seem exasperated by what appears as excessive attention paid to conceptualization.
    Ex: Obama's election seems to have touched a raw nerve in conservative white America, unleashing a torrent of right-wing rage unseen in this country.
    Ex: But be prepared to raise some hackles if you take this approach, because it is essential you do it openly and not behind your boss' back.
    * irritarse con = get + short with.

    * * *
    irritar [A1 ]
    vt
    1 ‹piel/garganta› to irritate
    el humo le irritaba los ojos the smoke was irritating his eyes
    tiene la garganta irritada his throat is sore o inflamed
    2 ‹persona› to annoy, irritate
    1 «piel/ojos» to become irritated
    2 «persona» to get annoyed, get irritated
    se irritó por lo que le dije he got annoyed o irritated at what I said
    nunca se irrita con las críticas de sus adversarios she never gets annoyed at her opponents' criticisms
    * * *

    irritar ( conjugate irritar) verbo transitivo
    a) ‹piel/garganta› to irritate;

    ◊ tiene la garganta irritada his throat is sore o inflamed


    irritarse verbo pronominal
    a) [piel/ojos] to become irritated


    irritar verbo transitivo to irritate
    ' irritar' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    crispar
    - enfermar
    - picar
    - provocar
    - chocar
    - fastidiar
    - reventar
    English:
    gall
    - irk
    - irritate
    - needle
    - rile
    - roil
    - rub
    - annoy
    - vex
    * * *
    ♦ vt
    1. [enfadar] to irritate, to annoy
    2. [piel, garganta] to irritate;
    me irritó la garganta/piel it gave me a sore throat/a rash;
    el humo me irrita los pulmones smoke irritates my lungs
    * * *
    v/t tb MED irritate
    * * *
    : to irritate
    * * *
    irritar vb to irritate

    Spanish-English dictionary > irritar

  • 22 Language

       Philosophy is written in that great book, the universe, which is always open, right before our eyes. But one cannot understand this book without first learning to understand the language and to know the characters in which it is written. It is written in the language of mathematics, and the characters are triangles, circles, and other figures. Without these, one cannot understand a single word of it, and just wanders in a dark labyrinth. (Galileo, 1990, p. 232)
       It never happens that it [a nonhuman animal] arranges its speech in various ways in order to reply appropriately to everything that may be said in its presence, as even the lowest type of man can do. (Descartes, 1970a, p. 116)
       It is a very remarkable fact that there are none so depraved and stupid, without even excepting idiots, that they cannot arrange different words together, forming of them a statement by which they make known their thoughts; while, on the other hand, there is no other animal, however perfect and fortunately circumstanced it may be, which can do the same. (Descartes, 1967, p. 116)
       Human beings do not live in the object world alone, nor alone in the world of social activity as ordinarily understood, but are very much at the mercy of the particular language which has become the medium of expression for their society. It is quite an illusion to imagine that one adjusts to reality essentially without the use of language and that language is merely an incidental means of solving specific problems of communication or reflection. The fact of the matter is that the "real world" is to a large extent unconsciously built on the language habits of the group.... We see and hear and otherwise experience very largely as we do because the language habits of our community predispose certain choices of interpretation. (Sapir, 1921, p. 75)
       It powerfully conditions all our thinking about social problems and processes.... No two languages are ever sufficiently similar to be considered as representing the same social reality. The worlds in which different societies live are distinct worlds, not merely the same worlds with different labels attached. (Sapir, 1985, p. 162)
       [A list of language games, not meant to be exhaustive:]
       Giving orders, and obeying them- Describing the appearance of an object, or giving its measurements- Constructing an object from a description (a drawing)Reporting an eventSpeculating about an eventForming and testing a hypothesisPresenting the results of an experiment in tables and diagramsMaking up a story; and reading itPlay actingSinging catchesGuessing riddlesMaking a joke; and telling it
       Solving a problem in practical arithmeticTranslating from one language into another
       LANGUAGE Asking, thanking, cursing, greeting, and praying-. (Wittgenstein, 1953, Pt. I, No. 23, pp. 11 e-12 e)
       We dissect nature along lines laid down by our native languages.... The world is presented in a kaleidoscopic flux of impressions which has to be organized by our minds-and this means largely by the linguistic systems in our minds.... No individual is free to describe nature with absolute impartiality but is constrained to certain modes of interpretation even while he thinks himself most free. (Whorf, 1956, pp. 153, 213-214)
       We dissect nature along the lines laid down by our native languages.
       The categories and types that we isolate from the world of phenomena we do not find there because they stare every observer in the face; on the contrary, the world is presented in a kaleidoscopic flux of impressions which has to be organized by our minds-and this means largely by the linguistic systems in our minds.... We are thus introduced to a new principle of relativity, which holds that all observers are not led by the same physical evidence to the same picture of the universe, unless their linguistic backgrounds are similar or can in some way be calibrated. (Whorf, 1956, pp. 213-214)
       9) The Forms of a Person's Thoughts Are Controlled by Unperceived Patterns of His Own Language
       The forms of a person's thoughts are controlled by inexorable laws of pattern of which he is unconscious. These patterns are the unperceived intricate systematizations of his own language-shown readily enough by a candid comparison and contrast with other languages, especially those of a different linguistic family. (Whorf, 1956, p. 252)
       It has come to be commonly held that many utterances which look like statements are either not intended at all, or only intended in part, to record or impart straightforward information about the facts.... Many traditional philosophical perplexities have arisen through a mistake-the mistake of taking as straightforward statements of fact utterances which are either (in interesting non-grammatical ways) nonsensical or else intended as something quite different. (Austin, 1962, pp. 2-3)
       In general, one might define a complex of semantic components connected by logical constants as a concept. The dictionary of a language is then a system of concepts in which a phonological form and certain syntactic and morphological characteristics are assigned to each concept. This system of concepts is structured by several types of relations. It is supplemented, furthermore, by redundancy or implicational rules..., representing general properties of the whole system of concepts.... At least a relevant part of these general rules is not bound to particular languages, but represents presumably universal structures of natural languages. They are not learned, but are rather a part of the human ability to acquire an arbitrary natural language. (Bierwisch, 1970, pp. 171-172)
       In studying the evolution of mind, we cannot guess to what extent there are physically possible alternatives to, say, transformational generative grammar, for an organism meeting certain other physical conditions characteristic of humans. Conceivably, there are none-or very few-in which case talk about evolution of the language capacity is beside the point. (Chomsky, 1972, p. 98)
       [It is] truth value rather than syntactic well-formedness that chiefly governs explicit verbal reinforcement by parents-which renders mildly paradoxical the fact that the usual product of such a training schedule is an adult whose speech is highly grammatical but not notably truthful. (R. O. Brown, 1973, p. 330)
       he conceptual base is responsible for formally representing the concepts underlying an utterance.... A given word in a language may or may not have one or more concepts underlying it.... On the sentential level, the utterances of a given language are encoded within a syntactic structure of that language. The basic construction of the sentential level is the sentence.
       The next highest level... is the conceptual level. We call the basic construction of this level the conceptualization. A conceptualization consists of concepts and certain relations among those concepts. We can consider that both levels exist at the same point in time and that for any unit on one level, some corresponding realizate exists on the other level. This realizate may be null or extremely complex.... Conceptualizations may relate to other conceptualizations by nesting or other specified relationships. (Schank, 1973, pp. 191-192)
       The mathematics of multi-dimensional interactive spaces and lattices, the projection of "computer behavior" on to possible models of cerebral functions, the theoretical and mechanical investigation of artificial intelligence, are producing a stream of sophisticated, often suggestive ideas.
       But it is, I believe, fair to say that nothing put forward until now in either theoretic design or mechanical mimicry comes even remotely in reach of the most rudimentary linguistic realities. (Steiner, 1975, p. 284)
       The step from the simple tool to the master tool, a tool to make tools (what we would now call a machine tool), seems to me indeed to parallel the final step to human language, which I call reconstitution. It expresses in a practical and social context the same understanding of hierarchy, and shows the same analysis by function as a basis for synthesis. (Bronowski, 1977, pp. 127-128)
        t is the language donn eґ in which we conduct our lives.... We have no other. And the danger is that formal linguistic models, in their loosely argued analogy with the axiomatic structure of the mathematical sciences, may block perception.... It is quite conceivable that, in language, continuous induction from simple, elemental units to more complex, realistic forms is not justified. The extent and formal "undecidability" of context-and every linguistic particle above the level of the phoneme is context-bound-may make it impossible, except in the most abstract, meta-linguistic sense, to pass from "pro-verbs," "kernals," or "deep deep structures" to actual speech. (Steiner, 1975, pp. 111-113)
       A higher-level formal language is an abstract machine. (Weizenbaum, 1976, p. 113)
       Jakobson sees metaphor and metonymy as the characteristic modes of binarily opposed polarities which between them underpin the two-fold process of selection and combination by which linguistic signs are formed.... Thus messages are constructed, as Saussure said, by a combination of a "horizontal" movement, which combines words together, and a "vertical" movement, which selects the particular words from the available inventory or "inner storehouse" of the language. The combinative (or syntagmatic) process manifests itself in contiguity (one word being placed next to another) and its mode is metonymic. The selective (or associative) process manifests itself in similarity (one word or concept being "like" another) and its mode is metaphoric. The "opposition" of metaphor and metonymy therefore may be said to represent in effect the essence of the total opposition between the synchronic mode of language (its immediate, coexistent, "vertical" relationships) and its diachronic mode (its sequential, successive, lineal progressive relationships). (Hawkes, 1977, pp. 77-78)
       It is striking that the layered structure that man has given to language constantly reappears in his analyses of nature. (Bronowski, 1977, p. 121)
       First, [an ideal intertheoretic reduction] provides us with a set of rules"correspondence rules" or "bridge laws," as the standard vernacular has it-which effect a mapping of the terms of the old theory (T o) onto a subset of the expressions of the new or reducing theory (T n). These rules guide the application of those selected expressions of T n in the following way: we are free to make singular applications of their correspondencerule doppelgangers in T o....
       Second, and equally important, a successful reduction ideally has the outcome that, under the term mapping effected by the correspondence rules, the central principles of T o (those of semantic and systematic importance) are mapped onto general sentences of T n that are theorems of Tn. (P. Churchland, 1979, p. 81)
       If non-linguistic factors must be included in grammar: beliefs, attitudes, etc. [this would] amount to a rejection of the initial idealization of language as an object of study. A priori such a move cannot be ruled out, but it must be empirically motivated. If it proves to be correct, I would conclude that language is a chaos that is not worth studying.... Note that the question is not whether beliefs or attitudes, and so on, play a role in linguistic behavior and linguistic judgments... [but rather] whether distinct cognitive structures can be identified, which interact in the real use of language and linguistic judgments, the grammatical system being one of these. (Chomsky, 1979, pp. 140, 152-153)
        23) Language Is Inevitably Influenced by Specific Contexts of Human Interaction
       Language cannot be studied in isolation from the investigation of "rationality." It cannot afford to neglect our everyday assumptions concerning the total behavior of a reasonable person.... An integrational linguistics must recognize that human beings inhabit a communicational space which is not neatly compartmentalized into language and nonlanguage.... It renounces in advance the possibility of setting up systems of forms and meanings which will "account for" a central core of linguistic behavior irrespective of the situation and communicational purposes involved. (Harris, 1981, p. 165)
       By innate [linguistic knowledge], Chomsky simply means "genetically programmed." He does not literally think that children are born with language in their heads ready to be spoken. He merely claims that a "blueprint is there, which is brought into use when the child reaches a certain point in her general development. With the help of this blueprint, she analyzes the language she hears around her more readily than she would if she were totally unprepared for the strange gabbling sounds which emerge from human mouths. (Aitchison, 1987, p. 31)
       Looking at ourselves from the computer viewpoint, we cannot avoid seeing that natural language is our most important "programming language." This means that a vast portion of our knowledge and activity is, for us, best communicated and understood in our natural language.... One could say that natural language was our first great original artifact and, since, as we increasingly realize, languages are machines, so natural language, with our brains to run it, was our primal invention of the universal computer. One could say this except for the sneaking suspicion that language isn't something we invented but something we became, not something we constructed but something in which we created, and recreated, ourselves. (Leiber, 1991, p. 8)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Language

  • 23 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

  • 24 bien

    adv.
    1 well (debidamente, adecuadamente).
    ¿cómo estás? — bien, gracias how are you? — fine, thanks
    hacer algo bien to do something well
    has hecho bien you did the right thing
    ¡bien hecho! well done!
    habla inglés bien she speaks English well
    cierra bien la puerta shut the door properly
    hiciste bien en decírmelo you were right to tell me
    ¿vamos bien de gasolina? are we doing all right for petrol o (British) gas?, have we got plenty of (United States) petrol o (British) gas? (United States)
    2 very (muy, bastante).
    hoy me he levantado bien temprano I got up nice and early today
    quiero un vaso de agua bien fría I'd like a nice cold glass of water
    3 all right, OK (vale, de acuerdo).
    ¿nos vamos? — bien shall we go? — all right
    4 quite happily.
    ella bien que lo haría, pero no le dejan she'd be happy to do it, but they won't let her
    intj.
    1 all right, OK, it's OK, it's okay.
    2 well done.
    3 well then.
    4 good.
    m.
    el bien y el mal good and evil
    hacer el bien to do good (deeds)
    2 good (provecho).
    esto te hará bien this will do you good
    por el bien de for the sake of
    lo hice por tu bien I did it for your own good
    3 good (note).
    4 possession, good, article, asset.
    5 well-being, good, welfare.
    Buscamos su bien We seek his well-being.
    6 benefit, sake.
    Para su bien For his sake.
    * * *
    1 (gen) well
    ■ trabaja bien her work is good, she does a good job
    ■ todo eso está muy bien, pero... that's all very well, but...
    2 (como es debido) properly, right
    ■ si no pronuncias bien, no te van a entender if you don't pronounce the words properly, they won't understand you
    ■ ¡pórtate bien! behave yourself!
    3 (acertadamente) right, correctly
    4 (con éxito) successfully
    5 (de acuerdo) O.K., all right
    ■ ven mañana a las dos, --bien come tomorrow at two, --all right
    6 (de buena gana) willingly, gladly
    7 (mucho) very
    8 (fácilmente) easily
    ■ bien se ve que... it is easy to see that...
    9 (de gusto, olor, aspecto, etc) good, nice, lovely
    10 (de salud) well
    ■ ¿te encuentras bien? are you feeling all right?
    11 (físicamente) good-looking
    1 (acomodado) well-off
    1 good
    2 (bienestar) benefit
    1 property sing, possessions
    ► conjunción bien... bien
    1 either... or
    ■ se lo enviaremos bien por correo, bien por mensajero we'll send it to you either by post or by messenger
    \
    en bien de for the sake of
    estarle bien algo a alguien to serve somebody right
    hacer bien to do good
    bien que although
    tener a bien de hacer algo to be good enough to do something
    ¡ya está bien! that's enough!
    bien de consumo consumer item
    bienes de consumo consumer goods
    bien de equipo capital asset
    bienes de equipo capital goods, capital assets
    bienes inmuebles real estate sing
    bienes muebles movables, personal property sing
    gente bien familiar the upper classes plural
    * * *
    1. adj. 2. adv.
    1) well
    2) correctly, properly
    •
    3. interj. 4. noun m. - bienes de consumo
    - bienes de equipo
    - bienes raíces
    * * *
    1. ADV
    1) (=satisfactoriamente) well

    hablas bien el español — you speak good Spanish, you speak Spanish well

    bien gracias, ¿y usted? — fine thanks, and you?

    ¡muy bien! — very good!; [aprobando un discurso] hear, hear!

    ¡qué bien! — great!, excellent!

    • oler bien — to smell good

    • saber bien — to taste good

    2) (=correctamente)

    ¿has puesto bien la rueda? — have you put the wheel on properly?

    si no cierras la tapa bien, se saldrá el líquido — if you don't screw the top on properly, the liquid will leak out

    ¡bien hecho! — well done!

    has contestado bien — you gave the right answer, you answered correctly

    • hacer bien en, hiciste bien en decírselo — you were right to tell him, you did the right thing in telling him

    3)

    • estar bien, ¿estás bien? — are you all right?, are you OK?

    ¡está bien!, lo haré — O.K. o all right, I'll do it!

    ¡pues sí que estamos bien! — this is a fine mess we're in!

    ese libro está muy bien — that book's very good, that's a very good book

    que esté(s) bien — Col * bye *

    ¡eso no está bien! — [a un niño] that's not very nice!

    ¡ya está bien! — that's enough!

    • estar bien de algo, estar bien de salud — to be well, be in good health

    4) (=de acuerdo)

    ¡bien! — all right!, O.K.!

    -¿quieres que vayamos al cine? -bien — "shall we go to the cinema?" - "O.K. o all right"

    5) (=muy)

    esperamos hasta bien entrada la noche — we waited until very late at night, we waited until well into the night

    6)

    • bien de (=muchos) —

    ¡te han dado bien de regalos! — you got a lot of presents!

    7) (=de buena gana)

    yo bien iría, pero... — I'd gladly go, but..., I'd be happy to go, but...

    8) (=fácilmente) easily

    bien se ve que... — it is easy to see that...

    ¡bien podía habérmelo dicho! — he could have told me!

    9) [locuciones]

    • estar a bien con algn — to be on good terms with sb

    • de bien en bien o mejor — better and better

    • bien que mal — one way or another, by hook or by crook

    • más bien — rather

    más bien bajo — on the short side, rather short

    más bien creo que... — I actually think...

    • pues bien — well

    • tener a bien hacer algo — to see fit to do sth

    le ruego tenga a bien inscribirme en la lista — please be so kind as to include me on the list, I would be grateful if you would include me on the list

    • bien es verdad que... — it is of course true that...

    • ¿y bien? — well?

    2. CONJ
    1)

    • si bien — although

    si bien es cierto que... — although it's true that...

    2)

    • no bien, ni bien Cono Sur —

    no bien llegó, empezó a llover — no sooner had he arrived than it started to rain, as soon as he arrived it started to rain

    3) [en alternancia]

    bien por avión, bien en tren — either by air or by train

    bien se levantó, bien se sentó — whether he stood up or sat down

    3.
    ADJ [persona] well-to-do; [restaurante, barrio] posh *
    4. SM
    1) (=bondad) good
    2) (=provecho) good

    el bien común o público — the common good

    3) [apelativo]

    • mi bien — my dear, my darling

    4) pl bienes (=géneros) goods; (=propiedad) property sing, possessions; (=riqueza) riches, wealth sing

    bienes muebles — personal property sing, goods and chattels

    bienes raíces — real estate sing, realty sing (EEUU)

    bienes relictos — estate sing, inheritance sing

    * * *
    I
    adjetivo invariable
    1) [estar] ( sano) well

    no me siento or encuentro bien — I don't feel well

    2) [estar] (fam) ( refiriéndose al atractivo sexual) good-looking, attractive
    3) [estar] (cómodo, agradable)

    ¿vas bien ahí atrás? — are you all right in the back?

    4) ( agradable) <oler/saber>
    5) [estar]

    ¿está bien así, señorita? — is that all right, miss?

    podríamos ir mañana, si te parece bien — we could go tomorrow, if you like

    ¿lo has leído? está muy bien — have you read it? it's very good

    está bien! si no quieres hacerlo no lo hagas — all right o okay, then! don't do it if you don't want to

    no funciona - pues qué bien! — (iró) it's not working - oh, great! (iro)

    6) [estar] (correcto, adecuado) right
    7)

    estar or andar bien de algo — to be all right for something

    ¿estamos bien de aceite? — are we all right for oil?

    b)

    ya está bien de jugar, ahora a dormir — you've been playing long enough, now go to bed

    8)
    a) (fam) ( de buena posición social) <familia/gente> well-to-do

    un barrio bien — a well-to-do o (BrE) posh area

    b) (RPl fam) <gente/persona> ( honrado) respectable, decent
    II
    1) ( de manera satisfactoria) <dormir/funcionar/cantar> well
    2) ( ventajosamente) well
    4)
    a) (a fondo, completamente) well, properly

    bien cocido — well o properly cooked

    ¿cerraste bien? — did you lock the door properly?

    bien sabes que... — you know perfectly well that...

    b) (con cuidado, atención) <escuchar/mirar> carefully
    5) ( correctamente) well

    bien hecho/dicho! — well done/said!

    a) ( muy) very

    ¿estás bien seguro? — are you positive?

    ser bien de adentro — (Per fam) to be a good sort

    b) ( fácilmente) easily

    bien pudo suceder — it could well o easily have happened

    c) (en recriminaciones, protestas)
    d)

    bien que...: bien que llama cuando necesita dinero — he soon calls when he needs money

    más bien: es más bien delgada she's quite slim; no bien as soon as; si bien although; estar a bien con alguien to be on good terms with somebody; tener a bien hacer algo (frml): le rogamos tenga a bien abonar esta suma — we would ask you to pay this sum (frml)

    III

    bien, sigamos adelante — right then o fine, let's continue

    bien,... ¿dónde estábamos? — right,... where were we?

    pues bien, como te iba diciendo... — so, as I was telling you...

    b)

    bien! — ( expresando aprobación) well done!

    IV

    puede abonarse o bien al contado o bien en 12 cuotas mensuales — (frml) payment may be made either in cash or in twelve monthly installments

    V
    1) (Fil) good
    2)
    a) (beneficio, bienestar) good
    b)

    hacer bien — (+ me/te/le etc)

    3) ( en calificaciones escolares) grade of between 6 and 6.9 on a scale of 1-10
    4)
    a) ( posesión)
    b) bienes masculino plural (Fin) assets (pl)
    •
    * * *
    I
    adjetivo invariable
    1) [estar] ( sano) well

    no me siento or encuentro bien — I don't feel well

    2) [estar] (fam) ( refiriéndose al atractivo sexual) good-looking, attractive
    3) [estar] (cómodo, agradable)

    ¿vas bien ahí atrás? — are you all right in the back?

    4) ( agradable) <oler/saber>
    5) [estar]

    ¿está bien así, señorita? — is that all right, miss?

    podríamos ir mañana, si te parece bien — we could go tomorrow, if you like

    ¿lo has leído? está muy bien — have you read it? it's very good

    está bien! si no quieres hacerlo no lo hagas — all right o okay, then! don't do it if you don't want to

    no funciona - pues qué bien! — (iró) it's not working - oh, great! (iro)

    6) [estar] (correcto, adecuado) right
    7)

    estar or andar bien de algo — to be all right for something

    ¿estamos bien de aceite? — are we all right for oil?

    b)

    ya está bien de jugar, ahora a dormir — you've been playing long enough, now go to bed

    8)
    a) (fam) ( de buena posición social) <familia/gente> well-to-do

    un barrio bien — a well-to-do o (BrE) posh area

    b) (RPl fam) <gente/persona> ( honrado) respectable, decent
    II
    1) ( de manera satisfactoria) <dormir/funcionar/cantar> well
    2) ( ventajosamente) well
    4)
    a) (a fondo, completamente) well, properly

    bien cocido — well o properly cooked

    ¿cerraste bien? — did you lock the door properly?

    bien sabes que... — you know perfectly well that...

    b) (con cuidado, atención) <escuchar/mirar> carefully
    5) ( correctamente) well

    bien hecho/dicho! — well done/said!

    a) ( muy) very

    ¿estás bien seguro? — are you positive?

    ser bien de adentro — (Per fam) to be a good sort

    b) ( fácilmente) easily

    bien pudo suceder — it could well o easily have happened

    c) (en recriminaciones, protestas)
    d)

    bien que...: bien que llama cuando necesita dinero — he soon calls when he needs money

    más bien: es más bien delgada she's quite slim; no bien as soon as; si bien although; estar a bien con alguien to be on good terms with somebody; tener a bien hacer algo (frml): le rogamos tenga a bien abonar esta suma — we would ask you to pay this sum (frml)

    III

    bien, sigamos adelante — right then o fine, let's continue

    bien,... ¿dónde estábamos? — right,... where were we?

    pues bien, como te iba diciendo... — so, as I was telling you...

    b)

    bien! — ( expresando aprobación) well done!

    IV

    puede abonarse o bien al contado o bien en 12 cuotas mensuales — (frml) payment may be made either in cash or in twelve monthly installments

    V
    1) (Fil) good
    2)
    a) (beneficio, bienestar) good
    b)

    hacer bien — (+ me/te/le etc)

    3) ( en calificaciones escolares) grade of between 6 and 6.9 on a scale of 1-10
    4)
    a) ( posesión)
    b) bienes masculino plural (Fin) assets (pl)
    •
    * * *
    bien1
    1 = fine [finer -comp., finest -sup.], neatly, tidy, jolly + Adjetivo/Adverbio, aright, alright [all right], all right [alright], good.

    Ex: The solution is fine when the qualifying term that the user seeks is present, and is used relatively consistently.

    Ex: This arrangement is ideal for well-defined subjects which coincide neatly with the interest of the library user.
    Ex: This was all very tidy, but who was to judge significance?.
    Ex: The public library people and some others have needs that have long been unmet, but jolly well ought to be as soon as possible.
    Ex: Another wise precaution at this preliminary stage is to make sure that he has heard aright.
    Ex: The article 'The kids are alright?' presents some of the findings of the questionnaire study which had as its focus the qualitative impact of public libraries on children's reading.
    Ex: So the system apparently works all right and no one is suggesting that it needs a major overhaul.
    Ex: It is imperative for young people to learn to be empathetic, both for their own good and for the good of society as a whole.
    * abrigarse bien = wrap up + warm.
    * acoger bien = welcome.
    * aguantarlo bien = take it in + Posesivo + stride.
    * ahora bien = now.
    * bastante bien = good enough, rather well, fairly + Verbo.
    * bien aceptado = well-accepted.
    * bien acomodado = well-to-do, well-off.
    * bien administrado = well-managed.
    * bien afeitado = clean shaven.
    * bien andado = well trodden.
    * bien anunciado = well-advertised, well-announced.
    * bien arado = well-tilled.
    * bien argumentado = well-considered.
    * bien arreglado = well-groomed.
    * bien comprendido = well-understood.
    * bien común, el = common good, the, common wealth, the.
    * bien conectado = well-connected.
    * bien conocido = well-known, well-understood.
    * bien conseguido = well-rendered.
    * bien conservado = well-kept.
    * bien considerado = all things considered.
    * bien construido = well-built.
    * bien controlado = well-regulated.
    * bien cuidado = clean-cut, well-tended.
    * bien cultural = cultural product.
    * bien definido = well-defined, clearly defined, clearly-drawn, clean-cut, articulated, clear-cut.
    * bien demarcado = hard-edged.
    * bien de todos, el = common good, the.
    * bien dicho = amen to that!.
    * bien diferenciado = well differentiated.
    * bien dirigido = well-regulated.
    * bien documentado = well documented [well-documented].
    * bien dotado = well-equipped, well-endowed, well-resourced.
    * bien dotado de medios = well-resourced.
    * bien dotado de personal = well-staffed.
    * bien dotado de recursos = well-resourced.
    * bien educado = urbane.
    * bien encaminado = a step in the right direction.
    * bien ensayado = well-practised [well-practiced, -USA].
    * bien entrada la noche = late at night.
    * bien equilibrado = well balanced [well-balanced].
    * bien equipado = well-appointed, well-equipped, well-resourced.
    * bien equipado de medios = well-resourced.
    * bien equipado de recursos = well-resourced.
    * bien escrito = well-written.
    * bien estructurado = well thought out, well-structured [well structured].
    * bien expresado = well-articulated.
    * bien financiado = well-funded.
    * bien formado = shapely [shapelier -comp., shapeliest -sup.], articulated.
    * bien formalizado = well-formalised [well-formalized].
    * bien formulado = well-formulated.
    * bien fundado = well-justified, well-formulated.
    * bien fundamentado = well-founded.
    * bien gestionado = well-managed.
    * bien gobernado = well-regulated, well-governed.
    * bien hecho = well-made, well formed [well-formed], well-rendered, well done.
    * ¡bien hecho! = the way to go!.
    * bien iluminado = well-lit.
    * bien informado = well-informed, informed.
    * bienintencionado = well-intentioned, well meant, well-intended, well-meaning.
    * bien justificado = well-founded, well-formulated.
    * bien llevado = well-run.
    * bien merecido = well deserved, well deserved, well-earned.
    * bien mirado = all things considered.
    * bien... o... = either... or..., either... or....
    * bien ordenado = well-kept, well-ordered, in good order.
    * bien organizado = well-organised [well-organized], well-structured [well structured].
    * bien pagado = well-paid.
    * bien parecido = personable, good looking.
    * bien pensado = well thought out.
    * bien planeado = well-planned.
    * bien planificado = well-planned.
    * bien practicado = well-practised [well-practiced, -USA].
    * bien preparado = well-trained, well-prepared.
    * bien presentado = well-presented, well-rendered.
    * bien producido = well-produced, well-made.
    * bien proporcionado = shapely [shapelier -comp., shapeliest -sup.].
    * bien provisto = well-endowed.
    * bien provisto (de) = well-stocked (with).
    * bien público = public good, commonwealth.
    * bien recibido = welcome.
    * bien reconocido = well-recognised [well-recognized].
    * bien redondito = well-rounded.
    * bien remunerado = well-paid.
    * bien representado = well represented, well-rendered.
    * bien seleccionado = well-chosen, well-selected.
    * bien sincronizado = well-synchronised [well-synchronized, -USA].
    * bien surtido (de) = well-stocked (with).
    * bien testado = well-tested.
    * bien tratado = well represented.
    * bien uniformado = well-uniformed.
    * bien ventilado = airy [airier -comp., airiest -sup.].
    * bien vestido = well-dressed, dapper.
    * bien visto = welcome.
    * caerse bien = hit it off.
    * cambiar Algo para bien = turn + Nombre + into a good thing.
    * cambiar para bien = change for + the better.
    * casar bien = fit in + well.
    * comenzar bien = get off to + a (good/great) start, make + a good start.
    * comprender bien = be clear in your mind.
    * comprenderse bien = be well understood.
    * conservarse bien = keep + well.
    * cosas + ir bien = things + go well.
    * creer que estar bien = feel + right.
    * cuatro verdades bien dichas = home truth.
    * dársele Algo bien a Uno = be good at.
    * dársele a Uno bien las plantas = have + a green thumb, have + green fingers.
    * dejar bien claro = make + it + crystal clear, make + Reflexivo + crystal clear.
    * desempeñar bien una función = perform + well.
    * despedirse de Alguien deseándole que todo vaya bien = wish + well.
    * el bien de = the good of.
    * empezar a ir bien = fall into + place.
    * estar bien = be okay, be in good shape, be in good health.
    * estar bien de salud = be in good health.
    * estar bien encaminado = be on the right track.
    * estar bien pensado = be carefully thought out.
    * funcionar bien = be in order.
    * gente bien = well-to-do, well-off.
    * hablar muy bien de = rant and rave.
    * hablarse bien de Algo o Alguien = be well spoken of.
    * hacer Algo muy bien = do + an excellent job of, make + an excellent job of.
    * hacer bien = do + good.
    * hacerlo bien = put + matters + right, be right on track.
    * hacer sentir bien = make + Nombre + feel good.
    * hasta ahora, todo bien = so far, so good.
    * haz el bien y no mires a quién = cast your bread upon the waters.
    * impuesto de bienes inmuebles (IBI) = property tax.
    * ir bien = go + well, do + well, go + strong.
    * ir bien encaminado = be on the right track.
    * ir todo bien = be fine.
    * jugar bien + Posesivo + baza = play + Posesivo + cards right.
    * jugar bien + Posesivo + cartas = play + Posesivo + cards right.
    * llevarlo bien = take it in + Posesivo + stride.
    * llevarse bien = get along, on good terms.
    * llevarse bien con Alguien = get on with + Pronombre Personal.
    * lo que está bien y lo que está mal = rights and wrongs.
    * mantener los ojos bien abiertos = keep + Posesivo + eyes (wide) open, keep + Posesivo + eyes peeled, keep + Posesivo + eyes skinned.
    * mantenerse bien = keep + well.
    * marchar bien = go + strong.
    * más bien = if you like, instead.
    * más bien bajo = shortish.
    * más bien pequeño = smallish.
    * más bien todo lo contrario = quite the opposite, quite the contrary, quite the reverse.
    * masticar bien = chew up.
    * mirándolo bien = all things considered.
    * muy bien = nicely.
    * ¡muy bien! = the way to go!.
    * muy bien pagado = highly paid.
    * muy bien + podría + Verbo = might + well + Verbo.
    * muy bien + puede + Verbo = may well + Verbo.
    * muy bien remunerado = highly paid.
    * no caer bien = not take + kindly to.
    * no estar bien equilibrado = skew.
    * no hay mal que por bien no venga = to every cloud, there is a silver lining.
    * no hay mal que por bien no venga = every cloud has a silver lining, be a blessing in disguise.
    * no importa lo bien = no matter how well.
    * no muy bien informado = not-too-well-informed.
    * no ser bien visto = be in the doghouse.
    * no tomárselo bien = not take + kindly to.
    * pago único y bien grande = fat lump sum.
    * para bien = for the best, for the better.
    * para bien de = in the best interests of, for the good of.
    * para bien de Alguien = in + Posesivo + best interest.
    * para bien o para mal = for better or (for) worse, for good or (for) ill, for good or (for) evil.
    * para el bien de = for the benefit of.
    * para + Posesivo + propio bien = for + Posesivo + own good.
    * parecer bien = be all right with + Persona.
    * pasarlo bien = have + fun, be a great time.
    * pasárselo bien = have + a good time, have + a great time.
    * pasárselo la mar de bien = have + a whale of a time, have + a great time.
    * persona que duerme bien = good sleeper.
    * por ahora todo va bien = so far, so good.
    * por el bien del saber = for knowledge's sake.
    * puede muy bien ser = could well be.
    * puede muy bien ser que = it may well be that.
    * puede que al final sea para bien = be a blessing in disguise.
    * pues bien = well.
    * que bota bien = bouncy [bouncier -comp., bounciest -sup.].
    * que no ajusta bien = ill-fitting.
    * que no cierra bien = leaky [leakier -comp., leakiest -sup], leaking.
    * que no queda bien = ill-fitting.
    * que rebota bien = bouncy [bouncier -comp., bounciest -sup.].
    * recibir bien = welcome.
    * recibir bien una iniciativa = welcome + initiative.
    * salir bien = go + well.
    * salir bien al final = turn out + right in the end.
    * salir todo bien = land on + Posesivo + (own two) feet.
    * seguir haciéndolo bien = keep up + the good work.
    * seguir trabajando bien = keep up + the good work.
    * sentar bien a Alguien = look + good on + Nombre.
    * sentirse bien = feel + good, wellness, feel + right, get + high.
    * sentirse bien con Uno mismo = feel + right.
    * ser algo bien conocido que = it + be + a (well)-known fact that.
    * ser algo (muy) bien sabido que = it + be + a (well)-known fact that.
    * ser por el bien de Alguien = be to + Posesivo + advantage.
    * estar suficientemente bien + Participio Pasado = be sufficiently well + Participio Pasado.
    * ser suficientemente bien + Participio Pasado = be sufficiently well + Participio Pasado.
    * ser un hecho bien conocido que = it + be + a (well)-known fact that.
    * ser un hecho bien sabido que = it + be + a (well)-known fact that.
    * servir muy bien = take + Nombre + a long way.
    * si bien es cierto que = albeit (that).
    * sin bien se mira = all things considered.
    * sino más bien = rather.
    * sino (que) más bien = but rather.
    * todo ir bien = all + be + well with the world.
    * tomárselo bien = take it in + Posesivo + stride.
    * un trabajo bien hecho = a job well done.
    * usar Algo bien = put to + good use.
    * venir bien = be none the worse for (that), suit + best.
    * venir muy bien = fit + the bill.
    * ver bien = welcome.

    * * *
    A [ ESTAR] (sano) well
    mi padre no anda or no está bien my father's not very well
    no me siento or encuentro bien I don't feel well
    ¡tú no estás bien de la cabeza! you're not right in the head!
    estuvo enfermo pero ya está bien he was ill but he's all right now
    B [ ESTAR]
    (económicamente acomodado): los padres están muy bien her parents are well off
    no son ricos, pero están bien they're not rich but they're reasonably well off o they're comfortably off
    C [ ESTAR] ( fam) (refiriéndose al atractivo sexual) good-looking, attractive
    D [ ESTAR]
    (cómodo, agradable): estoy bien aquí I'm fine o all right here
    ¿vas bien allí atrás? are you all right in the back?
    se está bien a la sombra it's nice in the shade
    E (agradable) ‹oler/saber›
    ¡qué bien huele! it smells really good!
    ¡qué bien hueles! you smell nice!
    este café sabe muy bien this coffee tastes very good o nice
    F [ ESTAR]
    (satisfactorio): ¿está bien así, señorita? is that right o all right, miss?
    estás or quedaste or saliste muy bien en esta foto you look very nice o really good in this photograph
    ese cuadro no queda bien ahí that painting doesn't look right there
    podríamos ir mañana, si te parece bien we could go tomorrow, if you like
    la casa está muy bien the house is very nice
    ¿lo has leído? está muy bien have you read it? it's very good
    ¡está bien!, si no quieres hacerlo no lo hagas all right o okay, then! if you don't want to do it, don't
    ¡qué bien, mañana es fiesta! great! tomorrow's a holiday!
    la lavadora no funciona — ¡pues qué bien! ( iró); the washing machine's not working — oh, great! o well, that's great! ( iro)
    G [ ESTAR] (correcto, adecuado) right
    está bien que se premie la iniciativa it's right o good that initiative should be rewarded
    estuviste bien en negarle la entrada you did o were right to refuse to let him in
    H
    1 (indicando suficiencia) estar bien DE algo:
    ¿estamos bien de aceite? are we all right for oil?
    no ando bien de tiempo I'm a bit short of time, I don't have much time
    2
    ya está bien that's enough
    ya está bien de jugar, ahora a dormir you've been playing long enough, now go to bed
    I
    1 ( fam) (de buena posición social) ‹familia/gente› well-to-do
    viven en un barrio bien they live in a well-to-do o ( BrE) posh area
    niño2 (↑ niño (2))
    2 ( RPl fam) ‹gente/persona› (honrado) respectable, decent
    A (de manera satisfactoria) ‹dormir/funcionar/cantar› well
    se come de bien allí … the food is so good there!
    ¿cómo te va? — bien, ¿y a ti? how are things? — fine, how about you?
    no le fue bien en Alemania things didn't work out for her in Germany
    quien bien te quiere te hará llorar you have to be cruel to be kind
    el local está muy bien ubicado the premises are very well situated
    vendió el coche muy bien she sold the car well o for a good price
    C
    (favorablemente): me habló muy bien de ti he spoke very highly of you
    yo prefiero pensar bien de la gente I prefer to think well of people
    D
    1 (a fondo, completamente) well, properly
    ¿cerraste bien? did you make sure the door was locked (properly)?
    el cerdo debe comerse bien cocido pork should be well cooked o properly cooked before being eaten
    bien sabes que … you know perfectly well o very well that …
    2 (con cuidado, atención) carefully
    escucha bien lo que te voy a decir listen carefully to what I'm going to say
    pórtate bien behave yourself
    hiciste bien en decírselo you did the right thing to tell him
    ¡bien dice tu padre que eres un terco! your father's dead right when he says you're stubborn
    ¡bien hecho/dicho! well done/said!
    1 (muy) very
    canta bien mal he sings really o very badly
    llegó bien entrada la noche she arrived very late at night
    ¿estás bien seguro? are you positive o certain?, are you absolutely sure?
    bien por debajo de lo normal well below average
    ponte bien adelante sit close to the front, sit well forward
    2 (fácilmente) easily
    vale bien dos millones it's worth two million easily
    yo no me acuerdo pero bien pudo ser I don't remember but it could well o easily have been
    3
    (en recriminaciones, protestas): bien podías haberlo ayudado you could o might have helped him!
    4
    bien que …: pero bien que llama cuando necesita dinero he's quick enough to call when he needs money, though
    ¿por qué no le compras algo?, a ti bien que te gusta que te hagan regalos why don't you buy her something? you like it when people give you presents
    G ( en locs):
    más bien: una chica más bien delgada a rather thin girl
    no me cae bien — di más bien que no lo puedes ver I don't like him — what you mean is you can't stand the sight of him
    ¿vas a ir? — ¡más bien! ( Arg fam); are you going to go? — you bet! ( colloq)
    no bien or ( RPl) ni bien. as soon as
    no bien llegó, le dieron la noticia no sooner had he arrived than they told him the news, as soon as he arrived they told him the news
    si bien although
    estar a bien con algn to be on good terms with sb
    le ruego tenga a bien considerar mi solicitud I would be grateful if you would consider my application
    Compuesto:
    bien nacido, bien nacida
    masculine, feminine nice person ver tb bienintencionado, bien parecido, etc
    1
    (como enlace): bien, sigamos adelante right then o fine, let's continue
    bien, … ¿dónde estábamos? now o right, … where were we?
    y bien ¿estás dispuesto a hacerlo o no? so, are you prepared to do it or not?
    pues bien, como te iba diciendo … so, as I was telling you …
    2
    ¡bien! (expresando aprobación) well done!
    ¡bien, muchachos! well done, boys!
    no habrá clases hoy — ¡bieeeen! there won't be any lessons today — yippee o hurrah!
    puede abonarse (o) bien al contado (o) bien en 12 cuotas mensuales ( frml); payment may be made (either) in cash or in twelve monthly installments
    o bien te disculpas o te quedas castigado either you say you're sorry or I'll keep you in
    A ( Fil) good
    el bien y el mal good and evil
    haz bien y no mires a quién do good to all alike
    un hombre de bien a good man
    B
    1 (beneficio, bienestar) good
    es por tu bien it's for your own good
    trabajar por el bien de todos to work for the good of all
    que sea para bien I hope things go well for you/him/them
    acepté, no sé si para bien o para mal I accepted, though I'm not sure if it was a good move or not
    2
    hacer bien (+ me/te/le etc): la sopa te hará bien the soup will do you good
    sus palabras me hicieron mucho bien what he said helped me a lot o did me a lot of good
    C ( apelativo) dear, darling
    ¡mi bien! or ¡bien mío! ( ant o hum); my dear o darling
    D (en calificaciones escolares) grade of between 6 and 6.9 on a scale of 1-10
    E
    (posesión): el único bien valioso the only item of value
    la orden afecta a todos sus bienes the order applies to all his assets o possessions o goods
    Compuestos:
    common asset
    bienes comunales common property
    consumer article o item
    bienes de consumo consumer goods
    capital item o asset
    bienes de equipo capital goods o assets
    mpl livestock ( sing or pl)
    bienes gananciales joint property, community property ( AmE)
    immovable item o asset
    item of unclaimed property
    movable item
    bienes muebles movables, personal property, goods and chattels
    immovable item o asset
    bienes raíces real estate, realty ( AmE), property ( BrE)
    ownerless piece of land ( o asset etc)
    * * *

     

    bien 1 adjetivo invariable
    1 [estar] (de salud, en general) well;
    sentirse or encontrarse bien to feel well;
    ◊ ¿cómo estás? — muy bien, gracias how are you? — (I'm) very well, thank you;

    ¡qué bien estás! you look really well!;
    ¡tú no estás bien de la cabeza! you are not right in the head
    2 [estar]
    a) (cómodo, agradable):

    ◊ ¿vas bien ahí atrás? are you all right in the back?;

    se está bien a la sombra it's nice in the shade;
    la casa está muy bien the house is very nice
    b) [estar] (correcto, adecuado) right;

    ◊ la fecha/el reloj está bien the date/the clock is right;

    ¿está bien así? is this all right?;
    si te parece bien if that's all right with you;
    el cuadro no queda bien ahí the picture doesn't look right there
    c) ( suficiente): estar or andar bien de algo to be all right for sth;

    ◊ ¿estamos bien de aceite? are we all right for oil?;

    ya está bien that's enough
    3 [estar]

    ◊ ¿lo has leído? está muy bien have you read it? it's very good


    4 (fam)
    a) ( de buena posición social) ‹familia/gente› well-to-do

    b) ‹ barrio› well-to-do, posh (BrE)

    bien 2 adverbio
    1
    a) ( de manera satisfactoria) ‹dormir/funcionar/cantar› well;



    ◊ habla muy bien inglés she speaks English very well o very good English;

    ¡bien hecho/dicho! well done/said!;
    pórtate bien behave yourself;
    hiciste bien en decírselo you were right to tell him;
    siéntate bien sit properly
    c) ( de manera agradable) ‹oler/saber› good

    2
    a) (a fondo, completamente) well, properly;

    ◊ bien cocido well o properly cooked;

    ¿cerraste bien? did you lock the door properly?;
    bien sabes que … you know perfectly well that …
    b) (con cuidado, atención) ‹escuchar/mirar› carefully

    3


    bien entrada la noche very late at night;
    ¿estás bien seguro? are you positive?
    b) ( en locs)


    no bien as soon as;
    si bien although
    ■ interjección:
    ◊ ¡(muy) bien! well done!, (very) good!;

    ¡qué bien! great!
    ■ conjunción: bien … o … either … or …;
    se puede subir bien a pie o a caballo you can go up either on foot or on horseback
    bien 3 sustantivo masculino
    1 (Fil) good;

    hacer el bien to do good deeds;
    un hombre de bien a good man
    2
    a) (beneficio, bienestar) good;

    ◊ es por mi/tu bien it's for my/your own good

    b)

    ◊ hacer bien (+ me/te/le etc): esto te hará bien this will do you good

    3 ( en calificaciones escolares) grade of between 6 and 6.9 on a scale of 1-10
    4
    ◊ bienes

    a) sustantivo masculino plural (Com) goods;


    b) (Der) property;


    bienes inmuebles or raíces real estate (AmE), property (BrE);
    bienes muebles personal property, goods and chattels;
    bienes públicos public property
    bien
    I sustantivo masculino
    1 (justicia, bondad) good
    no sabe diferenciar entre el bien y el mal, he can't tell the diference between good and evil
    una persona de bien, a good person
    2 (provecho, ventaja) lo hago por tu bien, I do it for your sake
    en bien de la comunidad, for the good of community
    3 (propiedad) property: no tiene ningún bien con el que avalar el crédito, he has no property or goods to guarantee his credit
    bienes, goods
    bienes de consumo, consumer goods pl; bienes gananciales, communal property
    bienes inmuebles/raíces, real estate
    II adverbio
    1 (correctamente) well: hiciste bien en protestar, you were right to protest
    toca bien el piano, she plays piano well
    2 (sano) well, fine
    sentirse/encontrarse bien, to feel well
    3 (satisfactoriamente) este vestido te sienta bien, this dress suits you
    oler bien, to smell nice
    vivir bien, to be comfortably off
    4 (antepuesto a un adjetivo: muy) very, quite
    una cerveza bien fría, a nice cold beer
    bien pronto, very early, very soon
    (de buena gana) willingly, gladly: bien me iría ahora al cine, I'd love to go to the movies now
    III conj ahora bien, now, now then
    bien... o bien..., either... or...
    bien que mal, one way or another
    más bien, rather, a little
    no bien, as soon as: no bien llegó..., no sooner had she arrived than...
    pues bien, well then
    o bien, or, or else
    si bien, although, even though...: si bien es cierto que..., although it's quite clear that...
    IV exclamación ¡bien!, good!, great!
    ¡está bien!, (¡de acuerdo!) fine!, all right
    ¡muy bien!, excellent, first class!
    ¡qué bien!, great!, fantastic
    (desaprobación) ¡pues qué bien!, that's all I needed!
    ¡ya está bien!, that's (quite) enough!
    V adj inv un barrio bien, a well-to-do neighbourhood
    un niño bien, a rich kid
    En general se traduce por well. Sin embargo, cuando hablamos de personas decimos fine al referirnos a su salud: ¿Qué tal estás? - Muy bien, gracias. How are you? - Fine, thanks. Para describir un objeto puedes usar good: Ese libro está muy bien. That book is very good.
    ' bien' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    abrigar
    - acabar
    - acero
    - agarrar
    - ahora
    - alternar
    - amarrar
    - andar
    - antes
    - atrancar
    - avenida
    - avenido
    - avenirse
    - bailar
    - barbaridad
    - base
    - bastante
    - cabeza
    - caer
    - casar
    - cerrarse
    - columpiarse
    - cómo
    - comprobar
    - comunicada
    - comunicado
    - comunitaria
    - comunitario
    - coña
    - concesión
    - considerada
    - considerado
    - consuelo
    - contraria
    - contrario
    - convenir
    - cumplir
    - dar
    - darse
    - decirse
    - declarar
    - defenderse
    - deteriorarse
    - diáfana
    - diáfano
    - dinero
    - discreta
    - discreto
    - disfrutar
    - disputarse
    English:
    absence
    - acquit
    - agree
    - airy
    - all right
    - along
    - alternatively
    - antisocial
    - appreciate
    - aptly
    - articulate
    - at
    - aware
    - balance
    - ball
    - begin
    - behave
    - beneath
    - best
    - better
    - bookmobile
    - boom
    - border
    - bouncy
    - by
    - card
    - charity
    - cheap
    - clean-shaven
    - clockwork
    - closely
    - cloud
    - come in
    - come off
    - come out
    - conform
    - congenial
    - convenient
    - cosy
    - cozy
    - deserve
    - do
    - done
    - effective
    - either
    - enjoy
    - enunciate
    - equipped
    - familiar
    - far
    * * *
    ♦ adj inv
    [respetable]
    una familia bien a good family;
    un barrio bien a good area;
    Pey a posh area;
    un restaurante bien a posh restaurant;
    Pey
    niño bien rich kid;
    gente bien well-to-do people
    ♦ nm
    1. [concepto abstracto] good;
    el bien y el mal good and evil;
    se cree que está por encima del bien y del mal she thinks ordinary moral laws don't apply to her;
    hacer el bien to do good (deeds);
    un hombre de bien a good man
    2. [provecho] good;
    los padres desean el bien de los hijos parents desire the best for their children;
    esto te hará bien this will do you good;
    si se marcha, nos hará un bien a todos if she leaves, she'll be doing us all a favour;
    espero que el cambio sea para bien I hope the change is for the best, I hope the change works out well;
    por el bien de for the sake of;
    lo hice por tu bien I did it for your own good;
    han trabajado muy duro por el bien de todos they have worked very hard for the good of everyone
    3. [nota] = mark between 6 and 6.9 out of 10, ≈ pass, ≈ C
    ♦ bienes nmpl
    1. [patrimonio] property
    bienes de capital capital assets;
    bienes comunales common property;
    bienes fungibles perishables;
    bienes gananciales shared possessions;
    bienes inmateriales intangible assets;
    bienes inmuebles real estate, US real property;
    bienes muebles personal property;
    bienes públicos public property;
    bienes raíces real estate, landed property
    2. [productos] goods
    bienes de consumo consumer goods;
    bienes de consumo duraderos consumer durables, US hard goods;
    bienes de equipo capital goods;
    bienes de producción industrial goods;
    bienes terrenales worldly goods
    ♦ adv
    1. [debidamente, adecuadamente] well;
    ¿cómo estás? – bien, gracias how are you? – fine, thanks;
    habla inglés bien she speaks English well;
    ¡agárrate bien! hold on tight!;
    cierra bien la puerta shut the door properly;
    conoce bien el tema she knows a lot about the subject, she knows the subject well;
    ¿vamos bien de gasolina? are we doing all right for Br petrol o US gas?, have we got plenty of Br petrol o US gas?;
    bien mirado [bien pensado] if you look at it closely;
    [bien visto] well-regarded;
    bien pensado on reflection;
    contestar bien [correctamente] to answer correctly;
    [cortésmente] to answer politely;
    escucha bien,… listen carefully,…;
    estar bien relacionado to have good connections;
    le está bien empleado he deserves it, it serves him right;
    hacer algo bien to do sth well;
    has hecho bien you did the right thing;
    hiciste bien en decírmelo you were right to tell me;
    pórtate bien be good, behave yourself;
    salir bien librado to get off lightly;
    todo salió bien everything turned out well;
    vivir bien [económicamente] to be well-off;
    [en armonía] to be happy
    2. [expresa opinión favorable] well;
    ¡muy bien! very good!, excellent!;
    ¡bien hecho! well done!;
    me cayó muy bien I liked her a lot;
    me han hablado bien de él they have spoken well of him to me;
    en Portugal se come muy bien the food is very good in Portugal;
    estar bien [de aspecto] to be nice;
    [de salud] to be o feel well; [de calidad] to be good; [de comodidad] to be comfortable;
    ¡está bien! [bueno, vale] all right then!;
    [es suficiente] that's enough!;
    este traje te está bien this suit looks good on you;
    la tienda está bien situada the shop is well situated;
    está bien que te vayas, pero antes despídete it's all right for you to go, but say goodbye first;
    tal comportamiento no está bien visto such behaviour is frowned upon;
    encontrarse bien [de salud] to feel well;
    no se encuentra nada bien she doesn't feel at all well;
    oler/saber bien to smell/taste nice o good;
    ¡qué bien huele en esta cocina! it smells nice o good in this kitchen!;
    opinar bien de alguien to think highly of sb;
    no acaba de parecerme bien I don't really think it's a very good idea;
    no me parece bien que no la saludes I think it's wrong of you not to say hello to her;
    ¿te parece bien así? is it O.K. like this?, is this all right?;
    pasarlo bien to have a good time;
    ¡qué bien, mañana no trabajo! great, I don't have to go to work tomorrow!;
    Irónico
    ¡qué bien, ahora dice que no me puede pagar! isn't that just great, now she says she can't pay me!;
    salir bien to turn out well;
    ¡qué bien sales en la foto! you look great in the photo!;
    sentar bien a alguien [ropa] to suit sb;
    [comida] to agree with sb; [comentario] to please sb;
    el rojo no te sienta nada bien red doesn't suit you at all;
    come tan rápido que no le puede sentar bien she eats so quickly she's bound to get indigestion;
    algunos consideran que una copita de vino sienta bien some people think a glass of wine is good for you;
    no le sentó nada bien que lo criticaras en público he didn't like you criticizing him in public at all, he was none too impressed by you criticizing him in public;
    tu ayuda va a venir muy bien your help will be very welcome;
    no me viene nada bien salir esta tarde it's not very convenient for me o it doesn't really suit me to go out this afternoon;
    bien está lo que bien acaba all's well that ends well
    3. [muy]
    quiero el filete bien hecho I want my steak well done;
    bien abierto wide open;
    4. [uso enfático] pretty;
    un regalo bien caro a pretty expensive present;
    vamos a llegar bien tarde we're going to be pretty late;
    estoy bien cansado I'm pretty tired;
    hoy me he levantado bien temprano I got up nice and early today;
    quiero un vaso de agua bien fría I'd like a nice cold glass of water
    5. [vale, de acuerdo] all right, O.K.;
    ¿nos vamos? – bien shall we go? – all right
    6. [de buena gana, fácilmente] quite happily;
    ella bien que lo haría, pero no le dejan she'd be happy to do it o she'd quite happily do it, but they won't let her
    7. [expresa protesta]
    ¡bien podrías haberme avisado! you could at least have told me!;
    ¡bien podrías pagar tú esta vez! it would be nice if you paid for once o for a change!
    8. [en frases]
    bien es verdad que… it's certainly true that…;
    ¡bien por…! three cheers for…!;
    ¡ya está bien! that's enough!;
    ¡ya está bien de hacer el vago! that's enough lazing around!;
    estar a bien con alguien to be on good terms with sb;
    ¡pues (sí que) estamos bien! that's all we needed!;
    tener a bien hacer algo to be good enough to do sth;
    le rogamos tenga a bien pasarse por nuestras oficinas we would ask you to (be good enough to) come to our offices
    ♦ conj
    bien… bien either… or;
    puedes venir bien por avión, bien por barco you can come by plane or by boat;
    dáselo bien a mi hermano, bien a mi padre give it to either my brother or my father
    ♦ interj
    1. [aprobación] good!, great!;
    [fastidio] oh, great!;
    hoy saldréis al recreo media hora antes – ¡bien! break time will be half an hour earlier today – great!;
    se acaba de estropear la televisión – ¡bien, lo que nos faltaba! the television has just broken down – oh great, that's all we needed!
    2. [enlazando]
    y bien, ¿qué te ha parecido? well o so, what did you think of it?;
    y bien, ¿a qué estás esperando? well, what are you waiting for?
    ♦ más bien loc conj
    rather;
    no estoy contento, más bien estupefacto I'm not so much happy as stunned;
    más bien creo que no vendrá I rather suspect she won't come, I think it unlikely that she'll come
    ♦ no bien, RP ni bien loc conj
    no sooner, as soon as;
    no bien me había marchado cuando empezaron a… no sooner had I gone than they started…
    ♦ si bien loc conj
    although, even though
    * * *
    I m good;
    por tu bien for your own good;
    bienes pl goods, property sg ;
    hombre de bien good man;
    II adj
    :
    ¡está bien! it’s OK!, it’s alright!;
    estoy bien I’m fine, I’m OK;
    ¿estás bien aquí? are you comfortable here?;
    la gente bien well-to-do people
    III adv
    1 well; ( muy) very;
    ¡bien hecho! well done!;
    bien está lo que bien acaba all’s well that ends well
    2 ( correctamente) well, properly
    :
    más bien rather;
    tener a bien hacer algo see fit to do sth;
    hicieron bien en reservar los billetes con tanta antelación they did the right thing booking the tickets so far ahead;
    haces bien en llevarte el paraguas it’s a good idea to take your umbrella;
    estar (a) bien con alguien be on good terms with s.o.
    IV conj
    :
    o bien … o … either … or …;
    si bien, bien que although;
    no bien as soon as
    V int
    :
    ¡ya está bien! that’s it!, that’s enough!;
    pues bien well
    * * *
    bien adv
    1) : well
    ¿dormiste bien?: did you sleep well?
    2) correctamente: correctly, properly, right
    hay que hacerlo bien: it must be done correctly
    3) : very, quite
    el libro era bien divertido: the book was very amusing
    4) : easily
    bien puede acabarlo en un día: he can easily finish it in a day
    5) : willingly, readily
    bien lo aceptaré: I'll gladly accept it
    6)
    bien que : although
    7)
    más bien : rather
    bien adj
    1) : well, OK, all right
    ¿te sientes bien?: are you feeling all right?
    2) : pleasant, agreeable
    las flores huelen bien: the flowers smell very nice
    3) : satisfactory
    4) : correct, right
    bien nm
    1) : good
    el bien y el mal: good and evil
    2) bienes nmpl
    : property, goods, possessions
    * * *
    bien1 adj (acomodado) well off / rich
    bien2 adv
    1. (en general) well
    el examen le fue bien the exam went well / he did well in the exam
    2. (de salud) well / fine
    ayer me dolía el estómago, pero ya estoy bien I had a stomachache yesterday, but I'm fine now
    estoy muy bien, gracias I'm very well, thank you
    ¿estás bien? are you all right?
    3. (de gusto, olor, aspecto) nice / good [comp. better; superl. best]
    ¡qué bien huele! what a nice smell! / it smells really good!
    4. (de manera correcta) properly / correctly / right
    5. (para intensificar) very / quite
    bien caliente nice and hot / very hot
    6. (de acuerdo) all right / OK
    ¿vienes? Bien are you coming? OK
    bien3 conj either... or
    se puede ir bien en tren, bien en autocar you can either go by train or by coach
    bien4 n
    1. (lo bueno) good
    2. (beneficio) good
    3. (nota académica) good / C

    Spanish-English dictionary > bien

  • 25 richten

    I v/t
    1. (lenken, wenden) direct, turn ( auf + Akk towards); (Gewehr, Kamera etc.) point (at); (Augen) turn (towards); (Aufmerksamkeit) direct, turn (to); (Brief, Frage etc.) address (an + Akk to); (Kritik) direct, level (at); eine Frage an jemanden / den Sprecher richten put a question to s.o. / address a question to the speaker; das war gegen dich gerichtet that was aimed at ( oder intended for, meant for) you; alle Blicke richteten sich auf... (Akk) all eyes turned to look at... ( oder in the direction of...); gerichtet auf (+ Akk) MIL., Rakete: targeted on
    2. Dial. (zurechtmachen) (Bett) make; (Zimmer) tidy up; (Haare) do; (vorbereiten, zubereiten) get s.th. ready, prepare; (Tisch) lay the table; (ausbessern) repair, fix; (in Ordnung bringen) see to; er wird’s schon richten umg. he’ll fix it
    3. (einstellen) adjust; (Uhr) set ( nach by)
    4. (gerade biegen) straighten, flatten; MED. (Knochenbruch etc.) set; TECH. (Bleche) level; sich (Dat) die Zähne richten lassen have one’s teeth straightened
    5. (urteilen) judge; JUR. auch pass sentence on
    II v/refl
    1. sich richten nach (Regeln, Wünschen) comply with; (abhängen von) depend on; (sich orientieren an) take one’s cue from; (nach einem Vorbild) follow s.o.’s example; Sache: be model(l)ed after ( oder on); sich nach der Mode richten follow the fashion; sich nach den Vorschriften richten observe the regulations; nach der Uhr kannst du dich nicht richten you can’t go by that clock; das richtet sich ( ganz) nach dem Wetter etc. that depends (entirely) on the weather etc.; ich richte mich ( ganz) nach Ihnen whatever suits you best; warum müssen sich alle nach ihr richten? why does everybody have to fit in with her ( oder what she wants)?
    2. (wenden) sich richten an (+ Akk) oder gegen be directed ( oder aimed) at; mein Verdacht richtet sich gegen ihn I suspect him
    3. sich selbst richten euph. take one’s own life
    III v/i judge ( über jemanden s.o.), pass judg(e)ment (on s.o.); milde / streng richten be mild / harsh in one’s judgement; richtet nicht, auf dass ihr nicht gerichtet werdet! BIBL. judge not that ye be not judged!
    * * *
    (adressieren) to address;
    (reparieren) to fix;
    (urteilen) to judge;
    (zielen) to point; to direct; to rivet
    * * *
    rịch|ten ['rɪçtn]
    1. vt
    1) (= lenken) to direct (
    auf +acc towards), to point ( auf +acc at, towards); Augen, Blicke, Aufmerksamkeit, Kamera to direct, to turn ( auf +acc towards), to focus ( auf +acc on); Pläne, Wünsche, Tun to direct ( auf +acc towards)

    den Kurs nach Norden/Osten etc richten —

    die Augen gen Himmel richten (liter) richt euch! (Mil) (Sch) — to raise or lift one's eyes heavenwards (liter) or to heaven (liter) right dress! get in a straight line!

    See:
    2)

    (= ausrichten) etw nach jdm/etw richten — to suit or fit sth to sb/sth; Lebensstil, Verhalten to orientate sth to sb/sth

    3) (= adressieren) Briefe, Anfragen to address, to send (
    an +acc to); Bitten, Forderungen, Gesuch to address, to make ( an +acc to); Kritik, Vorwurf to level, to direct, to aim (gegen at, against)
    4) (esp S Ger) (= zurechtmachen) to prepare, to get ready; Essen auch to get, to fix; (= in Ordnung bringen) to do, to fix; (= reparieren) to fix; Haare to do; Tisch to lay (Brit), to set; Betten to make, to do

    jdm ein Bad richten (form, S Ger) — to draw (form) or run a bath for sb

    5) (= einstellen) to set; (S Ger = gerade biegen) to straighten (out), to bend straight
    6)

    (Aus: = erreichen) richten — to do nicely for oneself (inf)

    7) (old = hinrichten) to execute, to put to death
    2. vr
    1) (= sich hinwenden) to focus, to be focussed (
    auf +acc on), to be directed ( auf +acc towards); (Gedanken, Augen, Blick) to turn, to be directed ( auf +acc towards); (Hoffnungen) to be focussed ( auf +acc on); (Protest, Kritik) to be directed or aimed (gegen at)
    2) (= sich wenden) to consult (an jdn sb); (Maßnahme, Vorwurf etc) to be directed or aimed (gegen at)
    3) (= sich anpassen) to follow (nach jdm/etw sb/sth)

    mir ist es egal, ob wir früher oder später gehen, ich richte mich nach dir — I don't mind if we go earlier or later, I'll fit in with you or I'll do what you do

    wir richten uns ganz nach unseren Kunden — we are guided entirely by our customers' wishes

    sich nach den Sternen/der Wettervorhersage/dem, was er behauptet, richten — to go by the stars/the weather forecast/what he maintains

    und richte dich ( gefälligst) danach! (inf) — (kindly) do as you're told

    4) (= abhängen von) to depend (nach on)
    5) (esp S Ger = sich zurechtmachen) to get ready
    3. vi
    liter = urteilen) to judge (über jdn sb), to pass judgement ( über +acc on)

    milde/streng richten — to be mild/harsh in one's judgement

    richtet nicht, auf dass ihr nicht gerichtet werdet! (Bibl) — judge not, that ye be not judged (Bibl)

    * * *
    1) (to speak or write to: I shall address my remarks to you only.) address
    2) (to direct (attention, a look etc) at: She fixed all her attention on me.) fix
    3) ((usually with at) to aim (a gun etc): He levelled his pistol at the target.) level
    4) (to put (broken bones) into the correct position for healing: They set his broken arm.) set
    5) (to direct (over or towards something): The firemen played their hoses over the burning house.) play
    6) (to aim in a particular direction: He pointed the gun at her.) point
    7) (to point or aim (a gun, telescope etc) in a particular direction: He trained the gun on/at the soldiers.) train
    * * *
    rich·ten
    [ˈrɪçtn̩]
    I. vt
    ▪ etw irgendwohin \richten to point sth somewhere; Strahl a. to direct sth somewhere; Waffe, Kamera a. to train sth somewhere
    den Blick zu Boden \richten to look down; (aus Demut, Scham) to lower one's eyes
    den Blick in die Ferne \richten to look into the distance
    den Kurs nach Osten \richten to steer an easterly course
    die Waffe gegen sich akk selbst \richten to turn the weapon on oneself
    ▪ etw auf jdn/etw \richten to point sth at sb/sth; Strahl a. to direct sth towards [or at] sb/sth; Waffe, Kamera a. to train sth on sb/sth
    die Augen [o den Blick] auf jdn \richten to look directly at sb, to turn one's eyes to sb
    den Blick auf etw akk \richten to [have a] look at sth; (beobachten) to observe sth
    er hat all sein Tun auf dieses Ziel gerichtet everything he did served to achieve this object
    unsre Verbesserungen sind auf die Verkaufsleistung gerichtet our improvements affect sales performance only
    ein kommunistisch gerichteter Gedanke a thought based on [or aligned along] communist teachings
    seine Aufmerksamkeit auf etw akk \richten to turn one's attention to sth
    seine ganze Aufmerksamkeit auf etw akk \richten to give sth one's full attention
    all sein Bemühen auf etw akk \richten to direct all one's efforts towards sth
    seine Wut gegen jdn \richten to vent one's anger on sb
    ▪ etw nach jdm/etw \richten to arrange sth to suit sb/sth
    ▪ etw an jdn/etw \richten to address sth to sb/sth; Kritik to direct [or level] sth at sb; (zusenden a.) to send sth to sb/sth [or sb/sth sth]
    eine Bitte/Frage an jdn \richten to put a request/question to sb
    die Frage ist an Sie gerichtet the question is meant for you
    ein Gesuch an jdn \richten to petition sb
    eine Mahnung an jdn \richten to give/send sb a warning
    das Wort an jdn \richten to address sb
    ▪ etw \richten to straighten sth; (ebnen) to level sth
    Blech \richten to flatten sheet metal
    eine Delle \richten to dress [or sep true up] a dent
    einen Knochenbruch \richten to set a fracture
    Lager/Räder \richten to centre BRIT [or AM center] bearings/wheels
    ▪ etw \richten to align sth; eine Antenne \richten to direct [or align] an aerial
    eine Kanone \richten to aim a cannon
    ▪ etw \richten to build [or sep put up] sth
    8. ESP SÜDD, ÖSTERR, SCHWEIZ (ordnen)
    sich/jdm die Haare \richten to do one's/sb's hair
    sich/jdm die Krawatte \richten to adjust [or straighten] one's/sb's tie
    9. ESP SÜDD, ÖSTERR, SCHWEIZ (reparieren)
    ▪ [jdm] etw \richten to fix [or repair] [or mend] sth [for sb]
    10. ESP SÜDD, ÖSTERR, SCHWEIZ (bereiten)
    ▪ [jdm] etw \richten to prepare sth [or get sth ready] [for sb]
    jdm ein Bad \richten to run a bath for sb
    die Betten \richten to make the beds
    das Frühstück \richten to make [or get] breakfast
    den Tisch \richten to lay the table
    11. ESP SÜDD, ÖSTERR, SCHWEIZ (sorgen)
    ▪ etw \richten to arrange sth
    das kann ich schon \richten I can arrange it
    das lässt sich schon \richten that should be no problem
    ▪ jdn \richten to judge sb, to pass judg[e]ment on sb
    ▪ jdn \richten to condemn sb
    14. (veraltend geh: exekutieren)
    ▪ jdn \richten to execute sb
    II. vr
    sich akk in die Höhe \richten to stand [or get] up
    ▪ sich akk irgendwohin \richten to point somewhere; Strahlen a. to be directed somewhere; Augen to look somewhere
    die Strahlen richteten sich auf einen Punkt the beams converged to a point
    ihr ganzer Hass richtete sich auf ihn he was the object of all her hatred
    sein ganzes Denken richtet sich auf eine Lösung his single thought is to find a solution
    ▪ sich akk gegen jdn/etw \richten to criticize [or BRIT a. -ise] sb/sth
    in seiner Rede richtet er sich gegen die Partei he spoke derogatorily of the party, his speech criticized the party
    ▪ sich akk an jdn/etw \richten to be directed at sb/sth; Kritik, Vorwurf a. to be aimed [or levelled [or AM -l-]] at sb/sth
    ▪ sich akk gegen jdn/etw \richten to be directed at [or against] sb/sth
    6. (fragen)
    ▪ sich akk an jdn/etw \richten to ask sb/sth; (sich wenden a.) to turn to sb/sth; (Rat holen a.) to consult sb/sth
    ▪ sich akk nach jdm/etw \richten to comply with sb/sth
    wir richten uns ganz nach Ihnen we'll fit in with you
    sich akk nach den Vorschriften \richten to follow [or keep to] the rules
    sich akk nach jds Wünschen \richten to fit in with sb's wishes
    ▪ sich akk nach etw dat \richten to depend on sth, to be dependent on sth; Quantität a. to be based on sth
    ▪ sich akk danach \richten, ob/wie viel... to depend on whether/how much...
    9. MIL
    richt euch! right dress!
    10. (veraltend geh: töten)
    ▪ sich akk selbst \richten to die by one's own hand
    III. vi
    1. (urteilen) to pass judg[e]ment
    gerecht/hart \richten to be an impartial/a harsh judge
    2. (geh: verurteilen)
    ▪ über jdn/in etw dat \richten to judge sb/sth
    * * *
    1.
    1) direct < gaze> (auf + Akk. at, towards); turn <eyes, gaze> (auf + Akk. towards); point <torch, telescope, gun> (auf + Akk. at); aim, train <gun, missile, telescope, searchlight> (auf + Akk. on); (fig.) direct <activity, attention> (auf + Akk. towards); address < letter, remarks, words> (an + Akk. to); direct, level < criticism> (an + Akk. at); send <letter of thanks, message of greeting> (an + Akk. to)
    2) (geraderichten) straighten; set < fracture>
    3) (einstellen) aim <cannon, missile>; direct < aerial>
    4) (aburteilen) judge; (verurteilen) condemn; s. auch zugrunde 1)
    2.

    sich auf jemanden/etwas richten — (auch fig.) be directed towards somebody/something

    2)

    sich an jemanden/etwas richten — < person> turn on somebody/something; <appeal, explanation> be directed at somebody/something

    sich gegen jemanden/etwas richten — < person> criticize somebody/something; <criticism, accusations, etc.> be aimed or levelled or directed at somebody/something

    sich nach jemandem/jemandes Wünschen richten — fit in with somebody/somebody's wishes

    sich nach jemandem/etwas richten — depend on somebody/something

    3.
    intransitives Verb (urteilen) judge; pass judgement

    über jemanden richten — judge somebody; pass judgement on somebody; (zu Gericht sitzen) sit in judgement over somebody

    * * *
    A. v/t
    1. (lenken, wenden) direct, turn (
    auf +akk towards); (Gewehr, Kamera etc) point (at); (Augen) turn (towards); (Aufmerksamkeit) direct, turn (to); (Brief, Frage etc) address (
    an +akk to); (Kritik) direct, level (at);
    eine Frage an jemanden/den Sprecher richten put a question to sb/address a question to the speaker;
    das war gegen dich gerichtet that was aimed at ( oder intended for, meant for) you;
    alle Blicke richteten sich auf … (akk) all eyes turned to look at … ( oder in the direction of …);
    gerichtet auf (+akk) MIL, Rakete: targeted on
    2. dial (zurechtmachen) (Bett) make; (Zimmer) tidy up; (Haare) do; (vorbereiten, zubereiten) get sth ready, prepare; (Tisch) lay the table; (ausbessern) repair, fix; (in Ordnung bringen) see to;
    er wird’s schon richten umg he’ll fix it
    3. (einstellen) adjust; (Uhr) set (
    nach by)
    4. (gerade biegen) straighten, flatten; MED (Knochenbruch etc) set; TECH (Bleche) level;
    sich (dat)
    die Zähne richten lassen have one’s teeth straightened
    5. (urteilen) judge; JUR auch pass sentence on
    B. v/r
    1.
    sich richten nach (Regeln, Wünschen) comply with; (abhängen von) depend on; (sich orientieren an) take one’s cue from; (nach einem Vorbild) follow sb’s example; Sache: be model(l)ed after ( oder on);
    sich nach der Mode richten follow the fashion;
    sich nach den Vorschriften richten observe the regulations;
    nach der Uhr kannst du dich nicht richten you can’t go by that clock;
    das richtet sich (ganz) nach dem Wetter etc that depends (entirely) on the weather etc;
    ich richte mich (ganz) nach Ihnen whatever suits you best;
    warum müssen sich alle nach ihr richten? why does everybody have to fit in with her ( oder what she wants)?
    sich richten an (+akk) oder
    gegen be directed ( oder aimed) at;
    3.
    sich selbst richten euph take one’s own life
    C. v/i judge (
    über jemanden sb), pass judg(e)ment (on sb);
    milde/streng richten be mild/harsh in one’s judgement;
    richtet nicht, auf dass ihr nicht gerichtet werdet! BIBEL judge not that ye be not judged!
    * * *
    1.
    1) direct < gaze> (auf + Akk. at, towards); turn <eyes, gaze> (auf + Akk. towards); point <torch, telescope, gun> (auf + Akk. at); aim, train <gun, missile, telescope, searchlight> (auf + Akk. on); (fig.) direct <activity, attention> (auf + Akk. towards); address <letter, remarks, words> (an + Akk. to); direct, level < criticism> (an + Akk. at); send <letter of thanks, message of greeting> (an + Akk. to)
    2) (geraderichten) straighten; set < fracture>
    3) (einstellen) aim <cannon, missile>; direct < aerial>
    4) (aburteilen) judge; (verurteilen) condemn; s. auch zugrunde 1)
    2.

    sich auf jemanden/etwas richten — (auch fig.) be directed towards somebody/something

    2)

    sich an jemanden/etwas richten — < person> turn on somebody/something; <appeal, explanation> be directed at somebody/something

    sich gegen jemanden/etwas richten — < person> criticize somebody/something; <criticism, accusations, etc.> be aimed or levelled or directed at somebody/something

    sich nach jemandem/jemandes Wünschen richten — fit in with somebody/somebody's wishes

    sich nach jemandem/etwas richten — depend on somebody/something

    3.
    intransitives Verb (urteilen) judge; pass judgement

    über jemanden richten — judge somebody; pass judgement on somebody; (zu Gericht sitzen) sit in judgement over somebody

    * * *
    (nach, auf) v.
    to direct (to, at) v. v.
    to judge (by) v.

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > richten

  • 26 mucho

    adj.
    a lot of, too much, much, plenty of.
    adv.
    1 a lot, much, very much, a great deal.
    2 very often, too often.
    m.
    a great deal, quite much, much, a lot.
    * * *
    1 (singular - en afirmativas) a lot of; (- en negativas, interrogativas) a lot of, much
    ■ no tiene mucho dinero he hasn't got a lot of/much money
    ■ ¿nos queda mucha gasolina? have we got a lot of/much petrol left?
    2 (plural - en afirmativas) a lot of, lots of; (- en negativas, interrogativas) a lot of, many
    ■ no hay muchas copas there aren't a lot of/many glasses
    ■ ¿tienes muchos libros? have you got a lot of/many books?
    ■ hace mucho calor/frío it's very hot/cold
    ■ tengo mucha hambre/sed I'm very hungry/thirsty
    3 (demasiado - singular) too much; (- plural) too many
    1 (singular) a lot, much; (plural) a lot, many
    1 (de cantidad) a lot, much
    ■ mucho mejor/peor much better/worse
    ■ ¿te ha gustado la película? --sí, mucho did you like the film? --yes, very much
    ■ ¿estaba buena la comida? --sí, mucho was the food good? --yes, very good
    ■ mucho antes/después much earlier/later
    \
    como mucho at the most
    con mucho by far
    muy mucho familiar very much so
    ni con mucho nowhere near as
    ni mucho menos far from
    por mucho que however much
    * * *
    1. (f. - mucha)
    adj.
    many, much, a lot of, plenty of
    2. adv.
    much, a lot
    - con mucho
    - mucho tiempo     3. (f. - mucha)
    pron.
    many, much, a lot
    * * *
    1. ADJ
    1) [en singular] [en oraciones afirmativas] a lot of, lots of; [en oraciones interrogativas y negativas] a lot of, much

    tengo mucho dinero — I have a lot of o lots of money

    había mucha gente — there were a lot of o lots of people there

    ¿tienes mucho trabajo? — do you have a lot of o much work?

    2) [en plural] [en oraciones afirmativas] a lot of, lots of; [en oraciones interrogativas y negativas] a lot of, many

    muchas personas creen que no — a lot of o lots of people don't think so

    ¿había muchos niños en el parque? — were there a lot of o many children in the park?

    3) * [con singular colectivo]

    había mucho borracho — there were a lot of o lots of drunks there

    hay mucho tonto suelto — there are a lot of o lots of idiots around

    mucho beso, pero luego me critica por la espalda — she's all kisses, but then she criticizes me behind my back

    4) (=demasiado)

    es mucha mujer para ti — * that woman is too much for you

    esta es mucha casa para nosotros — * this house is too big for us

    2. PRON
    1) [en singular]
    a) [en frases afirmativas] a lot, lots; [en frases interrogativas y negativas] a lot, much

    ¿has aprendido mucho en este trabajo? — have you learnt a lot o much from this job?

    -¿cuánto vino queda? -mucho — "how much wine is left?" - "a lot" o "lots"

    b) [referido a tiempo] long

    ¿te vas a quedar mucho? — are you staying long?

    ¿falta mucho para llegar? — will it be long till we arrive?

    -¿cuánto nos queda para acabar? -mucho — "how long till we finish?" - "ages"

    hace mucho que no salgo a bailar — it's a long time o ages since I went out dancing

    2) [en plural] [en frases afirmativas] a lot, lots; [en frases interrogativas y negativas] a lot, many

    son muchos los que no quieren — there are a lot o lots who don't want to

    muchos dicen que... — a lot of o lots of o many people say that...

    muchos de los ausentes — many of o a lot of those absent

    -¿hay manzanas? -sí, pero no muchas — "are there any apples?" - "yes, but not many o not a lot"

    ¿vinieron muchos? — did many o a lot of people come?

    -¿cuántos había? -muchos — "how many were there?" - "a lot" o "lots"

    3. ADV
    1) (=en gran cantidad) a lot

    me gusta mucho el jazz — I really like jazz, I like jazz a lot

    sí señor, me gusta y mucho — I do indeed like it and I like it a lot

    - son 75 euros -es mucho — "that will be 75 euros" - "that's a lot"

    lo siento mucho — I'm very o really sorry

    ¡mucho lo sientes tú! — * a fat lot you care! *

    • mucho antes — long before

    • mucho más — much o a lot more

    • mucho menos — much o a lot less

    • muy mucho, se guardará muy mucho de hacerlo — * he'll jolly well be careful not to do it *

    • si no es mucho pedir — if that's not asking too much

    • pensárselo mucho, se lo pensó mucho antes de contestar — he thought long and hard about it before replying

    • mucho peor — much o a lot worse

    2) [en respuestas]

    -¿estás cansado? -¡mucho! — "are you tired?" - "I certainly am!"

    -¿te gusta? -no mucho — "do you like it?" - "not really"

    3) [otras locuciones]

    • como mucho — at (the) most

    • con mucho — by far, far and away

    fue, con mucho, el mejor — he was by far the best, he was far and away the best

    no se puede comparar, ni con mucho, a ninguna de nuestras ideas — it bears no comparison at all o you can't begin to compare it with any of our ideas

    • cuando mucho — frm at (the) most

    • tener a algn en mucho — to think highly of sb

    • ni mucho menos, Juan no es ni mucho menos el que era — Juan is nothing like the man he was

    mi intención no era insultarte, ni mucho menos — I in no way intended to insult you, I didn't intend to insult you, far from it

    • por mucho que, por mucho que estudies — however hard you study

    por mucho que lo quieras no debes mimarlo — no matter how much you love him, you shouldn't spoil him

    * * *
    I
    a) <salir/ayudar> a lot

    me gusta muchísimo — I like it/her/him very much o a lot

    ¿llueve mucho? — is it raining hard?

    ¿estás preocupado? - mucho — are you worried? - (yes, I am,) very

    ¿te gusta? - sí, mucho — do you like it? - yes, very much; para locs ver mucho III 3)

    II
    - cha adjetivo
    1)
    a) (sing) a lot of; ( en negativas e interrogativas) much, a lot of

    ¿tienes mucha hambre? — are you very hungry?

    b) (pl) a lot of; ( en negativas e interrogativas) many, a lot of

    ¿recibiste muchos regalos? — did you get many o a lot of presents?

    2) (sing)
    a) (fam) ( con valor plural)
    III
    - cha pronombre
    1) (refiriéndose a cantidad, número)

    mucho de lo que ha dicho — much o a lot of what he has said

    muchos creen que... — many (people) believe that...

    2) mucho ( refiriéndose a tiempo) a long time

    ¿falta mucho para llegar? — are we nearly there?

    ¿tuviste que esperar mucho? — did you have to wait long?

    con mucho — by far, easily

    no es un buen pianista ni mucho menos — he isn't a good pianist, far from it

    * * *
    = heavily, much, widely, a great deal, eminent + Nombre, utmost, vitally + Verbo, plenty, to any great degree, severely, lots of, rather a lot, numerable, a whole lot (of), a great deal of, a good deal of, greatly, wide [wider -comp., widest -sup.], broad [broader -comp., broadest -sup.], extensively, a barrel/barrow load of monkeys, bags of.
    Ex. Regular overhaul of guiding is important, especially for the new user who may rely heavily upon it.
    Ex. Although the 1949 code was much longer than its predecessor, the 1908 code, it only contained rules pertaining to headings.
    Ex. An aggressive approach is made to publicity, with posters and leaflets distributed widely, visits to local shops, post offices, doctors surgeries etc, to drum up business, and the use of volunteers to hand out leaflets at street corners = Se inicia una campaña de publicidad enérgica, distribuyendo de forma general folletos y pósteres, visitando las tiendas, oficinas de correos y consultorías médicas de la localidad, etc., para promocionar el negocio, además de utilizar voluntarios para distribuir prospectos por las esquinas de las calles.
    Ex. Thus charwomen and porters in a university work in an institution where books are used a great deal but they themselves are highly unlikely to use them.
    Ex. 'I think it makes eminent sense, for the reasons I've outlined,' he said and started toward the door.
    Ex. Indeed, he must take the utmost care never to jump to conclusions.
    Ex. Though the reference librarian cannot enter the reference process until he receives the question from the enquirer he is vitally concerned about all of its stages.
    Ex. One of the great glories of books is that there are plenty to suit everybody, no matter what our taste, our mood, our intellectual ability, age or living experience.
    Ex. Consumer advice centres were not used to any great degree by the working classes or those groups most at risk as consumers -- the elderly, divorced, widowed and separated.
    Ex. Pressure on space will create the desire on the part of the editor to limit severely the length any paper being published.
    Ex. Though reference work is the backbone of their task, they do lots of things that are not reference work.
    Ex. Carlyle has been dead nearly a hundred years, but many an academic would like to agree with Carlyle even if, perhaps, universities have changed rather a lot since his day.
    Ex. During the past decade both groups have developed numerable measures to assess creative potential.
    Ex. For the libraries in Belgium CD-ROM offers a new range of possibilities and a whole lot of reference works will be searchable and much more used.
    Ex. As earlier sections amply demonstrate, there is a great deal of choice with regards to data bases.
    Ex. There is a good deal of scope for users and novice cataloguers to find difficulty in identifying the appropriate heading for many of the works which are the responsibility of corporate bodies.
    Ex. The computer can greatly assist in thesaurus compilation and updating.
    Ex. The method is sufficiently flexible to allow for wide modifications.
    Ex. In 'upper town' streets are broad, quiet, and tree-shaded; the homes are tall and heavy and look like battleships, each anchored in its private sea of grass.
    Ex. Fiction classifications are used extensively in public libraries.
    Ex. The landlord is as mad as a barrel load of monkeys, but a fine man and ex-soldier.
    Ex. His colleagues would say he's as daft as a brush, has bags of energy and enthusiasm but gets the job done.
    ----
    * a costa de mucho = at (a) great expense.
    * afectar mucho = hit + hard.
    * Algo a lo que hay que dedicar mucho tiempo = time-consuming [time consuming].
    * Algo que lleva mucho tiempo de hacer = time-consuming [time consuming].
    * a muchos niveles = many-levelled [many-leveled, -USA].
    * andarse con mucho cuidado = walk on + eggshells, tread + the thin line between... and.
    * andarse con mucho ojo = keep + Posesivo + eyes peeled, keep + Posesivo + eyes skinned, keep + Posesivo + eyes (wide) open.
    * arriesgar mucho = play (for) + high stakes.
    * avanzar mucho = travel + a long way down the road.
    * bajar mucho = go + way down.
    * beber mucho = drink + heavily.
    * bebida alcohólica con muchos grados = hard drink, hard liquor.
    * cada vez mucho mayor = fast-increasing, exploding.
    * causar muchas víctimas = take + a toll on life.
    * como mucho = at best, at most, if at all, at the most, at the very latest.
    * conceder mucha importancia a = lay + great store on.
    * con mucha antelación = far in advance.
    * con mucha ceremonia = ceremoniously.
    * con mucha diferencia = by far.
    * con mucha energía = high energy.
    * con mucha frecuencia = very often.
    * con mucha información = populated.
    * con mucha labia = glibly, smooth-talking.
    * con mucha palabrería = glibly.
    * con mucha población = heavily populated.
    * con mucha pompa = ceremoniously.
    * con mucha prisa = without a minute to spare.
    * con muchas actividades = event-filled.
    * con muchas deudas = heavily indebted.
    * con muchas ilustraciones = copiously illustrated.
    * con muchas imágenes = image intensive.
    * con muchas prestaciones = feature-filled, multifacility.
    * con mucha vitalidad = lively [livelier -comp., liveliest -sup.].
    * con mucho = very much, far + Verbo, grossly, by far, by a long shot, by a long way, hands down.
    * con mucho ánimo = spiritedly.
    * con mucho bombo = ceremoniously.
    * con mucho contenido = information packed [information-packed].
    * con mucho esfuerzo = painfully.
    * con mucho éxito = with a wide appeal.
    * con mucho protocolo = ceremoniously.
    * con mucho público = well attended [well-attended].
    * con muchos acontecimientos = event-filled.
    * con muchos detalles = elaborately.
    * con muchos eventos = event-filled.
    * con muchos huesos y poca carne = bony [bonier -comp., boniest -sup.].
    * con muchos lectores = with a wide appeal.
    * con muchos miramientos = ceremoniously.
    * con mucho trabajo = painfully.
    * conseguir mucho = do + much.
    * contener mucho = be high in.
    * costar mucho trabajo = have + a tough time, have + a hard time.
    * dar mucha importancia = put + a premium on.
    * dar mucho en qué pensar = give + Nombre + much to think about, give + Nombre + a lot to think about.
    * dar mucho valor a Algo = value + Nombre + highly.
    * darse (muchos) aires = give + Reflexivo + such airs, aggrandise + Reflexivo.
    * decir mucho de Algo = speak + volumes.
    * de hace muchos años = long-standing.
    * de hace mucho tiempo = age-old, long-term, long-lost.
    * dejar mucho que desear = fall (far) short of + ideal, leave + a lot to be desired, leave + much to be desired.
    * demandar mucho esfuerzo por parte de Alguien = tax + Posesivo + imagination.
    * de muchas formas = in more ways than one.
    * de muchas maneras = in every way.
    * de mucho arraigo = long-established.
    * de mucho beneficio = high-payoff.
    * de mucho cuidado = badass.
    * de mucho provecho = high-payoff.
    * de muchos usos = all-purpose.
    * desde hace muchos años = for years.
    * desde hace mucho tiempo = for ages, long-time [longtime], far back in time, for a long time, long since, in ages (and ages and ages).
    * desear mucha suerte a Alguien = wish + Nombre + the (very) best of luck.
    * desempeñando muchas funciones = in many capacities.
    * destacar con mucho sobre = stand out + head and shoulders (above/over), be head and shoulder (above/over).
    * día de mucho calor = scorcher.
    * donde cabe mucho también cabe poco = what holds a lot will hold a little.
    * durante el transcurso de muchos años = over many years.
    * durante muchas horas = for many long hours.
    * durante muchos años = for many years, for years to come, for many years to come, over many years, for years and years (and years).
    * durante mucho tiempo = long [longer -comp., longest -sup.], for generations, long-time [longtime], for a long time to come, for long periods of time, for a long period of time, lastingly, for a very long time, for many long hours, for a long time, in ages (and ages and ages).
    * durar mucho = last + long.
    * durar mucho rato = take + a long time.
    * durar mucho tiempo = last + long.
    * echar muchas horas al día = work + long hours.
    * echar mucho de menos = be sorely missed, be sadly missed.
    * echar mucho en falta = be sorely missed, be sadly missed.
    * el que mucho abarca poco aprieta = jack of all trades, master of none.
    * en muchos aspectos = in most respects.
    * en muchos casos = in many instances.
    * en muchos grupos = in many quarters.
    * en muchos grupos de la población = in many quarters.
    * en muchos sectores = in many quarters.
    * en muchos sectores de la población = in many quarters.
    * en muchos sentidos = in many ways, in many respects, in most respects, in more ways than one.
    * escribir mucho sobre Algo = a lot + be written about, much + be written about.
    * existen de muchos tipos = come in + many guises.
    * existir mucha diferencia entre... y... = be a far cry from... to....
    * faltar mucho = be a long way off.
    * faltar mucho (para) = there + be + a long way to go (before), have + a long way to go (before).
    * fue durante mucho tiempo = long remained.
    * ganar mucho dinero = make + good money, earn + good money.
    * guardar con mucho cariño = treasure.
    * guardar muchas esperanzas = get + Posesivo + hopes up.
    * gustar mucho = come up + a treat, go down + a treat.
    * gustar mucho las mujeres = womanise [womanize, -USA].
    * gustar mucho lo dulce = have + a sweet tooth.
    * haber de muchos tipos = come in + all/many (sorts of) shapes and sizes.
    * haber recorrido mucho mundo = be well-travelled.
    * haber viajado mucho = be well-travelled.
    * hace muchas lunas = all those many moons ago, many moons ago.
    * hace muchos años = many years ago.
    * hace mucho tiempo = long since, all those many moons ago, many moons ago.
    * hacer mucho = do + much.
    * hacer mucho dinero = make + good money, earn + good money.
    * hacer mucho por = go + a long way (towards/to/in) + Gerundio.
    * hacer muchos aspavientos por Algo = make + a song and dance about.
    * hace ya mucho tiempo que = gone are the days of.
    * hombre que tiene mucho mundo = a man of the world.
    * ir con mucho ojo = keep + Posesivo + eyes peeled, keep + Posesivo + eyes skinned, keep + Posesivo + eyes (wide) open.
    * la mayoría con mucho = the vast majority of.
    * llenar mucho = be filling.
    * lo mucho que = how extensively.
    * mucha gente + esperar que = be widely expected.
    * muchas ganancias = high return.
    * Muchas gracias = Thank you very much.
    * muchas horas = long hours.
    * muchas otras cosas = much else.
    * muchas otras cosas más = much else besides.
    * mucha suerte = best of luck.
    * muchas veces = multiple times.
    * mucho + Adjetivo = very much + Adjetivo, significantly + Adjetivo.
    * mucho antes = early on.
    * mucho antes de = well before.
    * mucho + Comparativo = a good deal + Comparativo.
    * mucho dinero = big bucks.
    * mucho esfuerzo = hard work.
    * mucho interés = keen interest.
    * mucho más = order of magnitude, much more, much more so, a lot more, lots more.
    * mucho más + Adjetivo = all the more + Adjetivo, far + Adjetivo Comparativo.
    * mucho más + Adverbio/Adjetivo = far more + Adverbio/Adjetivo, far more + Adverbio/Adjetivo.
    * mucho más allá de = far beyond.
    * mucho más cerca = far closer.
    * mucho más de = well over + Expresión Numérica.
    * mucho más rápido = far faster.
    * mucho mayor = far greater, far larger, very much greater.
    * mucho mejor = far better.
    * mucho mejor que = far superior to.
    * mucho menos = a great deal less, let alone, far less.
    * mucho menos + Adjetivo = far + Adjetivo Comparativo.
    * mucho + Nombre = a lot of + Nombre, bleeding + Adjetivo/Nombre.
    * mucho peor = far worse.
    * mucho que + Infinitivo = a lot + Infinitivo.
    * mucho ruido y pocas nueces = much ado about nothing, storm in a teacup, Posesivo + bark is worse than + Posesivo + bite.
    * muchos = many, good many, many a(n).
    * muchos beneficios = high return.
    * muchos jefes y pocos trabajadores = too many chiefs and not enough Indians.
    * muchos más = a great many more.
    * muchos + Nombre = a lot of + Nombre.
    * mucho tiempo = long time, long periods of time, a very long time, long hours, ample time, for a long time.
    * mucho tiempo antes de (que) = long before.
    * mucho tiempo después = ages and ages hence.
    * mucho tiempo después (de que) = long after.
    * mucho trabajo = hard graft.
    * ni con mucho = not by a long shot.
    * ni mucho menos = by any stretch (of the imagination), by any means, not by a long shot.
    * no estar finalizado (con mucho) = fall (far) short of + completeness.
    * no existir muchos indicios de que = there + be + little sign of.
    * no haber muchas señales de que = there + be + little sign of.
    * no hace mucho = in the recent past.
    * no hace mucho tiempo = not so long ago.
    * Nombre + no tardará mucho en = it won't be long before + Nombre.
    * Nombre + no tardó mucho en = it wasn't long before + Nombre.
    * no mucho después = not long after.
    * no parar mucho en un sitio = live out of + a suitcase.
    * no pasar mucho tiempo antes de que + Subjuntivo = be not long before + Indicativo.
    * no perderse mucho = be no great loss.
    * pasar mucho tiempo antes de que = be a long time before.
    * pasar por muchas dificultades = be to hell and back.
    * persona con mucha ambición = social climber.
    * persona que ha viajado mucho = seasoned traveller.
    * poner mucho ahínco = try + Posesivo + heart out.
    * poner mucho ahínco en = put + Posesivo + heart into.
    * poner mucho empe = put + Posesivo + heart into.
    * poner mucho empeño = try + Posesivo + heart out.
    * poner mucho empeño en + Verbo = be at pains to + Infinitivo.
    * poner mucho empeño por = take + (great) pains to.
    * poner mucho esmero por = take + (great) pains to.
    * por muchas razones = in many ways.
    * por mucho que lo + intentar = try as + Pronombre + might.
    * por mucho que lo intento = for the life of me.
    * por mucho tiempo = for long, for long periods of time.
    * prometer mucho = promise + great possibilities, bode + well.
    * que consume mucha CPU = CPU intensive.
    * que consume mucha energía = energy-intensive.
    * que contiene muchas imágenes = image intensive.
    * quedar mucho más por hacer = much more needs to be done.
    * quedar mucho (para) = have + a long way to go (before), there + be + a long way to go (before).
    * quedar mucho por conocer = there + be + a great deal yet to be learned, there + be + still a great deal to be learned.
    * quedar mucho por hacer = more needs to be done, have + a long way to go.
    * quedar mucho por saber = there + be + a great deal yet to be learned, there + be + still a great deal to be learned.
    * que deja mucho al azar = hit-or-miss.
    * que hay que dar muchas vueltas = circuitous.
    * que hay que dedicarle mucho tiempo = time-intensive.
    * que ocupa mucho espacio = space-consuming.
    * que se percibe desde hace mucho tiempo = long-felt.
    * que utiliza muchos recursos = resource-intensive.
    * quien mucho abarca poco aprieta = bite off more than + Pronombre + can chew.
    * resaltar con mucho sobre = stand out + head and shoulders (above/over), be head and shoulder (above/over).
    * saber un poco de todo y mucho de nada = jack of all trades, master of none.
    * ser de mucho uso = take + Nombre + a long way.
    * ser mucho = be a mouthful.
    * ser mucho más = be all the more.
    * ser mucho más que = be far more than.
    * sin mucha antelación = at short notice.
    * sin mucha anticipación = at short notice.
    * sin mucha dificultad = painlessly.
    * sin muchas contemplaciones = unceremoniously.
    * sin muchos inconvenientes = without much grudging.
    * sin pensarlo mucho = off the top of + Posesivo + head.
    * sorprenderse mucho = eyes + pop (out), Posesivo + eyes + pop out of + Posesivo + head, Posesivo + eyes + pop out of + Posesivo + socket.
    * tener mucha distancia que recorrer = have + a long way to go.
    * tener mucha personalidad = be full of character.
    * tener mucho camino que recorrer = have + a long way to go.
    * tener mucho carácter = be full of character.
    * tener mucho cuidado = be extra vigilant.
    * tener mucho éxito = hit + a home run, hit it out of + the park, knock it out of + the park.
    * tener mucho interés en = have + a high stake in.
    * tener mucho interés por = be keen to.
    * tener mucho que ver con = have + a great deal to do with.
    * tener mucho tiempo libre = have + plenty of time to spare.
    * trabajando mucho = hard at work.
    * trabajar muchas horas al día = work + long hours.
    * trabajar mucho = work + hard.
    * usuario que hace mucho uso del préstamo = heavy borrower.
    * venir de mucho tiempo atrás = go back + a long way.
    * Verbo + mucho = Verbo + hard.
    * y cuanto mucho menos = much less.
    * y mucho más = and much more.
    * y mucho menos = much less, least of all.
    * y mucho(s) más = and more.
    * * *
    I
    a) <salir/ayudar> a lot

    me gusta muchísimo — I like it/her/him very much o a lot

    ¿llueve mucho? — is it raining hard?

    ¿estás preocupado? - mucho — are you worried? - (yes, I am,) very

    ¿te gusta? - sí, mucho — do you like it? - yes, very much; para locs ver mucho III 3)

    II
    - cha adjetivo
    1)
    a) (sing) a lot of; ( en negativas e interrogativas) much, a lot of

    ¿tienes mucha hambre? — are you very hungry?

    b) (pl) a lot of; ( en negativas e interrogativas) many, a lot of

    ¿recibiste muchos regalos? — did you get many o a lot of presents?

    2) (sing)
    a) (fam) ( con valor plural)
    III
    - cha pronombre
    1) (refiriéndose a cantidad, número)

    mucho de lo que ha dicho — much o a lot of what he has said

    muchos creen que... — many (people) believe that...

    2) mucho ( refiriéndose a tiempo) a long time

    ¿falta mucho para llegar? — are we nearly there?

    ¿tuviste que esperar mucho? — did you have to wait long?

    con mucho — by far, easily

    no es un buen pianista ni mucho menos — he isn't a good pianist, far from it

    * * *
    = heavily, much, widely, a great deal, eminent + Nombre, utmost, vitally + Verbo, plenty, to any great degree, severely, lots of, rather a lot, numerable, a whole lot (of), a great deal of, a good deal of, greatly, wide [wider -comp., widest -sup.], broad [broader -comp., broadest -sup.], extensively, a barrel/barrow load of monkeys, bags of.

    Ex: Regular overhaul of guiding is important, especially for the new user who may rely heavily upon it.

    Ex: Although the 1949 code was much longer than its predecessor, the 1908 code, it only contained rules pertaining to headings.
    Ex: An aggressive approach is made to publicity, with posters and leaflets distributed widely, visits to local shops, post offices, doctors surgeries etc, to drum up business, and the use of volunteers to hand out leaflets at street corners = Se inicia una campaña de publicidad enérgica, distribuyendo de forma general folletos y pósteres, visitando las tiendas, oficinas de correos y consultorías médicas de la localidad, etc., para promocionar el negocio, además de utilizar voluntarios para distribuir prospectos por las esquinas de las calles.
    Ex: Thus charwomen and porters in a university work in an institution where books are used a great deal but they themselves are highly unlikely to use them.
    Ex: 'I think it makes eminent sense, for the reasons I've outlined,' he said and started toward the door.
    Ex: Indeed, he must take the utmost care never to jump to conclusions.
    Ex: Though the reference librarian cannot enter the reference process until he receives the question from the enquirer he is vitally concerned about all of its stages.
    Ex: One of the great glories of books is that there are plenty to suit everybody, no matter what our taste, our mood, our intellectual ability, age or living experience.
    Ex: Consumer advice centres were not used to any great degree by the working classes or those groups most at risk as consumers -- the elderly, divorced, widowed and separated.
    Ex: Pressure on space will create the desire on the part of the editor to limit severely the length any paper being published.
    Ex: Though reference work is the backbone of their task, they do lots of things that are not reference work.
    Ex: Carlyle has been dead nearly a hundred years, but many an academic would like to agree with Carlyle even if, perhaps, universities have changed rather a lot since his day.
    Ex: During the past decade both groups have developed numerable measures to assess creative potential.
    Ex: For the libraries in Belgium CD-ROM offers a new range of possibilities and a whole lot of reference works will be searchable and much more used.
    Ex: As earlier sections amply demonstrate, there is a great deal of choice with regards to data bases.
    Ex: There is a good deal of scope for users and novice cataloguers to find difficulty in identifying the appropriate heading for many of the works which are the responsibility of corporate bodies.
    Ex: The computer can greatly assist in thesaurus compilation and updating.
    Ex: The method is sufficiently flexible to allow for wide modifications.
    Ex: In 'upper town' streets are broad, quiet, and tree-shaded; the homes are tall and heavy and look like battleships, each anchored in its private sea of grass.
    Ex: Fiction classifications are used extensively in public libraries.
    Ex: The landlord is as mad as a barrel load of monkeys, but a fine man and ex-soldier.
    Ex: His colleagues would say he's as daft as a brush, has bags of energy and enthusiasm but gets the job done.
    * a costa de mucho = at (a) great expense.
    * afectar mucho = hit + hard.
    * Algo a lo que hay que dedicar mucho tiempo = time-consuming [time consuming].
    * Algo que lleva mucho tiempo de hacer = time-consuming [time consuming].
    * a muchos niveles = many-levelled [many-leveled, -USA].
    * andarse con mucho cuidado = walk on + eggshells, tread + the thin line between... and.
    * andarse con mucho ojo = keep + Posesivo + eyes peeled, keep + Posesivo + eyes skinned, keep + Posesivo + eyes (wide) open.
    * arriesgar mucho = play (for) + high stakes.
    * avanzar mucho = travel + a long way down the road.
    * bajar mucho = go + way down.
    * beber mucho = drink + heavily.
    * bebida alcohólica con muchos grados = hard drink, hard liquor.
    * cada vez mucho mayor = fast-increasing, exploding.
    * causar muchas víctimas = take + a toll on life.
    * como mucho = at best, at most, if at all, at the most, at the very latest.
    * conceder mucha importancia a = lay + great store on.
    * con mucha antelación = far in advance.
    * con mucha ceremonia = ceremoniously.
    * con mucha diferencia = by far.
    * con mucha energía = high energy.
    * con mucha frecuencia = very often.
    * con mucha información = populated.
    * con mucha labia = glibly, smooth-talking.
    * con mucha palabrería = glibly.
    * con mucha población = heavily populated.
    * con mucha pompa = ceremoniously.
    * con mucha prisa = without a minute to spare.
    * con muchas actividades = event-filled.
    * con muchas deudas = heavily indebted.
    * con muchas ilustraciones = copiously illustrated.
    * con muchas imágenes = image intensive.
    * con muchas prestaciones = feature-filled, multifacility.
    * con mucha vitalidad = lively [livelier -comp., liveliest -sup.].
    * con mucho = very much, far + Verbo, grossly, by far, by a long shot, by a long way, hands down.
    * con mucho ánimo = spiritedly.
    * con mucho bombo = ceremoniously.
    * con mucho contenido = information packed [information-packed].
    * con mucho esfuerzo = painfully.
    * con mucho éxito = with a wide appeal.
    * con mucho protocolo = ceremoniously.
    * con mucho público = well attended [well-attended].
    * con muchos acontecimientos = event-filled.
    * con muchos detalles = elaborately.
    * con muchos eventos = event-filled.
    * con muchos huesos y poca carne = bony [bonier -comp., boniest -sup.].
    * con muchos lectores = with a wide appeal.
    * con muchos miramientos = ceremoniously.
    * con mucho trabajo = painfully.
    * conseguir mucho = do + much.
    * contener mucho = be high in.
    * costar mucho trabajo = have + a tough time, have + a hard time.
    * dar mucha importancia = put + a premium on.
    * dar mucho en qué pensar = give + Nombre + much to think about, give + Nombre + a lot to think about.
    * dar mucho valor a Algo = value + Nombre + highly.
    * darse (muchos) aires = give + Reflexivo + such airs, aggrandise + Reflexivo.
    * decir mucho de Algo = speak + volumes.
    * de hace muchos años = long-standing.
    * de hace mucho tiempo = age-old, long-term, long-lost.
    * dejar mucho que desear = fall (far) short of + ideal, leave + a lot to be desired, leave + much to be desired.
    * demandar mucho esfuerzo por parte de Alguien = tax + Posesivo + imagination.
    * de muchas formas = in more ways than one.
    * de muchas maneras = in every way.
    * de mucho arraigo = long-established.
    * de mucho beneficio = high-payoff.
    * de mucho cuidado = badass.
    * de mucho provecho = high-payoff.
    * de muchos usos = all-purpose.
    * desde hace muchos años = for years.
    * desde hace mucho tiempo = for ages, long-time [longtime], far back in time, for a long time, long since, in ages (and ages and ages).
    * desear mucha suerte a Alguien = wish + Nombre + the (very) best of luck.
    * desempeñando muchas funciones = in many capacities.
    * destacar con mucho sobre = stand out + head and shoulders (above/over), be head and shoulder (above/over).
    * día de mucho calor = scorcher.
    * donde cabe mucho también cabe poco = what holds a lot will hold a little.
    * durante el transcurso de muchos años = over many years.
    * durante muchas horas = for many long hours.
    * durante muchos años = for many years, for years to come, for many years to come, over many years, for years and years (and years).
    * durante mucho tiempo = long [longer -comp., longest -sup.], for generations, long-time [longtime], for a long time to come, for long periods of time, for a long period of time, lastingly, for a very long time, for many long hours, for a long time, in ages (and ages and ages).
    * durar mucho = last + long.
    * durar mucho rato = take + a long time.
    * durar mucho tiempo = last + long.
    * echar muchas horas al día = work + long hours.
    * echar mucho de menos = be sorely missed, be sadly missed.
    * echar mucho en falta = be sorely missed, be sadly missed.
    * el que mucho abarca poco aprieta = jack of all trades, master of none.
    * en muchos aspectos = in most respects.
    * en muchos casos = in many instances.
    * en muchos grupos = in many quarters.
    * en muchos grupos de la población = in many quarters.
    * en muchos sectores = in many quarters.
    * en muchos sectores de la población = in many quarters.
    * en muchos sentidos = in many ways, in many respects, in most respects, in more ways than one.
    * escribir mucho sobre Algo = a lot + be written about, much + be written about.
    * existen de muchos tipos = come in + many guises.
    * existir mucha diferencia entre... y... = be a far cry from... to....
    * faltar mucho = be a long way off.
    * faltar mucho (para) = there + be + a long way to go (before), have + a long way to go (before).
    * fue durante mucho tiempo = long remained.
    * ganar mucho dinero = make + good money, earn + good money.
    * guardar con mucho cariño = treasure.
    * guardar muchas esperanzas = get + Posesivo + hopes up.
    * gustar mucho = come up + a treat, go down + a treat.
    * gustar mucho las mujeres = womanise [womanize, -USA].
    * gustar mucho lo dulce = have + a sweet tooth.
    * haber de muchos tipos = come in + all/many (sorts of) shapes and sizes.
    * haber recorrido mucho mundo = be well-travelled.
    * haber viajado mucho = be well-travelled.
    * hace muchas lunas = all those many moons ago, many moons ago.
    * hace muchos años = many years ago.
    * hace mucho tiempo = long since, all those many moons ago, many moons ago.
    * hacer mucho = do + much.
    * hacer mucho dinero = make + good money, earn + good money.
    * hacer mucho por = go + a long way (towards/to/in) + Gerundio.
    * hacer muchos aspavientos por Algo = make + a song and dance about.
    * hace ya mucho tiempo que = gone are the days of.
    * hombre que tiene mucho mundo = a man of the world.
    * ir con mucho ojo = keep + Posesivo + eyes peeled, keep + Posesivo + eyes skinned, keep + Posesivo + eyes (wide) open.
    * la mayoría con mucho = the vast majority of.
    * llenar mucho = be filling.
    * lo mucho que = how extensively.
    * mucha gente + esperar que = be widely expected.
    * muchas ganancias = high return.
    * Muchas gracias = Thank you very much.
    * muchas horas = long hours.
    * muchas otras cosas = much else.
    * muchas otras cosas más = much else besides.
    * mucha suerte = best of luck.
    * muchas veces = multiple times.
    * mucho + Adjetivo = very much + Adjetivo, significantly + Adjetivo.
    * mucho antes = early on.
    * mucho antes de = well before.
    * mucho + Comparativo = a good deal + Comparativo.
    * mucho dinero = big bucks.
    * mucho esfuerzo = hard work.
    * mucho interés = keen interest.
    * mucho más = order of magnitude, much more, much more so, a lot more, lots more.
    * mucho más + Adjetivo = all the more + Adjetivo, far + Adjetivo Comparativo.
    * mucho más + Adverbio/Adjetivo = far more + Adverbio/Adjetivo, far more + Adverbio/Adjetivo.
    * mucho más allá de = far beyond.
    * mucho más cerca = far closer.
    * mucho más de = well over + Expresión Numérica.
    * mucho más rápido = far faster.
    * mucho mayor = far greater, far larger, very much greater.
    * mucho mejor = far better.
    * mucho mejor que = far superior to.
    * mucho menos = a great deal less, let alone, far less.
    * mucho menos + Adjetivo = far + Adjetivo Comparativo.
    * mucho + Nombre = a lot of + Nombre, bleeding + Adjetivo/Nombre.
    * mucho peor = far worse.
    * mucho que + Infinitivo = a lot + Infinitivo.
    * mucho ruido y pocas nueces = much ado about nothing, storm in a teacup, Posesivo + bark is worse than + Posesivo + bite.
    * muchos = many, good many, many a(n).
    * muchos beneficios = high return.
    * muchos jefes y pocos trabajadores = too many chiefs and not enough Indians.
    * muchos más = a great many more.
    * muchos + Nombre = a lot of + Nombre.
    * mucho tiempo = long time, long periods of time, a very long time, long hours, ample time, for a long time.
    * mucho tiempo antes de (que) = long before.
    * mucho tiempo después = ages and ages hence.
    * mucho tiempo después (de que) = long after.
    * mucho trabajo = hard graft.
    * ni con mucho = not by a long shot.
    * ni mucho menos = by any stretch (of the imagination), by any means, not by a long shot.
    * no estar finalizado (con mucho) = fall (far) short of + completeness.
    * no existir muchos indicios de que = there + be + little sign of.
    * no haber muchas señales de que = there + be + little sign of.
    * no hace mucho = in the recent past.
    * no hace mucho tiempo = not so long ago.
    * Nombre + no tardará mucho en = it won't be long before + Nombre.
    * Nombre + no tardó mucho en = it wasn't long before + Nombre.
    * no mucho después = not long after.
    * no parar mucho en un sitio = live out of + a suitcase.
    * no pasar mucho tiempo antes de que + Subjuntivo = be not long before + Indicativo.
    * no perderse mucho = be no great loss.
    * pasar mucho tiempo antes de que = be a long time before.
    * pasar por muchas dificultades = be to hell and back.
    * persona con mucha ambición = social climber.
    * persona que ha viajado mucho = seasoned traveller.
    * poner mucho ahínco = try + Posesivo + heart out.
    * poner mucho ahínco en = put + Posesivo + heart into.
    * poner mucho empe = put + Posesivo + heart into.
    * poner mucho empeño = try + Posesivo + heart out.
    * poner mucho empeño en + Verbo = be at pains to + Infinitivo.
    * poner mucho empeño por = take + (great) pains to.
    * poner mucho esmero por = take + (great) pains to.
    * por muchas razones = in many ways.
    * por mucho que lo + intentar = try as + Pronombre + might.
    * por mucho que lo intento = for the life of me.
    * por mucho tiempo = for long, for long periods of time.
    * prometer mucho = promise + great possibilities, bode + well.
    * que consume mucha CPU = CPU intensive.
    * que consume mucha energía = energy-intensive.
    * que contiene muchas imágenes = image intensive.
    * quedar mucho más por hacer = much more needs to be done.
    * quedar mucho (para) = have + a long way to go (before), there + be + a long way to go (before).
    * quedar mucho por conocer = there + be + a great deal yet to be learned, there + be + still a great deal to be learned.
    * quedar mucho por hacer = more needs to be done, have + a long way to go.
    * quedar mucho por saber = there + be + a great deal yet to be learned, there + be + still a great deal to be learned.
    * que deja mucho al azar = hit-or-miss.
    * que hay que dar muchas vueltas = circuitous.
    * que hay que dedicarle mucho tiempo = time-intensive.
    * que ocupa mucho espacio = space-consuming.
    * que se percibe desde hace mucho tiempo = long-felt.
    * que utiliza muchos recursos = resource-intensive.
    * quien mucho abarca poco aprieta = bite off more than + Pronombre + can chew.
    * resaltar con mucho sobre = stand out + head and shoulders (above/over), be head and shoulder (above/over).
    * saber un poco de todo y mucho de nada = jack of all trades, master of none.
    * ser de mucho uso = take + Nombre + a long way.
    * ser mucho = be a mouthful.
    * ser mucho más = be all the more.
    * ser mucho más que = be far more than.
    * sin mucha antelación = at short notice.
    * sin mucha anticipación = at short notice.
    * sin mucha dificultad = painlessly.
    * sin muchas contemplaciones = unceremoniously.
    * sin muchos inconvenientes = without much grudging.
    * sin pensarlo mucho = off the top of + Posesivo + head.
    * sorprenderse mucho = eyes + pop (out), Posesivo + eyes + pop out of + Posesivo + head, Posesivo + eyes + pop out of + Posesivo + socket.
    * tener mucha distancia que recorrer = have + a long way to go.
    * tener mucha personalidad = be full of character.
    * tener mucho camino que recorrer = have + a long way to go.
    * tener mucho carácter = be full of character.
    * tener mucho cuidado = be extra vigilant.
    * tener mucho éxito = hit + a home run, hit it out of + the park, knock it out of + the park.
    * tener mucho interés en = have + a high stake in.
    * tener mucho interés por = be keen to.
    * tener mucho que ver con = have + a great deal to do with.
    * tener mucho tiempo libre = have + plenty of time to spare.
    * trabajando mucho = hard at work.
    * trabajar muchas horas al día = work + long hours.
    * trabajar mucho = work + hard.
    * usuario que hace mucho uso del préstamo = heavy borrower.
    * venir de mucho tiempo atrás = go back + a long way.
    * Verbo + mucho = Verbo + hard.
    * y cuanto mucho menos = much less.
    * y mucho más = and much more.
    * y mucho menos = much less, least of all.
    * y mucho(s) más = and more.

    * * *
    1
    salen mucho they go out a lot
    no salen mucho they don't go out much o a lot
    ¿salen mucho? do they go out much o a lot?
    me ayudaron muchísimo they really helped me a lot
    ahora funciona mucho mejor it works much o a lot better now
    esto preocupa, y mucho, a los ecologistas this is a matter of great concern to ecologists
    trabaja mucho he works very hard
    ¿llueve mucho? is it raining hard?
    me gusta muchísimo I like it a lot o very much
    por mucho que insistas, no te va a hacer caso no matter how much you insist o however much you insist he won't listen to you
    por mucho que le grites no te oye you can shout as much as you like but he won't hear you
    después de mucho discutir llegaron a un acuerdo after long discussions, they reached an agreement
    mucho criticar a los demás pero ella tampoco hace nada por ayudar she's forever o always criticizing others but she doesn't do anything to help either
    2
    (en respuestas): ¿estás preocupado? — mucho are you worried? — (yes, I am,) very
    ¿te gusta? — sí, mucho do you like it? — yes, very much
    para locs ver mucho3 pron C. (↑ mucho (3))
    A
    1 ( sing) a lot of; (en negativas e interrogativas) much, a lot of
    tiene mucha vitamina C it contains a lot of vitamin C
    no le tienen mucho respeto they don't have much o a lot of respect for him
    había mucha gente there were lots of o a lot of people there
    sucedió hace mucho tiempo it happened a long time ago
    ¿tienes mucha hambre? are you very hungry?
    una ciudad con mucha vida nocturna a city with plenty of night life
    2 (pl) a lot of; (en negativas e interrogativas) many, a lot of
    ¿recibiste muchos regalos? did you get many o a lot of presents?
    sus muchas obligaciones le impidieron asistir his many commitments prevented him from attending
    muchos niños pasan hambre many children go hungry
    seis hijos son muchos six children's a lot
    somos muchos there are a lot of us
    B ( sing)
    1 ( fam)
    (con valor plural): mucho elogio, mucho cumplido pero no me lo van a publicar they're full of praise and compliments but they're not going to publish it
    hoy día hay mucho sinvergüenza por ahí these days there are a lot of rogues around
    2 ( fam)
    (con valor ponderativo): era mucho jugador para un equipo tan mediocre he was much too good a player for a mediocre team like that
    A
    (refiriéndose a cantidad, número): mucho de lo que ha dicho es falso much o a lot of what he has said is untrue
    tengo mucho que hacer I have a lot to do
    si no es mucho pedir if it's not too much to ask
    muchos creen que … many (people) believe that …
    muchos son los llamados pero pocos los elegidos ( Bib) many are called but few are chosen
    B
    hace mucho que no vamos al teatro we haven't been to the theater for a long time o for ages
    ¿falta mucho para llegar? are we nearly there?, is it much further?
    ¿tuviste que esperar mucho? did you have to wait long?
    mucho antes de conocerte long o a long time before I met you
    C ( en locs):
    como mucho at (the) most
    costará unos 30 dólares como mucho it probably costs about 30 dollars at (the) most
    con mucho by far, easily
    fue, con mucho, la mejor de la clase she was by far o easily the best in the class, she was the best in the class, by far
    cuando mucho at (the) most
    ni mucho menos: no pretendo aconsejarte ni mucho menos I'm in no way trying to give you advice
    no es un buen pianista ni mucho menos he isn't a good pianist, far from it
    * * *

     

    mucho 1 adverbio
    a) ‹salir/ayudar› a lot;

    ‹ trabajar› hard;
    ◊ no salen mucho they don't go out much o a lot;

    me gusta muchísimo I like it very much o a lot;
    mucho mejor a lot better;
    por mucho que insistas no matter how much you insist;
    después de mucho discutir after much discussion

    ◊ ¿estás preocupado? — mucho are you worried? — (yes, I am,) very;

    ¿te gusta? — sí, mucho do you like it? — yes, very much
    mucho 2
    ◊ - cha adjetivo

    a) ( sing) a lot of;

    (en oraciones negativas, interrogativas) much, a lot of;

    no gano mucho dinero I don't earn much o a lot of money;
    ¿ves mucha televisión? do you watch much o a lot of television;
    tiene mucha hambre he's very hungry
    b) (pl) many, a lot of;

    ◊ había muchos extranjeros/muchas personas allí there were many o a lot of foreigners/people there;

    hace muchos años many years ago
    ■ pronombre
    1 ( referido a cantidad)
    a) ( sing) a lot;

    ( en oraciones negativas) much;

    tengo mucho que hacer I have a lot to do;
    eso no es mucho that's not much;
    no queda mucha there isn't much left
    b) (pl) many;

    ◊ muchos creen que … many (people) believe that …;

    muchos de nosotros many of us
    2
    ◊ mucho



    ¿te falta mucho para terminar? will it take you long to finish?;
    mucho antes long before;
    ¿tuviste que esperar mucho? did you have to wait long?
    b) ( en locs)


    con mucho by far, easily;
    ni mucho menos far from it;
    por mucho que … however much …
    mucho,-a
    I adj indef
    1 (abundante, numeroso) (en frases afirmativas) a lot of, lots of
    mucha comida, a lot of food
    muchos animales, lots of animals
    (en frases negativas) much, many pl: no queda mucho azúcar, there isn't much sugar left
    no conozco muchos sitios, I don't know many places
    2 (intenso) very: tengo mucho calor/miedo, I'm very hot/scared
    hizo mucho esfuerzo, he made a great effort
    3 (demasiado) es mucha responsabilidad, it's too much responsibility
    II pron
    1 a lot, a great deal, many: muchos fuimos al baile, many/lots of us went to the dance
    muchos de nosotros/vosotros, many of us/you
    de ésos tengo muchos, I've got lots of those
    III adverbio
    1 (cantidad) a lot, very much: me arrepentí mucho, I was very sorry
    2 (tiempo) hace mucho que desapareció, he went missing a long time ago
    hace mucho que estamos aquí, we have been here for a long time
    (a menudo) often: vamos mucho al cine, we go to the cinema quite often
    ♦ Locuciones: como mucho, at the most
    con mucho, by far
    ¡ni mucho menos!, no way!
    por mucho (que), however much
    Recuerda que el singular es much, el plural es many, y que estas dos palabras se suelen usar en frases negativas (no tengo demasiado tiempo, I haven't got much time), mientras que a lot (of) y lots (of) se encuentran en frases afirmativas: Tengo mucho dinero. I've got a lot of/lots of money. En frases interrogativas se usa tanto much y many como a lot o lots of: ¿Tienes mucho dinero?, Have you got much/ a lot of/lots of money? Sin embargo, en preguntas que empiezan por how sólo puedes emplear much o many: ¿Cuánto dinero tienes?, How much money have you got?
    ' mucho' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    abandonarse
    - abrigar
    - abultar
    - achicharrar
    - achicharrarse
    - acoger
    - adelantar
    - adentro
    - adorar
    - afear
    - afecta
    - afectar
    - afecto
    - agradecer
    - alejarse
    - antes
    - aparato
    - aprecio
    - aprovechar
    - ascendiente
    - avejentarse
    - avenida
    - avenido
    - bailar
    - bastante
    - boato
    - bombo
    - brío
    - cacarear
    - caché
    - cachet
    - calor
    - carácter
    - cariño
    - carrete
    - cascar
    - cervical
    - chapar
    - chiflar
    - cocerse
    - coco
    - comer
    - contraponer
    - costar
    - cuando
    - de
    - deber
    - decaer
    - decir
    - defraudar
    English:
    ability
    - ado
    - afraid
    - age
    - ago
    - agony
    - all-out
    - alone
    - anywhere
    - around
    - as
    - attract
    - attuned to
    - backlog
    - badly
    - bake
    - balance
    - be
    - best
    - booze
    - bulky
    - busywork
    - capital
    - cautious
    - chalk
    - challenging
    - charisma
    - come along
    - come into
    - commotion
    - concern
    - deal
    - dear
    - demand
    - devoted
    - difficult
    - do
    - dog days
    - doing
    - easily
    - emotional
    - enthusiastic
    - esteem
    - exhilarate
    - experience
    - extravagant
    - fancy
    - far
    - fat
    - few
    * * *
    mucho, -a
    ♦ adj
    1. [gran cantidad de] a lot of;
    comemos mucho pescado/mucha verdura we eat a lot of fish/vegetables;
    había mucha gente there were a lot of people there;
    producen muchos residuos they produce a lot of waste;
    tengo muchos más/menos amigos que tú I've got a lot more/fewer friends than you;
    no tengo mucho tiempo I haven't got much o a lot of time;
    no nos quedan muchas entradas we haven't got many o a lot of tickets left;
    ¿hay muchas cosas que hacer? are there a lot of things to do?, is there much to do?;
    no tengo muchas ganas de ir I don't really o much feel like going;
    tengo mucho sueño I'm very sleepy;
    hoy hace mucho calor it's very hot today;
    hace mucho tiempo a long time ago;
    ¡mucha suerte! the best of luck!;
    ¡muchas gracias! thank you very much!
    2. (singular) [demasiado]
    hay mucho niño aquí there are rather a lot of kids here;
    mucha sal me parece que le estás echando I think you're overdoing the salt a bit, I think you're adding a bit too much salt;
    ésta es mucha casa para mí this house is much too big for me;
    Fam
    es mucho hombre he's a real man;
    es mucho coche para un conductor novato it's far too powerful a car for an inexperienced driver;
    es mucha mujer para ti she's out of your league!;
    Fam
    mucho lujo y mucho camarero trajeado pero la comida es horrible it's all very luxurious and full of smartly dressed waiters, but the food's terrible
    ♦ pron
    (singular) a lot;
    * * *
    I adj
    1 singular a lot of, lots of; en frases interrogativas y negativas tb
    much;
    mucho tiempo a lot of time;
    no tengo mucho tiempo I don’t have a lot of time o much time;
    tengo mucho frío I am very cold;
    es mucho coche para mí this car’s too much for me
    2 plural a lot of, lots of; en frases interrogativas y negativas tb
    many;
    muchos amigos a lot of friends;
    no tengo muchos amigos I don’t have a lot of friends o many friends
    II pron
    1 singular a lot; en frases interrogativas y negativas tb
    much;
    no tengo mucho I don’t have much o a lot
    2 plural a lot; en frases interrogativas y negativas tb
    many;
    no tengo muchos I don’t have many o a lot;
    muchos creen que … a lot of people o many people think that …
    III adv
    1 a lot; en frases interrogativas y negativas tb
    much;
    ¿cuesta mucho? does it cost a lot o much?;
    nos vemos mucho we see each other often o a lot;
    hace mucho que no te veo I haven’t seen you for a long time;
    ¿dura/tarda mucho? does it last/take long?
    2
    :
    como mucho at the most;
    dan mucho de sí you can do a lot in 10 months;
    no es ni con mucho he is far from being …;
    ni mucho menos far from it;
    por mucho que however much
    * * *
    mucho adv
    1) : much, a lot
    mucho más: much more
    le gusta mucho: he likes it a lot
    2) : long, a long time
    tardó mucho en venir: he was a long time getting here
    3)
    por mucho que : no matter how much
    mucho, - cha adj
    1) : a lot of, many, much
    mucha gente: a lot of people
    hace mucho tiempo que no lo veo: I haven't seen him in ages
    2)
    muchas veces : often
    mucho, - cha pron
    1) : a lot, many, much
    hay mucho que hacer: there is a lot to do
    muchas no vinieron: many didn't come
    2)
    como mucho : at most
    3)
    con mucho : by far
    4)
    ni mucho menos : not at all, far from it
    * * *
    mucho1 adj
    1. (en general) a lot of / lots of
    ¿marcaste muchos goles? did you score many goals?
    mucho2 adv
    1. (en general) a lot
    lo siento mucho I'm very sorry / I'm really sorry
    3. (mucho tiempo) a long time
    no está acabado, ni mucho menos it is far from finished
    mucho3 pron
    3. (con plurales) many / a lot

    Spanish-English dictionary > mucho

  • 27 engañar

    v.
    1 to deceive, to trick, to take in, to fool.
    2 to deceive, to lie.
    3 to cheat on, to cuckold, to be unfaithful to, to deceive.
    * * *
    1 (gen) to deceive, mislead, fool, take in
    2 (estafar) to cheat, trick
    3 (ser infiel) to be unfaithful to
    1 to be deceptive
    1 (ilusionarse) to deceive oneself
    2 (equivocarse) to be mistaken, be wrong
    \
    engañar el hambre figurado to stave off hunger
    las apariencias engañan appearances can be deceptive
    * * *
    verb
    * * *
    1. VT
    1) [+ persona] (=embaucar) to deceive, trick; (=despistar) to mislead; [con promesas, esperanzas] to delude; (=estafar) to cheat, swindle

    engaña a su mujer — he's unfaithful to his wife, he's cheating on his wife

    2)
    2.
    3.
    See:
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    a) ( hacer errar en el juicio) to deceive, mislead

    lo engañó haciéndole creer que... — she deceived him into thinking that...

    engañar a alguien para que + subj — to trick somebody into -ing

    b) (estafar, timar) to cheat, con (colloq)
    c) ( ser infiel a) to be unfaithful to, cheat on
    2.
    engañarse v pron
    a) (refl) ( mentirse) to deceive oneself, kid oneself (colloq)
    b) ( equivocarse) to be mistaken

    duró, si no me engaño, hasta junio — it lasted until June, if I'm not mistaken

    * * *
    = fool, hoodwink, deceive, cheat (on), delude, trick, dupe, perpetrate + deception, practise + a deception, rip off, take in, swindle, fiddle, bamboozle, shortchange, bluff, cheat + Posesivo + way through, be had, humbug, lead + Nombre + down the garden path, con, hoax, bullshit.
    Ex. We may be fooling ourserlves and I would caution public libraries, school libraries and libraries in general that indeed one code might not satisfy all our needs.
    Ex. In turn, a consequential effect is that reference librarians and scholars might end up getting hoodkwinked.
    Ex. Mostly facsimiles are made without dishonest intent, although some have certainly been intended to deceive, and the ease with which they can be identified varies with the reproduction process used.
    Ex. Students who cheat on literature searching, for instance, will not get the full benefit of the course.
    Ex. Nonetheless, it is claimed that his 1987 graduate and undergraduate editions continue to delude students seeking information about schools to attend, including schools of library science.
    Ex. People will try to trick or deceive systems that support intrinsically social activities.
    Ex. He offers an antidote to modern-day jeremiads that criticize easily duped consumers.
    Ex. The public should at least be told that they will end up paying dearly for the deception being perpetrated upon them.
    Ex. Librarians have been practising a deception, and must wake up to three dangers.
    Ex. Thee reader is being ripped off by bookselling chains demanding so-called 'bungs' for prime space.
    Ex. 'Boy, have you been brainwashed! You've been taken in by the tobacco industry', she said = Ella dijo: "¡Chico, te han lavado el cerebro! la industrial del tabaco te ha timado".
    Ex. It is evident that the candidates for everlasting youth will be eternally swindled.
    Ex. Thus, the wrong impression was gained, for instance, when the olive oil subsidies were being ' fiddled' in Italy.
    Ex. Benny Morris claims that Karsh is attempting to hoodwink and bamboozle readers.
    Ex. Banning's decision to hold up Madison and Jefferson as models without discussing in some depth the practical ways in which they politicked shortchanges the reader.
    Ex. They are bluffed easily, and it is quite possible they will be bluffed again.
    Ex. One of the major dichotomies between students and teachers is the recognition by students that the technologies can give them an edge, that is they can cheat their way through school.
    Ex. By the time Americans learned they'd been had, the die was cast -- we were committed to 58,000 dead!.
    Ex. More persons, on the whole, are humbugged by believing in nothing than by believing in too much.
    Ex. Intelligent individuals often think that they cannot behave stupidly, but that is precisely what leads them down the garden path.
    Ex. A number of victims have contacted police after seeing Masterson's mug shot and recognizing him as the man who conned them.
    Ex. He hoaxed the popular media into thinking that he had burnt a million quid for the publicity it would, and has continued to, generate.
    Ex. Being able to bullshit effectively requires at least a modicum of knowledge about the subject at hand.
    ----
    * dejarse engañar = fall for, get + sucked in.
    * engañar al sistema = beat + the system, game + the system.
    * engañar el hambre = keep + the wolves from the door.
    * las apariencias engañan = don't judge a book by its cover, there's more to it than meets the eye.
    * si mi olfato no me engaña = if my hunch is right, if I am not mistaken.
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    a) ( hacer errar en el juicio) to deceive, mislead

    lo engañó haciéndole creer que... — she deceived him into thinking that...

    engañar a alguien para que + subj — to trick somebody into -ing

    b) (estafar, timar) to cheat, con (colloq)
    c) ( ser infiel a) to be unfaithful to, cheat on
    2.
    engañarse v pron
    a) (refl) ( mentirse) to deceive oneself, kid oneself (colloq)
    b) ( equivocarse) to be mistaken

    duró, si no me engaño, hasta junio — it lasted until June, if I'm not mistaken

    * * *
    = fool, hoodwink, deceive, cheat (on), delude, trick, dupe, perpetrate + deception, practise + a deception, rip off, take in, swindle, fiddle, bamboozle, shortchange, bluff, cheat + Posesivo + way through, be had, humbug, lead + Nombre + down the garden path, con, hoax, bullshit.

    Ex: We may be fooling ourserlves and I would caution public libraries, school libraries and libraries in general that indeed one code might not satisfy all our needs.

    Ex: In turn, a consequential effect is that reference librarians and scholars might end up getting hoodkwinked.
    Ex: Mostly facsimiles are made without dishonest intent, although some have certainly been intended to deceive, and the ease with which they can be identified varies with the reproduction process used.
    Ex: Students who cheat on literature searching, for instance, will not get the full benefit of the course.
    Ex: Nonetheless, it is claimed that his 1987 graduate and undergraduate editions continue to delude students seeking information about schools to attend, including schools of library science.
    Ex: People will try to trick or deceive systems that support intrinsically social activities.
    Ex: He offers an antidote to modern-day jeremiads that criticize easily duped consumers.
    Ex: The public should at least be told that they will end up paying dearly for the deception being perpetrated upon them.
    Ex: Librarians have been practising a deception, and must wake up to three dangers.
    Ex: Thee reader is being ripped off by bookselling chains demanding so-called 'bungs' for prime space.
    Ex: 'Boy, have you been brainwashed! You've been taken in by the tobacco industry', she said = Ella dijo: "¡Chico, te han lavado el cerebro! la industrial del tabaco te ha timado".
    Ex: It is evident that the candidates for everlasting youth will be eternally swindled.
    Ex: Thus, the wrong impression was gained, for instance, when the olive oil subsidies were being ' fiddled' in Italy.
    Ex: Benny Morris claims that Karsh is attempting to hoodwink and bamboozle readers.
    Ex: Banning's decision to hold up Madison and Jefferson as models without discussing in some depth the practical ways in which they politicked shortchanges the reader.
    Ex: They are bluffed easily, and it is quite possible they will be bluffed again.
    Ex: One of the major dichotomies between students and teachers is the recognition by students that the technologies can give them an edge, that is they can cheat their way through school.
    Ex: By the time Americans learned they'd been had, the die was cast -- we were committed to 58,000 dead!.
    Ex: More persons, on the whole, are humbugged by believing in nothing than by believing in too much.
    Ex: Intelligent individuals often think that they cannot behave stupidly, but that is precisely what leads them down the garden path.
    Ex: A number of victims have contacted police after seeing Masterson's mug shot and recognizing him as the man who conned them.
    Ex: He hoaxed the popular media into thinking that he had burnt a million quid for the publicity it would, and has continued to, generate.
    Ex: Being able to bullshit effectively requires at least a modicum of knowledge about the subject at hand.
    * dejarse engañar = fall for, get + sucked in.
    * engañar al sistema = beat + the system, game + the system.
    * engañar el hambre = keep + the wolves from the door.
    * las apariencias engañan = don't judge a book by its cover, there's more to it than meets the eye.
    * si mi olfato no me engaña = if my hunch is right, if I am not mistaken.

    * * *
    engañar [A1 ]
    vt
    1
    (embaucar): no te dejes engañar don't be misled o fooled o deceived o taken in
    sé que no estuviste allí, tú a mí no me engañas I know you weren't there, you can't fool me
    a él no se lo engaña tan fácilmente he's not so easily fooled o duped o deceived, he's not taken in that easily
    te han engañado, no está hecho a mano you've been cheated o conned o had o done, it's not handmade ( colloq)
    me engañó la vista my eyes deceived o misled me
    si la memoria no me engaña if my memory serves me right o correctly
    las apariencias engañan appearances can be deceptive
    engañar el hambre or el estómago to keep the wolf from the door ( colloq)
    comimos un poco de queso para engañar el hambre we had some cheese to keep the wolf from the door o to take the edge off our appetites o to keep us going
    2 (ser infiel a) to be unfaithful to, cheat on ( AmE colloq)
    su marido la engaña con la secretaria her husband's being unfaithful to her o cheating on her, he's having an affair with his secretary
    1 ( refl) (mentirse) to deceive oneself, delude oneself, kid oneself ( colloq)
    no te engañes, no se va a casar contigo don't deceive o delude o kid yourself, she's not going to marry you
    2 (equivocarse) to be mistaken
    duró, si no me engaño, hasta noviembre it lasted until November, if I'm not mistaken
    * * *

     

    engañar ( conjugate engañar) verbo transitivo


    tú a mí no me engañas you can't fool me;
    lo engañó haciéndole creer que … she deceived him into thinking that …;
    engañar a algn para que haga algo to trick sb into doing sth
    b) (estafar, timar) to cheat, con (colloq)


    engañarse verbo pronominal ( refl) ( mentirse) to deceive oneself, kid oneself (colloq)
    engañar
    I verbo transitivo
    1 to deceive, mislead
    2 (mentir) to lie: no me engañes, ese no es tu coche, you can't fool me, this isn't your car
    3 (la sed, el hambre, el sueño) comeremos un poco para engañar el hambre, we'll eat a bit to keep the wolf from the door
    4 (timar) to cheat, trick
    5 (ser infiel) to be unfaithful to
    II verbo intransitivo to be deceptive: parece pequeña, pero engaña, it looks small, but it's deceptive
    ' engañar' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    burlar
    - confiada
    - confiado
    - torear
    - tramoya
    - clavar
    - disfraz
    - disfrazar
    - joder
    English:
    betray
    - cheat
    - deceive
    - delude
    - double-cross
    - dupe
    - fool
    - fox
    - have
    - hoax
    - hoodwink
    - lead on
    - mess about
    - mess around
    - mislead
    - put over
    - ride
    - stitch up
    - take in
    - trick
    - try on
    - two-time
    - unfaithful
    - wool
    - hood
    - kid
    - lead
    - square
    - take
    - two
    * * *
    ♦ vt
    1. [mentir] to deceive;
    engañó a su padre haciéndole ver que había aprobado she deceived her father into believing that she had passed;
    es difícil engañarla she is not easily deceived, she's hard to fool;
    logró engañar al portero he managed to outsmart the goalkeeper;
    me engañó lo bien que vestía y que hablaba she was so well dressed and so well spoken that I was taken in;
    ¿a quién te crees que vas a engañar? who are you trying to fool o kid?;
    a mí no me engañas, sé que tienes cincuenta años you can't fool me, I know you're fifty
    2. [ser infiel a] to deceive, to cheat on;
    engaña a su marido she cheats on her husband;
    me engañó con mi mejor amiga he cheated on me with my best friend
    3. [estafar] to cheat, to swindle;
    te engañaron vendiéndote esto tan caro they cheated you if they sold that to you for such a high price;
    engañar a alguien como a un chino o [m5] a un niño to take sb for a ride
    4. [hacer más llevadero] to appease;
    engañar el hambre to take the edge off one's hunger
    ♦ vi
    to be deceptive o misleading;
    engaña mucho, no es tan tonto como parece you can easily get the wrong impression, he's not as stupid as he seems;
    las apariencias engañan appearances can be deceptive
    * * *
    v/t
    1 deceive, cheat;
    engañar el hambre take the edge off one’s appetite;
    te han engañado you’ve been had fam
    2 ( ser infiel a) cheat on, be unfaithful to
    * * *
    1) embaucar: to trick, to deceive, to mislead
    2) : to cheat on, to be unfaithful to
    * * *
    1. (mentir) to lie
    2. (ser infiel) to cheat on
    3. (timar) to trick
    4. (dar impresión falsa) to be deceptive
    esta foto engaña: parezco más alta de lo que soy this photo is deceptive: I look taller than I am

    Spanish-English dictionary > engañar

  • 28 manera

    f.
    1 way, manner.
    a manera de as, by way of (como)
    a la manera de in the style of, after the fashion of
    a mi manera de ver the way I see it
    de cualquier manera any old how; (sin cuidado) anyway, in any case (de todos modos)
    de esta manera in this way
    lo hice de la misma manera que ayer/tú I did it the same way as yesterday/you
    de manera que so (that)
    de ninguna manera, en manera alguna by no means, under no circumstances; (refuerza negación) no way!, certainly not! (respuesta exclamativa)
    de una manera o de otra one way or another
    no hay manera there is no way, it's impossible
    ¡contigo no hay manera! you're impossible!
    ¡qué manera de llover! just look at that rain!
    manera de pensar way of thinking
    manera de ser way of being, nature
    2 fashion, style.
    * * *
    1 (gen) way, manner
    1 (educación) manners
    \
    a manera de by way of
    a la manera de in the style of
    de cualquier manera (en cualquier caso) in any case 2 (sin cuidado, consideración, interés) carelessly
    de manera que so that
    de ninguna manera certainly not
    de todas maneras in any case, anyhow
    ¡de una manera! in such a way!
    en gran manera enormously
    no hay manera it's impossible
    ¡qué manera de... ! what a way to... !
    manera de ser character
    * * *
    noun f.
    way, manner
    - de ninguna manera
    - de todas maneras
    * * *
    SF
    1) (=modo) way

    eso no es manera de tratar a un animal — that's not the way to treat an animal, that's no way to treat an animal

    ¡llovía de una manera! — it was really pouring down!

    ¡nunca he visto nevar de esta manera! — I've never seen it snow like this!

    no hubo manera de convencerla — there was no convincing her, there was no way we could convince her

    • a mi/tu etc manera — my/your etc way

    a mi manera de ver, tenemos dos opciones — the way I see it, we have two options

    • a la manera de algn/algo, siguen arando a la manera de sus abuelos — they still plough as o in the way their grandfathers did

    • de manera perfecta — perfectly, in a perfect way

    • de esta manera — (in) this way, (in) this fashion

    • de la misma manera — (in) the same way, (in) the same fashion

    manera de ser, es su manera de ser — that's the way she is

    2) [locuciones]

    • de alguna manera — (=en cierto modo) to some extent; (=de cualquier modo) somehow; [al principio de frase] in a way, in some ways

    • en cierta manera — in a way, to a certain extent

    • de cualquier manera — (=sin cuidado) any old how; (=de todos modos) anyway

    • en gran manera — to a large extent

    • de mala manera, le pegó de mala manera — he hit her really hard

    lo estafaron de mala manera — * they really ripped him off *

    ese tío se enrolla de mala manera — * that guy just can't stop jabbering *

    • de ninguna manera, eso no lo vamos a aceptar de ninguna manera — there's no way we are going to accept that

    ¡de ninguna manera! — certainly not!, no way!

    • de otra manera — (=de otro modo) in a different way; (=por otra parte) otherwise

    de otra manera, no es posible entender su actitud — otherwise, it's impossible to understand his attitude

    dicho de otra manera — in other words, to put it another way

    • sobre manera — exceedingly

    • de tal manera que... — in such a way that...

    • de todas maneras — anyway, in any case

    3)

    • de manera que — [antes de verbo] so; [después de verbo] so that

    ¿de manera que esto no te gusta? — so you don't like this?

    4) pl maneras (=modales) manners

    malas maneras — bad manners, rudeness

    tener maneras — LAm to have good manners, be well-mannered

    5) liter (=tipo) kind
    6) (Arte, Literat) (=estilo) style
    MANERA, FORMA, MODO De manera + ((adjetivo)) ► Cuando de manera + ((adjetivo)) añade información sobre una acción, la traducción más frecuente al inglés es un adverbio terminado en -ly. En inglés este tipo de adverbio es mucho más común que el equivalente - mente español: Todos estos cambios ocurren de manera natural All these changes happen naturally La Constitución prohíbe de manera expresa la especulación inmobiliaria The Constitution expressly forbids speculation in real estate ► De manera + ((adjetivo)) también se puede traducir por in a + ((adjetvo)) + way si no existe un adverbio terminado en -ly que equivalga al adjetivo: Se lo dijo de manera amistosa He said it to her in a friendly way ► En los casos en que se quiere hacer hincapié en la manera de hacer algo, se puede utilizar tanto un adverbio en -ly como la construcción in a + ((adjetivo)) + way, aunque esta última posibilidad es más frecuente: Tienes que intentar comportarte de manera responsable You must try to behave responsibly o in a responsible way Ellos podrán ayudarte a manejar tu negocio de manera profesional They'll be able to help you run your business professionally o in a professional way Para otros usos y ejemplos ver manera, forma, modo
    * * *
    1)
    a) (modo, forma) way

    yo lo hago a mi manera — I do it my way, I have my own way of doing it

    ¿qué manera de comer es ésa? — that's no way to eat your food

    comimos de una manera...! — you should have seen the amount we ate!

    no saldrás a la calle vestida de esa manera ¿no? — you're not going out dressed like that, are you?

    no lo pongas así de cualquier manera, dóblalo — don't just put it in any which way (AmE) o (BrE) any old how, fold it up

    no hay/hubo manera — it is/it was impossible

    de cualquier manera or de todas maneras — anyway

    de manera que — ( así que) (+ indic) so; ( para que) (+ subj) so that, so

    de ninguna manera: ¿me lo das? - de ninguna manera will you give it to me? - certainly not; de ninguna manera lo voy a permitir there's no way I'm going to allow it; no son de ninguna manera inferiores they are in no way inferior; sobre manera sobremanera; de mala manera: me contestó de muy mala manera she answered me very rudely; la trataba de mala manera he used to treat her badly; los precios han subido de mala manera (Esp) prices have shot up (colloq); lo malcrió de mala manera (Esp) she spoiled him terribly o (colloq) rotten; querer algo de mala manera — (Esp fam) to want something really badly

    2) maneras femenino plural ( modales) manners (pl)
    * * *
    = approach [approaches, -pl.], avenue, form, guise, means, way, manner, fashion.
    Ex. During the last twenty years the variety of approaches to the organisation of knowledge has proliferated with the introduction of computer-based methods.
    Ex. In the attempt to match the above criteria, there are two fundamentally distinct avenues to the construction of the schedules of a classification scheme.
    Ex. It is under the chosen form of heading that the catalogue entry for a particular document is filed and hence located.
    Ex. In various guises, the basic concepts have found application in the design of a number of special classification schemes.
    Ex. The easiest means of illustrating some of the foregoing points is to introduce in outline some special classification schemes.
    Ex. They are likely to influence the future function of DC, and the way in which the scheme will evolve, but since there will be a continuing need for shelf arrangement, DC will remain necessary.
    Ex. City planning is a body of techniques and theories for co-ordinative decision-making which tries to distribute the community's resources in a manner which will best achieve the community's specific goals, whatever they may be = El urbanismo es un conjunto de técnicas y teorías para la toma coordinada de decisiones que intenta distribuir los recursos de la comunidad de tal forma que se consigan mejor los objetivos específicos de ésta, sean cuales sean.
    Ex. It was on the tip of his tongue to say: 'Must you speak to me in this uncivilized fashion?' But he discreetly forbore.
    ----
    * a + Posesivo + manera = in + Posesivo + own way.
    * buscar la manera de = explore + ways in which, explore + ways and means of.
    * conseguido de manera dudosa = ill-gotten.
    * de alguna manera = in some sense, in some way, somehow, in any sense, some way.
    * de buena manera = good-humouredly, good-humoured.
    * de cualquier manera = anyhow, higgledy-piggledy, willy-nilly, in any way at all, in any way [in anyway].
    * de esta manera = in this fashion, in this manner, in this way.
    * de igual manera = by the same token, in like fashion, in like manner, in like vein, in equal measure(s).
    * dejar que Alguien haga las cosas a su manera = let + Nombre + do things + Posesivo + (own) way.
    * de la manera normal = in the normal manner.
    * de la mejor manera posible = to the best of + Posesivo + ability.
    * de la misma manera = by the same token.
    * de la misma manera (que) = in the same way (as), in the same manner (as).
    * de la otra manera = the other way (a)round.
    * de las dos maneras = in both ways.
    * de la siguiente manera = in the following terms.
    * de manera amena = pleasantly.
    * de manera clara = distinctly, clearly.
    * de manera confusa = hazily.
    * de manera conjunta con = in partnership with.
    * de manera constructiva = constructively.
    * de manera decepcionante = disappointingly.
    * de manera deprimente = sombrely [somberly, -USA].
    * de manera despreocupada = casually.
    * de manera desproporcionada = disproportionately.
    * de manera divertida = funnily.
    * de manera encantadora = winningly.
    * de manera escandalosa = outrageously.
    * de manera especial = in a certain way, in a special way.
    * de manera esquemática = briefly.
    * de manera estupenda = marvellously [marvelously, -USA].
    * de manera extraña = oddly, funnily.
    * de manera global = holistically.
    * de manera graciosa = funnily.
    * de manera grotesca = grotesquely.
    * de manera humillante = abjectly.
    * de manera inconsecuente = inconsistently.
    * de manera informal = casually.
    * de manera inquietante = eerily.
    * de manera insinuante = suggestively.
    * de manera intermitente = intermittently.
    * de manera involuntaria = involuntarily.
    * de manera lamentable = lamentably, miserably.
    * de manera lógica = in a meaningful way.
    * de manera maravillosa = marvellously [marvelously, -USA].
    * de manera marginal = tangentially.
    * de manera memorable = memorably.
    * de manera misteriosa = eerily.
    * de manera muy clara = in no uncertain terms.
    * de manera muy similar a = in much the same way as.
    * de manera muy superficial = sketchily.
    * de manera negativa = in a negative light.
    * de manera obsesiva = neurotically.
    * de manera óptima = optimally.
    * de manera poco convincente = lamely.
    * de manera poco ética = unethically.
    * de manera poco profesional = unprofessionally.
    * de manera positiva = in a positive light.
    * de manera precisa = precisely.
    * de manera preocupante = disturbingly.
    * de manera previsible = predictably.
    * de manera protectora = protectively.
    * de manera provocativa = suggestively.
    * de manera que = in a form that.
    * de manera rara = oddly, funnily.
    * de manera realista = realistically.
    * de manera semipermanente = on a semi-permanent basis.
    * de manera significativa = to any significant extent, to a significant extent.
    * de manera similar = in a similar way.
    * de manera similar a = in a similar manner to.
    * de manera sofisticada = sophisticatedly.
    * de manera sorprendente = shockingly.
    * de manera sutil = subtly.
    * de manera tangencial = tangentially.
    * de manera uniforme = evenly.
    * de manera vaga = hazily.
    * de mejor manera = best.
    * de muchas maneras = in every way, in more ways than one.
    * de ninguna manera = at all, in any sense of the word, not at all, under no/any circumstances, on no account, not on any account, in any way at all.
    * !de ninguna manera! = Not on your life!, over + Posesivo + dead body.
    * de nuevas maneras = in new ways.
    * de tal manera que = so that.
    * de todas maneras = at any rate.
    * de una manera + Adjetivo = in + Adjetivo + fashion, in a + Adjetivo + manner, in + Adjetivo + manner, in a + Adjetivo + vein.
    * de una manera eficaz = competently.
    * de una manera extraña = strangely.
    * de una manera genial = in a masterful way.
    * de una manera lógica = logically.
    * de una manera más sencilla = in digestible form.
    * de una manera rara = strangely.
    * de una manera satisfactoria = neatly.
    * de una manera seductora = seductively.
    * de una manera significativa = meaningfully.
    * de una manera simple = in a simple manner.
    * de una manera solemne = solemnly.
    * de una manera tentad = seductively.
    * de una manera tentadora = seductively.
    * de una manera torpe = awkwardly, cumbrously.
    * de una misma manera = in a similar fashion.
    * de una nueva manera = in a new way.
    * estudiar la manera de = explore + ways in which, explore + ways and means of.
    * expresar de otra manera = rephrase.
    * fracasar de manera lamentable = fail + miserably, fail + dismally.
    * justo de la misma manera que = in just the same way as.
    * la manera de + Infinitivo = the way to go about + Gerundio.
    * la mejor manera = how best.
    * la mejor manera de = the best way of.
    * manera de actuar = line of attack.
    * manera de pensar = way of thinking.
    * manera de trabajar = work practice.
    * manera de tratar = avenue of approach.
    * manera de ver las cosas = line of thought.
    * no haber manera de = there + be + no way.
    * no hay manera de que = for the life of me.
    * pero no hubo manera = but no dice.
    * ponerlo de otra manera = put it + in a different way.
    * por decirlo de alguna manera = so to speak.
    * por la manera = by the way.
    * presentar de manera esquemática = give + overview.
    * redactar de otra manera = reword.
    * ser la manera de = be a recipe for.
    * ser la mejor manera de = be the conduit for.
    * una manera de empezar = a foot in the door.
    * usar de manera general = be in general use.
    * ver las cosas de diferente manera = see + things differently.
    * ver las cosas de una manera diferente = see + things differently.
    * * *
    1)
    a) (modo, forma) way

    yo lo hago a mi manera — I do it my way, I have my own way of doing it

    ¿qué manera de comer es ésa? — that's no way to eat your food

    comimos de una manera...! — you should have seen the amount we ate!

    no saldrás a la calle vestida de esa manera ¿no? — you're not going out dressed like that, are you?

    no lo pongas así de cualquier manera, dóblalo — don't just put it in any which way (AmE) o (BrE) any old how, fold it up

    no hay/hubo manera — it is/it was impossible

    de cualquier manera or de todas maneras — anyway

    de manera que — ( así que) (+ indic) so; ( para que) (+ subj) so that, so

    de ninguna manera: ¿me lo das? - de ninguna manera will you give it to me? - certainly not; de ninguna manera lo voy a permitir there's no way I'm going to allow it; no son de ninguna manera inferiores they are in no way inferior; sobre manera sobremanera; de mala manera: me contestó de muy mala manera she answered me very rudely; la trataba de mala manera he used to treat her badly; los precios han subido de mala manera (Esp) prices have shot up (colloq); lo malcrió de mala manera (Esp) she spoiled him terribly o (colloq) rotten; querer algo de mala manera — (Esp fam) to want something really badly

    2) maneras femenino plural ( modales) manners (pl)
    * * *
    = approach [approaches, -pl.], avenue, form, guise, means, way, manner, fashion.

    Ex: During the last twenty years the variety of approaches to the organisation of knowledge has proliferated with the introduction of computer-based methods.

    Ex: In the attempt to match the above criteria, there are two fundamentally distinct avenues to the construction of the schedules of a classification scheme.
    Ex: It is under the chosen form of heading that the catalogue entry for a particular document is filed and hence located.
    Ex: In various guises, the basic concepts have found application in the design of a number of special classification schemes.
    Ex: The easiest means of illustrating some of the foregoing points is to introduce in outline some special classification schemes.
    Ex: They are likely to influence the future function of DC, and the way in which the scheme will evolve, but since there will be a continuing need for shelf arrangement, DC will remain necessary.
    Ex: City planning is a body of techniques and theories for co-ordinative decision-making which tries to distribute the community's resources in a manner which will best achieve the community's specific goals, whatever they may be = El urbanismo es un conjunto de técnicas y teorías para la toma coordinada de decisiones que intenta distribuir los recursos de la comunidad de tal forma que se consigan mejor los objetivos específicos de ésta, sean cuales sean.
    Ex: It was on the tip of his tongue to say: 'Must you speak to me in this uncivilized fashion?' But he discreetly forbore.
    * a + Posesivo + manera = in + Posesivo + own way.
    * buscar la manera de = explore + ways in which, explore + ways and means of.
    * conseguido de manera dudosa = ill-gotten.
    * de alguna manera = in some sense, in some way, somehow, in any sense, some way.
    * de buena manera = good-humouredly, good-humoured.
    * de cualquier manera = anyhow, higgledy-piggledy, willy-nilly, in any way at all, in any way [in anyway].
    * de esta manera = in this fashion, in this manner, in this way.
    * de igual manera = by the same token, in like fashion, in like manner, in like vein, in equal measure(s).
    * dejar que Alguien haga las cosas a su manera = let + Nombre + do things + Posesivo + (own) way.
    * de la manera normal = in the normal manner.
    * de la mejor manera posible = to the best of + Posesivo + ability.
    * de la misma manera = by the same token.
    * de la misma manera (que) = in the same way (as), in the same manner (as).
    * de la otra manera = the other way (a)round.
    * de las dos maneras = in both ways.
    * de la siguiente manera = in the following terms.
    * de manera amena = pleasantly.
    * de manera clara = distinctly, clearly.
    * de manera confusa = hazily.
    * de manera conjunta con = in partnership with.
    * de manera constructiva = constructively.
    * de manera decepcionante = disappointingly.
    * de manera deprimente = sombrely [somberly, -USA].
    * de manera despreocupada = casually.
    * de manera desproporcionada = disproportionately.
    * de manera divertida = funnily.
    * de manera encantadora = winningly.
    * de manera escandalosa = outrageously.
    * de manera especial = in a certain way, in a special way.
    * de manera esquemática = briefly.
    * de manera estupenda = marvellously [marvelously, -USA].
    * de manera extraña = oddly, funnily.
    * de manera global = holistically.
    * de manera graciosa = funnily.
    * de manera grotesca = grotesquely.
    * de manera humillante = abjectly.
    * de manera inconsecuente = inconsistently.
    * de manera informal = casually.
    * de manera inquietante = eerily.
    * de manera insinuante = suggestively.
    * de manera intermitente = intermittently.
    * de manera involuntaria = involuntarily.
    * de manera lamentable = lamentably, miserably.
    * de manera lógica = in a meaningful way.
    * de manera maravillosa = marvellously [marvelously, -USA].
    * de manera marginal = tangentially.
    * de manera memorable = memorably.
    * de manera misteriosa = eerily.
    * de manera muy clara = in no uncertain terms.
    * de manera muy similar a = in much the same way as.
    * de manera muy superficial = sketchily.
    * de manera negativa = in a negative light.
    * de manera obsesiva = neurotically.
    * de manera óptima = optimally.
    * de manera poco convincente = lamely.
    * de manera poco ética = unethically.
    * de manera poco profesional = unprofessionally.
    * de manera positiva = in a positive light.
    * de manera precisa = precisely.
    * de manera preocupante = disturbingly.
    * de manera previsible = predictably.
    * de manera protectora = protectively.
    * de manera provocativa = suggestively.
    * de manera que = in a form that.
    * de manera rara = oddly, funnily.
    * de manera realista = realistically.
    * de manera semipermanente = on a semi-permanent basis.
    * de manera significativa = to any significant extent, to a significant extent.
    * de manera similar = in a similar way.
    * de manera similar a = in a similar manner to.
    * de manera sofisticada = sophisticatedly.
    * de manera sorprendente = shockingly.
    * de manera sutil = subtly.
    * de manera tangencial = tangentially.
    * de manera uniforme = evenly.
    * de manera vaga = hazily.
    * de mejor manera = best.
    * de muchas maneras = in every way, in more ways than one.
    * de ninguna manera = at all, in any sense of the word, not at all, under no/any circumstances, on no account, not on any account, in any way at all.
    * !de ninguna manera! = Not on your life!, over + Posesivo + dead body.
    * de nuevas maneras = in new ways.
    * de tal manera que = so that.
    * de todas maneras = at any rate.
    * de una manera + Adjetivo = in + Adjetivo + fashion, in a + Adjetivo + manner, in + Adjetivo + manner, in a + Adjetivo + vein.
    * de una manera eficaz = competently.
    * de una manera extraña = strangely.
    * de una manera genial = in a masterful way.
    * de una manera lógica = logically.
    * de una manera más sencilla = in digestible form.
    * de una manera rara = strangely.
    * de una manera satisfactoria = neatly.
    * de una manera seductora = seductively.
    * de una manera significativa = meaningfully.
    * de una manera simple = in a simple manner.
    * de una manera solemne = solemnly.
    * de una manera tentad = seductively.
    * de una manera tentadora = seductively.
    * de una manera torpe = awkwardly, cumbrously.
    * de una misma manera = in a similar fashion.
    * de una nueva manera = in a new way.
    * estudiar la manera de = explore + ways in which, explore + ways and means of.
    * expresar de otra manera = rephrase.
    * fracasar de manera lamentable = fail + miserably, fail + dismally.
    * justo de la misma manera que = in just the same way as.
    * la manera de + Infinitivo = the way to go about + Gerundio.
    * la mejor manera = how best.
    * la mejor manera de = the best way of.
    * manera de actuar = line of attack.
    * manera de pensar = way of thinking.
    * manera de trabajar = work practice.
    * manera de tratar = avenue of approach.
    * manera de ver las cosas = line of thought.
    * no haber manera de = there + be + no way.
    * no hay manera de que = for the life of me.
    * pero no hubo manera = but no dice.
    * ponerlo de otra manera = put it + in a different way.
    * por decirlo de alguna manera = so to speak.
    * por la manera = by the way.
    * presentar de manera esquemática = give + overview.
    * redactar de otra manera = reword.
    * ser la manera de = be a recipe for.
    * ser la mejor manera de = be the conduit for.
    * una manera de empezar = a foot in the door.
    * usar de manera general = be in general use.
    * ver las cosas de diferente manera = see + things differently.
    * ver las cosas de una manera diferente = see + things differently.

    * * *
    A
    1 (modo, forma) way
    yo lo hago a mi manera I do it my way, I have my own way of doing it
    ¿qué manera de comer es ésa? that's no way to eat your food
    ¡comimos de una manera …! you should have seen the amount we ate!
    ¡qué manera de llover! it's absolutely pouring (with rain)
    ¡qué manera de malgastar el dinero! what a waste of money!
    no saldrás a la calle vestida de esa manera ¿no? you're not going out dressed like that, are you?
    se puede ir vestido de cualquier manera you can dress however you want, you can wear whatever you like
    no lo pongas así, de cualquier manera, dóblalo don't just put it in any which way ( AmE) o ( BrE) any old how o way, fold it up
    de esta manera iremos más cómodos we'll be more comfortable this way o like this
    de alguna manera tendré que conseguir el dinero I'll have to get the money somehow (or other)
    sus novelas son, de alguna manera, un reflejo de su propia juventud her novels are, to some extent o in some ways, a reflection of her own youth
    de una manera u otra habrá que terminarlo it'll have to be finished one way or another
    no hay/hubo manera it is/was impossible
    2 ( en locs):
    a manera de by way of
    a manera de ejemplo by way of example
    se levantó el sombrero a manera de saludo he lifted his hat in greeting
    de cualquier manera or de todas maneras anyway
    de cualquier manera or de todas maneras ya tenía que lavarlo I had to wash it anyway o in any case
    de manera que (así que) (+ indic) so;
    (para que) (+ subj) so that, so
    ¿de manera que te casas en julio? so you're getting married in July, are you?
    dilo en voz alta, de manera que todos te oigan say it out loud, so (that) everyone can hear you
    de ninguna manera: ¿me lo das? — de ninguna manera will you give it to me? — certainly not
    de ninguna manera lo voy a permitir there's no way I'm going to allow it
    no son de ninguna manera inferiores they are in no way inferior
    de mala manera: me contestó de muy mala manera she answered me very rudely
    la trataba de mala manera he used to treat her badly
    los precios han subido de mala manera ( Esp); prices have shot up ( colloq), prices have risen exorbitantly
    lo malcrió de mala manera ( Esp); she spoiled him terribly o ( colloq) rotten
    querer algo de mala manera ( Esp fam); to want sth really badly, want sth in the worst way ( AmE colloq)
    Compuesto:
    su manera de ser the way she is
    tiene una manera de ser que se lleva bien con todos she has a nice way about her, she gets on well with everyone ( colloq)
    su manera de ser le acarrea muchos problemas his manner o the way he comes across causes him a lot of problems
    B maneras fpl (modales) manners (pl)
    * * *

     

    manera sustantivo femenino
    1 (modo, forma) way;

    a manera de by way of;
    de todas maneras anyway;
    su manera de ser the way she is;
    se puede ir vestido de cualquier manera you can dress however you want;
    no lo pongas así, de cualquier manera don't just put it in any which way (AmE) o (BrE) any old how;
    de ninguna manera lo voy a permitir there's no way I'm going to allow it;
    de alguna manera tendré que conseguirlo I'll have to get it somehow (or other);
    no hay/hubo manera it is/it was impossible;
    de manera que so;
    de mala manera ‹ contestar› rudely;

    ‹ tratar› badly
    2
    ◊ maneras sustantivo femenino plural ( modales) manners (pl)

    manera
    I sustantivo femenino
    1 way, manner: hagámoslo a nuestra manera, let's do it our way
    lo hace todo de cualquier manera, he does everything any old how
    no hay manera de que me escuche, there is no way to make him listen to me
    me disgusta su manera de ser, I don't like the way he behaves
    II fpl maneras, manners: contestó con malas maneras, she answered rudely
    ♦ Locuciones: a manera de, as: se puso una cacerola a manera de casco, she used a cooking pot as a helmet
    de cualquier manera/de todas maneras, anyway, at any rate, in any case
    de manera que, so (that)
    de ninguna manera, in no way, certainly not: no pienso disculparme de ninguna manera, there's no way that I'm going to apologise
    de tal manera que, in such a way that
    en cierta manera, in some sense: en cierta manera todos somos responsables de ella, to a certain degree we are all responsible for her
    ' manera' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    A
    - arrancar
    - categórica
    - categórico
    - como
    - como quiera
    - comoquiera
    - cortante
    - despatarrarse
    - despeluchar
    - encantar
    - enfocar
    - escritura
    - expiar
    - igual
    - inri
    - letra
    - mal
    - ninguna
    - ninguno
    - peculiar
    - perfectamente
    - precisamente
    - tal
    - tener
    - tuntún
    - bien
    - cómo
    - en
    - escándalo
    - forma
    - fórmula
    - habla
    - hacer
    - ilegal
    - inconsciente
    - índole
    - inesperado
    - interesado
    - medio
    - modo
    - norma
    - ordinariez
    - otro
    - plantear
    - seguir
    - temperamento
    - tirar
    - torpe
    - trato
    English:
    abrupt
    - abusive
    - accusingly
    - angrily
    - as
    - brittle
    - by
    - certainly
    - challenging
    - conciliatory
    - decidedly
    - definitive
    - differently
    - distant
    - dramatically
    - effective
    - elaborately
    - fashion
    - friendly
    - gait
    - impersonally
    - impossibly
    - in
    - intimidate
    - jabber
    - jangle
    - logical
    - manner
    - means
    - mimic
    - miserably
    - mismanage
    - naturally
    - nice
    - not
    - oddly
    - originally
    - other
    - otherwise
    - persuasively
    - pleasantly
    - practically
    - pretence
    - pretense
    - propose
    - radiantly
    - realistically
    - reception
    - remotely
    - should
    * * *
    manera nf
    1. [forma] way, manner;
    manera de pensar way of thinking;
    tiene una manera de ser muy agradable she has a very pleasant nature;
    no me gusta su manera de ser I don't like the way he is;
    no encuentro la manera de dejar el tabaco whatever I do, I just can't seem to give up smoking;
    esa no es manera de decir las cosas that's no way to speak;
    ¿has visto la manera en que o [m5] la manera como te mira? have you seen how o the way he's looking at you?;
    esta vez lo haremos a mi manera this time we'll do it my way;
    a la manera de in the style of, after the fashion of;
    a manera de [como] as, by way of;
    a mi manera de ver the way I see it;
    se le cayó el botón porque lo cosió de cualquier manera the button fell off because he sewed it on carelessly o any old how;
    hazlo de cualquier manera do it however you like;
    no te preocupes, de cualquier manera no pensaba ir don't worry, I wasn't going to go anyway;
    de esta/esa manera this/that way;
    trata a su hijo de mala manera he treats his son badly;
    lo dijo de mala manera she said it very rudely;
    Esp Fam
    estuvo lloviendo de mala manera it was pouring o Br bucketing down;
    Esp Fam
    se pusieron a beber de mala manera they started a serious drinking session;
    Esp Fam
    tu hermana se enrolla de mala manera your sister goes on a bit;
    de la misma manera similarly, in the same way;
    lo hice de la misma manera que ayer/tú I did it the same way as yesterday/you;
    lo organizaron de manera que acabara antes de las diez they organized it so (that) it finished before ten;
    ¿de manera que no te gusta? so, you don't like it (then)?;
    de ninguna manera o [m5] en manera alguna deberíamos dejarle salir under no circumstances should we let her out;
    de ninguna manera o [m5] en manera alguna quise ofenderte I in no way intended to offend you;
    ¿te he molestado? – de ninguna manera o [m5] en manera alguna did I annoy you? – not at all o by no means;
    ¿quieres que lo invitemos? – ¡de ninguna manera! shall we invite him? – no way o certainly not!;
    de otra manera… [si no] otherwise…;
    de tal manera (que) [tanto] so much (that);
    de todas maneras, ¿qué es eso que decías de un viaje? anyway, what's that you were saying about going away?;
    de una manera o de otra one way or another;
    en cierta manera in a way;
    Formal
    la ópera me aburre en gran manera I find opera exceedingly tedious;
    no hay manera there is no way, it's impossible;
    no hay manera de que haga los deberes it's impossible to get him to do his homework;
    ¡contigo no hay manera! you're impossible!;
    ¡qué manera de hacer las cosas! that's no way to do things!;
    ¡qué manera de llover! just look at that rain!;
    Formal
    me place sobre manera que recurran a nuestros servicios I'm exceedingly pleased that you should have decided to use our services
    2.
    maneras [modales] manners;
    buenas/malas maneras good/bad manners;
    de muy buenas maneras nos dijo que saliéramos she very politely asked us to leave;
    atiende a los clientes de malas maneras he's rude to the customers;
    Esp
    de aquella manera: lo hicieron de aquella manera they did it any old how;
    ¿crees en Dios? – de aquella manera do you believe in God? – well, sort of
    * * *
    f way;
    esa es su manera de ser that’s the way he is;
    maneras pl manners;
    lo hace a su manera he does it his way;
    un cuadro a la manera de los cubistas a Cubist-style picture;
    no hay manera de it is impossible to;
    de manera que so (that);
    de ninguna manera certainly not;
    en gran manera greatly;
    sobre manera exceedingly;
    de todas maneras anyway, in any case;
    de cualquier manera anyway, anyhow;
    de la misma manera que in the same way that;
    de tal manera que in such a way that, so that
    * * *
    manera nf
    1) modo: way, manner, fashion
    2)
    de todas maneras : anyway, anyhow
    3)
    de manera que : so, in order that
    4)
    de ninguna manera : by no means, absolutely not
    5)
    manera de ser : personality, demeanor
    * * *
    manera n way
    de manera + adjetivo in a... way
    de manera extraña in a strange way / strangely

    Spanish-English dictionary > manera

  • 29 read

    1. [ri:d] n
    1. разг. чтение; время, проведённое за чтением

    time for a long read - время, чтобы всласть почитать

    2. вчт. считывание ( данных)
    2. [red] a
    1. ( часто in) начитанный, сведущий (в какой-л. области), имеющий какую-л. подготовку

    to be well [deeply, slightly, little] read in a subject - иметь хорошую [глубокую, некоторую, слабую] подготовку в какой-л. области

    2. прочитанный

    to hear a read speech - выслушать речь, которая читалась по тексту

    the most read of all books - книга, у которой больше всего читателей

    ♢ to take as read - а) утвердить без зачитывания; the minutes were taken as read - протокол предыдущего заседания был утверждён без его оглашения; б) принимать на веру, считать само собой разумеющимся

    we'll take this as read - ≅ это так, и нечего об этом толковать

    3. [ri:d] v (read [red])
    I
    1. 1) читать

    to read a book [a letter, Shakespeare] - читать книгу [письмо, Шекспира]

    to read smth. out of /from/ a book - а) вычитать что-л. в книге; б) процитировать что-л. из книги

    to read smth. over - а) прочитать (с начала до конца); б) перечитывать

    to read smth. over and over - снова и снова перечитывать что-л.

    to read smth. through - а) прочитать от начала до конца; he read the letter through six times - он прочитал всё письмо шесть раз; б) пробегать глазами ( текст)

    to read of smb.'s death [about a disaster] - прочитать о чьей-л. смерти [о катастрофе]

    to read round the class - школ. поочерёдно читать вслух ( в классе)

    to read oneself hoarse [stupid] - дочитаться до хрипоты [до одурения]

    to read smb. [oneself] to sleep - усыпить кого-л. [себя] чтением

    the boy has been read the story of Cinderella - мальчику прочли сказку о Золушке

    the invalid is read to for several hours daily - больному каждый день читают вслух по нескольку часов

    read❝of❞ instead of ❝for❞ - вместо of следует читать for

    did he speak extempore or read? - он говорил (без подготовки) или читал?

    I have read somewhere that... - я где-то прочёл, что...

    2) читаться

    the play reads better than it acts - пьеса читается лучше, чем звучит со сцены

    the book reads like a translation - книга читается /воспринимается/ как перевод

    this doesn't read like a child's composition - не похоже, чтобы это сочинение написал ребёнок

    2. зачитывать ( публично), оглашать

    to read a report to the meeting - а) огласить отчёт на заседании; б) сделать доклад на собрании

    read and approved - заслушано и одобрено (о протоколе, плане и т. п.)

    3. гласить

    the paragraph reads to the effect that all men are equal - в этом абзаце говорится /провозглашается/, что все люди равны

    how does the sentence read now? - как теперь звучит /сформулировано/ это предложение?

    this ticket reads to Boston - в билете сказано «до Бостона»

    the passage reads thus in early manuscripts - в ранних манускриптах это место читается так

    4. разбирать, расшифровывать; прочитать

    to read hieroglyphs [shorthand] - разбирать /расшифровывать/ иероглифы [стенограмму]

    the first letter on the coin is so rubbed that I cannot read it - первая буква на монете так стёрлась, что я не могу разобрать её

    to read a signal - воен., радио расшифровать сигнал

    do you read me? - как поняли?

    5. 1) толковать, интерпретировать

    (it is intended) to be read... - это надо понимать в том смысле, что...

    clause that may be read several ways - статья, допускающая несколько толкований

    my silence is not to be read as consent - моё молчание не следует считать согласием

    2) толковаться, подаваться в той или иной интерпретации

    the clause reads both ways - статью можно понимать /толковать/ двояко

    6. биол. «считывать» или декодировать генетическую информацию
    7. вчт. считывать информацию ( с носителя)
    II А
    1. 1) показывать (о приборе и т. п.)

    what does the speedometer read? - что на спидометре?; какая у нас сейчас скорость?

    2) снимать, считывать ( показания прибора)

    to read a thermometer [a barometer, an electric meter] - снимать показания термометра [барометра, электросчётчика]

    to read smb.'s blood pressure - измерять кому-л. кровяное давление

    to read an angle - топ. измерять угол

    2. 1) изучать (какой-л. предмет), заниматься (какой-л. отраслью знания)

    to read law [physics] - изучать право [физику]

    you must read harder next term - вам надо больше заниматься в будущем семестре

    2) (for) готовиться (к экзамену и т. п.)

    he spent three years reading for a degree in history - он потратил три года на подготовку к получению степени по истории

    3. парл. обсуждать и утверждать ( законопроект)

    the bill was read the first [the third] time - законопроект был принят в первом [в третьем] чтении [ср. reading 1 9]

    4. 1) разгадывать ( загадку)

    to read dreams - толковать /разгадывать/ сны

    to read men's hearts [men's thoughts] - читать в людских сердцах [чьи-л. мысли]

    you (can) read a person's character in his face - по лицу можно определить характер человека

    2) предсказывать (судьбу, будущее)

    to read smb.'s fortune - предсказывать чью-л. судьбу; гадать кому-л.

    to read futurity /the future/ - предсказывать будущее

    to read smb.'s hand /smb.'s palm/ - гадать кому-л. по руке

    to read the sky - а) предсказывать судьбу по звёздам; составлять гороскоп; б) предсказывать погоду; составлять прогноз погоды

    5. полигр. держать ( корректуру); вычитывать ( текст)

    to read proofs - читать /держать, править/ корректуру

    II Б
    1. to read smth. into smth. вкладывать особый смысл во что-л.; по-своему интерпретировать, толковать что-л.

    to read a compliment into what was intended as a rebuke - истолковать как комплимент то, что было задумано как упрёк

    to read into a sentence what is not there - видеть в предложении то, чего в нём нет, произвольно вносить в предложение свой смысл

    you are reading more into what I said than was intended - вы вкладываете в мои слова больше, чем я имел в виду

    you read too much into the text - вы вычитали из текста то, чего в нём нет

    we sometimes read our own thoughts into a poet's words - мы иногда склонны видеть в словах поэта то, что сами думаем

    2. 1) to read smb. out of smth. исключить кого-л. (из организации и т. п.; первоначально путём зачитывания решения об исключении)
    2) to be read out of smth. быть исключённым, изгнанным откуда-л., быть отлучённым от чего-л.
    3. to read oneself into smth. вчитываться во что-л.
    4. to read smth. into the record парл. заносить что-л. в протокол, приобщать что-л. к протоколу

    ♢

    to read smb. a lesson /a lecture/ - прочитать кому-л. нотацию, сделать внушение

    you wouldn't read about it - австрал. разг. вы представить себе не можете, что это такое ( выражает недоверие или отвращение)

    НБАРС > read

  • 30 jeu

    jeu (plural jeux) [ʒø]
    1. masculine noun
    • le jeu n'en vaut pas la chandelle(PROV) the game is not worth the candle
    • jeu, set, et match game, set and match
    • j'ai compris son petit jeu ! I know his little game!
    • à quel jeu joues-tu ? what are you playing at?
       b. ( = fait de jouer) le jeu play
       d. ( = cartes) hand
       e. ( = façon de jouer) [d'acteur] acting ; [de sportif] game ; [de musicien] technique
       f. ( = fonctionnement) working
       g. ( = espace) play
    • la porte ne ferme pas bien, il y a du jeu the door isn't a tight fit
       h. [de clés, aiguilles] set
       i. ► en jeu (Sport) in play
    • mettre en jeu [+ balle] to throw in ; (en action) to bring into play
    • être en jeu ( = en cause) to be at stake
    • sans jeu de mots ! no pun intended! ► jeu de l'oie ≈ snakes and ladders
    ► jeu de société parlour game ; (avec dés, pions) board game
    * * *
    pl jeux ʒø nom masculin
    1) Jeux, Sport ( activité)

    le jeu — gén play [U]; ( avec de l'argent) gambling [U]; ( type)

    jouer (un) double jeu — fig to be guilty of double dealing

    à quel jeu joue-t-il? — fig what's his game?

    entrer en jeu — fig to come into the picture

    se prendre or se piquer au jeu — to get hooked

    mettre en jeu — to bring [something] into play [éléments]; to stake [somme, titre, honneur]

    remise en jeu — (au football, après une touche) throw; (au hockey, après un but) face-off

    être hors jeu — ( au football) to be offside

    2) Jeux, Sport ( manche) game

    cacher bien son jeu — fig to keep it quiet

    4) Commerce, Jeux ( matériel) (d'échecs, de dames) set; ( de cartes) deck; ( de société) game
    5) ( manière de jouer) ( d'acteur) acting [U]; ( de musicien) playing [U]; (de footballeur, joueur de tennis) game
    6) ( série) set
    7) ( effet) (de reflets, vagues, d'ombres) play; (de forces, d'alliances) interplay
    •
    Phrasal Verbs:
    ••

    c'est pas de or du jeu! — (colloq) that's not fair!

    * * *
    ʒø
    jeux pl nm
    1) (= divertissement) play

    Le jeu est une activité essentielle pour les enfants. — Play is an essential activity for children.

    se piquer au jeu; se prendre au jeu — to get into it

    3) TENNIS game

    Il mène par deux sets à un et trois jeux à deux. — He's leading by two sets to one and three games to two.

    4) (= façon de jouer) [équipe] game

    Ils pratiquent un jeu offensif. — They play an attacking game.

    5) [pianiste] touch
    6) THÉÂTRE acting
    7) TECHNIQUE (d'une pièce, entre des éléments) play
    8) (= fonctionnement)
    10) CARTES hand

    cacher son jeu fig — to keep one's cards hidden, to conceal one's hand

    Des vies humaines sont en jeu. — Human lives are at stake., [facteurs, forces] at work

    remise en jeu FOOTBALL — throw-in

    * * *
    1 Jeux, Sport ( activité) le jeu gén play ¢; ( avec de l'argent) gambling ¢; ( type) un jeu a game; le jeu est nécessaire au développement de l'enfant play is necessary to a child's development; apprendre par le jeu to learn through play; perdre une fortune au jeu to lose a fortune in gambling; on va faire un jeu let's play a game; les règles du jeu the rules of the game; ce n'était qu'un jeu it was only a game; jouer (un) double jeu fig to play a double game; à quel jeu joue-t-il? fig what's his game?; il y a une part de jeu dans leur attitude they're never completely serious about things; il fait ça par jeu he does it for fun; je lui ai dit ça par jeu mais elle m'a cru I told her that for fun but she believed me; ils se livrent déjà au petit jeu de deviner qui le remplacera they're already having fun trying to guess who will replace him; ce fut un jeu (d'enfant) pour lui de résoudre cette énigme it was child's play for him to solve this enigma; ton avenir est en jeu your future is at stake; entrer en jeu fig to come into the picture; d'entrée de jeu right from the start; se prendre or se piquer au jeu to get hooked; il s'est pris au jeu de la politique he got hooked on politics; se laisser prendre au (petit) jeu de qn to fall for sb's (little) game; être pris or se prendre à son propre jeu to be caught at one's own game; battre qn à son propre jeu to beat sb at his/her own game; mettre en jeu to put [sth] into play [ballon, balle]; to bring [sth] into play [éléments, facteurs, do!nnées]; to stake [somme, objet, titre, honneur]; remettre la balle en jeu to put the ball back into play; remise en jeu (au football, après une touche) throw; (au hockey, après un but) face-off; mettre tout en jeu pour faire to go all out to do; être hors jeu ( au football) to be offside; ils ont beau jeu de me critiquer it's easy for them to criticize me;
    2 Jeux, Sport ( manche) game; il a gagné (par) trois jeux à deux he won by three games to two;
    3 Jeux ( main aux cartes) hand; avoir un bon or beau jeu to have a good hand; avoir du jeu to have a good hand; montrer/cacher son jeu lit to show/conceal one's hand; fig to show/not to show one's hand;
    4 Comm, Jeux ( matériel) (d'échecs, de dame!s) set; ( de cartes) deck; ( de société) game;
    5 ( manière de jouer) ( d'acteur) acting ¢; ( de musicien) playing ¢; (de footballeur, joueur de tennis) game; jeu sobre/brillant ( d'acteur) restrained/brilliant acting; jeu défensif or fermé defensive game; jeu d'attaque or ouvert attacking game;
    6 ( série) set; jeu de clés/tournevis set of keys/screwdrivers; jeu d'épreuves Imprim set of proofs;
    7 (interaction, effet) (de reflets, vagues, d'ombres) play; (de rapprochements, forces, d'alliances) interplay; le libre jeu des associations/de l'imagination the free play of associations/of the imagination; effet spécial obtenu par un jeu de miroirs special effect obtained by mirrors;
    8 ( possibilité de mouvement) Mécan play; Anat free movement; le jeu des pistons the play of the pistons; le jeu des articulations/muscles the free movement of joints/muscles; il n'y a pas assez de jeu there's not enough play; il y a du or trop de jeu there's too much play; donner du jeu à to loosen; ⇒ chandelle, épingle, heureux, quille, vieux, vilain.
    jeu d'adresse Jeux game of skill; jeu d'argent Jeux, Turf game played for money; jouer à des jeu d'argent to gamble; jeu de caractères Ordinat character set; jeu codé Ordinat coded set; jeu de construction Jeux ( activité) construction game; ( pièces) construction set; jeu d'écritures Compta juggling ¢ the books; grâce à un jeu d'écritures by juggling the books; jeu éducatif Jeux educational game; jeu d'équipe Sport team game; jeu d'éveil Jeux early-learning game; jeu d'extérieur Jeux outdoor game; jeu de hasard Jeux game of chance; la vie est un jeu de hasard fig life is a lottery; jeu d'initialisation Ordinat initialization deck; jeu d'intérieur Jeux indoor game; jeu de jambes Sport footwork; jeu de massacre Jeux ≈ coconut shy GB; fig massacre; jeu de mots Ling pun; jeu de l'oie Jeux ≈ snakes and ladders GB; jeu d'orgue Mus organ stop; jeu de paume Sport ( activité) real tennis; ( terrain) real tennis court; jeu de piste Jeux treasure hunt; jeu radiophonique Radio radio game show; jeu de rôles Scol role playing ¢; jeu de scène Théât stage business; jeu de société Jeux (échecs, monopoly® etc) board game; ( charades etc) party game; jeu télévisé TV (TV) game show; jeu vidéo Vidéo video game; jeu à XIII Sport rugby league; jeux de grattage Jeux scratchcards; Jeux Olympiques, JO Sport Olympic Games, Olympics; Jeux Olympiques d'été/d'hiver Summer/Winter Olympics.
    jouer le jeu to play the game; jouer le grand jeu to pull all the stops out○; c'est pas de or du jeu○! that's not fair!; faire le jeu de qn to play into sb!'s hands; ‘faites vos jeux’ ( au casino) ‘faites vos jeux’; ‘les jeux sont faits’ ( au casino) ‘les jeux sont faits’; fig ‘the die is cast’.
    ( pluriel jeux) [ʒø] nom masculin
    ce n'est qu'un jeu! it's only a game!, it's only for fun!
    le jeu [activité] play
    par jeu for fun, in play
    jeu d'adresse/de hasard game of skill/of chance
    jeu électronique/vidéo electronic/video game
    jeu radiophonique/télévisé radio/TV quiz (game)
    jeu de l'oie ≃ snakes and ladders
    2. [cartes] hand
    avoir beau jeu (de faire quelque chose) to have no trouble (doing something), to find it easy (to do something)
    3. [ensemble de pièces] set
    jeu de (32)/52 cartes pack (UK) ou deck (US) of (32)/52 cards
    un jeu de dames/d'échecs/de quilles a draughts/chess/skittles set
    un jeu de clés/tournevis a set of keys/screwdrivers
    4. [manigances] game
    qu'est-ce que c'est que ce petit jeu? [ton irrité] what are you playing at?, what's your (little) game?
    se (laisser) prendre au jeu to get caught up ou involved in what's going on
    voir clair ou lire dans le jeu de quelqu'un to see through somebody's little game, to see what somebody is up to
    ‘le Jeu de l'amour et du hasard’ Marivaux ‘The Game of Love and Chance’
    5. SPORT [activité] game
    [action] play
    [partie] game
    [au tennis] game
    ‘jeu de ballon interdits’ ‘no ball games’
    6. [terrain]
    a. [sur gazon] bowling green
    b. [de pétanque] ground (for playing boules)
    7. [style d'un sportif] game, way of playing
    il a un jeu défensif/offensif he plays a defensive/an attacking game
    il a un bon jeu de volée he's a good volleyer, he volleys well
    [interprêtation - d'un acteur] acting ; [ - d'un musicien] playing
    8. [activité du parieur]
    elle a tout perdu au jeu she gambled her entire fortune away, she lost her whole fortune (at) gambling
    9. [effet] play
    jeu de mots play on words, pun
    a. [naturels] play of light
    b. [artificiels] lighting effects
    10. [espace]
    la vis a ou prend du jeu the screw is loose
    11. [action] play
    c'est un jeu de ton imagination/ta mémoire it's a trick of your imagination/your memory
    ————————
    jeux nom masculin pluriel
    1. [mise]
    faites vos jeux(, rien ne va plus) faites vos jeux (rien ne va plus)
    b. (figuré) the die is cast, there's no going back now
    ————————
    en jeu locution adjectivale
    1. [en question] at stake
    2. [en action] at play
    les forces en jeu sur le marché the competing forces ou the forces at play ou the forces at work on the market
    3. [parié] at stake
    la somme en jeu the money at stake ou which has been staked
    ————————
    en jeu locution adverbiale
    2. [en marche]
    3. [en pariant]
    jeu de massacre nom masculin
    This radio programme formerly called jeu des mille francs was originally broadcast in the 1950s and has become a national institution. The quiz, whose top prize was originally one thousand francs, consists of a series of questions sent in by listeners.

    Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > jeu

  • 31 Ч-160

    А ЧТО? coll Invar
    1. ( indep. remark) what is your reason for asking or saying this (used in response to a question or as a remark intended to induce the interlocutor to continue speaking, to give an explanation)
    why (do you ask (say that))?
    what about it (him etc)? what of it? (in limited contexts) why not? whatfs wrong with it (that)?
    (Клавдия Васильевна:) Где Олег? (Геннадий:) А что?.. Зачем он вам? (Розов 2). (K.V.:) Where's Oleg? (G.:) What about it?...What do you need him for? (2a).
    «У мамы отпуск, у папы отпуск, у меня каникулы, вот мы сюда и приехали на пять дней покататься на лыжах». - «Прямо так вот взяли и приехали?» - «Ну да. А что?» (Войнович 1). "Mama's on vacation, Papa's on vacation, and it's school break, so we came to ski for five days." "You just up and came?" "That's right. Why not?" (1a).
    2. (Particle) used in the beginning of a question or exclamation to add emphasis to it or to draw the interlocutor's attention to it
    listen
    look say hey (in limited contexts) what.
    (Гомыра:) He поверите, не принимал сегодня ни грамма и сейчас не хочу. А что, ребята, может, я желаю воспоминания сохранить об этом вечере? (Вампилов 3). (G.:) You won't believe it, but I haven't had a drop today, and now I don't want any. Look fellows, maybe I want to cherish some memories of this evening? (3b).
    «А что, коньячку не выпьешь?..» — «Нет, не надо, благодарю. Вот этот хлебец возьму с собой, коли дадите...» (Достоевский 1). "Say, how about a little cognac?..." "No, no, thank you. But I'll take this bread with me, if I may..." (1a).
    Давай пойдём в кино». - «А что, совсем неплохая идея». "Let's go to the movies." "Hey, that's not a bad idea."
    Я долго вертел в руках этот бесценный документ (ордер на квартиру) и увидел запись, сделанную на обратной стороне, что моя семья состоит «из одного чел». «Как же это из одного?» - спросил я управдома. «А что, жена уже родила?» — спросил он (Войнович 3). I turned this priceless document (assigning us an apartment) around in my hands for a long time and saw the entry, made on the reverse side, that my family consisted of one person. "What do you mean, of one person?" I asked the building manager. "What, did your wife give birth already?" he asked (3a).

    Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > Ч-160

  • 32 а что?

    • А ЧТО? coll
    [Invar]
    =====
    1. [indep. remark]
    ⇒ what is your reason for asking or saying this (used in response to a question or as a remark intended to induce the interlocutor to continue speaking, to give an explanation):
    - why (do you ask < say that>)?;
    - what about it <him etc>?;
    - what of it?;
    - [in limited contexts] why not?;
    - what's wrong with it < that>?
         ♦ [Клавдия Васильевна:] Где Олег? [Геннадий:] А что?.. Зачем он вам? (Розов 2). [K.V.:] Where's Oleg? [G.:] What about it?...What do you need him for? (2a).
         ♦ "У мамы отпуск, у папы отпуск, у меня каникулы, вот мы сюда и приехали на пять дней покататься на лыжах". - "Прямо так вот взяли и приехали?" - "Ну да. А что?" (Войнович 1). "Mama's on vacation, Papa's on vacation, and it's school break, so we came to ski for five days." "You just up and came?" "That's right. Why not?" (1a).
    2. [Particle]
    ⇒ used in the beginning of a question or exclamation to add emphasis to it or to draw the interlocutor's attention to it:
    - look;
    - say;
    - hey;
    - [in limited contexts] what.
         ♦ [Гомыра:] Не поверите, не принимал сегодня ни грамма и сейчас не хочу. А что, ребята, может, я желаю воспоминания сохранить об этом вечере? (Вампилов 3). [G.:] You won't believe it, but I haven't had a drop today, and now I don't want any. Look fellows, maybe I want to cherish some memories of this evening? (3b).
         ♦ "А что, коньячку не выпьешь?.." - "Нет, не надо, благодарю. Вот этот хлебец возьму с собой, коли дадите..." (Достоевский 1). "Say, how about a little cognac?.."No, no, thank you. But I'll take this bread with me, if I may..." (1a).
         ♦ "Давай пойдём в кино". - "А что, совсем неплохая идея". "Let's go to the movies." "Hey, that's not a bad idea."
         ♦ Я долго вертел в руках этот бесценный документ [ордер на квартиру] и увидел запись, сделанную на обратной стороне, что моя семья состоит "из одного чел". "Как же это из одного?" - спросил я управдома. "А что, жена уже родила?" - спросил он (Войнович 3). I turned this priceless document [assigning us an apartment] around in my hands for a long time and saw the entry, made on the reverse side, that my family consisted of one person. "What do you mean, of one person?" I asked the building manager. "What, did your wife give birth already?" he asked (3a).

    Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > а что?

  • 33 sino

    adv.
    but.
    No quiero nada sino un coche I want nothing but a car.
    conj.
    but.
    m.
    fate, destiny.
    * * *
    2 (excepción) but, except for
    \
    no sólo... sino... not only... but...
    ■ merece nuestro agradecimiento no sólo por habernos ayudado sino también por haber confiado en nosotros he deserves our thanks not only for helping us but also for placing his trust in us
    ————————
    1 (destino) fate, destiny
    * * *
    1. noun m.
    fate, destiny
    2. conj.
    1) but
    * * *
    I
    SM fate, destiny
    II
    CONJ
    1) (=pero) but

    no solo..., sino... — not only..., but...

    2) (=salvo) except, save

    no lo habría dicho sino en broma — he could only have said it jokingly, he wouldn't have said it except as a joke

    3) (=únicamente) only

    ¿quién sino él se habría atrevido? — only he would have dared!

    no te pido sino una cosa — I ask only o but one thing of you

    * * *
    I

    se comió no uno, sino tres — he ate not one, but three

    no vino, sino que llamó — he didn't come, he telephoned

    no nos ayudó, sino todo lo contrario,... — he didn't help us, on the contrary o quite the opposite,...

    c)

    no sólo... sino que — not only... but

    II
    masculino (liter) fate
    * * *
    = fate, but.
    Ex. The future importance of pre-coordinate indexing depends upon the fate of printed indexes.
    Ex. This is not intended to imply that their ideas and views should be forever withheld, but to say that their ideas an views should be subject to the same scrutiny as those of the others.
    ----
    * nadie sino = no one but.
    * no hacer sino = do + no more than.
    * no ser sino = be nothing but.
    * no sólo... sino también... = not only... but also....
    * sino más bien = rather.
    * sino (que) más bien = but rather.
    * * *
    I

    se comió no uno, sino tres — he ate not one, but three

    no vino, sino que llamó — he didn't come, he telephoned

    no nos ayudó, sino todo lo contrario,... — he didn't help us, on the contrary o quite the opposite,...

    c)

    no sólo... sino que — not only... but

    II
    masculino (liter) fate
    * * *
    = fate, but.

    Ex: The future importance of pre-coordinate indexing depends upon the fate of printed indexes.

    Ex: This is not intended to imply that their ideas and views should be forever withheld, but to say that their ideas an views should be subject to the same scrutiny as those of the others.
    * nadie sino = no one but.
    * no hacer sino = do + no more than.
    * no ser sino = be nothing but.
    * no sólo... sino también... = not only... but also....
    * sino más bien = rather.
    * sino (que) más bien = but rather.

    * * *
    1
    (corrigiendo una impresión errónea): eso no es valentía, sino inconsciencia that's not bravery, it's recklessness
    se comió no uno, sino tres he ate not one, but three
    no vino, sino que llamó he didn't come, he telephoned
    no nos ayudó, sino todo lo contrario, … he didn't help us, quite the opposite o on the contrary, …
    2
    (nada más que): en toda la tarde no ha entrado sino un cliente in the whole of the afternoon we've only had one customer
    no hace sino criticar a los demás he does nothing but criticize everybody else, all he does is criticize everybody else
    fate
    * * *

     

    Multiple Entries:
    si no    
    sino
    sino conjunción
    but;
    ◊ se comió no uno, sino tres he ate not one, but three;

    no hace sino criticar a los demás he does nothing but criticize everybody else;
    no vino, sino que llamó he didn't come, he telephoned;
    no solo … sino que … not only … but …
    ■ sustantivo masculino (liter) fate
    sino 1 sustantivo masculino destiny, fate: seguir adelante es nuestro sino, persevere, it's our duty
    sino 2 conj
    1 but: no es un insecto, sino un arácnido, it isn't an insect, but an arachnid
    2 (salvo, excepto) nadie, sino tú, es responsable de lo que pasó, no one but you is responsible for what happened
    no hace sino molestar, she does nothing but be a nuisance

    ' sino' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    año
    - destino
    - fortuna
    - pacer
    - parche
    - pequeña
    - pequeño
    - suerte
    - ya
    English:
    alone
    - also
    - but
    - fate
    - few
    - only
    - propose
    - Scotch
    - destiny
    - do
    - doom
    - she
    * * *
    sino1 nm
    fate, destiny;
    ése parece ser mi sino that seems to be my fate o destiny
    sino2 conj
    1. [para contraponer]
    no lo hizo él, sino ella he didn't do it, she did;
    no sólo es listo, sino también trabajador he's not only clever but also hard-working;
    no vino, sino que dejó un recado he didn't come, he left a message;
    no sólo uno, sino tres not one, but three
    2. [para exceptuar]
    ¿quién sino tú lo haría? who else but you would do it?;
    no quiero sino que se haga justicia I only want justice to be done;
    esto no hace sino confirmar nuestras sospechas this only serves to confirm our suspicions
    * * *
    I m fate
    II conj
    1 but;
    no cena en casa, sino en el bar he doesn’t have dinner at home, he has it in the bar;
    ¿quién sino ? who else but?;
    ¿quién sino tú? who else but you?;
    no sólo … sino también not only … but also
    2 ( salvo) except;
    nadie sino él pudo hacerlo nobody but him could do it
    * * *
    sino conj
    1) : but, rather
    no será hoy, sino mañana: it won't be today, but tomorrow
    2) excepto: but, except
    no hace sino despertar suspicacias: it does nothing but arouse suspicion
    * * *
    sino conj but
    el partido no es hoy, sino mañana the match isn't today, but tomorrow
    no sólo es inteligente, sino también muy simpático he is not only clever, but really nice as well

    Spanish-English dictionary > sino

  • 34 this

    A det this paper is too thin ce papier est trop mince ; this man is dangerous cet homme est dangereux ; this lamp doesn't work cette lampe ne marche pas ; all these books belong to Josephine tous ces livres appartiennent à Josephine ; do it this way not that way fais-le comme ça et pas comme ça ; this woman came up to me ○ une femme est venue vers moi ○.
    B pron what's this? qu'est-ce que c'est? ; who's this? gen qui est-ce?, c'est qui? ; ( on telephone) qui est à l'appareil? ; whose is this? à qui appartient ceci?, ceci est à qui? ; this is the dining room voici la salle à manger ; where's this? ( on photo) c'est où? ; after this we'll have lunch après ceci nous allons déjeuner ; perhaps he'll be more careful after this peut-être qu'il fera plus attention maintenant ; before this he'd never been out of France avant cela il n'était jamais sorti de France ; you should have told me before this tu aurais dû me le dire avant ; this is my sister Pauline ( introduction) voici ma sœur Pauline ; ( on photo) c'est ma sœur, Pauline ; this is the book I was talking about c'est or voici le livre dont je parlais ; this is not the right one ce n'est pas le bon ; what did you mean by this? qu'est-ce que tu voulais dire par là? ; this was not what she had intended ce n'était pas ce qu'elle avait prévu ; who did this? qui a fait ça? ; we'll need more than this il nous en faudra plus (que ça) ; it happened like this ça s'est passé comme ça ; what's all this about? qu'est-ce que c'est que cette histoire? ; what's all this about Frank resigning? qu'est-ce que c'est que cette histoire, il paraît que Frank démissionne ; at this he got up and left en entendant cela il s'est levé et il est parti ; hold it like this tiens-le comme ça ; I never thought it would come to this je ne pensais pas qu'on en arriverait là ; this is what happens when you press the red button voilà ce qui se passe quand on appuie sur le bouton rouge ; this is what happens when you disobey your parents! voilà ce qui arrive quand on désobéit à ses parents!
    C adv it's this big c'est grand comme ça ; when she was only this high quand elle était haute comme ça ; having got this far it would be a pity to stop now lit, fig maintenant qu'on est arrivé jusque-là ce serait dommage de s'arrêter ; I can't eat this much je ne peux pas manger tout ça ; I didn't realize it was this serious/difficult je ne m'étais pas rendu compte que c'était sérieux/difficile à ce point-là ; ⇒ much.
    we talked about this, that and the other on a parlé de choses et d'autres ; we sat around talking about this and that nous avons parlé de tout et de rien ; ‘what have you been up to?’-‘oh, this and that’ ‘qu'est-ce que tu as fait?’-‘pas grand-chose’ ; to run this way and that courir dans tous les sens.

    Big English-French dictionary > this

  • 35 Denken

    den·ken
    1. den·ken <dachte, gedacht> [ʼdɛŋkn̩]
    vi
    1) ( überlegen) to think;
    wo \Denken Sie hin! whatever are you thinking of?;
    ich denke, also bin ich I think, therefore I am;
    hin und her \Denken ( unschlüssig) to go over and over sth in one's mind;
    ( angestrengt) to rack one's brains;
    langsam/schnell \Denken to be a slow/quick thinker;
    laut \Denken to think aloud [or out loud];
    jdm zu \Denken geben to give sb food for thought [or something to think about];
    das gab mir zu \Denken that made me think
    2) ( meinen) to think, to reckon ( fam)
    was denkst du? what do you say [or think] [or ( fam) reckon] ?;
    ich denke nicht I don't think so [or ( fam) reckon];
    ich denke schon I think [or ( fam) reckon] so;
    an wie viel hatten Sie denn gedacht? how much were you thinking of?;
    bei sich \Denken [, dass...] to think to oneself [that...]
    3) ( urteilen)
    [über jdn/ etw [o von jdm/ etw]] \Denken to think [about/of sb/sth];
    wie \Denken Sie darüber? what's your view [of it] [or opinion [of [or on] it]] ?, what do you think [of [or about] it]?;
    anders über etw \Denken to hold a different view of sth, to think differently about sth;
    ich denke genauso darüber that's exactly what I think, I think exactly the same;
    gut/ schlecht/ das Beste/ das Schlechteste über jdn [o von jdm] \Denken to think well/ill/the best/the worst of sb;
    denk nicht immer so negativ! don't be so negative about everything!
    edel/ engstirnig/ kleinlich/liberal \Denken to be noble-/narrow-/petty-/liberal-minded
    an jdn/etw \Denken to think of sb/sth;
    die viele Arbeit, ich darf gar nicht daran \Denken all that work, it doesn't bear thinking about;
    daran \Denken, was... to think of what...
    6) ( sich erinnern) to think;
    solange ich \Denken kann [for] as long as I can remember;
    an jdn/etw \Denken to think of sb/sth;
    denk an die Telefonrechnung! remember [or don't forget] [to pay] the telephone bill!;
    die wird noch an mich \Denken! she won't forget me in a hurry!;
    wenn ich so an früher denke when I think [or cast my mind] back;
    daran \Denken, was... to think of what...;
    ich denke mit Entsetzen daran, was damals war I shudder to think what it was like then
    7) ( beachten)
    an etw \Denken to bear in mind sth, to think of sth
    an etw akk \Denken to think of [or consider] [or contemplate] sth;
    daran ist gar nicht zu \Denken that's [quite] out of the question;
    ich denke [gar] nicht daran! [I'll be] damned if I will!, not on your life! ( fam), no way [José ( hum) ]! ( fam)
    daran \Denken, etw zu tun to think of [or consider] [or contemplate] doing sth;
    ich denke [gar] nicht daran, es zu tun I don't have the least intention of doing that/it;
    ( nicht im Traum) I wouldn't dream of doing that
    [nur] an jdn/ etw/ sich akk \Denken to [only] think of sb/sth/oneself, to only have sb/sth/oneself in mind;
    nur an seinen Vorteil \Denken to always look out for number one
    vt
    etw \Denken to think [or conceive] of sth;
    was denkst du jetzt? what are you thinking [of]?; (nachgrüblerisch a.) a penny for your thoughts?;
    es ist kaum zu \Denken it's hard to imagine;
    das wage ich kaum zu \Denken I dare think [about it];
    das habe ich [mir] schon lange gedacht I've suspected as much for quite some time
    2) (annehmen, glauben) to think;
    wer hätte das [von ihr] gedacht! who'd have thought [or believed] it [of her]?;
    was sollen bloß die Leute \Denken! what will people think!;
    ich habe das ja gleich gedacht! I [just] knew it!;
    da weiß man nicht, was man \Denken soll what is one supposed to make of it?;
    denkste! ( fam) that's what you think!;
    Gutes/ Schlechtes/ das Beste/das Schlechteste von jdm \Denken to think well/ill/the best/the worst of sb
    3) ( bestimmen)
    für jdn/ etw gedacht sein to be meant [or intended] for sb/sth;
    so war das [aber] nicht gedacht that wasn't what I/he/she etc. had in mind
    sich dat etw \Denken to imagine sth;
    das kann ich mir \Denken[, dass...] I can imagine [that...];
    den Käse musst du dir \Denken! ( hum) ( fam) cheese would go down well with that, but we'll have to do without;
    ich habe mir das so gedacht:... this is what I had in mind:...;
    das habe ich mir gleich gedacht! I thought as much [from the start]!;
    dachte ich mir's doch! I [just] knew it!, I thought as much!;
    das hast du dir [so] gedacht! that's what you think!;
    wie denkst du dir das [eigentlich]? what's the big idea?; s. a. Teil
    sich dat etw bei etw \Denken to mean sth by sth;
    ich habe mir nichts Böses dabei gedacht[, als...] I meant no harm [when...];
    sie denkt sich nichts dabei she doesn't think anything of it
    2. Den·ken <-s> [ʼdɛŋkn̩] nt
    1) ( das Überlegen) thinking no pl
    2) ( Denkweise) [way of] thinking, reasoning, thought, train of thought
    3) ( Gedanken) thoughts pl;
    positives \Denken positive thinking
    4) ( Denkvermögen) understanding;
    zu klarem \Denken kommen to start thinking clearly

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch für Studenten > Denken

  • 36 denken

    den·ken
    1. den·ken <dachte, gedacht> [ʼdɛŋkn̩]
    vi
    1) ( überlegen) to think;
    wo \denken Sie hin! whatever are you thinking of?;
    ich denke, also bin ich I think, therefore I am;
    hin und her \denken ( unschlüssig) to go over and over sth in one's mind;
    ( angestrengt) to rack one's brains;
    langsam/schnell \denken to be a slow/quick thinker;
    laut \denken to think aloud [or out loud];
    jdm zu \denken geben to give sb food for thought [or something to think about];
    das gab mir zu \denken that made me think
    2) ( meinen) to think, to reckon ( fam)
    was denkst du? what do you say [or think] [or ( fam) reckon] ?;
    ich denke nicht I don't think so [or ( fam) reckon];
    ich denke schon I think [or ( fam) reckon] so;
    an wie viel hatten Sie denn gedacht? how much were you thinking of?;
    bei sich \denken [, dass...] to think to oneself [that...]
    3) ( urteilen)
    [über jdn/ etw [o von jdm/ etw]] \denken to think [about/of sb/sth];
    wie \denken Sie darüber? what's your view [of it] [or opinion [of [or on] it]] ?, what do you think [of [or about] it]?;
    anders über etw \denken to hold a different view of sth, to think differently about sth;
    ich denke genauso darüber that's exactly what I think, I think exactly the same;
    gut/ schlecht/ das Beste/ das Schlechteste über jdn [o von jdm] \denken to think well/ill/the best/the worst of sb;
    denk nicht immer so negativ! don't be so negative about everything!
    edel/ engstirnig/ kleinlich/liberal \denken to be noble-/narrow-/petty-/liberal-minded
    an jdn/etw \denken to think of sb/sth;
    die viele Arbeit, ich darf gar nicht daran \denken all that work, it doesn't bear thinking about;
    daran \denken, was... to think of what...
    6) ( sich erinnern) to think;
    solange ich \denken kann [for] as long as I can remember;
    an jdn/etw \denken to think of sb/sth;
    denk an die Telefonrechnung! remember [or don't forget] [to pay] the telephone bill!;
    die wird noch an mich \denken! she won't forget me in a hurry!;
    wenn ich so an früher denke when I think [or cast my mind] back;
    daran \denken, was... to think of what...;
    ich denke mit Entsetzen daran, was damals war I shudder to think what it was like then
    7) ( beachten)
    an etw \denken to bear in mind sth, to think of sth
    an etw akk \denken to think of [or consider] [or contemplate] sth;
    daran ist gar nicht zu \denken that's [quite] out of the question;
    ich denke [gar] nicht daran! [I'll be] damned if I will!, not on your life! ( fam), no way [José ( hum) ]! ( fam)
    daran \denken, etw zu tun to think of [or consider] [or contemplate] doing sth;
    ich denke [gar] nicht daran, es zu tun I don't have the least intention of doing that/it;
    ( nicht im Traum) I wouldn't dream of doing that
    [nur] an jdn/ etw/ sich akk \denken to [only] think of sb/sth/oneself, to only have sb/sth/oneself in mind;
    nur an seinen Vorteil \denken to always look out for number one
    vt
    etw \denken to think [or conceive] of sth;
    was denkst du jetzt? what are you thinking [of]?; (nachgrüblerisch a.) a penny for your thoughts?;
    es ist kaum zu \denken it's hard to imagine;
    das wage ich kaum zu \denken I dare think [about it];
    das habe ich [mir] schon lange gedacht I've suspected as much for quite some time
    2) (annehmen, glauben) to think;
    wer hätte das [von ihr] gedacht! who'd have thought [or believed] it [of her]?;
    was sollen bloß die Leute \denken! what will people think!;
    ich habe das ja gleich gedacht! I [just] knew it!;
    da weiß man nicht, was man \denken soll what is one supposed to make of it?;
    denkste! ( fam) that's what you think!;
    Gutes/ Schlechtes/ das Beste/das Schlechteste von jdm \denken to think well/ill/the best/the worst of sb
    3) ( bestimmen)
    für jdn/ etw gedacht sein to be meant [or intended] for sb/sth;
    so war das [aber] nicht gedacht that wasn't what I/he/she etc. had in mind
    sich dat etw \denken to imagine sth;
    das kann ich mir \denken[, dass...] I can imagine [that...];
    den Käse musst du dir \denken! ( hum) ( fam) cheese would go down well with that, but we'll have to do without;
    ich habe mir das so gedacht:... this is what I had in mind:...;
    das habe ich mir gleich gedacht! I thought as much [from the start]!;
    dachte ich mir's doch! I [just] knew it!, I thought as much!;
    das hast du dir [so] gedacht! that's what you think!;
    wie denkst du dir das [eigentlich]? what's the big idea?; s. a. Teil
    sich dat etw bei etw \denken to mean sth by sth;
    ich habe mir nichts Böses dabei gedacht[, als...] I meant no harm [when...];
    sie denkt sich nichts dabei she doesn't think anything of it
    2. Den·ken <-s> [ʼdɛŋkn̩] nt
    1) ( das Überlegen) thinking no pl
    2) ( Denkweise) [way of] thinking, reasoning, thought, train of thought
    3) ( Gedanken) thoughts pl;
    positives \denken positive thinking
    4) ( Denkvermögen) understanding;
    zu klarem \denken kommen to start thinking clearly

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch für Studenten > denken

  • 37 Cybernetics

       1) The Parallel Nature of Feedback in Living Individuals and Communication Machines
       It is my thesis that the physical functioning of the living individual and the operation of some of the newer communication machines are precisely parallel in their analogous attempts to control entropy through feedback. Both of them have sensory receptors as one stage of their cycle of operation: that is, in both of them there exists a special apparatus for collecting information from the outer world at low energy levels, and for making it available in the operation of the individual or of the machine.
       In both cases these external messages are not taken neat, but through the internal transforming powers of the apparatus, whether it be alive or dead. The information is then turned into a new form available for the further stages of performance. In both the animal and the machine this performance is made to be effective on the outer world. In both of them, their performed action on the outer world, and not merely their intended action, is reported back to the central regulatory apparatus. (Wiener, 1954, pp. 26-27)
       [The job of the cyberneticist] is the study of information transfer: the converting of information from one form to another-the human voice into radio waves and back into sound once more, or a complex mathematical equation into a set of punched holes on a tape, to be fed into a computer and then into a set of traces on reels of magnetic tape in the computer's "memory store."... To him, protein synthesis is just such another case. The mechanism for ensuring the exact replication of a protein chain by a new cell is that of transferring the information about the protein structure from the parent to the daughter cell. (Rose, 1970, p. 162)
       The theme of all these tales [("Fisherman and the Jinni" in the Thousand Nights and a Night; The Sorcerer's Apprentice; and "The Monkey's Paw" by W. W. Jacobs)] is the danger of magic. This seems to lie in the fact that the operation of magic is singularly literal-minded, and that if it grants you anything at all it grants what you ask for, not what you should have asked for or what you intend....
       The magic of automation, and in particular the magic of an automatization in which the devices learn, may be expected to be similarly literal-minded. If you are playing a game according to certain rules and set the playing-machine to play for victory, you will get victory if you get anything at all, and the machine will not pay the slightest attention to any consideration except victory according to the rules. If you are playing a war game with a certain conventional interpretation of victory, victory will be the goal at any cost, even that of the extermination of your own side, unless this condition of survival is explicitly contained in the definition of victory according to which you program the machine. (Wiener, 1964, pp. 59-60)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Cybernetics

  • 38 grandioso

    adj.
    1 grand, spectacular, formidable, great.
    2 great, wonderful, awesome, amazing.
    * * *
    1 grandiose, grand, magnificent
    * * *
    ADJ (=magnífico) grand, magnificent; pey grandiose
    * * *
    - sa adjetivo
    a) <espectáculo/obra> impressive, magnificent
    b) ( rimbombante) <gesto/palabras> grandiose
    * * *
    = grand [grander -comp., grandes -sup.], grandiose, of epic proportions, epic, portentous.
    Ex. As Carlyle saw it, 'the grand use of any catalog is to tell you, in any intelligible way, that such and such books are in the library'.
    Ex. It was initially intended for use in the classified arrangement of a grandiose index to all recorded human knowledge, a 'universal index'.
    Ex. Even though they are not as long as I think they should be, many of the stories are of epic proportions and many of them are very entertaining.
    Ex. Unmindful of the epic moves that made it what it is today, Elwood Bibeau fastened his seat belt as his plane approached the Wexler airport.
    Ex. This novel is once again a most peculiar combination of broad farce and portentous significance.
    * * *
    - sa adjetivo
    a) <espectáculo/obra> impressive, magnificent
    b) ( rimbombante) <gesto/palabras> grandiose
    * * *
    = grand [grander -comp., grandes -sup.], grandiose, of epic proportions, epic, portentous.

    Ex: As Carlyle saw it, 'the grand use of any catalog is to tell you, in any intelligible way, that such and such books are in the library'.

    Ex: It was initially intended for use in the classified arrangement of a grandiose index to all recorded human knowledge, a 'universal index'.
    Ex: Even though they are not as long as I think they should be, many of the stories are of epic proportions and many of them are very entertaining.
    Ex: Unmindful of the epic moves that made it what it is today, Elwood Bibeau fastened his seat belt as his plane approached the Wexler airport.
    Ex: This novel is once again a most peculiar combination of broad farce and portentous significance.

    * * *
    1 ‹espectáculo/obra› impressive, magnificent
    la manifestación fue algo grandioso the demonstration was very impressive
    2 (rimbombante) ‹gesto/palabras› grandiose
    * * *

    grandioso
    ◊ -sa adjetivo

    a) ‹espectáculo/obra› impressive, magnificent

    b) ( rimbombante) ‹gesto/palabras› grandiose

    grandioso,-a adjetivo grandiose
    ' grandioso' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    grandiosa
    - majestad
    English:
    grand
    * * *
    grandioso, -a adj
    grand, splendid
    * * *
    adj impressive, magnificent
    * * *
    grandioso, -sa adj
    1) magnífico: grand, magnificent
    2) : grandiose

    Spanish-English dictionary > grandioso

  • 39 tanke

    fuel, opinion, thought
    * * *
    I. (en -r) thought;
    ( hensigt) intention, idea;
    [ det var ikke min tanke at gøre det] I did not mean (el. intend) to do it, I had no intention of doing it;
    [ med vb:]
    [ falde i tanker], se ndf;
    [ kødet har en tanke] the meat has gone off (el. is a bit off), the meat is high;
    [ komme i tanker om] etc, se ndf;
    [ læse éns tanker] read somebody's thoughts (el. mind);
    [ optage éns tanker] occupy somebody's thoughts (el. mind);
    [ jeg skænkede det ikke en tanke] I did not give it a thought;
    [ vække tanken om], se ndf;
    [ med præp:]
    [ han har ikke tanke for andet] he cannot think of anything else;
    [ jeg havde overhovedet ikke tanke for det] I never gave it a thought;
    [ i tanken, i tankerne] in one's thoughts, mentally;
    [ i tanke, ord og handling] in thought, word and deed;
    [ i den tanke at] thinking that ( fx thinking that it might be useful, he put it in his pocket);
    [ i dybe tanker] deep in (el. absorbed in) thought;
    [ gå i sine egne tanker] be lost in thought;
    [ være en stor mand i sine egne tanker] be a great man in one's own opinion;
    [ falde i tanker] become lost in thought;
    [ jeg gjorde det i tanker] I did it in a fit of absence of mind;
    [ have en i tankerne] have somebody in mind;
    [ hvad er tanken med det?] what is the idea of it? what is intended by it?
    [ med tanke på] with a view (el. an eye) to;
    ( i forventning om) in expectation of;
    [ tanken om] the thought of ( fx death);
    [ alene tanken om det] the mere idea (el. thought) of it;
    ...?
    [ jeg gør mig (el. har) mine egne tanker om det] I have my own ideas about that;
    [ have høje (el. store) tanker om] think much of, have a high opinion of;
    [ have store tanker om sig selv] have a sense of one's own importance;
    [ komme i tanke om] remember (about), (come to) think of;
    [ han kom i tanke om at] it struck him (el. occurred to him) that;
    [ jeg kan ikke komme i tanker om] I can't think (of) ( fx I can't think of the name; I can't think what his name is);
    [ vække tanken om] suggest,
    F be suggestive of;
    [ bringe en på andre tanker] make somebody change his mind,
    T change somebody's mind for him;
    [ hvordan kommer du på den tanke?] where have you got that idea from?
    [ komme på andre tanker] change one's mind;
    [ komme på bedre tanker] think better of it;
    [ jeg kom på den tanke at] it struck (el. occurred to) me that;
    [ det blev ved tanken] it was never realized; it never came off; nothing came of it;
    [ ved tanken om] at the thought of.
    II. vb,
    [ tanke op] fill up (with petrol etc), refuel.

    Danish-English dictionary > tanke

  • 40 message

    •• Message 1. a communication, usually of advice or direction, transmitted especially through an intermediary. 2. the point or idea intended to be conveyed (The Random House Dictionary).

    •• В результате взаимодействия языков (а точнее – влияния английского языка на русскую речь) у нас уже закрепляется переносное значение слова послание. Не раз приходилось слышать, как фразу вроде What is your message to the young people? переводили Какое послание вы хотели бы передать молодежи? Думаю, далеко не всегда стоит идти по линии наименьшего сопротивления. Вот три примера, взятые без особого отбора из журнала Time:
    •• 1. Finally reconciled with his father at Cousteau’s hospital bedside, Jean-Michel vowed last week to “carry on his message”;
    •• 2. Republicans say [Gingrich] lacks direction, negotiating skills and... a clear message that can inspire the faithful;
    •• 3. If any clear message has come out of this meeting, it is that the 178 nations will all have to change...
    •• По существу, значение слова message во всех примерах одно и то же ( послание в переносном смысле). Но в первом случае лучше сказать продолжить его дело/борьбу; во втором – у Гингрича нет... ясной идеи; в третьем я бы сказал так: Главный вывод, который можно сделать из этой конференции, состоит в том, что всем 178 государствам придется измениться.
    •• Часто может выручить слово тезис (тезисы). Trading one Serb faction for another will end up merely changing the propaganda message rather than replacing it with unfettered news (New York Times). – Если дело сведется к замене одной сербской группировки на другую, то итогом будут лишь новые пропагандистские тезисы, а отнюдь не объективное освещение событий.
    •• Вот еще интересные примеры: [Albright’s] message was meant to acknowledge Arab despair over Israeli negotiating tactics (New York Times). – Олбрайт дала понять, что США понимают, до какого отчаяния довела арабов тактика Израиля на переговорах. В следующем примере слово message, что называется, «играет», и требуются немалые усилия для того, чтобы оно заиграло и в переводе: The great thing about Charlton Heston is that he becomes the megaphone to get our message out, a message that is not being heard right now (New York Times). Возможен такой вариант перевода: Мы хотим быть наконец услышанными, и замечательно, что голос Чарлтона Хестона дает нам такую возможность/что Чарлтон Хестон становится глашатаем наших идей.
    •• Интересно модное сейчас словосочетание stay on message. Оно означает не отклоняться от основной мысли, главного тезиса; «не растекаться мыслью по древу». Интересен пример из газеты Financial Times: New Labour! New trade unionism! A new spirit of cooperation with industry! But oh dear, the poor old Church of England doesn’t seem to be on message. –...бедная англиканская церковь, кажется, не воспринимает веяний времени.
    •• * Несмотря на многочисленные контекстуальные варианты, которые при некотором усилии можно предложить как соответствие английского message, стремление иметь легко «подставляемый» в текст эквивалент этого английского понятия приводит к широкому распространению не только в переводах, но и в оригинальных русских текстах двух слов – послание в значении, очень близком английскому слову, и заимствования мессидж. Так, в статье о тенденциях современной российской рекламы на сайте www.psycho.ru встретилось: Какое послание вы хотите донести до своих потребителей? Эта фраза поддается почти пословному переводу на английский и, кажется, «думалась» по-английски: What is the message you want to convey to your customers? А вот заголовок статьи на тему, связанную с избирательной кампанией на/в Украине: Тигипко ставит под сомнение главный мессидж кампании Ющенко. Часто обходятся и без прилагательного главный.
    •• Пока непонятно, утвердится ли в русском языке несколько необычное значение слова послание или новоявленный мессидж (слышать приходилось не раз, но все же в специфических аудиториях). Думаю, ни в том, ни в другом нет особой необходимости. Кроме вариантов, предлагавшихся ранее, мне представляется приемлемым идеология ( идеология президентской кампании) и даже идеологема.
    •• Приведу, однако, возражение одного из моих корреспондентов (Сергей Шаров):
    •• «Мне кажется, что слово мессидж уже почти устоялось в русском. То, что Яндекс находит 17325 употреблений, – не показатель. Интернет полон компьютерным сленгом (например, Оставили мессидж на автоответчике). Но оно часто встречается и в серьезной печати. Примеры из «Известий»
    •• Во-вторых, вообще не уверен, что в фильме содержится, как теперь говорят, четкий мессидж – то есть адресованное зрителю высказывание – послание.
    •• Или:
    •• Нам нужно обязательно повышать бдительность, – говорит звезда фильма Бен Эффлек, защищая его от нападок самым верным способом – упирая на политико-социальную значимость «мессиджа».
    •• И если второе можно отнести к калькам, то первое – о российском фильме (Овчаров, «Федот-Стрелец»). В том же Яндекс.News мессидж в изобилии встречается в новостных сообщениях (включая «Голос России» или «Эхо Москвы»), пока еще обычно в кавычках, но часто и без. На самом деле это естественная терминологизация понятия, для которого нет однословного эквивалента, не нагруженного другими значениями (поэтому перевод message как идеология вряд ли устоится).
    •• Интересно, что употреблять мессидж оригинальному автору намного проще, чем переводчику. Последнего скорее обвинят в кальке, а первому зачтется в особенности языка».
    •• Привожу и контраргумент (Максим Козуб):
    •• «Из приводимой цитаты (“Во-вторых, вообще не уверен, что в фильме содержится, как теперь говорят, четкий мессидж”) как раз не особо следует, что слово почти устоялось. Выражение как теперь говорят означает некоторое подчеркивание того, что слово это нормальному языку, на котором, как подразумевается, говорит автор, все же чуждо, – вплоть до некоторой издевки над теми, кто так говорит. И употребление в кавычках показывает лишь то, что русский автор не нашел эквивалента и, возможно, то, что в русском языке поиск такого эквивалента идет, но никак не то, что заимствование устоялось».
    •• Конечно, запретить журналистам или политологам использовать слово мессидж – или любое другое слово – нет никакой возможности, что само по себе хорошо. Но переводчикам можно посоветовать не спешить с принятием этого слова в свой лексикон, так как оно может сбить с толку читателя и почти всегда можно найти другой, вполне нормальный вариант.
    •• Message как пропагандистский тезис оказывается у всех на слуху во время предвыборных кампаний (GOP sends out conflicting messages – Позиция республиканцев противоречива), но иногда cоnflicting/mixed messages просто разноречивая/противоречивая информация, разноголосица: Conflicting messages about healthful diet result in unhealthy eating habits. Этот пример – из газеты USA TODAY:
    •• Schools are asked, on the one hand, to make kids feel comfortable with “ body image,” while, on the other, advising them to watch their weight. How are they supposed to navigate such conflicting messages? Здесь, как видим, еще и image.
    •• Думаю, переводчик должен быть способен на большее, чем «имидж» с «мессиджем». Например:
    •• Школам предлагается, с одной стороны, прививать детям спокойное отношение к собственной внешности, а с другой стороны – приучать их следить за своим весом. Как разобраться в этих противоречащих друг другу установках?
    •• Вообще, как и все удобные и потому часто употребляемые к месту и не месту слова, это слово в переводе часто может не иметь непосредственного отражения. Забавный пример из той же статьи в USA TODAY:
    •• Consider who it is that picks up the message about being overweight? <...> Girls under 14 who are not. – И кто же наиболее восприимчив к разговорам о лишнем весе? Девочки до четырнадцати лет, у которых его нет.
    •• В последнее время в англоязычной прессе часто встречается message control и message discipline. Первое имеет хождение в текстах о компьютерных программах, причем разные разработчики придают этому словосочетанию разное значение. Поскольку понятие условное, перевод, на мой взгляд, не имеет принципиального значения, но вполне приемлемым мне кажется контроль сообщения/сообщений. Другое дело – message control и message discipline в политическом контексте и в контексте избирательных кампаний. Характерный пример с сайта bbc.co.uk – статья, озаглавленная Message Control in Afghanistan War. Имеется в виду проведение единой пропагандистской линии в комментариях военных и госчиновников. В переводе заголовка в принципе возможен вариант Идеологический/пропагандистский контроль в ходе войны в Афганистане. Но этот вариант, конечно, подойдет далеко не всегда.
    •• Интересный пример из австралийской газеты, заодно поясняющий, о чем речь:
    •• Message discipline has been central to the recent political successes of conservatives in the United States. It sounds conspiratorial but, every Wednesday in Washington, conservative media, government and elected officials really do meet in a smoky room to plot strategy and co-ordinate the week’s key communications messages and “ talking points”.
    •• И в данном случае по-русски можно говорить об идеологической/ пропагандистской дисциплине или четкости.
    •• Наконец, знаменитое высказывание Маршалла Маклюэна The medium is the message. В книге Т.П. Клюкиной, М.Ю. Клюкиной-Витюк и В.К. Ланчикова «Политика и крылатика» предлагается перевод Средство передачи информации – само по себе передаваемая информация, который мне кажется тяжеловесным и не совсем ясным. Можно воспользоваться русским сокращением СМИ для такой, например, попытки: СМИ – это форма, которая сама по себе содержание. Несколько вольнее: ( В СМИ) форма определяет содержание. Или: Способ вещания и есть содержание.

    English-Russian nonsystematic dictionary > message

Страницы

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