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61 σκόλοψ
σκόλοψ, - οποςGrammatical information: m.Meaning: `pointed pole, palisade, prickle' (ep. ion. poet. Il., hell. a. late prose; Att. χάραξ, σταυρός, - ωμα).Derivatives: Dimin. σκολόπ-ιον n. (Antyll. ap. Orib.), - ηὶς μοῖρα `the destiny of being impaled' (Man.; after βασιλ-ηΐς a.o.); - ίζω `provide with σ.' ( Stad.) wit - ισμός m. `the impaling, the spearing' (Vett. Val.); often with ἀνα- `to stick on a pole, to impale' (Hdt. a. o.) with - ισις f. (sch., Eust.), ἀπο σκόλοψ `to remove the poles' (Aq.).Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]Etymology: Finally to the great family of σκάλλω (s. v.). As the labial can belong to the stem, σκόλοψ can first be connected with Lat. scalpō `scratch, cut with a sharp instrument etc.'; to this may be joined several words with varying meaning, partly also with varying form, e.g. OHG scelifa `membranous shell', Lith. sklem̃pti, sklem̃bti `plane smooth, cut oblique, sprinkle' etc., s. Bq s. σκάλοψ, WP. 2, 595, Pok. 926, W.-Hofmann s. scalpō. The dissillabicity of σκόλοψ is rather due to adaptation to the nouns in - οψ (a sequence *-ολψ or *-ορψ is unknown in Greek) than with Bechtel Lex. s. v. to a disyllabic root form [?] -- Beside σκόλοψ stands in quite different meaning σκάλοψ, - οπος m. `mole' (Ar. Ach. 879; also Cratin. 93 [- ωψ]) with σκαλοπία f. `mole-track' (Thphr. HP 7, 12, 3; tradit.. σκολ-, s. Scheller Oxytonierung 47 f.), clearly from σκάλλω with the in animal-names usual οπ-suffix (final); we may have to do with a folketym. justification of untransparent σπάλαξ (s. ἀσπάλαξ with a quite hypothetic etym.); s. Grégoire Byzantion 32, 32ff. -- As the variant with - φρ- shows, we have to do with a Pre-Greek word (influence of δίφρος is far-fatched); cf. Furnée 107. Words for `pole' etc. are often taken over from a substrate language. (Not in Furnée.)Page in Frisk: 2,735-736Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > σκόλοψ
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62 σκορπίος
Grammatical information: m.Meaning: `scorpion' (A. Fr. 169 = 368M.); often metaph. as adjunct of a fish (com., Arist a.o.; after the poison-stings, Strömberg 124 f., Thompson Fishes s.v.; also σκόρπ-αινα, - ίς, s. bel.); a plant (Thphr.; Strömberg Theophrastea 50f.); of a constellation (Cleostrat., hell.; Scherer Gestirnn. 170); a war machine for firing arrows (Hero a. o.; from this σκορπίζω, s. bel.); of a stone (Orph.; also σκορπῖτις, - ίτης).Compounds: As 1. member e.g. in σκορπί-ουρος (- ον) plantn. (Dsc.).Derivatives: 1. Subst.: σκορπ-ίον n. plantn. (Dsc.), - ίδιον n. `small slinging-machine' (Plb., LXX), - ίς f. (Arist.), - αινα f. (Ath.) fishn. (s. ab.); - ῖτις f., - ίτης m. name of a stone (Plin., late pap.; after the colour and shape, Redard 61); - ιών, - ιῶνος m. monthname in Alexandria (Ptol.). 2. adj.: σκορπ-ιώδης `resembling the s.' (Arist., Ph. a. o.), -ήϊος.. - ειος `belonging to the s.' (Orph., Man.), - ιόεις `id.' (Nic.), - ιακός `id.' (medic.), - ιανός `born under s.' (Astr.). 3. verbs: σκορπ-ίζω, also w. δια- a.o., `to scatter' (Hecat.[?], hell. a. late), - ιαίνομαι `to be enraged' (Procop.), - ιοῦται ἀγριαίνεται, ἐρεθίζεται H.Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]Etymology: As the scorpion belongs to the warmer lands and is not at home above the 40. degree north. breadth, everything suggests a loan from a mediterranean language. -- Usually with Persson Stud. 57 a. 168, Beitr. 2, 861 as IE connected to a word for `plane, scratch etc.' with several representatives especially in Germ., e.g. OE sceorfan `scratch', scearfian, OHG scarbōn `plane, tear up' (IE * ser-p-), OE sceorpan `scratch, prickle' (IE * sker-b-); to this Latv. šḱērpêt `cut a lawn' etc.; s. WP. 2, 581 ff., Pok. 943 f. -- Lat. LW [loanword] scorpius, -iō, Russ. LW [loanword] skórpij. -- As stated prob. a Pre-Greek word. Furnée (index!) thinks that all words with (s)kr(m)P- contain the same Pre-Greek word; cf. κάραβος, καράμβιος, * σκαραβαῖος, κεράμβυξ, κεράμβηλον, κηραφίς, γραψαῖος. This is perh. possible, but it cannot be considered certain. One notes that all forms clearly have καρα(μ)P-, but that γραψαῖος and σκορπιος do not have a vowel between ρ and the (nasal +) labial (the presence of a vowel agrees with the (pre)nasalization).Page in Frisk: 2,738-739Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > σκορπίος
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63 ἀστακός
Grammatical information: m.Meaning: 1. `the smooth lobster' (Philyll.), 2. `hollow of the ear' (Poll.).Other forms: ὀστακός (Aristom.; acc. to Ath. 3, 105b Attic)Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]Etymology: Generally seen as `with bones', a k-derivation of the n-stem in Skt. asthán-, asthn- (nom. ásthi, s. ὀστέον); so *ostn̥-kó-s. One compared Skt. an-ástha + ka- `without bones', but this is irrelevant: it is a Sanskrit compound with a suffix productive in that language. Nor does MInd. aṭṭhi-taco `lobster' \< * asthi-tvacas- `with bony skin' prove anything for Greek. The etymology dates from the time that a Greek word had to be IE. The formation is unparallelled, the assimilation not very probable (beside ὀστέον). Rather a substr. word with α\/ο-. Fur. 137 etc. - Cf. ὀστέον and ἀστράγαλος, ὄστρακον.Page in Frisk: 1,169Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ἀστακός
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64 μαλάχη
Grammatical information: f.Meaning: `mallow'; on the vocalisation (assimilation?) Solmsen KZ 37, 16 f. (Hes.)Other forms: also μολόχη (Epich. a. Antiph. ap. Ath. 2, 58d, SIG 1172,8 u.a.), μολάχη (Vaseinscr., Napels). μάλβακα acc. (Orac. ap. Luc. Alex. 25) points to *μαλϜακ\/χ-.Derivatives: μαλάχιον (Ar. Fr. 320, 10), μολόχιον (Clem. Al.) `female neck-ornament' (also μάλακιον [Poll., H.] after μαλακός); μαλάχιος ἰχθῦς ποιός H.; after the colour (Strömberg Fischnamen 25); μολοχίτης (v.l. - τις) `mallow-coloured stone' (Plin., Isid.; Redard 57); μολόχινος `made from mallow-threads, mallow-coloured' (Peripl. M. Rubr.), μολόχινα n. pl. `mallowclothes' (ibd.) \> Lat. molochina f. - Cret. GN ἐμ Μολοχᾶντι (Nom. *Μολοχᾶς; Schwyzer 528).Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]Etymology: With Lat. malva (from where Malve etc.) from a Mediterranean language; since long compared with Hebr. mallūaḥ name of a growth like salade; here also Georg. balba? Further, less certain connections in W.-Hofmann s.v.; s. also Cocco Arch. glottol. it. 40, 16ff. - The hapax μάλβαξ (Luc. Alex. 25 μάλβακα acc.), which Solmsen KZ 38, 447 adduced, of which the similarity with malva is remarkable, proves that the word is Pre-Greek; so the word was taken by Pre-Greek from Semitic.Page in Frisk: 2,166Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > μαλάχη
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65 βασιλεύς
Grammatical information: m.Meaning: `king', esp. the Persian king, prince' (Il.).Derivatives: Femin.: βασίλεια (Od.); βασιλίς (S.), βασιληΐς (Man., Epigr. Gr. 989, 3), βασίλισσα (inscr. Athens 337a, Com.; from words like Κίλισσα, Φοίνισσα a.o. to stems in - ικ-); βασίλιννα `wife of the ἄρχων βασιλεύς in Athens' (D.; cf. Κόριννα, Φίλιννα etc., hypocor., Schwyzer 491; diff. Chant. Form. 205). - Diminut. βασιλίσκος, also name of a snake, fish etc.. (Hp.; cf. Strömberg Fischnamen 91f.), - Adj. βασιλήϊος (Od.), βασίλειος (Att.); f. also βασιληΐς (Il.); n. substantivised βασιλήϊον, βασίλειον, `kings palace' (Ion.-Att.) - Denom. verb: βασιλεύω (Il.).Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]Etymology: Beside βασιλεύς Greek has two other words for `king', κοίρανος (q. v.) and ἄναξ (q. vv.). βασιλεύς is the youngest, s. Wackernagel Unt. 209ff. The word is no doubt of Pre-Greek origin (i.e. not a loanword from another country); labio-velars are well known in this language.Page in Frisk: 1,222-223Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > βασιλεύς
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66 πέλεκυς
Grammatical information: m.Meaning: `axe, double axe, hatchet' (Il.).Dialectal forms: Myc. perekuwanaka ?? (Puhvel KZ 73, 221 f.).Compounds: As 2. member in ἑξα-πέλεκυς = Lat. sexfascalis (Plb.), σφυρο-πέλεκυς `hammer-axe' (Att. inscr.; Risch IF 59, 57 f.; cf. Schwyzer RhM 79, 314ff.); ἡμι-πέλεκκον n. "half-axe", `axe with one edge' (Ψ 851), from adj. *ἡμι-πέλεκϜ-ος `consisting of half an axe' (Risch IF 59, 51);Derivatives: πελέκ-ιον n. dimin. (Att. inscr.), πέλεκκ-ον (- ος) n. (m.) `axe-handle' (Ν 612, Poll., H.; from - κϜ-ον as πελεκκ-άω below), πελεκυ-νάριον `id.' (Theo Sm.); πελεκ-ᾶς, - ᾶτος m. `axe-smith' (Ostr. Ia; Olsson Arch. f. Pap. 11, 219). Two denominatives: 1. πελεκ-άω (- εκκάω ε 244 from *-εκϜ-άω; Schwyzer 227 a. 731), rarely w. ἀνα-, ἀπο-, ἐκ-, κατα-, `to cut with a π.' (ε 244) with - ημα, - ησις, - ητής, - ήτωρ, - ητρίς, - ητός (hell.); 2. πελεκ-ίζω ( ἀπο- AB) `to chop off with a π.', esp. `to behead' (Plb., Str.) with - ισμός (D. S.). πέλεκρα ἀξίνη is obscure and may be late. -- Through transformation after the instrument-namen in - υξ (Chantraine Form. 383) πέλυξ `id.' (LXX, pap.) with πελύκ-ιον (Peripl. M. Rubr., Pap.).Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]Etymology: Identical with Skt. paraśú- m. `axe, battle-axe' but for the accent as inherited(?) word; IE *peleḱu-(?); further Iran. forms, e.g. Osset. færæt `axe'; as Iran. LW [loanword] Toch. A porat, B peret `axe' (but see Benveniste, Études sur la langue ossète 107f.. -- Long as IE LW [loanword] identified with Accad. pilakku supp. `axe' (e.g. Kretschmer Einleitung 105 f.). The Accad. word however never means `axe' (rather `spindle'), which is why this comparison must be given up. It may be a loan from an southeastern language in a limited IE area which seems possible, though there are no further connections known. Cf. Mayrhofer KEWA 2,213 with further details and lit.; also Porzig Gliederung 160 and Thieme Die Heimat d. idg. Gemeinspr. 52 f. - Furnée 150f. points to βέλεκκος ὄσπριόν τι ἐμφερες λαθύρῳ μέγεθος ἐρεβίνθου ἔχον H. Further cf. his notes 39 and 40 (p. 150f.). He also assumes that the - κκ- rather is Pre-Greek gemination. Further πέλεκρα is rather a Pre-Greek formation, like πέλυξ.Page in Frisk: 2,497Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > πέλεκυς
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67 βάρβαρος
βάρβᾰρος, ον,A barbarous, i.e. non-Greek, foreign, not in Hom. (but cf. βαρβαρόφωνος); β. ψυχαί Heraclit.107
; esp. as Subst. βάρβαροι, οἱ, originally all non-Greek-speaking peoples, then specially of the Medes and Persians, A.Pers. 255, Hdt.1.58, etc.: generally, opp. Ἕλληνες, Pl.Plt. 262d, cf. Th.1.3, Arist.Pol. 1252b5, Str.14.2.28; ;β. καὶ δοῦλον ταὐτὸ φύσει Arist.Pol. 1252b9
; οἱ β. δουλικώτεροι τὰ ἤθη φύσει τῶν Ἑλλήνων ib. 1285a20; β. πόλεμον war with the barbarians, Th.2.36 codd.; ἡ βάρβαρος (sc. γῆ), opp. αἱ Ἑλληνίδες πόλεις, Th.2.97, cf.A.Pers. 187, X.An.5.5.16. Adv. -ρως, opp. Ἑλληνικῶς, Porph.Abst.3.3.2 esp. of language,φωνὴ β. A.Ag. 1051
, Pl.Prt. 341c;γλῶσσα β. S.Aj. 1263
, cf. Hdt.2.57, Str. l. c. supr., etc.; συλλραφαί Hippias 6 D.; of birds, Ar.Av. 199. Adv., βαρβάρως, ὠνόμασται have foreign names, Str.10.3.17.3 Gramm., of bad Greek, Gell.5.20.5; τὸ β., of style, opp. Ἑλληνικόν, S.E.M.1.64.II after the Persian war, brutal, rude,ἀμαθὴς καὶ β. Ar.Nu. 492
;τὸ τῆς φύσεως β. καὶ θεοῖς ἐχθρόν D.21.150
;σκαιὸς καὶ β. τὸν τρόπον Id.26.17
;β. ἀνηλεής τε Men.Epit. 477
: [comp] Comp.- ώτερος X.
Eph.2.4: [comp] Sup.,πάντων βαρβαρώτατος θεῶν Ar.Av. 1573
, cf. Th.8.98, X.An.5.4.34.III used by Jews of Greeks, LXX2 Ma.2.21.IV name for various plasters, Androm. and Herasap.Gal.13.555. (Onomatopoeic acc. to Str.14.2.28.)Greek-English dictionary (Αγγλικά Ελληνικά-λεξικό) > βάρβαρος
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68 σχάζω
Grammatical information: v.Meaning: `to make an incision, to tear open, to open a vein, to let (the blood) flow, to let something take its course, to release, to drop, to abandon' (Hp., X., Arist. etc.).Other forms: Also σχάω (Hp., com., Arist. a.o.), mostly aor. σχάσαι (Pi., B., Hp., E., com., X., Arist., hell. a. late) with pass. σχασθ-ῆναι, fut. pass. - ήσομαι, act. σχάσω, perf. midd. ἔσχασμαι (in ἐσχασμένη as plantname; Strömberg 43).Derivatives: 1. σχάσις ( ἀπό-, κατά-) f. `the tearing, blood-letting, release' (medic., Ph. Bel.). 2. σχάσμα ( κατά-) n. `incision, release' (Hp., Dsc., Ph. Bel.). 3. κατα-σχασμός m. `draft' (medic.). 4. σχαστήρ = Lat. tendicula (gloss.); κατασ[χ]αστήρ meaning unknown (IG 11: 2, 165, 11 [Delos IIIa]). 5. σχαστηρ-ία f. `trigger, release in mechanisms etc.' (Arist., Ph. Bel., Hero, Plb. etc.; Scheller Oxytonierung 58 n. 4); - ιον n. `lancet' ( Hippiatr.).Etymology: As orig. meaning is above assumed as usual `make an incision, tear open', from where `open, let loose etc.'; the word would be esp. characteristic for the language of the physician. Also a basic meaning `let loose, free v. t.' sceems however possible, while the usual professional expression φλέβα σχάσαι in MLG āderlāten `let (flow) from the vein' would get a direct agreement. -- As the whole formal system is clearly built on the aor. σχάσαι, from which σχάζω, σχάω as well as all other verbal and nominal forms, the etymolog has to start from this. A certain non-Greek agreement has not been found. Since Fick 1, 143 a. 567 σχάω is generally compared (Bq, WP. 2, 541 f., Pok. 919f., W.-Hofmann s. sciō) a.o. with Skt. chyati ( anu-, ava-, vi- etc.), ptc. chā-ta-, chi-tá-, caus. chāy-áyati (IE * skeh₂-, *skh₂i̯-) `split, hurt, esp. of the skin' (on the meaning Hoffmann Münch. Stud. 19, 61 ff., on phonetics Hiersche Ten. asp. 103 f., 214f.). To this semant. certainly unobjectionable connection it should be remarked, that of the Skt. verb non-present finite forms, e.g. the full grade s-aorist a-chā-s-it, occur only in the grammarians. The further combinations (s. the lit. above), e.g. with Lat. sciō, are no less hypothetic. -- So σχάσαι Greek innovation (perh. through cross of σχίσαι and ἐάσαι, χαλάσαι v.t.)? Note that σχ- cannot be directly explained from the assumed IE form.Page in Frisk: 2,835-836Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > σχάζω
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69 μορμώ
μορμώ, - οῦςGrammatical information: f.Meaning: `bogey, spectre', also personified and as interjection (Erinn. [?], Ar., X., Theoc., Luc.);Derivatives: μορμωτός `frightful' (Lyc.); μορμ-ύσσομαι `frighten' (Call.; for μαρμολύττομαι metri causa?, Debrunner IF 21, 243), μορμύξαν-τες (Phryg. IVp), also μορμύνει and μορμύρει δεινοποιεῖ H. Further the nouns μόρμορος and μύρμος φόβος, μόρμη χαλεπή, ἐκπληκτική H. PN Μόρμυθος (like Γοργώ: Γόργυθος, Leumann Hom. Wörter 155 n. 129); here also ther PN Μυρμιδόνες ? -- Enlarged verbform μορμολύττομαι = μορμύσσομαι (Ar., Pl.. X., Ph.), μορμολυξάμενος (Gal.) with μορμολύκ-η, Dor. -α f. (Sophr. 9, Str.), - ειον (- εῖον) n. (Ar., Pl. u.a.) = μορμώ; also μορμορύζω `id.' (Phot.).Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]Etymology: Because of μύρμηξ: Lat. formīca one might want to connect, μορμ-ώ through an analogous dissimilation with Lat. form-īdō `ghost'. Further ucertain; prob. like Γοργώ (s. γοργός) a reduplicated fornation, which was used originally as terrorizing call (of childrens language?, cognate with μορμύρω etc. ? WP. 2, 308). The by-forms Μομβρώ, Μομμώ (H.) show the popular character. From the interjection the as demon interpreted Μορμώ may have arisen, from there the appellative. On Μορμώ in the Middle Ages and in recent times Wiener Roman. Forsch. 35, 943 ff. (lingu. unsatistactory, s. Kretschmer Glotta 10, 234 f.). -- Beside μορμώ there was not only μορμύσσομαι, - ύνει, - ύρει, but also μορμο-λύττομαι, - λύκη, - λύκειον; on the expressive λ-enlargement cf. πομφόλυξ, πομφο-λύξαι (: πομφός), βδελύττομαι (beside βδελυρός: βδέω). Dissimilation from *μορμορύττομαι (cf. μόρμορος; Schwyzer 258) is also imaginable. The nouns μορμολύκη, - ειον are rather backfomations. - A connection with Lat. form-ido etc. seems not obious. The words may well be Pre-Greek.Page in Frisk: 2,255Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > μορμώ
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70 ὄρνεον
Grammatical information: n.Meaning: `bird' (Ν 64).Compounds: A few late compp., e.g. ὀρνεο-θηρευτική f. `the art of bird-catching' (Ath.). -- Often as 1. member, e.g. ὀρνιθο-θήρας m. `bird-catcher' (Ar., Arist.; Fraenkel Nom. ag. 2, 93 a. 99), ὀρνιχο-λόχος m. `id.' (Pi.). Also as 2. member, e.g. δύσ-ορνις `with bad auspices' (A., E., Plu.), πολυ-όρνιθος `rich of birds' (E.).Derivatives: Besides ο῎ρνῑ̆ς, -ῑθος etc. (Il.), acc. sg. also - ιν, pl. also - εις, -ῑς (trag., D.), Dor. -ῑχος etc. (Pi., Alcm., B., Theoc., Cyrene), dat. pl. - ίχεσσι and - ιξι, to which nom. sg. - ιξ, gen. pl. - ίκων (hell. pap.) m. f. `(augural) bird', young-Att. esp. `hen, cock' (Wackernagel Unt. 165 w. n.1). - From it ὀρνε-ώδης `bird-like' (Plu.), - ώτης m. `bird-catcher' (Poll.), - ακός `avian' (Tz.), - άζομαι `to twitter' (Aq.), `to hold one's head up high' ("watching the birds", Com. Adesp.). Several derivv.: 1. Dimin. ὀρνίθ-ιον (IA.), - άριον (com., Arist.), also ὀρν-ύφιον (from ὄρνεον?; Thphr., Dsc.). Further subst. 2. - ᾶς, -ᾶ m. `poulterer' (pap. II--VIp; Schwyzer 461 w. lit.); 3. - ίαι m. pl. "bird-winds", which bring migratory birds (Ion., Arist.), χειμὼν -ίας (Ar.); cf. ἐτησίαι a.o. (Chantraine Form. 95); - ίας m. `bird-fancier' (Lib.); - ίων m. PN (Att.); 4. - ών, - ῶνος m. `henhouse' (inscr., pap.); 5. - ία f. `poisoning by bird dung' ( Hippiatr.; Scheller Oxytonierung 44). Adj. 6. - ειος `of a bird, of a chicken' (Att.); 7. - ικός `belonging to birds, hens' (Luc.); 8. τὰ -ιακά name of a work on birds by D. P. (on the formation Schwyzer 497 w. lit.); 9. - ώδης `bird-like' (Arist.). Verbs 10. - εύω `to catch birds' (X.), - εύομαι `to watch the birds, auspicari' (D.H.) with - εία f. `auspicium' (Plb.), - ευτής m. `bird-catcher' (Att.; Fraenkel Nom. ag. 2, 62), - ευτική f. `the art of bird-catching' (Pl.); 11. - όομαι `to be changed into a bird' (Philoch.); 12. - ιάζω `to speak the language of birds' (sch. Ar. Av.). -- Further ὄρν-ιος = ὀρνίθ-ειος (AP), ὀρν-ίζω `to twitter' (Aq., uncertain; cf. ὀρνεάζομαι ab.). -- On itself stands ὀρναπέτιον n. (Boeot., Ar. Ach. 913; hypocor.-contempting) with unclear α; cf. further κινώπετον, ἑρπετόν a.o., also Bechtel Dial. 1, 308. -- On the diff. formations s. Robert Mél. Niedermann (Neuchâtel 1944) 67ff.Etymology: Both ὄρν-εον and ὄρν-ῑ-ς go back on a ν-stem (in ὄρν-εον enlarged with a prob. genderindicating ε(ι)ο-suffix ( τὰ ὄρνεα older than τὸ ὄρνεον? Chantraine Form. 62; cf. Risch $ 49 a); diff. Wackernagel Unt. 165 n. 1 (stem -neu̯o-). The more usual ὄρν-ῑ-ς is an orig. feminine ῑ-deriv. (cf. Schwyzer 465 a. 573), to which analogic. or popular θ- resp. χ-suffixes were added (Schw. 510 u. 496, Chantraine Form. 366 a. 377; but s. below). The for Greek to be assumed n-stem is found back in Germ. and Hitt. word for `eagle', e.g. Goth. ara (gen. * arin-s), OWNo. are and ǫrn (\< * arn-u- with u-flexion), OE earn etc., Hitt. ḫara-š, gen. ḫaran-aš, IE * or-(e\/ o-)n-. With this interchanges an l-stem in Balto-Slavic, z.B. Lith. erẽl-is, arẽl-is, OCS orьl-ъ, Russ. orël `eagle'. Further forms, also from Armen. and Celt., in WP. 1, 135, Pok. 325f., Fraenkels. erẽlis, Vasmer s. orël; w. rich lit.; older lit. also in Bq. - The suffixes -ῑθ-, -ῑχ- may be Pre-Greek.Page in Frisk: 2,421-422Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ὄρνεον
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71 πῡγή
πῡγήGrammatical information: f.Meaning: `behind, rump' (Archil.).Compounds: Several compp., e.g. πυγο-στόλος `decorating the rump' (Hes.; Martinazzoli Par. del Pass. 15, 209ff.), κατά-πυγος (H., Phot.) with - πυγότερος, - πυγότατος (Sophr., Epigr. Gr.), and - πύγων, - ωνος m. `voluptuous, lewd' (Arist.); f. κατα-πύγαινα (Att. amphora; Ed. Fraenkel Glotta 34, 42ff. w. lit.); on the insect-name πυγο-λαμπίς (Arist.) s. Strömberg Wortstud. 13f.Derivatives: 1. Diminutives πυγ-ίον n. (Tab. Defix.), - ίδιον n. (Ar.); 2. subst. πυγ-αῖον n. `the behind' (Hp., Arist.), - εών, - ῶνος m. `buttocks, arse (Hippon. 92; after κενεών, cf. Masson ad loc.); 3. Adv. - ηδόν `with the behind foremost, arse to arse' (Arist.), - ιστί meaning unclear (Hippon. 92; cf. Masson ad loc..); 4. Verb - ίζω `paedico' (Ar.) with - ισμα (Theoc.). Hypostasis ἐμ-πύγ-ια n. pl. `behind, region of the buttocks' (pap. Ia).Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]X [probably]Etymology: Word of everyday-language, completely avoided by feeling of decency in the ep. poetry and the higher lit. (Wackernagel Unt. 225 f.). -- No convincing etymology. The phonetic identity with Skt. pūga- `multitude, mass' etc. (Wood IF 18, 29, Persson Beitr. 1, 244 f.) does not mean much; s. Mayrhofer s.v. and below on πύννος. After Holthausen IF 20, 329 however to πύξ, πυγμή (s.v.) like NHG Steiß to stoßen, semant. certainly acceptable, but nevertheless, a. o. because of the vowellength, doubtful. Diff. Bezzenberger BB 27, 176f. (to πύματος etc.; s.v.). Combinations with German. to be rejected by Holthausen KZ 74,244. -- Prob. a Pre-Greek word (not in Furnée).Page in Frisk: 2,618-619Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > πῡγή
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72 σάλος
Grammatical information: m.Meaning: `turbulent movement of the sea, flushing of the waves', also `anchorage, roads' as opposed to a protected harbour (S., E., Lys., hell. a. late), metaph. of an earthquake (E. IT 46), `turbulent emotion' (LXX, Gal., Max. Tyr.; cf. ἀσαλής, σάλη below).Compounds: Some late compp., e.g. ἐπί-σαλος `exposed to the σάλος' (Secund., Peripl. M. Rubr. a.o.); prob. also in the ep. κονί-σαλος `cloud of dust' (s. κόνις). With transference to the σ-stems ἀ-σαλής `unshaken, unconcerned' (A. Fr. 319 = 634 M.) with ἀσάλ-εια f. = ἀμεριμνία, ἀλογιστία (Sophr. 113), ἀσαλεῖν ἀφροντιστῆσαι H.; to this, prob. as backformation, σάλη, σάλᾱ f. = φροντίς (Et. Gen., H.).Derivatives: Denomin.: 1. σαλεύω, also w. prefix, e.g. ἀπο-, ἐπι-, δια-, prop. of the ship `to roll (on the waves), to throw oneself about, to oscillate', trans. `to make oscillate, to shock' (Att. since A., also Hp., hell. a. late) with σάλευσις ( δια-) f. `oscillation' (Arist. a.o.), σάλευμα n. `id.' (D. Chr.). 2. σαλόομαι `to go with a rocking motion' (EM as explanation of σαλάκων). -- With velar suffix: 1. σάλαξ, - ακος m. `large sieve of mineworkers' (Arist. or Thphr. ap. Poll.), also as Att. name of a potter ( Σάλαχς; Krahe IF 57, 113), - αγξ μεταλλικὸν σκεῦος H.; σαλάκων, - ωνος m. `boaster, swaggerer, dandy' (Arist.; of the varying Ganges) with σαλακων-ία (- εία) f. (Arist., Alciphr.), - ίζω ( δια- Ar.), - ίζομαι, - εύομαι (H., Phot., Suid.); σαλάσσω ( ἐκ-) `to shake' (Nic., AP), prob. directly from σάλος after τινάσσω, ταράσσω a.o. 2. σαλαγέω = σαλάσσω, σαλεύω (Opp., Orac. ap. Luc.), σαλαγή βοή H.; cf. πατα-γέω, - σσω.Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]Etymology: Orig. technical word of sailors language; without convincing etymology. A very doubtful hypothesis (Lat. tullius etc.) s. τύλη, τύλος. -- Furnée 256 connects θάλασσα\/* σάλασσα (s.v.) and ζάλη, ζάλος `tornado, whirlpool' and concludes that the word is Pre-Greek. This is confirmed\/shown by the suffixes - αγ-, - ακ-, - αγκ-; cf. σηλαγγεύς (s.v.). -- Lat. LW [loanword] salus, salum ?Page in Frisk: 2,673-674Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > σάλος
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73 ἑκατηβελέτης
Grammatical information: adj.Meaning: surname of Apollon (Α 75, Hes. Sc. 100, h. Ap. 157; always in gen. -έτᾱο);Other forms: after it ἑκατηβελέτις ( Theol. Ar.).Origin: GR [a formation built with Greek elements]Etymology: Either from βάλλω (s. v.) or (better) for *ἑκατη-βελής with enlarging - της as in αἰει-γενέτης for *αἰει-γενής etc. after ἀκαλα-ρρεϜέ-της (\> ἀκαλαρρείτης), νεφελ-ηγερέ-τα etc., cf. Schwyzer 451f. A compound with βάλλω is in any case the synonymous ἑκατη-βόλος, Dor. -ᾱ- (Il.). Already by the ancients compared with ἑκη-βόλος and interpreted as `hitting from afar' or as `with hundred shots' explained. Against the latter, which was proposed by Wackernagel IF 45, 314ff. (= Kl. Schr. 2, 1254ff.) (he translated: `hundreds hitting'), must be objected, that one would expect as 1. member ἑκατομ-, cf. the old word ἑκατόμ-βη. The attractive connection with ἑκη-βόλος suggests that ἑκατη-βελέτης, - βόλος are metrically lengthened "Streckformen", perh. adapted to ἑκατόν. ἑκατη-βόλος could be a cross of ἑκη-βόλος and Apollons epithet Ε῝κατος (Il.) (cf. z. B. Ἴφι-τος for Ίφι-κράτης, - κλῆς a. o.). (Wrong Bechtel Lex. s. v.) - After v. Wilamowitz Glaube 1, 325 Ε῝κατος, Έκάτη are from an Anatolian language and by the Greeks adapted to ἑκατηβόλος, ἑκηβόλος; but ἑκά-εργος is certainly Greek. - Further Schwyzer 439 n. 8, and Kretschmer Glotta 18, 235f.Page in Frisk: 1,474Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ἑκατηβελέτης
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74 ἐσχάρα
Grammatical information: f.Meaning: `hearth, house-, sacrificing hearth' (Il.), metaph. `platform, stand' (Ph. Bel. u. a.), in medicin. language `scab, eschar on a wound by burning' (Hp., Arist.).Other forms: Ion. - ρηDialectal forms: Myc. ekara.Derivatives: ἐσχαρίς, - ίδος `pan of coals, brazier' (Com., Plu.) with - ίδιον (Delos IIIa), ἐσχάριον `id.' (Ar.), also `platform, stand' (Plb.) beside ἐσχαρεῖον `id.' (Attica); ἐσχαρ(ε)ών `hearth place' (Delos IVa, Theoc.; after the place indications in -( ε)ών, Chantraine Formation 164); ἐσχαρεύς `ships cook' (Poll.; vgl. Boßhardt Die Nom. auf - ευς 83); ἐσχαρίτης ( ἄρτος) `bread baked over the fire' (Com., LXX; s. Redard Les noms grecs en - της 89). ἐσχάριος `belonging to the hearth' (AP). Unclear ἐσχάρινθον name of a dance in Sparta (Poll.) As medicinal t. term basis of the denomin. ἐσχαρόομαι `form an ἐσχάρα (eschar)' with ἐσχάρωσις, - ωμα, - ωτικός; in the same sphere also ἐσχαρώδης (Poll., Gal.). - To ἔσχαρος fish-name s. v.Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]Etymology: Formation in -ρᾱ (like χώρᾱ, τέφρᾱ), but without cognate. Prellwitz connected OCS iskra `spark' (with ἑστία, Solmsen Unt. 218), what Vasmer Russ. et. Wb. s. v. rejects. Other unconvincing attempts in Bq, in W.-Hofmann s. cartibulum and in Deroy Revue Belge de phil. 26, 529ff. - Furnée 376 points out that σχάρα (Gloss.) may have lost the first vowel secondarily. As there is no cognate and as an IE protoform can hardly be posited, the word will be Pre-Greek.Page in Frisk: 1,577Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ἐσχάρα
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75 Άφροδίτη
Grammatical information: f.Meaning: goddess of love (Il.)Dialectal forms: Cypr. ᾽Αφοροδίτα, Cret. ᾽ΑφορδίταDerivatives: Άφροδιτάριον an eyesalve (Gal.), Άφροδιταρίδιον `darling' (Pl. Com.). Adj. Άφροδίσιος `belonging to A.' (Ion.-Att.), subst. Άφροδίσιον `temple of A.'; with ἀφροδισιακός; but Άφροδισιασταί `the adorants of A.' (Rhodos) cf. Άπολλωνιασται.Origin: LW [a loanword which is (probably) not of Pre-Greek origin] Sem.?Etymology: The connection with ἀφρός (Kretschmer KZ 33, 267) or other explanations (E. Maaß N. Jb. f. d. klass. Altertum 27, 457ff.) are now abandoned. - As the goddess seems to be of oriental origin (Burkert, Religion 152ff.), her name will also come from there. A possibility is the Semitic name of the goddess Aštoret, Astarte (Hommel N. Jb. f. klass. Philol. 125 [1882], 176); cf. Burkert l.c. 248 n. 18. It may have reached the Greeks through another language. - Less probable Hammarström Glotta 11, 21 5f.: Άφροδίτη the `Herrin, Vorsteherin, Fürstin', to Pre-Greek πρύτανις, etr. ( e)prʮni.Page in Frisk: 1,196-197Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > Άφροδίτη
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76 κύβος
Grammatical information: m.Meaning: `dice' (IA.), also of the eyes of the dice (E., Pl.) and the gaming table (Hermipp. 27, pl.); metaph. of dice-like objects, `cubus' (Ti. Lokr.), `cubic number' (Pl., Arist.), `dice-like stone-, wood-block' (hell. pap. a. inscr.), `cake, piece of salted fish' (com.); also `vertebra' (Rhian. 57; after ἀστράγαλος) and `hollow above the hip of cattle' (Ath. 9, 399b).Compounds: Some compp., e.g. φιλό-κυβος `who loves the dice' (Ar., Arist.).Derivatives: 1. κύβιον `in the form of κύβοι salted fish' (com., pap.) with κυβιάριον name of a belonging pot (pap) 2. κυβίας `kind of tunny' (Opp.; on the formation Chantr. Formation 94). 3. κυβοστόν n. name of a fraction (Dioph.; after εἰκοστόν etc.). 4. κυβεών m. `gambling house' (Tz.). 5. κυβικός `quadrangular' (Pl., Arist.). Denomin. verbs: 1. κυβεύω `dice, gamble' (Att.), also `deceive' (Arr.), with κυβεία `dice', κυβευ-τής `dicer', - τικός, - τήριον (Att.). 2. κυβίζω `raise to the cube' (Hero) with κυβισμός ( Theol. Ar.). 3. κυβᾳ̃ H. as explanation of πεττεύει.Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]X [probably]Etymology: The names vary from language to language and are often loans (Schrader-Nehring Reallex. 2, 423). Also κύβος will be a foreign word (Schwyzer 458); after Hdt. 1, 94 the Lydians claimed to have invented the game. Lat. LW [loanword] cubus. - Because of the incidental meaning `hollow above the hip of cattle' κύβος was with wrong idea of the development of the meaning connected with Germ., e.g. Goth. hups `hip' (Lat. cubitus `elbow'), Bq, WP. 1, 373f., Pok. 589f., W.-Hofmann s. cubitus; rejected by Kretschmer KZ 55, 89). - On κύβος = τρύβλιον (Paph., H.) cf. the words s. κύπελλον.Page in Frisk: 2,39-40Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > κύβος
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77 βαρβαρικός
A barbaric, non-Greek,χείρ Simon.136
; (Didyma, Seleucus I); τὸ β., = οἱ βάρβαροι, Th.1.6, 7.29;τὰ β. ἔθνη Arist.Pol. 1257a25
, etc.; νόμιμα β. leges barbarorum, name of a treatise by Arist.;νόμοι λίαν ἁπλοῖ καὶ β. Pol. 1268b40
; esp. of the Persians, X.An.1.5.6;ἐς τὸ β.
in barbaric fashion,Luc.
D Mort. 27.3; β. ἐπιδρομή inroad of barbarians, P Masp.321.5 (vi A. D.); more in the Persian fashion,Arr.
An.4.8.2: [comp] Sup. - ώτατος Sch.Th.7.29. Adv., ἐβόα καὶ -κῶς καὶ Ἑλληνικῶς, i. e. both in Persian and Greek, X.An.1.8.1, cf. Phld.Lib.p.13 O.;κεκλημένον β.
in the language of the country,Arist.
Mir. 846a32; in foreign fashion, App. Hisp.72.Greek-English dictionary (Αγγλικά Ελληνικά-λεξικό) > βαρβαρικός
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78 ἀ- (3)
ἀ-Origin: LW [a loanword which is (probably) not of Pre-Greek origin]Etymology: The origin of the phenomenon is unknown; it is due to a non-IE language. The fact may be different from the Pre-Greek prothetic vowel.Page in Frisk: 1,1Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ἀ- (3)
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79 αὐδή
Grammatical information: f.Meaning: `(human) voice, sound, speech' (Il.).Other forms: *οὐδήεσσα is a suggestion of Aristotle for αὐδ., meant as `ἐπίγειος'; Beekes, Die Spr. 18, 1972, 127f.Derivatives: αὐδήεις `with (human) voice' (Il.); denom. verb αὐδάω, aor. αὐδῆσαι `talk, speak, speak to' (Il.). (Chantr.'s opposition of a god(dess) with a human voice, language as opposed to the language of the gods is wrong. It means `having a voice (to speak with)', which may be `human' or `beautiful' as the context requires; s. Beekes, l.c. 128 n.3.Etymology: Long since derived from a root au̯ed-, seen in ἀείδω, and with long grade in ἀ(Ϝ)ηδ-ών. An o-grade (* h₂uod-, perhaps with loss of the laryngeal: De Saussure's law) would be found in ` Ησί-(Ϝ)οδος and in Ϝοδόν (written γοδόν) γόητα and Ϝοδᾶν (written γ-) κλαίειν H. (but Chantr. considers the glosses unreliable). The zero grade was seen in ὑδέω. The problem is that * h₂u-ed- beside * h₂u-ei-d is not easy, and that a long vowel in *h₂u-ēd- is also not very probable; there is also discussion whether * h₂ud- gave ὑδ- (Beekes) or αὐδ- (Peters, Lar. 65ff, 72). - Outside Greek * h₂ued- perhaps in Skt. vádati `speak', with zero grade ud- in ud-itá-. (Lith. vadinù `call, name', however, has *- dʰ-: Winter's law). Long grade e. g. Skt. vāda- m. `sound, call', OCS vada `calumnia', OHG far-wāʒan `deny'. Uncertain Toch. A wätk-, B watk- `order'. - S. ἀηδών, ἀείδω, ὑδέω, οὐδήεσσα.Page in Frisk: 1,184Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > αὐδή
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80 κόλαξ
κόλαξ, - ᾰκοςGrammatical information: m.Meaning: `flatterer, fawner' (Att. hell.).Compounds: Often as 2. member in the comedy, e. g. κνισο-κόλαξ, s. Risch IF 59, 277.Derivatives: κολακεία (Democr., Pl.), κολακίς f. (Clearch., Plu.), κολακικός `flattering' (Pl.) and κολακεύω `flatter' (Att. hell.); κολάκευμα (X.) `flattering', κολακευτικός `id.' (Pl.), κολακευτής = κόλαξ (Gloss.).Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]Etymology: Attic everyday language without etymology. Persson connects κηλέω, which is improb. because of the o-vowel; cf. Pok. 551, W.-Hofmann s. calumnia. Not better Pisani Ist. Lomb. 77, 553: to κέλλω, δύσκολος or Machek Slavia 16, 211 and Listy filol. 72, 69f.: to Slav. * cholcholiti in Czech. chlácholiti `soothe, acquiesce, flatter'. - Earlier attempts in Bq. - As the suffix - ακ- is Pre-Greek, so is the word prob.Page in Frisk: 1,896Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > κόλαξ
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