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21 πατέω
Grammatical information: v.Meaning: `to tread, to enter, to frequent, to tread under foot = to slight' (poet. since Pi.), `to tread grapes, grain' = `to tread, to thresh' (LXX, pap.).Other forms: Aor. πατῆσαι etc.Derivatives: From πατέω: πατ-ησμός m. `the treading' (A.), `the threshing' (pap.); - ησις f. `the treading (of grapes)' (Corn.); - ημα n. `refuse, sweepings, waste' (LXX); - ητής m. `grape-treader' (pap.), - ητή-ριον n. `treading place' (Mylasa); πατηνόν πεπατημένον, κοινόν H. From περι-πατέω: περιπάτ-ησις f. `the walking about' (late), - ητικός `walking about' name of a school of philosophers (hell.). From κατα-πατέω: καταπάτ-ησις f. `the treading' (LXX), `the walking about, inspection' (pap.), - ημα n. `that which is trodden under foot' (LXX). From ἀπο-πατέω `to retire' = `to do one's needs' (IA.): ἀποπάτ-ημα, - ησις (com., Gal.), also - ος m. `excrement, dung' (Hp., Ar.). From πηλοπατέω `to tread in mire' (pap., sch.): πηλοπατ-ίδες f. pl. "miretreaders" = kind of shoes (Hp.; cf. Fraenkel Nom. ag. 1, 243 a. 2, 116f. with wrong analysis). -- Besides πάτος m. 1. `road, path' (Hom., A. R.) with ἐκ-πάτ-ιος `astray, extraordinary' (A.); 2. `the treading, place where one treads, floor'; `the trampling, trampled matter, threshing, dust, dirt' (hell.); περί-πατος m. `the walking about, place for walking, discussion', name of a philosophers' school (Att. etc.).Origin: XX [etym. unknown]Etymology: In meaning 2. πάτος is clearly a backformation of πατέω (Frisk Eranos 38, 43 ff.), thus περίπατ-ος from περι-πατέω a. corresponding ἀπόπατ-ος. In the meaning `way, path' it can be however an old variant of πόντος; πατέω is then denominative. Schwyzer 726 (a. 705) leaves the matter open. Wrong Moorhouse Class Quart. 35, 90ff. -- DELG doubts the connection with πόντος. (Further s. πόντος.) πατέω has no etym.Page in Frisk: 2,480-481Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > πατέω
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22 περίνεως
περίνεως, -ωGrammatical information: m. Adj. a. subst. prop:Meaning: "exceeding the ship (the equipment of the ship, its crew)", `surplus', m. `fellow passenger, passenger' (Att. inscr., Th.).Origin: GR [a formation built with Greek elements]Etymology: Hypostasis from περὶ νᾱϜός like περί-αλλος, - εργος a.o. (Sommer Nominalkomp. 123 f.); on the facts also Morrison Class Quart. 41, 131 f.Page in Frisk: 2,513-514Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > περίνεως
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23 περιστερά
Grammatical information: f.Compounds: As 1. member a.o. in περιστερο-πώλης m. `pidgeon-vendor' (hell. pap.).Derivatives: Dimin. περιστερ-ίς f. and - ιον n. (also used as decoration of women), - ίδιον n. (Com., pap.), - ιδεύς m. (hell. pap.; Bosshardt 65); -( ε)ών m. `pigeonry' (Pl., pap.). On - ιον, - εών as plantnames `Verbena officinalis, supina' (Dsc, Ps.-Dsc.), because visited and loved by doves, s. Strömberg 118 and Moorhouse (s. bel.).Origin: XX [etym. unknown]Etymology: Not certainly explained. Perhaps with Schwyzer 258 to πελιός, πέλεια through false restitution of a supposed dissimilated *πελιστερά (cf. NGr. πελιστέρι) with oppositive τερο-suffix (Benveniste Noms d'agent 119 w. Iran. parallel). -- To be rejected Moorhouse Class Quart. 44, 73ff., AmJPh 73, 299 and Richardson Hermathena 73, 74f. (to περί), Assmann Phil. 66, 312f. (Semit.).Page in Frisk: 2,514Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > περιστερά
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24 πρόβατα
Grammatical information: n. pl.Meaning: `cattle, herd, flock' (Il.), `small cattle', sg. - ον mostly `sheep' (Att., Gort. etc.); also name of an unknown fish (Opp., Ael.; because of the similarity of the head, cf. Strömberg Fischn. 102).Compounds: Compp., e.g. προβατο-γνώμων m. `knower of herds' (A.), πολυ-πρόβατος `rich of cattle, sheep' (Hdt., X.).Derivatives: 1. Dimin. προβάτ-ιον n. (Att.). 2. Adj. προβάτ-ειος (Arist.), - ικός (LXX, N.T.) `belonging to sheep (small cattle)', - ώδης `sheep-like' (sp.). 3. - ών (- εών Hdn.), - ῶνος m. `sheepfold' (hell. inscr. a. pap.). 4. - ήματα πρόβατα H. (after κτήματα, βοσκή-ματα etc.; Chantraine Form. 178). 5. - εύς m. `shepherd' (title of a com. of Antiph.). 6. - εύω `to keep, tend cattle, sheep' (D. H., App.) with - ευτικός, - εύσιμος, - ευτής, - εία. 7. Plant-names: - ειον, - ειος, - αία (Ps.-Dsc.) "sheep-herb" (cf. Strömberg Pfl. 137). -- To πρόβειος, rhythmical shortening for προβάτειος (An. Ox. a.o.) Palmer Class Quart. 33,31ff.Etymology: In the same sense as πρόβατα we find once in collective meaning the verbal abstract πρόβασις (β 75 κειμήλιά τε πρό-βασίν τε), which designates here the moving cattle as opposed to the life-less ("lying") property. The origin from προβαίνειν (thus already EM) is confirmed by it. Thus OIcel. ganganda fé "going cattle" = `living stock' beside liggjanda fé ' κειμήλια', Hitt. ii̯ant- `sheep' prop. "the going", ptc. of ii̯a- `go', Toch. A śemäl `small cattle', prop. vbaladj. of käm-, śäm- `come' (= βαίνειν). Typical for Greek is however the prefix προ-; so πρόβατα prop. "those going forward", a notion, which seems to require an other way of moving as opposite, but has a correspondence in Av. fra-čar- and Skt. pra-car- `move forward' (opposed to `remain motionless'); s. Benveniste BSL 45, 91 ff. with extensive treatment and criticism of diverging views (Lommel KZ 46, 46ff.; s. also Kretschmer Glotta 8, 269 f.). -- The plural πρόβατα is usu., esp. because of the dat. pl. πρόβασι (Hdn.) for the usual προβατοις (Hes.), considered as orig. consonant-stem πρόβατ-α, to which secondarily πρόβατον (Bq s.v., Schwyzer 499 with Risch 178, Benveniste l.c., Egli Heteroklisie 41 ff.); against this with good arguments Georgacas Glotta 36, 178 ff., who rightly points to other infinite active το-participles, e.g. στατός `standing' (s. ἵστημι). -- In the secondary sense of `sheep' πρόβατον has replaced the older ὄις.Page in Frisk: 2,597-598Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > πρόβατα
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25 πτερόν
πτερόν Cf. πέτομαιGrammatical information: n.Meaning: `feather, wing, pinion', also metaph. of feather- and wing-like objects (Il.).Compounds: Compp., e.g. πτερο-φόρος `feathered, winged' (A., E.), ὑπό-πτερος `(swift) winged' (Pi., IA.; on the formation Schwyzer-Debrunner 532 w. n. 6 a. lit.); on ὑπο-πετρ-ίδιος s.v.Derivatives: 1. πτερό-εις `provided with feathers or wings' (ep. poet. Il.; cf. Kretschmer Glotta 27, 249 a. 278 w. lit., also Yorke Class Quart. 30, 151 f.); opposite ἄ-πτερος (Od.), a.o. of μῦθος (as opposite of ἔπεα πτερόεντα; diff., improbable, Hainsworth Glotta 38, 263ff.); 2. πτερω-τός `id.' (IA.), - τικός `belonging to plumage' (Vp); 3. - μα n. `plumage' (A. fr., Pl. Phdr. a.o.; rather enlarged from πτερόν than from πτερόομαι); 4. πτερό-της f. `winged condition' (Arist.); 5. πτέρ-ων m. n. of an unknown bird ( Com. Adesp.), - νις m. n. of a kind of hawk (Arist.); 6. πτερ-όομαι, - όω, also m. ἐκ-συν-, `to get wings, to become fledged' resp. `to feather, to wing' (IA.) with - ωσις f. `feathering, plumage' (Ar., Arist. etc.). -- Beside it πτέρυξ, -ῠγος f. `wing', like πτερόν often metaph. (Il.). Often as 2. member, e.g. τανύ-πτερυξ (Il.), also πτερόν - πτέρυγ-ος (Simon.) `spreading the wings'; extensively Sommer Nominalkomp. 70f. (cf. on τανύω). -- From πτέρυξ 1. dimin. πτερύγ-ιον n. des. of several winglike objects (Hp., Arist.); 2. - ώδης `wing-like' (Hp., Thphr.); 3. - ωτός `provided with wings' (Arist.); 4. - ωμα n. `poultry etc.' (late); 5. πτερυγ-ίζω, also w. ἀνα- a.o., `to move the wings' (Ar.); - όομαι, - όω meaning unclear (Lesb. lyr. resp. medic.), ἀπο- πτερόν `to lose the wings' (Vett. Val.); πτερ-ύσσω, also w. δια- a.o., `to flap with the wings' (Archil.[?], hell.), perh. from πτερόν; cf. Schwyzer 725 w. lit.Etymology: Beside πτερ-όν stand on the one hand Arm. t`er `side', with lengthened vowel t`i̇r `flight', t`r̄-čim, aor. t`r̄-eay `fly', on the other Skt. pátr-am n. `wing, feather', Lat. acci-piter, - tr-is `hawk', Germ., e.g. OHG fedara, OWNo. fjǫðr f. ' feather', all going back on IE * pter- resp. * petr- (the last also in ὑποπετριδίων ὀνείρων `winged dreams' [Alcm. 23, 49; cf. Kock ad loc.]?). The r-stem is still found in Hitt. patt-ar ( pitt-ar?) n., to which with heteroclit. gen. pl. - an-aš; a continuation of the alternating n-stem a.o. in Lat. penna f. `feather, wing' from * pet-n-ā. At the basis is the verb for `fly' in πέτομαι, πτέ-σθαι, s. v. -- A disyllabic form is seen in Skt. patar-á- `flying', beside which patár-u- `id.', which reminds of the u-stem in πτέρ-υ-ξ(?). As for -( υ)γ- no convincing example inside Greek can be found ( ὄρτυξ and other birdnames are too far off), several connections have been suggested: Skt. pataṅ-g-á- `flying' (for patan- cf. petn- above; on g s. ἀστράγαλος [but this is Pre-Greek]), Av. fra-ptǝrǝǰāt- `bird' (analysis uncertain: from * ptǝrǝ-g- `wing'?), Lat. protervus `turbulent' (from *pro-pterg-u̯os?), OLFr. fetheracco gen. pl. `alarum'. -- Controversial is the connection with Slav. (OCS, Russ. etc.) peró n. `feather', which cannot be directly equated with πτερόν and perh. rather belongs to Skt. parṇám n. `wing, feather, leaf' etc. After Petersson KZ 47, 272 πτερόν would be a cross of *περόν (= Slav. peró) and πτέρυξ. Here further Toch. B parwa pl. `feathers'; cf. v. Windekens Orbis 11, 194. -- Further details w. rich lit. in WP. 2, 20f., Pok. 826, W.-Hofmann s. accipiter, penna, prōtervus, Mayrhofer s. pataráḥ, pátram, parṇám, Vasmer s. peró; also Specht 216f. (much that is uncertain).Page in Frisk: 2,612-613Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > πτερόν
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26 ῥίζα
Grammatical information: f.Meaning: `root', also metaph. `origin, stem, base' (Il.).Dialectal forms: Myc. wiriza \/wriza\/.Compounds: Several compp., a.g. ῥιζο-τόμος m. `root-cutter, -gatherer, herbalist', πολύ-ρριζος `having many roots, rich in roots' (Hp., Thphr.).Derivatives: 1. ῥιζίον n. `little root' (Ar., Thphr.), pl. - έα (Nic., - εῖα Al. 265), prob. after ὀστέα beside (Dor.) ὀστία. 2. ῥιζίας m. ( ὀπός) `root juice' (: καυλίας; Thphr.). 3. adj. ῥίζ-ώδης `rootlike' (Thphr., Hero), - ικός `belonging to roots' (Plu.), - ινος `made of roots' ( PHolm.), - αῖος `serving as a base' (Sardes). 4. adv. ῥίζ-ηθεν (A. R.), - όθεν (Nic., Luc.) `out of the root'; - ηδόν `in a rootlike way' (Hld.). 5. verb ῥιζόομαι ( ἐρρίζωται), - όω (- ῶσαι), also w. ἐν-, ἐκ-, κατα- a.o. `to strike root, to root, to provide with roots, to affirm, to consolidate' (Od.; cf. Schwyzer 731, Ure Class Quart. N. S. 5, 226f.) with ῥίζ-ωμα n. `original ground, origin, rootworks' (A., Emp., Thphr.; Porzig Satzinhalte 188f.), - ωσις f. `striking root' (Philol., Thphr. a.o.). -- On ῥίζα and compounds and derivv. extens. Strömberg Theophrastea 5 8 ff.Origin: XX [etym. unknown]Etymology: From Aeol. βρίζα appears PGr. *Ϝρίδ-ι̯α, which differs in vocalism from Lat. rādīx = rād-ī-c-s (with enlarging -c- as e.g. in genetrī-x); in both cases we have a ι̯α-, resp. ī-deriv. of a noun, which is also found in Germ. and Celt.: ONorse rōt f. `root' from PGm. *u̯rōt-, IE *u̯rād-, which may be seen also in Lat. rād-īx (cf. below); beside it, with i-stem and zero grade Goth. waurts, OE wyrt, OHG MHG wurz `herb, root', PGm. *u̯urt-i-, IE *u̯r̥d(-i)-; Celt., e.g. Welsh gwraidd coll. `roots' with ī-suffix but the root vocalism has not been explained. The Germ. and Celt. forms and ῥίζα cannot represent a weak- or reduced grade; in spite of Schwyzer 352 who wants to assume a vowel i representing a reduced grade. (Lat. rādīx, but not ONorse rōt, can represent IE *u̯rHd-, but in other forms there is no laryngeal.) So the foms cannot be explained as yet, and we must reckon with loans. (Vine UCLA Indo-European Studies I 1999, 5-30 does not solve the problem.) -- Toch. B witsako `root' remains to be explained (hypothesis by v. Windekens Lex. étym. s.v.). Further forms w. lit. in WP. 1, 288 Pok. 1167, W.-Hofmann s. rādīx. Cf. ῥάδαμνος, ῥάδιξ. Cf. also NGr. (Rhodos) ῥόζος `root', a cross of ῥίζα and ὄζος `branch' (Hatzidakis Άθ. 29, 180ff.).Page in Frisk: 2,655-656Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ῥίζα
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27 σῖτος
Grammatical information: m.Other forms: pl. σῖτα n.Dialectal forms: Myc. sito.Compounds: Numerous compp., e.g. σιτ-αγωγός `conveying corn' (Hdt., Th. a.o.; Chantraine Études 91); σιτ-ηρέσιον n. `provision of grain, (money for) victualling, pay' (X., D., hell. a. late), prob. with suppression of the intermediate member for - σιτ-ὑπ-ηρέσιον to τὸν σῖτον ( τὰ σιτία) ὑπηρετεῖν (slightly diff. Fraenkel Nom. ag. 1, 190); σύσ-σιτος m. `table companion, messmate' (Thgn. etc.) with συσσίτ-ια pl., - ία, - ικός, - έω, - ησις.Derivatives: Many derivv.: subst. 1. σιτία pl. (rare - ίον sg.) n. `bread, fare, provision', also `corn' (IA. prose, com.); 2. dimin. σιτ-άριον n. `corn, bread' (Hp., pap.); 3. - ανίας ( πυρός) m. `kind of wheat' (Thphr.; beside κριθανίας [s. κριθή]; coubted by Kroll AmJPh. 60, 107); 4. - ώματα pl. `provision' (pap. IIp; - ώματα enlarged Chantraine Form. 186f.); 5. - ών, - ῶνος m. `granary, cornfield' (Roussel Mél. Navarre 375 ff.; Plu. a. o.); 6. -ώ f. surn. of Demeter (hell. a. late). Adj. 7. σιτ-ηρός (Hp., Arist. etc.); 8. - ικός (hell. a. late); 9. - ινος (late) `concerning the corn'; 10. - αῖα pl. n. `corn interest' (Olymos); 11. - ώδης `cornlike', τὰ σιτώδη `corn' (Thphr. etc.). Verbs 12. σιτ-έομαι, also w. κατα- a. o., `to feed' (ω 209 [ σιτέσκοντο]) with - ησις f. `(public) maintenance' (IA.); 13. - εύω, - εύομαι `to feed, to supply' (Hdt., hell. a. late) with - ευτός (X. etc.), - ευσις, - εύσιμος, - ευτής, - εία (hell. a. late); 14. - ίζω, - ίζομαι, often w. ἐπι-, `id.' with ἐπι- σῖτος ισμός `victualling' (X., D. etc.).Origin: XX [etym. unknown]Etymology: As opposed to πυρός and κριθή without convincing etymology. Often as LW [loanword] from an other IE language explained: 1. to Slav., e.g. Russ. žíto `corn', OPr. geits `bread' (Wiedemann BB 27, 213 n.); 2. to the Germ. word for `wheat', Goth. hvaiteis etc., i.e. from a northerly satemlanguage (G. Meyer Alban. Stud. 3, 51 n. 2). Diff. Hubschmid Sardische Stud. (Bern 1953) 104: like ἄρτος substratum word, to Basque zitu `corn, harvest'; Schott Festschr. Hirt 2, 47 (with Hemmel in Lewy Fremdw. 81 A.): to Sumer. zid `flour'; Maccarrone Arch. glottol. it. 31, 103ff.: from Egypt. sw.t `corn' (orig. Semit.). -- Not to ψίω `grind, masticate', ψίξ `crumb' (Prellwitz, Fick BB 28, 108).Page in Frisk: 2,711-712Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > σῖτος
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28 σκηρίπτομαι
Grammatical information: v.Meaning: `to support oneself, to uphold oneself' (Od., Nic., Ph.), act. (second., Wackernagel Unt. 131) σκηρίπτω `to support, to uphold' (A. R.), δια- σκηρίπτομαι (AP), ἐπι- σκηρίπτομαι (H. on ἐπισκή-πτω); only pres.Origin: XX [etym. unknown]Etymology: Expressive cross of σκήπτομαι and στηρίξασθαι, ἐστήρικται (pres. στηρίζομαι, -ω first trag.); Wackernagel l.c. a. 1, McKenzie Class Quart. 15, 47. The suppletive pair σκηρίπτομαι: στηρίξασθαι served also a euphonic dissimilation of otherwise arising *στηρίπτομαι: *σκηρίξασθαι; cf. Bechtel Lex. s. v., also Schwyzer 644 w. n. 2. -- Cf. σκηνίπτω.Page in Frisk: 2,729-730Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > σκηρίπτομαι
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29 Ε῝κτωρ
Ε῝κτωρ, -οροςGrammatical information: m.Derivatives: Έκτόρεος `regarding H.' (Il.; Aeolic?, Wackernagel Unt. 68f., cf. Schwyzer 106 and 275); atron. Έκτορίδης = Astyanax (Il.).Origin: IE [Indo-European] [888] *seǵʰ- `hold, subdue'Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > Ε῝κτωρ
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30 Εὔξεινος πόντος
Grammatical information: adj.Meaning: `the Black Sea' (Hdt., Pi.).Origin: LW [a loanword which is (probably) not of Pre-Greek origin]X [probably] Iran.Etymology: Prob. euphemistic for ἄξε(ι)νος `inhospitable' (of the Black Sea e. g. Pi. P. 4, 263, E. IT 348), from Iranian (Scythian?) through folk-etymology, cf. Av. axšaēna- `dark-coloured'. Vasmer Osteur. Ortsnamen (Acta Univ. Dorp. B: I 3 [1921]) 3ff., Jacobsohn KZ 54, 254ff. S. also Allen Class. Quart. 41, 86ff.; 42, 60 against Moorhouse ib. 34, 123ff.; 42, 59f., who rejects Iranian origin. Recently R. Schmitt, Sel. Onom. Writings (2000) 158-163, who assumes that these names did not refer to a reality, but that the colour-names were used to indicate the cardinal points, for which he gives reff. in n. 7 (but none about Persia); the use of the colour names would have to be the same as in the Slavic world; his reference to the interest of the Persian kings in maritime connections proves nothing. Also the fact that several southern seas were called `red' might better be connected with the fact that Homer knows two Ethiopia's; and καλεομένη just means `(was) called', not `so-called' and is not "a clear hint on the improper or figurative use of the \<colour\>word."Page in Frisk: 1,590Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > Εὔξεινος πόντος
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