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41 на своей шкуре
• НА СВОЕЙ ШКУРЕ испытать что; НА (СВОЕЙ) СОБСТВЕННОЙ ШКУРЕ both coll[PrepP; these forms only; adv; fixed WO]=====⇒ (to experience, live through sth.) personally, so that one understands it intimately:- X went < has gone> through Y himself;- X knows <learned etc> what Y feels <is> like.♦ В этот... период жизни с Альбиной дано было Лёве на своей шкуре испытать всю силу и ужас собственной НЕ любви (именно отдельно НЕ, а не вместе: просто нелюбовь - просто эмоция)... (Битов 2). In this period of his life with Albina... Lyova was allowed to experience firsthand the full force and horror of his own nor-love (precisely, not-love: mere unlove is mere emotion)... (2a).♦ Даже чечено-ингуши и калмыки... на своей шкуре испытавшие мудрость сталинской национальной политики (они все были высланы Сталиным в места не столь отдаленные), - и те тоже очень возмущаются... (Ивинская 1). Even the Chechens, Ingush, and Kalmyks, who had experienced at first hand the wisdom of Stalin's policies toward the minorites (they were deported, men, women, and children, to remote areas of the country), joined in the chorus of indignation... (1a).♦ Снова долг заставляет меня свидетельствовать о том, что пока ещё, по-моему, никто не рассказал, а мне довелось испытать на собственной шкуре (Марченко 2). Duty once more compels me to tell what I think has not yet been told by anyone and what I went through myself (2a).♦ "Я ведь тоже за Сталина. Но хотелось бы поменьше славословий - режут ухо". - "Непонятное ещё не есть неправильное, - ответил Марк, - верь в партию, в её мудрость. Начинается строгое время". Саша усмехнулся. "Сегодня на своей шкуре испытал" (Рыбаков 2). "I mean, I'm for Stalin, but I just wish there was a bit less glorification. It grates on me." "Something not understood is not the same as something wrong," Mark replied. "You must believe in the Party and its wisdom. Things are going to get tough." Sasha laughed. "Yes...I learned what that's like today" (2a).Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > на своей шкуре
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42 на собственной шкуре
• НА СВОЕЙ ШКУРЕ испытать что; НА (СВОЕЙ) СОБСТВЕННОЙ ШКУРЕ both coll[PrepP; these forms only; adv; fixed WO]=====⇒ (to experience, live through sth.) personally, so that one understands it intimately:- X went < has gone> through Y himself;- X knows <learned etc> what Y feels <is> like.♦ В этот... период жизни с Альбиной дано было Лёве на своей шкуре испытать всю силу и ужас собственной НЕ любви (именно отдельно НЕ, а не вместе: просто нелюбовь - просто эмоция)... (Битов 2). In this period of his life with Albina... Lyova was allowed to experience firsthand the full force and horror of his own nor-love (precisely, not-love: mere unlove is mere emotion)... (2a).♦ Даже чечено-ингуши и калмыки... на своей шкуре испытавшие мудрость сталинской национальной политики (они все были высланы Сталиным в места не столь отдаленные), - и те тоже очень возмущаются... (Ивинская 1). Even the Chechens, Ingush, and Kalmyks, who had experienced at first hand the wisdom of Stalin's policies toward the minorites (they were deported, men, women, and children, to remote areas of the country), joined in the chorus of indignation... (1a).♦ Снова долг заставляет меня свидетельствовать о том, что пока ещё, по-моему, никто не рассказал, а мне довелось испытать на собственной шкуре (Марченко 2). Duty once more compels me to tell what I think has not yet been told by anyone and what I went through myself (2a).♦ "Я ведь тоже за Сталина. Но хотелось бы поменьше славословий - режут ухо". - "Непонятное ещё не есть неправильное, - ответил Марк, - верь в партию, в её мудрость. Начинается строгое время". Саша усмехнулся. "Сегодня на своей шкуре испытал" (Рыбаков 2). "I mean, I'm for Stalin, but I just wish there was a bit less glorification. It grates on me." "Something not understood is not the same as something wrong," Mark replied. "You must believe in the Party and its wisdom. Things are going to get tough." Sasha laughed. "Yes...I learned what that's like today" (2a).Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > на собственной шкуре
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43 Ц-15
ПЫШНЫМ ЦВЕТОМ расцвести, распуститься и т. п. NP instrum Invar adv usu. used with pfv verbs fixed WO(to develop) extensively, in full measure (in contemp. usage, usu. used ironically of negative qualities and phenomena)blossomflourish thrive reach full flower (of negative phenomena only) run rampant.Талант его расцвел пышным цветом лишь в последний период его жизни. It was only in the last period of his life that his talent blossomed.В труппе театра пышным цветом расцвели зависть и взаимная злоба. Jealousy and mutual loathing ran rampant in the theater company. -
44 пышным цветом
• ПЫШНЫМ ЦВЕТОМ расцвести, распуститься и т. п.[NPinstrum; Invar; adv; usu. used with pfv verbs; fixed WO]=====⇒ (to develop) extensively, in full measure (in contemp. usage, usu. used ironically of negative qualities and phenomena):- blossom;- flourish;- thrive;- [of negative phenomena only] run rampant.♦ Талант его расцвел пышным цветом лишь в последний период его жизни. It was only in the last period of his life that his talent blossomed.♦ В труппе театра пышным цветом расцвели зависть и взаимная злоба. Jealousy and mutual loathing ran rampant in the theater company.Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > пышным цветом
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45 Historical Portugal
Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims inPortugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and theChurch (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict untilUN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU. -
46 ir
v.1 to go.ir hacia el sur/al cine to go south/to the cinemair en autobús/coche to go by bus/carir andando to go on foot, to walk¡vamos! let's go!2 to be gradually.ir haciendo algo to be (gradually) doing somethingva anocheciendo it's getting dark3 to go.le va bien en su nuevo trabajo things are going well for him in his new jobsu negocio va mal his business is going badly¿cómo te va? how are you doing?4 to go.estas tazas van con estos platos these cups go with these saucers5 to go, to belong.esto no va ahí that doesn't go o belong there6 to go, to leave (marcharse).irse a to go to¡vete! go away!El bus va por el camino The bus goes down the road.7 to go (to search).ir (a) por algo/alguien to go and get something/somebody, to go and fetch something/somebody (peninsular Spanish)8 to go (to consume, to disappear).se ha ido la luz there's been a power cut9 to be going (intención).ir a hacer algo to be going to do somethingte voy a echar de menos I'm going to miss you10 to get (to change).ir a mejor/peor to get better/worse11 to work.la manivela va floja the crank is loosela televisión no va the television isn't working12 to be meant (comentario, indirecta).ir por alguien to be meant for somebody, to be aimed at somebody13 to suit (clothes).irle (bien) a alguien to suit somebodyesta camisa no va con esos pantalones this shirt doesn't go with these trousers14 to do (tratamiento).irle bien a alguien to do somebody good15 to like, to care.no me va el pop I don't like pop music (peninsular Spanish)ni me va ni me viene I don't care one way or the other16 to attend.Ricardo va en las tardes Richard attends in the afternoons.17 to be doing, to make out.Me va bien I am doing well.18 to keep on, to keep.Ir caminando Keep on walking.19 to go for.Me va bien el negocio The business goes well for me20 to match.Estas medias van These socks match.* * *IRPresent IndicativeImperfect SubjunctivePast IndicativePresent SubjunctiveImperfect SubjunctiveFuture SubjunctiveImperative* * *verb1) to go2) get on3) extend•- ir a- ir a pie
- irse* * *Para las expresiones ir de vacaciones, ir de veras, ir dado, irse de la lengua, ver la otra entrada.1. VERBO INTRANSITIVO1) (=marchar)a) [indicando movimiento, acción] to go¿has ido alguna vez a Quito? — have you ever been to Quito?
¿a qué colegio vas? — what school do you go to?
esta carretera va a Huesca — this road goes to Huesca, this is the road to Huesca
ir con tiento — to go carefully {o} cautiously
¡ya voy!, ¡ahora voy! — coming!, I'll be right there!
¿quién va? — (Mil) who goes there?
b) [indicando la forma de transporte]•
ir [andando] — to walk, go on foottuvimos que ir andando — we had to walk {o} go on foot
¿vas a ir andando o en autobús? — are you walking or going by bus?
•
ir en [avión] — to fly•
ir en [bicicleta] — to ride•
ir a [caballo] — to ride•
fui en [coche] — I went by car, I drove•
ir a [pie] — to walk, go on foot•
fui en [tren] — I went by train {o} railc) [con complemento]iban muertos de risa por la calle — they were killing themselves laughing as they went down the street
d)• ir (a) [por] — to go and get
voy por el médico — I'll go and fetch {o} get the doctor
voy a por él — [a buscarle] I'll go and get him; [a atacarle] I'm going to get him
solo van a por las pelas — * they're only in it for the money
2) [indicando proceso]a) [persona]¿cómo va el paciente? — how's the patient doing?
el enfermo va mejor — the patient is improving {o} doing better
b) [acción, obra] to go¿cómo va el ensayo? — how's the essay going?, how are you getting on with the essay?
¿cómo va el partido? — what's the score?
¿cómo va eso? — how are things (going)?
todo va bien — everything's fine, everything's going well
los resultados van a mejor — the results are improving {o} getting better
c)• ir [por], ¿te has leído ya el libro? ¿por dónde vas? — have you read the book yet? whereabouts are you? {o} how far have you got?
3) [indicando manera, posición]4) (=extenderse) to go, stretchla pradera va desde la montaña hasta el mar — the grasslands go {o} stretch from the mountains to the sea
•
[en lo que] va de año — so far this yearen lo que va de semana hemos recibido cientos de llamadas — we've had hundreds of calls so far this week
5) [indicando distancia, diferencia]¡lo que va del padre al hijo! — what a difference there is between father and son!, father and son are nothing like each other!
de 7 a 9 van 2 — the difference between 7 and 9 is 2; [en resta] 7 from 9 leaves 2
6) [indicando acumulación]7) [en apuestas]¿cuánto va? — how much do you bet?
8) (=vestir)¿con qué ropa {o} cómo fuiste a la boda? — what did you wear to the wedding?
etiqueta 2)iba de rojo — she was dressed in red, she was wearing red
9)irle a algn —
a) [indicando importancia]b) [indicando situación]¿cómo te va? — how are things?, how are you doing?
¿cómo te va en los estudios? — how are you getting on with your studies?
¡que te vaya bien! — take care!
c) (=sentar) to suit¿me va bien esto? — does this suit me?
d) * (=gustar)le va al Cruz Azul — Méx (Dep) he supports Cruz Azul
10) [seguido de preposición]ir con (=acompañar, combinar) to go with ir de¿de qué va la película? — what's the film about?
no sabe de qué va el rollo — * he doesn't know what it's all about
va de intelectual por la vida — * he acts the intellectual all the time
ir para¿de qué vas? — * what are you on about? *
va para los 40 — he's getting on for 40, he's knocking on 40
ir por [indicando intención]va para cinco años que entré en la Universidad — it's getting on for five years since I started University
eso no va por usted — I wasn't referring to you, that wasn't meant for you
ir tras to go after¡va por los novios! — (here's) to the bride and groom!
11) [otras locuciones]•
[a lo que] iba — as I was saying•
ir a algn [con] algo, siempre le iba con sus problemas — he always went to her with his problems•
[¿dónde] vas?, -¿le regalamos un equipo de música? -¿dónde vas? con un libro tiene bastante — "shall we give him a stereo?" - "what do you mean? a book is fine"-¿le pido disculpas? -¿dónde vas? deja que sea él quien se disculpe — "shall I apologize?" - "what are you talking about? let him be the one to apologize"
•
si vamos a [eso] — for that matterpues, a eso voy — that's what I mean, that's what I'm getting at
•
es el [no] va más — * it's the ultimate•
ir de mal en [peor] — to go from bad to worse•
ir a lo [suyo] — to do one's own thing; pey to look after Number One•
ir y [venir], era un constante ir y venir de ambulancias — ambulances were constantly coming and goingllevo todo el día yendo y viniendo de un lado al otro de la ciudad — I've spent all day going from one end of town to the other
cuando tú vas, yo ya he venido — I've been there before, I've seen it all before
•
ir [y], ahora va y me dice que no viene — now he goes and tells me he's not cominglejos 1., 1)fue y se marchó — Méx * he just upped and left *
12) [exclamaciones]¡vaya! [indicando sorpresa] well!; [indicando enfado] damn!¡vaya! ¿qué haces tú por aquí? — well, what a surprise! what are you doing here?
¡vaya, vaya! — well I'm blowed! *
¡vaya coche! — what a car!, that's some car!
¡vaya susto que me pegué! — I got such a fright!, what a fright I got!
¡vamos! [dando ánimos] come on!; [para ponerse en marcha] let's go!¡vaya con el niño! — that damn kid! *
¡vamos! ¡di algo! — come on! say something!
vamos, no es difícil — come on, it's not difficult
una chica, vamos, una mujer — a girl, well, a woman
¡qué va!es molesto, pero ¡vamos! — it's a nuisance, but there it is
-¿no me vas a echar la bronca? -no, qué va — "you're not going to tell me off, are you?" - "of course I'm not"
¿perder la liga? ¡qué va, hombre! — lose the league? you must be joking!
2.VERBO AUXILIARir a ({+ infin}) to govamos a hacerlo — [afirmando] we are going to do it; [exhortando] let's do it
tras muchas vueltas fuimos a dar con la calle Serrano — after driving round for ages we eventually found Serrano Street
¿cómo lo iba a tener? — how could he have had it?
¡no lo va a saber! — of course he knows!
¿no irás a decirme que no lo sabías? — you're not going to tell me you didn't know?
¿no irá a soplar? — ** I hope he's not going to split on us *
ir ({+ gerund})•
no vaya a [ser] que..., no salgas no vaya a ser que venga — don't go out in case she comes¿quién va ganando? — who's winning?
¡voy corriendo! — I'll be right there!
id pensando en el tema que queréis tratar — be {o} start thinking about the subject you want to deal with
ir ({+ participio})voy comprendiendo que... — I am beginning to see that...
3.See:* * *1.verbo intransitivo1)a) (trasladarse, desplazarse) to goiban a caballo/a pie — they were on horseback/on foot
Fernando! - voy! — Fernando! - (just) coming! o I'll be right there!
voy al mercado — I'm going to the market, I'm off to the market (colloq)
¿adónde va este tren? — where's this train going (to)?
¿tú vas a misa? — do you go to church?
ir de compras/de caza — to go shopping/hunting
¿por dónde se va a...? — how do you get to...?
a eso voy — I'm just coming o getting to that
¿dónde vas/va/van? — (Esp fam) ( frente a una exageración)
¿dónde vas con tanto pan? — what are you doing with all that bread?
¿dejamos 500 de propina? - dónde vas! — shall we leave 500 as a tip? - you must be joking o kidding!
ir a por alguien — (Esp)
ha ido a por su madre — he's gone to get his mother, he's gone to pick his mother up
ten cuidado, que va a por ti — watch out, he's out to get you o he's after you
ir por or (Esp) a por algo: voy (a) por pan I'm going to get some bread; no irla con algo (RPl fam): no la voy con tanta liberalidad I don't go along with all this liberalism; no me/le va ni me/le viene (fam) (no me, le concierne) it's none of my/his/her business; (ne me, le afecta) it doesn't affect me/him/her; allí donde fueres haz lo que vieres — when in Rome, do as the Romans do
b) ( asistir) to go toya va al colegio/a la universidad — she's already at school/university
2) ( expresando propósito)ir a + inf: ¿has ido a verla? have you been to see her?; ve a ayudarla — go and help her; ver tb v aux I
3)irle a alguien con algo: no le vayas con tus problemas don't bother him with your problems; le fue a la maestra con el chisme — she went and told the story to the teacher
4)a) (al arrojar algo, arrojarse)tírame la llave - allá va! — throw me the key - here you are o there you go!
tírate del trampolín - allá voy! — jump off the board! - here I go/come!
b) (Jueg)ahí van otros $2.000 — there's another $2,000
ahí va! — (Esp fam)
ganó 20 millones en la lotería - ahí va! — he won 20 million in the lottery - wow o (AmE) gee whiz! (colloq)
5) comentarioeso va por ti también — that goes for you too o and the same goes for you
6) ( estar en juego) (+ me/te/le etc)le iba la vida en ello — her life depended on it o was at stake
7) (fam) (hablando de acciones imprevistas, sorprendentes)8) (+ compl) ( sin énfasis en el movimiento)¿van cómodos? — are you comfortable?
¿irán bien aquí los vasos? — will the glasses be safe here?
9) ( refiriéndose al atuendo)ir de algo: iban de largo they wore long dresses; voy a ir de Drácula I'm going to go as Dracula; iba de verde — she was dressed in green
10) ( en calidad de)¿de qué vas, tía? ¿te crees que somos tontos o qué? — (Esp arg) hey, what are you playing at? do you think we're stupid or something?
va de guapo/genio por la vida — (Esp arg) he really thinks he's good-looking/clever
11) (Esp fam) ( tratar)¿de qué va la novela? — what's the novel about?
12) camino/sendero ( llevar)ir a algo — to lead to something, to go to something
13) (extenderse, abarcar)el período que va desde la Edad Media hasta el Renacimiento — the period from the Middle Ages to the Renaissance
14) (marchar, desarrollarse)¿cómo va el enfermo/el nuevo trabajo? — how's the patient doing/the new job going?
va de mal en peor — it's going from bad to worse;; (+ me/te/le etc)
¿cómo te va? — how's it going?, how are things? (colloq), what's up? (AmE colloq)
¿cómo les fue en Italia? — how was Italy?, how did you get on in Italy?
me fue mal/bien en el examen/la entrevista — I did badly/well in the exam/the interview
que te vaya bien! — all the best! o take care!
¿cómo le va con el novio? — how's she getting on with her boyfriend?
15) (en juegos, competiciones)¿cómo van? - 3-1 — what's the score? - 3-1
voy ganando yo — I'm ahead, I'm winning
16) ( en el desarrollo de algo)ir por algo: ¿por dónde van en historia? where have you got (up) to in history?; ¿todavía vas por la página 20? — are you still on page 20?
17) ( estar en camino)ir para algo: vamos para viejos! we're getting on o old!; va para los cincuenta she's going on fifty; ya va para dos años que... — it's getting on for two years since...
18) (sumar, hacer)con éste van seis — six, counting this one
19) ( haber transcurrido)en lo que va del or (Esp) de año/mes — so far this year/month
20) ( haber diferencia)lo que va de un hermano a otro! — (fam) it's amazing the difference between the two brothers! (colloq)
21) (CS) (depender, radicar)22)a) ( deber colocarse) to go¿dónde van las toallas? — where do the towels go?
qué va! — (fam)
¿has terminado? - qué va! — have you finished? - you must be joking!
¿se disgustó? - qué va! — did she get upset? - not at all!
b) ( deber escribirse)¿va con mayúscula? — is it written with a capital letter?
¿va con acento? — does it have an accent?
c) (RPl) ( estar incluido)23)a) ( combinar)b) (sentar, convenir) (+ me/te/le etc)c)24) (Esp arg) ( gustar) (+ me/te/le etc)esa música no me va — that music does nothing for me o leaves me cold
25) (Méx) (tomar partido por, apoyar)irle a algo/alguien — to support something/somebody
26) vamosa) (expresando incredulidad, fastidio)vamos! ¿eso quién se lo va a creer? — come off it o come on! who do you think's going to believe that?
b) (intentando tranquilizar, animar, dar prisa)vamos, mujer, dile algo — go on, say something to him
vamos, date prisa! — come on, hurry up!
dar el vamos a algo — (Chi) to inaugurate something
desde el vamos — (RPl fam) from the word go
c) (al aclarar, resumir)eso sería un disparate, vamos, digo yo — that would be a stupid thing to do, well, that's what I think anyway
vamos, que no es una persona de fiar — basically, he's not very trustworthy
es mejor que el otro, vamos — it's better than the other one, anyway
27) vayaa) (expresando sorpresa, contrariedad)vaya! se me ha vuelto a caer! — oh no o (colloq) damn! it's fallen over again!
b) (Esp) ( para enfatizar)c) (al aclarar, resumir)2.vaya, que los hay peores — well, I mean there are plenty worse
ir v aux1)ir a + inf —
2)a) (para expresar tiempo futuro, propósito) to be going to + infva a hacer dos años que... — it's getting on for two years since...
b) (en propuestas, sugerencias)vamos a ver ¿cómo dices que te llamas? — now then, what did you say your name was?
bueno, vamos a trabajar — all right, let's get to work
3)a) (al prevenir, hacer recomendaciones)cuidado, no te vayas a caer — mind you don't fall (colloq)
lleva el paraguas, no vaya a ser que llueva — take the umbrella in case it rains
b) ( expresando un deseo)¿qué iba a pensar el pobre? — what was the poor man supposed o meant to think?
¿quién iba a ser si no? — who else could it have been?
¿no irá a hacer alguna tontería? — you don't think she'll go and do something stupid, do you?
5) ( expresando incredulidad)6)¿te acuerdas? - no me voy a acordar! — do you remember - of course I do o how could I forget?
b) ( al contradecir)¿dormiste bien? - qué voy a dormir! — did you sleep well?- how could I?
¿por qué la voy a ayudar? — why should I help her?
3.ir + ger: poco a poco irá aprendiendo she'll learn little by little; a medida que va subiendo as it rises; tú puedes ir comiendo you can start eating; ya puedes ir haciéndote a la idea you'd better get used to the idea; la situación ha ido empeorando — the situation has been getting worse and worse
irse v pron1) ( marcharse) to leave¿por qué te vas tan temprano? — why are you leaving o going so soon?
bueno, me voy — right then, I'm taking off (AmE) o (BrE) I'm off
se han ido de viaje — they're away, they've gone away
anda, vete por ahí — (fam) get lost! (colloq); (+ me/te/le etc)
no te me vayas, quiero hablar contigo — (fam) don't run away, I want to talk to you (colloq)
2) (consumirse, gastarse)cómo se va el dinero! — I don't know where the money goes!; (+ me/te/le etc)
3) ( desaparecer) mancha/dolor to gose ha ido la luz — the electricity's gone off; (+ me/te/le etc)
¿se te ha ido el dolor de cabeza? — has your headache gone?
4) (salirse, escaparse) líquido/gas to escape; (+ me/te/le etc)se le está yendo el aire al globo — the balloon's losing air o going down
5) (euf) ( morirse) to slip away (euph)6) (caerse, perder el equilibrio) (+ compl)irse de boca/espaldas — to fall flat on one's face/back
7) (andarse, actuar) (+ compl)vete con cuidado/tacto — be careful/tactful
8)a) (CS) ( en naipes) to go outb) (RPl) ( en una asignatura) tb9) (Andes, Ven) medias to run* * *= attend, go, run, go over, saunter, come, go forth.Ex. He was awarded the bachelor's degree, magna cum laude, from Harvard University, and he attended Rutgers Library School where he graduated first in his class.Ex. It was 'exceedingly inconvenient' because the books were entered in it 'where no person who goes to consult the catalogue would expect to find them'.Ex. Arabic numerals are used to denote further divisions, in an integral manner, running from 1 to 9999, as necessary.Ex. Compassion shadowed the trustee's face -- she could see he was desperate -- and compassion was in her voice as she answered: 'All right, I'll go over this afternoon'.Ex. She sauntered back to her desk, intending to work, and was a little perturbed to find that she could not work.Ex. This article urges children's librarians to attack 'aliteracy' (lack of a desire to read) as well as illiteracy by taking programmes, e.g. story hours, to children who do not come to libraries.Ex. Finally six men agreed to go forth in their underclothes and nooses around their necks in hopeful expectation that their sacrifice would satisfy the king's bloodlust and he would spare the rest of the citizens.----* algo va mal = something is amiss.* ¡allá voy! = here I come!.* a punto de irse a pique = on the rocks.* cosas + ir bien = things + go well.* descanso para ir al baño = bathroom break.* despedirse de Alguien deseándole que todo vaya bien = wish + well.* donde fueres haz lo que vieres = when in Rome (do as the Romans do).* el no va más = the be all and end all.* empezar a ir bien = fall into + place.* empezar a irse al garete = be on the skids.* empezar a irse al garete, empezar a empeorar = hit + the skids.* grupo de usuarios al que va dirigido = target user group.* ir a = get to, turn to, refer to, be out to, head for, come to, take + a trip to, go to.* ir a casa de = make + house calls.* ir acompañado de = come with.* ir a continuación de = follow in + the footsteps of.* ir a contra reloj = race against + time, race against + the clock.* ir a cuestas de = piggyback [piggy-back].* ir a dar un paseo = go for + a stroll.* ir a + Infinitivo = be to + Infinitivo.* ir a jucio = stand + trial, stand for + trial.* ir a jucio, ser juzgado, ser procesado = stand for + trial.* ir a la baja = be down.* ir a la bancarrota = go + belly up.* ir a la cárcel = serve + time.* ir a la escuela = go to + school.* ir a la guerra = go to + war.* ir a la par = proceed + in parallel.* ir a la par con = go + hand in hand (with), go + hand in glove with.* ir a las mil maravillas = go + great guns, go from + strength to strength, grow from + strength to strength, be fine and dandy.* ir a la zaga = trail, trail behind, lag + behind.* ir al centro = go + downtown.* ir al cine = go to + the cinema, movie-going.* ir al grano = cut to + the chase.* ir a lo seguro = play it + safe.* ir al pub = go to + the pub.* ir al teatro = go to + the theatre, theatre-going.* ir a + Lugar = trot off + Lugar.* ir al unísono = be hand in hand.* ir al unísono con = go + hand in hand (with), go + hand in glove with.* ir a otro sitio = go + elsewhere.* ir a pie = leg it.* ir a por = go for.* ir a por todas = go for + broke, shoot (for) + the moon.* ir a tientas y a ciegas = bump around + in the dark, fumble.* ir a toda velocidad = hurtle.* ir a un Lugar en coche = drive out to.* ir aun más lejos = go + a/one step further.* ir a un Sitio sin prisa = mosey.* ir a ver = drop in on, check out.* ir a ver a Alguien = say + hi.* ir a ver a Alguien a su casa = home-visiting.* ir bien = go + well, do + well, go + strong.* ir bien encaminado = be on the right track.* ir cada vez mejor = go from + strength to strength, grow from + strength to strength, go + great guns.* ir con = go with, come with.* ir con la corriente = go with + the flow, go along with + the flow.* ir con la nueva ola = ride + wave.* ir con mucho ojo = keep + Posesivo + eyes peeled, keep + Posesivo + eyes skinned, keep + Posesivo + eyes (wide) open.* ir con retraso con respecto a = lag + behind.* ir contracorriente = go against + the flow.* ir corriendo = hot-foot it to.* ir corriendo a = dash off to, run off to.* ir cuesta abajo = go + downhill.* ir de... a... = proceed from... to....* ir de... a = make + transition from... to..., range from... to..., go from... to..., work from... to, stretch from... to..., ricochet from... to.* ir de acampada = camp.* ir de aquí a allá = go out and about.* ir de aquí para allá = ply, bustle, jump, live out of + a suitcase, run + here and there.* ir de aquí para allá sin rumbo fijo = freewheel.* ir de compras = go + shopping.* ir de copas = go for + a drink.* ir de + Dirección = work from + Dirección.* ir de excursión = hike.* ir de excursión por la montaña = go + tracking.* ir de la mano = go + hand in hand (with), be hand in hand.* ir delante = lead + the way.* ir de mal en peor = go from + bad to worse.* ir demasiado lejos = overstate + case, go + too far.* ir de paquete = pillion riding, ride + pillion .* ir de perlas = come up + a treat, work + a treat, go down + a treat.* ir de putas = whoring.* ir descaminado = be on the wrong track, be headed down the wrong track.* ir de tranqui = play it + cool.* ir detrás de = chase after, lag + behind.* ir de un sitio a otro = shunt between.* ir de un sitio para otro = run around.* ir de vacaciones = go on + vacation, go on + holidays.* ir de viaje de novios = honeymoon.* ir dirigido a = be geared to, target, aim at.* ir en = ride.* ir en aumento = be on the increase.* ir en bici = bike.* ir en bicicleta = cycle.* ir encaminado hacia = be on + Posesivo + way to.* ir en caravana = go in + (a) convoy, drive in + (a) convoy.* ir en contra de = contravene, fly in + the face of, go against, militate against, stand in + contrast to, tell against, be at odds with, work at + cross purposes, be at cross purposes, turn against, play against, be contrary to, run up against, work against, set against, run + counter to, run + contrary to, be at loggerheads with, argue against, stand in + sharp contrast to, speak against, run + afoul of, fall + afoul of.* ir en contra de la corriente = go against + the flow.* ir en contra de la ley = be against the law.* ir en contra del reloj = race against + time, race against + the clock.* ir en contra del sentido común = violate + common sense.* ir en contra del sistema = buck + the system.* ir en contra del tiempo = race against + time, race against + the clock.* ir en contra de todos + Posesivo + principios = violate + principle.* ir en detrimento de los intereses = prejudice + interests.* ir en el asiento trasero = pillion riding, ride + pillion .* ir en moto = bike.* ir en paralelo con = run + parallel to.* ir entre = go between.* ir hacia = head for.* ir hacia atrás = page + backward.* ir hacia delante = page + forward.* ir hecho un desastre = look like + drag + through a hedge backwards, look like + the wreck of the Hesperus.* irle Algo a Alguien = fare.* irle a Uno = make out.* ir mal = go + wrong.* ir mal encaminado = be on the wrong track, be headed down the wrong track.* ir marcha atrás = back up.* ir más allá = go + one stage further.* ir más allá de = go beyond, go + deeper than, transcend, get beyond, go far beyond, move + beyond, take + Nombre + a/one step further/farther, go + past.* ir más allá de las posibilidades de Alguien = be beyond + Posesivo + capabilities.* ir más despacio = slow down, slow up.* ir más lejos = go + one stage further.* ir montado en + Vehículo = ride + Vehículo.* ir muy atrasado = be way behind schedule.* ir muy por detrás de = be far behind.* ir pegado a = hug.* ir poco más allá de + Infinitivo = go little further than + Gerundio.* ir por ahí = go + (a)round, be out and about, get out and about.* ir por buen camino = be on the right track.* ir por detrás = be behind, trail, trail behind, lag.* ir por detrás de = lag + behind.* ir por el buen camino = be right on track.* ir por mal camino = be on the wrong track, be headed down the wrong track.* ir primero = lead + the way.* ir rápido = fly.* ir retrasado con el trabajo = be behind in + Posesivo + work.* ir rumbo a = be on the road to.* irse = depart, make + departure, quit + Lugar, take + departure, go off, wend + Posesivo + way, leave, go away, take + Posesivo + leave, be gone, head off, walk out, make + a quick getaway.* irse a casa = go + home.* irse a freír espárragos = naff off.* irse a la cama = retire + at night.* irse a la mierda = naff off.* irse a la porra = go + pear-shaped, go down + the tube, go down + the drain.* irse al carajo = go + pear-shaped, go to + shit.* irse al cuerno = naff off.* irse al diablo = naff off.* irse al garete = go + kaput, be kaput, be up the spout.* irse al traste = come + unstuck, go + kaput, be kaput, go down + the tube, go down + the drain, go to + shit, be up the spout.* irse al trasto = go + pear-shaped.* irse a paseo = naff off.* irse a pique = founder, bite + the dust, give up + the ghost, come + unstuck, go + pear-shaped, go + kaput, be kaput, go + haywire, go down + the tube, go down + the drain, be up the spout.* irse a tomar por culo = naff off.* irse corriendo = dash off, shoot off.* irse de casa = leave + home.* irse de jarana = paint + the town red, go out on + the town.* irse de juerga = paint + the town red, go out on + the town.* irse de la lengua = spill + the beans, shoot + Posesivo + mouth off, let + the cat out of the bag, blow + the gaff.* irse de marcha = paint + the town red, go out on + the town.* irse de parranda = paint + the town red, go out on + the town.* irse de picos pardos = paint + the town red, go out on + the town.* irse derecho a = make + a beeline for.* irse de vacaciones = vacation.* irse enojado dando zapatazos = stomp away.* irse inadvertidamente = slip away.* irse la cabeza = go + bananas.* írsele a Uno Algo de las manos = get out of + hand.* írsele a Uno el santo al cielo = lose + track of time, it + go + right/straight out of + Posesivo + mind.* írsele la cabeza = go off + Posesivo + head.* írsele la mano a Uno = overplay + Posesivo + hand.* irse para siempre = go + forever.* irse por las ramas = go off + the track, get off + the track, go off on + another track, fly off on + a tangent, go off on + a tangent, wander off + track, wander off + topic, go off at + a tangent.* irse por la tangente = wander off + track, wander off + topic, go off on + a tangent, go off at + a tangent, go off + the track, get off + the track, fly off on + a tangent.* ir sobre ruedas = go off without + a hitch.* ir sobre seguro = be on secure ground, play it + safe.* ir tirando = get along + in the world, shuffle along, tick over, muddle along, keep + the wolves from the door.* ir todavía más lejos = go + a/one step further.* ir todo bien = be fine.* ir todo de maravilla = come up + roses.* ir unido a = go with + the territory (of), come with + the territory (of).* ir viento en popa = go from + strength to strength, grow from + strength to strength, go + great guns.* ir volando = hurtle, hot-foot it to.* ir y venir = come and go.* ir zumbando = whiz.* no tener que ir muy lejos = not have to look far.* no voy a aguantarlo más = not going to take it any more.* para que vayamos pensando = food for thought.* partido de ida = away game.* pendiente de ir a la última moda = fashion-conscious.* persona que va al cine = moviegoer [movie-goer].* público al que va dirigido = intended audience, subject audience, target audience, targeted audience.* que van dirigidos hacia el exterior = outbound.* quién iba a decir entonces que... = little did + Verbo + then that....* ser hora de irse = be time to go.* ser lo que a Uno le va = be (right) up + Posesivo + alley.* situación + irse de las manos = things + get out of hand.* si vamos a eso = for that matter.* todo ir bien = all + be + well with the world.* va a = gonna [going to].* vete a la mierda = fuck off.* véte al carajo = drop dead!.* véte al cuerno = drop dead!.* vete a tomar por culo = fuck off.* ya ir siendo hora de que = be high time (that/to/for), be about time (that).* * *1.verbo intransitivo1)a) (trasladarse, desplazarse) to goiban a caballo/a pie — they were on horseback/on foot
Fernando! - voy! — Fernando! - (just) coming! o I'll be right there!
voy al mercado — I'm going to the market, I'm off to the market (colloq)
¿adónde va este tren? — where's this train going (to)?
¿tú vas a misa? — do you go to church?
ir de compras/de caza — to go shopping/hunting
¿por dónde se va a...? — how do you get to...?
a eso voy — I'm just coming o getting to that
¿dónde vas/va/van? — (Esp fam) ( frente a una exageración)
¿dónde vas con tanto pan? — what are you doing with all that bread?
¿dejamos 500 de propina? - dónde vas! — shall we leave 500 as a tip? - you must be joking o kidding!
ir a por alguien — (Esp)
ha ido a por su madre — he's gone to get his mother, he's gone to pick his mother up
ten cuidado, que va a por ti — watch out, he's out to get you o he's after you
ir por or (Esp) a por algo: voy (a) por pan I'm going to get some bread; no irla con algo (RPl fam): no la voy con tanta liberalidad I don't go along with all this liberalism; no me/le va ni me/le viene (fam) (no me, le concierne) it's none of my/his/her business; (ne me, le afecta) it doesn't affect me/him/her; allí donde fueres haz lo que vieres — when in Rome, do as the Romans do
b) ( asistir) to go toya va al colegio/a la universidad — she's already at school/university
2) ( expresando propósito)ir a + inf: ¿has ido a verla? have you been to see her?; ve a ayudarla — go and help her; ver tb v aux I
3)irle a alguien con algo: no le vayas con tus problemas don't bother him with your problems; le fue a la maestra con el chisme — she went and told the story to the teacher
4)a) (al arrojar algo, arrojarse)tírame la llave - allá va! — throw me the key - here you are o there you go!
tírate del trampolín - allá voy! — jump off the board! - here I go/come!
b) (Jueg)ahí van otros $2.000 — there's another $2,000
ahí va! — (Esp fam)
ganó 20 millones en la lotería - ahí va! — he won 20 million in the lottery - wow o (AmE) gee whiz! (colloq)
5) comentarioeso va por ti también — that goes for you too o and the same goes for you
6) ( estar en juego) (+ me/te/le etc)le iba la vida en ello — her life depended on it o was at stake
7) (fam) (hablando de acciones imprevistas, sorprendentes)8) (+ compl) ( sin énfasis en el movimiento)¿van cómodos? — are you comfortable?
¿irán bien aquí los vasos? — will the glasses be safe here?
9) ( refiriéndose al atuendo)ir de algo: iban de largo they wore long dresses; voy a ir de Drácula I'm going to go as Dracula; iba de verde — she was dressed in green
10) ( en calidad de)¿de qué vas, tía? ¿te crees que somos tontos o qué? — (Esp arg) hey, what are you playing at? do you think we're stupid or something?
va de guapo/genio por la vida — (Esp arg) he really thinks he's good-looking/clever
11) (Esp fam) ( tratar)¿de qué va la novela? — what's the novel about?
12) camino/sendero ( llevar)ir a algo — to lead to something, to go to something
13) (extenderse, abarcar)el período que va desde la Edad Media hasta el Renacimiento — the period from the Middle Ages to the Renaissance
14) (marchar, desarrollarse)¿cómo va el enfermo/el nuevo trabajo? — how's the patient doing/the new job going?
va de mal en peor — it's going from bad to worse;; (+ me/te/le etc)
¿cómo te va? — how's it going?, how are things? (colloq), what's up? (AmE colloq)
¿cómo les fue en Italia? — how was Italy?, how did you get on in Italy?
me fue mal/bien en el examen/la entrevista — I did badly/well in the exam/the interview
que te vaya bien! — all the best! o take care!
¿cómo le va con el novio? — how's she getting on with her boyfriend?
15) (en juegos, competiciones)¿cómo van? - 3-1 — what's the score? - 3-1
voy ganando yo — I'm ahead, I'm winning
16) ( en el desarrollo de algo)ir por algo: ¿por dónde van en historia? where have you got (up) to in history?; ¿todavía vas por la página 20? — are you still on page 20?
17) ( estar en camino)ir para algo: vamos para viejos! we're getting on o old!; va para los cincuenta she's going on fifty; ya va para dos años que... — it's getting on for two years since...
18) (sumar, hacer)con éste van seis — six, counting this one
19) ( haber transcurrido)en lo que va del or (Esp) de año/mes — so far this year/month
20) ( haber diferencia)lo que va de un hermano a otro! — (fam) it's amazing the difference between the two brothers! (colloq)
21) (CS) (depender, radicar)22)a) ( deber colocarse) to go¿dónde van las toallas? — where do the towels go?
qué va! — (fam)
¿has terminado? - qué va! — have you finished? - you must be joking!
¿se disgustó? - qué va! — did she get upset? - not at all!
b) ( deber escribirse)¿va con mayúscula? — is it written with a capital letter?
¿va con acento? — does it have an accent?
c) (RPl) ( estar incluido)23)a) ( combinar)b) (sentar, convenir) (+ me/te/le etc)c)24) (Esp arg) ( gustar) (+ me/te/le etc)esa música no me va — that music does nothing for me o leaves me cold
25) (Méx) (tomar partido por, apoyar)irle a algo/alguien — to support something/somebody
26) vamosa) (expresando incredulidad, fastidio)vamos! ¿eso quién se lo va a creer? — come off it o come on! who do you think's going to believe that?
b) (intentando tranquilizar, animar, dar prisa)vamos, mujer, dile algo — go on, say something to him
vamos, date prisa! — come on, hurry up!
dar el vamos a algo — (Chi) to inaugurate something
desde el vamos — (RPl fam) from the word go
c) (al aclarar, resumir)eso sería un disparate, vamos, digo yo — that would be a stupid thing to do, well, that's what I think anyway
vamos, que no es una persona de fiar — basically, he's not very trustworthy
es mejor que el otro, vamos — it's better than the other one, anyway
27) vayaa) (expresando sorpresa, contrariedad)vaya! se me ha vuelto a caer! — oh no o (colloq) damn! it's fallen over again!
b) (Esp) ( para enfatizar)c) (al aclarar, resumir)2.vaya, que los hay peores — well, I mean there are plenty worse
ir v aux1)ir a + inf —
2)a) (para expresar tiempo futuro, propósito) to be going to + infva a hacer dos años que... — it's getting on for two years since...
b) (en propuestas, sugerencias)vamos a ver ¿cómo dices que te llamas? — now then, what did you say your name was?
bueno, vamos a trabajar — all right, let's get to work
3)a) (al prevenir, hacer recomendaciones)cuidado, no te vayas a caer — mind you don't fall (colloq)
lleva el paraguas, no vaya a ser que llueva — take the umbrella in case it rains
b) ( expresando un deseo)¿qué iba a pensar el pobre? — what was the poor man supposed o meant to think?
¿quién iba a ser si no? — who else could it have been?
¿no irá a hacer alguna tontería? — you don't think she'll go and do something stupid, do you?
5) ( expresando incredulidad)6)¿te acuerdas? - no me voy a acordar! — do you remember - of course I do o how could I forget?
b) ( al contradecir)¿dormiste bien? - qué voy a dormir! — did you sleep well?- how could I?
¿por qué la voy a ayudar? — why should I help her?
3.ir + ger: poco a poco irá aprendiendo she'll learn little by little; a medida que va subiendo as it rises; tú puedes ir comiendo you can start eating; ya puedes ir haciéndote a la idea you'd better get used to the idea; la situación ha ido empeorando — the situation has been getting worse and worse
irse v pron1) ( marcharse) to leave¿por qué te vas tan temprano? — why are you leaving o going so soon?
bueno, me voy — right then, I'm taking off (AmE) o (BrE) I'm off
se han ido de viaje — they're away, they've gone away
anda, vete por ahí — (fam) get lost! (colloq); (+ me/te/le etc)
no te me vayas, quiero hablar contigo — (fam) don't run away, I want to talk to you (colloq)
2) (consumirse, gastarse)cómo se va el dinero! — I don't know where the money goes!; (+ me/te/le etc)
3) ( desaparecer) mancha/dolor to gose ha ido la luz — the electricity's gone off; (+ me/te/le etc)
¿se te ha ido el dolor de cabeza? — has your headache gone?
4) (salirse, escaparse) líquido/gas to escape; (+ me/te/le etc)se le está yendo el aire al globo — the balloon's losing air o going down
5) (euf) ( morirse) to slip away (euph)6) (caerse, perder el equilibrio) (+ compl)irse de boca/espaldas — to fall flat on one's face/back
7) (andarse, actuar) (+ compl)vete con cuidado/tacto — be careful/tactful
8)a) (CS) ( en naipes) to go outb) (RPl) ( en una asignatura) tb9) (Andes, Ven) medias to run* * *= attend, go, run, go over, saunter, come, go forth.Ex: He was awarded the bachelor's degree, magna cum laude, from Harvard University, and he attended Rutgers Library School where he graduated first in his class.
Ex: It was 'exceedingly inconvenient' because the books were entered in it 'where no person who goes to consult the catalogue would expect to find them'.Ex: Arabic numerals are used to denote further divisions, in an integral manner, running from 1 to 9999, as necessary.Ex: Compassion shadowed the trustee's face -- she could see he was desperate -- and compassion was in her voice as she answered: 'All right, I'll go over this afternoon'.Ex: She sauntered back to her desk, intending to work, and was a little perturbed to find that she could not work.Ex: This article urges children's librarians to attack 'aliteracy' (lack of a desire to read) as well as illiteracy by taking programmes, e.g. story hours, to children who do not come to libraries.Ex: Finally six men agreed to go forth in their underclothes and nooses around their necks in hopeful expectation that their sacrifice would satisfy the king's bloodlust and he would spare the rest of the citizens.* algo va mal = something is amiss.* ¡allá voy! = here I come!.* a punto de irse a pique = on the rocks.* cosas + ir bien = things + go well.* descanso para ir al baño = bathroom break.* despedirse de Alguien deseándole que todo vaya bien = wish + well.* donde fueres haz lo que vieres = when in Rome (do as the Romans do).* el no va más = the be all and end all.* empezar a ir bien = fall into + place.* empezar a irse al garete = be on the skids.* empezar a irse al garete, empezar a empeorar = hit + the skids.* grupo de usuarios al que va dirigido = target user group.* ir a = get to, turn to, refer to, be out to, head for, come to, take + a trip to, go to.* ir a casa de = make + house calls.* ir acompañado de = come with.* ir a continuación de = follow in + the footsteps of.* ir a contra reloj = race against + time, race against + the clock.* ir a cuestas de = piggyback [piggy-back].* ir a dar un paseo = go for + a stroll.* ir a + Infinitivo = be to + Infinitivo.* ir a jucio = stand + trial, stand for + trial.* ir a jucio, ser juzgado, ser procesado = stand for + trial.* ir a la baja = be down.* ir a la bancarrota = go + belly up.* ir a la cárcel = serve + time.* ir a la escuela = go to + school.* ir a la guerra = go to + war.* ir a la par = proceed + in parallel.* ir a la par con = go + hand in hand (with), go + hand in glove with.* ir a las mil maravillas = go + great guns, go from + strength to strength, grow from + strength to strength, be fine and dandy.* ir a la zaga = trail, trail behind, lag + behind.* ir al centro = go + downtown.* ir al cine = go to + the cinema, movie-going.* ir al grano = cut to + the chase.* ir a lo seguro = play it + safe.* ir al pub = go to + the pub.* ir al teatro = go to + the theatre, theatre-going.* ir a + Lugar = trot off + Lugar.* ir al unísono = be hand in hand.* ir al unísono con = go + hand in hand (with), go + hand in glove with.* ir a otro sitio = go + elsewhere.* ir a pie = leg it.* ir a por = go for.* ir a por todas = go for + broke, shoot (for) + the moon.* ir a tientas y a ciegas = bump around + in the dark, fumble.* ir a toda velocidad = hurtle.* ir a un Lugar en coche = drive out to.* ir aun más lejos = go + a/one step further.* ir a un Sitio sin prisa = mosey.* ir a ver = drop in on, check out.* ir a ver a Alguien = say + hi.* ir a ver a Alguien a su casa = home-visiting.* ir bien = go + well, do + well, go + strong.* ir bien encaminado = be on the right track.* ir cada vez mejor = go from + strength to strength, grow from + strength to strength, go + great guns.* ir con = go with, come with.* ir con la corriente = go with + the flow, go along with + the flow.* ir con la nueva ola = ride + wave.* ir con mucho ojo = keep + Posesivo + eyes peeled, keep + Posesivo + eyes skinned, keep + Posesivo + eyes (wide) open.* ir con retraso con respecto a = lag + behind.* ir contracorriente = go against + the flow.* ir corriendo = hot-foot it to.* ir corriendo a = dash off to, run off to.* ir cuesta abajo = go + downhill.* ir de... a... = proceed from... to....* ir de... a = make + transition from... to..., range from... to..., go from... to..., work from... to, stretch from... to..., ricochet from... to.* ir de acampada = camp.* ir de aquí a allá = go out and about.* ir de aquí para allá = ply, bustle, jump, live out of + a suitcase, run + here and there.* ir de aquí para allá sin rumbo fijo = freewheel.* ir de compras = go + shopping.* ir de copas = go for + a drink.* ir de + Dirección = work from + Dirección.* ir de excursión = hike.* ir de excursión por la montaña = go + tracking.* ir de la mano = go + hand in hand (with), be hand in hand.* ir delante = lead + the way.* ir de mal en peor = go from + bad to worse.* ir demasiado lejos = overstate + case, go + too far.* ir de paquete = pillion riding, ride + pillion.* ir de perlas = come up + a treat, work + a treat, go down + a treat.* ir de putas = whoring.* ir descaminado = be on the wrong track, be headed down the wrong track.* ir de tranqui = play it + cool.* ir detrás de = chase after, lag + behind.* ir de un sitio a otro = shunt between.* ir de un sitio para otro = run around.* ir de vacaciones = go on + vacation, go on + holidays.* ir de viaje de novios = honeymoon.* ir dirigido a = be geared to, target, aim at.* ir en = ride.* ir en aumento = be on the increase.* ir en bici = bike.* ir en bicicleta = cycle.* ir encaminado hacia = be on + Posesivo + way to.* ir en caravana = go in + (a) convoy, drive in + (a) convoy.* ir en contra de = contravene, fly in + the face of, go against, militate against, stand in + contrast to, tell against, be at odds with, work at + cross purposes, be at cross purposes, turn against, play against, be contrary to, run up against, work against, set against, run + counter to, run + contrary to, be at loggerheads with, argue against, stand in + sharp contrast to, speak against, run + afoul of, fall + afoul of.* ir en contra de la corriente = go against + the flow.* ir en contra de la ley = be against the law.* ir en contra del reloj = race against + time, race against + the clock.* ir en contra del sentido común = violate + common sense.* ir en contra del sistema = buck + the system.* ir en contra del tiempo = race against + time, race against + the clock.* ir en contra de todos + Posesivo + principios = violate + principle.* ir en detrimento de los intereses = prejudice + interests.* ir en el asiento trasero = pillion riding, ride + pillion.* ir en moto = bike.* ir en paralelo con = run + parallel to.* ir entre = go between.* ir hacia = head for.* ir hacia atrás = page + backward.* ir hacia delante = page + forward.* ir hecho un desastre = look like + drag + through a hedge backwards, look like + the wreck of the Hesperus.* irle Algo a Alguien = fare.* irle a Uno = make out.* ir mal = go + wrong.* ir mal encaminado = be on the wrong track, be headed down the wrong track.* ir marcha atrás = back up.* ir más allá = go + one stage further.* ir más allá de = go beyond, go + deeper than, transcend, get beyond, go far beyond, move + beyond, take + Nombre + a/one step further/farther, go + past.* ir más allá de las posibilidades de Alguien = be beyond + Posesivo + capabilities.* ir más despacio = slow down, slow up.* ir más lejos = go + one stage further.* ir montado en + Vehículo = ride + Vehículo.* ir muy atrasado = be way behind schedule.* ir muy por detrás de = be far behind.* ir pegado a = hug.* ir poco más allá de + Infinitivo = go little further than + Gerundio.* ir por ahí = go + (a)round, be out and about, get out and about.* ir por buen camino = be on the right track.* ir por detrás = be behind, trail, trail behind, lag.* ir por detrás de = lag + behind.* ir por el buen camino = be right on track.* ir por mal camino = be on the wrong track, be headed down the wrong track.* ir primero = lead + the way.* ir rápido = fly.* ir retrasado con el trabajo = be behind in + Posesivo + work.* ir rumbo a = be on the road to.* irse = depart, make + departure, quit + Lugar, take + departure, go off, wend + Posesivo + way, leave, go away, take + Posesivo + leave, be gone, head off, walk out, make + a quick getaway.* irse a casa = go + home.* irse a freír espárragos = naff off.* irse a la cama = retire + at night.* irse a la mierda = naff off.* irse a la porra = go + pear-shaped, go down + the tube, go down + the drain.* irse al carajo = go + pear-shaped, go to + shit.* irse al cuerno = naff off.* irse al diablo = naff off.* irse al garete = go + kaput, be kaput, be up the spout.* irse al traste = come + unstuck, go + kaput, be kaput, go down + the tube, go down + the drain, go to + shit, be up the spout.* irse al trasto = go + pear-shaped.* irse a paseo = naff off.* irse a pique = founder, bite + the dust, give up + the ghost, come + unstuck, go + pear-shaped, go + kaput, be kaput, go + haywire, go down + the tube, go down + the drain, be up the spout.* irse a tomar por culo = naff off.* irse corriendo = dash off, shoot off.* irse de casa = leave + home.* irse de jarana = paint + the town red, go out on + the town.* irse de juerga = paint + the town red, go out on + the town.* irse de la lengua = spill + the beans, shoot + Posesivo + mouth off, let + the cat out of the bag, blow + the gaff.* irse de marcha = paint + the town red, go out on + the town.* irse de parranda = paint + the town red, go out on + the town.* irse de picos pardos = paint + the town red, go out on + the town.* irse derecho a = make + a beeline for.* irse de vacaciones = vacation.* irse enojado dando zapatazos = stomp away.* irse inadvertidamente = slip away.* irse la cabeza = go + bananas.* írsele a Uno Algo de las manos = get out of + hand.* írsele a Uno el santo al cielo = lose + track of time, it + go + right/straight out of + Posesivo + mind.* írsele la cabeza = go off + Posesivo + head.* írsele la mano a Uno = overplay + Posesivo + hand.* irse para siempre = go + forever.* irse por las ramas = go off + the track, get off + the track, go off on + another track, fly off on + a tangent, go off on + a tangent, wander off + track, wander off + topic, go off at + a tangent.* irse por la tangente = wander off + track, wander off + topic, go off on + a tangent, go off at + a tangent, go off + the track, get off + the track, fly off on + a tangent.* ir sobre ruedas = go off without + a hitch.* ir sobre seguro = be on secure ground, play it + safe.* ir tirando = get along + in the world, shuffle along, tick over, muddle along, keep + the wolves from the door.* ir todavía más lejos = go + a/one step further.* ir todo bien = be fine.* ir todo de maravilla = come up + roses.* ir unido a = go with + the territory (of), come with + the territory (of).* ir viento en popa = go from + strength to strength, grow from + strength to strength, go + great guns.* ir volando = hurtle, hot-foot it to.* ir y venir = come and go.* ir zumbando = whiz.* no tener que ir muy lejos = not have to look far.* no voy a aguantarlo más = not going to take it any more.* para que vayamos pensando = food for thought.* partido de ida = away game.* pendiente de ir a la última moda = fashion-conscious.* persona que va al cine = moviegoer [movie-goer].* público al que va dirigido = intended audience, subject audience, target audience, targeted audience.* que van dirigidos hacia el exterior = outbound.* quién iba a decir entonces que... = little did + Verbo + then that....* ser hora de irse = be time to go.* ser lo que a Uno le va = be (right) up + Posesivo + alley.* situación + irse de las manos = things + get out of hand.* si vamos a eso = for that matter.* todo ir bien = all + be + well with the world.* va a = gonna [going to].* vete a la mierda = fuck off.* véte al carajo = drop dead!.* véte al cuerno = drop dead!.* vete a tomar por culo = fuck off.* ya ir siendo hora de que = be high time (that/to/for), be about time (that).* * *ir [ I27 ]■ ir (verbo intransitivo)A trasladarse, desplazarseB expresando propósitoC irle a alguien con algoD1 al arrojar algo, arrojarse2 JuegosE con comentariosF estar en juegoG hablando de acciones imprevistasA ir + complementoB refiriéndose al atuendoC en calidad deD tratarA llevar aB extenderse, abarcarA marchar, desarrollarseB en juegos, competicionesC en el desarrollo de algoD estar en caminoE sumar, hacerF haber transcurridoG haber una diferenciaH depender, radicarA1 deber colocarse2 deber escribirse3 estar incluidoB1 combinar2 sentar, convenir3 ir en contra de algoC gustarD tomar partido por, apoyarA1 expresando incredulidad etc2 intentando tranquilizar, animar3 al aclarar, resumirB1 expresando sorpresa, contrariedad2 para enfatizar3 al aclarar, resumir■ ir (verbo auxiliar)A1 para expresar tiempo futuro2 expresando intención, propósito3 en propuestas, sugerenciasB al prevenir, hacer recomendacionesC expresando inevitabilidadD expresando incredulidadE1 en afirmaciones enfáticas2 al contradecirSentido II expresando un proceso paulatino■ irse (verbo pronominal)A marcharseB consumirse, gastarseC desaparecer: mancha, dolorD salirse, escaparseE morirseF caerse, perder el equilibrioG andarse, actuarH1 en naipes2 en una asignaturaI las mediasviA (trasladarse, desplazarse) to go¿vamos en taxi? shall we go by taxi?iban a caballo/a pie they were on horseback/on footir por mar to go by sea¡Fernando! — ¡voy! Fernando! — (just) coming! o I'll be right with you! o I'll be with you right away!es la tercera vez que te llamo — ¡ya va or voy! this is the third time I've called you — alright, alright, I'm (just) coming!¿quién va? who goes there?lo oía ir y venir por la habitación I could hear him pacing up and down the roomel ir y venir de la gente por la avenida the to-ing and fro-ing of people along the avenueel ir y venir de los invitados the coming and going of the guestsno he hecho más que ir y venir de un lado para otro sin conseguir nada I've done nothing but run around without getting anything donevoy al mercado I'm going to the market, I'm off to the market ( colloq)vamos a casa let's go home¿adónde va este tren? where's this train going (to)?¿tú vas a misa? do you go to church?nunca va a clase he never goes to o attends classir de compras/de caza to go shopping/huntingya vamos para allá we're on our way¿para dónde vas? where are you headed (for)?, where are you heading (for)? ( BrE)¿por dónde se va a la estación? how do you get to the station?fuimos por el camino de la costa we went along o took the coastal routeno vayas por ese lado, es más largo don't go that way, it's longera eso voy/vamos I'm/we're just coming o getting to that¿dónde vas/va/van? (frente a una exageración) ( fam): ¿dónde vas con tanto pan? what are you doing with all that bread?¿dejamos 500 de propina? — ¡dónde vas! con 100 hay de sobra shall we leave 500 as a tip? — you must be joking o kidding! 100 will be more than enough¡eh, dónde vas! te dije un poquito steady on o easy! I said I wanted a little bitir a dar a un lugar: ¿quién sabe dónde fue a dar la pelota? who knows where the ball got to o went?nos tomamos un tren equivocado y fuimos a dar a Maroñas we took the wrong train and ended up in Maroñasir a por algn ( Esp): ha ido a por su madre he's gone to get o fetch his mother, he's gone to pick his mother upten cuidado, que va a por ti watch out, he's out to get you o he's after youel perro fue a por él the dog went for himir por or ( Esp) a por algo: voy (a) por pan I'm going to get some bread, I'm off to get some bread ( colloq)no irla con algo ( RPl fam): no la voy con tanta liberalidad I don't hold with o I don't go along with all this liberalismno me/le va ni me/le viene ( fam); I'm/he's not in the least bit bothered, I don't/he doesn't mind at allallí donde fueres haz lo que vieres when in Rome, do as the Romans doB (expresando propósito) ir A + INF:¿has ido a verla? have you been to see her?ve a ayudarla go and help herfue a ayudarla he went to help her¿me irías a comprar el pan? would you go and buy the bread for me?Cirle a algn con algo: no le vayas con tus problemas don't bother him with your problemsa la maestra no le gusta que le vayan con chismes the teacher doesn't like people telling on each other o people coming to her with talesD1(al arrojar algo, arrojarse): tírame la llave — ¡allá va! throw me the key — here it comes o there you go!tírate del trampolín — bueno ¡allá voy! jump off the board! — here I go/come!2 ( Juegos):ahí van otros $2.000 there's another $2,000¡no va más! no more bets!David ganó 20 millones en la lotería — ¡ahí va! David won 20 million in the lottery — wow o ( AmE) gee whiz! ( colloq)E«comentario»: no iba con mala intención it wasn't meant unkindly, I didn't mean it nastilyten cuidado con él, que esta vez va en serio be careful, this time he's serious o he means businessir POR algn:y eso va por ti también and that goes for you too o and the same goes for you o and I'm referring to you tooF (estar en juego) (+ me/te/le etc):se puso como si le fuera la vida en ello she acted as if her life depended on it o was at stakele va el trabajo en esto his job depends on this, his job is on the lineG ( fam)(hablando de acciones imprevistas, sorprendentes): fue y le dio un puñetazo she went and o she upped and punched himy la tonta va y se lo cree and like an idiot she believed him, and the idiot went and believed him ( BrE colloq)fueron y se sentaron justo donde estaba recién pintado they went and sat down right where it had just been paintedA (+ complemento)(sin énfasis en el movimiento): los caminantes iban cantando por el camino the walkers sang as they went along¿van cómodos allí atrás? are you comfortable back there?¿irán bien aquí los vasos? will the glasses be safe here?ella iba dormida en el asiento de atrás she was asleep in the back seatpor lo menos íbamos sentados at least we were sitting downel niño iba sentado en el manillar the child was sitting o riding on the handlebarsiba por la calle hablando solo he talked to himself as he walked along the streetvas que pareces un pordiosero you look like some sort of beggarse notaba que iba con miedo you could see that she was afraidel tren iba llenísimo the train was packeddéjame que te ayude que vas muy cargada you have a lot to carry, let me help youel ciclista colombiano va a la cabeza the Colombian cyclist is in the leadno vayas tan rápido, que te vas a equivocar don't do it o go so fast or you'll make a mistakehay que ir con los ojos bien abiertos you have to keep your eyes openva de chasco en chasco he's had one disappointment after another, he seems to lurch from one disappointment to anotherB (refiriéndose al atuendo) ir DE algo:iban de largo they wore long dressesvoy a ir de Drácula I'm going to go as Draculaiba de verde she was dressed in green, she was wearing greenC (en calidad de) ir DE algo to go (along) AS sthyo fui de intérprete, porque él no habla inglés I went along as an interpreter, because he doesn't speak English¿de qué vas, tía? ¿te crees que somos tontos o qué? ( Esp arg); hey, what are you playing at? do you think we're stupid or something?va de guapo por la vida ( Esp arg); he really thinks he's something special, he really fancies himself ( BrE colloq)D( Esp fam) (tratar) ir DE algo: no me voy a presentar al examen, no sé ni de qué va I'm not going to sit the exam, I don't even know what it's on¿de qué va la novela? what's the novel about?A «camino» (llevar a) ir A algo; to lead TO sth, to go TO sthel camino que va a la playa the road that goes down to o leads to the beachB(extenderse, abarcar): la autopista va desde Madrid hasta Valencia the highway goes o stretches from Madrid to Valencialo que hay que traducir va de la página 82 a la 90 the part to be translated starts on page 82 and ends on page 90, the part to be translated is from page 82 to page 90el período que va desde la Edad Media hasta el Renacimiento the period from the Middle Ages to the Renaissanceestados de ánimo que van de la excitación desmedida a la abulia moods ranging from over-excitement to complete lethargyA(marchar, desarrollarse): ¿cómo va el nuevo trabajo? how's the new job going?el negocio va de mal en peor the business is going from bad to worse¿qué tal va la tesis? how's the thesis coming along o going?¿cómo va el enfermo? how's the patient doing?¿cómo les fue en Italia? how did you get on in Italy?, how was Italy?me fue mal en el examen the exam went badly, I did badly in the exam¡adiós! ¡que te vaya bien! bye! all the best! o take care!¡que te vaya bien (en) el examen! good luck in the exam, I hope the exam goes well¿cómo le va con el novio? how's she getting on with her boyfriend?, how are things going between her and her boyfriend?B(en juegos, competiciones): ¿cómo van? — 3-1 what's the score? — 3-1voy ganando yo I'm ahead o I'm winning o I'm in the leadya va perdiendo casi $8.000 he's already lost almost $8,000C (en el desarrollo de algo) ir POR algo:¿por dónde van en el programa de historia? how far have you got in the history syllabus?, where have you got (up) to in history?¿todavía vas por la página 20? are you still on page 20?estoy por terminar, ya voy por las mangas I've nearly finished, I'm just doing the sleeves nowD (estar en camino) ir PARA algo:¿qué quieres? ¡vamos para viejos! what do you expect? we're getting on! o we're getting old!ya va para los cincuenta she's going on fifty, she's not far off fiftyya va para dos años que no lo veo it's getting on for two years since I last saw himiba para médico he was going to be a doctorE(sumar, hacer): ya van tres veces que te lo digo this is the third time I've told you¿cuántos has leído? — con éste van seis how many have you read? — six, counting this one o six, including this one o this one makes six o this is the sixth oneya van tres pasteles que se come that makes three cakes he's eaten nowF(haber transcurrido): en lo que va del or ( Esp) de año/mes so far this year/monthG(haber una diferencia): de tres a ocho van cinco eight minus three is five¡lo que va de un hermano a otro! ( fam); it's amazing the difference between the two brothers! ( colloq)H (CS) (depender, radicar) ir EN algo; to depend ON sthno sé en qué irá I don't know what it depends oneso va en gustos that's a question of tasteA1 (deber colocarse) to go¿sabes dónde va esta pieza? do you know where this piece goes?¿dónde van las toallas? where do the towels go?¡qué va! ( fam): ¿has terminado? — ¡qué va! todavía tengo para rato have you finished? — you must be joking! I still have a while to go yet¿se disgustó? — ¡qué va! todo lo contrario did she get upset? — not at all! quite the opposite in factvamos a perder el avión — ¡qué va! ¡si hay tiempo de sobra! we're going to miss the plane — nonsense! we have more than enough time2(deber escribirse): ¿va con mayúscula? is it written with a capital letter?¿va con acento? does it have an accent?3B1 (combinar) ir CON algo to go WITH sthesos zapatos no van (bien) con esa falda those shoes don't go with that skirt2 (sentar, convenir) (+ me/te/le etc):el negro no te va bien black doesn't suit youte irá bien una semanita de vacaciones a week's vacation will do you good3ir en contra de algo to go against sthesto va en contra de sus principios this goes against her principlesC( Esp arg) (gustar) (+ me/te/le etc): a mí esa música no me va that music does nothing for me o leaves me coldD ( Méx) (tomar partido por, apoyar) irle A algo/algn; to support sth/sbmucha gente le va al equipo peruano a lot of people support o are backing o are rooting for the Peruvian teamA1(expresando incredulidad, fastidio): ¡vamos! ¿eso quién se lo va a creer? come off it o come on! who do you think's going to believe that?¿cómo que le vas a ganar? ¡vamos! what do you mean you're going to beat him? come off it!2(intentando tranquilizar, animar, dar prisa): vamos, mujer, dile algo, no seas vergonzosa go on, say something to him, don't be shy¡vamos! ¡ánimo, que falta poco! come on! keep going! it's not far now!¡vamos, date prisa! come on, hurry up!¡vamos, vamos! ¡circulen! OK o come on, move along now please!dar el vamos a algo ( Chi); to inaugurate sth3(al aclarar, resumir): eso sería un disparate, vamos, digo yo that would be a stupid thing to do, well, at least that's what I think anywaypodrías haberte disculpado, vamos, no habría sido mucho pedir you could have apologized, I mean that's not much to askvamos, que no es una persona de fiar basically, he's not very trustworthyes mejor que el otro, vamos it's better than the other one, anywayB vaya1(expresando sorpresa, contrariedad): ¡vaya! ¡tú por aquí! what a surprise! what are you doing here?, well! fancy seeing you here! ( BrE)¡vaya! ¡se ha vuelto a caer! oh no! it's fallen over again!¡vaya! nos quedamos sin saber cómo termina la película damn! now we won't know how the film ends ( colloq)2(para enfatizar): ¡vaya cochazo se ha comprado! that's some car he's bought himself!¡vaya contigo! ¡no hay manera de hablarte! what on earth's the matter with you? you're so touchy!¿vaya día! what a day!¡vaya película me has traído a ver! ( iró); this is a really great movie you've brought me to see ( iro)¡vaya si le voy a decir lo que pienso! you bet I'm going to tell him what I think!¡vaya (que) si la conozco! you bet I know her!3(al aclarar, resumir): tampoco es tan torpe, vaya, los hay peores he isn't totally stupid, well, I mean there are plenty worse■Sentido I ir A + INFA1(para expresar tiempo futuro): ¡te vas a caer! you're going to fall!a este paso no van a terminar nunca they'll never finish at this rateel barco va a zarpar the boat's about to set saildijo que lo iba a pensar she said she was going to think it overya van a ser las cuatro it's almost o nearly four o'clockva a hacer dos años que no nos vemos we haven't seen each other for nearly two years, it's getting on for two years since we saw each otheresto no te va a gustar you're not going to like thisno te preocupes, ya se va a solucionar don't worry, it'll sort itself outtenía miedo de que se fuera a olvidar I was afraid he'd forget2(expresando intención, propósito): se lo voy a decir I'm going to tell himlo voy a conseguir, sea como sea I'll get it one way or anotherme voy a tomar unos días libres en abril I'm going to take a few days off in Aprilvamos a ir a verla esta tarde we're going to go and see her this evening3(en propuestas, sugerencias): vamos a ver ¿cómo dices que te llamas? now then, what did you say your name was?siéntate, vamos a discutir el asunto have a seat and let's discuss the matterbueno, vamos a trabajar all right, let's get to workB(al prevenir, hacer recomendaciones): que no se te vaya a escapar delante de ella make sure you don't blurt it out in front of herten cuidado, no te vayas a caer mind you don't fall ( colloq), be careful or you'll falllleva el paraguas, no vaya a ser que llueva take the umbrella in case it rainsC(expresando inevitabilidad): ¡qué voy a hacer! what else can I do?¡qué le iba a decir! what else could I tell her?¿qué iba a pensar el pobre hombre? what was the poor man supposed o meant to think?¿seguro que fue ella? — ¿quién iba a ser si no? are you sure it was her? — who else could it have been?D(expresando incredulidad): ¡no irás a darle la razón a él! surely you're not going to say he was right!está muy deprimida — ¿no irá a hacer alguna tontería? she's really depressed — you don't think she'll go and do something stupid, do you?E1(en afirmaciones enfáticas): ¿te acuerdas de él? — ¡no me voy a acordar! do you remember him — of course I do o how could I forget?2(al contradecir): ¿dormiste bien? — ¡qué voy a dormir! did you sleep well?— how could I?¡cómo iba a saberlo, si nadie me dijo nada! how was I supposed to know? no one told me anything¿por qué lo voy a ayudar? ¡si él a mí nunca me ayuda! why should I help him? he never helps me!Sentido II (expresando un proceso paulatino) ir + GER:poco a poco va a ir aprendiendo she'll learn little by littlea medida que va subiendo el nivel del agua as the water level risesha ido cambiando con el tiempo he's changed as time has passedtú puedes ir pelando las cebollas you could start peeling the onionsahora les toca a ustedes, vayan preparándose it's your turn now, so start getting readycomo te iba diciendo as I was sayingya puedes ir haciéndote a la idea you can start o you'd better start getting used to the idea, you'd better get used to the ideala voz parecía irse alejando cada vez más the voice seemed to grow more and more distantla situación ha ido empeorando the situation has been getting worse and worse■ irseA(marcharse): ¿por qué te vas tan temprano? why are you leaving o going so soon?vámonos, que se hace tarde let's go, it's getting lateel tren ya se ha ido the train's already gonese quiere ir a vivir a Escocia she wants to go (off) and live in Scotlandse han ido todos a la plaza everybody's gone down to the squarevete a la cama go to bedse fue de casa she left homevete de aquí get out of herese ha ido de la empresa she's left the companyse han ido de viaje they're away, they've gone away(+ me/te/le etc): la mayor se nos ha ido a vivir a Florida our eldest daughter's gone (off) to live in FloridaB(consumirse, gastarse): ¡cómo se va el dinero! I don't know where the money goes!, the money just disappears!, we get through money so quickly(+ me/te/le etc): se me va medio sueldo en el alquiler half my salary goes on the rentse nos ha ido el día en tonterías we've spent o wasted the whole day messing around¿te das cuenta de lo rápido que se nos ha ido la tarde? hasn't the evening gone quickly?C (desaparecer) «mancha/dolor» to gose ha ido la luz the electricity's gone off(+ me/te/le etc): no se me va el mareo I'm still feeling queasy¿se te ha ido el dolor de cabeza? has your headache gone?D (salirse, escaparse) «líquido/gas» to escape(+ me/te/le etc): se le está yendo el aire al globo the balloon's losing air o going downque no se te vaya la leche por el fuego don't let the milk boil overtápalo para que no se le vaya la fuerza put the top on so that the fizz doesn't go out of it o so that it doesn't lose its fizzcuando empezó la música se me iban los pies once the music began I couldn't stop my feet tapping o I couldn't keep my feet stillcreo que se nos va I think he's slipping away, I think we're losing himF (caerse, perder el equilibrio) (+ compl):irse de boca/espaldas to fall flat on one's face/backme daba la impresión de que me iba para atrás I felt as if I was falling backwardsfrenó y nos fuimos todos para adelante he braked and we all went flying forwardsG (andarse, actuar) (+ compl):vete con cuidado/tacto be careful/tactfulH1 (CS) (en naipes) to go out2I ( Col) «medias» to run* * *
ir ( conjugate ir) verbo intransitivo
1
iban a caballo/a pie they were on horseback/on foot;
ir por mar to go by sea;
¡Fernando! — ¡voy! Fernando! — (just) coming! o I'll be right there!;
el ir y venir de los invitados the coming and going of the guests;
vamos a casa let's go home;
¿adónde va este tren? where's this train going (to)?;
ir de compras/de caza to go shopping/hunting;
ya vamos para allá we're on our way;
¿por dónde se va a …? how do you get to …?;
ir por or (Esp) a por algo/algn to go to get sth/sb;
voy (a) por pan I'm going to get some bread
ya va al colegio she's already at school
2 ( expresando propósito) ir a + inf:◊ ¿has ido a verla? have you been to see her?;
ve a ayudarla go and help her;
ver tb ir v aux 1
3 (al arrojar algo, arrojarse):◊ tírame la llave — ¡allá va! throw me the key — here you are o there you go!;
tírate del trampolín — ¡allá voy! jump off the board! — here I go/come!
4 [ comentario]:
eso va por ti también that goes for you too, and the same goes for you
1 (+ compl) ( sin énfasis en el movimiento):
¿van cómodos? are you comfortable?;
íbamos sentados we were sitting down;
vas muy cargada you have a lot to carry;
yo iba a la cabeza I was in the lead
2 ( refiriéndose al atuendo):
voy a ir de Drácula I'm going to go as Dracula;
iba de verde she was dressed in green
3 ( en calidad de) ir de algo to go (along) as sth;
1 [camino/sendero] ( llevar) ir a algo to lead to sth, to go to sth
2 (extenderse, abarcar):
el período que va desde … hasta … the period from … to …
1 (marchar, desarrollarse):◊ ¿cómo va el nuevo trabajo? how's the new job going?;
va de mal en peor it's going from bad to worse;
¿cómo te va? how's it going?, how are things? (colloq), what's up? (AmE colloq);
¿cómo les fue en Italia? how was Italy?, how did you get on in Italy?;
me fue mal/bien en el examen I did badly/well in the exam;
¡que te vaya bien! all the best!, take care!;
¡que te vaya bien (en) el examen! good luck in the exam
2 ( en competiciones):◊ ¿cómo van? — 3-1 what's the score? — 3-1;
voy ganando yo I'm ahead, I'm winning
3 ( en el desarrollo de algo):◊ ¿por dónde van en historia? where have you got (up) to in history?;
¿todavía vas por la página 20? are you still on page 20?
4 ( estar en camino):◊ ¡vamos para viejos! we're getting on o old!;
va para los cincuenta she's going on fifty;
ya va para dos años que … it's getting on for two years since …
5 (sumar, hacer):
con este van seis six, counting this one
6 ( haber transcurrido): en lo que va del or (Esp) de año/mes so far this year/month
1 ( deber colocarse) to go;◊ ¿dónde van las toallas? where do the towels go?;
¡qué va! (fam): ¿has terminado? — ¡qué va! have you finished? — you must be joking!;
¿se disgustó? — ¡qué va! did she get upset? — not at all!;
vamos a perder el avión — ¡qué va! we're going to miss the plane — no way!
2a) ( combinar) ir con algo to go with sthb) (sentar bien, convenir) (+ me/te/le etc):
te irá bien un descanso a rest will do you good
3 (Méx) (tomar partido por, apoyar) irle a algo/algn to support sth/sb;
1◊ vamosa) (expresando incredulidad, fastidio):◊ ¡vamos! ¿eso quién se lo va a creer? come off it o come on! who do you think's going to believe that?b) (intentando tranquilizar, animar, dar prisa):◊ vamos, mujer, dile algo go on, say something to him;
¡vamos, date prisa! come on, hurry up!c) (al aclarar, resumir):◊ eso sería un disparate, vamos, digo yo that would be a stupid thing to do, well, that's what I think anyway;
vamos, que no es una persona de fiar basically, he's not very trustworthy;
es mejor que el otro, vamos it's better than the other one, anyway
2◊ vayaa) (expresando sorpresa, contrariedad):◊ ¡vaya! ¡tú por aquí! what a surprise! what are you doing here?;
¡vaya! ¡se ha vuelto a caer! oh no o (colloq) damn! it's fallen over again!b) (Esp) ( para enfatizar):◊ ¡vaya cochazo! what a car!
ir v aux ir a + inf:
1a) (para expresar tiempo futuro, propósito) to be going to + inf;
va a hacer dos años que … it's getting on for two years since …b) (en propuestas, sugerencias):◊ vamos a ver ¿cómo dices que te llamas? now then, what did you say your name was?;
bueno, vamos a trabajar all right, let's get to work
2 (al prevenir, hacer recomendaciones):
cuidado, no te vayas a caer mind you don't fall (colloq);
lleva el paraguas, no vaya a ser que llueva take the umbrella, in case it rains
3 ( expresando un proceso paulatino):
ya puedes ir haciéndote a la idea you'd better get used to the idea;
la situación ha ido empeorando the situation has been getting worse and worse
irse verbo pronominal
1 ( marcharse) to leave;◊ ¿por qué te vas tan temprano? why are you leaving o going so soon?;
vámonos let's go;
bueno, me voy right then, I'm taking off (AmE) o (BrE) I'm off;
no te vayas don't go;
vete a la cama go to bed;
se fue de casa/de la empresa she left home/the company;
vete de aquí get out of here;
se han ido de viaje they're away, they've gone away
2 (consumirse, gastarse):◊ ¡cómo se va el dinero! I don't know where the money goes!;
se me va medio sueldo en el alquiler half my salary goes on the rent
3 ( desaparecer) [mancha/dolor] to go;
(+ me/te/le etc)◊ ¿se te ha ido el dolor de cabeza? has your headache gone?
4 (salirse, escaparse) [líquido/gas] to escape;◊ se le está yendo el aire al globo the balloon's losing air o going down
5 (caerse, perder el equilibrio) (+ compl):◊ irse de boca/espaldas to fall flat on one's face/back;
me iba para atrás I was falling backwards;
frenó y nos fuimos todos para adelante he braked and we all went flying forwards
ir
I verbo intransitivo
1 (dirigirse a un lugar) to go: ¡vamos!, let's go!
voy a París, I'm going to Paris ➣ Ver nota en go
2 (acudir regularmente) to go: va al colegio, he goes to school
van a misa, they go to church
3 (conducir a) to lead, go to: el sendero va a la mina, the path goes to the mine
esta carretera va a Londres, this road leads to London
4 (abarcar) to cover: la finca va desde la alambrada al camino, the estate extends from the wire fence to the path
las lecciones que van desde la página 1 a la 53, the lessons on pages 1 to 53
5 (guardarse habitualmente) va al lado de éste, it goes beside this one
6 (mantener una posición) to be: va el primero, he's in first place
7 (tener un estado de ánimo, una apariencia) to be: iba furioso/radiante, he was furious/radiant
vas muy guapa, you look very smart o pretty
8 (desenvolverse) ¿cómo te va?, how are things? o how are you doing?
¿cómo te va en el nuevo trabajo?, how are you getting on in your new job?
9 (funcionar) to work (properly): el reloj no va, the clock doesn't go o work
10 (sentar bien) to suit: ese corte de pelo no te va nada, that haircut doesn't suit you at all
11 (combinar) to match, go: el rojo no va con el celeste, red doesn't go with pale blue
12 (vestir) to wear
ir con abrigo, to wear a coat
ir de negro/de uniforme, to be dressed in black/in uniform
la niña irá de enfermera, the little girl will dress up as a nurse
13 fam (importar, concernir) to concern: eso va por ti también, and the same goes for you
ni me va ni me viene, I don't care one way or the other
14 (apostar) to bet: va un café a que no viene, I bet a coffee that he won't come
15 (ir + de) fam (comportarse de cierto modo) to act
ir de listo por la vida, to be a smart ass
(tratar) to be about: ¿de qué va la película?, what's the film about?
16 (ir + detrás de) to be looking for: hace tiempo que voy detrás de un facsímil de esa edición, I've been after a facsimile of that edition for a long time
17 (ir + por) ir por la derecha, to keep (to the) right
(ir a buscar) ve por agua, go and fetch some water
(haber llegado) voy por la página noventa, I've got as far as page ninety
18 (ir + para) (tener casi, estar cercano a) va para los cuarenta, she's getting on for forty
ya voy para viejo, I'm getting old
(encaminarse a) iba para ingeniero, she was studying to be an engineer
este niño va para médico, this boy's going to become a doctor
II verbo auxiliar
1 (ir + gerundio) va mejorando, he's improving
ir caminando, to go on foot
2 (ir + pp) ya van estrenadas tres películas de Almodóvar, three films by Almodovar have already been released
3 ( ir a + infinitivo) iba a decir que, I was going to say that
va a esquiar, she goes skiing
va a nevar, it's going to snow
vas a caerte, you'll fall
♦ Locuciones: a eso iba, I was coming to that
¡ahí va!, catch!
en lo que va de año, so far this year
¡qué va!, of course not! o nothing of the sort!
¡vamos a ver!, let's see!
van a lo suyo, they look after their own interests
¡vaya!, fancy that
¡vaya cochazo!, what a car!
ir a parar, to end up
'ir' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
A
- acudir
- andurriales
- ánimo
- antojarse
- avión
- avivar
- bajar
- bordear
- brazo
- busca
- caer
- calcular
- camino
- caza
- cien
- cine
- coche
- compra
- comprensible
- convenir
- correr
- corriente
- danzar
- deformación
- deriva
- descaminada
- descaminado
- descender
- desgracia
- deteriorarse
- disposición
- empecinada
- empecinado
- encaminada
- encaminado
- entrar
- excursión
- flojear
- funesta
- funesto
- gaita
- gatas
- grano
- gratis
- gustar
- haber
- huevo
- idea
- ilusión
English:
afford
- after
- ahead
- appealing
- back
- back up
- be
- beeline
- bluster
- bristle
- camping
- canter
- career
- catch
- charge off
- chase
- check off
- clean up after
- cling
- coast
- collapse
- come
- come to
- commute
- consider
- court
- cross
- cross-country
- crowd
- cycle
- cycling
- defensive
- delay
- dentist
- deserve
- detest
- die off
- dismiss
- do
- down
- downhill
- drag
- drift
- ease off
- ease up
- either
- even
- excursion
- exercise
- face
* * *ir♦ vi1. [desplazarse, dirigirse, acudir] to go;fuimos a caballo we went on horseback, we rode there;iremos andando we'll go on foot, we'll walk there;ir en autobús to go by bus, to take the bus;ir en automóvil to go by car, to drive;ir en taxi to go by taxi, to catch o take a taxi;ir en barco to go by boat;ir en avión to go by plane, to fly;ir por carretera/mar to go by road/sea;ir a casa/a la iglesia/al cine to go home/to church/to the cinema;ir a la escuela/al trabajo to go to school/work;los niños no tienen que ir a clase hoy children don't have to go to school today;me voy a clase, nos veremos luego I'm going to my lecture, see you later;ir de compras/de pesca to go shopping/fishing;ir hacia el sur/norte to go south/north;¿adónde va este autocar? where's this coach going?;este tren va a o [m5] para Guadalajara this train is going to Guadalajara, this is the Guadalajara train;todas las mañanas voy de la estación a o [m5] hasta la fábrica every morning I go from the station to the factory;¿para dónde vas? where are you heading (for)?;ahora mismo voy para allá I'm on my way there right now;¿por dónde o [m5] cómo se va a la playa? how do you get to the beach from here?, could you tell me the way to the beach?;no vayas por ahí que hay mucho barro don't go that way, it's muddy;¿eres alumno oficial? – no, sólo voy de oyente are you an official student? – no, I'm just sitting in on classes;fue a la zona como emisario de la ONU he travelled to the area on behalf of the UN;ahí va el informe que me pediste here's the report you asked for;¡allá voy! [al lanzarse uno mismo] here goes!, here we go!;Anticuado¿quién va? who goes there?;¡Sergio, te llaman por teléfono! – ¡voy! Sergio, there's a phone call for you! – (I'm) coming!;¡ya voy!, ¡ya va! [cuando llaman a la puerta] (I'm) coming!;ir a alguien con algo [contar] to go to sb with sth;todos le van con sus problemas everyone goes to her with their problems;el autocar se salió de la calzada y fue a dar o [m5] a parar a un lago the coach came off the road and ended up in a lake;estuvimos de paseo y fuimos a dar a una bonita plaza we were out walking when we came across a beautiful square;Fam Fig¿dónde vas con tantos aperitivos? luego no podremos con la comida steady on with the snacks or we won't be able to manage our dinner!;Fam Figles habrá costado unas 100.000 – ¡dónde vas! mucho menos, hombre it must have cost them about 100,000 – what are you talking about, it was much less!;(allá) donde fueres haz lo que vieres when in Rome, do as the Romans do2. [conducir] [camino, calle, carretera] to lead, to go;esta es la calle que va al museo this is the road (that leads o goes) to the museum;esta calle va a dar al puerto this road leads to the harbour;el camino va desde el pueblo hasta la cima de la montaña the path leads o goes from the village to the top of the mountain3. [abarcar]la zona de fumadores va del asiento 24 al 28 the smoking area is between seats 24 and 28;el examen de arte va desde el Barroco hasta el Romanticismo the art exam will cover the Baroque period to the Romantic period;la mancha iba de un lado a otro del techo the stain stretched from one side of the ceiling to the other;las películas seleccionadas van desde la comedia urbana hasta el clásico western the films that have been selected range from urban comedies to classic westernsfui (a) por él al aeropuerto I went to meet him at the airport, I went to pick him up from the airport;ha ido (a) por leche a la tienda she's gone to the shop to get o for some milk;el perro fue a por él the dog went for him;tendrás que esconderte porque van a por ti you'll have to hide because they're (coming) after you;a eso voy/iba [al relatar] I am/was just getting to that5. [expresa estado, situación, posición]fue muy callada todo el camino she was very quiet throughout the journey;con esta bufanda irás calentito this scarf will keep you warm;el precio va impreso en la contraportada the price is printed on the back cover;la manivela va floja the crank is loose;iba tiritando de frío she was shivering with cold;ir a lo suyo to look out for oneself, to look after number one;iba en el tren pensando en sus cosas she was travelling on the train lost in thought;los niños iban armando jaleo en el asiento de atrás the children were kicking up a row in the back seat;ve con cuidado, es un barrio peligroso be careful, it's a dangerous area;tu caballo va tercero/en cabeza your horse is third/in the leadvoy con el Real Madrid I support Real Madrid;ir contra algo, ir en contra de algo to be opposed to sth, to be against sth;ir en contra de la violencia to be opposed to violence, to be against violence;esta ley va contra la Constitución this act goes against o contravenes the Constitution;ir en beneficio de alguien to be to sb's benefit, to be in sb's interest;ir en perjuicio de alguien to be detrimental to o against sb's interests7. [vestir]ir con/en to wear;iba en camisa y corbata he was wearing a shirt and tie;ir de azul to be dressed in blue;ir de uniforme to be in uniform;iré (disfrazado) de Superman a la fiesta I'm going to the party (dressed up) as Superman;iba hecho un pordiosero he looked like a beggar8. [marchar, evolucionar] to go;le va bien en su nuevo trabajo things are going well for him in his new job;el niño va muy bien en la escuela the child's doing very well at school;¿cómo va el negocio? how's business?;su negocio va mal, el negocio le va mal his business is going badly;¿cómo te va? how are you doing?;¿cómo te va en la universidad? how's university?, how are you getting on at university?;¿cómo van? [en partido] what's the score?;[en carrera, juego] who's winning?;vamos perdiendo we're losing;¿qué tal te va con tus nuevos alumnos? how are you getting on with your new pupils?;¿qué tal va esa paella? how's that paella coming along?;¡hasta pronto! ¡que te vaya bien! see you later, take care!;¡que te vaya muy bien con el nuevo empleo! I hope things go well for you in your new job!, the best of luck with your new job!9. [cambiar, encaminarse]ir a mejor/peor to get better/worse;el partido fue a más en la segunda parte the game improved o got better in the second half;como sigamos así, vamos a la ruina if we carry on like this we'll be heading for disaster;voy para viejo I'm getting old;esta chica va para cantante this girl has all the makings of a singer;va para un mes que no llueve it's getting on for o almost a month now since it last rainedvamos por la mitad de la asignatura we've covered about half the subject;¿por qué parte de la novela vas? which bit in the novel are you at?;aún voy por el primer capítulo I'm still on the first chapter11. [expresa cantidades, diferencias]con éste van cinco ministros destituidos por el escándalo that makes five ministers who have now lost their job as a result of the scandal;ya van dos veces que me tuerzo el tobillo that's the second time I've twisted my ankle;van varios días que no lo veo it's several days since I (last) saw him;en lo que va del o Esp [m5] de mes he ido tres veces al médico so far this month I've been to the doctor three times, I've already been to the doctor three times this month;de dos a cinco van tres the difference between two and five is three;va mucho de un apartamento a una casa there's a big difference between Br a flat o US an apartment and a house12. [corresponder] to go;estas tazas van con estos platos these cups go with these saucers;¿con qué clase de tornillos va esta tuerca? what sort of screw does this nut take?13. [colocarse] to go, to belong;esto no va ahí that doesn't go o belong there;¿en qué cajón van los calcetines? which drawer do the socks go in?14. [escribirse]“Edimburgo” va con “m” “Edimburgo” is written o spelt with an “m”;toda la oración va entre paréntesis the whole sentence goes in brackets;el “solo” adjetivo no va con acento “solo” doesn't have an accent when used as an adjective¡qué bien te van los abrigos largos! long coats really suit you!;ir con algo to go with sth;esta camisa no va con esa falda this shirt doesn't go with this skirtesa infusión me ha ido muy bien that herbal tea did me a lot of good17. [funcionar] to work;la televisión no va the television isn't working;estas impresoras antiguas van muy lentas these old printers are very slow18. [depender]en aquel negocio le iba su futuro como director de la empresa his future as manager of the company depended on that deal;todos corrieron como si les fuera la vida en ello everyone ran as if their life depended on it;esto de la ropa va en gustos clothes are a matter of taste;CSur¿es fácil aprobar? – va en el profesor is it easy to pass? – it depends on the teachery eso va por ti también and that goes for you too;hizo como si no fuera con él he acted as if he didn't realize she was referring to him;lo que digo va por todos what I'm saying applies to o goes for all of you;va o [m5]voy en serio, no me gustan estas bromas I'm serious, I don't like this sort of jokea mí lo que me va es la cocina I'm really into cooking;ni me va ni me viene I don't care one way or the other¿de qué va “1984”? what's “1984” about?Esp Esp¿de qué vas?, RP [m5]¿de qué la vas? just who do you think you are?y de repente va y se echa a reír and suddenly she just goes and bursts out laughing;Famfue y se marchó sin mediar palabra she upped and went without a word;Fam¡ahí va! ¡qué paisaje tan bonito! wow, what beautiful scenery!;Fam¡ahí va! me he dejado el paraguas en casa oh no, I've left my umbrella at home!;¡qué va! [por supuesto que no] not in the least!, not at all!;[me temo que no] I'm afraid not; [no digas tonterías] don't be ridiculous!;¡no va más! [en el casino] no more bets!;Espser el no va más to be the ultimate;este gimnasio es el no va más this gym is the ultimate;RP Famdesde el vamos [desde el principio] from the word go;me cayó mal desde el vamos I didn't like him from the word go;Fam¡dónde va a parar! there's no comparison!;sin ir más lejos: tu madre, sin ir más lejos we need look no further than your mother;sin ir más lejos, nos vimos ayer we saw each other only yesterday♦ v auxva anocheciendo it's getting dark;me voy haciendo viejo I'm getting old;voy mejorando mi estilo I'm gradually improving my style;fui metiendo las cajas en el almacén I began putting the crates in the warehouse;iremos aprendiendo de nuestros errores we'll learn from our mistakes;ve deshaciendo las maletas mientras preparo la cena you can be unpacking the suitcases while I get dinner;vete haciéndote a la idea you'd better start getting used to the idea;como iba diciendo… as I was saying…2. [con a + infinitivo] [expresa acción próxima, intención, situación futura]ir a hacer algo to be going to do sth;voy a hacerle una visita [ahora mismo] I'm about to go and visit him;[en un futuro próximo] I'm going to visit him;iré a echarte una mano en cuanto pueda I'll come along and give you a hand as soon as I can;¡vamos a comer, tengo hambre! let's have lunch, I'm hungry!;el tren con destino a Buenos Aires va a efectuar su salida en el andén 3 the train for Buenos Aires is about to depart from platform 3;van a dar las dos it is nearly two o'clock;va a hacer una semana que se fue it's coming up to o nearly a week since she left;voy a decírselo a tu padre I'm going to tell your father;¿no irás a salir así a la calle? surely you're not going to go out like that?;he ido a comprar pero ya habían cerrado I had intended to go shopping, but they were shut;te voy a echar de menos I'm going to miss you;vas a hacerte daño como no tengas cuidado you'll hurt yourself if you're not careful;todo va a arreglarse, ya verás it'll all sort itself out, you'll see;¿qué van a pensar los vecinos? what will the neighbours think?;no le quise decir nada, no fuera a enfadarse conmigo I didn't want to say anything in case she got angry with me3. [con a + infinitivo] [en exclamaciones que expresan consecuencia lógica, negación]¿qué voy a pensar si llevas tres días fuera de casa? what do you expect me to think if you don't come home for three days?;¿la del sombrero es tu hermana? – ¿quién va a ser? ¡pues claro! is the woman with the hat your sister? – of course she is, who else could she be?;y ¿dónde fuiste? – ¿dónde iba a ir? ¡a la policía! and where did you go? – where do you think? to the police, of course!;¡cómo voy a concentrarme con tanto ruido! how am I supposed to concentrate with all that noise?;¡cómo voy a pagarte si estoy sin dinero! how do you expect me to pay you if I haven't got any money?;¡cómo no me voy a reír con las cosas que dices! how can I fail to laugh o how can you expect me not to laugh when you say things like that!;¿te ha gustado? – ¡qué me va a gustar! did you like it? – like it? you must be joking!♦ vtMéxirle a to support;le va al Nexaca he supports Nexaca* * *ir<part ido>I v/i1 go (a to);ir a pie walk, go on foot;ir en avión fly;ir en coche/en tren go by car/train;ir a por algo go and fetch sth;¡ya voy! I’m coming!;¿quién va? who goes there?2 ( vestir):iba de amarillo/de uniforme she was wearing yellow/a uniform3:van dos a dos DEP the score is two all4 ( tratar):¿de qué va la película? what’s the movie about?;el libro va de vampiros the book’s about vampires5 ( agradar):el clima no me va the climate doesn’t suit me, I don’t like the climate;ella no me va she’s not my kind of person;no me va ni me viene I’m not bothered, I don’t care one way or the other6 ( marchar, evolucionar) go;ir bien/mal go well/badly7 ( abarcar):va de la página 12 a la 16 it goes from page 12 to page 168:¡qué va! you must be joking!;¡vamos! come on!;¡vaya! well!;¿ha dicho eso? – ¡vamos! he said that? – no way!;¡vaya una sorpresa! irón what a surprise!;a eso voy I’m just getting to that;eso va por ti también that goes for you tooII v/aux:va a llover it’s going to rain;va para abogado he’s going to be a lawyer:ya voy comprendiendo I’m beginning to understand;ir para viejo be getting old;ya va anocheciendo it’s getting dark:ya va para dos años it’s been almost two years now;van tirados 3.000 3,000 have been printed* * *ir {43} vi1) : to goir a pie: to go on foot, to walkir a caballo: to ride horsebackir a casa: to go home2) : to lead, to extend, to stretchel camino va de Cali a Bogotá: the road goes from Cali to Bogotá3) funcionar: to work, to functionesta computadora ya no va: this computer doesn't work anymore4) : to get on, to get along¿cómo te va?: how are you?, how's it going?el negocio no va bien: the business isn't doing well5) : to suitese vestido te va bien: that dress really suits you6)ir con : to beir con prisa: to be in a hurry7)ir por : to follow, to go alongfueron por la costa: they followed the shoreline8)dejarse ir : to let oneself go9)ir a parar : to end upvamos a ver : let's seeir v auxir caminando: to walk¡voy corriendo!: I'll be right there!2)ir a : to be going tovoy a hacerlo: I'm going to do itel avión va a despegar: the plane is about to take off* * *ir vb¿adónde vas? where are you going?2. (marchar) to be / to get on / to go¿cómo te va? how are you? / how's it going? / how are things?¿cómo te va en el nuevo trabajo? how are you getting on in your new job?¿cómo te fue en el examen? how did your exam go? / how did you get on in your exam?3. (estar) to be4. (sentar bien) to suit5. (gustar) to like / to be into6. (convenir) to do7. (funcionar) to workir + gerundio¡vamos caminando! let's walk!ir con to go with / to match¿de qué va la película? what's the film about?ir tirando to get by / to managevamos tirando we get by / we're managing¡qué va! no way! / not at all!¡vamos a...! let's...!¡vamos a bailar! let's dance!¡vaya! well!¡ya voy! I'm coming! -
47 largo
adj.1 long, lengthy.2 tall.3 largo.intj.get out, beat it, scram, get out of here.m.1 length.2 largo, slow-paced musical movement.pres.indicat.1st person singular (yo) present indicative of spanish verb: largar.* * *► adjetivo1 (en longitud) long2 (en extensión) long3 (alto) tall■ ¡qué largo está tu hijo! hasn't your son grown!4 (en cantidad) good1 length■ ¿qué mide de largo? how long is it?, what length is it?2 (de tela) length3 (de piscina) length, US lap4 MÚSICA largo1 (de vehículo) full beam, full headlights► interjección ¡largo!1 familiar get out!■ ¡largo de aquí! get out of here!\a la larga in the long runa lo largo lengthwisea lo largo de along, throughoutdar largas a alguien to put somebody offdar largas a algo to put off doing somethingesto va para largo this is going to take a long timeir de largo to wear a long dresslargo y tendido at lengthser más largo,-a que un día sin pan familiar to take ages, take foreverpasar de largo to pass bytener para largo to be busy for a long time■ ¿tienes para largo? will you be long?venir de largo to go back a long wayvestir de largo to wear a long dress————————1 length■ ¿qué mide de largo? how long is it?, what length is it?2 (de tela) length3 (de piscina) length, US lap4 MÚSICA largo* * *1. noun m. 2. (f. - larga)adj.- a lo largo* * *1. ADJ1) [indicando longitud] [pasillo, pelo, uñas] longesa chaqueta te está o te queda larga — that jacket is too long for you
diente, luz, mano, puesta, vestir¿hay que ponerse de largo para la cena? — do we have to wear evening dress to the dinner?
2) [indicando distancia] [distancia, camino] long3) [indicando duración] [espera, viaje, sílaba, película] longmurió tras una larga enfermedad — he died after a lengthy o long illness
•
hacerse largo, no se me hizo nada larga la clase — the class didn't seem at all long to me•
para largo, la reunión va para largo — the meeting looks like being a long one, the meeting looks like going on for some time yetcada vez que coge el teléfono tiene para largo — every time he picks up the phone he stays on it for ages
•
venir de largo, este problema viene de largo — this problem goes back a long way, this problem started way back *4) (=indicando exceso) good5) * [persona] talltú que eres tan largo, alcánzame ese tarro — you're tall, can you reach that jar for me?
se cayó al suelo cuan largo era † o todo lo largo que era — he fell flat on his face, he measured his length on the floor †
6) [locuciones]•
a lo largo de — [+ río, pared] along; [+ día, mes, año] all through, throughouta lo largo de los últimos años hemos viajado mucho — we have travelled a lot over the last few years
trabajó mucho a lo largo de su vida — she worked hard all through o throughout her life
•
a lo más largo — at the most7) Esp * (=astuto) sharp8) Esp (=generoso) generous9) Esp [cuerda] loose, slack10) Esp (Agr) [cosecha] abundant, plentiful2. SM1) (=longitud) length¿cuánto tiene de largo? — how long is it?, what's its length?
2) (=unidad de medida) [de falda, piscina] length; [de cortina] drop3) (Cine) (tb: largometraje) feature film4) (Mús) largo3.ADV *¡largo (de aquí)! — clear off!, get lost!
* * *I- ga adjetivo1)a) <palo/camino/pasillo> long; <pelo/piernas/ropa> longb) (en locs)a lo largo — <cortar/partir> lengthways
a lo largo de — (de camino, río) along; (de jornada, novela) throughout
2) ( extenso) long; <novela/sílaba> longIIir para largo — (fam)
1) ( longitud) length¿cuánto mide de largo? — how long is it?
2) ( en natación) lap (AmE), length (BrE)3) (Mús) largoIIIinterjección (fam) tb* * *= lengthy [lengthier -comp., lengthiest -sup.], long [longer -comp., longest -sup.], protracted, circuitous, floor-length.Ex. Informative abstract tend to be relatively lengthy.Ex. Uneven allocation will lead to some subjects having relatively short notation at the expense of others with relatively long notation.Ex. This project should soon become operational after a somewhat protracted developmental period.Ex. The printed indexes provided are difficult to use and do not give enough detail, resulting in lengthy and sometimes circuitous searches for required information.Ex. This floor-length wedding dress is made of fine apple green taffeta, high waisted, with a small train, and the bodice lined with coarse white linen.----* a la larga = in the long term, in the long run, eventually, for the long pull, over a period of time, over the long run.* a largo plazo = in the long run, over the long run, long-run, in the far term, far-term.* a lo largo de = down.* a lo largo de + Expresión Temporal = sometime + Expresión Temporal.* a lo largo de la historia = over time.* a lo largo de la ruta = along the way.* a lo largo del tiempo = longitudinal, longitudinally.* a lo largo de todo = the entire length of.* a lo largo y ancho del país = countrywide [country-wide].* a lo largo y ancho de + Lugar = up and down + Lugar.* a más largo plazo = longer-term.* aprendizaje a lo largo de la vida = lifelong learning.* a todo lo largo de = the length of.* camino largo y tortuoso = long and winding road.* con las manos muy largas = light-fingered.* dar largas = stonewall, play for + time.* darle largas = play + Nombre + along.* darle largas a Algo = drag + Posesivo + feet, drag + Posesivo + heels.* de cuerpo largo = long-bodied.* de hojas largas = long-leaved.* de larga distancia = long-distance.* de larga duración = long-lasting, feature-length.* de mangas largas = long-sleeved.* de talle largo = high waisted.* de tiros largos = dressed (up) to the nines.* hacer largos = swim + laps.* iguales de largo = of equal length.* incentivo laboral a largo plazo = golden handcuffs.* larga distancia = long haul.* larga duración = longevity.* larga puesta de sol = lingering sunset.* largas distancias = large distances.* largo atardecer = lingering sunset.* largos períodos de tiempo = long periods of time.* largo y delgado = spindly [spindlier -comp., spindliest -sup.].* largo y tendido = long and protracted.* llamada de larga distancia = long-distance call.* llamada telefónica de larga distancia = long-distance (tele)phone call.* LP (disco de larga duración) = LP (long play record).* más largo que un día sin pan = as long as (my/your) arm.* meter de largo = take up.* nadar largos = swim + laps.* Número + de largo = Número + long.* pantalones largos = long pants.* pasar de largo = bypass [by-pass].* pasar de largo rápidamente = race + past.* que viene de largo = long-running.* tener una larga historia = extend + far back, stretch + far back in time.* tener una larga trayectoria de = have + a long story of, have + a track record of.* tener un día muy largo = have + a long day.* una yarda de largo = a yard long.* y un largo etcétera = and so on and so forth, and so on, and so on....* * *I- ga adjetivo1)a) <palo/camino/pasillo> long; <pelo/piernas/ropa> longb) (en locs)a lo largo — <cortar/partir> lengthways
a lo largo de — (de camino, río) along; (de jornada, novela) throughout
2) ( extenso) long; <novela/sílaba> longIIir para largo — (fam)
1) ( longitud) length¿cuánto mide de largo? — how long is it?
2) ( en natación) lap (AmE), length (BrE)3) (Mús) largoIIIinterjección (fam) tb* * *= lengthy [lengthier -comp., lengthiest -sup.], long [longer -comp., longest -sup.], protracted, circuitous, floor-length.Ex: Informative abstract tend to be relatively lengthy.
Ex: Uneven allocation will lead to some subjects having relatively short notation at the expense of others with relatively long notation.Ex: This project should soon become operational after a somewhat protracted developmental period.Ex: The printed indexes provided are difficult to use and do not give enough detail, resulting in lengthy and sometimes circuitous searches for required information.Ex: This floor-length wedding dress is made of fine apple green taffeta, high waisted, with a small train, and the bodice lined with coarse white linen.* a la larga = in the long term, in the long run, eventually, for the long pull, over a period of time, over the long run.* a largo plazo = in the long run, over the long run, long-run, in the far term, far-term.* a lo largo de = down.* a lo largo de + Expresión Temporal = sometime + Expresión Temporal.* a lo largo de la historia = over time.* a lo largo de la ruta = along the way.* a lo largo del tiempo = longitudinal, longitudinally.* a lo largo de todo = the entire length of.* a lo largo y ancho del país = countrywide [country-wide].* a lo largo y ancho de + Lugar = up and down + Lugar.* a más largo plazo = longer-term.* aprendizaje a lo largo de la vida = lifelong learning.* a todo lo largo de = the length of.* camino largo y tortuoso = long and winding road.* con las manos muy largas = light-fingered.* dar largas = stonewall, play for + time.* darle largas = play + Nombre + along.* darle largas a Algo = drag + Posesivo + feet, drag + Posesivo + heels.* de cuerpo largo = long-bodied.* de hojas largas = long-leaved.* de larga distancia = long-distance.* de larga duración = long-lasting, feature-length.* de mangas largas = long-sleeved.* de talle largo = high waisted.* de tiros largos = dressed (up) to the nines.* hacer largos = swim + laps.* iguales de largo = of equal length.* incentivo laboral a largo plazo = golden handcuffs.* larga distancia = long haul.* larga duración = longevity.* larga puesta de sol = lingering sunset.* largas distancias = large distances.* largo atardecer = lingering sunset.* largos períodos de tiempo = long periods of time.* largo y delgado = spindly [spindlier -comp., spindliest -sup.].* largo y tendido = long and protracted.* llamada de larga distancia = long-distance call.* llamada telefónica de larga distancia = long-distance (tele)phone call.* LP (disco de larga duración) = LP (long play record).* más largo que un día sin pan = as long as (my/your) arm.* meter de largo = take up.* nadar largos = swim + laps.* Número + de largo = Número + long.* pantalones largos = long pants.* pasar de largo = bypass [by-pass].* pasar de largo rápidamente = race + past.* que viene de largo = long-running.* tener una larga historia = extend + far back, stretch + far back in time.* tener una larga trayectoria de = have + a long story of, have + a track record of.* tener un día muy largo = have + a long day.* una yarda de largo = a yard long.* y un largo etcétera = and so on and so forth, and so on, and so on....* * *A1 ‹camino/pasillo› long; ‹pelo/uñas/piernas› long; ‹falda/pantalones› longuna camisa de manga larga a long-sleeved shirtlas mangas me quedan largas the sleeves are too long (for me)se cayó cuan largo era he fell flat on his face2 ( en locs):a lo largo ‹cortar/partir› lengthwise, lengthwayslos libros que publicó a lo largo de su vida the books she published during her lifetime o in the course of her lifetras los incidentes que se han producido a lo largo de la semana following the incidents which have taken place in the course of the weeka lo largo y ancho del continente americano all over o throughout the American continent, the length and breadth of the American continentponerse de largo to wear a long skirt/dress; (como debutante) to come outB ‹espera/viaje/visita› long; ‹conferencia/novela› long; ‹vocal/sílaba› longla semana se me ha hecho muy larga it's been a long weekun juicio que se está haciendo muy largo a trial which is going on for a long time o dragging onles unía una larga amistad they had been friends for a long timees muy largo de contar it's a long storyun tren de largo recorrido a long-distance trainir para largo ( fam): parece que va para largo it looks like it's going to be a while yet o to go on for a while yetlargo y tendido at great lengthhablaron largo y tendido sobre el tema they discussed the topic at great length, they had a lengthy discussion on the subjectpasar or seguir de largo to go straight pastvenir de largo to go back a long wayesa disputa ya viene de largo that dispute goes back a long way o has been going on for a long time, that is a longstanding disputeC(en expresiones de cantidad): media hora larga a good half-hourtres kilómetros largos a good three kilometersA1 (longitud) length¿cuánto mide or tiene de largo? what length is it?, how long is it?3 metros de ancho por 2 de largo 2 meters long by 3 meters wideel largo de un vestido the length of a dress2 (en costura) lengthB ( Mús) largo( fam) tb¡largo de aquí! go away!, get out of here!* * *
Del verbo largar: ( conjugate largar)
largo es:
1ª persona singular (yo) presente indicativo
largó es:
3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) pretérito indicativo
Multiple Entries:
largar
largo
largar ( conjugate largar) verbo transitivo
1
b) (RPl) (soltar, dejar caer) to let … go
2 ‹discurso/sermón› to give;
‹palabrota/insulto› to let fly
3 (fam) ( despedir) to fire, to give … the boot (colloq);
‹ novio› to ditch
4 (CS, Méx) (Dep) ‹ pelota› to throw;
‹ carrera› to start
largarse verbo pronominala) (fam) ( irse) to beat it (colloq);◊ ¡yo me largo! I'm taking off! (AmE), I'm off! (BrE) (colloq)
largose a hacer algo to start to do sth, to start doing sth
largo 1◊ -ga adjetivo
es muy largo de contar it's a long story;
un tren de largo recorrido a long-distance trainb) ( en locs)
a lo largo de (de camino, río) along;
(de jornada, novela) throughout;
(de una semana, vida) in the course of;
ver tb pasar I 1a;
va para largo (fam) it's going to be a while
largo 2 sustantivo masculino
◊ ¿cuánto mide de largo? how long is it?
■ interjección (fam) tb◊ ¡largo de aquí! get out of here!
largar verbo transitivo
1 familiar to give
2 fam (expulsar, despedir) to sack
largo,-a
I adjetivo
1 (con longitud superior a la normal) long
2 (con duración superior a la normal) long, lengthy: es una película muy larga, it's a very long film
se me hizo larga la espera, the wait dragged
la conferencia duró tres horas largas, the lecture lasted for a good three hours
II sustantivo masculino
1 (longitud) length: ¿cuánto tiene de largo?, how long is it?
2 Natación length
3 Mús largo
III adverbio largo, at length: hablaremos largo (y tendido) de ello, we'll talk at length about it
♦ Locuciones: a lo largo de, (longitud) along
(tiempo) through
a la larga, in the long run
va para largo, it's going to go on a long time
familiar ¡largo (de aquí)!, clear off!
' largo' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
alquilar
- ampliar
- caña
- constante
- de
- escaramuza
- exilio
- larga
- monótona
- monótono
- pasar
- puesta
- rato
- recorrido
- remo
- sacar
- tren
- alcance
- bordear
- compensar
- contar
- conversar
- detenido
- doble
- fuete
- gabán
- ir
- largar
- litoral
- longitud
- medio
- medir
- pelucón
- plazo
- por
- quedar
- salto
- seguir
- tener
- traje
- vida
- zapallito
English:
along
- applicant
- arm
- bracing
- bus
- by
- coat
- delinquency
- down
- ear
- flowing
- forward
- full-length
- gown
- hop
- howl
- length
- lengthways
- lengthwise
- lengthy
- long
- long-distance
- long-range
- long-term
- pass along
- pass by
- plough through
- protracted
- quite
- race along
- ride
- short
- span
- story
- term
- tour
- trek
- walk off
- walk with
- with
- woodwork
- back
- coast
- drag
- draw
- fight
- full
- gauntlet
- -ish
- knee
* * *largo, -a♦ adj1. [en el espacio] long;lleva el pelo largo she has long hair;un misil de largo alcance a long-range missile;un vestido largo a long dress;vestirse de largo to wear evening dress2. [en el tiempo] long;estuvo enfermo largo tiempo he was ill for a long time;los parados de larga duración the long-term unemployed;vivió allí largos años she lived there for many years;es largo de contar/explicar it's a long story;la espera fue muy larga it was a very long waitdebió de costar un millón largo it must have cost a million and then some;tiene setenta años largos she's well into her seventies¡qué tipo más largo! that guy's really tall5.a lo largo [en espacio] lengthways, lengthwise;es más fácil si lo cortas a lo largo it's easier if you cut it lengthways o lengthwise;a lo largo de [en el tiempo] throughout;a lo largo de veinte años nunca había visto algo así in twenty years I'd never seen such a thing;recibimos varias llamadas a lo largo del día de ayer we received several calls throughout yesterday;el virus se extendió a lo largo y ancho del país the virus spread throughout the country;han construido numerosos hoteles a lo largo de la costa they've built several hotels all along the coast6. CompFamser más largo que un día sin pan [de duración] to go on forever;[de estatura] to be a giant; RPser más largo que esperanza de pobre to go on foreverCSur, Ecuad larga vida long-life♦ adv1. [largamente]un asunto sobre el que hemos hablado largo a matter that we have discussed at length;esta huelga va para largo this strike looks like it's going to be with us for a while yet;largo y tendido: habló largo y tendido sobre su último disco she talked at great length about her latest record;ha escrito largo y tendido sobre el asunto he has written extensively on the matter2. Mús largo♦ nm1. [longitud] length;¿cuánto mide o [m5]tiene de largo?, ¿cómo es de largo? how long is it?;tiene dos metros de largo it's two metres long2. [de piscina] length;hacerse tres largos to swim o do three lengths4. Mús largo♦ interjgo away!;¡largo de aquí! get out (of here)!* * *I adj long; persona tall;esto va para largo this will take some time;pasar de largo go (straight) past;tener setenta años largos be a good seventy years oldII m length;tener tres metros de largo be three meters long;poner a alguien de largo dress s.o. in a long dressIII int:¡largo (de aquí)! get out of here!;¡largo! fam scram! famIV:a la larga in the long run;largo y tendido at great length;a lo largo del día throughout the day;a lo largo de muchos años over the course of many years;a lo largo de la calle along the street* * *largo, -ga adj1) : long2)a lo largo : lengthwish3)a lo largo de : along4)a la larga : in the long runlargo nm: lengthtres metros de largo: three meters long* * *largo1 adj longlargo2 n length -
48 Leben
I v/i1. (am Leben sein) live; (nicht tot sein) be alive; man lebt nur einmal you only have one life to live, you only live once; lebt er noch? is he still alive?; er wird nicht mehr lange leben he hasn’t got much longer to live, his days are numbered; so wahr ich lebe! I swear it; lebst du noch? umg., hum., iro. well, hello stranger; ich habe alles, was ich zum Leben brauche I have all I need to keep body and soul together; wir leben nicht mehr im 19. Jahrhundert iro. this isn’t the 19th century(, you know); wie gehts? - man lebt ( so eben) umg. how are things? - surviving2. eine bestimmte Lebensweise haben: leben von (Nahrung) live on ( oder off); (Tätigkeit etc.) live from ( oder off), make a living with ( oder by + Ger.), (Verdienst, Rente) live on; vegetarisch leben be a vegetarian; makrobiotisch leben live on macrobiotic food(s); gesund / ungesund leben lead a healthy / an unhealthy life; in gesunden/ungesunden Verhältnissen: live in healthy / unhealthy conditions; sie leben ganz gut they don’t do too badly (for themselves); nach einem Grundsatz leben live in accordance with a principle, stick to a principle; leben und leben lassen live and let live; sie lebt nur für ihre Kunst she only lives for her art3. (wohnen) live; wie lange leben Sie schon hier? how long have you been living here?; ich träume davon, in Neuseeland zu leben my dream is to (go and) live in New Zealand4. fig., Andenken etc.: live on; die Statue lebt the statue is very ( oder so) lifelike; das Stück lebt nicht there’s no life in the play5. es lebe...! three cheers for...!; es lebe der König / die Königin! long live the King / Queen!; leben Sie wohl farewell; Tag1 4 etc.6. unpers.: es lebt sich ganz angenehm / bequem etc. life’s quite pleasant / comfortable etc.; hier lebt es sich gut it’s not a bad life here, life’s not bad hereII v/t: ein angenehmes / bequemes etc. Leben leben lead a pleasant / comfortable etc. life, have a pleasant / comfortable ( oder an easy) etc. lifestyle; sein Leben noch einmal leben live one’s life (over) again; sein eigenes Leben leben lead an independent life, go one’s own way; seinen Glauben leben geh. live according to one’s faith ( oder beliefs)* * *das Lebenexistence; life; lifetime* * *Le|ben ['leːbn]nt -s, -1) lifedas Lében — life
am Lében sein/bleiben — to be/stay alive
das Lében als Milchmann — life as a milkman, a milkman's life
das Lében Hemingways — Hemingway's life, the life of Hemingway
haben — to have one's life ahead of or in front of or before/behind one
solange ich am Lében bin — as long as I live
sich des Lébens freuen, das or sein Lében genießen — to enjoy life
das or sein Lében verlieren — to lose one's life
jdm das Lében retten — to save sb's life
es geht um Lében und Tod, es ist eine Sache auf Lében und Tod — it's a matter of life and death
wenn dir dein Lében lieb ist — if you value your life
ein glückliches etc Lében führen — to lead a happy etc life
mit dem Lében davonkommen — to escape with one's life
mit dem Lében spielen, sein Lében aufs Spiel setzen — to take one's life in one's hands, to dice with death
mit dem Lében abschließen — to prepare for death
seinem Lében ein Ende machen or bereiten — to put an end to one's life
zu neuem Lében verhelfen — to breathe new life into sth, to revitalize sth
etw ins Lében rufen — to bring sth into being
or befördern (inf) — to kill sb, to take sb's life, to take care of sb (inf); (bei Hinrichtung auch) to put sb to death
seines Lébens nicht mehr sicher sein — to fear for one's life
ums Lében kommen — to die, to lose one's life
sein Lében lassen (müssen) — to lose one's life
jdn am Lében lassen — to spare sb's life
um sein Lében laufen or rennen — to run for one's life or for dear life
das Lében nehmen — to take one's (own) life
jdn wieder ins Lében zurückrufen — to bring sb back to life; Bewusstlosen to revive sb, to bring sb round (Brit) or around (US)
was ist das für ein Lében? — what kind of (a) life is that?
der Mann/die Frau meines Lébens — my ideal man/woman
etw für sein Lében gern tun — to love doing sth, to be mad about doing sth (inf)
etw für sein Lében gern essen/trinken — to be mad about sth (inf), to love sth
jdn künstlich am Lében erhalten — to keep sb alive artificially
ein Lében in Frieden/in Armut etc — a life of peace/poverty etc
er hat es nie leicht gehabt im Lében — he has never had an easy life
ein Lében lang — one's whole life (long)
zum ersten Mal or das erste Mal im Lében — for the first time in one's life
ich habe noch nie im or in meinem Lében geraucht — I have never smoked (in) all my life or in my whole life
nie im Lében! — never!
sich durchs Lében schlagen — to struggle through (life)
ins Lében treten — to go out into the world
im Lében stehen — to have some standing in the world
ein Roman, den das Lében schrieb — a novel of real life
ein Film nach dem Lében — a film from real life
das Lében geht weiter — life goes on
unser Lében währet siebenzig Jahr... (Bibl) — the days of our years are three score years and ten (Bibl)
2) (= Betriebsamkeit) lifeauf dem Markt herrscht reges Lében — the market is a hive of activity
in dieser Stadt ist wenigstens Lében — at least there is some life in this town
bringen (inf) — to liven or brighten sth up
voller Lében stecken — to be full of life
es war überhaupt kein Lében in seinem Vortrag — there wasn't a spark of life in his lecture
See:→ Bude* * *1) (living and not dead: Queen Victoria was still alive in 1900.) alive2) ((a way of) life: an uneventful existence.) existence3) (to stay alive; to continue to live: It is possible to exist on bread and water.) exist4) (the quality belonging to plants and animals which distinguishes them from rocks, minerals etc and things which are dead: Doctors are fighting to save the child's life.) life5) (the period between birth and death: He had a long and happy life.) life6) (liveliness: She was full of life and energy.) life7) (a manner of living: She lived a life of ease and idleness.) life8) (the period during which any particular state exists: He had many different jobs during his working life.) life9) (living things: It is now believed that there may be life on Mars; animal life.) life10) (to have life; to be alive: This poison is dangerous to everything that lives.) live11) (to pass (one's life): He lived a life of luxury; She lives in fear of being attacked.) live* * *Le·ben<-s, ->[ˈle:bn̩]nt1. (Lebendigsein) lifeetw mit dem [o seinem] \Leben bezahlen (geh) to pay for sth with one's lifeam \Leben bleiben/sein to remain [or stay]/be alivesolange er am Leben ist, wird das Haus nicht verkauft as long as he lives the house won't be soldjdn ums \Leben bringen (geh) to take sb's lifemit dem \Leben davonkommen to escape with one's lifejdn [künstlich] am \Leben erhalten to keep sb alive [artificially][bei etw dat/während einer S. gen] ums \Leben kommen to die [in sth/during sth], to lose one's life [in sth/during sth]jdn das \Leben kosten (geh) to cost sb his/her lifesein \Leben [für jdn/etw] lassen (geh) to give one's life [for sb/sth]jdn am \Leben lassen to let sb liveum sein \Leben laufen [o rennen] to run for one's lifejdm das \Leben schenken (geh: jdn gebären) to give birth to sb; (jdn am Leben lassen) to let sb livemit seinem \Leben spielen to put one's life at riskjdn ins \Leben zurückrufen to revive sb2. (Existieren) lifedas ewige \Leben eternal lifedas \Leben geht weiter life goes onsein \Leben genießen/verpfuschen to enjoy/ruin one's lifeam \Leben hängen to love lifedas [o sein] \Leben hinter sich dat haben to have one's life behind one, to have had one's innings famnie im \Leben [o im \Leben nicht] neverjdm/sich das \Leben schwer machen to make life difficult for sb/oneselfso ist das \Leben [eben] that's life, such is lifezeit jds \Lebens as long as sb livesich war zeit meines \Lebens noch nie beim Arzt I have never consulted a doctor in all my life3. (Alltag, Lebensweise) lifeein \Leben in Armut/im Luxus a life of poverty/luxuryein geruhsames/hektisches \Leben führen to lead a quiet/hectic lifedas \Leben Picassos Picasso's life, the life of Picassodas süße \Leben the life of Riley famdas tägliche \Leben everyday lifedas wirkliche \Leben real lifedas \Leben zu zweit life as a couple4. (Lebewesen) lifees gibt kein \Leben auf jenem Planeten there's no life on that planetetw ins \Leben rufen to found [or establish] sthdas öffentliche \Leben public lifeeine Figur [o Person] des öffentlichen \Lebens a public figure6. (Lebhaftigkeit) lifeder Roman ist ohne \Leben there is no life in the novelvoller \Leben sein to be full of life7. (Lebensinhalt) lifeihr Garten war ihr \Leben her garden was her life8.▶ seines \Lebens nicht mehr froh werden to have a rotten life▶ aus dem Leben gegriffen sein to be a slice of life▶ es geht um [o ist eine Sache auf] \Leben und Tod it's a matter of life and death▶ etw für sein \Leben gern tun to love doing sthich esse für mein \Leben gern Schokolade I love chocolateich würde für mein \Leben gern verreisen I'd love to travel▶ jdm das \Leben zur Hölle machen to make sb's life hell▶ wenn dir dein \Leben lieb ist if your life means sth to you▶ das nackte \Leben retten [o mit dem nackten \Leben davonkommen] to barely escape with one's life▶ ein Roman den/ein Stück das das \Leben schrieb a novel/a play of real life▶ jds \Leben steht auf dem Spiel sb's life is at risk▶ jdm nach dem \Leben trachten to be out to kill sb* * *das; Lebens, Leben1) lifeam Leben sein/bleiben — be/stay alive
seines Lebens nicht [mehr] sicher sein — not be safe [any more]
etwas für sein Leben gern essen/tun — love something/doing something
mit dem Leben davonkommen/das nackte Leben retten — escape/barely escape with one's life
ein/sein [ganzes] Leben lang — one's whole life long
noch nie im Leben/zum erstenmal im Leben — never in/for the first time in one's life
mit beiden Beinen od. Füßen im Leben stehen — have one's feet firmly on the ground
nie im Leben, im Leben nicht! — (ugs.) not on your life! (coll.); never in your life! (coll.)
so ist das Leben — such is life; that's the way things go
die Musik ist ihr Leben — music is her [whole] life
* * *so ist das Leben (nun einmal) that’s life, such is life; umg that’s the way the cookie crumbles;am Leben sein be alive;am Leben bleiben stay alive, survive;mit dem Leben davonkommen survive, escape;am Leben erhalten keep alive;er hängt am Leben he really enjoys life, Todkranker: he’s not ready to die yet;sein Leben teuer verkaufen sell one’s life dearly;jemandem das Leben schenken spare sb’s life;einem Kind das Leben schenken geh bring a child into the world;Leben spendend geh life-giving;Leben zerstörend geh life-destroying;sich (dat)das Leben nehmen take one’s (own) life;setzen put an end to one’s life;ums Leben kommen be killed;es geht um Leben und Tod it’s a matter of life and death;rennen run for dear life2. (Lebenszeit) life(time);das Leben vor/hinter sich (dat)haben have one’s whole life ahead of one/have done with life;mein ganzes Leben (lang) all my life;das Geschäft meines/seines etcLebens the best deal I have/he has etc ever done, the deal of a lifetimedas Leben in Australien life in Australia;ein Leben in Armut/im Überfluss a life of poverty/luxury;das einfache Leben the simple life;das süße Leben la dolce vita;das Leben genießen enjoy life;das Leben ist schon schwer it’s a hard life;jemandem das Leben sauer machen make sb’s life a misery;sich mühsam durchs Leben schlagen have a hard struggle through life;das Stück ist aus dem Leben gegriffen the play is a slice of life;ein Stück nach dem Leben a play taken from real life, a slice of life4. (Lebenskraft, Lebendigkeit) life, vitality; (geschäftiges Treiben) activity, bustle; im Gesichtsausdruck: animation;Leben in eine Sache bringen put some life into sth;Leben in die Bude bringen umg liven things up;das Stück hat kein Leben the play lacks vitality, there’s no life in the play;5. (Lebensbeschreibung) life, biography;Leben des Galilei Titel: The Life of Galileo;aus seinem Leben erzählen recount stories from one’s life;Leben und Werk großer Künstler the lives and works of great artists6. (Geschehen) life;das wirtschaftliche/kulturelle Leben einer Stadt the business/cultural life of a town;im öffentlichen Leben stehen be active in public life7. (Lebewesen pl) life;auf dem Mond ist kein Leben there’s no life on the moon8. in Wendungen:etwas für sein Leben gern tun love doing sth;ich würde für mein Leben gern dorthin fahren I’d give anything to go there, I’d love to go there;je im Leben ever;ins Leben rufen call into being, start (up);ins Leben treten step into the big, wide world;wie das Leben so spielt life is full of surprises;nicht ums Leben möchte ich das: not for anything (in the world); → abschließen B 2, blühend, erwecken 2, ewig A, froh, lassen C 6; nackt, passieren B, trachten etc* * *das; Lebens, Leben1) lifesich (Dat.) das Leben nehmen — take one's [own] life
am Leben sein/bleiben — be/stay alive
seines Lebens nicht [mehr] sicher sein — not be safe [any more]
etwas für sein Leben gern essen/tun — love something/doing something
mit dem Leben davonkommen/das nackte Leben retten — escape/barely escape with one's life
ein/sein [ganzes] Leben lang — one's whole life long
noch nie im Leben/zum erstenmal im Leben — never in/for the first time in one's life
mit beiden Beinen od. Füßen im Leben stehen — have one's feet firmly on the ground
nie im Leben, im Leben nicht! — (ugs.) not on your life! (coll.); never in your life! (coll.)
so ist das Leben — such is life; that's the way things go
die Musik ist ihr Leben — music is her [whole] life
* * *existence n.life n.(§ pl.: lives)lifetime n.livings n. -
49 leben
I v/i1. (am Leben sein) live; (nicht tot sein) be alive; man lebt nur einmal you only have one life to live, you only live once; lebt er noch? is he still alive?; er wird nicht mehr lange leben he hasn’t got much longer to live, his days are numbered; so wahr ich lebe! I swear it; lebst du noch? umg., hum., iro. well, hello stranger; ich habe alles, was ich zum Leben brauche I have all I need to keep body and soul together; wir leben nicht mehr im 19. Jahrhundert iro. this isn’t the 19th century(, you know); wie gehts? - man lebt ( so eben) umg. how are things? - surviving2. eine bestimmte Lebensweise haben: leben von (Nahrung) live on ( oder off); (Tätigkeit etc.) live from ( oder off), make a living with ( oder by + Ger.), (Verdienst, Rente) live on; vegetarisch leben be a vegetarian; makrobiotisch leben live on macrobiotic food(s); gesund / ungesund leben lead a healthy / an unhealthy life; in gesunden/ungesunden Verhältnissen: live in healthy / unhealthy conditions; sie leben ganz gut they don’t do too badly (for themselves); nach einem Grundsatz leben live in accordance with a principle, stick to a principle; leben und leben lassen live and let live; sie lebt nur für ihre Kunst she only lives for her art3. (wohnen) live; wie lange leben Sie schon hier? how long have you been living here?; ich träume davon, in Neuseeland zu leben my dream is to (go and) live in New Zealand4. fig., Andenken etc.: live on; die Statue lebt the statue is very ( oder so) lifelike; das Stück lebt nicht there’s no life in the play5. es lebe...! three cheers for...!; es lebe der König / die Königin! long live the King / Queen!; leben Sie wohl farewell; Tag1 4 etc.6. unpers.: es lebt sich ganz angenehm / bequem etc. life’s quite pleasant / comfortable etc.; hier lebt es sich gut it’s not a bad life here, life’s not bad hereII v/t: ein angenehmes / bequemes etc. Leben leben lead a pleasant / comfortable etc. life, have a pleasant / comfortable ( oder an easy) etc. lifestyle; sein Leben noch einmal leben live one’s life (over) again; sein eigenes Leben leben lead an independent life, go one’s own way; seinen Glauben leben geh. live according to one’s faith ( oder beliefs)* * *das Lebenexistence; life; lifetime* * *Le|ben ['leːbn]nt -s, -1) lifedas Lében — life
am Lében sein/bleiben — to be/stay alive
das Lében als Milchmann — life as a milkman, a milkman's life
das Lében Hemingways — Hemingway's life, the life of Hemingway
haben — to have one's life ahead of or in front of or before/behind one
solange ich am Lében bin — as long as I live
sich des Lébens freuen, das or sein Lében genießen — to enjoy life
das or sein Lében verlieren — to lose one's life
jdm das Lében retten — to save sb's life
es geht um Lében und Tod, es ist eine Sache auf Lében und Tod — it's a matter of life and death
wenn dir dein Lében lieb ist — if you value your life
ein glückliches etc Lében führen — to lead a happy etc life
mit dem Lében davonkommen — to escape with one's life
mit dem Lében spielen, sein Lében aufs Spiel setzen — to take one's life in one's hands, to dice with death
mit dem Lében abschließen — to prepare for death
seinem Lében ein Ende machen or bereiten — to put an end to one's life
zu neuem Lében verhelfen — to breathe new life into sth, to revitalize sth
etw ins Lében rufen — to bring sth into being
or befördern (inf) — to kill sb, to take sb's life, to take care of sb (inf); (bei Hinrichtung auch) to put sb to death
seines Lébens nicht mehr sicher sein — to fear for one's life
ums Lében kommen — to die, to lose one's life
sein Lében lassen (müssen) — to lose one's life
jdn am Lében lassen — to spare sb's life
um sein Lében laufen or rennen — to run for one's life or for dear life
das Lében nehmen — to take one's (own) life
jdn wieder ins Lében zurückrufen — to bring sb back to life; Bewusstlosen to revive sb, to bring sb round (Brit) or around (US)
was ist das für ein Lében? — what kind of (a) life is that?
der Mann/die Frau meines Lébens — my ideal man/woman
etw für sein Lében gern tun — to love doing sth, to be mad about doing sth (inf)
etw für sein Lében gern essen/trinken — to be mad about sth (inf), to love sth
jdn künstlich am Lében erhalten — to keep sb alive artificially
ein Lében in Frieden/in Armut etc — a life of peace/poverty etc
er hat es nie leicht gehabt im Lében — he has never had an easy life
ein Lében lang — one's whole life (long)
zum ersten Mal or das erste Mal im Lében — for the first time in one's life
ich habe noch nie im or in meinem Lében geraucht — I have never smoked (in) all my life or in my whole life
nie im Lében! — never!
sich durchs Lében schlagen — to struggle through (life)
ins Lében treten — to go out into the world
im Lében stehen — to have some standing in the world
ein Roman, den das Lében schrieb — a novel of real life
ein Film nach dem Lében — a film from real life
das Lében geht weiter — life goes on
unser Lében währet siebenzig Jahr... (Bibl) — the days of our years are three score years and ten (Bibl)
2) (= Betriebsamkeit) lifeauf dem Markt herrscht reges Lében — the market is a hive of activity
in dieser Stadt ist wenigstens Lében — at least there is some life in this town
bringen (inf) — to liven or brighten sth up
voller Lében stecken — to be full of life
es war überhaupt kein Lében in seinem Vortrag — there wasn't a spark of life in his lecture
See:→ Bude* * *1) (living and not dead: Queen Victoria was still alive in 1900.) alive2) ((a way of) life: an uneventful existence.) existence3) (to stay alive; to continue to live: It is possible to exist on bread and water.) exist4) (the quality belonging to plants and animals which distinguishes them from rocks, minerals etc and things which are dead: Doctors are fighting to save the child's life.) life5) (the period between birth and death: He had a long and happy life.) life6) (liveliness: She was full of life and energy.) life7) (a manner of living: She lived a life of ease and idleness.) life8) (the period during which any particular state exists: He had many different jobs during his working life.) life9) (living things: It is now believed that there may be life on Mars; animal life.) life10) (to have life; to be alive: This poison is dangerous to everything that lives.) live11) (to pass (one's life): He lived a life of luxury; She lives in fear of being attacked.) live* * *Le·ben<-s, ->[ˈle:bn̩]nt1. (Lebendigsein) lifeetw mit dem [o seinem] \Leben bezahlen (geh) to pay for sth with one's lifeam \Leben bleiben/sein to remain [or stay]/be alivesolange er am Leben ist, wird das Haus nicht verkauft as long as he lives the house won't be soldjdn ums \Leben bringen (geh) to take sb's lifemit dem \Leben davonkommen to escape with one's lifejdn [künstlich] am \Leben erhalten to keep sb alive [artificially][bei etw dat/während einer S. gen] ums \Leben kommen to die [in sth/during sth], to lose one's life [in sth/during sth]jdn das \Leben kosten (geh) to cost sb his/her lifesein \Leben [für jdn/etw] lassen (geh) to give one's life [for sb/sth]jdn am \Leben lassen to let sb liveum sein \Leben laufen [o rennen] to run for one's lifejdm das \Leben schenken (geh: jdn gebären) to give birth to sb; (jdn am Leben lassen) to let sb livemit seinem \Leben spielen to put one's life at riskjdn ins \Leben zurückrufen to revive sb2. (Existieren) lifedas ewige \Leben eternal lifedas \Leben geht weiter life goes onsein \Leben genießen/verpfuschen to enjoy/ruin one's lifeam \Leben hängen to love lifedas [o sein] \Leben hinter sich dat haben to have one's life behind one, to have had one's innings famnie im \Leben [o im \Leben nicht] neverjdm/sich das \Leben schwer machen to make life difficult for sb/oneselfso ist das \Leben [eben] that's life, such is lifezeit jds \Lebens as long as sb livesich war zeit meines \Lebens noch nie beim Arzt I have never consulted a doctor in all my life3. (Alltag, Lebensweise) lifeein \Leben in Armut/im Luxus a life of poverty/luxuryein geruhsames/hektisches \Leben führen to lead a quiet/hectic lifedas \Leben Picassos Picasso's life, the life of Picassodas süße \Leben the life of Riley famdas tägliche \Leben everyday lifedas wirkliche \Leben real lifedas \Leben zu zweit life as a couple4. (Lebewesen) lifees gibt kein \Leben auf jenem Planeten there's no life on that planetetw ins \Leben rufen to found [or establish] sthdas öffentliche \Leben public lifeeine Figur [o Person] des öffentlichen \Lebens a public figure6. (Lebhaftigkeit) lifeder Roman ist ohne \Leben there is no life in the novelvoller \Leben sein to be full of life7. (Lebensinhalt) lifeihr Garten war ihr \Leben her garden was her life8.▶ seines \Lebens nicht mehr froh werden to have a rotten life▶ aus dem Leben gegriffen sein to be a slice of life▶ es geht um [o ist eine Sache auf] \Leben und Tod it's a matter of life and death▶ etw für sein \Leben gern tun to love doing sthich esse für mein \Leben gern Schokolade I love chocolateich würde für mein \Leben gern verreisen I'd love to travel▶ jdm das \Leben zur Hölle machen to make sb's life hell▶ wenn dir dein \Leben lieb ist if your life means sth to you▶ das nackte \Leben retten [o mit dem nackten \Leben davonkommen] to barely escape with one's life▶ ein Roman den/ein Stück das das \Leben schrieb a novel/a play of real life▶ jds \Leben steht auf dem Spiel sb's life is at risk▶ jdm nach dem \Leben trachten to be out to kill sb* * *das; Lebens, Leben1) lifeam Leben sein/bleiben — be/stay alive
seines Lebens nicht [mehr] sicher sein — not be safe [any more]
etwas für sein Leben gern essen/tun — love something/doing something
mit dem Leben davonkommen/das nackte Leben retten — escape/barely escape with one's life
ein/sein [ganzes] Leben lang — one's whole life long
noch nie im Leben/zum erstenmal im Leben — never in/for the first time in one's life
mit beiden Beinen od. Füßen im Leben stehen — have one's feet firmly on the ground
nie im Leben, im Leben nicht! — (ugs.) not on your life! (coll.); never in your life! (coll.)
so ist das Leben — such is life; that's the way things go
die Musik ist ihr Leben — music is her [whole] life
* * *A. v/iman lebt nur einmal you only have one life to live, you only live once;lebt er noch? is he still alive?;er wird nicht mehr lange leben he hasn’t got much longer to live, his days are numbered;so wahr ich lebe! I swear it;lebst du noch? umg, hum, iron well, hello stranger;ich habe alles, was ich zum Leben brauche I have all I need to keep body and soul together;wir leben nicht mehr im 19. Jahrhundert iron this isn’t the 19th century(, you know);wie gehts? - man lebt (so eben) umg how are things? - survivingleben von (Nahrung) live on ( oder off); (Tätigkeit etc) live from ( oder off), make a living with ( oder by +ger), (Verdienst, Rente) live on;vegetarisch leben be a vegetarian;makrobiotisch leben live on macrobiotic food(s);gesund/ungesund leben lead a healthy/an unhealthy life; in gesunden/ungesunden Verhältnissen: live in healthy/unhealthy conditions;sie leben ganz gut they don’t do too badly (for themselves);nach einem Grundsatz leben live in accordance with a principle, stick to a principle;leben und leben lassen live and let live;sie lebt nur für ihre Kunst she only lives for her art3. (wohnen) live;wie lange leben Sie schon hier? how long have you been living here?;ich träume davon, in Neuseeland zu leben my dream is to (go and) live in New Zealand4. fig, Andenken etc: live on;die Statue lebt the statue is very ( oder so) lifelike;das Stück lebt nicht there’s no life in the play5.es lebe …! three cheers for …!;es lebe der König/die Königin! long live the King/Queen!;6. unpers:es lebt sich ganz angenehm/bequem etc life’s quite pleasant/comfortable etc;hier lebt es sich gut it’s not a bad life here, life’s not bad hereB. v/t:ein angenehmes/bequemes etcLeben leben lead a pleasant/comfortable etc life, have a pleasant/comfortable ( oder an easy) etc lifestyle;sein Leben noch einmal leben live one’s life (over) again;sein eigenes Leben leben lead an independent life, go one’s own way;* * *das; Lebens, Leben1) lifesich (Dat.) das Leben nehmen — take one's [own] life
am Leben sein/bleiben — be/stay alive
seines Lebens nicht [mehr] sicher sein — not be safe [any more]
etwas für sein Leben gern essen/tun — love something/doing something
mit dem Leben davonkommen/das nackte Leben retten — escape/barely escape with one's life
ein/sein [ganzes] Leben lang — one's whole life long
noch nie im Leben/zum erstenmal im Leben — never in/for the first time in one's life
mit beiden Beinen od. Füßen im Leben stehen — have one's feet firmly on the ground
nie im Leben, im Leben nicht! — (ugs.) not on your life! (coll.); never in your life! (coll.)
so ist das Leben — such is life; that's the way things go
die Musik ist ihr Leben — music is her [whole] life
* * *existence n.life n.(§ pl.: lives)lifetime n.livings n. -
50 ἡμέρα
ἡμέρα, ας, ἡ (Hom.+; loanw. in rabb.)① the period betw. sunrise and sunset, dayⓐ lit. (opp. νύξ; e.g. Ath. 24, 2 ἀντιδοξοῦντι … ὡς … τῇ ἡμέρᾳ νύξ) Mt 4:2 (fasting for 40 days and 40 nights as Ex 34:28. S. νύξ 1d.—Cp. JosAs 13:8 ἑπτὰ ἡμέρας καὶ ἑπτὰ νύκτας; Lucian, Ver. Hist. 1, 10 ἑπτὰ ἡμέρας κ. τὰς ἴσας νύκτας); 12:40 and oft. ἡμέρα γίνεται day is breaking (X., An. 2, 2, 13; 7, 2, 34; Appian, Iber. 74 §315; Jos., Ant. 10, 202, Vi. 405) Lk 4:42; 6:13; 22:66; Ac 12:18; 16:35; 27:29, 39. ἡμέρα διαυγάζει the day dawns 2 Pt 1:19. κλίνει declines, evening approaches Lk 9:12; 24:29 (cp. Just., D. 56, 16 ἡμέρα προκόπτει). φαίνει shines Rv 8:12. In the gen. to denote a point of time ἡμέρας in daylight (Hippocr., Ep. 19, 7; Arrian, Ind. 13, 6; Lucian, Ver. Hist. 1, 10) 1 Cl 25:4. ἡμέρας μέσης at midday, noon (Lucian, Nigr. 34; cp. Jos., Ant. 5, 190) Ac 26:13. But also, as in Thu. et al., of time within which someth. occurs, ἡμέρας during the day Rv 21:25. ἡμέρας καὶ νυκτός (by) day and night (Appian, Liby. 121, §576; Arrian, Anab. 7, 11, 4; Jos., Ant. 11, 171; Just., D. 1, 4 διʼ ὅλης νυκτὸς καὶ ἡμέρας; also in reverse order as Is 34:10) Mk 5:5; Lk 18:7; Ac 9:24; 1 Th 2:9; 3:10; 2 Th 3:8; AcPl Ha 2, 10; 3, 2. The acc. of time νύκτα καὶ ἡμέραν (in this sequence Dio Chrys. 7 [8], 15; Ael. Aristid. 51, 1 K.=27 p. 534 D.; Esth 4:16; cp. νύκτωρ καὶ μεθʼ ἡμέραν Mel., HE 4, 26, 5; Ath. 34, 3) (throughout the) day and (the) night Mk 4:27; Lk 2:37; Ac 20:31; 26:7. τὰς ἡμέρας every day (opp. τὰς νύκτας; cp. Dio Chrys. 4, 36; Jos., C. Ap. 1, 199) Lk 21:37; cp. πᾶσαν ἡμέραν (throughout) every day Ac 5:42 (cp. Hdt. 7, 203, 1). τὴν ἡμέραν ἐκείνην (throughout) that day (Ael. Aristid. 49, 45 K.) J 1:39. ὅλην τ. ἡμ. (Jos., Ant. 6, 22) Mt 20:6. The acc. in a distributive sense συμφωνεῖν ἐκ δηναρίου τὴν ἡμέραν on a denarius a day Mt 20:2 (s. Meisterhans3-Schw. 205; pap in Mlt., ClR 15, 1901, 436; 18, 1904, 152). ἡμέρας ὁδός a day’s journey Lk 2:44 (cp. X., An. 2, 2, 12; Gen 31:23; 1 Macc 5:24; Jos., C. Ap. 2, 21; 23). Daylight lasts for twelve hours, during which a person can walk without stumbling J 11:9ab. ἡ ἐν ἡμέρᾳ τρυφή reveling in broad daylight 2 Pt 2:13.ⓑ fig. (SibOr 5, 241) Christians as υἱοὶ φωτὸς καὶ υἱοὶ ἡμέρας children of light and of the day 1 Th 5:5; cp. vs. 8 (in contrast, Aristoph., Fgm. 573 K. calls Chaerephon, the friend of Socrates νυκτὸς παῖδα, in a derogatory sense). In J 9:4 day denotes the period of human life; cp. Ro 13:12f.② civil or legal day, including the night, day Mt 6:34; 15:32; Mk 6:21; Lk 13:14; B 15:3ff. Opp. hours Mt 25:13; hours, months, years Rv 9:15; cp. Gal 4:10.ⓐ In the gen., answering the question, how long? (Nicostrat. Com., Fgm. 5 K. ἡμερῶν τριῶν ἤδη=now for three days; Porphyr., Vi. Plotini 13 W. τριῶν ἡμ.; BGU 37, 7 [50 A.D.]; 249, 11 [70–80 A.D.] ἡμερῶν δύο διαμένομεν) τεσσεράκοντα ἡμερῶν during 40 days Ac 1:3 D*. ἑκάστης ἡμέρας each day AcPl Ha 6, 8 (cp. ILegGort 1, 9 of a fine τᾶς ἁμέρας ϝεκάστας ‘for each day’, on the gen. Buck, Dialects §170; Just., D. 2, 6 al.)—In the dat., answering the quest., when? (X., An. 4, 7, 8; Jdth 7:6; Esth 7:2; Bel 40 Theod.; JosAs 11:1; Just., A I, 67, 7 al.) τῇ τρίτῃ ἡμέρᾳ (cp. Arrian, Anab. 6, 4, 1 τρίτῃ ἡμ.; AscIs 3:16 τῇ τρίτῃ ἡμ.; JosAs 29:8; Just., D. 100, 1 al., cp. D. 85, 6 τῇ δευτέρᾳ ἡμ.) Mt 16:21; 17:23; Lk 9:22; 24:7, 46; 1 Cor 15:4. ᾗ δὲ ἡμέρᾳ on the day on which (PLille 15, 1 [242 B.C.] ᾗ ἡμέρᾳ; 1 Esdr 1:49; Jos., Ant. 20, 26) Lk 17:29; cp. vs. 30. μιᾷ ἡμέρᾳ in (the course of) one day (Appian, Iber. 58 §244) 1 Cor 10:8.ⓑ In the acc., usu. answering the quest., how long? (X., An. 4, 7, 18; Nicol. Dam.: 90 Fgm. 130, 26 p. 410, 30 Jac. τὴν ἡμέραν ἐκείνην=throughout that day; Polyaenus 6, 53 τρεῖς ἡμέρας; Arrian, Anab. 6, 2, 3; Lucian, Alex. 15 ἡμέρας=several days; Philo, Vi. Cont. 30 τὰς ἓξ ἡμέρας; JosAs 10:20 τὰς ἑπτὰ ἡμέρας) ὅλην τ. ἡμέραν the whole day long Ro 8:36 (Ps 43:23), 10:21 (Is 65:2). ἡμέραν μίαν for one day Ac 21:7 (Just., D. 12, 3). ἔμειναν οὐ πολλὰς ἡμέρας J 2:12; cp. 4:40; 11:6; Ac 9:19; 10:48; 16:12; 20:6c; 21:4, 10; Gal 1:18; Rv 11:3, 9. ἡμέραν ἐξ ἡμέρας day after day (Ps.-Euripides, Rhes. 445f, Henioch. 5, 13 Kock; Gen 39:10; Num 30:15; Is 58:2; Ps 95:2; Sir 5:7; En) 2 Pt 2:8; 2 Cl 11:2 (quot. of unknown orig.; s. also e below, end). Only rarely does the acc. answer the quest., when? (Antiphanes Com. [IV B.C.] Fgm. 280; Ps.-Lucian, Halc. 3 τρίτην ἡμ.) τὴν ἡμέραν τῆς πεντηκοστῆς on the Day of Pentecost Ac 20:16. Peculiar is the expr. τεσσαρεσκαιδεκάτην σήμερον ἡμέραν προσδοκῶντες this is the fourteenth day you have been waiting Ac 27:33 (cp. X., An. 4, 5, 24 ἐνάτην ἡμέραν γεγαμημένην).—ἑπτάκις τῆς ἡμέρας seven times a day Lk 17:4.ⓒ Used w. prep.: ἀπό w. gen. from … (on) Mt 22:46; J 11:53; Ac 20:18. ἀφʼ ἧς ἡμέρας (PRev 9, 1 [258 B.C.]; PsSol 18:11f; EpArist 24) Col 1:6, 9; Hm 4, 4, 3. ἀπὸ … ἄχρι … Phil 1:5. ἀπὸ … μέχρι … Ac 10:30. ἄχρι w. gen. until Mt 24:38b; Lk 1:20; 17:27; Ac 1:2; 2:29. ἄχρι ἡμερῶν πέντε five days later Ac 20:6b. μέχρι τῆς σήμερον (ἡμέρας) up to the present day (1 Esdr 8:74) Mt 28:15. ἕως τ. ἡμέρας Mt 27:64; Ac 1:22; Ro 11:8 (Dt 29:3; Just., D. 134, 5 ἕως τῆς σήμερον ἡμ.; for this Ath. 2, 1 εἰς … τὴν σήμερον ἡμ.). διʼ ἡμερῶν after (several) days Mk 2:1 (cp. Hdt. 6, 118, 3 διʼ ἐτέων εἴκοσι; Thu. 2, 94, 3; Pla., Hipp. Maj. 281a διὰ χρόνου=after a [long] time). διὰ τριῶν ἡμερῶν within three days (PPetr II, 4 [6], 8 διʼ ἡμερῶν ε´=in the course of 5 days) Mt 26:61; Mk 14:58. διʼ ἡμερῶν τεσσεράκοντα Ac 1:3 (s. διά A 2a). διὰ τ. ἡμέρας in the course of the day Lk 9:37 D εἰς τ. ἡμέραν for the day (PPetr III, 95 col. 2, 6 [III B.C.]) J 12:7; Rv 9:15; εἰς ἡμέρας μ´ 40 days long AcPl Ha 6, 11. ἐν τῇ ἡμ. in the daytime J 11:9b. ἐν μιᾷ τῶν ἡμερῶν one day Lk 5:17; 8:22; 20:1. ἐν on w. dat. sing. Mt 24:50; Lk 1:59; 13:31 v.l. (Just., D. 29, 3 ἐν ταύτῃ τῇ ἡμ.; 111, 3 ἐν ἡμ. τοῦ πάσχα); J 5:9; Hb 4:4 (cp. Gen 2:2); AcPl Ha 3, 9. In, within w. dat. pl. (Alexis Com. 246, 2 K. ἐν πένθʼ ἡμέραις; Philo, Somn. 2, 112; TestJob 30:4; JosAs 21:7 ἐν ταῖς ἑπτὰ ἡμέραις τοῦ γάμου) ἐν τρισὶν ἡμέραις (PTebt 14, 5 [114 B.C.]; Porphyr., Vi. Plot. 17 p. 111, 26 W.; TestJob 24:9; EpArist 24) Mt 27:40; Mk 15:29; J 2:19f.—ἐπί w. acc. over a period of ἐπὶ ἡμέρας πλείους over a period of many days (PTurin I, 2, 15 [116 B.C.] ἐφʼ ἱκανὰς ἡμ.; Jos., Ant. 4, 277) Ac 13:31; cp. 27:20; ἐπὶ πολλὰς ἡμ. (Jos., Ant. 18, 57) 16:18; cp. Hb 11:30. καθʼ ἡμέραν every day (Hyperid. 6, 23; 26; Polyb. 1, 57, 7; 4, 18, 2 al.; Diod S 1, 36, 7 and 8; 2, 47, 2 al.; SIG 656, 22; UPZ 42, 13 [162 B.C.]; PGiss 17, 1; Tob 10:7; Sus 8 and 12 Theod.; 1 Macc 8:15; EpArist 304; Jos., Bell. 2, 265, Ant. 20, 205; Ar. [POxy 1778, 27]; Just., D. 39, 2 al.) Mt 26:55; Mk 14:49 (‘by day’: AArgyle, ET 63, ’51/52, 354); Lk 16:19; 22:53; Ac 2:46f; 3:2; 16:5; 17:11; 19:9; 1 Cor 15:31; 2 Cor 11:28; Hb 7:27; 10:11. Also (w. optional art., s. B-D-F §160; Rob. 766) τὸ καθʼ ἡμ. (Aristoph., Equ. 1126; Pla.; Polyb. 4, 18, 2; POxy 1220, 4; TestJob 14:2; but simply καθʼ ἡμ. Ac 2:45 D) Lk 11:3; 19:47; Ac 17:11 v.l.; καθʼ ἑκάστην ἡμ. every day (X., Mem. 4, 2, 12, Equ. 5, 9; PTebt 412, 2; Mitt-Wilck. I/2, 327, 18; Ex 5:8; Esth 2:11; Job 1:4; Bel 4:6; PsSol 18:11; GrBar 8:4) Hb 3:13. κατὰ πᾶσαν ἡμ. w. same mng. (Jos., Ant. 6, 49) Ac 17:17. μεθʼ ἡμέρας ἕξ six days later (PSI 502, 16 [257 B.C.] μεθʼ ἡμέρας ιβ´; 436, 3 [Just., D. 27, 5 μετὰ μίαν ἡμ. al.]) Mt 17:1; cp. 26:2; 27:63; Mk 8:31; Lk 1:24; J 4:43; 20:26; Ac 1:5; 15:36; 24:1; 28:13; AcPl Ha 1, 33; 11, 8; AcPlCor 2:30. πρὸ ἓξ ἡμερῶν τοῦ πάσχα six days before the Passover J 12:1 (not a Latinism, since it is found as early as Hippocr. πρὸ τριῶν ἡμερῶν τῆς τελευτῆς [WSchulze, Graeca Latina 1901, 15; Rydbeck 64f]; cp. Plut., Symp. 8, 717d; Lucian, De Morte Peregr. 1; Aelian, HA 11, 19; mystery ins of Andania [SIG 736, 70 πρὸ ἁμερᾶν δέκα τῶν μυστηρίων]; PFay 118, 15; PHolm 4, 23; PGM 13, 26; 671; Am 1:1; 2 Macc 15:36; Jos., Ant. 15, 408; Just., D. 27, 5; s. WSchmid, D. Attizismus III 1893, 287f; IV 1897, 629; Mlt. 100f; B-D-F §213).—It is striking to find the nom. denoting time in the expression ἤδη ἡμέραι τρεῖς προσμένουσίν μοι Mt 15:32; Mk 8:2; cp. Lk 9:28 (s. B-D-F §144; Rob. 460).ⓓ Of festive days: ἡ ἡμέρα τῶν σαββάτων (σάββατον 1bβ) or τοῦ σαββάτου (σάββ. 1a) Lk 4:16; 13:14b, 16; J 19:31; Ac 13:14 (Just., D. 27, 5). ἡ ἡμέρα or αἱ ἡμέραι τ. ἀζύμων Lk 22:7; Ac 12:3; 20:6. ἡ ἡμέρα τ. πεντηκοστῆς Ac 2:1; 20:16. μεγάλη ἡμέρα the great day (of atonement) PtK 2 p. 14, 29. In gen. of a Judean festival GJs 1:2; 2:2 (the author no longer has a clear understanding of the precise festival signified by the term; s. Amann and deStrycker on 1:2). ἡ κυριακὴ ἡμέρα the Lord’s Day, Sunday Rv 1:10 (cp. Just. A I, 67, 7 τὴν … τοῦ ἡλίου ἡμέραν). Festive days are spoken of in the foll. passages: ὸ̔ς μὲν κρίνει ἡμέραν παρʼ ἡμέραν, ὸ̔ς δὲ κρίνει πᾶσαν ἡμέραν one person considers one day better than another, another considers every day good Ro 14:5. φρονεῖν τ. ἡμέραν concern oneself w. (= observe) the day vs. 6. ἡμέρας παρατηρεῖσθαι observe days Gal 4:10.—Used w. gen. to denote what happens or is to be done on the day in question ἡμ. τοῦ ἁγνισμοῦ Ac 21:26. τ. ἐνταφιασμοῦ day of burial J 12:7. ἕως ἡμέρας ἀναδείξεως αὐτοῦ πρὸς τὸν Ἰσραήλ Lk 1:80 (s. ἀνάδειξις).ⓔ OT terminology is reflected in the expr. fulfilling of the days (Ex 7:25; 1 Ch 17:11; Tob 10:1b; cp. מָלֵא) ἐπλήσθησαν αἱ ἡμ. τῆς λειτουργίας αὐτοῦ the days of his service came to an end Lk 1:23. ἐπλήσθησαν ἡμ. ὀκτὼ τοῦ περιτεμεῖν αὐτόν the eighth day, on which he was to be circumcised, had come 2:21; cp. vs. 22. S. ἐκπλήρωσις, συμπληρόω, συντελέω, τελέω, τελειόω. The Hebr. has also furnished the expr. ἡμέρᾳ καὶ ἡμέρᾳ day after day (Esth 3:4 יוֹם וָיוֹם=LXX καθʼ ἑκάστην ἡμέραν; יוֹם יוֹם Ps 68:20=LXX 67:20 ἡμέραν καθʼ ἡμέραν) 2 Cor 4:16; GJs 6:1.—ἡμέραν ἐξ ἡμέρας (rather oft. in the OT for various Hebr. expressions, but also in Henioch. Com. 5, 13 K.) day after day 2 Pt 2:8; prophetic quot. of unknown origin 2 Cl 11:2. ἡμέρᾳ ἀφʼ ἡμέρας GJs 12:3.③ a day appointed for very special purposes, day (UPZ 66, 5 [153 B.C.] ἡ ἡμ.=the wedding day; ins in ÖJh 64, ’95, p. 74 of a commemorative day for the founder of Ephesus τῇ τοῦ Ἀνδρόκλου ἡμέρᾳ), e.g. of childbirth J 16:21 v.l.ⓐ τακτῇ ἡμέρᾳ Ac 12:21. ἡμέραν τάξασθαι (Polyb. 18, 19, 1) 28:23. στῆσαι (Dionys. Hal. 6, 48) 17:31. ὁρίζειν (Polyb., Dionys. Hal.; Epict., Ench. 51, 1) Hb 4:7; Hv 2, 2, 5. Of the day of the census (s. Lk 2:1) αὕτη ἡ ἡμέρα κυρίου GJs 17:1. ἐν ἡμέρᾳ, ᾗ ἔμελλεν θηριομαχῖν ὁ Παῦλος AcPl Ha 3, 9.ⓑ esp. of a day of judgment, fixed by a judgeα. ἀνθρωπίνη ἡμ. a day appointed by a human court 1 Cor 4:3 (cp. the ins on a coin amulet [II/III A.D.] where these words are transl. ‘human judgment’ by CBonner, HTR 43, ’50, 165–68). This expr. is formed on the basis of ἡμ. as designatingβ. the day of God’s final judgment (s. ὥρα 3). ᾗ ἡμ. ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου ἀποκαλύπτεται the day on which the Human One (Son of Man) reveals himself Lk 17:30; ἡ τοῦ θεοῦ ἡμ. 2 Pt 3:12. ἡ ἡμέρα ἡ μεγάλη τοῦ θεοῦ τ. παντοκράτορος Rv 16:14. ἡμ. κυρίου (Jo 1:15; 2:1, 11; Is 13:6, 9 al.) occurring only once in the NT of the day of God, the Lord, in an OT quot. πρὶν ἐλθεῖν ἡμ. κυρίου τ. μεγάλην κ. ἐπιφανῆ Ac 2:20 (Jo 3:4; cp. JosAs 14:2). Otherw. Jesus Christ is the Lord of this day: 1 Cor 5:5; 1 Th 5:2 (P-ÉLangevin, Jesus Seigneur, ’67, 107–67; GHolland, SBLSP 24, ’85, 327–41); 2 Th 2:2; 2 Pt 3:10. He is oft. mentioned by name or otherw. clearly designated, e.g. as υἱὸς τ. ἀνθρώπου, Lk 17:24; 1 Cor 1:8; 2 Cor 1:14; Phil 1:6, 10; 2:16. ἡ ἐσχάτη ἡμ. the last day (of this age) (s. ἔσχατος 2b) J 6:39f, 44, 54; 11:24; 12:48; Hv 2, 2, 5. ἡμ. (τῆς) κρίσεως (Pr 6:34; Jdth 16:17; PsSol 15:12; En; GrBar 1:7; cp. TestLevi 3:2, 3; Just., D. 38, 2; Tat. 12, 4) Mt 10:15; 11:22, 24; 12:36; 2 Pt 2:9; 3:7; 1J 4:17; 2 Cl 17:6; B 19:10. ἐν ἡμέρᾳ ὄτε κρίνει ὁ θεὸς διὰ Χρ. Ἰ. the day on which … Ro 2:16 (RBultmann, TLZ 72, ’47, 200f considers this a gloss). ἡμ. ὀργῆς καὶ ἀποκαλύψεως δικαιοκρισίας τοῦ θεοῦ 2:5 (ἡμ. ὀργῆς as Zeph 1:15, 18; 2:3; Ezk 7:19 v.l.; cp. Rv 6:17). ἡ ἡμ. ἡ μεγάλη (Jer 37:7; Mal 3:22) Rv 6:17; 16:14. ἡμ. μεγάλη καὶ θαυμαστή B 6:4. ἡμ. ἀπολυτρώσεως Eph 4:30. ἡμ. ἐπισκοπῆς (s. ἐπισκοπή 1a and b) 1 Pt 2:12. ἡμ. ἀνταποδόσεως B 14:9 (Is 61:2); ἐκείνη ἡ ἡμ. (Zeph 1:15; Am 9:11; Zech 12:3f; Is 10:20; Jer 37:7f) Mt 7:22; Lk 6:23; 10:12; 21:34; 2 Th 1:10; 2 Ti 1:12, 18; 4:8; AcPlCor 2:32. Perh. ἡμ. σφαγῆς (cp. Jer 12:3; En 16:1) Js 5:5 belongs here (s. σφαγή). Abs. ἡμ. 1 Cor 3:13; Hb 10:25; B 7:9; 21:3; cp. 1 Th 5:4.—ἡμέρα αἰῶνος (Sir 18:10) day of eternity 2 Pt 3:18 is also eschatological in mng.; it means the day on which eternity commences, or the day which itself constitutes eternity. In the latter case the pass. would belong to the next section.④ an extended period, time (like יוֹם, but not unknown among the Greeks: Soph., Aj. 131; 623; Eur., Ion 720; Aristot., Rhet. 2, 13, 1389b, 33f; PAmh 30, 43 [II B.C.] ἡμέρας αἰτοῦσα=‘she asked for time’, or ‘a respite’)ⓐ in sg. ἐν τ. ἡμέρᾳ τ. πονηρᾷ when the times are evil (unless the ref. is to the final judgment) Eph 6:13. ἐν ἡμ. σωτηρίας of the salutary time that has come for Christians 2 Cor 6:2 (Is 49:8). Of the time of the rescue fr. Egypt ἐν ἡμέρᾳ ἐπιλαβομένου μου τ. χειρὸς αὐτῶν at the time when I took them by the hand Hb 8:9 (Jer 38:32; on the constr. cp. Bar 2:28 and B-D-F §423, 5; Rob. 514). ἐν ἐκείνῃ τ. ἡμέρᾳ at that time Mk 2:20b; J 14:20; 16:23, 26. τ. ἡμέραν τ. ἐμήν my time (era) 8:56. ἐν τῇ ἐσχάτῃ αὐτοῦ ἡμέρᾳ in his (Abraham’s) last days GJs 1:3.ⓑ chiefly in the pl. αἱ ἡμέραι of time of life or activity, w. gen. of pers. (1 Km 17:12 A; 2 Km 21:1; 3 Km 10:21; Esth 1:1s; Sir 46:7; 47:1; ἡμέραι αὐτοῦ En 12:2; ἡμέραι ἃς ἦτε 102:5 and oft.) ἐν ἡμέραις Ἡρῴδου Mt 2:1; Lk 1:5; Νῶε 17:26a; 1 Pt 3:20; Ἠλίου Lk 4:25. ἐν ταῖς ἡμ. τοῦ υἱοῦ τ. ἀνθρώπου 17:26b; cp. Mt 23:30. ἀπὸ τ. ἡμερῶν Ἰωάννου Mt 11:12. ἕως τ. ἡμερῶν Δαυίδ Ac 7:45; cp. 13:41 (Hab 1:5). W. gen. of thing ἡμέραι ἐκδικήσεως time of vengeance Lk 21:22; τ. ἀπογραφῆς Ac 5:37; cp. Rv 10:7; 11:6. ἐν τ. ἡμέραις τῆς σαρκὸς αὐτοῦ in the time of his appearance in the flesh Hb 5:7.—ἡμέραι πονηραί corrupt times Eph 5:16; cp. B 2:1; 8:6. ἡμ. ἀγαθαί happy times (Artem. 4, 8) 1 Pt 3:10 (Ps 33:13). ἀφʼ ἡμερῶν ἀρχαίων Ac 15:7; αἱ πρότερον ἡμ. Hb 10:32. πάσας τὰς ἡμέρας all the time, always Mt 28:20 (cp. Dt 4:40; 5:29; PsSol 14:4). νῦν τ. ἡμέραις at the present time Hs 9, 20, 4. ἐν (ταῖς) ἐσχάταις ἡμ. Ac 2:17; 2 Ti 3:1; Js 5:3; B 4:9; D 16:3. ἐπʼ ἐσχάτου τ. ἡμερῶν τούτων Hb 1:2; cp. 2 Pt 3:3; GJs 7:2. ἐν τ. ἡμέραις ἐκείναις at that time Mt 3:1; 24:19, 38; Mk 1:9; Lk 2:1; 4:2b; 5:35b. ἐν τ. ἡμ. ταύταις at this time Lk 1:39; 6:12; Ac 1:15. εἰς ταύτας τ. ἡμέρας w. respect to our time (opp. πάλαι) Hs 9, 26, 6. πρὸ τούτων τ. ἡμερῶν before this (time) Ac 5:36; 21:38; πρὸς ὀλίγας ἡμ. for a short time Hb 12:10; ἐλεύσονται ἡμ. there will come a time: w. ὅταν foll. Mt 9:15; Mk 2:20a; Lk 5:35a; w. ὅτε foll. Lk 17:22 (Just., D. 40, 2). ἥξουσιν ἡμέραι ἐπί σε καί a time is coming upon you when Lk 19:43. ἡμ. ἔρχονται καί Hb 8:8 (Jer 38:31). ἐλεύσονται ἡμ. ἐν αἷς Lk 21:6; 23:29.—Esp. of time of life πάσαις τ. ἡμέραις ἡμῶν for our entire lives Lk 1:75. πάσας τὰς ἡμέρας τῆς ζωῆς αὐτοῦ all his life GJs 4:1 (cp. En 103:5; TestJob 46:9). μήτε ἀρχὴν ἡμερῶν μήτε ζωῆς τέλος ἔχων without either beginning or end of life Hb 7:3. προβεβηκὼς ἐν ταῖς ἡμ. advanced in years Lk 1:7, 18; cp. 2:36 (s. Gen 18:11; 24:1; Josh 13:1; 23:1; 3 Km 1:1; προβαίνω 2).—B. 991. DELG s.v. ἦμαρ. EDNT. M-M. TW. Sv. -
51 early
'ə:li
1. adverb1) (near the beginning (of a period of time etc): early in my life; early in the afternoon.) en los inicios, al principio; pronto; temprano2) (sooner than others; sooner than usual; sooner than expected or than the appointed time: He arrived early; She came an hour early.) temprano
2. adjective1) (belonging to, or happening, near the beginning of a period of time etc: early morning; in the early part of the century.) temprano2) (belonging to the first stages of development: early musical instruments.) antiguo; los primeros; primitivo3) (happening etc sooner than usual or than expected: the baby's early arrival; It's too early to get up yet.) temprano4) (prompt: I hope for an early reply to my letter.) pronto•- early bird
early adj adv temprano / prontodo you usually get up early? ¿sueles levantarte temprano?tr['ɜːlɪ]1 (before expected) temprano,-a, pronto2 (initial) primero,-a■ what are your earliest memories? ¿cuáles son tus primeros recuerdos?1 (before expected) temprano, pronto; (soon) pronto2 (near beginning) temprano■ early in the morning a primera hora de la mañana, por la mañana temprano3 (in good time) con tiempo, con anticipación\SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALLat the earliest como muy prontoearlier on antesit's still early days aún es prontoat your earliest convenience con la mayor brevedadthe early bird catches the worm a quien madruga Dios le ayudato have an early night acostarse prontoto make an early start salir tempranoearly bird / early riser madrugador,-raearly man el hombre nombre masculino primitivoearly retirement jubilación nombre femenino anticipadaearly warning system sistema de alerta rojathe early hours / the early morning la madrugadahe arrived early: llegó tempranoas early as possible: lo más pronto posible, cuanto antesten minutes early: diez minutos de adelantothe early stages: las primeras etapasin early May: a principios de mayoearly man: el hombre primitivoearly painting: la pintura antiguahe was early: llegó tempranoearly fruit: frutas tempranerasan early death: una muerte prematuraadj.• adelantado, -a adj.• primero, -a adj.• primitivo, -a adj.• pronto, -a adj.• tempranero, -a adj.• temprano, -a adj.adv.• al principio adv.• temprano adv.
I 'ɜːrli, 'ɜːliadjective -lier, -liest1) ( before expected time) <arrival/elections> anticipadoto be early — \<\<person\>\> llegar* temprano; \<\<baby\>\> adelantarse
the bus was early — el autobús pasó (or salió etc) antes de la hora
2)a) ( before normal time)to have an early night/lunch — acostarse*/comer temprano
early retirement — jubilación f anticipada
b) <crop/variety> temprano, tempranero3) ( far back in time)in the early hours of the morning — en las primeras horas de la mañana, de madrugada
in early June — a principios or a comienzos de junio
from an early age — desde pequeño, desde temprana edad (liter)
5) ( in near future) prontoat the earliest possible moment — lo antes or lo más pronto posible
II
adverb -lier, -liest1) ( before expected time) temprano2) ( before usual time) temprano, pronto (Esp)3) ( long ago)it was known as early as 200 BC — ya se sabía en el año 200 A.C
early in the morning/afternoon — por la mañana/tarde temprano
early in the week/year — a principios de semana/año
5) ( soon) pronto['ɜːlɪ] (compar earlier) (superl earliest)they won't be here till nine at the earliest — por temprano que lleguen no estarán aquí antes de las nueve
1. ADJ1) (=before appointed time)•
to be early — llegar temprano or prontoyou're early! — ¡llegas temprano or pronto!
I was half an hour early for the meeting — llegué a la reunión con media hora de adelanto, llegué a la reunión media hora antes de que empezase
2) (=before usual time) [death, menopause] prematuro, temprano•
to have an early lunch — almorzar temprano, comer temprano•
it was an early summer — el verano se había adelantado, el verano había llegado pronto3) (=soon) pronto•
at your earliest convenience — (Comm) con la mayor brevedad posible4) (=towards beginning)a) (of morning)•
we need two seats on an early flight — necesitamos dos plazas en un vuelo que salga por la mañana temprano or un vuelo a primera hora de la mañana•
to get up at an early hour — levantarse temprano, levantarse de madrugada•
it was early in the morning — era muy de mañana, era muy tempranob) [period, process]the early days/months/years of sth — los primeros días/meses/años de algo
in the early 60s/70s — a principios de los 60/70
she's in her early forties/seventies — tiene poco más de cuarenta/setenta años, tiene cuarenta/setenta y pocos (años)
in early January/March — a principios de enero/marzo
it's still early — (in process) es pronto todavía
from an early age — desde pequeño, desde una edad temprana frm
it flowers from early spring to early autumn — florece desde principios de la primavera a principios del otoño
•
the disease is hard to detect in its early stages — es difícil detectar la enfermedad en sus fases inicialesit's early days yet —
we may have to modify the plans, but it's early days yet — (esp Brit) quizás tengamos que modificar los planes, pero aún es pronto para saberlo
5) (=first) [man, Church] primitivo; [settlers, pioneers, Christians] primer6) (Hort) [fruit, vegetable, crop] temprano2. ADV1) (=ahead of time) [arrive, leave, get up, go to bed] temprano, prontohe arrived ten minutes early — llegó diez minutos antes de la hora, llegó con diez minutos de anticipación
- early to bed, early to risebright 2.2) (=soon) prontoas early as possible — lo más pronto posible, cuanto antes
3) (=towards beginning of sth)a) (in morning) tempranoyou get up too early — te levantas demasiado temprano, madrugas demasiado
b) (in period, process)•
early in sth, early in the afternoon — a primera hora de la tarde•
early last century — a principios del siglo pasado•
early next year — a principios del año que viene•
early on in his career — en los primeros años de su carreraearlier on — anteriormente, antes
•
early this month — a principios de (este) mes3.CPDearly bird * N — madrugador(a) m / f
early closing N — (also: early-closing day) (Brit) día en que muchas tiendas solo abren por la mañana
early riser N — madrugador(a) m / f
early warning radar system N — sistema m de radar de alerta temprana
early warning system N — sistema m de alarma temprana or precoz, sistema m de alerta temprana or precoz
pain acts as the body's early warning system — el dolor actúa como un sistema de alarma or alerta precoz
* * *
I ['ɜːrli, 'ɜːli]adjective -lier, -liest1) ( before expected time) <arrival/elections> anticipadoto be early — \<\<person\>\> llegar* temprano; \<\<baby\>\> adelantarse
the bus was early — el autobús pasó (or salió etc) antes de la hora
2)a) ( before normal time)to have an early night/lunch — acostarse*/comer temprano
early retirement — jubilación f anticipada
b) <crop/variety> temprano, tempranero3) ( far back in time)in the early hours of the morning — en las primeras horas de la mañana, de madrugada
in early June — a principios or a comienzos de junio
from an early age — desde pequeño, desde temprana edad (liter)
5) ( in near future) prontoat the earliest possible moment — lo antes or lo más pronto posible
II
adverb -lier, -liest1) ( before expected time) temprano2) ( before usual time) temprano, pronto (Esp)3) ( long ago)it was known as early as 200 BC — ya se sabía en el año 200 A.C
early in the morning/afternoon — por la mañana/tarde temprano
early in the week/year — a principios de semana/año
5) ( soon) pronto -
52 de
prep.1 of.el coche de mi padre/mis padres my father's/parents' cares de ella it's hersla pata de la mesa the table legLa casa de mi padre The house of my father [My father's house]2 from (procedencia, distancia).salir de casa to leave homesoy de Bilbao I'm from Bilbaode la playa al apartamento hay 100 metros it's 100 meters from the beach to the apartment3 (made) of (materia).un vaso de plástico a plastic cupun reloj de oro a gold watch4 about (asunto).hablábamos de ti we were talking about youlibros de historia history books5 as.trabaja de bombero he works as a fireman6 from (time) (since).trabaja de nueve a cinco she works from nine to fivede madrugada early in the morninga las cuatro de la tarde at four in the afternoontrabaja de noche y duerme de día he works at night and sleeps during the day7 with (causa, modo).morirse de hambre to die of hungerllorar de alegría to cry with joyde una patada with a kickde una sola vez in one gode tres en tres three at a time8 if.de ir a verte, sería este domingo if I do visit you, it'll be this Sundayde no ser por ti, me hubiese hundido if it hadn't been for you, I wouldn't have made it9 to.Está ansiosa de obtener ese trabajo She is anxious to have that job.f.1 letter d.2 SD, standard deviation.3 ED, dose of erythema, erythema dose.* * *de————————de1 (posesión, pertenencia) of2 (procedencia, origen) from3 (descripción) with■ la niña de ojos castaños the girl with dark eyes, the dark-eyed girl4 (tema) of, on, about5 (materia) made of, of6 (contenido) of7 (uso) for8 (oficio) by, as9 (modo) on, in, as10 (tiempo) at, by, in■ de día by day, during the day12 (precio) at13 (medida) measuring14 (causa) with, because of, of15 (agente) by16 (con superlativo) in, of17 (suposición) if18 (en una aposición) of* * *prep.1) of2) from3) in, at4) than5) by* * *PREPOSITION1) [relación] ofla carretera de Valencia — the Valencia road, the road to Valencia
2) [pertenencia]la señora de Pérez — Pérez's wife, Mrs Pérez
3) [característica, material]este modelo es de electricidad — this model uses electricity, this is an electric model
ese tío del sombrero — that chap with o in the hat
4) [contenido]una copa de vino — [llena] a glass of wine; [vacía] a wine glass
5) [origen, distancia, espacio temporal] fromde... a...los de Madrid son los mejores — the ones from Madrid are the best, the Madrid ones are the best
6) [causa]7) [manera]de... en...8) (=respecto de)estar mejor de salud — to be in better health, be better
9) [tema] aboutun libro de biología — a biology book, a book on o about biology
10) [uso]11) [cantidad, medida, valor]12) [con horas y fechas]a las siete de la mañana — at seven o'clock in the morning, at seven a.m.
son las dos de la tarde — it's two o'clock in the afternoon, it's two p.m.
el 3 de mayo — 3 May ( leído May the third {o}2} the third of May)
13) [tiempo]14) [proporción]15) [uso partitivo] of¡había una de gente! — * there were loads of people there! *
16) [autoría] byun libro de Cela — a book by Cela, a book of Cela's
17) [como complemento agente] byel rey entró seguido de su séquito — the king entered, followed by his entourage
18) [en aposición a sustantivos o adjetivos]el bueno/pobre de Pedro — good/poor old Pedro
19) [en comparaciones] thanmás/menos de siete — more/less than seven
más de 500 personas — more than o over 500 people
20) [con superlativos] inel más caro de la tienda/mundo — the most expensive in the shop/world
21) + infinser de ({+ infin}8})sería de desear que actualizaran su información — it would be desirable for them to update their information
22) [dependiente de formas verbales]de esto se deduce que... — from this it can be deduced that...
¿qué esperabas de él? — what did you expect from him?
se sirvió de sus amigos para salir de un mal trago — he turned to his friends to help him through a difficult patch
23) [uso condicional] ifde haberlo sabido no habría venido — if I had known, I wouldn't have come
de no ser así — if it were not so, were it not so
* * *I1) (en relaciones de pertenencia, posesión)la casa de mis padres/de la actriz — my parents'/the actress's house
no es de él/de ella/de ellos — it isn't his/hers/theirs
su padre de usted — (frml) your father
es un amigo de mi hijo/de la familia — he's a friend of my son's/the family
2)a) ( introduciendo un nombre en aposición) ofb) ( con apellidos)[de is also part of certain surnames like de León and de la Peña]Sra. Mónica Ortiz de Arocena — ≈Mrs Mónica Arocena
los señores de Díaz — (frml) Mr and Mrs Díaz
las señoritas de Paz — (frml) the Misses Paz (frml)
c) ( en exclamaciones)ay de mí! — (liter) woe is me! (liter)
3) (expresando procedencia, origen, tiempo) fromes de Bogotá — she's/she comes from Bogotá
la literatura de ese período — the literature of o from that period
de... a... — from... to...
4) (al especificar material, contenido, composición)una inyección de morfina — an injection of morphine, a morphine injection
5) (expresando causa, modo)de dos en dos or (CS) de a dos — two at a time
de a poco/de a uno — (CS) little by little/one by one
6)a) (introduciendo cualidades, características)¿de qué color lo quiere? — what color do you want it?
la chica de azul/del abrigo rojo — the girl in blue/in the red coat
b) ( refiriéndose a una etapa en la vida) as7) (indicando uso, destino, finalidad)¿qué hay de postre? — what's for dessert?
8)a) (al definir, especificar)¿qué tal vamos de tiempo? — how are we doing for time?
es fácil/difícil de pronunciar — it's easy/difficult to pronounce
b) ( sentido partitivo) of¿quién de ustedes fue? — which (one) of you was it?
9) ( con sentido ponderativo)lo encontré de viejo...! — he seemed so old!
qué de coches! — (fam) what a lot of cars!
10)a) ( con cifras)pagan un interés del 15% — they pay 15% interest o interest at 15%
b) ( en comparaciones de cantidad) thancuesta más de £100 — it costs more than o over £100
pesa menos de un kilo — it weighs less than o under a kilo
un número mayor/menor de 29 — a number over/under 29
c) ( con un superlativo)12) ( en calidad de) as13) (en expresiones de estado, actividad)estamos de limpieza general/fiesta — we're spring-cleaning/having a party
14) ( en oraciones pasivas) by15) ( con sentido condicional)a)de + inf: de haberlo sabido, habría venido antes if I had known o had I known, I would have come earlier; de no ser así no será considerada — otherwise it will not be considered
b)ser de + inf — (expresando necesidad, inevitabilidad)
IIes de esperar que... — it is to be hoped that...
* * *= across, in respect for, of, off, out of, from, featuring.Ex. This arrangement may facilitate browsing across different kinds of materials.Ex. The author of a document is the person or organisation responsible for its creation, that is, the writer of a text, the illustrator in respect for illustrations and others responsible for the intellectual content of a work.Ex. These institutes brought together some of the most influential people in the field.Ex. Having entered the next state and a highway off the turnpike, he was amazed by the extraordinary flatness of the land, especially in contrast to the hilly terrain he had grown up with back home.Ex. However, out of the enormous abundance of information produced, only 50% is new while the rest is redundant.Ex. From the analysis of some 5760 questions, Wilkinson and Miller developed a 'step approach' to differentiate reference questions according to how many judgmental steps were required to answer them.Ex. The exhibition also contains a group of ink drawings featuring self-portraits and portraits inspired by classical sculpture.----* abogado de oficio = legal aid.* actuar de otro modo = do + otherwise.* alabanza de boquilla = lip service.* alabar de boquilla = give + lip service.* autorizado de antemano = pre-authorised [pre-authorized, -USA].* cambiar de una vez a otra = change from + time to time, vary + from time to time.* comenzar de nuevo = start + all over again.* de... a = through.* de abajo hacia arriba = bottom-up.* de abolengo = well-born.* de abordo = in-flight.* de absorción = absorptive.* de acá para allá = back and forth, to and fro.* de acceso público = publicly accessible.* de acceso rápido = fast-access.* de acceso restringido = closed access.* de acción = action-centered.* de acompañante = in tow.* de actitud = attitudinal.* de actuación = for action.* de actualidad = topical.* de acuerdo = okay, granted, all right, in concert, in agreement, okeydokey! [okidoki], in consort.* de acuerdo a = according to.* de acuerdo con = according to, as far as + Nombre + be + concerned, consistent with, in harmony with, in accordance with, in concert with, in keeping with, in line with, in step with, in tune with, by, pursuant to, in concurrence with, based on, in agreement with, as far as + Sujeto + Verbo, in consonance with, in accord with, judging by, to judge by, in conformity with, in + Posesivo + view, judging from.* de acuerdo con el tema = thematically.* de acuerdo con este documento = hereunder.* de acuerdo con esto = accordingly.* de acuerdo con la búsqueda de cadenas de caracteres = on a string search basis.* de acuerdo con la estación del año = seasonally.* de acuerdo con la ley = according to law.* de acuerdo con la tendencia hacia = in the trend towards.* de acuerdo con + Nombre = going on + Nombre.* de acuerdo con + Posesivo + opinión = in + Posesivo + view, in + Posesivo + opinion.* de acuerdo con + Posesivo + parecer = in + Posesivo + view, in + Posesivo + opinion.* de acuerdo con + Posesivo + bolsillo = according to + Posesivo + pocket.* de acuerdo con + Pronombre = in + Posesivo + opinion, in + Posesivo + opinion.* de adaptación = adaptive.* de †frica = African.* de Africa occidental = West African.* de agua = water-based.* de aguas profundas = deep-sea.* de ahí = therefrom.* de ahí que = hence.* de ahora en adelante = from now on, from this point on.* de Alaska = Alaskan.* de Albania = Albanian.* de alcance estatal = nationwide [nation-wide].* de alcance nacional = nationwide [nation-wide].* de alcohol = spirit-based.* de alguna forma = in one way or another, one way or another.* de alguna manera = in some sense, in some way, somehow, in any sense, some way.* de alguna otra forma = in any other way.* de algún modo = in any way [in anyway], somehow, after a fashion, in some form, some way.* de algún modo + Adjetivo = otherwise + Adjetivo.* de algún modo u otro = of some sort.* de algún tiempo a esta parte = for some time now.* de algún tipo = of some description.* de algún tipo u otro = of some sort.* de alta alcurnia = well-born.* de alta cuna = well-born.* de alta densidad = high-density.* de alta energía = high energy.* de alta fidelidad = hi-fi.* de alta mar = offshore, sea-going, ocean-going.* de alta potencia = high power.* de alta presión = high-pressured, high-pressure.* de alta productividad = high-performance.* de alta resistencia = heavy-duty.* de alta tecnología = high-tech, high-technology.* de alta tensión = heavy-current.* de alta velocidad = high-speed.* de alto abolengo = well-born.* de alto ahorro energético = energy-saving.* de alto nivel = of a high order, high level [high-level], high-powered.* de alto rango = high-ranking, highly placed.* de alto rendimiento = high-performance, heavy-duty.* de altos vuelos = high-flying, high-powered.* de alto voltaje = high-voltage.* de altura = high, top-notch.* de altura regulable = height-adjustable.* de aluvión = alluvial.* de ámbito estatal = statewide [state-wide].* de amplio alcance = broad in scope.* de antaño = of old, age-old, old-time, of yore, of olden days, of yesteryear, bygone, gone by.* de antemano = in advance (of), beforehand.* de antes de la guerra = pre-war [prewar].* de antigua generación = low-end.* de antiguo = from time immemorial.* de apariencia = cosmetic.* de apariencia engañosa = meretricious.* de aplicación específica = special-purpose.* de aplicación específica a un equipo de ordenador = hardware-based.* de aplicación general = general-purpose, of general application.* de apoyo = enabling, supportive.* de aprovechamiento = exploitative.* de aquel entonces = of that day.* de aquí para allá = back and forth.* de aquí te espero = tremendous, enormous, humongous [humungous], gianormous.* de Arabia Saudí = Saudi Arabian.* de archivo = archival, archive.* de armas tomar = redoubtable.* de arranque = bootable.* de arriba abajo = from top to bottom, from head to toe, from head to foot.* de arriba hacia abajo = top-down.* de ascendencia + Adjetivo = of + Adjetivo + descent.* de asesoramiento = consultative.* de aspecto = looking.* de aspecto antiguo = old-face.* de aspecto complicado = complicated-looking.* de aspecto delgado = lean-looking.* de aspecto digno = dignified.* de aspecto impresionante = impressive-looking.* de aspecto nuevo = new-looking.* de aspecto poco profesional = botched-up.* de aspecto profesional = professional-looking.* de aspecto ruinoso = run-down.* de aspecto solemne = dignified.* de atención básica = preattentive.* de atención primaria = preattentive.* de atrás = rear.* de atrás para adelante = back and forth.* de aupa = royal.* de autodesprecio = self-deprecating.* de autogestión = self-managing.* de autoprotección = self-protective.* de autosuficiencia = self-satisfied.* de baja calidad = poor in detail, low-grade [lowgrade], low-quality, third rate [third-rate], low-end, trashy [trashier -comp., trashiest -sup.].* de baja intensidad = low-intensity [low intensity].* de baja ralea = ignoble.* de bajísima calidad = shoddy.* de bajo consumo = low energy.* de bajo contenido en grasas = low fat.* de bajo crecimiento = low-growing.* de bajo nivel = lower-level, low-level.* de bajo precio = low-priced.* de bajo riesgo = low-risk.* de balde = for free.* de barrio = neighbourhood-based.* de base popular = grassroots [grass-roots].* de bienvenida = salutatory.* de boca en boca = word-of-mouth, by word of mouth.* de bodas = bridal.* de Boole = Boolean.* de bote en bote = packed to capacity, choc-a-block, chock-full, densely packed, packed, packed to the rafters.* de broma = humorously, teasingly.* de bronce = brass.* de buena calidad = good-quality.* de buena disposición = good-natured.* de buena fama = of good repute.* de buena fe = bona fide, in good faith.* de buena manera = good-humouredly, good-humoured.* de buena reputación = of good repute.* de buenas = on good terms.* de buenas a primeras = right off the bat, suddenly, without warning, all of a sudden, just like that.* de buena vecindad = neighbourly [neighborly, -USA].* de buena voluntad = in good faith.* de buen corazón = kind-hearted, good-hearted, big-hearted.* de buen grado = willing, good-humouredly, good-humoured, good-naturedly.* de buen gusto = tasteful.* de buen humor = good-humouredly, good-humoured, in good humour.* de buenos modales = well-mannered.* de buen vecino = neighbourly [neighborly, -USA].* de buen ver = good looking.* de bulla y corriendo = in a rush.* de caballo = huge, humongous [humungous], massive, gianormous.* de cabo a rabo = lock, stock and barrel, from head to toe, from head to foot.* de cachondeo = teasingly.* de cada día = day to day [day-to-day].* de cada + Número + veces + Número = Número + times out of + Número.* de caderas anchas = wide-hipped.* de cajón = no-brainer.* de calidad = authoritative, qualitative, quality, well-made, high-end, quality assured, value-added.* de calidad inferior = low-grade [lowgrade], substandard [sub-standard], low-end.* de calidad superior = best-quality, top quality.* de camino = on the way, while we're at it.* de camino a = en route for, on + Posesivo + way to, en route to.* de campo = free-range.* de campos fijos = fixed-field.* de campus = campus-wide [campuswide].* de capa caída = at a low ebb, in (the) doldrums.* de capa y espada = cloak-and-dagger.* de capital importancia = momentous, of cardinal importance.* de cara a = face-to-face [face to face], facing.* de carácter = in character.* de carácter público = state-owned, government-owned, state-run, government-run, publicly owned [publicly-owned], publicly supported, publicly held.* de carne = meaty [meatier -comp., meatiest -sup.].* de carne y hueso = flesh-and-blood.* de castigo = punitive.* de casualidad = by accident, by a fluke, by chance, accidentally, by a stroke of (good) luck, by luck.* de causas desconocidas = idiopathic.* de cerámica = ceramic.* de cerca = at close range, at close quarters.* de chiripa = by a fluke, by a stroke of (good) luck, by chance, by luck.* de cierto tipo = of a sort, of sorts.* de cinco años = five yearly [five-yearly].* de cinco días de duración = five-day.* de cinco estrellas = 5-star [five-star].* de cinco meses de duración = five-month-long.* de civil = in plain clothes.* de clasificación = classificatory.* de clausura = cloistered.* de clausura de congreso = end-of-conference.* de cobre = cupric.* de cojones = badass.* de colegas = collegial, buddying.* de Colombia = Colombian.* de color = coloured [colored, -USA], non-white [nonwhite], full-colour, in colour.* de color crema = creamy [creamier -comp., creamiest -sup.], creamy [creamier -comp., creamiest -sup.], cream-coloured.* de color de bronce = brassy.* de colores = full-colour, multi-colour [multi-color -USA].* de colores vivos = colourful [colorful, -USA].* de colorines = brightly coloured.* de color marroncillo = brownish tinged.* de color rojo = red-coloured.* de color rosa = rose-coloured.* de color verde botella = bottle green.* de color verde oscuro = bottle green.* de color y textura parecidos al carbón = carbonaceous.* de comienzos de + Expresión Temporal = earliest + Expresión Temporal.* de cómo = as to how.* de compañeros = collegial.* de complicidad = knowing.* de comportamiento = behavioural [behavioral, -USA].* de comportamiento impecable = prim and proper.* de conceptos = concept-based.* de conceptos múltiples = multiple-concept.* de conducta = behavioural [behavioral, -USA].* de confianza = reliable, trusted, trusting, reputable.* de confirmación = confirmatory.* de conformidad con = in compliance with, in keeping with.* de conformidad con eso = accordingly.* de conífera = coniferous.* de construcción básica = brick and frame.* de construcción sólida = solidly-built.* de consulta fácil = scannable.* de consulta mediante órdenes = command-based.* de consumo = consumptive.* de contenido enriquecido = content-enriched.* de contrabando = bootleg.* de contrapunto = contrapuntal.* de Corea = Korean.* de Corea del Sur = South Korean.* de corral = free-range.* de corta duración = short term [short-term].* de corte + Adjetivo = of a + Adjetivo + nature.* de cosecha propia = home-grown [home grown/homegrown].* de costa a costa = coast-to-coast.* de coste cero = zero-cost.* de costumbre = usual, usually.* de creación = authorial.* de crecimiento continuo = steadily growing.* de crecimiento más rápido = fastest-growing.* de crecimiento rápido = fast-growing, fast-evolving.* de cría intensiva = battery-caged.* de crianza intensiva = battery-caged.* de Crimea = Crimean.* de cristal = glass.* de crucial importancia = crucially important.* de cualquier forma = in any event, in any way [in anyway], in any case, in any way at all.* de cualquier forma posible = in any and all ways.* de cualquier manera = anyhow, higgledy-piggledy, willy-nilly, in any way at all, in any way [in anyway].* de cualquier modo = however, either way.* de cualquier tipo = in any way [in anyway], in all forms.* de cuando en cuando = every once in a while, every so often, every now and then, every now and again.* de cuatro días de duración = four-day.* de cuatro estrellas = four-star.* de Cuba = Cuban.* de cuerpo largo = long-bodied.* de deficiente calidad = poor-quality, of poor quality.* de delante hacia atrás = front to back, fore and aft.* de densidad doble = double-density.* de dentro hacia fuera = inside outwards.* de derechas = right-wing.* de derecho = de jure [iure].* de derecho pero no de hecho = in name only.* de desarrollo = developmental.* de desarrollo autónomo = self-evolving.* de desarrollo rápido = fast-evolving.* de descargo = exonerating, exculpatory.* de desconexión = cut-off.* de descubrimiento reciente = newly-discovered.* de desecho = discarded.* de desempate = tie-breaker [tiebreaker], tie-breaking [tiebreaking].* de desguace = written-off.* de despedida = valedictory.* de día = in the daytime, during the daytime, during daytime.* de día a día = from day to day.* de diámetro = in diameter.* de diario = everyday.* de día y de noche = day and night, night and day.* de diesel = diesel-powered.* de diferente modo = differently.* de diferentes niveles = multi-tiered [multitiered], multi-tier [multitier].* de diferentes tonalidades de gris = grey scale [gray scale].* de difícil solución = intractable.* de dinero = well-to-do, well-off.* de dirección = directorial, administrative.* de diseño abierto = open-plan, open-planned.* de diversa índole = kaleidoscopic, of one type or another, of one sort or another, of one kind or another.* de diversos tipos = of one type or another, of one sort or another, of one kind or another.* de diverso tipo = of one type or another, of one sort or another, of one kind or another.* de doble cara = double-hinged, double-sided.* de doble filo = double-edged.* de doble hoja = double-hinged.* de doble sentido = double-edged, two-way.* de doble uso = dual-use.* de dolor = in pain.* de dominio público = publicly owned [publicly-owned].* de donde = whence, whence, from whence.* ¿de dónde si no...? = where else...?, where else...?.* de dos caras = two-sided, two-faced.* de dos días de duración = two-day [2-day].* de dos en dos = two at a time.* de dos letras = two-letter.* de dos niveles = two-tier.* de dos páginas = two-page.* de dos partidos políticos = bipartisan [bi-partisan].* de dos patas = two-legged.* de dos piernas = two-legged.* de dos pies = two-legged.* de dos plantas = two-storey [two-story].* de dos tonalidades = bitonal.* de dos tonos = bitonal.* de dos volúmenes = two-volume.* de duelo = in mourning.* de duración limitada = timebound [time-bound].* de Ecuador = Ecuadorian.* de edad = elderly.* de edad avanzada = over the hill.* de edad escolar = school-age.* de edad mediana = middle-aged.* de edad universitaria = college-age.* de elaboración de políticas = policy-forming.* de ello = thereof, therefrom.* de ellos = theirs.* de embalsamar = embalming.* de emisor a receptor = downstream.* de encaje = lacy.* de enmienda = amendatory.* de ensueño = dream-like [dreamlike], picture-perfect.* de entonces = of the day.* de entreguerras = interwar.* de entre los nuestros = in our ranks.* de entretenimiento = recreational.* de envergadura = heavy lifting.* de época = vintage.* de epopeya = epic.* de esa época = of the period.* de escándalo = outrageous.* de ese modo = in doing so, in this,, thereby.* de eso = thereof.* de espaldas anchas = broad-shouldered.* de especial importancia = of particular note.* de espíritu cívico = public-spirited.* de espíritu comunitario = public-spirited.* de espíritu libre = free-spirited.* de esta forma = in this fashion, in this manner, in this way.* de esta manera = in this fashion, in this manner, in this way.* de este modo = accordingly, by so doing, by this means, in so doing, in this fashion, in this manner, thereby, this way, thus, this way round, in this way, by doing so, in these ways, this is how, in doing so.* de este modo, de esta forma, de esta manera = in this way.* de esto, de lo otro y de lo de más allá = about this and that and everything else.* de Estonia = Estonian.* de esto y de lo otro = about this and that.* de estructura de acero = steel-framed.* de estructura de madera = timber-framed.* de Europa del Este = Eastern European.* de Europa Occidental = Western-European, West European.* de evaluación = evaluative.* de éxito = successful.* de éxito asegurado = sure-fire [surefire].* de éxito garantizado = sure-fire [surefire].* de éxito seguro = sure-fire [surefire].* de expansión = expanded.* de explotación = exploitative.* de extensión = in length.* de extensión normal = standard-length.* de extremada urgencia = serious.* de fabricación casera = homemade.* de fácil acceso = easily available, over the counter, handy.* de fácil alcance para = within easy reach of.* de fácil manejo = liftable.* de facto = de facto.* de fama = of note.* de fama internacional = of international renown.* de fama mundial = world-renowned, internationally renowned, world-renown.* de felpa = plush.* de fiar = legit.* de fichas = card-based.* de fijación de normas = standard(s) setting.* de final de año = end-year.* de final de mes = end-of-the-month.* de finales del siglo XIX y principios del XX = turn-of-the-century.* de fin de año = end of the year.* de fin de milenio = millennial.* de forma = in form.* de forma abrumadora = overwhelmingly.* de forma aceptable = adequately, acceptably.* de forma adecuada = adequately, fitly, appropriately.* de forma alternada = in alternating fashion.* de forma alternativa = alternatively.* de forma anónima = anonymously.* de forma aplastante = overwhelmingly.* de forma apreciable = markedly.* de forma apropiada = properly, fitly, appropriately.* de forma audible = audibly.* de forma autónoma = autonomously.* de forma caprichosa = capriciously.* de formación = formative.* de forma clara = clearly.* de forma cognitiva = cognitively.* de forma colegiada = collegially.* de forma combinada = in combination.* de forma competitiva = competitively.* de forma complemenetaria = complimentarily.* de forma completa = in full.* de forma completa, en su totalidad, completamente, por extenso = in full.* de forma concisa = concisely.* de forma conjunta con = in partnership with.* de forma considerable = considerably.* de forma continuada = continuously.* de forma cuadrada = squarish, square-shaped.* de forma deductiva = deductively.* de forma desastrosa = disastrously.* de forma deshonesta = dishonestly.* de forma diferente = differently shaped.* de forma digital = digitally.* de forma divertida = funnily.* de forma económica = cost-effectively.* de forma errática = erratically.* de forma escandalosa = outrageously.* de forma especulativa = speculatively.* de forma estructurada = in a structured fashion.* de forma exquisita = exquisitely.* de forma extraña = oddly, funnily.* de forma federal = federally.* de forma general = widely, bulk.* de forma global = holistically.* de forma graciosa = funnily.* de forma gratis = on a complimentary basis.* de forma gratuita = on a complimentary basis.* de forma grotesca = grotesquely.* de forma heterogénea = heterogeneously [heterogenously].* de forma heurística = heuristically.* de forma humorística = in a humorous vein.* de forma imaginativa = imaginatively.* de forma indirecta = circuitous route.* de forma inesperada = out of the blue, like a bolt out of the blue, like a bolt from the blue.* de forma innata = innately.* de forma irregular = erratically.* de forma lamentable = miserably.* de forma lógica = in a meaningful way.* de forma mágica = magically.* de forma mecánica = mechanically.* de forma mordaz = pungently.* de forma mordaz, mordazmente, con sarcasmo = pungently.* de forma muy parecida a = in much the same way as.* de forma muy similar a = in much the same way as.* de forma negativa = in a negative light.* de forma neutral = neutrally.* de forma notoria = markedly.* de forma opcional = optionally.* de forma óptima = optimally.* de forma personalizada = on a one-to-one basis.* de forma poco ética = unethically.* de forma poco imaginativa = unimaginatively.* de forma poco profesional = unprofessionally.* de forma poco razonable = unreasonably.* de forma positiva = in a positive light, constructively.* de forma práctica = pragmatically.* de forma precisa = precisely.* de forma provocativa = provocatively.* de forma puntual = occasionally, when necessary.* de forma que = in ways that.* de forma que resulta más fácil de entender = in digestible form.* de forma rara = oddly, funnily.* de forma recíproca = reciprocally.* de forma rentable = cost-effectively.* de forma residual = residually.* de forma ridícula = grotesquely.* de forma saludable = healthily.* de forma sana = healthily.* de forma significativa = to any significant extent, to a significant extent.* de forma sistemática = in a systematic fashion.* de forma sofisticada = sophisticatedly.* de forma subconsciente = subconsciously.* de forma sublime = subliminally.* de forma suscinta = in brief.* de forma terapéutica = therapeutically.* de forma tosca = in crude form.* de forma trágica = tragically.* de fotograma completo = full-frame.* de fotograma doble = half-frame.* de frente = head-on, frontal.* de fuera = outside, off-side.* de fuera de la ciudad = out-of-town.* de fuerza = forceful.* de funcionamiento = operating, operational.* de fundamental importancia = of prime importance, critically important.* de gala = gala.* de Galileo = Galilean.* de Gambia = Gambian.* de gas = gas-powered.* de generación a generación = from generation to generation.* de generación en generación = from generation to generation.* de geofísica = geophysical.* de gestión = managerial, back-office.* de gestión del museo = curatorial.* de Glasgow = Glaswegian.* de golpe = in one lump, all at once, all at once.* de grado básico = junior grade.* de gran ahorro energético = energy-saving.* de gran belleza = scenic.* de gran calibre = high-calibre.* de gran calidad = high-quality, high-grade [high grade], high-calibre.* de gran capacidad = large-capacity, high capacity.* de gran colorido = brightly coloured.* de gran corazón = big-hearted.* de gran efecto = wide-reaching.* de gran éxito comercial = high selling.* de gran formato = oversized, oversize.* de gran impacto = high impact [high-impact].* de gran influencia = seminal.* de granja = free-range.* de gran lucidez = clear-sighted.* de gran lujo = top-class.* de gran potencia = high-powered.* de gran repercusión = far-reaching, wide-reaching, far-ranging.* de gran talento = talented.* de gran valor = highly valued, highly valuable.* de gran valor histórico = of great historical value.* de gran venta = high selling.* de guardia = on duty, duty + Profesión, on call.* de guasa = teasingly.* de habla afrikaans = Afrikaans-speaking.* de habla alemana = German-speaking.* de habla francesa = French-speaking.* de habla inglesa = English-speaking.* de habla portuguesa = Portuguese-speaking.* de hace años = of years ago.* de hace muchos años = long-standing.* de hace mucho tiempo = age-old, long-lost.* de hace siglos = of yore.* de hace varios siglos = centuries-old.* de hasta + Número = of up to + Número.* de hecho = actually, as a matter of fact, as it happened, de facto, in actual fact, in effect, in fact, indeed, in point of fact, in actuality, as it happens, as it is, effectively, for all intents and purposes, to all intents and purposes, for that matter.* de hierbas = herbal.* de hierro = iron, ferric.* de higos a brevas = once in a blue moon.* de hoja caduca = deciduous.* de hoja perenne = evergreen.* de hojas largas = long-leaved.* de Homero = Homeric.* de hongos = fungal.* de horticultura = horticultural.* de hoy = present-day.* de hoy día = of today.* de hoy en adelante = as from today.* de hoy en día = of today.* de huelga = striking.* de humor = funny [funnier -comp., funniest -sup.].* de ida y vuelta = return, round-trip.* de ideas afines = like-minded.* de igual a igual = as a peer.* de igual forma = in like manner, in a like manner, in like fashion, in like vein.* de igual longitud = of equal length.* de igual manera = by the same token, in like fashion, in like manner, in like vein, in equal measure(s).* de igual modo = alike, equally, in like fashion, in like manner, in like vein.* de igual modo que = just as, just as well... as..., along the lines of, on the lines (of).* de igual + Nombre = equally + Adjetivo.* de ilusiones vive el hombre = We are such stuff as dreams are made on.* de imitación = copycat.* de importancia = of note, of consequence.* de importancia creciente = of growing importance.* de importancia crucial = crucially important.* de importancia fundamental = critically important.* de improviso = unawares, spur-of-the-moment, on the spur of the moment, unexpectedly.* de incalculable valor = priceless.* de incógnito = incognito.* de inferior calidad = low-end, sub-par.* de inflexión = inflexional [inflectional].* de inmediato = immediately.* de inspiración = inspirational.* de interés especial = of particular concern, special-interest.* de intereses similares = of like interest.* de interés general = general-interest, of general interest.* de interés humano = human interest.* de interés periodístico = newsworthy.* de investigación = exploratory.* de isótopos = isotopic.* de izquierdas = left-wing, leftist, lefty.* de jabón = soapy [soapier -comp., soapiest -sup.].* de jarana = out on the town, a (late) night out on the town.* de juerga = out on the town, a (late) night out on the town.* de Kenia = Kenyan.* de la "a" a la "zeta" = a to z [a/z o a-z].* de la adolescencia = teenage.* de la alcaldía = mayoral.* de la cabeza a los pies = from head to foot, from head to toe.* de la cara = facial.* de la Ceca a la Meca = from pillar to post.* de la clase blanca, protestante y anglosajona americana = WASPish.* de la cóclea = cochlear.* de la columna vertebral = spinal.* de la comedia = comedic.* de la corteza = crustal, cortical.* de la cría de aves = avicultural.* de la duramadre = dural.* de la edad media = dark-age.* de la embajada = ambassadorial.* de la época = of the time(s), of the day.* de la época isabelina = Elizabethan.* de la época victoriana = Victorian.* de la espina dorsal = spinal.* de la extensión de un libro = book-length.* de la fama al olvido = riches to rags.* de la forma más difícil = the hard way.* de la forma más fácil = the easy way .* de la fortuna a la pobreza = riches to rags.* de la fóvea = foveal.* de la gama alta = high-end.* de la gama baja = low-end.* de la gama inferior = low-end.* de la guerra = wartime [wart-time].* de la hipótesis = hypothesised [hypothesized, -USA].* de la localidad = locally based [locally-based].* de la malaria = malarial.* de la mama = mammary.* de la mandíbula inferior = mandibular.* de la mandíbula superior = maxillar, maxillary.* de la manera normal = in the normal manner.* de la mañana = a.m. (latín - ante meridiam), in the morning.* de la máquina y el hombre = human-machine.* de la marina = marine.* de la mejor forma posible = to the best of + Posesivo + abili.* * *I1) (en relaciones de pertenencia, posesión)la casa de mis padres/de la actriz — my parents'/the actress's house
no es de él/de ella/de ellos — it isn't his/hers/theirs
su padre de usted — (frml) your father
es un amigo de mi hijo/de la familia — he's a friend of my son's/the family
2)a) ( introduciendo un nombre en aposición) ofb) ( con apellidos)[de is also part of certain surnames like de León and de la Peña]Sra. Mónica Ortiz de Arocena — ≈Mrs Mónica Arocena
los señores de Díaz — (frml) Mr and Mrs Díaz
las señoritas de Paz — (frml) the Misses Paz (frml)
c) ( en exclamaciones)ay de mí! — (liter) woe is me! (liter)
3) (expresando procedencia, origen, tiempo) fromes de Bogotá — she's/she comes from Bogotá
la literatura de ese período — the literature of o from that period
de... a... — from... to...
4) (al especificar material, contenido, composición)una inyección de morfina — an injection of morphine, a morphine injection
5) (expresando causa, modo)de dos en dos or (CS) de a dos — two at a time
de a poco/de a uno — (CS) little by little/one by one
6)a) (introduciendo cualidades, características)¿de qué color lo quiere? — what color do you want it?
la chica de azul/del abrigo rojo — the girl in blue/in the red coat
b) ( refiriéndose a una etapa en la vida) as7) (indicando uso, destino, finalidad)¿qué hay de postre? — what's for dessert?
8)a) (al definir, especificar)¿qué tal vamos de tiempo? — how are we doing for time?
es fácil/difícil de pronunciar — it's easy/difficult to pronounce
b) ( sentido partitivo) of¿quién de ustedes fue? — which (one) of you was it?
9) ( con sentido ponderativo)lo encontré de viejo...! — he seemed so old!
qué de coches! — (fam) what a lot of cars!
10)a) ( con cifras)pagan un interés del 15% — they pay 15% interest o interest at 15%
b) ( en comparaciones de cantidad) thancuesta más de £100 — it costs more than o over £100
pesa menos de un kilo — it weighs less than o under a kilo
un número mayor/menor de 29 — a number over/under 29
c) ( con un superlativo)12) ( en calidad de) as13) (en expresiones de estado, actividad)estamos de limpieza general/fiesta — we're spring-cleaning/having a party
14) ( en oraciones pasivas) by15) ( con sentido condicional)a)de + inf: de haberlo sabido, habría venido antes if I had known o had I known, I would have come earlier; de no ser así no será considerada — otherwise it will not be considered
b)ser de + inf — (expresando necesidad, inevitabilidad)
IIes de esperar que... — it is to be hoped that...
* * *= across, in respect for, of, off, out of, from, featuring.Ex: This arrangement may facilitate browsing across different kinds of materials.
Ex: The author of a document is the person or organisation responsible for its creation, that is, the writer of a text, the illustrator in respect for illustrations and others responsible for the intellectual content of a work.Ex: These institutes brought together some of the most influential people in the field.Ex: Having entered the next state and a highway off the turnpike, he was amazed by the extraordinary flatness of the land, especially in contrast to the hilly terrain he had grown up with back home.Ex: However, out of the enormous abundance of information produced, only 50% is new while the rest is redundant.Ex: From the analysis of some 5760 questions, Wilkinson and Miller developed a 'step approach' to differentiate reference questions according to how many judgmental steps were required to answer them.Ex: The exhibition also contains a group of ink drawings featuring self-portraits and portraits inspired by classical sculpture.* abogado de oficio = legal aid.* actuar de otro modo = do + otherwise.* alabanza de boquilla = lip service.* alabar de boquilla = give + lip service.* autorizado de antemano = pre-authorised [pre-authorized, -USA].* cambiar de una vez a otra = change from + time to time, vary + from time to time.* comenzar de nuevo = start + all over again.* de... a = through.* de abajo hacia arriba = bottom-up.* de abolengo = well-born.* de abordo = in-flight.* de absorción = absorptive.* de acá para allá = back and forth, to and fro.* de acceso público = publicly accessible.* de acceso rápido = fast-access.* de acceso restringido = closed access.* de acción = action-centered.* de acompañante = in tow.* de actitud = attitudinal.* de actuación = for action.* de actualidad = topical.* de acuerdo = okay, granted, all right, in concert, in agreement, okeydokey! [okidoki], in consort.* de acuerdo a = according to.* de acuerdo con = according to, as far as + Nombre + be + concerned, consistent with, in harmony with, in accordance with, in concert with, in keeping with, in line with, in step with, in tune with, by, pursuant to, in concurrence with, based on, in agreement with, as far as + Sujeto + Verbo, in consonance with, in accord with, judging by, to judge by, in conformity with, in + Posesivo + view, judging from.* de acuerdo con el tema = thematically.* de acuerdo con este documento = hereunder.* de acuerdo con esto = accordingly.* de acuerdo con la búsqueda de cadenas de caracteres = on a string search basis.* de acuerdo con la estación del año = seasonally.* de acuerdo con la ley = according to law.* de acuerdo con la tendencia hacia = in the trend towards.* de acuerdo con + Nombre = going on + Nombre.* de acuerdo con + Posesivo + opinión = in + Posesivo + view, in + Posesivo + opinion.* de acuerdo con + Posesivo + parecer = in + Posesivo + view, in + Posesivo + opinion.* de acuerdo con + Posesivo + bolsillo = according to + Posesivo + pocket.* de acuerdo con + Pronombre = in + Posesivo + opinion, in + Posesivo + opinion.* de adaptación = adaptive.* de frica = African.* de Africa occidental = West African.* de agua = water-based.* de aguas profundas = deep-sea.* de ahí = therefrom.* de ahí que = hence.* de ahora en adelante = from now on, from this point on.* de Alaska = Alaskan.* de Albania = Albanian.* de alcance estatal = nationwide [nation-wide].* de alcance nacional = nationwide [nation-wide].* de alcohol = spirit-based.* de alguna forma = in one way or another, one way or another.* de alguna manera = in some sense, in some way, somehow, in any sense, some way.* de alguna otra forma = in any other way.* de algún modo = in any way [in anyway], somehow, after a fashion, in some form, some way.* de algún modo + Adjetivo = otherwise + Adjetivo.* de algún modo u otro = of some sort.* de algún tiempo a esta parte = for some time now.* de algún tipo = of some description.* de algún tipo u otro = of some sort.* de alta alcurnia = well-born.* de alta cuna = well-born.* de alta densidad = high-density.* de alta energía = high energy.* de alta fidelidad = hi-fi.* de alta mar = offshore, sea-going, ocean-going.* de alta potencia = high power.* de alta presión = high-pressured, high-pressure.* de alta productividad = high-performance.* de alta resistencia = heavy-duty.* de alta tecnología = high-tech, high-technology.* de alta tensión = heavy-current.* de alta velocidad = high-speed.* de alto abolengo = well-born.* de alto ahorro energético = energy-saving.* de alto nivel = of a high order, high level [high-level], high-powered.* de alto rango = high-ranking, highly placed.* de alto rendimiento = high-performance, heavy-duty.* de altos vuelos = high-flying, high-powered.* de alto voltaje = high-voltage.* de altura = high, top-notch.* de altura regulable = height-adjustable.* de aluvión = alluvial.* de ámbito estatal = statewide [state-wide].* de amplio alcance = broad in scope.* de antaño = of old, age-old, old-time, of yore, of olden days, of yesteryear, bygone, gone by.* de antemano = in advance (of), beforehand.* de antes de la guerra = pre-war [prewar].* de antigua generación = low-end.* de antiguo = from time immemorial.* de apariencia = cosmetic.* de apariencia engañosa = meretricious.* de aplicación específica = special-purpose.* de aplicación específica a un equipo de ordenador = hardware-based.* de aplicación general = general-purpose, of general application.* de apoyo = enabling, supportive.* de aprovechamiento = exploitative.* de aquel entonces = of that day.* de aquí para allá = back and forth.* de aquí te espero = tremendous, enormous, humongous [humungous], gianormous.* de Arabia Saudí = Saudi Arabian.* de archivo = archival, archive.* de armas tomar = redoubtable.* de arranque = bootable.* de arriba abajo = from top to bottom, from head to toe, from head to foot.* de arriba hacia abajo = top-down.* de ascendencia + Adjetivo = of + Adjetivo + descent.* de asesoramiento = consultative.* de aspecto = looking.* de aspecto antiguo = old-face.* de aspecto complicado = complicated-looking.* de aspecto delgado = lean-looking.* de aspecto digno = dignified.* de aspecto impresionante = impressive-looking.* de aspecto nuevo = new-looking.* de aspecto poco profesional = botched-up.* de aspecto profesional = professional-looking.* de aspecto ruinoso = run-down.* de aspecto solemne = dignified.* de atención básica = preattentive.* de atención primaria = preattentive.* de atrás = rear.* de atrás para adelante = back and forth.* de aupa = royal.* de autodesprecio = self-deprecating.* de autogestión = self-managing.* de autoprotección = self-protective.* de autosuficiencia = self-satisfied.* de baja calidad = poor in detail, low-grade [lowgrade], low-quality, third rate [third-rate], low-end, trashy [trashier -comp., trashiest -sup.].* de baja intensidad = low-intensity [low intensity].* de baja ralea = ignoble.* de bajísima calidad = shoddy.* de bajo consumo = low energy.* de bajo contenido en grasas = low fat.* de bajo crecimiento = low-growing.* de bajo nivel = lower-level, low-level.* de bajo precio = low-priced.* de bajo riesgo = low-risk.* de balde = for free.* de barrio = neighbourhood-based.* de base popular = grassroots [grass-roots].* de bienvenida = salutatory.* de boca en boca = word-of-mouth, by word of mouth.* de bodas = bridal.* de Boole = Boolean.* de bote en bote = packed to capacity, choc-a-block, chock-full, densely packed, packed, packed to the rafters.* de broma = humorously, teasingly.* de bronce = brass.* de buena calidad = good-quality.* de buena disposición = good-natured.* de buena fama = of good repute.* de buena fe = bona fide, in good faith.* de buena manera = good-humouredly, good-humoured.* de buena reputación = of good repute.* de buenas = on good terms.* de buenas a primeras = right off the bat, suddenly, without warning, all of a sudden, just like that.* de buena vecindad = neighbourly [neighborly, -USA].* de buena voluntad = in good faith.* de buen corazón = kind-hearted, good-hearted, big-hearted.* de buen grado = willing, good-humouredly, good-humoured, good-naturedly.* de buen gusto = tasteful.* de buen humor = good-humouredly, good-humoured, in good humour.* de buenos modales = well-mannered.* de buen vecino = neighbourly [neighborly, -USA].* de buen ver = good looking.* de bulla y corriendo = in a rush.* de caballo = huge, humongous [humungous], massive, gianormous.* de cabo a rabo = lock, stock and barrel, from head to toe, from head to foot.* de cachondeo = teasingly.* de cada día = day to day [day-to-day].* de cada + Número + veces + Número = Número + times out of + Número.* de caderas anchas = wide-hipped.* de cajón = no-brainer.* de calidad = authoritative, qualitative, quality, well-made, high-end, quality assured, value-added.* de calidad inferior = low-grade [lowgrade], substandard [sub-standard], low-end.* de calidad superior = best-quality, top quality.* de camino = on the way, while we're at it.* de camino a = en route for, on + Posesivo + way to, en route to.* de campo = free-range.* de campos fijos = fixed-field.* de campus = campus-wide [campuswide].* de capa caída = at a low ebb, in (the) doldrums.* de capa y espada = cloak-and-dagger.* de capital importancia = momentous, of cardinal importance.* de cara a = face-to-face [face to face], facing.* de carácter = in character.* de carácter público = state-owned, government-owned, state-run, government-run, publicly owned [publicly-owned], publicly supported, publicly held.* de carne = meaty [meatier -comp., meatiest -sup.].* de carne y hueso = flesh-and-blood.* de castigo = punitive.* de casualidad = by accident, by a fluke, by chance, accidentally, by a stroke of (good) luck, by luck.* de causas desconocidas = idiopathic.* de cerámica = ceramic.* de cerca = at close range, at close quarters.* de chiripa = by a fluke, by a stroke of (good) luck, by chance, by luck.* de cierto tipo = of a sort, of sorts.* de cinco años = five yearly [five-yearly].* de cinco días de duración = five-day.* de cinco estrellas = 5-star [five-star].* de cinco meses de duración = five-month-long.* de civil = in plain clothes.* de clasificación = classificatory.* de clausura = cloistered.* de clausura de congreso = end-of-conference.* de cobre = cupric.* de cojones = badass.* de colegas = collegial, buddying.* de Colombia = Colombian.* de color = coloured [colored, -USA], non-white [nonwhite], full-colour, in colour.* de color crema = creamy [creamier -comp., creamiest -sup.], creamy [creamier -comp., creamiest -sup.], cream-coloured.* de color de bronce = brassy.* de colores = full-colour, multi-colour [multi-color -USA].* de colores vivos = colourful [colorful, -USA].* de colorines = brightly coloured.* de color marroncillo = brownish tinged.* de color rojo = red-coloured.* de color rosa = rose-coloured.* de color verde botella = bottle green.* de color verde oscuro = bottle green.* de color y textura parecidos al carbón = carbonaceous.* de comienzos de + Expresión Temporal = earliest + Expresión Temporal.* de cómo = as to how.* de compañeros = collegial.* de complicidad = knowing.* de comportamiento = behavioural [behavioral, -USA].* de comportamiento impecable = prim and proper.* de conceptos = concept-based.* de conceptos múltiples = multiple-concept.* de conducta = behavioural [behavioral, -USA].* de confianza = reliable, trusted, trusting, reputable.* de confirmación = confirmatory.* de conformidad con = in compliance with, in keeping with.* de conformidad con eso = accordingly.* de conífera = coniferous.* de construcción básica = brick and frame.* de construcción sólida = solidly-built.* de consulta fácil = scannable.* de consulta mediante órdenes = command-based.* de consumo = consumptive.* de contenido enriquecido = content-enriched.* de contrabando = bootleg.* de contrapunto = contrapuntal.* de Corea = Korean.* de Corea del Sur = South Korean.* de corral = free-range.* de corta duración = short term [short-term].* de corte + Adjetivo = of a + Adjetivo + nature.* de cosecha propia = home-grown [home grown/homegrown].* de costa a costa = coast-to-coast.* de coste cero = zero-cost.* de costumbre = usual, usually.* de creación = authorial.* de crecimiento continuo = steadily growing.* de crecimiento más rápido = fastest-growing.* de crecimiento rápido = fast-growing, fast-evolving.* de cría intensiva = battery-caged.* de crianza intensiva = battery-caged.* de Crimea = Crimean.* de cristal = glass.* de crucial importancia = crucially important.* de cualquier forma = in any event, in any way [in anyway], in any case, in any way at all.* de cualquier forma posible = in any and all ways.* de cualquier manera = anyhow, higgledy-piggledy, willy-nilly, in any way at all, in any way [in anyway].* de cualquier modo = however, either way.* de cualquier tipo = in any way [in anyway], in all forms.* de cuando en cuando = every once in a while, every so often, every now and then, every now and again.* de cuatro días de duración = four-day.* de cuatro estrellas = four-star.* de Cuba = Cuban.* de cuerpo largo = long-bodied.* de deficiente calidad = poor-quality, of poor quality.* de delante hacia atrás = front to back, fore and aft.* de densidad doble = double-density.* de dentro hacia fuera = inside outwards.* de derechas = right-wing.* de derecho = de jure [iure].* de derecho pero no de hecho = in name only.* de desarrollo = developmental.* de desarrollo autónomo = self-evolving.* de desarrollo rápido = fast-evolving.* de descargo = exonerating, exculpatory.* de desconexión = cut-off.* de descubrimiento reciente = newly-discovered.* de desecho = discarded.* de desempate = tie-breaker [tiebreaker], tie-breaking [tiebreaking].* de desguace = written-off.* de despedida = valedictory.* de día = in the daytime, during the daytime, during daytime.* de día a día = from day to day.* de diámetro = in diameter.* de diario = everyday.* de día y de noche = day and night, night and day.* de diesel = diesel-powered.* de diferente modo = differently.* de diferentes niveles = multi-tiered [multitiered], multi-tier [multitier].* de diferentes tonalidades de gris = grey scale [gray scale].* de difícil solución = intractable.* de dinero = well-to-do, well-off.* de dirección = directorial, administrative.* de diseño abierto = open-plan, open-planned.* de diversa índole = kaleidoscopic, of one type or another, of one sort or another, of one kind or another.* de diversos tipos = of one type or another, of one sort or another, of one kind or another.* de diverso tipo = of one type or another, of one sort or another, of one kind or another.* de doble cara = double-hinged, double-sided.* de doble filo = double-edged.* de doble hoja = double-hinged.* de doble sentido = double-edged, two-way.* de doble uso = dual-use.* de dolor = in pain.* de dominio público = publicly owned [publicly-owned].* de donde = whence, whence, from whence.* ¿de dónde si no...? = where else...?, where else...?.* de dos caras = two-sided, two-faced.* de dos días de duración = two-day [2-day].* de dos en dos = two at a time.* de dos letras = two-letter.* de dos niveles = two-tier.* de dos páginas = two-page.* de dos partidos políticos = bipartisan [bi-partisan].* de dos patas = two-legged.* de dos piernas = two-legged.* de dos pies = two-legged.* de dos plantas = two-storey [two-story].* de dos tonalidades = bitonal.* de dos tonos = bitonal.* de dos volúmenes = two-volume.* de duelo = in mourning.* de duración limitada = timebound [time-bound].* de Ecuador = Ecuadorian.* de edad = elderly.* de edad avanzada = over the hill.* de edad escolar = school-age.* de edad mediana = middle-aged.* de edad universitaria = college-age.* de elaboración de políticas = policy-forming.* de ello = thereof, therefrom.* de ellos = theirs.* de embalsamar = embalming.* de emisor a receptor = downstream.* de encaje = lacy.* de enmienda = amendatory.* de ensueño = dream-like [dreamlike], picture-perfect.* de entonces = of the day.* de entreguerras = interwar.* de entre los nuestros = in our ranks.* de entretenimiento = recreational.* de envergadura = heavy lifting.* de época = vintage.* de epopeya = epic.* de esa época = of the period.* de escándalo = outrageous.* de ese modo = in doing so, in this,, thereby.* de eso = thereof.* de espaldas anchas = broad-shouldered.* de especial importancia = of particular note.* de espíritu cívico = public-spirited.* de espíritu comunitario = public-spirited.* de espíritu libre = free-spirited.* de esta forma = in this fashion, in this manner, in this way.* de esta manera = in this fashion, in this manner, in this way.* de este modo = accordingly, by so doing, by this means, in so doing, in this fashion, in this manner, thereby, this way, thus, this way round, in this way, by doing so, in these ways, this is how, in doing so.* de este modo, de esta forma, de esta manera = in this way.* de esto, de lo otro y de lo de más allá = about this and that and everything else.* de Estonia = Estonian.* de esto y de lo otro = about this and that.* de estructura de acero = steel-framed.* de estructura de madera = timber-framed.* de Europa del Este = Eastern European.* de Europa Occidental = Western-European, West European.* de evaluación = evaluative.* de éxito = successful.* de éxito asegurado = sure-fire [surefire].* de éxito garantizado = sure-fire [surefire].* de éxito seguro = sure-fire [surefire].* de expansión = expanded.* de explotación = exploitative.* de extensión = in length.* de extensión normal = standard-length.* de extremada urgencia = serious.* de fabricación casera = homemade.* de fácil acceso = easily available, over the counter, handy.* de fácil alcance para = within easy reach of.* de fácil manejo = liftable.* de facto = de facto.* de fama = of note.* de fama internacional = of international renown.* de fama mundial = world-renowned, internationally renowned, world-renown.* de felpa = plush.* de fiar = legit.* de fichas = card-based.* de fijación de normas = standard(s) setting.* de final de año = end-year.* de final de mes = end-of-the-month.* de finales del siglo XIX y principios del XX = turn-of-the-century.* de fin de año = end of the year.* de fin de milenio = millennial.* de forma = in form.* de forma abrumadora = overwhelmingly.* de forma aceptable = adequately, acceptably.* de forma adecuada = adequately, fitly, appropriately.* de forma alternada = in alternating fashion.* de forma alternativa = alternatively.* de forma anónima = anonymously.* de forma aplastante = overwhelmingly.* de forma apreciable = markedly.* de forma apropiada = properly, fitly, appropriately.* de forma audible = audibly.* de forma autónoma = autonomously.* de forma caprichosa = capriciously.* de formación = formative.* de forma clara = clearly.* de forma cognitiva = cognitively.* de forma colegiada = collegially.* de forma combinada = in combination.* de forma competitiva = competitively.* de forma complemenetaria = complimentarily.* de forma completa = in full.* de forma completa, en su totalidad, completamente, por extenso = in full.* de forma concisa = concisely.* de forma conjunta con = in partnership with.* de forma considerable = considerably.* de forma continuada = continuously.* de forma cuadrada = squarish, square-shaped.* de forma deductiva = deductively.* de forma desastrosa = disastrously.* de forma deshonesta = dishonestly.* de forma diferente = differently shaped.* de forma digital = digitally.* de forma divertida = funnily.* de forma económica = cost-effectively.* de forma errática = erratically.* de forma escandalosa = outrageously.* de forma especulativa = speculatively.* de forma estructurada = in a structured fashion.* de forma exquisita = exquisitely.* de forma extraña = oddly, funnily.* de forma federal = federally.* de forma general = widely, bulk.* de forma global = holistically.* de forma graciosa = funnily.* de forma gratis = on a complimentary basis.* de forma gratuita = on a complimentary basis.* de forma grotesca = grotesquely.* de forma heterogénea = heterogeneously [heterogenously].* de forma heurística = heuristically.* de forma humorística = in a humorous vein.* de forma imaginativa = imaginatively.* de forma indirecta = circuitous route.* de forma inesperada = out of the blue, like a bolt out of the blue, like a bolt from the blue.* de forma innata = innately.* de forma irregular = erratically.* de forma lamentable = miserably.* de forma lógica = in a meaningful way.* de forma mágica = magically.* de forma mecánica = mechanically.* de forma mordaz = pungently.* de forma mordaz, mordazmente, con sarcasmo = pungently.* de forma muy parecida a = in much the same way as.* de forma muy similar a = in much the same way as.* de forma negativa = in a negative light.* de forma neutral = neutrally.* de forma notoria = markedly.* de forma opcional = optionally.* de forma óptima = optimally.* de forma personalizada = on a one-to-one basis.* de forma poco ética = unethically.* de forma poco imaginativa = unimaginatively.* de forma poco profesional = unprofessionally.* de forma poco razonable = unreasonably.* de forma positiva = in a positive light, constructively.* de forma práctica = pragmatically.* de forma precisa = precisely.* de forma provocativa = provocatively.* de forma puntual = occasionally, when necessary.* de forma que = in ways that.* de forma que resulta más fácil de entender = in digestible form.* de forma rara = oddly, funnily.* de forma recíproca = reciprocally.* de forma rentable = cost-effectively.* de forma residual = residually.* de forma ridícula = grotesquely.* de forma saludable = healthily.* de forma sana = healthily.* de forma significativa = to any significant extent, to a significant extent.* de forma sistemática = in a systematic fashion.* de forma sofisticada = sophisticatedly.* de forma subconsciente = subconsciously.* de forma sublime = subliminally.* de forma suscinta = in brief.* de forma terapéutica = therapeutically.* de forma tosca = in crude form.* de forma trágica = tragically.* de fotograma completo = full-frame.* de fotograma doble = half-frame.* de frente = head-on, frontal.* de fuera = outside, off-side.* de fuera de la ciudad = out-of-town.* de fuerza = forceful.* de funcionamiento = operating, operational.* de fundamental importancia = of prime importance, critically important.* de gala = gala.* de Galileo = Galilean.* de Gambia = Gambian.* de gas = gas-powered.* de generación a generación = from generation to generation.* de generación en generación = from generation to generation.* de geofísica = geophysical.* de gestión = managerial, back-office.* de gestión del museo = curatorial.* de Glasgow = Glaswegian.* de golpe = in one lump, all at once, all at once.* de grado básico = junior grade.* de gran ahorro energético = energy-saving.* de gran belleza = scenic.* de gran calibre = high-calibre.* de gran calidad = high-quality, high-grade [high grade], high-calibre.* de gran capacidad = large-capacity, high capacity.* de gran colorido = brightly coloured.* de gran corazón = big-hearted.* de gran efecto = wide-reaching.* de gran éxito comercial = high selling.* de gran formato = oversized, oversize.* de gran impacto = high impact [high-impact].* de gran influencia = seminal.* de granja = free-range.* de gran lucidez = clear-sighted.* de gran lujo = top-class.* de gran potencia = high-powered.* de gran repercusión = far-reaching, wide-reaching, far-ranging.* de gran talento = talented.* de gran valor = highly valued, highly valuable.* de gran valor histórico = of great historical value.* de gran venta = high selling.* de guardia = on duty, duty + Profesión, on call.* de guasa = teasingly.* de habla afrikaans = Afrikaans-speaking.* de habla alemana = German-speaking.* de habla francesa = French-speaking.* de habla inglesa = English-speaking.* de habla portuguesa = Portuguese-speaking.* de hace años = of years ago.* de hace muchos años = long-standing.* de hace mucho tiempo = age-old, long-lost.* de hace siglos = of yore.* de hace varios siglos = centuries-old.* de hasta + Número = of up to + Número.* de hecho = actually, as a matter of fact, as it happened, de facto, in actual fact, in effect, in fact, indeed, in point of fact, in actuality, as it happens, as it is, effectively, for all intents and purposes, to all intents and purposes, for that matter.* de hierbas = herbal.* de hierro = iron, ferric.* de higos a brevas = once in a blue moon.* de hoja caduca = deciduous.* de hoja perenne = evergreen.* de hojas largas = long-leaved.* de Homero = Homeric.* de hongos = fungal.* de horticultura = horticultural.* de hoy = present-day.* de hoy día = of today.* de hoy en adelante = as from today.* de hoy en día = of today.* de huelga = striking.* de humor = funny [funnier -comp., funniest -sup.].* de ida y vuelta = return, round-trip.* de ideas afines = like-minded.* de igual a igual = as a peer.* de igual forma = in like manner, in a like manner, in like fashion, in like vein.* de igual longitud = of equal length.* de igual manera = by the same token, in like fashion, in like manner, in like vein, in equal measure(s).* de igual modo = alike, equally, in like fashion, in like manner, in like vein.* de igual modo que = just as, just as well... as..., along the lines of, on the lines (of).* de igual + Nombre = equally + Adjetivo.* de ilusiones vive el hombre = We are such stuff as dreams are made on.* de imitación = copycat.* de importancia = of note, of consequence.* de importancia creciente = of growing importance.* de importancia crucial = crucially important.* de importancia fundamental = critically important.* de improviso = unawares, spur-of-the-moment, on the spur of the moment, unexpectedly.* de incalculable valor = priceless.* de incógnito = incognito.* de inferior calidad = low-end, sub-par.* de inflexión = inflexional [inflectional].* de inmediato = immediately.* de inspiración = inspirational.* de interés especial = of particular concern, special-interest.* de intereses similares = of like interest.* de interés general = general-interest, of general interest.* de interés humano = human interest.* de interés periodístico = newsworthy.* de investigación = exploratory.* de isótopos = isotopic.* de izquierdas = left-wing, leftist, lefty.* de jabón = soapy [soapier -comp., soapiest -sup.].* de jarana = out on the town, a (late) night out on the town.* de juerga = out on the town, a (late) night out on the town.* de Kenia = Kenyan.* de la "a" a la "zeta" = a to z [a/z o a-z].* de la adolescencia = teenage.* de la alcaldía = mayoral.* de la cabeza a los pies = from head to foot, from head to toe.* de la cara = facial.* de la Ceca a la Meca = from pillar to post.* de la clase blanca, protestante y anglosajona americana = WASPish.* de la cóclea = cochlear.* de la columna vertebral = spinal.* de la comedia = comedic.* de la corteza = crustal, cortical.* de la cría de aves = avicultural.* de la duramadre = dural.* de la edad media = dark-age.* de la embajada = ambassadorial.* de la época = of the time(s), of the day.* de la época isabelina = Elizabethan.* de la época victoriana = Victorian.* de la espina dorsal = spinal.* de la extensión de un libro = book-length.* de la fama al olvido = riches to rags.* de la forma más difícil = the hard way.* de la forma más fácil = the easy way.* de la fortuna a la pobreza = riches to rags.* de la fóvea = foveal.* de la gama alta = high-end.* de la gama baja = low-end.* de la gama inferior = low-end.* de la guerra = wartime [wart-time].* de la hipótesis = hypothesised [hypothesized, -USA].* de la localidad = locally based [locally-based].* de la malaria = malarial.* de la mama = mammary.* de la mandíbula inferior = mandibular.* de la mandíbula superior = maxillar, maxillary.* de la manera normal = in the normal manner.* de la mañana = a.m. (latín - ante meridiam), in the morning.* de la máquina y el hombre = human-machine.* de la marina = marine.* de la mejor forma posible = to the best of + Posesivo + abili* * *de1A(en relaciones de pertenencia, posesión): la casa de mi hermano/de mis padres/de la actriz my brother's/my parents'/the actress's houseel rey de Francia the king of Franceel cumpleaños de Luis Luis's birthdayel cumpleaños de la esposa de un compañero a colleague's wife's birthday, the birthday of the wife of one of my colleaguesno es de él/de ella/de ellos it isn't his/hers/theirssu padre de usted ( frml); your fatherun amigo de mi hijo a friend of my son'ses un amigo de la familia he's a friend of the family o a family friendun estudiante de quinto año a fifth-year studentel nieto de los Arteaga the Arteagas' grandsonla mesa de la cocina the kitchen tablela correa del perro the dog's leashun avión de Mexair a Mexair planela tapa de la cacerola the saucepan lidlas calles de la capital the streets of the capital, the capital's streetsla subida de los precios the rise in pricesal término de la reunión at the end of the meetingBla ciudad de Lima the city of Limael aeropuerto de Barajas Barajas airportel mes de enero the month of Januaryel imbécil de tu hermano that stupid brother of yours, your stupid brotherel bueno de Ricardo le aguanta cualquier cosa Ricardo is so good, he puts up with anything from her2(en exclamaciones): ¡pobre de él! poor him!¡triste de quien no conozca ese sentimiento! ( liter); pity the person who has never experienced that feeling! ( liter)C(con apellidos): Sra. Mónica Ortiz de Arocena ≈ Mrs Mónica Arocenalos señores de Rucabado ( frml); Mr and Mrs Rucabadolas señoritas de Paz ( frml); the Misses Paz ( frml) [de is also part of certain surnames like de León and de la Peña]DA1(expresando procedencia, origen): volvía de clase/del banco I was on my way back from my class/from the bankes de Bogotá she's from Bogotá, she comes from Bogotálo saqué de la biblioteca I got it out of the librarylo recogió del suelo she picked it up off the floormis amigos de América my American friends, my friends from Americahe recibido carta de Julia I've had a letter from Juliaun hijo de su primera mujer a son by his first wifeal salir de la tienda as he left the storeDE … A …:de aquí a tu casa from here to your house2 (en el tiempo) fromun amigo de la infancia a childhood frienddata del siglo XVII it dates from the 17th centuryla literatura de ese período the literature of o from that periodlo conozco de cuando estuve en Rosales I know him from when I was in Rosalesde un día para otro from one day to the nextDE … A …:está abierto de nueve a cinco it's open from nine to five o between nine and fivede aquí a que termine tenemos para rato it'll be a while yet before he finishes, he won't be finished for a while yetB(expresando causa): murió de viejo he died of old ageverde de envidia green with envyestaba ronco de tanto gritar he was hoarse from shouting so mucheso es de comer tan poco that's what comes from o of eating so littleA(introduciendo cualidades, características): es de una paciencia increíble he is incredibly patient, he is a man of incredible patienceun chiste de muy mal gusto a joke in very bad tasteobjetos de mucho valor objects of great valueun pez de agua dulce a freshwater fish¿de qué color lo quiere? what color do you want it?tiene cara de aburrido he looks boredese gesto es muy de su madre that gesture is very reminiscent of his mothertienes cosas de niño malcriado sometimes you act like a spoiled childuna botella de un litro a liter bottleun niño de tres meses a three-month-old childdéme de las de 200 pesos el kilo give me some of those o some of the ones at 200 pesos a kilola chica del abrigo rojo the girl with o in the red coatla señora de azul the lady in blueun hombre de pelo largo a man with long hairun anciano de bastón an old man with a stick [de is part of many compounds like cinturón de seguridad, hombre de negocios, válvula de escape, etc ]B(al especificar material, contenido, composición): una mesa de caoba a mahogany tableuna inyección de morfina an injection of morphine, a morphine injectionel complemento ideal de todo plato de pescado the ideal complement to any fish dishson de plástico they're (made of) plasticun curso de secretariado a secretarial coursenos sirvió una copa de champán she gave us a glass of champagneuna colección de sellos a stamp collection, a collection of stampsun millón de dólares a million dollarsC(con sentido ponderativo): ¡lo encontré de viejo …! he seemed so old!¡qué de coches! ( fam); what a lot of cars!D(al definir, especificar): tuvo la suerte de conseguirlo she was lucky enough to get itaprieta el botón de abajo press the bottom buttonE1(con cifras): el número de estudiantes es de 480 the number of students is 480, there are 480 studentspagan un interés del 15% they pay 15% interest o interest at 15%cuesta más de £100 it costs more than o over £100pesa menos de un kilo it weighs less than o under a kiloun número mayor/menor de 29 a number over/under 293(en expresiones de modo): lo tumbó de un golpe he knocked him down with one blowsubió los escalones de dos en dos he went up the stairs two at a timede a poco (CS); little by little, gradually4(CS): de a cuatro/ocho/diez: colócalos de a dos/cuatro put them in twos/foursentraron de a uno they went in one by one o one at a time [de is part of many expressions entered under frente2 m A 2. (↑ frente (2)), improviso, prisa etc]F (en calidad de) asestá de profesor en una academia he's working as a teacher in a private schoolle ofrecieron un puesto de redactor they offered him a job as an editorhace de enanito en la obra he plays (the part of) a dwarf in the playle habló de hombre a hombre he talked to him man to manG1(limitando lo expresado a determinado aspecto): es muy bonita de cara she has a pretty facees corto de talle/ancho de hombros he's short-waisted/broad-shoulderedes sorda de un oído she's deaf in one ear¿qué tal vamos de tiempo? how are we doing for time?tiene dos metros de ancho it's two meters wide2(refiriéndose a una etapa de la vida): de niño as a child, when he was a childH(en expresiones de estado, actividad): estaba de mal humor she was in a bad moodestamos de limpieza general we're spring-cleaning [de is part of many expressions entered under juerga, picnic, obra etc]I(indicando uso, destino, finalidad): el cepillo de la ropa the clothes brushel trapo de limpiar la plata the cloth for cleaning the silverlo sirvió en copas de champán he served it in champagne glassesdales algo de comer give them something to eat¿qué hay de postre? what's for dessert? [de is part of many compounds like cuchara de servir, máquina de coser, saco de dormir, etc]una novela de Goytisolo a novel by Goytisolo, a Goytisolo novelseguidos del resto de la familia followed by the rest of the familyuna casa rodeada de árboles a house surrounded by treesviene acompañado de arroz it is served with riceacompañado de su señora esposa ( frml); accompanied by his wifeA1 (sentido partitivo) of¿quién de ustedes fue? which (one) of you was it?se llevó uno de los míos she took one of mineel mayor de los Rodríguez the eldest of the Rodríguez childrenun cigarrillo de ésos que apestan one of those cigarettes that stink2(con un superlativo): eligió el más caro de todos she chose the most expensive one of allla ciudad más grande del mundo the biggest city in the worldB(refiriéndose a una parte del día): a las once de la mañana/de la noche at eleven in the morning/at nightduerme de día y trabaja de noche she sleeps during the day and works at nightsalieron de madrugada they left very early in the morningA DE + INF:de haberlo sabido, habría venido antes if I had known, I would have come earlier o had I known, I would have come earlierde no ser así no será considerada otherwise it will not be consideredde continuar este estado de cosas if this state of affairs persistsB SER DE + INF(expresando necesidad, inevitabilidad): es de esperar que … it is to be hoped that …, one hopes that …no son de fiar they are not to be trustedes de destacar la actuación de Marta Valverde Marta Valverde's performance is worthy of noteCde2* * *
Del verbo dar: ( conjugate dar)
dé es:
1ª persona singular (yo) presente subjuntivo3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) presente subjuntivo3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) imperativo
Multiple Entries:
dar
de
dé
dar ( conjugate dar) verbo transitivo
1
déme un kilo de peras can I have a kilo of pears?;
See Also→ conocer verbo transitivo 3 b, entender verbo transitivo
2
‹información/idea› to give
3
4 ( conceder) ‹prórroga/permiso› to give;
nos dieron un premio we won o got a prize
5
◊ ¿le diste las gracias? did you thank him?, did you say thank you?;
dales saludos give/send them my regards;
tuve que déle la noticia I was the one who had to break the news to himb) (señalar, indicar): me da ocupado or (Esp) comunicando the line's busy o (BrE) engaged;
1
‹ dividendos› to pay;
b) (AmL) ( alcanzar hasta):◊ da 150 kilómetros por hora it can do o go 150 kilometres an hour;
venía a todo lo que daba it was travelling at full speed;
ponen la radio a todo lo que da they turn the radio on full blast
2 (causar, provocar) ‹placer/susto› to give;
‹ problemas› to cause;
el calor le dio sueño/sed the heat made him sleepy/thirsty
1 ( presentar) ‹ concierto› to give;◊ ¿qué dan esta noche en la tele? what's on TV tonight? (colloq);
¿dónde están dando esa película? where's that film showing?
2
‹baile/banquete› to hold;
‹ discurso› (AmL) to make
ver tb clase 4
( realizar la accion que se indica) ‹ grito› to give;
dame un beso give me a kiss;
ver tb golpe, paseo, vuelta, etc
( considerar) dé algo/a algn por algo:
ese tema lo doy por sabido I'm assuming you've already covered that topic;
¡dalo por hecho! consider it done!
verbo intransitivo
1
[ventana/balcón] to look onto, give onto;
[fachada/frente] to face
2 (ser suficiente, alcanzar) dé para algo/algn to be enough for sth/sb;
dé de sí ‹zapatos/jersey› to stretch
3 ( arrojar un resultado):
¿cuánto da la cuenta? what does it come to?;
a mí me dio 247 I made it (to be) 247
4 ( importar):
¡qué más da! what does it matter!;
¿qué más da? what difference does it make?;
me da igual I don't mind
5 ( en naipes) to deal
1
( como castigo) to smack sb;
el balón dio en el poste the ball hit the post
2 (accionar, mover) déle a algo ‹a botón/tecla› to press sth;
‹ a interruptor› to flick sth;
‹a manivela/volante› to turn sth
3
‹ solución› to hit upon, find;
‹ palabra› to come up with
4 (hablando de manías, ocurrencias) déle a algn por hacer algo ‹por pintar/cocinar› to take to doing sth;◊ le ha dado por decir que … he's started saying that …
5 [sol/luz]:
la luz le daba de lleno en los ojos the light was shining right in his eyes
darse verbo pronominal
1 ( producirse) [fruta/trigo] to grow
2 ( presentarse) [oportunidad/ocasión] to arise
3 ( resultar) (+ me/te/le etc):
◊ dárselas de algo: se las da de valiente/de que sabe mucho he likes to make out he's brave/he knows a lot;
dárselas de listo to act smartb) (golpearse, pegarse):
se dieron contra un árbol they crashed into a tree;
se dio dé un golpe en la rodilla he hit his knee
( considerarse) dése por algo:
ver tb aludir a, enterado 1
de 1 preposición
1a) (pertenencia, posesión):
el rey dé Francia the king of France;
no es dé él it isn't his;
es un amigo dé mi hijo he's a friend of my son's;
un estudiante dé quinto año a fifth-year student;
la tapa dé la cacerola the saucepan lid;
un avión dé Mexair a Mexair plane
el aeropuerto dé Barajas Barajas airport;
el mes dé enero the month of January
2
◊ es dé Bogotá she's/she comes from Bogotá;
una carta dé Julia a letter from Julia;
un amigo dé la infancia a childhood friend;
la literatura dé ese período the literature of o from that period;
dé aquí a tu casa from here to your houseb) (material, contenido, composición):
una mesa dé caoba a mahogany table;
un vaso dé agua a glass of water;
un millón dé dólares a million dollarsc) (causa, modo):
dé tanto gritar from shouting so much;
verde dé envidia green with envy;
temblando dé miedo trembling with fear;
dé memoria by heart;
lo tumbó dé un golpe he knocked him down with one blow
rodeada dé árboles surrounded by trees
3a) (cualidades, características):
objetos dé mucho valor objects of great value;
¿dé qué color lo quiere? what color do you want it?;
tiene cara dé aburrido he looks bored;
una botella dé un litro a liter bottle;
la chica dé azul the girl in blueb) (al definir, especificar):
tiene dos metros dé ancho it's two meters wide;
es fácil de pronunciar it's easy to pronounce;
uno dé los míos one of mine;
el mayor dé los Soto the eldest of the Soto children
4a) ( con cifras):◊ pagan un interés dél 15% they pay 15% interest o interest at 15%
◊ más dé £100 more than o over £100;
pesa menos dé un kilo it weighs less than o under a kilo;
un número mayor/menor dé 29 a number over/under 29c) ( con un superlativo):
la ciudad más grande dél mundo the biggest city in the world
◊ dé día/noche during the day/at night;
dé madrugada early in the morning
5
hace dé rey en la obra he plays (the part of) a king in the playb) (en expresiones de estado, actividad):
estamos dé fiesta we're having a partyc) (indicando uso, destino, finalidad):
copas dé vino wine glasses;
ropa dé cama bed clothes;
dales algo dé comer give them something to eat;
¿qué hay dé postre? what's for dessert?
6 ( con sentido condicional):
dé no ser así otherwise
de 2 sustantivo femenino: name of the letter d
dé see◊ dar
dar
I verbo transitivo
1 to give: dame la mano, hold my hand
2 (conceder) to give: mi padre me dio permiso, my father gave me permission
le doy toda la razón, I think he is quite right
3 (transmitir una noticia) to tell
(un recado, recuerdos) to pass on, give
dar las gracias, to thank
4 (retransmitir u ofrecer un espectáculo) to show, put on
5 (organizar una fiesta) to throw, give
6 (producir lana, miel, etc) to produce, yield
(fruto, flores) to bear
(beneficio, interés) to give, yield
7 (causar un dolor, malestar) dar dolor de cabeza, to give a headache
(un sentimiento) dar pena, to make sad
le da mucha vergüenza, he's very embarrassed
8 (proporcionar) to provide: su empresa da trabajo a cincuenta personas, his factory gives work to fifty people
9 (una conferencia, charla) to give
(impartir clases) to teach
(recibir una clase) to have
US to take
10 (presentir) me da (en la nariz/en el corazón) que eso va a salir bien, I have a feeling that everything is going to turn out well
11 (estropear) to ruin: me dio la noche con sus ronquidos, he spoilt my sleep with his snoring
12 (abrir el paso de la luz) to switch on
(del gas, agua) to turn on
13 (propinar una bofetada, un puntapié, etc) to hit, give
14 (aplicar una mano de pintura, cera) to apply, put on
(un masaje, medicamento) to give
15 (considerar) dar por, to assume, consider: lo dieron por muerto, he was given up for dead
ese dinero lo puedes dar por perdido, you can consider that money lost
dar por supuesto/sabido, to take for granted, to assume
16 (la hora, un reloj) to strike: aún no habían dado las ocho, it was not yet past eight o'clock
17 (realizar la acción que implica el objeto) dar un abrazo/susto, to give a hug/fright
dar un paseo, to go for a walk
dar una voz, to give a shout
II verbo intransitivo
1 (sobrevenir) le dio un ataque de nervios, she had an attack of hysterics
2 dar de comer/cenar, to provide with lunch/dinner 3 dar a, (mirar, estar orientado a) to look out onto, to overlook
(una puerta) to open onto, lead to: esa puerta da al jardín, this door leads out onto the garden 4 dar con, (una persona, objeto) to come across: no fuimos capaces de dar con la contraseña, we couldn't come up with the password
dimos con él, we found him 5 dar de sí, (una camiseta, bañador) to stretch, give 6 dar en, to hit: el sol me daba en los ojos, the sun was (shining) in my eyes 7 dar para, to be enough o sufficient for: ese dinero no me da para nada, this money isn't enough for me
♦ Locuciones: dar a alguien por: le dio por ponerse a cantar, she decided to start singing
le dio por nadar, he got it into his head to go swimming
dar a entender a alguien que..., to make sb understand that...
dar la mano a alguien, to shake hands with sb
dar para: el presupuesto no da para más, the budget will not stretch any further
dar que hablar, to set people talking
dar que pensar: el suceso dio que pensar, the incident gave people food for thought
dar a conocer, (noticia) to release
de preposición
1 (pertenencia, posesión) of
la dirección de mis padres, my parents' address
el teclado de este ordenador, this computer's keyboard
la primera página del libro, the first page of the book
2 (material) of: está hecho de madera, it's made of wood
una pajarita de papel, a paper bird
(contenido) un vaso de vino, a glass of wine
3 (asunto) about, on: sabe mucho de economía, she knows a lot about economics
un curso de inglés, an English course
un libro de arte, a book on art
4 (oficio) as: está/trabaja de enfermera, she is working as a nurse
5 (cualidad) una persona de carácter, a person with character
una rubia de pelo largo, a blonde with long hair
6 (procedencia) from: es de Bilbao, he is o comes from Bilbao
de Madrid a Cáceres, from Madrid to Cáceres
7 (parte) un poco de leche, a little milk
un trozo de carne, a piece of meat
8 (causa) with, because of
llorar de alegría, to cry with joy
morir de hambre, to die of hunger
9 (modo) lo bebió de un trago, she downed it in one
un gesto de satisfacción, an expression of satisfaction
10 (localización) el señor de la camisa azul, the man in the blue shirt
la casa de la esquina, the house on the corner
11 (tiempo) a las cinco de la mañana, at five in the morning
de año en año, year in year out
de día, by day
de noche, at night
de miércoles a viernes, from Wednesday to Friday
de pequeño, as a child
12 (finalidad) jornada de reflexión, eve of polling day
libro de consulta, reference book
máquina de escribir, typewriter
13 (instrumento) derribó la puerta de una patada, he kicked the door down
lo mataron de una puñalada, he was stabbed to death
14 (comparación) el discurso fue más largo de lo esperado, the speech was longer than expected
(con superlativo) in
el coche más caro del mundo, the most expensive car in the world
15 (precio) for
un pantalón de dos mil pesetas, a pair of trousers costing two thousand pesetas 16 una avenida de quince kilómetros, an avenue fifteen kilometres long
una botella de litro, a litre bottle
17 (condicional) de haberlo sabido no le hubiera invitado, if I had known I wouldn't have invited him
de no ser así, if that wasn't o weren't the case
de ser cierto, if it was o were true
18 (reiteración) de puerta en puerta, from door to door
de tres en tres, in threes o three at a time
'dé' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
A
- a. C.
- a.m.
- abajo
- abanderada
- abanderado
- abandonar
- abandonarse
- abandono
- abanico
- abarrotar
- abarrotada
- abarrotado
- abarrotería
- abastecer
- abastecerse
- abastecimiento
- abasto
- abatir
- abatimiento
- abatirse
- abdicar
- abertura
- abierta
- abierto
- abismo
- ablandar
- abogar
- abogacía
- abogada
- abogado
- abominar
- abominable
- abono
- abortar
- abrir
- abridor
- abrigo
- abrupta
- abrupto
- absoluta
- absolutamente
- absoluto
- abstenerse
- abstención
- abstinencia
- abstraerse
- abuelo
- abuhardillada
- abuhardillado
English:
A
- A-level
- a.m.
- AA
- abandon
- ABC
- ability
- ablaze
- aboard
- about
- about-face
- about-turn
- above
- abreast
- abroad
- abrupt
- absence
- absent
- absolve
- absorb
- abstain
- abstract
- abundance
- abuse
- AC
- accepted
- access road
- accident
- accidental
- acclaim
- accommodate
- accommodation
- accomplished
- accomplishment
- accordance
- account
- account for
- accountable
- accumulation
- accuracy
- accurate
- accurately
- accuse
- accused
- accusingly
- accustom
- ache
- Achilles heel
- aching
- acid test
* * *1. [posesión, pertenencia] of;el automóvil de mi padre/mis padres my father's/parents' car;es de ella it's hers;la maleta es de Eva the suitcase is Eva's o belongs to Eva;el padre de la niña the girl's father;el director de la empresa the manager of the company, the company's manager;la boda o [m5] el casamiento de un amigo de mi hermano the wedding of a friend of my brother's, a friend of my brother's wedding;un equipo de segunda división a second division team;la comida del gato the cat's food;el título de la novela the novel's title, the title of the novel;la pata de la mesa the table leg;una subida de precios a price rise;los señores de Navarro Mr and Mrs Navarro2. [procedencia, distancia] from;salir de casa to leave home;soy de Bilbao I'm from Bilbao;no soy de aquí I'm not from round here;de la playa al apartamento hay 100 metros it's 100 metres from the beach to the apartment;estamos a 10 kilómetros de Buenos Aires we're 10 kilometres away from Buenos Aires;el rey de España the king of Spain;tuvo dos hijos de su primera esposa he had two children by his first wife;b de Barcelona [deletreando] b for Barcelona3. [en razonamiento]de su sonrisa se deduce que todo ha ido bien you can tell from o by her smile that it all went well;del resultado del experimento concluyo que la fórmula no funciona I infer from the result of the experiment that the formula doesn't workel túnel del Canal the Channel Tunnel;el signo de tauro the sign of Taurus;el puerto de Cartagena the port of Cartagenala señora de verde the lady in green;el chico de la coleta the boy with the ponytail;una actriz de veinte años a twenty-year-old actress;¿de qué tamaño? what size?;un político de fiar a trustworthy politician6. [materia] (made) of;un vaso de plástico a plastic cup;un reloj de oro a gold watch;una mesa de madera a wooden tableun plato de lentejas a plate of lentils8. [precio]he comprado las peras de 80 céntimos el kilo I bought the pears that were 80 cents a kilo;un sello de 50 céntimos a 50-cent stampropa de deporte sportswear;una máquina de escribir a typewriter;una máquina de coser a sewing machine;esta sartén es la del pescado y ésta la de las tortillas this frying pan's for fish and this one's for omelettes10. [asunto] about;hablábamos de ti we were talking about you;libros de historia history books11. [en calidad de] as;trabaja de bombero he works as a fireman;aparece de cosaco he appears as a Cossack, he plays a Cossack;estás muy guapa de uniforme you look very pretty in uniform;al desfile de carnaval iré de Napoleón I'll go as Napoleon in the carnival parade12. [tiempo] [desde] from;[durante] in;trabaja de nueve a cinco she works from nine to five;vivió en Bolivia de 1975 a 1983 she lived in Bolivia between 1975 and 1983, she lived in Bolivia from 1975 to 1983;de madrugada early in the morning;a las cuatro de la tarde at four in the afternoon;trabaja de noche y duerme de día he works at night and sleeps during the day;es de día it's daytime;de niño solía jugar en la calle as a child I used to play in the street;¿qué quieres ser de mayor? what do you want to be when you grow up?;un compañero del colegio a friend from school;Urugde mañana/tarde in the morning/afternoon;Urugde noche at night;Urugayer salimos de noche we went out last night13. [causa] with;morirse de hambre to die of hunger;llorar de alegría to cry with joy;temblar de miedo to tremble with fear;eso es de fumar tanto that's what comes from smoking so much14. [manera, modo] with;de una patada with a kick;rompió el cristal de una pedrada he shattered the window with a stone;de una sola vez in one go;lo bebió de un trago he drank it down in one go;CSurde fácil manejo user-friendly;ponerse de rodillas to kneel down15. [con valor partitivo] of;uno de los nuestros one of ours;varios de nosotros several of us;¿quién de vosotros sabe la respuesta? which of you knows the answer?17. [en valoración]lo tacharon de vulgar they branded him as vulgar, they accused him of being vulgaryo de Eduardo le pediría perdón if I were Eduardo, I'd say sorry to her19. [en comparaciones][con superlativos]más/menos de… more/less than…;el mejor de todos the best of all;el más importante del mundo the most important in the world;la peor película del año the worst film this year o of the year;la impresora más moderna del mercado the most up-to-date printer on the market20. (antes de infinitivo) [condición] if;de querer ayudarme, lo haría if she wanted to help me, she'd do it;de no ser por ti, me hubiese hundido if it hadn't been for you, I wouldn't have made it;de ir a verte, sería este domingo if I do visit you, it'll be this Sunday21. (después de adjetivo y antes de sustantivo) [enfatiza cualidad]el idiota de tu hermano your stupid brother;la buena de Susana good old Susana;¡pobre de mí! poor me!22. (después de adjetivo y antes de infinitivo)es difícil de creer it's hard to believe;una velada imposible de olvidar an unforgettable eveninghas de gastar menos you should spend less24. (antes de complemento agente)una película de Buñuel a film by Buñuel, a Buñuel film;vino acompañado de su familia he was accompanied by his family25. (antes de adverbio de lugar)la fila de delante the front row♦ de no loc conjAm otherwise;dime la verdad, de no te castigaré tell me the truth, otherwise I'm going to punish you* * *deprp1 origen from;de Nueva York from New York;de … a from … to2 posesión of;el coche de mi amigo my friend’s car3 material (made) of;un anillo de oro a gold ring4 contenido of;un vaso de agua a glass of water5 cualidad:una mujer de 20 años a 20 year old woman6 causa with;temblaba de miedo she was shaking with fear7 hora:de noche at night, by night;de día by daytrabajar de albañil work as a bricklayer;de niño as a child9 agente by;de Goya by Goya10 condición if;de haberlo sabido if I’d known11 en aposición:la ciudad de Lima the city of Lima* * *de prep1) : ofla casa de Pepe: Pepe's houseun niño de tres años: a three-year-old boy2) : fromes de Managua: she's from Managuasalió del edificio: he left the building3) : in, ata las tres de la mañana: at three in the morningsalen de noche: they go out at night4) : thanmás de tres: more than threedé dar* * *de prep1. (posesión de alguien) 's2. (posesión de algo) of3. (materia)4. (contenido) of5. (materia, tema)6. (origen, procedencia) from7. (descripción) with / in8. (agente) by10. (con números, una parte) than / of -
53 ab
ăb, ā, abs, prep. with abl. This IndoEuropean particle (Sanscr. apa or ava, Etr. av, Gr. upo, Goth. af, Old Germ. aba, New Germ. ab, Engl. of, off) has in Latin the following forms: ap, af, ab (av), au-, a, a; aps, abs, as-. The existence of the oldest form, ap, is proved by the oldest and best MSS. analogous to the prep. apud, the Sanscr. api, and Gr. epi, and by the weakened form af, which, by the rule of historical grammar and the nature of the Latin letter f, can be derived only from ap, not from ab. The form af, weakened from ap, also very soon became obsolete. There are but five examples of it in inscriptions, at the end of the sixth and in the course of the seventh century B. C., viz.:I.AF VOBEIS,
Inscr. Orell. 3114;AF MVRO,
ib. 6601;AF CAPVA,
ib. 3308;AF SOLO,
ib. 589;AF LYCO,
ib. 3036 ( afuolunt =avolant, Paul. ex Fest. p. 26 Mull., is only a conjecture). In the time of Cicero this form was regarded as archaic, and only here and there used in account-books; v. Cic. Or. 47, 158 (where the correct reading is af, not abs or ab), and cf. Ritschl, Monum. Epigr. p. 7 sq.—The second form of this preposition, changed from ap, was ab, which has become the principal form and the one most generally used through all periods—and indeed the only oue used before all vowels and h; here and there also before some consonants, particularly l, n, r, and s; rarely before c, j, d, t; and almost never before the labials p, b, f, v, or before m, such examples as ab Massiliensibus, Caes. B. C. 1, 35, being of the most rare occurrence.—By changing the b of ab through v into u, the form au originated, which was in use only in the two compounds aufero and aufugio for abfero, ab-fugio; aufuisse for afuisse, in Cod. Medic. of Tac. A. 12, 17, is altogether unusual. Finally, by dropping the b of ab, and lengthening the a, ab was changed into a, which form, together with ab, predominated through all periods of the Latin language, and took its place before all consonants in the later years of Cicero, and after him almoet exclusively.—By dropping the b without lengthening the a, ab occurs in the form a- in the two compounds a-bio and a-perio, q. v.—On the other hand, instead of reducing ap to a and a, a strengthened collateral form, aps, was made by adding to ap the letter s (also used in particles, as in ex, mox, vix). From the first, aps was used only before the letters c, q, t, and was very soon changed into abs (as ap into ab):abs chorago,
Plaut. Pers. 1, 3, 79 (159 Ritschl):abs quivis,
Ter. Ad. 2, 3, 1:abs terra,
Cato, R. R. 51;and in compounds: aps-cessero,
Plaut. Trin. 3, 1, 24 (625 R.); id. ib. 3, 2, 84 (710 R): abs-condo, abs-que, abs-tineo, etc. The use of abs was confined almost exclusively to the combination abs te during the whole ante-classic period, and with Cicero till about the year 700 A. U. C. (=B. C. 54). After that time Cicero evidently hesitates between abs te and a te, but during the last five or six years of his life a te became predominant in all his writings, even in his letters; consequently abs te appears but rarely in later authors, as in Liv. 10, 19, 8; 26, 15, 12;and who, perhaps, also used abs conscendentibus,
id. 28, 37, 2; v. Drakenb. ad. h. l. (Weissenb. ab).—Finally abs, in consequence of the following p, lost its b, and became ds- in the three compounds aspello, as-porto, and as-pernor (for asspernor); v. these words.—The late Lat. verb abbrevio may stand for adbrevio, the d of ad being assimilated to the following b.The fundamental signification of ab is departure from some fixed point (opp. to ad. which denotes motion to a point).In space, and,II.Fig., in time and other relations, in which the idea of departure from some point, as from source and origin, is included; Engl. from, away from, out of; down from; since, after; by, at, in, on, etc.I.Lit., in space: ab classe ad urbem tendunt, Att. ap. Non. 495, 22 (Trag. Rel. p. 177 Rib.):b.Caesar maturat ab urbe proficisci,
Caes. B. G. 1, 7:fuga ab urbe turpissima,
Cic. Att. 7, 21:ducite ab urbe domum, ducite Daphnim,
Verg. E. 8, 68. Cicero himself gives the difference between ab and ex thus: si qui mihi praesto fuerit cum armatis hominibus extra meum fundum et me introire prohibuerit, non ex eo, sed ab ( from, away from) eo loco me dejecerit....Unde dejecti Galli? A Capitolio. Unde, qui cum Graccho fucrunt? Ex Capitolio, etc., Cic. Caecin. 30, 87; cf. Diom. p. 408 P., and a similar distinction between ad and in under ad.—Ellipt.: Diogenes Alexandro roganti, ut diceret, si quid opus esset: Nunc quidem paululum, inquit, a sole, a little out of the sun, Cic. Tusc. 5, 32, 92. —Often joined with usque:illam (mulierem) usque a mari supero Romam proficisci,
all the way from, Cic. Clu. 68, 192; v. usque, I.—And with ad, to denote the space passed over: siderum genus ab ortu ad occasum commeant, from... to, Cic. N. D. 2, 19 init.; cf. ab... in:venti a laevo latere in dextrum, ut sol, ambiunt,
Plin. 2, 47, 48, § 128.Sometimes with names of cities and small islands, or with domus (instead of the usual abl.), partie., in militnry and nautieal language, to denote the marching of soldiers, the setting out of a flcet, or the departure of the inhabitants from some place:c.oppidum ab Aenea fugiente a Troja conditum,
Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 33:quemadmodum (Caesar) a Gergovia discederet,
Caes. B. G. 7, 43 fin.; so id. ib. 7, 80 fin.; Sall. J. 61; 82; 91; Liv. 2, 33, 6 al.; cf.:ab Arimino M. Antonium cum cohortibus quinque Arretium mittit,
Caes. B. C. 1, 11 fin.; and:protinus a Corfinio in Siciliam miserat,
id. ib. 1, 25, 2:profecti a domo,
Liv. 40, 33, 2;of setting sail: cum exercitus vestri numquam a Brundisio nisi hieme summa transmiserint,
Cic. Imp. Pomp. 12, 32; so id. Fam. 15, 3, 2; Caes. B. C. 3, 23; 3, 24 fin.:classe qua advecti ab domo fuerant,
Liv. 8, 22, 6;of citizens: interim ab Roma legatos venisse nuntiatum est,
Liv. 21, 9, 3; cf.:legati ab Orico ad M. Valerium praetorem venerunt,
id. 24, 40, 2.Sometimes with names of persons or with pronouns: pestem abige a me, Enn. ap. Cic. Ac. 2, 28, 89 (Trag. v. 50 Vahl.):B.Quasi ad adulescentem a patre ex Seleucia veniat,
Plaut. Trin. 3, 3, 41; cf.:libertus a Fuflis cum litteris ad Hermippum venit,
Cic. Fl. 20, 47:Nigidium a Domitio Capuam venisse,
id. Att. 7, 24:cum a vobis discessero,
id. Sen. 22:multa merces tibi defluat ab Jove Neptunoque,
Hor. C. 1, 28, 29 al. So often of a person instead of his house, lodging, etc.: videat forte hic te a patre aliquis exiens, from the father, i. e. from his house, Ter. Heaut. 2, 2, 6:so a fratre,
id. Phorm. 5, 1, 5:a Pontio,
Cic. Att. 5, 3 fin.:ab ea,
Ter. And. 1, 3, 21; and so often: a me, a nobis, a se, etc., from my, our, his house, etc., Plaut. Stich. 5, 1, 7; Ter. Heaut. 3, 2, 50; Cic. Att. 4, 9, 1 al.Transf., without the idea of motion. To designate separation or distance, with the verbs abesse, distare, etc., and with the particles longe, procul, prope, etc.1.Of separation:2.ego te afuisse tam diu a nobis dolui,
Cic. Fam. 2, 1, 2:abesse a domo paulisper maluit,
id. Verr. 2, 4, 18, § 39:tum Brutus ab Roma aberat,
Sall. C. 40, 5:absint lacerti ab stabulis,
Verg. G. 4, 14.—Of distance:3.quot milia fundus suus abesset ab urbe,
Cic. Caecin. 10, 28; cf.:nos in castra properabamus, quae aberant bidui,
id. Att. 5, 16 fin.; and:hic locus aequo fere spatio ab castris Ariovisti et Caesaris aberat,
Caes. B. G. 1, 43, 1:terrae ab hujusce terrae, quam nos incolimus, continuatione distantes,
Cic. N. D. 2, 66, 164:non amplius pedum milibus duobus ab castris castra distabant,
Caes. B. C. 1, 82, 3; cf. id. lb. 1, 3, 103.—With adverbs: annos multos longinque ab domo bellum gerentes, Enn. ap. Non. 402, 3 (Trag. v. 103 Vahl.):cum domus patris a foro longe abesset,
Cic. Cael. 7, 18 fin.; cf.:qui fontes a quibusdam praesidiis aberant longius,
Caes. B. C. 3, 49, 5:quae procul erant a conspectu imperii,
Cic. Agr. 2, 32, 87; cf.:procul a castris hostes in collibus constiterunt,
Caes. B. G. 5, 17, 1; and:tu procul a patria Alpinas nives vides,
Verg. E. 10, 46 (procul often also with simple abl.;v. procul): cum esset in Italia bellum tam prope a Sicilia, tamen in Sicilia non fuit,
Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 2, § 6; cf.:tu apud socrum tuam prope a meis aedibus sedebas,
id. Pis. 11, 26; and:tam prope ab domo detineri,
id. Verr. 2, 2, 3, § 6.—So in Caesar and Livy, with numerals to designate the measure of the distance:onerariae naves, quae ex eo loco ab milibus passuum octo vento tenebatur,
eight miles distant, Caes. B. G. 4, 22, 4; and without mentioning the terminus a quo: ad castra contenderunt, et ab milibus passunm minus duobus castra posuerunt, less than two miles off or distant, id. ib. 2, 7, 3; so id. ib. 2, 5, 32; 6, 7, 3; id. B. C. 1, 65; Liv. 38, 20, 2 (for which:duo milia fere et quingentos passus ab hoste posuerunt castra,
id. 37, 38, 5). —To denote the side or direction from which an object is viewed in its local relations,=a parte, at, on, in: utrum hacin feriam an ab laeva latus? Enn. ap. Plaut. Cist. 3, 10 (Trag. v. 38 Vahl.); cf.:II.picus et cornix ab laeva, corvos, parra ab dextera consuadent,
Plaut. As. 2, 1, 12: clamore ab ea parte audito. on this side, Caes. B. G. 3, 26, 4: Gallia Celtica attingit ab Sequanis et Helvetiis flumen Rhenum, on the side of the Sequani, i. e. their country, id. ib. 1, 1, 5:pleraque Alpium ab Italia sicut breviora ita arrectiora sunt,
on the Italian side, Liv. 21, 35, 11:non eadem diligentia ab decumuna porta castra munita,
at the main entrance, Caes. B. G. 3, 25 fin.:erat a septentrionibus collis,
on the north, id. ib. 7, 83, 2; so, ab oriente, a meridie, ab occasu; a fronte, a latere, a tergo, etc. (v. these words).Fig.A.In time.1.From a [p. 3] point of time, without reference to the period subsequently elapsed. After:2.Exul ab octava Marius bibit,
Juv. 1,40:mulieres jam ab re divin[adot ] adparebunt domi,
immediately after the sucrifice, Plaut. Poen. 3, 3, 4:Caesar ab decimae legionis cohortatione ad dextrum cornu profectus,
Caes. B. G. 2, 25, 1:ab hac contione legati missi sunt,
immediately after, Liv. 24, 22, 6; cf. id. 28, 33, 1; 40, 47, 8; 40, 49, 1 al.:ab eo magistratu,
after this office, Sall. J. 63, 5:a summa spe novissima exspectabat,
after the greatest hope, Tac. A. 6, 50 fin. —Strengthened by the adverbs primum, confestim, statim, protinus, or the adj. recens, immediately after, soon after:ut primum a tuo digressu Romam veni,
Cic. Att. 1, 5, 4; so Suet. Tib. 68:confestim a proelio expugnatis hostium castris,
Liv. 30, 36, 1:statim a funere,
Suet. Caes. 85;and followed by statim: ab itinere statim,
id. ib. 60:protinus ab adoptione,
Vell. 2, 104, 3:Homerus qui recens ab illorum actate fuit,
soon after their time, Cic. N. D. 3, 5; so Varr. R. R. 2, 8, 2; Verg. A. 6, 450 al. (v. also primum, confestim, etc.).—Sometimes with the name of a person or place, instead of an action: ibi mihi tuae litterae binae redditae sunt tertio abs te die,
i. e. after their departure from you, Cic. Att. 5, 3, 1: in Italiam perventum est quinto mense a Carthagine Nov[adot ], i. e. after leaving (=postquam a Carthagine profecti sunt), Liv. 21, 38, 1:secundo Punico (bello) Scipionis classis XL. die a securi navigavit,
i. e. after its having been built, Plin. 16, 39, 74, § 192. —Hence the poct. expression: ab his, after this (cf. ek toutôn), i. e. after these words, hereupon, Ov. M. 3, 273; 4, 329; 8, 612; 9, 764.With reference to a subsequent period. From, since, after:b.ab hora tertia bibebatur,
from the third hour, Cic. Phil. 2, 41:infinito ex tempore, non ut antea, ab Sulla et Pompeio consulibus,
since the consulship of, id. Agr. 2, 21, 56:vixit ab omni aeternitate,
from all eternity, id. Div. 1, 51, 115:cum quo a condiscipulatu vivebat conjunctissime,
Nep. Att. 5, 3:in Lycia semper a terrae motu XL. dies serenos esse,
after an earthquake, Plin. 2, 96, 98, § 211 al.:centesima lux est haec ab interitu P. Clodii,
since the death of, Cic. Mil. 35, 98; cf.:cujus a morte quintus hic et tricesimus annus est,
id. Sen. 6, 19; and:ab incenso Capitolio illum esse vigesumiun annum,
since, Sall. C. 47, 2:diebus triginta, a qua die materia caesa est,
Caes. B. C. 1, 36.—Sometimes joined with usque and inde:quod augures omnes usque ab Romulo decreverunt,
since the time of, Cic. Vat. 8, 20:jam inde ab infelici pugna ceciderant animi,
from the very beginning of, Liv. 2, 65 fin. —Hence the adverbial expressions ab initio, a principio, a primo, at, in, or from the beginning, at first; v. initium, principium, primus. Likewise ab integro, anew, afresh; v. integer.—Ab... ad, from (a time)... to:ab hora octava ad vesperum secreto collocuti sumus,
Cic. Att. 7, 8, 4; cf.:cum ab hora septima ad vesperum pugnatum sit,
Caes. B. G. 1, 26, 2; and:a quo tempore ad vos consules anni sunt septingenti octoginta unus,
Vell. 1, 8, 4; and so in Plautus strengthened by usque:pugnata pugnast usque a mane ad vesperum,
from morning to evening, Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 97; id. Most. 3, 1, 3; 3, 2, 80.—Rarely ab... in: Romani ab sole orto in multum diei stetere in acie, from... till late in the day, Liv. 27, 2, 9; so Col. 2, 10, 17; Plin. 2, 31, 31, § 99; 2, 103, 106, § 229; 4, 12, 26, § 89.Particularly with nouns denoting a time of life:B.qui homo cum animo inde ab ineunte aetate depugnat suo,
from an early age, from early youth, Plaut. Trin. 2, 2, 24; so Cic. Off. 2, 13, 44 al.:mihi magna cum co jam inde a pueritia fuit semper famillaritas,
Ter. Heaut. 1, 2, 9; so,a pueritia,
Cic. Tusc. 2, 11, 27 fin.; id. Fam. 5, 8, 4:jam inde ab adulescentia,
Ter. Ad. 1, 1, 16:ab adulescentia,
Cic. Rep. 2, 1:jam a prima adulescentia,
id. Fam. 1, 9, 23:ab ineunte adulescentia,
id. ib. 13, 21, 1; cf.followed by ad: usque ad hanc aetatem ab incunte adulescentia,
Plaut. Trin. 2, 2, 20:a primis temporibus aetatis,
Cic. Fam. 4, 3, 3:a teneris unguiculis,
from childhood, id. ib. 1, 6, 2:usque a toga pura,
id. Att. 7, 8, 5:jam inde ab incunabulis,
Liv. 4, 36, 5:a prima lanugine,
Suet. Oth. 12:viridi ab aevo,
Ov. Tr. 4, 10, 17 al.;rarely of animals: ab infantia,
Plin. 10, 63, 83, § 182.—Instead of the nom. abstr. very often (like the Greek ek paioôn, etc.) with concrete substantives: a pucro, ab adulescente, a parvis, etc., from childhood, etc.:qui olim a puero parvulo mihi paedagogus fuerat,
Plaut. Merc. 1, 1, 90; so,a pausillo puero,
id. Stich. 1, 3, 21:a puero,
Cic. Ac. 2, 36, 115; id. Fam. 13, 16, 4 (twice) al.:a pueris,
Cic. Tusc. 1, 24, 57; id. de Or. 1, 1, 2 al.:ab adulescente,
id. Quint. 3, 12:ab infante,
Col. 1, 8, 2:a parva virgine,
Cat. 66, 26 al. —Likewise and in the same sense with adject.: a parvo, from a little child, or childhood, Liv. 1, 39, 6 fin.; cf.:a parvis,
Ter. And. 3, 3, 7; Cic. Leg. 2, 4, 9:a parvulo,
Ter. And. 1, 1, 8; id. Ad. 1, 1, 23; cf.:ab parvulis,
Caes. B. G. 6, 21, 3:ab tenero,
Col. 5, 6, 20;and rarely of animals: (vacca) a bima aut trima fructum ferre incipit,
Varr. R. R. 2, 1, 13.In other relations in which the idea of going forth, proceeding, from something is included.1.In gen. to denote departure, separation, deterring, avoiding, intermitting, etc., or distance, difference, etc., of inanimate or abstract things. From: jus atque aecum se a malis spernit procul, Enn. ap. Non. 399, 10 (Trag. v. 224 Vahl.):2.suspitionem et culpam ut ab se segregent,
Plaut. Trin. 1, 2, 42:qui discessum animi a corpore putent esse mortem,
Cic. Tusc. 1, 9, 18:hic ab artificio suo non recessit,
id. ib. 1, 10, 20 al.:quod si exquiratur usque ab stirpe auctoritas,
Plaut. Trin. 1, 2, 180:condicionem quam ab te peto,
id. ib. 2, 4, 87; cf.:mercedem gloriae flagitas ab iis, quorum, etc.,
Cic. Tusc. 1, 15, 34:si quid ab illo acceperis,
Plaut. Trin. 2, 2, 90:quae (i. e. antiquitas) quo propius aberat ab ortu et divina progenie,
Cic. Tusc. 1, 12, 26:ab defensione desistere,
Caes. B. C. 2, 12, 4:ne quod tempus ab opere intermitteretur,
id. B. G. 7, 24, 2:ut homines adulescentis a dicendi studio deterream,
Cic. de Or. 1, 25, 117, etc.—Of distance (in order, rank, mind, or feeling):qui quartus ab Arcesila fuit,
the fourth in succession from, Cic. Ac. 1, 12, 46:tu nunc eris alter ab illo,
next after him, Verg. E. 5, 49; cf.:Aiax, heros ab Achille secundus,
next in rank to, Hor. S. 2, 3, 193:quid hoc ab illo differt,
from, Cic. Caecin. 14, 39; cf.:hominum vita tantum distat a victu et cultu bestiarum,
id. Off. 2, 4, 15; and:discrepare ab aequitate sapientiam,
id. Rep. 3, 9 fin. (v. the verbs differo, disto, discrepo, dissideo, dissentio, etc.):quae non aliena esse ducerem a dignitate,
Cic. Fam. 4, 7:alieno a te animo fuit,
id. Deiot. 9, 24 (v. alienus). —So the expression ab re (qs. aside from the matter, profit; cf. the opposite, in rem), contrary to one's profit, to a loss, disadvantageous (so in the affirmative very rare and only ante-class.):subdole ab re consulit,
Plaut. Trin. 2, 1, 12; cf. id. Capt. 2, 2, 88; more frequently and class. (but not with Cicero) in the negative, non, haud, ab re, not without advantage or profit, not useless or unprofitable, adcantageous:haut est ab re aucupis,
Plaut. As. 1, 3, 71:non ab re esse Quinctii visum est,
Liv. 35, 32, 6; so Plin. 27, 8, 35; 31, 3, 26; Suet. Aug. 94; id. Dom. 11; Gell. 18, 14 fin.; App. Dogm. Plat. 3, p. 31, 22 al. (but in Ter. Ad. 5, 3, 44, ab re means with respect to the money matter).In partic.a.To denote an agent from whom an action proceeds, or by whom a thing is done or takes place. By, and in archaic and solemn style, of. So most frequently with pass. or intrans. verbs with pass. signif., when the active object is or is considered as a living being: Laudari me abs te, a laudato viro, Naev. ap. Cic. Tusc. 4, 31, 67: injuria abs te afficior, Enn. ap. Auct. Her. 2, 24, 38:b.a patre deductus ad Scaevolam,
Cic. Lael. 1, 1:ut tamquam a praesentibus coram haberi sermo videretur,
id. ib. 1, 3:disputata ab eo,
id. ib. 1, 4 al.:illa (i. e. numerorum ac vocum vis) maxime a Graecia vetere celebrata,
id. de Or. 3, 51, 197:ita generati a natura sumus,
id. Off. 1, 29, 103; cf.:pars mundi damnata a rerum natura,
Plin. 4, 12, 26, § 88:niagna adhibita cura est a providentia deorum,
Cic. N. D. 2, 51 al. —With intrans. verbs:quae (i. e. anima) calescit ab eo spiritu,
is warmed by this breath, Cic. N. D. 2, 55, 138; cf. Ov. M. 1, 417: (mare) qua a sole collucet, Cic. Ac. 2, 105:salvebis a meo Cicerone,
i. e. young Cicero sends his compliments to you, id. Att. 6, 2 fin.:a quibus (Atheniensibus) erat profectus,
i. e. by whose command, Nep. Milt. 2, 3:ne vir ab hoste cadat,
Ov. H. 9, 36 al. —A substantive or adjective often takes the place of the verb (so with de, q. v.):levior est plaga ab amico quam a debitore,
Cic. Fam. 9, 16, 7; cf.:a bestiis ictus, morsus, impetus,
id. Off. 2, 6, 19:si calor est a sole,
id. N. D. 2, 52:ex iis a te verbis (for a te scriptis),
id. Att. 16, 7, 5:metu poenae a Romanis,
Liv. 32, 23, 9:bellum ingens a Volscis et Aequis,
id. 3, 22, 2:ad exsolvendam fldem a consule,
id. 27, 5, 6.—With an adj.:lassus ab equo indomito,
Hor. S. 2, 2, 10:Murus ab ingenic notior ille tuo,
Prop. 5, 1, 126:tempus a nostris triste malis,
time made sad by our misfortunes, Ov. Tr. 4, 3, 36.—Different from per:vulgo occidebantur: per quos et a quibus?
by whom and upon whose orders? Cic. Rosc. Am. 29, 80 (cf. id. ib. 34, 97: cujus consilio occisus sit, invenio; cujus manu sit percussus, non laboro); so,ab hoc destitutus per Thrasybulum (i. e. Thrasybulo auctore),
Nep. Alc. 5, 4.—Ambiguity sometimes arises from the fact that the verb in the pass. would require ab if used in the active:si postulatur a populo,
if the people demand it, Cic. Off. 2, 17, 58, might also mean, if it is required of the people; on the contrary: quod ab eo (Lucullo) laus imperatoria non admodum exspectabatur, not since he did not expect military renown, but since they did not expect military renown from him, Cic. Ac. 2, 1, 2, and so often; cf. Rudd. II. p. 213. (The use of the active dative, or dative of the agent, instead of ab with the pass., is well known, Zumpt, § 419. It is very seldom found in prose writers of the golden age of Roman liter.; with Cic. sometimes joined with the participles auditus, cognitus, constitutus, perspectus, provisus, susceptus; cf. Halm ad Cic. Imp. Pomp. 24, 71, and ad ejusdem, Cat. 1, 7 fin.; but freq. at a later period; e. g. in Pliny, in Books 2-4 of H. N., more than twenty times; and likewise in Tacitus seventeen times. Vid. the passages in Nipperd. ad Tac. A. 2, 49.) Far more unusual is the simple abl. in the designation of persons:deseror conjuge,
Ov. H. 12, 161; so id. ib. 5, 75; id. M. 1, 747; Verg. A. 1, 274; Hor. C. 2, 4, 9; 1, 6, 2;and in prose,
Quint. 3, 4, 2; Sen. Contr. 2, 1; Curt. 6, 7, 8; cf. Rudd. II. p. 212; Zumpt ad Quint. V. p. 122 Spalding.—Hence the adverbial phrase a se=uph heautou, sua sponte, of one's own uccord, spontaneously:ipsum a se oritur et sua sponte nascitur,
Cic. Fin. 2, 24, 78:(urna) ab se cantat quoja sit,
Plaut. Rud. 2, 5, 21 (al. eapse; cf. id. Men. 1, 2, 66); so Col. 11, 1, 5; Liv. 44, 33, 6.With names of towns to denote origin, extraction, instead of gentile adjectives. From, of:c.pastores a Pergamide,
Varr. R. R. 2, 2, 1:Turnus ab Aricia,
Liv. 1, 50, 3 (for which Aricinus, id. 1, 51, 1):obsides dant trecentos principum a Cora atque Pometia liberos,
Liv. 2, 22, 2; and poet.: O longa mundi servator ab Alba, Auguste, thou who art descended from the old Alban race of kings (=oriundus, or ortus regibus Albanis), Prop. 5, 6, 37.In giving the etymology of a name: eam rem (sc. legem, Gr. nomon) illi Graeco putant nomine a suum cuique tribuendo appellatam, ego nostro a legendo, Cic. Leg. 1, 6, 19: annum intervallum regni fuit: id ab re... interregnum appellatum, Liv. 1, 17, 6:d.(sinus maris) ab nomine propinquae urbis Ambracius appellatus,
id. 38, 4, 3; and so Varro in his Ling. Lat., and Pliny, in Books 1-5 of H. N., on almost every page. (Cf. also the arts. ex and de.)With verbs of beginning and repeating: a summo bibere, in Plaut. to drink in succession from the one at the head of the table:e.da, puere, ab summo,
Plaut. As. 5, 2, 41; so,da ab Delphio cantharum circum, id Most. 1, 4, 33: ab eo nobis causa ordienda est potissimum,
Cic. Leg. 1, 7, 21:coepere a fame mala,
Liv. 4, 12, 7:cornicem a cauda de ovo exire,
tail-foremost, Plin. 10, 16, 18:a capite repetis, quod quaerimus,
Cic. Leg. 1, 6, 18 al.With verbs of freeing from, defending, or protecting against any thing:f.a foliis et stercore purgato,
Cato, R. R. 65 (66), 1:tantumne ab re tuast oti tibi?
Ter. Heaut. 1, [p. 4] 1, 23; cf.:Saguntini ut a proeliis quietem habuerant,
Liv. 21, 11, 5:expiandum forum ab illis nefarii sceleris vestigiis,
Cic. Rab. Perd. 4, 11:haec provincia non modo a calamitate, sed etiam a metu calamitatis est defendenda,
id. Imp. Pomp. 6, 14 (v. defendo):ab incendio urbem vigiliis munitam intellegebat,
Sall. C. 32:ut neque sustinere se a lapsu possent,
Liv. 21, 35, 12:ut meam domum metueret atque a me ipso caveret,
Cic. Sest. 64, 133.With verbs of expecting, fearing, hoping, and the like, ab =a parte, as, Cic. Att. 9, 7, 4: cum eadem metuam ab hac parte, since I fear the same from this side; hence, timere, metuere ab aliquo, not, to be afraid of any one, but, to fear something (proceeding from) from him:g.el metul a Chryside,
Ter. And. 1, 1, 79; cf.:ab Hannibale metuens,
Liv. 23, 36; and:metus a praetore,
id. 23, 15, 7;v. Weissenb. ad h. l.: a quo quidem genere, judices, ego numquam timui,
Cic. Sull. 20, 59:postquam nec ab Romanis robis ulla est spes,
you can expect nothing from the Romans, Liv. 21, 13, 4.With verbs of fastening and holding:h.funiculus a puppi religatus,
Cic. Inv. 2, 51, 154:cum sinistra capillum ejus a vertice teneret,
Q. Cic. Pet. Cons. 3.Ulcisci se ab aliquo, to take vengeance on one:i.a ferro sanguis humanus se ulciscitur,
Plin. 34, 14, 41 fin.Cognoscere ab aliqua re to knoio or learn by means of something (different from ab aliquo, to learn from some one):j.id se a Gallicis armis atque insignibus cognovisse,
Caes. B. G. 1, 22.Dolere, laborare, valere ab, instead of the simple abl.:k.doleo ab animo, doleo ab oculis, doleo ab aegritudine,
Plaut. Cist. 1, 1, 62:a morbo valui, ab animo aeger fui,
id. Ep. 1, 2, 26; cf. id. Aul. 2, 2, 9:a frigore et aestu ne quid laborent,
Varr. R. R. 2, 2, 17; so,a frigore laborantibus,
Plin. 32, 10, 46, § 133; cf.:laborare ab re frumentaria,
Caes. B. G. 7, 10, 1; id. B. C. 3, 9; v. laboro.Where verbs and adjectives are joined with ab, instead of the simple abl., ab defines more exactly the respect in which that which is expressed by the verb or adj. is to be understood, in relation to, with regard to, in respect to, on the part of:l.ab ingenio improbus,
Plaut. Truc. 4, 3, 59:a me pudica'st,
id. Curc. 1, 1, 51:orba ab optimatibus contio,
Cic. Fl. 23, 54; ro Ov. H. 6,156: securos vos ab hac parte reddemus, Planc. ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 24 fin. (v. securus):locus copiosus a frumento,
Cic. Att. 5, 18, 2; cf.:sumus imparati cum a militibas tum a pecunia,
id. ib. 7, 15 fin.:ille Graecus ab omni laude felicior,
id. Brut. 16, 63:ab una parte haud satis prosperuin,
Liv. 1, 32, 2 al.;so often in poets ab arte=arte,
artfully, Tib. 1, 5, 4; 1, 9, 66; Ov. Am. 2, 4, 30.In the statement of the motive instead of ex, propter, or the simple abl. causae, from, out of, on account of, in consequence of: ab singulari amore scribo, Balb. ap. Cic. Att. 9, 7, B fin.:m.linguam ab irrisu exserentem,
thrusting out the tongue in derision, Liv. 7, 10, 5:ab honore,
id. 1, 8; so, ab ira, a spe, ab odio, v. Drak. ad Liv. 24, 30, 1: 26, 1, 3; cf. also Kritz and Fabri ad Sall. J. 31, 3, and Fabri ad Liv. 21, 36, 7.Especially in the poets instead of the gen.:n.ab illo injuria,
Ter. And. 1, 1, 129:fulgor ab auro,
Lucr. 2, 5:dulces a fontibus undae,
Verg. G. 2, 243.In indicating a part of the whole, for the more usual ex, of, out of:o.scuto ab novissimis uni militi detracto,
Caes. B. G. 2, 25, 1:nonnuill ab novissimis,
id. ib.; Cic. Sest. 65, 137; cf. id. ib. 59 fin.: a quibus (captivis) ad Senatum missus (Regulus).In marking that from which any thing proceeds, and to which it belongs:p.qui sunt ab ea disciplina,
Cic. Tusc. 2, 3, 7:ab eo qui sunt,
id. Fin. 4, 3, 7:nostri illi a Platone et Aristotele aiunt,
id. Mur. 30, 63 (in imitation of oi upo tinos).To designate an office or dignity (with or without servus; so not freq. till after the Aug. period;q.in Cic. only once): Pollex, servus a pedibus meus,
one of my couriers, Cic. Att. 8, 5, 1; so,a manu servus,
a secretary, Suet. Caes. 74: Narcissum ab eplstulis ( secretary) et Pallantem a rationibus ( accountant), id. Claud. 28; and so, ab actis, ab admissione, ab aegris, ab apotheca, ab argento, a balneis, a bibliotheca, a codicillis, a jumentis, a potione, etc. (v. these words and Inscr. Orell. vol. 3, Ind. xi. p. 181 sq.).The use of ab before adverbs is for the most part peculiar to later Latinity:► a.a peregre,
Vitr. 5, 7 (6), 8:a foris,
Plin. 17, 24, 37; Vulg. Gen, 7, 16; ib. Matt. 23, 27:ab intus,
ib. ib. 7, 15:ab invicem,
App. Herb. 112; Vulg. Matt. 25, 32; Cypr. Ep. 63, 9: Hier. Ep. 18:a longe,
Hyg. Fab. 257; Vulg. Gen. 22, 4; ib. Matt. 26, 58:a modo,
ib. ib. 23, 39;Hier. Vit. Hilar.: a nune,
Vulg. Luc. 1, 48:a sursum,
ib. Marc. 15, 38.Ab is not repeated like most other prepositions (v. ad, ex, in, etc.) with pron. interrog. or relat. after subst. and pron. demonstr. with ab:b.Arsinoen, Stratum, Naupactum...fateris ab hostibus esse captas. Quibus autem hostibus? Nempe iis, quos, etc.,
Cic. Pis. 37, 91:a rebus gerendis senectus abstrahit. Quibus? An iis, quae in juventute geruntur et viribus?
id. Sen. 6:a Jove incipiendum putat. Quo Jove?
id. Rep. 1, 36, 56:res publica, quascumque vires habebit, ab iis ipsis, quibus tenetur, de te propediem impetrabit,
id. Fam. 4, 13, 5.—Ab in Plantus is once put after the word which it governs: quo ab, As. 1, 1, 106.—c.It is in various ways separated from the word which it governs:d.a vitae periculo,
Cic. Brut. 91, 313:a nullius umquam me tempore aut commodo,
id. Arch. 6, 12:a minus bono,
Sall. C. 2, 6:a satis miti principio,
Liv. 1, 6, 4:damnis dives ab ipsa suis,
Ov. H. 9, 96; so id. ib. 12, 18; 13, 116.—The poets join a and que, making aque; but in good prose que is annexed to the following abl. (a meque, abs teque, etc.):e.aque Chao,
Verg. G. 4, 347:aque mero,
Ov. M. 3, 631:aque viro,
id. H. 6, 156:aque suis,
id. Tr. 5, 2, 74 al. But:a meque,
Cic. Fam. 2, 16, 1:abs teque,
id. Att. 3, 15, 4:a teque,
id. ib. 8, 11, §7: a primaque adulescentia,
id. Brut. 91, 315 al. —A Greek noun joined with ab stands in the dat.: a parte negotiati, hoc est pragmatikê, removisse, Quint. 3, 7, 1.III.In composition ab,1.Retains its original signif.: abducere, to take or carry away from some place: abstrahere, to draw auay; also, downward: abicere, to throw down; and denoting a departure from the idea of the simple word, it has an effect apparently privative: absimilis, departing from the similar, unlike: abnormis, departing from the rule, unusual (different from dissimilis, enormis); and so also in amens=a mente remotus, alienus ( out of one's senses, without self-control, insane): absurdus, missounding, then incongruous, irrational: abutor (in one of its senses), to misuse: aborior, abortus, to miscarry: abludo; for the privative force the Latin regularly employs in-, v. 2. in.—2.It more rarely designates completeness, as in absorbere, abutor ( to use up). (The designation of the fourth generation in the ascending or descending line by ab belongs here only in appearance; as abavus for quartus pater, great-great-grandfather, although the Greeks introduced upopappos; for the immutability of the syllable ab in abpatrnus and abmatertera, as well as the signif. Of the word abavus, grandfather's grandfather, imitated in abnepos, grandchild's grandchild, seems to point to a derivation from avi avus, as Festus, p. 13 Mull., explains atavus, by atta avi, or, rather, attae avus.) -
54 Huygens, Christiaan
SUBJECT AREA: Horology[br]b. 14 April 1629 The Hague, the Netherlandsd. 8 June 1695 The Hague, the Netherlands[br]Dutch scientist who was responsible for two of the greatest advances in horology: the successful application of both the pendulum to the clock and the balance spring to the watch.[br]Huygens was born into a cultured and privileged class. His father, Constantijn, was a poet and statesman who had wide interests. Constantijn exerted a strong influence on his son, who was educated at home until he reached the age of 16. Christiaan studied law and mathematics at Ley den University from 1645 to 1647, and continued his studies at the Collegium Arausiacum in Breda until 1649. He then lived at The Hague, where he had the means to devote his time entirely to study. In 1666 he became a Member of the Académie des Sciences in Paris and settled there until his return to The Hague in 1681. He also had a close relationship with the Royal Society and visited London on three occasions, meeting Newton on his last visit in 1689. Huygens had a wide range of interests and made significant contributions in mathematics, astronomy, optics and mechanics. He also made technical advances in optical instruments and horology.Despite the efforts of Burgi there had been no significant improvement in the performance of ordinary clocks and watches from their inception to Huygens's time, as they were controlled by foliots or balances which had no natural period of oscillation. The pendulum appeared to offer a means of improvement as it had a natural period of oscillation that was almost independent of amplitude. Galileo Galilei had already pioneered the use of a freely suspended pendulum for timing events, but it was by no means obvious how it could be kept swinging and used to control a clock. Towards the end of his life Galileo described such a. mechanism to his son Vincenzio, who constructed a model after his father's death, although it was not completed when he himself died in 1642. This model appears to have been copied in Italy, but it had little influence on horology, partly because of the circumstances in which it was produced and possibly also because it differed radically from clocks of that period. The crucial event occurred on Christmas Day 1656 when Huygens, quite independently, succeeded in adapting an existing spring-driven table clock so that it was not only controlled by a pendulum but also kept it swinging. In the following year he was granted a privilege or patent for this clock, and several were made by the clockmaker Salomon Coster of The Hague. The use of the pendulum produced a dramatic improvement in timekeeping, reducing the daily error from minutes to seconds, but Huygens was aware that the pendulum was not truly isochronous. This error was magnified by the use of the existing verge escapement, which made the pendulum swing through a large arc. He overcame this defect very elegantly by fitting cheeks at the pendulum suspension point, progressively reducing the effective length of the pendulum as the amplitude increased. Initially the cheeks were shaped empirically, but he was later able to show that they should have a cycloidal shape. The cheeks were not adopted universally because they introduced other defects, and the problem was eventually solved more prosaically by way of new escapements which reduced the swing of the pendulum. Huygens's clocks had another innovatory feature: maintaining power, which kept the clock going while it was being wound.Pendulums could not be used for portable timepieces, which continued to use balances despite their deficiencies. Robert Hooke was probably the first to apply a spring to the balance, but his efforts were not successful. From his work on the pendulum Huygens was well aware of the conditions necessary for isochronism in a vibrating system, and in January 1675, with a flash of inspiration, he realized that this could be achieved by controlling the oscillations of the balance with a spiral spring, an arrangement that is still used in mechanical watches. The first model was made for Huygens in Paris by the clockmaker Isaac Thuret, who attempted to appropriate the invention and patent it himself. Huygens had for many years been trying unsuccessfully to adapt the pendulum clock for use at sea (in order to determine longitude), and he hoped that a balance-spring timekeeper might be better suited for this purpose. However, he was disillusioned as its timekeeping proved to be much more susceptible to changes in temperature than that of the pendulum clock.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsFRS 1663. Member of the Académie Royale des Sciences 1666.BibliographyFor his complete works, see Oeuvres complètes de Christian Huygens, 1888–1950, 22 vols, The Hague.1658, Horologium, The Hague; repub., 1970, trans. E.L.Edwardes, AntiquarianHorology 7:35–55 (describes the pendulum clock).1673, Horologium Oscillatorium, Paris; repub., 1986, The Pendulum Clock or Demonstrations Concerning the Motion ofPendula as Applied to Clocks, trans.R.J.Blackwell, Ames.The balance spring watch was first described in Journal des Sçavans 25 February 1675, and translated in Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society (1675) 4:272–3.Further ReadingH.J.M.Bos, 1972, Dictionary of Scientific Biography, ed. C.C.Gillispie, Vol. 6, New York, pp. 597–613 (for a fuller account of his life and scientific work, but note the incorrect date of his death).R.Plomp, 1979, Spring-Driven Dutch Pendulum Clocks, 1657–1710, Schiedam (describes Huygens's application of the pendulum to the clock).S.A.Bedini, 1991, The Pulse of Time, Florence (describes Galileo's contribution of the pendulum to the clock).J.H.Leopold, 1982, "L"Invention par Christiaan Huygens du ressort spiral réglant pour les montres', Huygens et la France, Paris, pp. 154–7 (describes the application of the balance spring to the watch).A.R.Hall, 1978, "Horology and criticism", Studia Copernica 16:261–81 (discusses Hooke's contribution).DV -
55 historia
f.1 history (ciencia).pasar a la historia to go down in historyhistoria antigua/universal ancient/world historyhistoria del arte art historyhistoria natural natural history2 story.una historia de amor/fantasmas a love/ghost storyes siempre la misma historia it's the same old story3 story (informal) (excusa, enredo).¡déjate de historias! that's enough of that!no me vengas ahora con historias don't give me that!, you don't expect me to believe that, do you?4 recorded history, written history.pres.indicat.3rd person singular (él/ella/ello) present indicative of spanish verb: historiar.* * *1 (estudio) history2 (narración) story, tale\¡déjate de historias! get to the point!, stop beating about the bush!es la historia de siempre it's the same old storyir con historias to tell storiespasar a la historia to go down in historytener una historia con alguien (lío) to have some trouble with somebody 2 (aventura) to have a fling with somebodyhistoria antigua ancient historyhistoria natural natural historyhistoria universal world history* * *noun f.1) history2) story3) tale* * *SF1) [de país, institución] historyla historia del cine — the history of film o cinema
es licenciado en historia — he has a degree in history, he has a history degree
pasar a la historia —
pasará a la historia como la primera mujer en el espacio — she will go down in history as the first woman in space
nuestro problema ya pasó a la historia — our problem is a thing of the past o has long since disappeared
tiene historia cómo conseguimos este libro — how we got hold of this book is an interesting story, there's an interesting story behind how we got hold of this book
historia del arte — history of art, art history
Historia Sagrada — Biblical history; [en la escuela] † Scripture
2) (=relato) storyla historia de siempre o la misma historia o la historia de todos los días — the same old story
3) (=enredo) story¡ahora no me cuentes la historia de tu vida! — don't tell me your whole life story now!
4) (=excusa) [sobre algo pasado] excuse, story; [sobre algo presente o futuro] excuseseguro que te viene con alguna historia — she's sure to give you some excuse o tell you some story
¿así que has estado trabajando hasta ahora? ¡no me vengas con historias o déjate de historias! — so you've been working right up to now, have you? don't give me any of your stories!
dijo que llegaba tarde por no se qué historia — he said he was going to be late for some reason or other
5) * (=lío) business *6) * (=romance) fling ** * *1) (Hist) historyhacer historia — to make history
2) ( relato) storyla historia de su familia/vida — his family history/the story of his life
3) (fam)a) (cuento, excusa)me vino con la historia de que... — he came up with this story o tale about...
b) ( asunto)c) ( lío amoroso) scene (colloq)* * *1) (Hist) historyhacer historia — to make history
2) ( relato) storyla historia de su familia/vida — his family history/the story of his life
3) (fam)a) (cuento, excusa)me vino con la historia de que... — he came up with this story o tale about...
b) ( asunto)c) ( lío amoroso) scene (colloq)* * *historia11 = history, chronology.Ex: It is important to recognise, then, that a variety of different indexing approaches are inevitable, not only for reasons of history and indexer preference, but because different situations demand different approaches.
Ex: This article provides a chronology of key developments in the evolution of standards for archival description = Este artículo presenta una cronología de los avances más importantes en la evolución de las normas para la descripción de documentos de archivo.* aficionado a la historia = history buff.* a lo largo de la historia = over time.* amante de la historia = history buff.* a través de la historia = over time.* clase de historia = history lesson.* colección de historia local = local history collection.* en el curso de la historia = in the course of history.* en el transcurso de la historia = in the course of history.* fiel desde el punto de vista de la historia = historically accurate.* hacer historia = make + history, history in the making, go down in + history.* historia accidentada = chequered history.* historia clínica = case history.* historia de la humanidad = human history.* historia de la humanidad, la = history of humanity, the, history of mankind, the.* historia de la imprenta = history of printing.* historia de la literatura = literary history.* historia del arte = art history.* historia de las bibliotecas = library history.* historia del libro = book history.* historia de los archivos = archival history.* historia de un condado = county history.* historia de vida = life history.* historia + enseñar = history + teach, lesson from history.* historia escrita = written history.* historia escrita, la = recorded history.* historia familiar = family history.* historia hablada = oral history.* historia literaria = literary history.* historia local = local history.* historia marítima = maritime history.* historia natural = natural history.* historia oral = oral history.* historia personal = personal history.* historia + remontarse a = trace + ascendancy.* historia social = social history.* historia trágica = tragic history.* la historia + repetirse = history + come full circle.* la historia + volverse a repetir = history + come full circle.* lección de historia = lesson from history, history lesson.* libro de historia = history book.* llegar a un momento importante en + Posesivo + historia = reach + milestone.* museo de historia natural = natural history museum.* pasar a la historia = history in the making, go down in + history.* pasar a la historia como = go down as, go down in + the history books as.* pasar a la historia como = go down in + history as, go down in + the annals of history as.* pasar a los anales de la historia como = go down in + history, go down in + history as, go down in + the history books as, go down in + the annals of history as.* que hace historia = history-making.* relatar la historia de = trace + the history of.* Sala de Manuscritos e Historia Local = Manuscript and Local History Room.* sentido de la historia = sense of history.* tener una larga historia = extend + far back, stretch + far back in time.historia22 = story, story book [storybook], tale, yarn, account.Ex: There were lessons in this story which appear to have been ignored but remain valid for the future.
Ex: These he bound up in three volumes, and on the fly leaf of the first volume wrote 'I have always retained a kind of affection for little story books, as they recall muy early days'.Ex: 'I only wanted to write an interesting tale,' he will say, ignoring that the interest of a story almost always comes from seeing the human will in action -- against chaos or against order.Ex: Every teacher, I suppose, has his own collection of favorite yarns based on personal experiences.Ex: In the interests of clarity an integrated account of the appropriate added entry headings is to be found in 21.29 and 21.30.* contar historias = tell + tales.* contar una historia = spin + a yarn, weave + a tale, narrate + story, weave + story.* historia amorosa = fling.* historia de amor = love story.* historia de detectives = detective story.* historia + desvelar = story + unfold.* historia heróica = heroic story.* historia nunca contada = untold story.* historia pintoresca = colourful story.* historia + revelar = story + unfold.* historia verídica = true story.* narrar una historia = narrate + story.* recrear una historia = recreate + story.* tejer una historia = weave + story.* urdir una historia = weave + story.* * *A ( Hist) historyhistoria de la literatura/música history of literature/musicclase/libro de historia history class/bookeste tapiz tiene una larga historia this tapestry has a long historyel robo más espectacular de la historia de este país the most spectacular robbery in this country's historyla historia se repite history repeats itselfdejar algo/a algn para la historia ( Chi fam): dejó el auto para la historia he wrecked the car, he totalled the car ( AmE colloq), he wrote the car off ( BrE colloq)lo dejaron para la historia con tanto golpe they knocked the living daylights out of him ( colloq)hacer historia to make historyun concierto que hará historia a concert which will go down in o make historypasar a la historia (por ser importante) to go down in historypasará a la historia como un gran político he will go down in history as a great statesmanuna fecha que pasará a la historia a date that will go down in historyCompuestos:ancient history( AmL) medical historymodern historynatural history● Historia Sagrada or SacraBiblical historyworld historyB (relato) storyel libro cuenta la historia de su vida the book tells the story of his lifemira, no me cuentes la historia de tu vida ( fam); look, I don't want to hear your whole life story ( colloq)me contó toda la historia de su familia he told me his whole family historyme contó toda la historia she told me the whole storyes una historia larga de contar it's a long storyuna historia de amor a love storyC ( fam)1(cuento, excusa): ahora me viene con la historia de que le robaron la cartera now he's come up with this story o tale about his wallet being stolenno me vengas con historias don't give me any of your storiesdéjate de historias y dime por qué no viniste ayer stop making excuses and tell me why you didn't come yesterdayya estoy harta de escuchar siempre la misma historia I'm fed up with hearing the same old excuse o story time and again ( colloq)2(asunto): alguien se quejó de no sé qué historias somebody complained about something or other ( colloq)estuvo metido en una historia de drogas he was mixed up in some business o something to do with drugs ( colloq)3 (lío amoroso) scene ( colloq)tuvo una historia con una inglesa he had a scene with an English girl* * *
Del verbo historiar: ( conjugate historiar)
historia es:
3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) presente indicativo2ª persona singular (tú) imperativo
Multiple Entries:
historia
historiar
historia sustantivo femenino
1 (Hist) history;
historia clínica medical history;
pasar a la historia ( por ser importante) to go down in history;
( perder actualidad) (fam):◊ aquello ya pasó a la historia that's ancient history now (colloq)
2 ( relato) story;
3 (fam) (cuento, asunto):◊ me vino con la historia de que … he came up with this story o tale about …;
déjate de historias stop making excuses;
se quejó de no sé qué historias he complained about something or other (colloq)
historia sustantivo femenino
1 history
2 (cuento) story, tale
familiar ¡no me cuentes historias!, don't give me that!
♦ Locuciones: hacer historia, to make history
pasar a la historia, (por ser importante) to go down in history
(no tener actualidad) to be a thing of the past
' historia' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
cala
- contar
- deprimente
- exagerada
- exagerado
- hermosa
- hermoso
- hinchar
- histórica
- histórico
- inflar
- jamás
- lacrimógena
- lacrimógeno
- meramente
- momento
- motor
- narrar
- real
- reivindicar
- tejer
- accidentado
- amañar
- colar
- culminante
- encachado
- ir
- jugoso
- moderno
- mundial
- novelesco
- protagonista
- relatar
- relato
- rico
- sabroso
- seguir
- serie
- tonto
- trabar
- triste
- verdadero
- verde
- verosímil
English:
account
- ball
- ball game
- borderline
- concoct
- cook up
- creepy
- cuff
- DPhil
- earthy
- embellish
- embroider
- end
- exclusive
- extensive
- fascination
- first
- fudge
- ghost
- hand down
- history
- hoax
- improbable
- invest
- made-up
- make up
- moral
- pity
- plot
- spin
- story
- student
- touch
- trace
- true
- twist
- unlikely
- untold
- woe
- yarn
- base
- case
- course
- go
- life
- making
- natural
- past
- saga
- study
* * *historia nf1. [ciencia] history;un profesor/libro de historia a history teacher/book;historia de la ciencia/literatura history of science/literature;he comprado una historia de Grecia I've bought a history of Greece;ha sido la mayor catástrofe de la historia it was the worst disaster in history;hacer historia to make history;pasar a la historia: una victoria que pasará a la historia a victory that will go down in history;el cine mudo ya pasó a la historia silent movies are now a thing of the pasthistoria antigua ancient history;historia del arte art history;historia contemporánea = modern history since the French Revolution;historia económica economic history;historia medieval medieval history;historia moderna = history of the period between 1492 and the French Revolution;historia natural natural history;historia oral oral history;historia política political history;historia sagrada biblical history;historia universal world history2. [narración] story;una historia de amor/fantasmas a love/ghost story;una historia real a true story;nos contó varias historias de su viaje a Rusia she told us several stories about her trip to Russia;es siempre la misma historia it's the same old story;es una historia larga de contar it's a long story¡déjate de historias! that's enough of that!;no me vengas ahora con historias don't give me that!, you don't expect me to believe that, do you?está metido en una historia muy turbia he's involved in a very shady business;está metido en una historia de drogas he's mixed up in something to do with drugstener una historia con alguien to have a fling with sb* * *f1 history;pasar a la historia go down in history2 ( cuento) story;una historia de drogas fam some drugs business;déjate de historias fam stop making excuses* * *historia nf1) : history2) narración, relato: story* * *historia n1. (asignatura) history3. (excusa) excuse -
56 lang
tall; long* * *lạn|ge I ['laŋə] (S Ger) [laŋ] (Aus)adv['lɛŋɐ] comp - er ['lɛŋɐ] ['lɛŋstə] superl am lä\#ngsten ['lɛŋstn]die Sitzung hat heute lange/nicht lange gedauert — the meeting went on (for) a long time/didn't go on (for) long today
wie lange lernst du schon Deutsch/bist du schon hier? — how long have you been learning German (for)/been here (for)?
es ist noch gar nicht lange her, dass wir diese Frage diskutiert haben — we discussed this question not long ago, it's not long since we discussed this question
er wird es nicht mehr lange machen (inf) — he won't last long, he's not got long to go
bis Weihnachten ist es ja noch lange hin — it's still a long time till Christmas, we're a long way from Christmas
lange nicht gesehen (inf) — long time no see (inf)
je länger, je lieber — the more the better; (zeitlich) the longer the better
2) (inf = längst)noch lange nicht — not by any means, not by a long chalk (Brit inf) or shot
lange nicht so... — nowhere near as..., not nearly as...
er verdient lange nicht so viel — he doesn't earn nearly as much, he doesn't earn anywhere near as much
II [laŋ]wenn er das schafft, kannst du das schon lange — if he can do it, you can do it easily
1. adj comp - er['lɛŋɐ] superl ['lɛŋɐ] -ste(r, s) ['lɛŋstə]1) long['lɛŋstn]; Film, Roman, Aufenthalt, Rede long, lengthydas war seit Langem geplant — it was planned a long time ago
in nicht allzu langeer Zeit — before too or very long, in the not too distant future
etw länger machen — to make sth longer, to lengthen sth
es ist eine langee Strecke bis Bristol, jedenfalls länger, als ich gedacht hatte — it's a long way to Bristol, at least, further than I thought
die Tage werden wieder länger — the days are drawing out, the days are getting longer
er machte ein langees Gesicht — his face fell
des Langen und Breiten — at great length
See:2) (inf = groß gewachsen) Mensch talleine langee Latte sein, ein langeer Lulatsch sein, ein langees Elend or Ende sein — to be a (real) beanpole (inf)
2. adv comp -er, superl am -stender lange ersehnte Tag/Urlaub — the longed-for day/holiday (esp Brit) or vacation (US)
lange gestreckt — long; Dorf auch strung-out
lange gezogen (Ton, Schrei) — long-drawn-out; Kurve long
nur einen Augenblick lange — only for a moment or second
mein ganzes Leben lange — all my life, my whole life
See:→ auch lange, entlang* * *1) (measuring a great distance from one end to the other: a long journey; a long road; long legs.) long2) (having a great period of time from the first moment to the last: The book took a long time to read; a long conversation; a long delay.) long3) (measuring a certain amount in distance or time: The wire is two centimetres long; The television programme was just over an hour long.) long4) (a great period of time: This happened long before you were born.) long5) (for a great period of time: Have you been waiting long?) long* * *<länger, längste>[laŋ]I. adj1. (räumlich ausgedehnt) longseine Haare sind jetzt länger als früher he has longer hair than he used todie Schraube ist 4,5 Zentimeter \lang the screw is 4.5 centimetres long [or in length]der Tisch ist zwei Meter \lang und einen Meter breit the table is two metres by oneein Kleid länger machen to make a dress longer, to lengthen a dress2. (zeitlich ausgedehnt) longdie Zeit wurde ihr nicht \lang she didn't get boredin nicht allzu \langer Zeit in the not too distant futurevor nicht allzu \langer Zeit not so long agoeine \lange Zeit brauchen to take a long time3. (ausführlich) Aufsatz, Brief long, lengthyII. adv1. (eine lange Dauer) longdiese fürchterliche Kälte kann man nicht \lang aushalten you can't stand this terrible cold for longdie Verhandlungen ziehen sich schon \lange hin negotiations have been dragging on for a long timewir können hier nicht länger bleiben we can't stay here any longerdauert das noch viel länger? is this going to last much longer?wo bist du denn so \lange geblieben? where have you been all this time?\lang ersehnt longed-for, long-hoped-for, long-desired\lang gezogen prolongedes nicht mehr \lang[e] machen (sl) to not last much longernoch \lang[e] for a long timebleibst du noch \lang in Stuttgart? are you staying in Stuttgart for long?noch \lang[e] nicht not by any means [or a long shot]es ist noch \lang[e] nicht fertig it's not nearly finishedschon \lang[e] for a long timeich weiß das schon \lang I've known that for a long timeseit \langem/längerem for a long time/lengthy periodwohnen Sie schon seit längerem hier? have you been living here long?2. (für die Dauer von etw)▪ eine bestimmte Zeit \lang for a certain period of timesie hielt einen Moment \lang inne she paused for a momentwir haben sieben Monate \lang nichts mehr von dir gehört we haven't heard anything from you for seven months!wie \lang[e] machst du diese Arbeit schon? how long have you been doing this job?sein ganzes Leben \lang all his life3. (der Länge nach)\lang gestreckt long, extended\lang hinschlagen to fall flat on one's faceich glaube, wir müssen hier \lang I think we have to take this way5.▶ je länger, je lieber the longer, the better▶ \lang[e] nicht so... not nearly as...der Film war \lang nicht so spannend wie erhofft the film was nowhere near as exciting as people had expectedich habe \lange nicht so viel bekommen wie sie I didn't get nearly as much as she did* * *I 1.; länger, längst... Adjektiv1) (räumlich) longetwas länger machen — make something longer; lengthen something
ein fünf Meter langes Seil — a rope five metres long or in length
3) (ausführlich) longdes langen und breiten — (geh.) at great length; in great detail
2.seit langer Zeit, seit langem — for a long time
1) (zeitlich) [for] a long timeder lang anhaltende Beifall — the lengthy or prolonged applause
etwas nicht länger ertragen können — be unable to bear or stand something any longer
lang und breit — at great length; in great detail
2)einen Augenblick/mehrere Stunden lang — for a moment/several hours
II 1.sein Leben lang — all one's life; s. auch länger 2., 3.
(bes. nordd.) Präposition mit Akk.: s. entlang 1.2.Adverb s. entlang 2.[nicht] wissen, wo es lang geht — (fig.) [not] know what it's all about
* * *lang1; länger, am längstenA. adjein Hemd mit langen Ärmeln a long-sleeved shirt;einen Rock länger machen lengthen ( oder let down) a skirt;zehn Meter lang und vier Meter breit ten metres (US -ers) (long) by four (wide);eine 20cm lange Kette a chain 20cm long ( oder in length);sie sind gleich lang they’re the same length;sich des Langen und Breiten über etwas auslassen fig expatiate at great length on sth, go on and on about sth; → Bank1 1, Gesicht1 2 etc2. zeitlich: long;lange Jahre for years;seit Langem for a long time;vor nicht allzu langer Zeit not so long ago;in nicht allzu langer Zeit before long;mir wird die Zeit lang the days are beginning to drag;das wird eine lange Nacht it’s going to be a long night;die Tage werden länger the days are getting longer ( oder drawing out)3. zur Angabe der Dauer: lasting;eine drei Wochen lange Reise a trip lasting three weeks, a three-week tripB. adv1. räumlich:das Haar lang tragen wear one’s hair long;lang gestreckt extended; Form: elongated; Gebäude: long; auch Mensch: stretched out; Gebirgszug etc: stretching for miles;lang und breit fig at great lengthlang anhaltend prolonged, long-lasting;vermisst sorely missed;lang erhofft long-hoped-for;erwartet long-awaited;lang gezogen Ton etc: long-drawn out3. nachgestellt, zur Angabe der Dauer: for;drei Jahre lang for three years;die ganze Woche lang all week long, (for) the whole week;eine Sekunde/einen Augenblick lang for a second/momentlang2 dialA. präp (entlang) along;die Straße lang along ( oder down) the streetB. adv:wir müssen hier lang we must go along here ( oder this way)* * *I 1.; länger, längst... Adjektiv1) (räumlich) longetwas länger machen — make something longer; lengthen something
ein fünf Meter langes Seil — a rope five metres long or in length
3) (ausführlich) longdes langen und breiten — (geh.) at great length; in great detail
2.seit langer Zeit, seit langem — for a long time
1) (zeitlich) [for] a long timeder lang anhaltende Beifall — the lengthy or prolonged applause
etwas nicht länger ertragen können — be unable to bear or stand something any longer
lang und breit — at great length; in great detail
2)einen Augenblick/mehrere Stunden lang — for a moment/several hours
II 1.sein Leben lang — all one's life; s. auch länger 2., 3.
(bes. nordd.) Präposition mit Akk.: s. entlang 1.2.[nicht] wissen, wo es lang geht — (fig.) [not] know what it's all about
* * *adj.long adj. adv.a long time adv.for a long time adv. -
57 ambiente
adj.ambient.m.1 atmosphere (entorno).se respira una enorme tensión en el ambiente the tension (in the atmosphere) is palpableabre la ventana, el ambiente está muy cargado open the window, it's very stuffy in here2 life, atmosphere.en esta discoteca no hay ambiente there's no atmosphere in this disco3 room. (Andean Spanish (Bolivia, Chilean Spanish, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru), River Plate)4 environment, atmosphere, surroundings, nature's background.pres.subj.3rd person singular (él/ella/ello) Present Subjunctive of Spanish verb: ambientar.* * *1 (aire) air, atmosphere2 (entorno) environment, atmosphere\cambiar de ambiente to have a change of scene* * *noun m.1) atmosphere2) environment* * *1.ADJ INV•
medio ambiente — environment•
ruido ambiente — environmental noise•
temperatura ambiente — room temperature"sírvase a temperatura ambiente" — "serve at room temperature"
2. SM1) (=aire)el ambiente de la sala estaba muy cargado de humo — there was a very smoky atmosphere in the room, the air was really smoky in the room
habrá ambiente soleado en la costa — it will be sunny on the coast, there will be sunny weather on the coast
2) [creado por el entorno, la decoración] atmospherela madera da un ambiente cálido al despacho — wood gives a warm feeling to o creates a warm atmosphere in the study
•
cambiar de ambiente — to have a change of scene•
crónica de ambiente — background reportmúsica•
micrófono de ambiente — field microphone3) (=animación)¡qué ambientazo había en la plaza de toros! — what a great atmosphere there was in the bullring!
el espléndido ambiente cultural de París — the wonderful cultural life o ambience of Paris
4) (=entorno) environmentcon su familia se siente en su ambiente — with her family, she really feels in her element
5) pl ambientes (=grupo social) circlesen ambientes universitarios — in the university world, in university circles
6) **(tb: ambiente homosexual)•
el ambiente — the gay scene, the scene **•
de ambiente — [bar, discoteca] gay antes de s7) Cono Sur (=habitación) room* * *1)a) (entorno físico, social) environmentun ambiente de camaradería/de fiesta — a friendly/festive atmosphere
hacerle buen ambiente a alguien — (Col) to put somebody at their ease
hacerle mal ambiente a alguien — (AmS) to make somebody feel uncomfortable
b) (creado por la decoración, arquitectura) atmosphereun ambiente acogedor — a welcoming o friendly atmosphere
c) ( animación) lifeno había nada de ambiente en la fiesta — the party was really dead, the party had no life
2) (CS) ( habitación) room* * *= atmosphere, ambience [ambiance], ambient, ambiance [ambience].Nota: Escrito también ambience.Ex. Above all, we specified an atmosphere in all public areas appropriate for study without the need for oppressive silence.Ex. The current ambience is such that we are facing a new crisis in cataloging.Ex. This article studies monumental wall paintings and mosaics, focusing on the disposition of narratives in relation to their architectural ambients.Ex. People like to browse the books and magazines, take in the ambiance, and be seen and perceived as a patron of the arts and literature.----* Agencia de Protección del Medio Ambiente (EPA) = Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).* ambiente agradable = congenial atmosphere.* ambiente cargado = charged atmosphere.* ambiente hostil = icy wind.* ambiente tenso = charged atmosphere.* a temperatura ambiente = at room temperature.* cambiar de ambiente = change + scenery.* cambio de ambiente = change of scenery, change of air and scene, change of air, change of scene.* contaminación del medio ambiente = environmental pollution.* del medio ambiente = environmental.* desde el punto de vista del medio ambiente = environmentally.* especialista en medio ambiente = environmentalist.* estudio de impacto en el medio ambiente = environmental impact study.* estudios del medio ambiente = environmental studies.* gestión del medio ambiente = environmental management.* medio ambiente marino = marine environment.* Ministerio del Medio Ambiente = Department of the Environment.* peligro para el medio ambiente = environmental hazard.* preocupación por el medio ambiente = environmentalism.* protección del medio ambiente = environmental protection.* que no daña el medio ambiente = environmentally sound, environmentally friendly, eco-friendly.* que no perjudica el medio ambiente = environmentally sound, environmentally friendly, eco-friendly.* relacionado con el medio ambiente = environmentally related.* temperatura ambiente = room temperature, air temperature.* * *1)a) (entorno físico, social) environmentun ambiente de camaradería/de fiesta — a friendly/festive atmosphere
hacerle buen ambiente a alguien — (Col) to put somebody at their ease
hacerle mal ambiente a alguien — (AmS) to make somebody feel uncomfortable
b) (creado por la decoración, arquitectura) atmosphereun ambiente acogedor — a welcoming o friendly atmosphere
c) ( animación) lifeno había nada de ambiente en la fiesta — the party was really dead, the party had no life
2) (CS) ( habitación) room* * *= atmosphere, ambience [ambiance], ambient, ambiance [ambience].Nota: Escrito también ambience.Ex: Above all, we specified an atmosphere in all public areas appropriate for study without the need for oppressive silence.
Ex: The current ambience is such that we are facing a new crisis in cataloging.Ex: This article studies monumental wall paintings and mosaics, focusing on the disposition of narratives in relation to their architectural ambients.Ex: People like to browse the books and magazines, take in the ambiance, and be seen and perceived as a patron of the arts and literature.* Agencia de Protección del Medio Ambiente (EPA) = Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).* ambiente agradable = congenial atmosphere.* ambiente cargado = charged atmosphere.* ambiente hostil = icy wind.* ambiente tenso = charged atmosphere.* a temperatura ambiente = at room temperature.* cambiar de ambiente = change + scenery.* cambio de ambiente = change of scenery, change of air and scene, change of air, change of scene.* contaminación del medio ambiente = environmental pollution.* del medio ambiente = environmental.* desde el punto de vista del medio ambiente = environmentally.* especialista en medio ambiente = environmentalist.* estudio de impacto en el medio ambiente = environmental impact study.* estudios del medio ambiente = environmental studies.* gestión del medio ambiente = environmental management.* medio ambiente marino = marine environment.* Ministerio del Medio Ambiente = Department of the Environment.* peligro para el medio ambiente = environmental hazard.* preocupación por el medio ambiente = environmentalism.* protección del medio ambiente = environmental protection.* que no daña el medio ambiente = environmentally sound, environmentally friendly, eco-friendly.* que no perjudica el medio ambiente = environmentally sound, environmentally friendly, eco-friendly.* relacionado con el medio ambiente = environmentally related.* temperatura ambiente = room temperature, air temperature.* * *A1 (entorno físico) environmentla contaminación del ambiente environmental pollutionno sé cómo puedes trabajar en ese ambiente tan cargado I don't know how you can work in such a smoky atmosphere o environment2 (entorno social, cultural) environmentcrecí en un ambiente rural I grew up in a rural environmentel ambiente de diálogo the atmosphere of dialoguehay muy mal ambiente en el barrio donde viven it's a pretty rough area where they liveun club con un ambiente muy selecto a very exclusive clubse encuentra realmente en su ambiente he's really in his elementno me vendría nada mal cambiar de ambiente I wouldn't mind a change of sceneen la oficina hay un ambiente de gran camaradería the office has a really friendly atmosphere, there's a really friendly atmosphere in the officese respiraba una cierta tensión en el ambiente there was a feeling of tension in the airhabía ambiente de fiesta there was a festive atmosphereel ambiente homosexual the gay scenehacerle buen ambiente a algn ( Col); to put sb at their easehacerle mal ambiente a algn ( AmS); to make sb feel uncomfortable3 (creado por la decoración, arquitectura) atmospherelos tonos cálidos crean un ambiente acogedor warm tones create a welcoming o friendly atmospherela ciudad conserva su ambiente colonial the city retains its colonial atmospherela obra recrea el ambiente de la época the play recreates the atmosphere of the period4 (animación) lifeno había nada de ambiente en la fiesta the party was really dead, the party had no life o atmospherepara darle más ambiente a la cosa colgaron unas cuantas serpentinas they hung up a few streamers to liven up o brighten up the placeambientazo ante el Barcelona-Real Madrid an electric o a tremendous atmosphere for the Barcelona-Real Madrid gameB (CS) (habitación) room* * *
Del verbo ambientar: ( conjugate ambientar)
ambienté es:
1ª persona singular (yo) pretérito indicativo
ambiente es:
1ª persona singular (yo) presente subjuntivo3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) presente subjuntivo3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) imperativo
Multiple Entries:
ambientar
ambiente
ambientar ( conjugate ambientar) verbo transitivo
b) ‹fiesta/local› to give … some atmosphere
ambientarse verbo pronominal
to adjust, adapt
ambiente sustantivo masculino
se encuentra realmente en su ambiente he's really in his element;
había una cierta tensión en el ambiente there was a feeling of tension in the air
◊ un ambiente de camaradería/de fiesta a friendly/festive atmosphere
ambientar verbo transitivo
1 (bar, etc) to liven up
2 Cine Teat to set: la película estaba ambientada en la Edad Media, the movie was set in the Middle Ages
ambiente
I sustantivo masculino
1 (atmósfera, entorno físico) environment
2 (medio social) environment, milieu
ambiente familiar, home environment
3 (animación, situación) atmosphere, air
(efecto creado por la decoración) atmosphere
II adjetivo environmental
medio ambiente, environment
temperatura ambiente, room temperature
' ambiente' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
acogedor
- acogedora
- ahumada
- ahumado
- asfixiante
- coralina
- coralino
- encajar
- encresparse
- festiva
- festivo
- hogareña
- hogareño
- humedad
- infundio
- intercambio
- palpar
- reinante
- rollo
- rústica
- rústico
- sosegada
- sosegado
- temperatura
- tibieza
- tiempo
- viciar
- ajeno
- animado
- bullanguero
- cambio
- cargado
- clima
- colosal
- cordial
- destruir
- en
- enrarecido
- fúnebre
- informal
- intimidad
- íntimo
- mágico
- marcha
- marchoso
- medio
- natural
- primaveral
- refrescar
- relajar
English:
agreeable
- ambience
- atmosphere
- backdrop
- capture
- catch
- clammy
- close
- cosy
- cozy
- damp
- environment
- environmentalist
- feel
- fraught
- friendly
- homely
- hospitable
- informal
- informality
- intoxicating
- oppressive
- relaxed
- room temperature
- smoky
- sour
- spirit
- steamy
- stimulate
- strained
- suffocating
- surrounding
- vibrant
- warm up
- working environment
- conservation
- eco-friendly
- environmental
- environment-friendly
- expectation
- medium
- room
- stuffy
- surroundings
* * *♦ adjambient;temperatura ambiente room temperature♦ nm1. [aire] air, atmosphere;el ambiente de la capital es irrespirable you can't breathe the air in the capital;en el ambiente había un olor desagradable there was an unpleasant smell (in the air);abre la ventana, el ambiente está muy cargado open the window, it's very stuffy in here;el ambiente está enrarecido [cargado] it's very stuffy;[con tensión] the atmosphere is highly charged; Figse respira una enorme tensión en el ambiente the tension (in the atmosphere) is palpable2. [entorno] atmosphere;[profesional, universitario] world, circles;en su última película no consigue recrear el ambiente de la época in his latest film, he fails to recreate the atmosphere of the period;esta lámpara crea un ambiente muy íntimo this lamp creates a very intimate atmosphere;un buen ambiente de trabajo a good working environment;creo que no iré a la fiesta, no me van esos ambientes I don't think I'll go to the party, it's not my sort of crowd o it's not my scene;entre viejos manuscritos Julián se encuentra en su ambiente Julián is in his element when he's surrounded by old manuscripts, Julián is never happier than when he's surrounded by old manuscripts3. [actitud] atmosphere;en esta oficina no hay ambiente para trabajar the atmosphere in this office is not conducive to work;su cese ha creado muy mal ambiente entre el personal her dismissal has created a very bad atmosphere amongst the staff;4. [animación] life, atmosphere;en esta discoteca no hay ambiente there's no atmosphere in this disco;un ambiente espectacular rodeó la celebración de los Juegos Olímpicos the atmosphere during the Olympic Games was amazing;los monarcas fueron recibidos con un ambiente de gala the monarchs were received with great pompbar de ambiente gay bar6. Andes, RP [habitación] room;tres ambientes, baño y cocina two bedrooms, living-room, bathroom and kitchen* * *I adj:medio ambiente environment;temperatura ambiente room temperatureII m1 ( entorno) environment2 ( situación) atmosphere;crear ambiente create an atmosphere3 Andes, Rpl ( habitación) room* * *ambiente nm1) : atmosphere2) : environment3) : surroundings pl* * *ambiente n1. (en general) atmosphereel ambiente en la biblioteca es propicio para el estudio the atmosphere in the library is conducive to studyen este barrio hay mucho ambiente this neighbourhood is very lively / there's a lot going on in this neighbourhood3. (entorno) environment -
58 conocer
v.1 to know (saber cosas acerca de).conocer algo a fondo to know something wellconocer bien un tema to know a lot about a subjectdarse a conocer to make oneself knowndieron a conocer la noticia a través de la prensa they announced the news through the pressEllos conocen el lugar They know the place.2 to meet (a una persona) (por primera vez).¿conoces a mi jefe? do you know o have you met my boss?conocer a alguien de vista to know somebody by sightconocer a alguien de oídas to have heard of somebody¿de qué la conoces? how do you know her?María conoció a Ricardo en verano Mary met Richard in the summer.3 to get to know, to visit for the first time (lugar, país) (descubrir).no conozco Rusia I've never been to Russiame gustaría conocer Australia I'd like to go to o visit Australia* * *(c changes to zc before a and o)Present Indicativeconozco, conoces, conoce, conemos, conocéis, conocen.Present SubjunctiveImperative* * *verb1) to know2) meet•* * *1. VT1) [+ persona]a) (=saber quién es) to know¿de qué lo conoces? — where do you know him from?
¿conoces a Pedro? — have you met Pedro?, do you know Pedro?
•
la conozco de oídas — I've heard of her, I know of herb) (=ver por primera vez) to meetc) (=saber cómo es) to get to knowd) (=reconocer) to recognize, knowte he conocido por el modo de andar — I recognized o knew you from the way you walk
2) (=tener conocimiento de) [+ método, resultado] to know; [+ noticia] to hearel enfermo debe conocer la verdad — the patient must be told o must know the truth
3) [+ país, ciudad]no conozco Buenos Aires — I've never been to Buenos Aires, I don't know Buenos Aires
4) (=dominar) to knowconoce cuatro idiomas — she speaks o knows four languages
5) (=experimentar)6) (=distinguir) to know, tellconoce cuáles son buenos y cuáles malos — he knows o can tell which are good and which are bad
7)• dar a conocer — [+ información] to announce; [+ declaración, informe, cifras] to release
dio a conocer sus intenciones — she announced her intentions, she made her intentions known
no dieron a conocer su paradero por motivos de seguridad — they didn't reveal where they were staying for security reasons
darse a conocer a algn — to make o.s. known to sb
8) (Jur) [+ causa] to try2. VI1) (=saber)•
conocer de algo, ¿alguien conoce de algún libro sobre el tema? — does anybody know (of) a book on the subject?2) (Jur)conocer de o en una causa — to try a case
3.See:CONOCER ► Conocer, aplicado a personas o cosas, se traduce generalmente por know: No conozco muy bien a su familia I don't know his family very well Nos conocemos desde que éramos pequeños We have known each other since we were little Conoce Manchester como la palma de la mano He knows Manchester like the back of his hand ► Sin embargo, cuando queremos indicar que se trata del primer encuentro, se debe utilizar meet: La conocí en una fiesta I (first) met her at a party ¿Conoces a Carmen? Ven que te la presento Have you met Carmen? Come and I'll introduce you Para otros usos y ejemplos ver la entrada* * *1.verbo transitivo1) < persona> to know; ( por primera vez) to meet; <ciudad/país> to know¿conoces a Juan? — do you know o have you met Juan?
lquiero que conozcas a mi novi — oI want you to meet my boyfrien; ( aprender cómo es) <persona/ciudad> to get to know
d¿conoces Irlanda — do you know o? have you been to Ireland
2) (estar familiarizado con, dominar) <tema/autor/obra> to know, be familiar with; < lengua> to speak, know3)a) ( saber de la existencia de) to know, know ofconocían sus actividades — they knew of o about his activities
b)dar a conocer — (frml) <noticia/resultado> to announce; <identidad/intenciones> to reveal
darse a conocer — persona to make oneself known
4) ( reconocer) to recognize*5) ( experimentar) < crisis> to experience; <desarrollo/cambio> to undergo; < revolución> to see6) (impers) ( notar)7) (Der) <causa/caso> to try8) (arc) ( tener trato carnal con) to know (arch)2.conocer vi1) ( saber)conocer de algo — de tema/materia to know about something
2) (Der)3.conocerse v pron1) (recípr) ( tener cierta relación con) to know each other; ( por primera vez) to meet; ( aprender cómo se es) to get to know each other2) (refl)a) ( aprender cómo se es) to get to know oneselfb) ( saber cómo se es) to know oneself3) (enf) (fam) ( estar familiarizado con) to know* * *= be aware of, be cognisant of, know, learn, get to know, make + aware, become + cognisant of, gain + a sense of, be privy to, find out.Ex. Although this may seem an obvious statement, there are many instances when the searcher is not fully aware of what can or might be retrieved.Ex. The second aspect of institutional behavior we need to be cognizant of involves the notion the further institutions move into their life-cycles, the more they demonstrate the characteristics of a closed system.Ex. However, in general, it is unreasonable to expect a user to know the ISBN of a book.Ex. 'I'd be disappointed to learn that my boss or subordinates -- or peers for that matter -- told tales out of school about me to others'.Ex. She still had more than two weeks in which to return to Deuxville, settle in and find an apartment, and get to know the city.Ex. Libraries need to be made aware of all possible networking options, the benefits of the lesser known OSI suite of protocols and the requirements for establishing an OSI environment.Ex. Becoming cognizant of these retail promotional tools is the first step -- the fun part is adopting successful ones!.Ex. The best way of gaining some sense of what life used to be like is through the literature of the time.Ex. Even individual models vary from others by the same manufacturer; but that isn't something I can advise on, I' m not privy to the information.Ex. For example, a person can consult the system holdings files to find out whether a library in the network owns a copy of the document.----* ayudar a conocer mejor = advance + understanding.* conocer a Alguien = meet + Alguien.* conocer a ciencia cierta = know for + certain, know for + sure, know for + a fact.* conocer al dedillo = know + Nombre + off pat.* conocer Algo al dedillo = know + Nombre + inside-out, learn + Nombre + inside-out.* conocer Algo como la palma de + Posesivo + mano = know + Algo + like the back of + Posesivo + hand.* conocer Algo de cabo a rabo = know + Nombre + inside-out.* conocer bien = be knowledgeable about, be alert to.* conocer como = designate as.* conocer cómo piensa Alguien = get + inside the mind of.* conocer con certeza = know for + certain, know for + sure.* conocer de algún modo = know + on some grounds.* conocer de antemano = foreknow.* conocer de carretilla = know + Nombre + off pat.* conocer de lo que Alguien o Algo es capaz = have + Nombre + figured out.* conocer de memoria = know + Nombre + off pat.* conocer de primera mano = know + first-hand.* conocer + desafortunadamente = be painfully aware of.* conocer de seguro = know for + certain, know for + sure.* conocer (el) mundo = travel around + the world.* conocer la noticia = learn + the news.* conocer la verdad = discern + the truth.* conocer lo que Alguien o Algo es capaz de hacer = have + Nombre + figured out.* conocer mejor = gain + a better understanding, gain + a greater understanding.* conocer muy bien = be fully aware of.* conocer muy bien la materia = know + Posesivo + stuff.* conocer personalmente = meet + in person, meet + face to face.* conocer por experiencia = know (by/from) + experience.* conocerse como = call, be known as, dub.* conocérsele así por = get + Posesivo + name from.* conocer vida = see + the world.* conócete a ti mismo = know + thyself.* dar a conocer = bring to + the attention, communicate, publicise [publicize, -USA], report, articulate, make + known.* dar Algo a conocer = get + the word out.* no conocer a Alguien de nada = not know + Pronombre + from Adam.* no conocer a Alguien para nada = not know + Pronombre + from Adam.* No importa lo que se conoce, sino a quién se conoce = It's not what you know, but who you know.* quedar mucho por conocer = there + be + a great deal yet to be learned, there + be + still a great deal to be learned.* sin conocer = ignorant of.* tal como lo conocemos = as we know it.* * *1.verbo transitivo1) < persona> to know; ( por primera vez) to meet; <ciudad/país> to know¿conoces a Juan? — do you know o have you met Juan?
lquiero que conozcas a mi novi — oI want you to meet my boyfrien; ( aprender cómo es) <persona/ciudad> to get to know
d¿conoces Irlanda — do you know o? have you been to Ireland
2) (estar familiarizado con, dominar) <tema/autor/obra> to know, be familiar with; < lengua> to speak, know3)a) ( saber de la existencia de) to know, know ofconocían sus actividades — they knew of o about his activities
b)dar a conocer — (frml) <noticia/resultado> to announce; <identidad/intenciones> to reveal
darse a conocer — persona to make oneself known
4) ( reconocer) to recognize*5) ( experimentar) < crisis> to experience; <desarrollo/cambio> to undergo; < revolución> to see6) (impers) ( notar)7) (Der) <causa/caso> to try8) (arc) ( tener trato carnal con) to know (arch)2.conocer vi1) ( saber)conocer de algo — de tema/materia to know about something
2) (Der)3.conocerse v pron1) (recípr) ( tener cierta relación con) to know each other; ( por primera vez) to meet; ( aprender cómo se es) to get to know each other2) (refl)a) ( aprender cómo se es) to get to know oneselfb) ( saber cómo se es) to know oneself3) (enf) (fam) ( estar familiarizado con) to know* * *= be aware of, be cognisant of, know, learn, get to know, make + aware, become + cognisant of, gain + a sense of, be privy to, find out.Ex: Although this may seem an obvious statement, there are many instances when the searcher is not fully aware of what can or might be retrieved.
Ex: The second aspect of institutional behavior we need to be cognizant of involves the notion the further institutions move into their life-cycles, the more they demonstrate the characteristics of a closed system.Ex: However, in general, it is unreasonable to expect a user to know the ISBN of a book.Ex: 'I'd be disappointed to learn that my boss or subordinates -- or peers for that matter -- told tales out of school about me to others'.Ex: She still had more than two weeks in which to return to Deuxville, settle in and find an apartment, and get to know the city.Ex: Libraries need to be made aware of all possible networking options, the benefits of the lesser known OSI suite of protocols and the requirements for establishing an OSI environment.Ex: Becoming cognizant of these retail promotional tools is the first step -- the fun part is adopting successful ones!.Ex: The best way of gaining some sense of what life used to be like is through the literature of the time.Ex: Even individual models vary from others by the same manufacturer; but that isn't something I can advise on, I' m not privy to the information.Ex: For example, a person can consult the system holdings files to find out whether a library in the network owns a copy of the document.* ayudar a conocer mejor = advance + understanding.* conocer a Alguien = meet + Alguien.* conocer a ciencia cierta = know for + certain, know for + sure, know for + a fact.* conocer al dedillo = know + Nombre + off pat.* conocer Algo al dedillo = know + Nombre + inside-out, learn + Nombre + inside-out.* conocer Algo como la palma de + Posesivo + mano = know + Algo + like the back of + Posesivo + hand.* conocer Algo de cabo a rabo = know + Nombre + inside-out.* conocer bien = be knowledgeable about, be alert to.* conocer como = designate as.* conocer cómo piensa Alguien = get + inside the mind of.* conocer con certeza = know for + certain, know for + sure.* conocer de algún modo = know + on some grounds.* conocer de antemano = foreknow.* conocer de carretilla = know + Nombre + off pat.* conocer de lo que Alguien o Algo es capaz = have + Nombre + figured out.* conocer de memoria = know + Nombre + off pat.* conocer de primera mano = know + first-hand.* conocer + desafortunadamente = be painfully aware of.* conocer de seguro = know for + certain, know for + sure.* conocer (el) mundo = travel around + the world.* conocer la noticia = learn + the news.* conocer la verdad = discern + the truth.* conocer lo que Alguien o Algo es capaz de hacer = have + Nombre + figured out.* conocer mejor = gain + a better understanding, gain + a greater understanding.* conocer muy bien = be fully aware of.* conocer muy bien la materia = know + Posesivo + stuff.* conocer personalmente = meet + in person, meet + face to face.* conocer por experiencia = know (by/from) + experience.* conocerse como = call, be known as, dub.* conocérsele así por = get + Posesivo + name from.* conocer vida = see + the world.* conócete a ti mismo = know + thyself.* dar a conocer = bring to + the attention, communicate, publicise [publicize, -USA], report, articulate, make + known.* dar Algo a conocer = get + the word out.* no conocer a Alguien de nada = not know + Pronombre + from Adam.* no conocer a Alguien para nada = not know + Pronombre + from Adam.* No importa lo que se conoce, sino a quién se conoce = It's not what you know, but who you know.* quedar mucho por conocer = there + be + a great deal yet to be learned, there + be + still a great deal to be learned.* sin conocer = ignorant of.* tal como lo conocemos = as we know it.* * *conocer [E3 ]■ conocer (verbo transitivo)A1 saber cómo es2 estar familiarizado con3 dominarB saber de la existencia deC1 conocer por primera vez2 aprender cómo es3 dar a conocerD reconocerE experimentarF verbo impersonalG Derecho: una causaH tener trato carnal con■ conocer (verbo intransitivo)A conocer de algoB Derecho: de una causaC conocer: enfermo■ conocerse (verbo pronominal)A1 tener cierta relación con2 conocerse por primera vez3 aprender cómo se esB1 llegar a saber cómo se es2 conocerse a uno mismoC estar familiarizado convtA1 (saber cómo es, tener cierta relación con) to know¿conoces a Juan? — no, mucho gusto do you know o have you met Juan? — no, pleased to meet youno lo conozco de nada I don't know him at all, I don't know him from Adam ( colloq)dijo que te conocía de oídas he said he'd heard of youlo conozco de nombre I know the namete conozco como si te hubiera parido ( fam); I can read you like a bookconoce sus limitaciones he is aware of o he knows his limitationssu generosidad es de todos conocida her generosity is well knowntrabajamos juntos dos años pero nunca llegué a conocerlo we worked together for two years but I never really got to know himconozco muy bien a ese tipo de persona I know that sort of person only too well2 (estar familiarizado con) ‹tema/autor/obra› to know, be familiar with¿conoces su música? are you familiar with o do you know his music?¿conoces Irlanda? do you know o have you been to Ireland?conozco el camino I know the way3(dominar): conoce muy bien su oficio she's very good at her jobconoce tres idiomas a la perfección she's completely fluent in three languages, she speaks three languages fluentlyB (saber de la existencia de) to know, know of¿conoces algún método para quitar estas manchas? do you know (of) any way of getting these stains out?no se conoce ningún remedio there is no known cureno conocía esa faceta de su carácter I didn't know that side of his character¡qué vestido tan bonito, no te lo conocía! what a lovely dress! I've never seen you in it beforeno le conozco ningún vicio he doesn't have any vices as far as I knowconocían sus actividades, pero no había pruebas they knew of o about his activities but there was no proofC1 (por primera vez) ‹persona› to meetquiero que conozcas a mis padres I want you to meet my parents2 (aprender cómo es) ‹persona/ciudad› to get to knowquiere viajar y conocer mundo she wants to travel and see the worldes la mejor manera de conocer la ciudad it's the best way to get to know the cityme encantaría conocer tu país I'd love to visit your countrymás vale malo conocido que bueno por conocer better the devil you know than the devil you don't3dar a conocer ( frml); ‹noticia/resultado› to announce;‹identidad/intenciones› to revealtodavía no se han dado a conocer los resultados the results have still not been announced o releasedestuvo allí pero no se dio a conocer he was there but he didn't tell people who he was o but he didn't make himself knownel libro que lo dio a conocer como poeta the book which established his reputation as a poetD (reconocer) to recognize*te conocí por la voz I recognized your voice, I knew it was you by your voiceE(experimentar): una de las peores crisis que ha conocido el país one of the worst crises the country has knownuna industria que ha conocido un desarrollo desigual an industry which has undergone a period of uneven developmentla primera revolución de las que conocería el siglo veinte the first revolution that the twentieth century was to seeF ( impers)(notar): se conoce que no están en casa they're obviously not at homese conoce que ya llevaba algún tiempo enfermo apparently he'd been ill for some timese conoce que ha estado llorando you can tell o see he's been cryingG ( Derecho) ‹causa/caso› to try■ conocerviA (saber) conocer DE algo to know ABOUT sthconoce del tema she knows about the subjectB ( Der):conocer de or en una causa/un caso to try a caseC«enfermo»: está muy mal, ya no conoce he's in a bad way, he's not recognizing peopleA ( recípr)1 (tener cierta relación con) to know each othernos conocemos desde niños we've known each other since we were childrenya nos conocemos we already know each other, we've already met2 (por primera vez) to meet3 (aprender cómo se es) to get to know each otherB ( refl)1 (llegar a saber cómo se es) to get to know oneself2 (a uno mismo) to know oneself, know what one is likese conoce todas las discotecas de la ciudad he knows every disco in town* * *
conocer ( conjugate conocer) verbo transitivo
1 ‹ persona› to know;
( por primera vez) to meet;
‹ciudad/país› to know;◊ ¿conoces a Juan? do you know/have you met Juan?;
te conocía de oídas he'd heard of you;
lo conozco de nombre I know the name;
conocer a algn de vista to know sb by sight;
es de todos conocido he's well known;
quiero que conozcas a mi novio I want you to meet my boyfriend;
nunca llegué a conocerlo bien I never really got to know him;
¿conoces Irlanda? do you know Ireland? o have you been to Ireland?;
quiere conocer mundo she wants to see the world;
me encantaría conocer tu país I'd love to visit your country
2 (estar familiarizado con, dominar) ‹tema/autor/obra› to know, be familiar with;
‹ lengua› to speak, know
3
◊ conocían sus actividades they knew of o about his activitiesb)
‹identidad/intenciones› to reveal;
intentó no darse a conocer he tried to keep his identity a secret
4 ( reconocer) to recognize( conjugate recognize);
5 ( impers) ( notar):
se conoce que ya llevaba algún tiempo enfermo apparently he'd been ill for some time
verbo intransitivo ( saber) conocer de algo ‹de tema/materia› to know about sth
conocerse verbo pronominal
1 ( recípr) ( tener cierta relación con) to know each other;
( por primera vez) to meet;
( aprender cómo se es) to get to know each other
2 ( refl)
conocer verbo transitivo
1 to know
2 (por primera vez) to meet
3 (reconocer) to recognize
♦ Locuciones: dar a conocer, (hacer público) to make known
darse a conocer, to make one's name
' conocer' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
dar
- dominar
- ensombrecerse
- notoriamente
- paño
- percal
- pormenor
- sacar
- conozca
- dedillo
- desconocer
- malo
- palma
- palmo
- presentar
English:
acquaint
- acquaintance
- announce
- devil
- familiar
- hear of
- know
- meet
- name
- sight
- survey
- acquainted
- come
- disclaim
- fit
- get
- hand
- high
- taste
- wander
* * *♦ vt1. [saber cosas acerca de] to know;conoce la mecánica del automóvil he knows a lot about car mechanics;conoce el ruso a la perfección he's fluent in Russian;conocen todo lo que pasa en el pueblo they know (about) everything that goes on in the village;¿conoces alguna forma más rápida de hacerlo? do you know a quicker way to do it?;no conozco bien este tema I'm not familiar with this subject;Famconoce el tema al dedillo she knows the subject inside out;conocer algo a fondo to know sth well;dieron a conocer la noticia a través de la prensa they announced the news through the press;su segunda película lo dio a conocer o [m5] se dio a conocer con su segunda película como el gran director que es his second movie o Br film achieved recognition for him as the great director that he is;Juan enseguida se dio a conocer a mi amiga Juan immediately introduced himself to my friend;fue, como es de todos conocido, una difícil decisión it was, as everyone knows, a difficult decision;su amabilidad es de todos conocida everyone knows how kind he is, he is well-known for his kindness2. [lugar, país] [descubrir] to get to know, to visit for the first time;[desde hace tiempo] to know;no conozco Rusia I've never been to Russia;me gustaría conocer Australia I'd like to go to o visit Australia;conoce la región como la palma de su mano she knows the region like the back of her hand;a los veinte años se marchó a conocer mundo at the age of twenty he went off to see the world;¿te acompaño? – no hace falta, conozco el camino shall I go with you? – there's no need, I know the way3. [a una persona] [por primera vez] to meet;[desde hace tiempo] to know;¿conoces a mi jefe? do you know o have you met my boss?;lo conocí cuando era niño I first met him when he was a child;lo conozco de cuando íbamos al colegio I know him from school;tienes que conocer a mi hermana I must introduce you to my sister;conocer a alguien a fondo to know sb well;conocer a alguien de nombre to know sb by name;conocer a alguien de oídas to have heard of sb;conocer a alguien de vista to know sb by sight;¿de qué la conoces? how do you know her?;no la conozco de nada I've never met her before, I don't know her at alllo conocí por su forma de andar I recognized him by the way he walked5. [experimentar]ésta es la peor sequía que ha conocido África this is the worst drought Africa has ever had o known;el último conflicto que ha conocido la región the latest conflict witnessed by the region;la empresa ha conocido un crecimiento espectacular the company has seen o experienced spectacular growthhasta los treinta años no conoció varón she had never been with a man until she was thirtyel tribunal que conoce el caso se pronunciará mañana the court trying the case will announce its verdict tomorrow♦ vi1.conocer de [saber] to know about;no te preocupes, que conoce del tema don't worry, he knows (about) the subjectconocer de una causa to try a case;será juzgado por el tribunal que conoce de casos de terrorismo he will be tried by the court that deals with cases relating to terrorism* * *I v/t1 know;dar a conocer make known;4 ( reconocer) recognizeII v/i:conocer de know about* * *conocer {18} vt1) : to know, to be acquainted withya la conocí: I've already met him2) : to meet3) reconocer: to recognize* * *conocer vb¿conoces a Marc? do you know Marc?¿conoces Bilbao? do you know Bilbao? / have you ever been to Bilbao?3. (reconocer) to recognize -
59 Marshall, William
SUBJECT AREA: Agricultural and food technology[br]b. baptized 28 July 1745 Yorkshire, Englandd. 1818 Pickering, Yorkshire, England[br]English commentator and writer on agriculture who established the first agricultural college in Britain.[br]Little is known for certain about William Marshall's early life, other than that he was baptized at Sinnington in the West Riding of Yorkshire. On his own account he was involved in trade in the West Indies from the age of 15 for a period of fourteen years. It is assumed that he was financially successful in this, for on his return to England in 1774 he was able to purchase Addisham Farm in Surrey. Having sacked his bailiff he determined to keep a minute book relating to all transactions on the farm, which he was now managing for himself. On these entries he made additional comments. The publication of these writings was the beginning of a substantial review of agriculture in Britain and a criticism of existing practices. From 1779 he acted as agent on a Norfolk estate, and his five years in that position resulted in The Rural Economy of Norfolk, the first of a series of county reviews that he was to write, intending the somewhat ambitious task of surveying the whole country. By 1808 Marshall had accumulated sufficient capital to be able to purchase a substantial property in the Vale of Cleveland, where he lived for the rest of his life. At the time of his death he was engaged in the erection of a building to serve as an agricultural college; the same building is now a rural-life museum.[br]BibliographyOther titles in his Rural Economy series included Yorkshire in 1788, Gloucester in 1789, The Midland Counties in 1790, The West of England in 1796, and The Southern Counties two years later. Further titles included Experiments and Observations Concerning Agriculture and the Weather in 1779, Observations on the Different Breeds of Sheep in 1792, The General View of the Agriculture of Central HighlandScotland in 1794, and Planting and Rural Ornament in 1796. He also wrote On the Enclosure of Commonable and Intermixed Lands in 1801, On the Landed Property of England, an Elementary Practical Treatise in 1804, and On the Management of Landed Estates in 1806. He was not asked to write any of the County Surveys produced by the Board of Agriculture, despite his own claims to the origin of the idea. Instead in 1817 he wrote A Review and Complete Abstract of the Reports of the Board of Agriculture as his own criticism of them.Further ReadingJoan Thirsk, 1989, The Agrarian History of England and Wales, Vol. VI (deals with the years 1750 to 1850, the period associated with Marshall).Pamela Horn, 1982, William Marshall (1745–1818) and the Georgian Countryside, Beacon (gives a more specific account).AP -
60 see
1. I1) he can't see, he is blind он не видит, он слепей; can the puppy see? щенок [уже] видит /не слепой/?2) I cannot see мне не видно; there is nothing to see тут нечего смотреть: as far as the eye can see насколько видит глаз; see, here he comes смотрите, вот он идет; it took place in the street, where all could see это произошло на улице на глазах у всех; wait and see подождем, = поживем see увидим3) now, do you see? теперь вам ясно?; don't you see? неужели вы не понимаете?; see? понятно, ясно?; it was not easy, you see, to leave видите ли /вы понимаете, что/, уехать было не так просто4) let me see, have I posted the letter? дай мне подумать, отправил ли я письмо?; let me see, it should be on the first page постой, постой, это должно быть на первой странице; will you come to dinner tomorrow? see I'll see вы придете обедать завтра? see [Я] подумаю /посмотрю/, видно будет2. II1) see in some manner see well (poorly, far, etc.) хорошо и т.д. видеть; have you seen enough? вы уже насмотрелись?; see somewhere you can't see here, it is dark здесь темно и ничего не видно; see overleaf смотри(те) на обороте; see far смотреть вперед, предвидеть; I can't see as far as that так далеко вперед я не могу загадывать /предвидеть/; as far as one can see, he has a brilliant career before him насколько можно судить, у него блестящее будущее /его ждет блестящая карьера2) see at some time I see now теперь мне ясно3. III1) see smth., smb. see a letter (a tree, something green, the outline of a building, a stranger, etc.) (увидеть письмо и т.д.; let me see that paper дайте мне взглянуть на /посмотреть/ эту газету; I looked but saw nothing я посмотрел, но ничего не увидел; animals appear to see things invisible to human sight звери, вероятно, видят то, что остается недоступным человеческому глазу; what can /do/ you see? что вы видите?; see page 5 (pattern 4, figure 2, etc.) смотри(те) страницу пятую и т.д.; see ghosts (visions, spirits, bogies, etc.) видеть привидения и т.д.2) see smb. see a friend (one's parents, etc.) повидаться с другом и т.д.; I'll be seeing you coll. [мы еще с вами] увидимся, до скорого свидания; see a doctor (a lawyer, etc.) пойти к врачу и т.д., (по)советоваться / (про)консультироваться/ с врачом и т.д.; see an official обратиться к официальному лицу; can I see the inspector? могу я поговорить /повидаться/ с инспектором?; ask to see the manager попросите вызвать администратора; he sees nobody он никого не принимает: come to /and/ see smb. прийти повидать /навестить/ кого-л.3) see smth., smb. see a town (a country, a district, the sights, Rome, the world's Fair, Oxford, etc.) осматривать город и т.д.; have you ever seen France? бывали ли вы когда-либо во Франции?; [go to]a show (a play, an actress, etc.) [сходить] (подсмотреть спектакль и т.д.; did you see the exhibition? ты был, на выставке?; 1 went to see the exhibition я пошел посмотреть выставку4) see smth., smb. have in a man to see the drains вызовите мастера, чтобы он проверил /осмотрел/ канализацию; see a patient принять /осмотреть, посетить/ больного5) see smth. see life /something of life/ (a good deal of the world, etc.) повидать жизнь и т.д.; he has seen hardships он изведал трудности; this old man has seen better days старик видел лучшие времена; my саг (these boots, this coat, etc.) has seen long /plenty of/ service моя машина и т.д. хорошо [мне] послужила; this coat has seen hard wear это пальто поизносилось /пообтрепалось/; that year (the XIXth century, this period, the Elizabeth's reign, etc.) has seen many changes в этом году и т.д. произошло много перемен, этот год и т.д. явился свидетелем многих перемен; I never saw such rudeness (such doings, etc.) я никогда не сталкивался с такой грубостью и т.д.; I never saw such beauty мне никогда не доводилось встречаться с такой красотой; he will never see 40 again ему уже за сорок; he didn't live to see his son's marriage он не дожил до /не увидел/ женитьбы сына6) see smth. see a joke (the purpose, the reason, the point of the argument, the advantage of his presence, the cause of our misfortune, etc.) понимать шутку и т.д.; I was beginning to see light я стал кое-что понимать, кое-что начало проясняться; I do not see the point я не вижу /не понимаю/, в чем здесь смысл; до меня не доходит суть /соль/; this is how I see it вот, как я это понимаю /представляю себе/; as I see it по-моему, по моему мнению; see things /a lot, much/ понимать /видеть/ многое; she sees everything мимо нее ничего не проходит, от нее ничего не ускользает; she sees nothing она ничего не замечает4. IV1) see smb., smth. in some manner see smb., smth. distinctly (clearly, faintly, vaguely, dimly, etc.) отчетливо и т.д. видеть кого-л., что-л. || see war at close quarters непосредственно участвовать в войне2) see smb. in some manner see smb. willingly (joyfully, reluctantly, etc.) охотно и т.д. видаться с кем-л.; see the man professionaly обратиться к нему как к специалисту; see smb. at some time see smb. later (again, lately, often, tomorrow, this afternoon, etc.) встретиться с кем-л. позже и т.д.; I must see you once more я обязательно должен еще раз повидаться с вами; see you soon! coll. до скорой встречи, пока; the ambassador finally saw him посол наконец принял его; she is too ill to see anyone at present она очень больна, и ей нельзя сейчас ни с кем видеться3) see smth. at some time we saw "Hamlet" last night мы были на "Гамлете" вчера4) see smb. at some time he seems ill, the doctor ought to see him at once он, по-видимому, болен, его надо немедленно показать врачу5) see smb. somewhere see smb. home see as far as the station, aboard, etc.) провожать кого-л. домой и т.д.; see smb. in проводить кого-л. в комнату (в дом и т.п.); see smb. out провожать кого-л. до выхода /к дверям/6) see smth. in some manner see things differently представлять себе /смотреть на/ вещи иначе; I don't see the matter that way я смотрю на это иначе5. VI1) see smb. as being in some state see smb. angry (happy, etc.) видеть кого-л. сердитым и т.д.2) see smb. under some conditions see smb. alone повидать кого-л. наедине3) see smth. as possessing some quanta see it necessary (fit, proper, etc.) to do smth. считать /находить/ необходимым и т.д. сделать что-л.; see things wrong иметь обо всем превратное мнение; see everything black видеть все в черном свете6. VII1) see smb., smth. do smth. see the boy take the apples (the object move, them leave their home, him come, the dog run, etc.) видеть, как мальчик взял яблоки и т.д.; you cannot see your sister starve without trying to help her вы ведь не можете видеть, как ваша сестра голодает, и не попытаться ей помочь; see smth. to be smth. I saw it to be a forgery я увидел, что это подделка2) || see one's way to do smth. понимать, как надо действовать; I don't see my way to get you an invitation я не вижу /не знаю/, как раздобыть /достать/ для вас приглашение; as soon as I see my way to do it... как только я соображу /пойму/, как это сделать...7. VIIIsee smb., smth. doing smth. see him falling (her coming, the boy running, the child slipping, him taking the apples, etc.) видеть, как он падает и т.д.; we can see the forest stretching out мы видим простирающийся вдаль лес; 1 can't see myself doing such a thing see myself agreeing to this proposal, myself submitting to this decision, him allowing people to cheat him, etc.) не могу себе представить, чтобы я так поступил и т.д.8. IXsee smb., smth. done see the child kissed (him taken away, the house rebuilt, the city destroyed, etc.) видеть, как целуют ребенка и т.д.; I'd sacrifice everything rather than see you disgraced я готов пожертвовать всем, чтобы не видеть вашего позора; I want to see justice done я хочу [добиться того], чтобы восторжествовала справедливость9. XI1) be seen come where we cannot be seen пойдем куда-нибудь, где нас не увидят; see and not be seen смотреть /наблюдать/, но самому оставаться незамеченным; children should be seen but not heard детей в доме не должно быть слышно, даже когда они на глазах; he is not fit to be seen у него такой вид, что ему нельзя на люди показываться; there was not a house to be seen не было видно ни единого дома; that remains to be seen надо еще посмотреть /подумать/; be seen with smb. I would not саге to be seen with him мне бы не хотелось, чтобы меня видели с ним; be seen in some manner be dimly (clearly, etc.) seen быть плохо и т.д. видимым; the monument is vaguely seen in the distance издалека памятник едва видно; these tricks are easily seen все эти уловки насквозь видны; be seen from smth. be seen from a short distance (from afar, from a hill, etc.) быть видимым с небольшого расстояния и т.д.; be seen through smth. very little could be seen through the keyhole в замочную скважину мало что было видно; be seen with smth. the writing on the stamp can be seen with naked eyes буквы на марке можно рассмотреть /разглядеть/ невооруженным глазом; be seen by smb. it had never been seen by European eyes этого не видел ни один европеец; be seen somewhere the baggage was last seen at the station в последний раз багаж видели на станции; be seen to do smth. he was seen to fall (to come, to walk, etc.) видели, как он упал и т.д.; be seen doing smth. he was seen falling (coming, etc.) его видели падающим и т.д., видели, как он падал и т.д.; be seen like smth. the airship was seen like a speck in the sky самолет казался маленькой точкой в небе2) be seen of smb. has anything been seen of him in the last two weeks? его кто-нибудь видел /встречал/ за последние две недели?; be seen in some place he is much seen in society он много бывает /его часто видят/ в обществе3) be seen that... from this (from this fact, from the abovesaid, etc.) it will be /can be/ [easily] seen that... из этого и т.д. [с очевидностью] следует, что...; it can be seen at a glance, that... ясно с первого взгляда, что...; it will thus be seen that... таким образом, станет ясно, что...10. XIIIsee to do smth. can you see to read in this light вы можете читать /вы разбираете буквы/ при таком освещении?11. XV1) see in some manner owls see best at night совы лучше всего видят ночью; one may see double when drunk у пьяного в глазах двоится2) see fit to do smth. you may go if you see fit to do so вы можете идти, если считаете это удобным12. XVI1) see with smth. see with one eye видеть одним глазом; see till some time a puppy cannot see till the ninth day щенки слепы первые девять дней; see in smth. see in the dark (in this light, in the rays of the sun, etc.) видеть в темноте и т.д. id he is not able to see beyond the end of his nose он не видит дальше своего носа2) see about /to /smth. see about the luggage (about the matter, to the fire, to all the locks and doors, to all the arrangements, to the business, etc.) позаботиться о багаже и т.д., последить за багажом и т.д.; leave it to me, I'll see to it оставьте /поручите/ это мне, я прослежу за этим; this machine is out of order, will you see to it? машина не в порядке, посмотрите, в чем там дело; see after smth. see after one's own interests соблюдать свой интерес3) see through smb., smth. see through him (through his motives, through smb.'s tricks, through her little game, through his politeness, through her fine ways, through smb.'s disguise, etc.) видеть его и т.д. насквозь; we could see through his plan мы понимали, что кроется за его планом13. XVIIsee about doing smth. see about getting the license plates (about sending the report in time, about packing, about ordering a car, etc.) (по)заботиться о том, чтобы получить номера для машины и т.д., проследить за получением номеров для машины и т.д.14. XVIIIsee oneself 'in smb. see oneself in one's children видеть себя в детях || see [for] oneself убедиться самому, увидеть собственными глазами15. XXI11) see smth., smb. in /at /smth. see an interesting story in a book (a letter in a box, a girl in a room, smb. at a distance, etc.) (у)видеть интересный рассказ в книге и т.д.; see smb., smth. in fat) smth. see smb., smth. in dreams видеть кого-л., что-л. во сне; I can't quite see her (myself, etc.) at a ball я не могу представить себе ее и т.д. на балу; see smth., smb. through smth. see smth., smb. through a crack in the wall (through the trees, etc.) (у)видеть что-л., кого-л. через щель в стене и т.д.; I could see very little through the keyhole мне было плохо видно /я мало что видел/ в замочную скважину; see smth., smb. with smth. see smth., smb. with one's own eyes видеть что-л., кого-л. собственными глазами; see smth. before smth. I'd like to see the house before I decide to take it я бы хотел осмотреть дом, прежде чем решиться на покупку || see the last of smb., smth. распрощаться с кем-л., чем-л.; when shall I see the last of her! когда я наконец избавлюсь от неё!; I hope I have seen the last of this book надеюсь, я все-таки отделался от этой книги2) see smth. in smb., smth. see charming traits in people (the fault in him, many problems in it, many things in the ordinary, a great danger in that sort of thing, etc.) находить /видеть/ в людях привлекательные черты и т.д.; to refuse to see any good in him отказаться видеть в нем что-л. хорошее; I don't know what you can see in her не знаю, что вы в ней находите3) see smth. of smb. see much of each other (little of the Browns, a great deal of him, etc.) часто /много/ встречаться [друг с другом] и т.д.; I don't see anything of my neighbours я совсем не вижу своих соседей, я совсем не встречаюсь со своими соседями; see less of smb. in winter реже видеться с кем-л. зимой; she's seeing too much of him она слишком часто встречается с ним; see smb. at (for) some time see you on Sunday до встречи в воскресенье; I haven't seen you for ages я вас не видел целую вечность; can I see you for a moment? можно вас на минуту?; see smb. about (on) smth. see a man about the book (an inspector about the case, one's lawyer about the matter, a doctor about your condition, a doctor about her injury, etc.) повидать одного человека по поводу книги и т.д.; see smb. on business повидаться с кем-л. по делу4) see smth. in some time see a lot in his life /a great deal in his time/ изведать жизнь, повидать немало в жизни5) see smb. to some place see you to the door (him to the gate, a friend to the station, etc.) проводить вас до двери и т.д.; see the children to bed уложить детей спать; see smb. into (on, off, etc.) smth. see smb. into a train (on board a ship) посадить кого-л. в поезд (на пароход); see smb. off the premises выпроводить кого-л.6) see smb. through smth. see us through the customs (his brother through college, me through the difficulty, her through her trouble) помочь нам пройти таможенный досмотр и т.д.7) || see smth., smb. in some light видеть что-л., кого-л. в каком-л. свете; see smth. in the same light сходиться.во мнении относительно чего-л.; see smth. in a different light видеть что-л. в ином свете; 1 don't see it in that light у меня по этому вопросу другое мнение16. XXIIsee smth. of doing smth. see the use of going there (the good of helping her, the advantage of keeping your mouth shut, the fun of dancing, etc.) видеть смысл в том, чтобы пойти туда и т.д.; I don't see the good of getting angry не вижу никакого смысла злиться || see one's way to doing smth. придумать /найти/, как что-л. сделать17. XXIV1see smb. as smb. I can't see him as president (as a teacher, as a husband, etc.) я не могу себе представить его в роли президента и т.д.18. XXIV4see smth. as... see the problem as it is видеть проблему реально19. XXV1) see that... see that the man was old (that he was blind, that it is time to go, that the box is empty, etc.) видеть, что это старый человек /старик/ и т.д.; see whether..., (if..., how..., what..., etc.) see whether the book is there (if the postman has come, if this hat suits you, who it is, what you've done, what has happened, what courage can do, how far we have gone, etc.) посмотреть, там ли книга и т.д.; see who's at the door посмотри, кто пришел; can you see where the mistake is? вы можете найти ошибку?; we are anxious to see what there is to be seen of the country мы хотим повидать все достопримечательности страны2) see that smth. is done see that the work is done (that the letter is mailed sometime today, that nothing goes wrong, that nothing has been neglected, that he comes to no harm, that he comes in time, that everything is in order, etc.) проследить, чтобы работа была сделана и т.д.; see that you lock the back door смотри, запри /не забудь запереть/ черный ход; see you don't miss the train смотри, не опоздай на поезд3) see what... (that..., why..., etc.) see what I mean (what it is to have courage, that I am not wanted, that you have changed your mind, why you did that, why he doesn't come, how or why it is done, etc.) понимать, что я хочу сказать и т.д.; we saw that it was useless to insist мы поняли, что бесполезно настаивать; can't you see that I'm tired? разве вы не видите /не понимаете/, что я устал?; I see how it is мне понятно, как обстоят дела4) see what... (when..., etc.) let me see what I can do (what ought to do now, when we can come, etc.) дайте подумать /сообразить/, что я могу сделать и т.д.20. XXVII1see through what... I am beginning to see through what he has in mind я начинаю понимать, что у него на уме21. XXVII21) see from smth. that... I see from my diary that I am expected today (from the papers that he is dead, etc.) по моим записям я вижу, что меня ждут сегодня и т.д.2) see to it that... see to it that the light is switched off проследи, чтобы свет был выключен
См. также в других словарях:
life — [ laıf ] (plural lives [ laıvz ] ) noun *** ▸ 1 time from birth to death ▸ 2 way of living, experience ▸ 3 state of being alive ▸ 4 living things ▸ 5 time something exists/lasts ▸ 6 activity/excitement ▸ 7 in games ▸ 8 life imprisonment ▸ +… … Usage of the words and phrases in modern English
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