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we+trained+all+the+way

Толкование Перевод

1 we trained all the way

Макаров: мы всю дорогу ехали поездом

Универсальный англо-русский словарь > we trained all the way
2 train

1. n

1) поїзд, потяг; состав

boat train — поїзд, узгоджений з розкладом пароплавів

by train — поїздом

down train — поїзд, який іде з Лондона (з великого міста)

up train — поїзд, що йде у Лондон (у велике місто)

fast (express) train — швидкий поїзд

goods train — товарний поїзд

long train — поїзд далекого прямування

mixed train — товарно-пасажирський поїзд

passenger train — пасажирський поїзд

the morning (the night) train — ранковий (нічний) поїзд

wild train — поїзд, що йде не за розкладом

the train is off — поїзд уже відійшов

to change trains — зробити пересадку

to lose (to miss) one's train — спізнитися на поїзд

to make (to catch, to nick) the train — устигнути на поїзд

to take the train — сісти у поїзд, поїхати поїздом

2) процесія, кортеж

funeral train — похоронна процесія

3) караван

4) військ. обоз

5) почет; натовп (шанувальників)

6) ланцюг, ряд, низка (подій)

a train of thoughts — хід думок

by an unlucky train of events — через нещасливий збіг обставин

7) шлейф (сукні)

8) хвіст (павича)

9) наслідок, результат

10) pl військ. тили

11) військ. азимут (гармати)

12) військ. наводка за азимутом

13) серія (хвиль)

14) послідовний ряд

15) мет. прокатний стан

16) тех. зубчаста передача

17) тех. система (важелів)

train bombing — військ. серійне бомбометання

train butcher — амер. рознощик у поїзді

train officer — військ. начальник ешелону

train service — зал. служба руху

train staff — поїзна бригада

in train — напоготові

gravy train — амер., розм. тепленьке місце, «годівниця»

2. v

1) розм. їхати поїздом

2) амер., розм. водитися, зв'язатися (з кимсь — with)

3) принаджувати, заманювати

4) виховувати; учити; привчати (до чогось)

to train a child — виховувати дитину

5) навчати (чогось); готувати (до чогось)

6) тренувати (ся)

to train for a boxing match — тренувати (ся) перед матчем з боксу

7) дресирувати (тварин); об'їжджати (коня)

8) формувати (дерева); спрямовувати (ріст рослин)

9) військ. наводити за азимутом

train down — зменшувати вагу спеціальним тренуванням

* * *
I [trein] n
1) потяг; склад

fast train — швидкий поїзд

express train — експрес

boat train — потяг, узгоджений з розкладом пароплавів

passenger train — пасажирський потяг

goods /freight/ train — вантажний /товарний/ состав

local /branchline/ train — місцевий потяг

slow /stopping/ train — потяг, що йде зі всіма зупинками

relief [excursion] train — додатковий [туристичний]потяг

troop train — військовий ешелон

armoured train — бронепоїзд

the morning [the night] train — уранішній [нічний]поїзд

the 2:15 train — потяг, що відходить в 2:15

wild train — потяг, що йде не за розкладом

a train ride — поїздка поїздом

by train — поїздом

to travel by train — їхати або їздити поїздом

to board /to take/ the train — сісти в потяг, поїхати потягом

to lose /to miss/ one's train — запізнитися на потяг

to make /to catch, to nick/ the train — поспішити на потяг

to change trains — зробити пересадку

the train is off — потяг вже відійшов

the train is in — потяг прийшов; трактор з причіпом

2) процесія, кортеж

funeral train — похоронна процесія

3) караван

a train of camels — караван верблюдів; війск. обоз ( baggage train wagon train)

4) свита, натовп (шанувальників, поклонників)

the prince and his train — принц зі своєю свитою

a staff of 80 in smb's train — свита у складі 80 чоловік

5) ряд, ланцюг, низка

a train of misfortunes — ланцюг нещасть; смуга невдач

by an unlucky train of events — через несприятливий збіг обставин

a whole train of ideas — низка думок

a train of words — ряд слів; хід ( думок)

to follow the train of smb 's thoughts — стежити за ходом чиєїсь думки

to lose the train of smb 's thought — втратити нитку чиїхось міркувань; хід, розгортання, розвиток ( подій)

it was already in fair train to develop party out of faction — все йшло до перетворення фракції на партію

things proceeded in this train for several days — так продовжувалося декілька днів

6) шлейф, трен ( плаття); хвіст (павич, шлейф); хвіст (комети, метеор)

7) наслідок

in the train of — в результаті, унаслідок

the war brought famine and disease in its train — війна принесла з собою голод, хвороби

the ruins that they left in their train — розвалини, які вони залишили за собою; результати

to write in the train of NN's study — йти ( у своїй книзі) шляхом, прокладеним дослідженнями NN

8) pl війск. тили

9) війск. азимут ( знаряддя); наводка за азимутом

10) cпeц. серія (хвиль, коливань)

wave train — фiз. цуг /серія/ хвиль; послідовний ряд

11) метал. прокатний стан

12) тex. зубчата передача; система важелів

train of gears — система шестерен

13) війск. запав

14) полюв. приманка ( у вигляді покладених один за одним шматочкі)

15) icт. алюр ( коняки)

••

in train — у готовності, напоготів

to put /to set/ things in train — готувати до дії

gravy train — aмep.; cл. "годівниця", тепленьке містечко

to ride the gravy train — aмep.; cл. дістати тепленьке містечко; загрібати бариші
II [trein] v
1) їхати поїздом

to train from York to Leeds — їхати ( поїздом) з Йорка в Лідс

we trained all the way — ми всю дорогу їхали поїздом

to train the rest of the way — їхати поїздом залишок шляху

2) aмep. ( with) водити компанію; зв'язатися (з ким-н.)

3) волочити, тягнути; волочитися, тягнутися

her skirt trained on the ground — її спідниця волочилася по землі

4) icт. притягати, заманювати
III [trein] v
1) виховувати, вчити, привчати (до чого-н.); to train a child виховувати дитину

to train a child to obey — привчати дитину до слухняності

to train a pupil to read music at sight — вчити учня читати ноти з листа

to train smb 's taste — виховувати чий-н. смак

trained to all outdoor exercises — привчений до вправ на свіжому повітрі

trained to obedience — привчений до слухняності; привчати (дитину, домашню тварину) проситися

2) навчати, готувати (що-н.); to train a girl in nursing навчати дівчину догляду за хворими

to train hospital nurses [airmen, botanists] — готувати медичних сестер [льотчиків, ботаніків]

to train smb for the stage [for the diplomatic service, for the army] — готувати кого-н. для виступів на сцені [для дипломатичної служби, до армії]

to train smb for the navy /to serve in the navy/ — готувати кого-н. до флотської служби

this school trained many good officers — з цієї школи випустилось багато хороших офіцерів; вчитися, навчатися, готуватися

to train as a typist — вчитися на друкарку

to train for priesthood — готуватися стати священиком, готуватися до кар'єри священика

the author trained with Professor Tanner — автор навчався у професора Теннера

3) ( for) тренувати

to train smb for a contest [for a championship] — готувати кого-н. до змагання [до чемпіонату]; тренуватися

to train for a boatrace [for a boxing matçhˌ for a mountain-çlimbing] — тренуватися перед гонками на човнах[матчем з боксу, сходженням на гору]

4) дресирувати ( тварин); об'їжджати ( коня)

to train a dog for the circus — дресирувати собаку для цирку

the dog is trained to jump through a hoop — собаку навчили стрибати через обруч

to train dogs to catch hares — навчати собак ( ловлі) на зайців

5) caд. формувати ( дерев); направляти ( ріст рослин)

to train roses against a wall — пустити троянди по стіні

6) війск. (on, upon) наводити за азимутом

to train a gun on the target — навести знаряддя на мету

he had trained his news camera on celebrities for 40 years — образн. протягом 40 років він тримав знаменитостей під прицілом своєї кінокамери

English-Ukrainian dictionary > train
3 train

I
1. [treın] n

1. 1) поезд; состав

fast train - скорый поезд

express train - экспресс

boat train - поезд, согласованный с расписанием пароходов

passenger train - пассажирский поезд

goods /freight/ train - грузовой /товарный/ состав

local /branchline/ train - местный поезд

slow /stopping/ train - поезд, идущий со всеми остановками

relief [excursion] train - дополнительный [туристический] поезд

troop train - военный эшелон

armoured train - бронепоезд

the morning [the night] train - утренний [ночной] поезд

the 2.15 train - поезд, отходящий в 2.15

wild train - поезд, идущий не по расписанию

a train ride - поездка на поезде

by train - поездом

to travel by train - ехать или ездить поездом /на поезде/

to board /to take/ the train - сесть в поезд, поехать на поезде

to lose /to miss/ one's train - опоздать на поезд

to make /to catch, to nick/ the train - поспеть на поезд

to change trains - сделать пересадку

the train is off - поезд уже отошёл

the train is in - поезд пришёл

2) трактор с прицепом

2. процессия, кортеж

funeral train - похоронная процессия

3. 1) караван

a train of camels - караван верблюдов

a long train of sightseers - длинная вереница туристов

2) воен. обоз (тж. baggage train, wagon train)

4. свита, толпа (почитателей, поклонников и т. п.)

the prince and his train - принц со своей свитой

a staff of 80 in smb.'s train - свита в составе 80 человек

5. 1) ряд, цепь, вереница

a train of misfortunes - цепь несчастий; полоса неудач

by an unlucky train of events - по неблагоприятному стечению обстоятельств

a whole train of ideas - вереница мыслей

a train of words - ряд слов

2) ход (мыслей и т. п.)

to follow the train of smb.'s thoughts - следить за ходом чьей-л. мысли

to lose the train of smb.'s thought - потерять нить чьих-л. рассуждений

3) ход, развёртывание, развитие (событий и т. п.)

it was already in fair train to develop party out of faction - всё шло к превращению фракции в партию

things proceeded in this train for several days - так продолжалось несколько дней

6. 1) шлейф, трен ( платья)

2) хвост ( павлина), «шлейф»

3) хвост (кометы, метеора)

7. 1) последствие

in the train of - в результате, вследствие

the war brought famine and disease in its train - война принесла с собой голод и болезни

the ruins that they left in their train - развалины, которые они оставили за собой

2) результаты

to write in the train of NN's study - идти (в своей книге) по пути, проложенному исследованием NN

8. pl воен. тылы

9. воен.

1) азимут (орудия и т. п.)

2) наводка по азимуту

10. спец.

1) серия (волн, колебаний и т. п.)

wave train - физ. цуг /серия/ волн

2) последовательный ряд

11. метал. прокатный стан

12. тех.

1) зубчатая передача

2) система рычагов

train of gears - система шестерён

13. воен. запал

14. охот. приманка ( в виде положенных друг за другом кусочков)

15. уст. аллюр ( лошади)

♢ in train - в готовности, наготове

to put /to set/ things in train - готовить к действию

gravy train - амер. сл. «кормушка», тёпленькое местечко

to ride the gravy train - амер. сл. заполучить тёпленькое местечко; загребать барыши

2. [treın] v

1. разг. ехать поездом

to train from York to Leeds - ехать (поездом) из Йорка в Лидс

we trained all the way - мы всю дорогу ехали поездом

to train the rest of the way - ехать поездом остаток пути

2. (with) амер. разг. водить компанию; связаться (с кем-л.)

3. 1) волочить, тащить

2) волочиться, тащиться

her skirt trained on the ground - её юбка волочилась по земле

4. уст. притягивать, завлекать
II [treın] v
1. 1) воспитывать, учить, приучать (к чему-л.)

to train a child - воспитывать ребёнка

to train a child to obey - приучать ребёнка к послушанию

to train a pupil to read music at sight - учить ученика читать ноты с листа

to train smb.'s taste - воспитывать чей-л. вкус

trained to all outdoor exercises - приученный к упражнениям на свежем воздухе

trained to obedience - приученный к послушанию

2) разг. приучать (ребёнка, домашнее животное) проситься

2. 1) обучать, готовить (к чему-л.)

to train a girl in nursing - обучать девушку уходу за больными

to train hospital nurses [airmen, botanists] - готовить медицинских сестёр [лётчиков, ботаников]

to train smb. for the stage [for the diplomatic service, for the army] - готовить кого-л. для поступления на сцену [для дипломатической службы, к армии]

to train smb. for the navy /to serve in the navy/ - готовить кого-л. к флотской службе /к службе во флоте/

this school trained many good officers - из этой школы вышло много хороших офицеров, эта школа выпустила много хороших офицеров

2) учиться, обучаться, готовиться

to train as a typist - учиться на машинистку

to train for priesthood - готовиться стать священником, готовиться к карьере священника

the author trained with Professor Tanner - автор обучался у профессора Тэннера

3. (for)

1) тренировать

to train smb. for a contest [for a championship] - готовить кого-л. к состязанию [к чемпионату]

2) тренироваться

to train for a boat race [for a boxing match, for a mountain-climbing] - тренироваться перед лодочными гонками [матчем по боксу, восхождением на гору]

4. дрессировать ( животных); объезжать ( лошадь)

to train a dog for the circus - дрессировать собаку для цирка

the dog is trained to jump through a hoop - собаку обучили прыгать через обруч

to train dogs to catch hares - натаскивать собак на (ловлю) зайцев

5. сад. формировать ( деревья); направлять ( рост растений)

to train roses against a wall - пустить розы вдоль стены /по стене/

6. (on, upon) воен. наводить по азимуту

to train a gun on the target - навести орудие на цель

he had trained his news camera on celebrities for 40 years - образн. в течение 40 лет он держал знаменитостей на прицеле своей кинокамеры

НБАРС > train
4 train

I [trein] n
1) потяг; склад

fast train — швидкий поїзд

express train — експрес

boat train — потяг, узгоджений з розкладом пароплавів

passenger train — пасажирський потяг

goods /freight/ train — вантажний /товарний/ состав

local /branchline/ train — місцевий потяг

slow /stopping/ train — потяг, що йде зі всіма зупинками

relief [excursion] train — додатковий [туристичний]потяг

troop train — військовий ешелон

armoured train — бронепоїзд

the morning [the night] train — уранішній [нічний]поїзд

the 2:15 train — потяг, що відходить в 2:15

wild train — потяг, що йде не за розкладом

a train ride — поїздка поїздом

by train — поїздом

to travel by train — їхати або їздити поїздом

to board /to take/ the train — сісти в потяг, поїхати потягом

to lose /to miss/ one's train — запізнитися на потяг

to make /to catch, to nick/ the train — поспішити на потяг

to change trains — зробити пересадку

the train is off — потяг вже відійшов

the train is in — потяг прийшов; трактор з причіпом

2) процесія, кортеж

funeral train — похоронна процесія

3) караван

a train of camels — караван верблюдів; війск. обоз ( baggage train wagon train)

4) свита, натовп (шанувальників, поклонників)

the prince and his train — принц зі своєю свитою

a staff of 80 in smb's train — свита у складі 80 чоловік

5) ряд, ланцюг, низка

a train of misfortunes — ланцюг нещасть; смуга невдач

by an unlucky train of events — через несприятливий збіг обставин

a whole train of ideas — низка думок

a train of words — ряд слів; хід ( думок)

to follow the train of smb 's thoughts — стежити за ходом чиєїсь думки

to lose the train of smb 's thought — втратити нитку чиїхось міркувань; хід, розгортання, розвиток ( подій)

it was already in fair train to develop party out of faction — все йшло до перетворення фракції на партію

things proceeded in this train for several days — так продовжувалося декілька днів

6) шлейф, трен ( плаття); хвіст (павич, шлейф); хвіст (комети, метеор)

7) наслідок

in the train of — в результаті, унаслідок

the war brought famine and disease in its train — війна принесла з собою голод, хвороби

the ruins that they left in their train — розвалини, які вони залишили за собою; результати

to write in the train of NN's study — йти ( у своїй книзі) шляхом, прокладеним дослідженнями NN

8) pl війск. тили

9) війск. азимут ( знаряддя); наводка за азимутом

10) cпeц. серія (хвиль, коливань)

wave train — фiз. цуг /серія/ хвиль; послідовний ряд

11) метал. прокатний стан

12) тex. зубчата передача; система важелів

train of gears — система шестерен

13) війск. запав

14) полюв. приманка ( у вигляді покладених один за одним шматочкі)

15) icт. алюр ( коняки)

••

in train — у готовності, напоготів

to put /to set/ things in train — готувати до дії

gravy train — aмep.; cл. "годівниця", тепленьке містечко

to ride the gravy train — aмep.; cл. дістати тепленьке містечко; загрібати бариші
II [trein] v
1) їхати поїздом

to train from York to Leeds — їхати ( поїздом) з Йорка в Лідс

we trained all the way — ми всю дорогу їхали поїздом

to train the rest of the way — їхати поїздом залишок шляху

2) aмep. ( with) водити компанію; зв'язатися (з ким-н.)

3) волочити, тягнути; волочитися, тягнутися

her skirt trained on the ground — її спідниця волочилася по землі

4) icт. притягати, заманювати
III [trein] v
1) виховувати, вчити, привчати (до чого-н.); to train a child виховувати дитину

to train a child to obey — привчати дитину до слухняності

to train a pupil to read music at sight — вчити учня читати ноти з листа

to train smb 's taste — виховувати чий-н. смак

trained to all outdoor exercises — привчений до вправ на свіжому повітрі

trained to obedience — привчений до слухняності; привчати (дитину, домашню тварину) проситися

2) навчати, готувати (що-н.); to train a girl in nursing навчати дівчину догляду за хворими

to train hospital nurses [airmen, botanists] — готувати медичних сестер [льотчиків, ботаніків]

to train smb for the stage [for the diplomatic service, for the army] — готувати кого-н. для виступів на сцені [для дипломатичної служби, до армії]

to train smb for the navy /to serve in the navy/ — готувати кого-н. до флотської служби

this school trained many good officers — з цієї школи випустилось багато хороших офіцерів; вчитися, навчатися, готуватися

to train as a typist — вчитися на друкарку

to train for priesthood — готуватися стати священиком, готуватися до кар'єри священика

the author trained with Professor Tanner — автор навчався у професора Теннера

3) ( for) тренувати

to train smb for a contest [for a championship] — готувати кого-н. до змагання [до чемпіонату]; тренуватися

to train for a boatrace [for a boxing matçhˌ for a mountain-çlimbing] — тренуватися перед гонками на човнах[матчем з боксу, сходженням на гору]

4) дресирувати ( тварин); об'їжджати ( коня)

to train a dog for the circus — дресирувати собаку для цирку

the dog is trained to jump through a hoop — собаку навчили стрибати через обруч

to train dogs to catch hares — навчати собак ( ловлі) на зайців

5) caд. формувати ( дерев); направляти ( ріст рослин)

to train roses against a wall — пустити троянди по стіні

6) війск. (on, upon) наводити за азимутом

to train a gun on the target — навести знаряддя на мету

he had trained his news camera on celebrities for 40 years — образн. протягом 40 років він тримав знаменитостей під прицілом своєї кінокамери

English-Ukrainian dictionary > train
5 train

§ მატარებელი; აღელი; ამალა; წვრთნა, გეშვა; სწავლება

§

1 მატარებელი

freight / goods train სატვირთო მატარებელი

a suburban / local train საგარეუბნო მატარებელი

a trough train პირდაპირი მატარებელი

to take a train მატარებელში ჩაჯდომა

to go by train მატარებლით წასვლა

2 შლეიფი (კაბისა), ბოლო (ფარშავანგისა), ამალა (მეფისა)

3 რიგი, მწკრივი

a train of events მოვლენათა რიგი

a train of camels აქლემთა ქარავანი

a train of ideas აზრთა / იდეათა მთელი ჯაჭვი

4 მატარებლით მგზავრობა

we trained all the way მთელი გზა მატრებლით გავიარეთ

5 მიჩვევა (მიაჩვიეს), შეჩვევა (შეაჩვიეს)

she trained her children to obedience თავისი ბავშვები მორჩილებას მიაჩვია

6 მომზადება (მოამზადებს, მოემზადება)

this college trains teachers ეს კოლეჯი მასწავლებლებს ამზადებს

he is training as a doctor ექიმობისათვის ემზადება

7 ვარჯიში (ავარჯიშებს, ივარჯიშებს)

he trains boxers მოკრივეებს ავარჯიშებს

he trains for a boxing match კრივში შეჯიბრის წინ ვარჯიშობს

8 წვრთნა (გაწვრთნის) // სწავლება

he trains dogs for the circus ძაღლებს წვრთნის ცირკისათვის

he trained his dog to bring him his shoes ძაღლს ფეხსაცმელების მოტანა აწავლა

a fast train ჩქარი მატარებელი // ექსპრესი

train of thoughts აზრთა მსვლელობა

English-Georgian dictionary > train
6 dog

1. n собака, пёс

stray dog — бродячая собака

sporting dog — охотничья собака

gun dog — легавая

tracker dog — полицейская собака

dog racing — состязание борзых

mine dog — собака миноразыскной службы

tracker dog — служебная собака, ищейка

sledge dog team — нартовая упряжка собак

to tie down a dog — сажать собаку на цепь

working dog — упряжная или ездовая собака

2. n охотничья собака

to kick a dog — ударить ногой собаку

he gave the dog a pat — он погладил собаку

to grin like a dog — оскалиться как собака

to leash a dog — посадить собаку на привязь

the dog wants out — собака просится на улицу

3. n кобель; самец

male dog — кобель

he made the dog himself — он сам обучил собаку

4. n уст. подлец, собака, тварь, падаль, скотина

dirty dog — грязная тварь

to kick about a dog — обижать собаку

ambulance dog — автосанитарная собака

handsome dog — большая сильная собака

the dog nosed out a rat — собака учуяла крысу

a dog wiggles his tail — собака виляет хвостом

5. n разг. парень, малый

cunning dog — хитрая штучка, хитрец; прохиндей, шельма, хитрая бестия, лиса

Lesser Dog — Малый Пёс

Little Dog — Малый Пёс

6. n амер. разг. ноги

7. n разг. состязание борзых

8. n железная подставка для дров

зажим; задрайка

dog biscuits — галеты для собак

lifting dog — захват для подъема

table dog — упор для реверсирования стола

trip dog — упор для выключения автоматической подачи

9. n тех. хомутик, поводок

the dog tugged at the leash — собака натянула поводок

the dog was on the lead — собака шла на поводке

straight-tail dog — хомутик с прямым хвостом

bent-tail dog — хомутик с отогнутым хвостом

lathe dog — токарный хомутик

10. n тех. зуб; кулачок

11. n тех. упор, останов

dog control — управление посредством упоров

stop dog — упор с точной установкой

12. n тех. собачка

lap dog — комнатная собачка

toy dog — комнатная собачка

prairie dog — луговая собачка

adjustable dog — передвижная собачка

pet dog — комнатная собачка; болонка

13. n тех. гвоздодёр

14. n сл. дрянь, барахло; халтура

15. n сл. страшилище, страхолюдина

what a dog! — ну и образина!

hot dog! — ай да он!; вот это да!; вот это здорово!

top dog — хозяин положения

under dog — побеждённый, поверженный; неудачник

the dogs of war — бедствия войны

to let loose the dogs of war — развязать войну

to put on dog — важничать; держаться высокомерно; задирать нос; пыжиться, хорохориться, становиться в позу; рисоваться

to go to the dogs — разориться; пойти прахом

a live dog is better than a dead lion — живая собака лучше мёртвого льва

16. v неотступно следовать; выслеживать, следить

the dog tagged them all the way home — собака неотступно следовала за ними до самого дома

17. v преследовать, не давать покоя

he is dogged by misfortunes — его преследуют несчастья

18. v травить собаками, напускать собак; затравливать

sleg dog — нартовая упряжная собака

the growl of a dog — рычание собаки

trained dog — дрессированная собака

bench dog — собака, представленная на выставку

the dog is whiffy — от собаки неприятно пахнет

19. v спец. закреплять

20. v мор. задраивать

to dog the watches — установить на ночь дежурство полувахтами

Синонимический ряд:

1. canine (noun) bitch; bowwow; canine; cur; hound; pooch; pup; puppy; tyke

2. frankfurter (noun) frank; frankfurter; hot dog; wiener; wienerwurst

3. jalopy (noun) clunker; crate; heap; jalopy; junker; wreck

4. snot (noun) louse; puke; rat; scum; skunk; snake; snot; sod; stinkard; stinkaroo; stinker; toad; wretch

5. pursue (verb) hound; pursue; track

6. tail (verb) bedog; follow; heel; shadow; tag; tail; trail

English-Russian base dictionary > dog
7 Historical Portugal

   Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.

   A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.

   Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140

   The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."

   In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.

   The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.

   Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385

   Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in

   Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.

   The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.

   Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580

   The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.

   The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.

   What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.

   By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.

   Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.

   The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.

   By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.

   In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.

   Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640

   Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.

   Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.

   On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.

   Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822

   Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.

   Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.

   In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the

   Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.

   Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.

   Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.

   Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910

   During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.

   Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.

   Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.

   Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.

   Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.

   As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.

   First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26

   Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.

   The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.

   Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.

   The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74

   During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."

   Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.

   For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),

   and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.

   The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.

   With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.

   During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.

   The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.

   At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.

   The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.

   Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76

   Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.

   Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.

   In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.

   In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.

   In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.

   The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until

   UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.

   Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000

   After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.

   From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.

   Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.

   Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.

   In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.

   In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.

   Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.

    Contemporary Portugal

   Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.

   The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.

   Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.

   Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).

   All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.

   The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.

   After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.

   Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.

   Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.

   From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.

   Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.

   In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.

   An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal
8 point

[pɔɪnt] 1. сущ.
1)

а) точка, пятнышко, крапинка

body dotted with numerous red points — тело, усыпанное многочисленными красными пятнышками

Syn:

dot

б) точка, отметка, точка деления ( на шкале)

boiling-point — точка кипения

dew-point — точка росы; температура таяния

The freezing point of water is 32 degrees Fahrenheit. — Точка замерзания воды - 32 градуса по Фаренгейту.

The shares reached their highest point on the 13th June 1990, when they might have been sold for $600. — Акции достигли высшей отметки 13 июня 1990 года, когда они могли продаваться по 600 долларов.

в) мор. румб

2)

а) = full point точка ( знак препинания)

б) мат. точка

point at infinity — бесконечно удаленная точка

at a point — в окрестности точки

salient point — точка излома

equinoctial point — равноденствие

solstitial point — точка солнцестояния

в) ист.; муз. точка или знак ( используемый в средневековой музыкальной нотации)

3) пункт, момент, вопрос; дело

controversial point — спорный вопрос, момент

talking point — вопрос, могущий быть предметом разговора; (подходящая) тема для разговора; аргумент

to argue a point — обсуждать вопрос, спорить по поводу чего-л.

to belabor / labor a point — разрабатывать, исследовать вопрос

to bring up / raise a point — ставить / поднимать вопрос

to concede / yield a point — уступить, сдаться в каком-л. вопросе

to cover / discuss a point — обсуждать вопрос

to drive / hammer / press a point home — доводить вопрос до сведения

to emphasize / stress / underscore a point — акцентировать, подчёркивать вопрос

to review a point — делать обзор вопроса

to speak to the point — говорить по существу

to strain, stretch a point in smb.'s favour — истолковать дело / вопрос в чью-л. пользу

She made the point that further resistance was useless. — Она сочла, что дальнейшее сопротивление бесполезно.

- beside the point

- point of honour

- at point
- at all points
- on this point
- make a point of smth.
Syn:

item, detail, particular, aspect, feature

4) момент ( времени)

At that point the audience got up to leave. — В этот момент зрители поднялись, чтобы уходить.

Syn:

instant, moment, time, very minute

5)

а) точка, место, пункт

point of departure — пункт отправления

assembly point — сборный пункт

the nearest way from point to point — ближайший путь от места до места

I've been in Pakistan and points East for six weeks. — Я шесть недель провел в Пакистане и других восточных странах.

б) разг. полицейский пост

6) разг. станция

7) охот.; разг. место, к которому по прямой мчится собака или дичь

to make one's point — бежать прямо к намеченному месту (о собаке, лисе)

8)

а) отличительная черта, особенность

Tact isn't my strong point. — Тактичность не является моей отличительной чертой.

Syn:

characteristic

б) стать, статья (животного; как показатель его породистости)

в) ( points) конечности (животного; обычно имеют контрастную окрасу); контрастная окраска конечностей

The Siamese kittens are born absolutely white and gradually all the points come. — Сиамские котята рождаются абсолютно белыми, но постепенно лапы, кончик хвоста и мордочка темнеют.

г) ( points) экстерьер ( животного)

д) ( points) достоинства, преимущества

A simple story, but it has its points. — Простая история, но в ней есть свои достоинства.

Getting drunk as a pastime may have its points, but as an exclusive occupation. — В том чтобы напиться в стельку, тоже есть своя прелесть, но только если это происходит в исключительных случаях.

9) спорт. очко

points verdict / decision — присуждение победы по очкам (в боксе и т. п.)

to give points to — давать очки вперёд

to gain a point, to get points — получить преимущество

The team won by two points. — Команда выиграла с перевесом в два очка.

- on points

Syn:

score, tally

10)

а) бирж. пункт

б) ист. талон, единица продовольственной или промтоварной карточки ( в Великобритании во время Второй мировой войны и в послевоенные годы)

free from points — ненормированный

From April 2 imported tinned marmalade will be available on points. — Со 2 апреля импортный джем в банках будут продавать по талонам.

в) полигр. пункт

11) ( the point) суть, сущность; "соль" (рассказа, шутки)

I think I missed the point of his story. — По-видимому, я прозевал суть его истории.

The point is not who said the words, but whether they are true or not. — Дело не в том, кто сказал эти слова, а в том - истинны они или нет.

He did not see the point of the joke. — Он не понял, в чем "соль" шутки.

- come to the point
- keep to the point
- get to the point
Syn:

essence, heart, kernel, pith, core

12) цель, намерение; важная мысль, заслуживающее внимание замечание

I have now read the article with interest and appreciation but it doesn't meet my point at all. — Я прочел статью с интересом и пониманием, но она не о том, что я имею (имел) в виду.

to have a point — говорить дело

I see. I quite see your point. — Я понимаю. Я вполне понимаю, что вы хотите сказать.

"The affair'll have to be shelved." "I take your point, sir." — "Дело должно быть отложено. - Я вас понял, сэр."

- carry point

- gain one's point

Syn:

aim, object, end

13) намёк, подсказка, указание, совет

There are friends who honestly and in all good faith give a "point" as to buying this or that stock. — Существуют такие друзья, которые честно и от чистого сердца дают "советы" купить те или другие акции.

Syn:

indication, hint, suggestion, direction

14) пойнт (мера веса в ювелирном деле, равная одной сотой карата)

15) эл. штепсельная розетка

Helena plugged an electric kettle into a point underneath the table. — Элен воткнула вилку электрочайника в розетку под столом.

16) геральд.

а) одна из девяти частей щита ( определяет позицию фигуры)

б) средняя часть верхней или нижней части щита ( в отличие от правой или левой части)

в) одна из нескольких горизонтальных полос ( на которые может делиться щит)

17) кружево ( выполненное на спицах)

18)

а) остриё; наконечник

point of the sword — остриё шпаги

б) кинжал, шпага; шило

в) гравировальная игла, резец ( гравера)

г) ответвление оленьего рога

19)

а) тонкий конец, кончик; остроконечная верхушка; острая выступающая часть

point of the rock — острый выступ скалы

Mr. Calthorpe tapped the points of the fingers of each hand together. — Мистер Калторп постукивал кончиками пальцев друг о друга.

Syn:

tip, apex

б) мыс, выступающая морская коса, стрелка

20) воен. головной или тыльный дозор

21) ( the Point) амер.; разг. Военная академия США в Вест-Пойнте

22) ж.-д.; обычно ( points) стрелочный перевод

23) лунка ( на доске в игре нарды)

24) кончик нижней челюсти (место, в которое наносится удар)

25) ( points) пуанты

to be on points — стоять на пуантах

In a pas de deux with Ted Kivitt, she stepped majestically on point as if there were magnets concealed in her toe shoes. — В па-де-де с Тедом Кивиттом она величественно выступала на пуантах, как будто в ее балетных туфлях были спрятаны магниты.

26) положение (пастуха) впереди стада

27) мор. редька ( оплетённый конец снасти)

28) ист. шнурок с наконечником ( заменявший пуговицы)

29) резкое взмывание вверх ( о соколе), стойка ( о собаке)

to come / make a point — делать стойку

••

to come to points — начать поединок ( на шпагах)

at the point of the sword — силой оружия

to put too fine a point upon — выразить(ся) чересчур деликатно

- point of view

- at all points

- be on the point

- in point
- in point of
- in point of fact 2. гл.
1)

а) ставить знаки препинания; делать паузы ( в устном тексте), акцентировать подчёркивать

Syn:

punctuate

б) = point off отделять точкой ( десятичную дробь)

2) точить; заострять; чинить ( карандаш)

instrument for pointing pencils — инструмент для точки карандашей

Syn:

sharpen

3) оживлять, придавать остроту (словам, действиям)

The circumstances which pointed and sharpened the public feelings on that occasion. — Обстоятельства, оживившие чувства общественности, по поводу этого события.

4) намечать с помощью просверливаемых точек (на камне или мраморе) глубину, на которую должна стёсываться скульптура

5)

а) стр. расшивать швы

б) вносить (навоз и т. п.) в землю на небольшую глубину с помощью лопаты

6)

а) = point out показывать пальцем, указывать; указывать, обращать (чьё-л.) внимание; отмечать, подчёркивать

to point the way home — показать путь домой

to point the finger (of scorn) (at) — указывать пальцем на (кого-л.), насмехаться над (кем-л.)

It's rude to point at people. — Некрасиво показывать на людей пальцем.

"There's the coin you dropped!" she said, pointing down. — Вот монетка, которую ты уронил, - сказало она, указывая вниз.

She pointed through the window of the coach. — Она указала пальцем в окно коляски.

When asked to explain where all the housekeeping money had gone, Mary pointed to the rising prices. — Когда её попросили объяснить, куда ушли все деньги, выделенные на ведение хозяйства, Мэри сослалась на повышение цен.

He has pointed out a method of cure. — Он указал на метод лечения.

He pointed out that there were certain formalities to be observed. — Он подчеркнул, что существуют некоторые формальности, которые должны быть выполнены.

The finger of scorn is pointed at you. — Над тобой насмехаются.

б) ( point at) направить (мысли на что-л.); намекать на ( что-л), предполагать (что-л.)

Syn:

indicate, suggest, hint at, allude to

7) охот. делать стойку ( указывая на дичь - о собаке)

trained to stop and point where the game lies — обученная останавливаться и делать стойку, указывая, где залёг зверь

In the next field Satin pointed a leveret. — На следующем поле Сэтин сделал стойку перед зайчонком.

8) (point at, point to) направлять, наводить ( оружие); целиться, прицеливаться

Never point a gun at someone, even in fun. — Никогда ни в кого не прицеливайся, даже в шутку.

Syn:

aim, train, direct

9) (point at, point to) указывать на (что-л.), говорить, свидетельствовать о (чём-л.)

The Minister's remarks seemed to be pointing at an early election. — Казалось, что замечания министра касались досрочных выборов.

All the signs point to / towards an early election. — Все признаки указывают на досрочные выборы.

Syn:

indicate, suggest, imply, signify, intimate, hint at

10)

а) быть обращённым, направленным (в какую-л. сторону)

This may be noticed in any house which points on to a busy thoroughfare. — Это можно заметить в каждом доме, который выходит на оживлённую улицу.

The churches of Europe were ordinarily built pointing to the east. — Церкви в Европе обыкновенно строились обращёнными на восток.

б) иметь целью, стремиться

It was the goal towards which the policy of the Frankish kings had for many years pointed. — Это была цель, на которую в течение многих лет была направлена политика франкских королей.

в) спорт. специально готовиться (к игре, к соревнованиям)

We are not pointing for any team in particular, but are trying to develop for our major games without being knocked off. — Мы не готовимся к конкретной игре с конкретным партнёром, но стараемся сохранить форму и силы к главным матчам.

11) мед. созревать ( о нарыве)

12) мор. идти курсом близким к направлению ветра

13) амер. гнать, погонять ( стадо)

14) вставлять белые волоски ( в естественно окрашенный мех)

fox fur pointed to imitate silver fox — мех лисы с вставленными белыми волосками для имитации чернобурки

•

- point down
- point off
- point out
- point up

Англо-русский современный словарь > point
9 for

fɔ: (полная форма) ;
(редуцированная форма)
1. союз
1) ибо;
ввиду того, что( вводит придаточное причины) This is no party question, for it touches us not as Liberals or Conservatives, but as citizens. ≈ Это не вопрос партийной политики, так как он затрагивает нас не как либералов или консерваторов, но как граждан. Syn: as, since
2) чтобы, что ( вводит придаточное с инфинитивным сказуемым, может переводиться также дательным падежом с инфинитивом) а) for-придаточное является реальным подлежащим в конструкциях с формальным подлежащим, выраженным "пустым" it It seems useless for them to take this course. ≈ Кажется, (что) им бесполезно идти этим путем. The crowds were so enormous that it was all too easy for the claustrophobic to fall into an apposite mood. ≈ Толпа была такая огромная, что людям, страдающим клаустрофобией, было очень легко придти в соответствующее расположение духа. It'd be a good stunt for him to go out and maybe earn a little money on the side. ≈ Было бы хорошей штукой ему выйти и, может быть, немного заработать на стороне б) for-придаточное в функции подлежащего For them to hold back their opinion was wrong. ≈ Неправильно было им не высказать своего мнения. в) for-придаточное как часть сложного глагольного сказуемого Matilda bargained with James for him to pay for dinner. ≈ Матильда договорилась с Джеймсом, что ему платить за обед. This is for you to decide. ≈ Это Вам решать. г) for-придаточное в функции обстоятельства I'd have given anything for this not to have happened. ≈ Я бы отдал теперь все, чтобы этого не произошло. д) for-придаточное в функции дополнения I realized that the subject is sufficiently obscure for your guess to be as good as anybody's. ≈ Я понял, что этот предмет достаточно сложен, чтобы твоя догадка была столь же хороша, что и любая другая. He plans for there to be five people in the group. ≈ Он планирует, что в группе будет пять человек. I asked for there to be a proctor at the exam. ≈ Я попросил, чтобы на экзамене присутствовал надзиратель. е) for-придаточное в функции определения It was a sign for him to retire from the world. ≈ Это был знак ему удалиться от мира.
2. предл.
1) для;
ради;
(= кому, для кого( передается тж. дательным падежом)
2) для;
ради;
(= для какой цели) for sale ≈ для продажи;
на продажу just for fun ≈ ради шутки
3) за (= за что, за кого, во имя чего) we are for peace ≈ мы за мир
4) за (= за кем, за чем (послать)) to send for a doctor ≈ послать за врачом
5) от, против (= против чего (средство)) medicine for a cough ≈ лекарство от кашля
6) в направлении;
к (= куда (отправиться)) to start for ≈ направиться в
7) из-за, за, по причине, вследствие to dance for joy ≈ плясать от радости for many reasons ≈ по многим причинам famous for smth. ≈ знаменитый чем-л.
8) в течение, в продолжение to last for an hour ≈ длиться час to wait for years ≈ ждать годами
9) на (расстояние) to run for a mile ≈ бежать милю
10) вместо, в обмен;
за что-л. I got it for 5 dollars. ≈ Я купил это за пять долларов. Will you please act for me in the matter? ≈ Прошу вас заняться этим вопросом вместо меня.
11) на (определенный момент) The lecture was arranged for two o'clock. ≈ Лекция была назначена на 2 часа.
12) в;
на for the first time ≈ в первый раз for (this) once ≈ на этот раз
13) от;
(представитель) передается тж. родительным падежом member for Oxford ≈ член парламента от Оксфорда ∙ довод в пользу чего-л. - *s and againsts доводы за и против во временном значении указывает на длительность: в течение - * the past three weeks в течение последних трех недель - I have not been there * five years уже пять лет я там не был - * the time being теперь, пока срок, на который рассчитано действие: на - * a year на год - this plan is * seven years этот план рассчитан на семь лет - * a long time надолго - * ever (and ever) навсегда час, день и т. п., на который что-л. назначено: на - the ceremony was arranged * two o'clock церемония была назначена на два часа в пространственном значении указывает на место назначения: в, к, - the train * Moscow поезд (идущий) в Москву - to steer * держать курс на( о судне) - the ship was bound * Africa судно направлялось в Африку - change here * Bristol здесь пересадка на Бристоль расстояние, протяженность - to run * a mile пробежать милю - the forest stretches * a long way лес тянется на многие мили указывает на цель, намерение: для, за, на, к - what do you want this book *? для чего вам нужна эта книга? - to fight * independence бороться за независимость - to send * a doctor послать за врачом - to go out * a walk выйти на прогулку /погулять/, пойти погулять - he was trained * a flyer его обучали летному делу - she is saving * old age она копит (деньги) на старость - * sale продается (надпись) объект стремления, надежды, желания, поисков, забот и т. п.: к, на;
передается тж. косв. падежами - to thirst /to hunger/ * knowledge жадно стремиться к знаниям - to hope * the best надеяться на лучшее - to be afraid * smb. бояться за кого-л. - to look * smth. искать что-л. лицо или предмет, к которому испытывают любовь, склонность, неприязнь и т. п.: к - affection /love/ * children любовь к детям - he has no liking * medicine у него нет склонности к медицине назначение предмета или лица, его пригодность для чего-л.: для - books * children книги для детей - a tool * drilling holes инструмент для сверления отверстий - he is just the man * the position он великолепно подходит для этой работы средство, лекарство против чего-л. - a cure * toothache средство против зубной боли указывает на лицо, иногда предмет, в пользу которого или в ущерб которому совершается действие: для;
передается тж. дат. падежем - can I do anything * you? могу ли я что-нибудь сделать для вас? - he bought some flowers * her он купил ей цветы - to win a name * oneself завоевать себе имя лицо или предмет, в поддержку или в защиту которого выступают: за - he voted * the representative of his Party он голосовал за представителя своей партии - a lawyer acts * his client адвокат ведет дело /дела/ своего клиента - to argue * smth. отстаивать что-л. указывает на причину или повод: от, за, из-за;
по - to condemn * smth. осуждать за что-л. - to blame * smth. винить в чем-л. - to thank * smth. благодарить за что-л. - to reward * bravery наградить за храбрость - to cry * joy плакать от радости - I can't see anything * the fog я ничего не вижу из-за тумана - * fear of... из боязни, что...;
чтобы не... - he walked fast * fear he should be late он шагал быстро, чтобы не опоздать /опасаясь опоздать/ - * want /lack/ of smth. из-за недостатка чего-л. - * many reasons по многим причинам - * the reason that... так как, потому что - you will be (all) the better * a good night's rest вам не мешает выспаться хорошенько - he is known * his kindness он известен своей добротой - if it were not * him, I should not be late если бы не он, я бы не опоздал указывает на замещение, замену: вместо, за - we used boxes * chairs мы пользовались ящиками вместо стульев - what is the English * "цветок"? как по-английски "цветок" использование в качестве чего-л.: как;
передается тж. твор. падежом - they chose him * their leader они выбрали его своим руководителем - he wants her * his wife он хочет жениться на ней лицо или предмет, принимаемые за других: за - he took me * my brother он принял меня за моего брата - they were left on the battlefield * dead их сочли убитыми и оставили на поле боя представительство в выборной организации от группы лиц, выступление от чьего-л. имени: от, за - to sit * Glasgow быть представителем от Глазго - * and on behalf of за и от имени( в подписях под документами) место работы нанимателя и т. п. - to work * an old firm работать /служить/ в старой фирме - she worked * Mr.N. as a secretary она работала секретарем у господина Н. указывает на цену: за - to pay a dollar * a book заплатить доллар за книгу предмет обмена: на, за - to exchange one thing * another обменять одну вещь на другую размер суммы: на - a bill * 50 dollars счет на 50 долларов - put my name down * $1 подпишите меня на 1 доллар, я жертвую 1 доллар вознаграждение: за - to be paid * one's service получать плату за работу указывает на соотношение или противопоставление: на - * one enemy he has a hundred friends на одного врага у него сто друзей указывает на наличие особых условий: для - it is warm * May для мая сейчас тепло - she reads well * her age она хорошо читает для своего возраста что касается, в отношении - * the rest что касается остального употр. в конструкции for + сущ. /местоим./ + инфинитив, которая передается придаточным предложением, а также дат. падежом существительного или местоимения и инфинитивом - they waited * the moon to appear они ждали, когда появится луна - he stepped aside * me to pass он посторонился, чтобы дать мне дорогу - is English difficult * you to learn? трудно ли вам дается английский язык? - it is not * you to blame him не вам осуждать его (шотландское) (американизм) в честь( кого-л.) - he was named * his grandfather он был назван в честь деда - the banquet was given * him банкет был дан в его честь в сочетаниях: - as * что касается, что до - but * без, кроме;
если бы не - * all несмотря на;
что бы ни - she is stupid * all her learning она глупа, несмотря на всю ее ученость - * all you say I shall stick to my opinion что бы вы ни говорили, я останусь при своем мнении - * all their claims to the contrary вопреки их утверждениям - * all that несмотря на все;
и все же - it is a victory * all that и все же это победа - he says he is innocent, but I am sure he is guilty, * all that он говорит, что он не виновен, но несмотря на его слова, я знаю, что он виноват > * all I care меня это не интересует, мне это совершенно безразлично > you may do what you like * all I care можете делать, что хотите, меня это не касается /мне наплевать/ > I * one... я со своей стороны...;
я, например > I * one never liked him мне, например, он никогда не нравился > * one thing прежде всего, во-первых > * one thing, he talks too much прежде всего, он слишком много говорит > once and * all раз и навсегда > * myself, * my part что касается меня > * myself I shall do nothing of the sort что касается меня, то я ничего подобного не сделаю > * my part I have no objections что касается меня, то у меня нет возражений > * all I know поскольку я не имею противоположных сведений > * all I know he might be dead не исключено, что он уже умер;
жив он или умер - понятия не имею > to do smth. * oneself сделать что-л. самому > I must see it * myself я должен увидеть это собственными глазами > I know it * a fact я знаю это наверняка /совершенно точно/ > * certain, * sure наверняка, без сомнения > oh, *...! о, если бы...! > oh, * a fine day! если бы выпал хороший денек! вводит части сложных предложений или самостоятельные предложения: так как, потому что, ибо - he felt no fear, * he was a brave man он не испытывал страха, так как был храбрым человеком - the windows were open * it was hot было жарко, и окна были открыты for: oh, for a fine day! (как было бы славно,) если бы выпал хороший день! ~ prep в;
на;
for the first time в первый раз;
for (this) once на этот раз ~ prep в направлении;
к;
to start for направиться в ~ prep в течение, в продолжение;
to last for an hour длиться час;
to wait for years ждать годами ~ prep вместо, в обмен;
за (что-л.) ;
I got it for 5 dollars я купил это за пять долларов;
will you please act for me in the matter? прошу вас заняться этим вопросом вместо меня ~ prep для, ради;
передается тж. дательным падежом;
for my sake ради меня;
it is very good for you вам очень полезно;
for children для детей;
for sale для продажи ~ prep за;
we are for peace мы за мир ~ cj ибо;
ввиду того, что ~ prep из-за, за, по причине, вследствие;
for joy от радости;
to dance for joy плясать от радости;
for many reasons по многим причинам;
famous( for smth.) знаменитый (чем-л.) ~ prep на (определенный момент) ;
the lecture was arranged for two o'clock лекция была назначена на 2 часа 1 ~ prep на расстояние;
to run for a mile бежать милю ~ prep от;
передается тж. родительным падежом;
member for Oxford член парламента от Оксфорда ~ prep против, от;
medicine for a cough лекарство от кашля ~ prep ради, за (о цели) ;
just for fun ради шутки;
to send for a doctor послать за врачом ~ prep употр. со сложным дополнением и другими сложными членами предложения: it seems useless for them to take this course им, по-видимому, бесполезно идти по этому пути FOR: FOR: free on rail франко-вагон for: for: funds used ~ капитал, использованный для for: oh, for a fine day! (как было бы славно,) если бы выпал хороший день! ~ all that I wouldn't talk like that и все-таки я бы так не говорил;
as for me, for all I care что касается меня ~ all I know насколько мне известно;
for all that несмотря на все это ~ all I know насколько мне известно;
for all that несмотря на все это ~ all that I wouldn't talk like that и все-таки я бы так не говорил;
as for me, for all I care что касается меня ~ prep для, ради;
передается тж. дательным падежом;
for my sake ради меня;
it is very good for you вам очень полезно;
for children для детей;
for sale для продажи ~ prep из-за, за, по причине, вследствие;
for joy от радости;
to dance for joy плясать от радости;
for many reasons по многим причинам;
famous (for smth.) знаменитый (чем-л.) ~ prep из-за, за, по причине, вследствие;
for joy от радости;
to dance for joy плясать от радости;
for many reasons по многим причинам;
famous (for smth.) знаменитый (чем-л.) ~ prep для, ради;
передается тж. дательным падежом;
for my sake ради меня;
it is very good for you вам очень полезно;
for children для детей;
for sale для продажи ~ prep в;
на;
for the first time в первый раз;
for (this) once на этот раз once: ~ один раз;
for (this) once на этот раз, в виде исключения;
once is enough for me одного раза с меня вполне достаточно ~ prep для, ради;
передается тж. дательным падежом;
for my sake ради меня;
it is very good for you вам очень полезно;
for children для детей;
for sale для продажи sale: for ~ на продажу ~ prep в;
на;
for the first time в первый раз;
for (this) once на этот раз for: funds used ~ капитал, использованный для he is free to do what he likes ~ all I care по мне, пусть поступает, как хочет;
oh,;
..! ах, если бы..! to hope ~ the best надеяться на лучшее;
put my name down for two tickets запишите два билета на мое имя hope: to ~ against ~ надеяться на чудо;
надеяться, не имея на это никаких оснований;
to hope for the best надеяться на лучшее, на благоприятный исход ~ prep вместо, в обмен;
за (что-л.) ;
I got it for 5 dollars я купил это за пять долларов;
will you please act for me in the matter? прошу вас заняться этим вопросом вместо меня I'd have given anything ~ this not to have happened я бы многое теперь отдал за то, чтобы ничего этого не произошло;
this is for you to decide вы должны решить это сами ~ prep для, ради;
передается тж. дательным падежом;
for my sake ради меня;
it is very good for you вам очень полезно;
for children для детей;
for sale для продажи ~ prep употр. со сложным дополнением и другими сложными членами предложения: it seems useless for them to take this course им, по-видимому, бесполезно идти по этому пути it's too beautiful ~ words слов нет - это прекрасно, это выше всяких слов ~ prep ради, за (о цели) ;
just for fun ради шутки;
to send for a doctor послать за врачом ~ prep в течение, в продолжение;
to last for an hour длиться час;
to wait for years ждать годами ~ prep на (определенный момент) ;
the lecture was arranged for two o'clock лекция была назначена на 2 часа 1 make provision ~ обеспечивать make provision ~ предусматривать make provision ~ резервировать деньги make room ~ предоставлять место room: ~ место, пространство;
there is room for one more in the car в машине есть место еще для одного человека;
to make room for потесниться, дать место ~ prep против, от;
medicine for a cough лекарство от кашля ~ prep от;
передается тж. родительным падежом;
member for Oxford член парламента от Оксфорда to hope ~ the best надеяться на лучшее;
put my name down for two tickets запишите два билета на мое имя ~ prep на расстояние;
to run for a mile бежать милю ~ prep ради, за (о цели) ;
just for fun ради шутки;
to send for a doctor послать за врачом send: ~ down понижать (напр., цены) ;
send for посылать за, вызывать;
to send for a doctor послать за врачом;
send forth испускать, издавать ~ prep в направлении;
к;
to start for направиться в I'd have given anything ~ this not to have happened я бы многое теперь отдал за то, чтобы ничего этого не произошло;
this is for you to decide вы должны решить это сами ~ prep в течение, в продолжение;
to last for an hour длиться час;
to wait for years ждать годами ~ prep за;
we are for peace мы за мир ~ prep вместо, в обмен;
за (что-л.) ;
I got it for 5 dollars я купил это за пять долларов;
will you please act for me in the matter? прошу вас заняться этим вопросом вместо меня

Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > for
10 for

1. [fɔ:] n
довод в пользу чего-л.

fors and againsts - доводы за и против
2. [fɔ: (полная форма); fə (редуцированная форма)] prep
1. во временном значении указывает на

1) длительность в течение

for the past three weeks - в течение последних трёх недель

I have not been there for five years - уже пять лет я там не был

for the time being - теперь, пока

2) срок, на который рассчитано действие на

for a year - на год

this plan is for seven years - этот план рассчитан на семь лет

for a long time - надолго

for ever (and ever) - навсегда

3) час, день и т. п., на который что-л. назначено на

the ceremony was arranged for two o'clock - церемония была назначена на два часа

2. в пространственном значении указывает на

1) место назначения в, к

the train for Moscow - поезд (идущий) в Москву

to depart /to leave/ for London - уехать в Лондон

to steer for - держать курс на ( о судне)

the ship was bound for Africa - судно направлялось в Африку

change here for Bristol - здесь пересадка на Бристоль

2) расстояние, протяжённость:

to run for a mile - пробежать милю

the forest stretches for a long way - лес тянется на многие мили

3. указывает на

1) цель, намерение для, за, на, к

what do you want this book for? - для чего вам нужна эта книга?

to fight for independence [freedom] - бороться за независимость [за свободу]

to send for a doctor - послать за врачом

to go out for a walk - выйти на прогулку /погулять/, пойти погулять

he was trained for a flyer - его обучали лётному делу

she is saving for old age - она копит (деньги) на старость

for sale - продаётся ( надпись)

2) объект стремления, надежды, желания, поисков, забот и т. п. к, на; передаётся тж. косв. падежами

to thirst /to hunger/ for knowledge - жадно стремиться к знаниям

to hope for the best - надеяться на лучшее

to be afraid for smb. - бояться за кого-л.

to look for smth. - искать что-л.

3) лицо или предмет, к которому испытывают любовь, склонность, неприязнь и т. п. к

affection /love/ for children - любовь к детям

he has no liking for medicine [music] - у него нет склонности к медицине [к музыке]

4) назначение предмета или лица, его пригодность для чего-л. для

books for children - книги для детей

a tool for drilling holes - инструмент для сверления отверстий

he is just the man for the position - он великолепно подходит для этой работы

5) средство, лекарство против чего-л.:

a cure for toothache - средство против зубной боли

4. указывает на

1) лицо, иногда предмет, в пользу которого или в ущерб которому совершается действие для; передаётся тж. дат. падежом

can I do anything for you? - могу ли я что-нибудь сделать для вас?

he bought some flowers for her - он купил ей цветы

to win a name for oneself - завоевать себе имя

2) лицо или предмет, в поддержку или в защиту которого выступают за

he voted for the representative of his Party - он голосовал за представителя своей партии

a lawyer acts for his client - адвокат ведёт дело /дела/ своего клиента

to argue for smth. - отстаивать что-л.

5. указывает на причину или повод от, за, из-за; по

to condemn for smth. - осуждать за что-л.

to blame for smth. - винить в чём-л.

to thank for smth. - благодарить за что-л.

to reward for bravery - наградить за храбрость

to cry for joy - плакать от радости

I can't see anything for the fog - я ничего не вижу из-за тумана

for fear of... - из боязни, что...; чтобы не...

he walked fast for fear he should be late - он шагал быстро, чтобы не опоздать /опасаясь опоздать/

for want /lack/ of smth. - из-за недостатка чего-л.

for many reasons - по многим причинам

for the reason that... - так как, потому что

you will be (all) the better for a good night's rest - вам не мешает выспаться хорошенько

he is known for his kindness - он известен своей добротой

if it were not for him, I should not be late - если бы не он, я бы не опоздал

6. указывает на

1) замещение, замену вместо, за

we used boxes for chairs - мы пользовались ящиками вместо стульев

what is the English for❝цветок❞? - как по-английски «цветок»?

2) использование в качестве чего-л. как; передаётся тж. твор. падежом

they chose him for their leader - они выбрали его своим руководителем

he wants her for his wife - он хочет жениться на ней

3) лицо или предмет, принимаемые за других за

he took me for my brother - он принял меня за моего брата

they were left on the battlefield for dead - их сочли убитыми и оставили на поле боя

4) представительство в выборной организации от группы лиц, выступление от чьего-л. имени от, за

to sit [to run, to stand] for Glasgow - быть представителем [баллотироваться] от Глазго

for and on behalf of - за и от имени ( в подписях под документами)

5) место работы нанимателя и т. п.

to work for an old firm - работать /служить/ в старой фирме

she worked for Mr. N. as a secretary - она работала секретарём у г-на N.

7. указывает на

1) цену за

to pay a dollar for a book - заплатить доллар за книгу

2) предмет обмена на, за

to exchange one thing for another - обменять одну вещь на другую

3) размер суммы на

a bill [a check] for 50 dollars - счёт [чек] на 50 долларов

put my name down for £l - подпишите меня на 1 фунт, я жертвую 1 фунт

4) вознаграждение за

to be paid for one's service - получать плату за работу

8. указывает на соотношение или противопоставление на

for one enemy he has a hundred friends - на одного врага у него сто друзей

9. указывает на наличие особых условий для

it is warm for May - для мая сейчас тепло

she reads well for her age - она хорошо читает для своего возраста

10. что касается, в отношении

for the rest - что касается остального

11. употр. в конструкции for + сущ. /местоим./ + инфинитив, которая передаётся придаточным предложением, а также дат. падежом существительного или местоимения и инфинитивом:

they waited for the moon to appear - они ждали, когда появится луна

he stepped aside for me to pass - он посторонился, чтобы дать мне дорогу

is English difficult for you to learn? - трудно ли вам даётся английский язык?

it is not for you to blame him - не вам осуждать его

12. шотл., амер. в честь (кого-л.)

he was named for his grandfather - он был назван в честь деда

the banquet was given for him - банкет был дан в его честь

13. в сочетаниях:

as for см. as II 3

but for см. but V 4

for all - несмотря на; что бы ни

she is stupid for all her learning - она глупа, несмотря на всю её учёность

for all you say I shall stick to my opinion - что бы вы ни говорили, я останусь при своём мнении

for all their claims to the contrary - вопреки их утверждениям

for all that - несмотря на всё; и всё же

it is a victory for all that - и всё же это победа

he says he is innocent, but I am sure he is guilty, for all that - он говорит, что он невиновен, но несмотря на его слова, я знаю, что он виноват

♢ for all I care - меня это не интересует, мне это совершенно безразлично

you may do what you like for all I care - можете делать, что хотите, меня это не касается /мне наплевать/

I for one... - я со своей стороны...; я, например

I for one never liked him - мне, например, он никогда не нравился

for one thing - прежде всего, во-первых

for one thing, he talks too much - прежде всего, он слишком много говорит

once and for all - раз и навсегда

for myself, for my part - что касается меня

for myself I shall do nothing of the sort - что касается меня, то я ничего подобного не сделаю

for my part I have no objections - что касается меня, то у меня нет возражений

for all I know - поскольку я не имею противоположных сведений

for all I know he might be dead - не исключено, что он уже умер; жив он или умер - понятия не имею

to do smth. for oneself - сделать что-л. самому

I must see it for myself - я должен увидеть это собственными глазами

I know it for a fact - я знаю это наверняка /совершенно точно/

for certain, for sure - наверняка, без сомнения

oh, for...! - о, если бы...!

oh, for a fine day! - если бы выпал хороший денёк!
3. [fɔ: (полная форма); fə (редуцированная форма)]cj
вводит части сложных предложений или самостоятельные предложения так как, потому что, ибо

he felt no fear, for he was a brave man - он не испытывал страха, так как был храбрым человеком

the windows were open for it was hot - было жарко, и окна были открыты

НБАРС > for
11 for

1. [fɔ:] n
довод в пользу чего-л.

fors and againsts - доводы за и против
2. [fɔ: (полная форма); fə (редуцированная форма)] prep
1. во временном значении указывает на

1) длительность в течение

for the past three weeks - в течение последних трёх недель

I have not been there for five years - уже пять лет я там не был

for the time being - теперь, пока

2) срок, на который рассчитано действие на

for a year - на год

this plan is for seven years - этот план рассчитан на семь лет

for a long time - надолго

for ever (and ever) - навсегда

3) час, день и т. п., на который что-л. назначено на

the ceremony was arranged for two o'clock - церемония была назначена на два часа

2. в пространственном значении указывает на

1) место назначения в, к

the train for Moscow - поезд (идущий) в Москву

to depart /to leave/ for London - уехать в Лондон

to steer for - держать курс на ( о судне)

the ship was bound for Africa - судно направлялось в Африку

change here for Bristol - здесь пересадка на Бристоль

2) расстояние, протяжённость:

to run for a mile - пробежать милю

the forest stretches for a long way - лес тянется на многие мили

3. указывает на

1) цель, намерение для, за, на, к

what do you want this book for? - для чего вам нужна эта книга?

to fight for independence [freedom] - бороться за независимость [за свободу]

to send for a doctor - послать за врачом

to go out for a walk - выйти на прогулку /погулять/, пойти погулять

he was trained for a flyer - его обучали лётному делу

she is saving for old age - она копит (деньги) на старость

for sale - продаётся ( надпись)

2) объект стремления, надежды, желания, поисков, забот и т. п. к, на; передаётся тж. косв. падежами

to thirst /to hunger/ for knowledge - жадно стремиться к знаниям

to hope for the best - надеяться на лучшее

to be afraid for smb. - бояться за кого-л.

to look for smth. - искать что-л.

3) лицо или предмет, к которому испытывают любовь, склонность, неприязнь и т. п. к

affection /love/ for children - любовь к детям

he has no liking for medicine [music] - у него нет склонности к медицине [к музыке]

4) назначение предмета или лица, его пригодность для чего-л. для

books for children - книги для детей

a tool for drilling holes - инструмент для сверления отверстий

he is just the man for the position - он великолепно подходит для этой работы

5) средство, лекарство против чего-л.:

a cure for toothache - средство против зубной боли

4. указывает на

1) лицо, иногда предмет, в пользу которого или в ущерб которому совершается действие для; передаётся тж. дат. падежом

can I do anything for you? - могу ли я что-нибудь сделать для вас?

he bought some flowers for her - он купил ей цветы

to win a name for oneself - завоевать себе имя

2) лицо или предмет, в поддержку или в защиту которого выступают за

he voted for the representative of his Party - он голосовал за представителя своей партии

a lawyer acts for his client - адвокат ведёт дело /дела/ своего клиента

to argue for smth. - отстаивать что-л.

5. указывает на причину или повод от, за, из-за; по

to condemn for smth. - осуждать за что-л.

to blame for smth. - винить в чём-л.

to thank for smth. - благодарить за что-л.

to reward for bravery - наградить за храбрость

to cry for joy - плакать от радости

I can't see anything for the fog - я ничего не вижу из-за тумана

for fear of... - из боязни, что...; чтобы не...

he walked fast for fear he should be late - он шагал быстро, чтобы не опоздать /опасаясь опоздать/

for want /lack/ of smth. - из-за недостатка чего-л.

for many reasons - по многим причинам

for the reason that... - так как, потому что

you will be (all) the better for a good night's rest - вам не мешает выспаться хорошенько

he is known for his kindness - он известен своей добротой

if it were not for him, I should not be late - если бы не он, я бы не опоздал

6. указывает на

1) замещение, замену вместо, за

we used boxes for chairs - мы пользовались ящиками вместо стульев

what is the English for❝цветок❞? - как по-английски «цветок»?

2) использование в качестве чего-л. как; передаётся тж. твор. падежом

they chose him for their leader - они выбрали его своим руководителем

he wants her for his wife - он хочет жениться на ней

3) лицо или предмет, принимаемые за других за

he took me for my brother - он принял меня за моего брата

they were left on the battlefield for dead - их сочли убитыми и оставили на поле боя

4) представительство в выборной организации от группы лиц, выступление от чьего-л. имени от, за

to sit [to run, to stand] for Glasgow - быть представителем [баллотироваться] от Глазго

for and on behalf of - за и от имени ( в подписях под документами)

5) место работы нанимателя и т. п.

to work for an old firm - работать /служить/ в старой фирме

she worked for Mr. N. as a secretary - она работала секретарём у г-на N.

7. указывает на

1) цену за

to pay a dollar for a book - заплатить доллар за книгу

2) предмет обмена на, за

to exchange one thing for another - обменять одну вещь на другую

3) размер суммы на

a bill [a check] for 50 dollars - счёт [чек] на 50 долларов

put my name down for £l - подпишите меня на 1 фунт, я жертвую 1 фунт

4) вознаграждение за

to be paid for one's service - получать плату за работу

8. указывает на соотношение или противопоставление на

for one enemy he has a hundred friends - на одного врага у него сто друзей

9. указывает на наличие особых условий для

it is warm for May - для мая сейчас тепло

she reads well for her age - она хорошо читает для своего возраста

10. что касается, в отношении

for the rest - что касается остального

11. употр. в конструкции for + сущ. /местоим./ + инфинитив, которая передаётся придаточным предложением, а также дат. падежом существительного или местоимения и инфинитивом:

they waited for the moon to appear - они ждали, когда появится луна

he stepped aside for me to pass - он посторонился, чтобы дать мне дорогу

is English difficult for you to learn? - трудно ли вам даётся английский язык?

it is not for you to blame him - не вам осуждать его

12. шотл., амер. в честь (кого-л.)

he was named for his grandfather - он был назван в честь деда

the banquet was given for him - банкет был дан в его честь

13. в сочетаниях:

as for см. as II 3

but for см. but V 4

for all - несмотря на; что бы ни

she is stupid for all her learning - она глупа, несмотря на всю её учёность

for all you say I shall stick to my opinion - что бы вы ни говорили, я останусь при своём мнении

for all their claims to the contrary - вопреки их утверждениям

for all that - несмотря на всё; и всё же

it is a victory for all that - и всё же это победа

he says he is innocent, but I am sure he is guilty, for all that - он говорит, что он невиновен, но несмотря на его слова, я знаю, что он виноват

♢ for all I care - меня это не интересует, мне это совершенно безразлично

you may do what you like for all I care - можете делать, что хотите, меня это не касается /мне наплевать/

I for one... - я со своей стороны...; я, например

I for one never liked him - мне, например, он никогда не нравился

for one thing - прежде всего, во-первых

for one thing, he talks too much - прежде всего, он слишком много говорит

once and for all - раз и навсегда

for myself, for my part - что касается меня

for myself I shall do nothing of the sort - что касается меня, то я ничего подобного не сделаю

for my part I have no objections - что касается меня, то у меня нет возражений

for all I know - поскольку я не имею противоположных сведений

for all I know he might be dead - не исключено, что он уже умер; жив он или умер - понятия не имею

to do smth. for oneself - сделать что-л. самому

I must see it for myself - я должен увидеть это собственными глазами

I know it for a fact - я знаю это наверняка /совершенно точно/

for certain, for sure - наверняка, без сомнения

oh, for...! - о, если бы...!

oh, for a fine day! - если бы выпал хороший денёк!
3. [fɔ: (полная форма); fə (редуцированная форма)]cj
вводит части сложных предложений или самостоятельные предложения так как, потому что, ибо

he felt no fear, for he was a brave man - он не испытывал страха, так как был храбрым человеком

the windows were open for it was hot - было жарко, и окна были открыты

НБАРС > for
12 Gropius, Walter Adolf

SUBJECT AREA: Architecture and building

[br]

b. 18 May 1883 Berlin, Germany

d. 5 July 1969 Boston, USA

[br]

German co-founder of the modern movement of architecture.

[br]

A year after he began practice as an architect, Gropius was responsible for the pace-setting Fagus shoe-last factory at Alfeld-an-der-Leine in Germany, one of the few of his buildings to survive the Second World War. Today the building does not appear unusual, but in 1911 it was a revolutionary prototype, heralding the glass curtain walled method of non-load-bearing cladding that later became ubiquitous. Made from glass, steel and reinforced concrete, this factory initiated a new concept, that of the International school of modern architecture.

In 1919 Gropius was appointed to head the new School of Art and Design at Weimar, the Staatliches Bauhaus. The school had been formed by an amalgamation of the Grand Ducal schools of fine and applied arts founded in 1906. Here Gropius put into practice his strongly held views and he was so successful that this small college, which trained only a few hundred students in the limited years of its existence, became world famous, attracting artists, architects and students of quality from all over Europe.

Gropius's idea was to set up an institution where students of all the arts and crafts could work together and learn from one another. He abhorred the artificial barriers that had come to exist between artists and craftsmen and saw them all as interdependent. He felt that manual dexterity was as essential as creative design. Every Bauhaus student, whatever the individual's field of work or talent, took the same original workshop training. When qualified they were able to understand and supervise all the aesthetic and constructional processes that made up the scope of their work.

In 1924, because of political changes, the Weimar Bauhaus was closed, but Gropius was invited to go to Dessau to re-establish it in a new purpose-built school which he designed. This group of buildings became a prototype that designers of the new architectural form emulated. Gropius left the Bauhaus in 1928, only a few years before it was finally closed due to the growth of National Socialism. He moved to England in 1934, but because of a lack of architectural opportunities and encouragement he continued on his way to the USA, where he headed the Department of Architecture at Harvard University's Graduate School of Design from 1937 to 1952. After his retirement from there Gropius formed the Architect's Collaborative and, working with other architects such as Marcel Breuer and Pietro Belluschi, designed a number of buildings (for example, the US Embassy in Athens (1960) and the Pan Am Building in New York (1963)).

[br]

Bibliography

1984, Scope of Total Architecture, Allen \& Unwin.

Further Reading

N.Pevsner, 1936, Pioneers of the Modern Movement: From William Morris to Walter Gropius, Penguin.

C.Jenck, 1973, Modern Movements in Architecture, Penguin.

H.Probst and C.Shädlich, 1988, Walter Gropius, Berlin: Ernst \& Son.

DY

Biographical history of technology > Gropius, Walter Adolf
13 shew

/ʃou/ * danh từ - sự bày tỏ =to vote by show of hands+ biểu quyết bằng giơ tay - sự trưng bày; cuộc triển lãm - sự phô trương, sự khoe khoang =a fine show of blossom+ cảnh muôn hoa khoe sắc - (thông tục) cuộc biểu diễn =a film show+ một buổi chiếu phim - bề ngoài, hình thức, sự giả đò, sự giả bộ =to do something for show+ làm việc gì để lấy hình thức =to be fond of show+ chuộng hình thức =his sympathy is mere show+ vẻ thiện cảm của anh ta chỉ là giả đồ - (từ lóng) cơ hội, dịp =to have no show at all+ không gặp dịp - (y học) nước đầu ối - (từ lóng) việc, công việc kinh doanh, việc làm ăn =to run (boss) the show+ điều khiển mọi việc - (quân sự), (từ lóng) trận đánh, chiến dịch !to give away the show x give good show! - khá lắm!, hay lắm! * ngoại động từ showed; showed, shown - cho xem, cho thấy, trưng bày, đưa cho xem; tỏ ra =an aperture shows the inside+ một khe hở cho ta thấy phía bên trong =to show trained tress+ trưng bày cây cảnh =to show neither joy nor anger+ không tỏ ra vui mà cũng không tỏ ra giận =to favour to somebody+ tỏ sự chiếu cố đối với ai - tỏ ra, tỏ rõ =to show intelligence+ tỏ ra thông minh =to show the authenticity of the tale+ tỏ rõ câu chuyện là có thật - chỉ, bảo, dạy =to show someone the way+ chỉ đường cho ai =to show someone how to read+ dạy ai đọc - dẫn, dắt =to show someone round the house+ dẫn ai đi quanh nhà =to show someone to his room+ dẫn ai về phòng * nội động từ - hiện ra, xuất hiện, trông rõ, ra trước công chúng, (thông tục) ló mặt, lòi ra =buds are just showing+ nụ hoa đang nhú ra =he never shows [up] at big meetings+ hắn không bao giờ ló mặt ra ở các cuộc họp lớn =your shirt's tails are showing+ đuôi áo sơ mi anh lòi ra !to show in - đưa vào, dẫn vào !to whow off - khoe khoang, phô trương (của cải, tài năng) !to show out - đưa ra, dẫn ra !to show up - để lộ ra, lộ mặt nạ (ai) - (thông tục) xuất hiện, ló mặt ra, xuất đầu lộ diện; có mặt - (từ Mỹ,nghĩa Mỹ), (thông tục) vượt xa, hơn nhiều !to show a clean pair of heels - (xem) heel !to show the cloven hoof - (xem) hoof !to show one's colours - để lộ bản chất của mình; để lộ đảng phái của mình !to show fight - (xem) fight !to show one's hands - để lộ ý đồ của mình !to show a leg - (xem) leg !to show the white feather - (xem) feather

English-Vietnamese dictionary > shew
14 shewn

/ʃou/ * danh từ - sự bày tỏ =to vote by show of hands+ biểu quyết bằng giơ tay - sự trưng bày; cuộc triển lãm - sự phô trương, sự khoe khoang =a fine show of blossom+ cảnh muôn hoa khoe sắc - (thông tục) cuộc biểu diễn =a film show+ một buổi chiếu phim - bề ngoài, hình thức, sự giả đò, sự giả bộ =to do something for show+ làm việc gì để lấy hình thức =to be fond of show+ chuộng hình thức =his sympathy is mere show+ vẻ thiện cảm của anh ta chỉ là giả đồ - (từ lóng) cơ hội, dịp =to have no show at all+ không gặp dịp - (y học) nước đầu ối - (từ lóng) việc, công việc kinh doanh, việc làm ăn =to run (boss) the show+ điều khiển mọi việc - (quân sự), (từ lóng) trận đánh, chiến dịch !to give away the show x give good show! - khá lắm!, hay lắm! * ngoại động từ showed; showed, shown - cho xem, cho thấy, trưng bày, đưa cho xem; tỏ ra =an aperture shows the inside+ một khe hở cho ta thấy phía bên trong =to show trained tress+ trưng bày cây cảnh =to show neither joy nor anger+ không tỏ ra vui mà cũng không tỏ ra giận =to favour to somebody+ tỏ sự chiếu cố đối với ai - tỏ ra, tỏ rõ =to show intelligence+ tỏ ra thông minh =to show the authenticity of the tale+ tỏ rõ câu chuyện là có thật - chỉ, bảo, dạy =to show someone the way+ chỉ đường cho ai =to show someone how to read+ dạy ai đọc - dẫn, dắt =to show someone round the house+ dẫn ai đi quanh nhà =to show someone to his room+ dẫn ai về phòng * nội động từ - hiện ra, xuất hiện, trông rõ, ra trước công chúng, (thông tục) ló mặt, lòi ra =buds are just showing+ nụ hoa đang nhú ra =he never shows [up] at big meetings+ hắn không bao giờ ló mặt ra ở các cuộc họp lớn =your shirt's tails are showing+ đuôi áo sơ mi anh lòi ra !to show in - đưa vào, dẫn vào !to whow off - khoe khoang, phô trương (của cải, tài năng) !to show out - đưa ra, dẫn ra !to show up - để lộ ra, lộ mặt nạ (ai) - (thông tục) xuất hiện, ló mặt ra, xuất đầu lộ diện; có mặt - (từ Mỹ,nghĩa Mỹ), (thông tục) vượt xa, hơn nhiều !to show a clean pair of heels - (xem) heel !to show the cloven hoof - (xem) hoof !to show one's colours - để lộ bản chất của mình; để lộ đảng phái của mình !to show fight - (xem) fight !to show one's hands - để lộ ý đồ của mình !to show a leg - (xem) leg !to show the white feather - (xem) feather

English-Vietnamese dictionary > shewn
15 show

/ʃou/ * danh từ - sự bày tỏ =to vote by show of hands+ biểu quyết bằng giơ tay - sự trưng bày; cuộc triển lãm - sự phô trương, sự khoe khoang =a fine show of blossom+ cảnh muôn hoa khoe sắc - (thông tục) cuộc biểu diễn =a film show+ một buổi chiếu phim - bề ngoài, hình thức, sự giả đò, sự giả bộ =to do something for show+ làm việc gì để lấy hình thức =to be fond of show+ chuộng hình thức =his sympathy is mere show+ vẻ thiện cảm của anh ta chỉ là giả đồ - (từ lóng) cơ hội, dịp =to have no show at all+ không gặp dịp - (y học) nước đầu ối - (từ lóng) việc, công việc kinh doanh, việc làm ăn =to run (boss) the show+ điều khiển mọi việc - (quân sự), (từ lóng) trận đánh, chiến dịch !to give away the show x give good show! - khá lắm!, hay lắm! * ngoại động từ showed; showed, shown - cho xem, cho thấy, trưng bày, đưa cho xem; tỏ ra =an aperture shows the inside+ một khe hở cho ta thấy phía bên trong =to show trained tress+ trưng bày cây cảnh =to show neither joy nor anger+ không tỏ ra vui mà cũng không tỏ ra giận =to favour to somebody+ tỏ sự chiếu cố đối với ai - tỏ ra, tỏ rõ =to show intelligence+ tỏ ra thông minh =to show the authenticity of the tale+ tỏ rõ câu chuyện là có thật - chỉ, bảo, dạy =to show someone the way+ chỉ đường cho ai =to show someone how to read+ dạy ai đọc - dẫn, dắt =to show someone round the house+ dẫn ai đi quanh nhà =to show someone to his room+ dẫn ai về phòng * nội động từ - hiện ra, xuất hiện, trông rõ, ra trước công chúng, (thông tục) ló mặt, lòi ra =buds are just showing+ nụ hoa đang nhú ra =he never shows [up] at big meetings+ hắn không bao giờ ló mặt ra ở các cuộc họp lớn =your shirt's tails are showing+ đuôi áo sơ mi anh lòi ra !to show in - đưa vào, dẫn vào !to whow off - khoe khoang, phô trương (của cải, tài năng) !to show out - đưa ra, dẫn ra !to show up - để lộ ra, lộ mặt nạ (ai) - (thông tục) xuất hiện, ló mặt ra, xuất đầu lộ diện; có mặt - (từ Mỹ,nghĩa Mỹ), (thông tục) vượt xa, hơn nhiều !to show a clean pair of heels - (xem) heel !to show the cloven hoof - (xem) hoof !to show one's colours - để lộ bản chất của mình; để lộ đảng phái của mình !to show fight - (xem) fight !to show one's hands - để lộ ý đồ của mình !to show a leg - (xem) leg !to show the white feather - (xem) feather

English-Vietnamese dictionary > show
16 shown

/ʃou/ * danh từ - sự bày tỏ =to vote by show of hands+ biểu quyết bằng giơ tay - sự trưng bày; cuộc triển lãm - sự phô trương, sự khoe khoang =a fine show of blossom+ cảnh muôn hoa khoe sắc - (thông tục) cuộc biểu diễn =a film show+ một buổi chiếu phim - bề ngoài, hình thức, sự giả đò, sự giả bộ =to do something for show+ làm việc gì để lấy hình thức =to be fond of show+ chuộng hình thức =his sympathy is mere show+ vẻ thiện cảm của anh ta chỉ là giả đồ - (từ lóng) cơ hội, dịp =to have no show at all+ không gặp dịp - (y học) nước đầu ối - (từ lóng) việc, công việc kinh doanh, việc làm ăn =to run (boss) the show+ điều khiển mọi việc - (quân sự), (từ lóng) trận đánh, chiến dịch !to give away the show x give good show! - khá lắm!, hay lắm! * ngoại động từ showed; showed, shown - cho xem, cho thấy, trưng bày, đưa cho xem; tỏ ra =an aperture shows the inside+ một khe hở cho ta thấy phía bên trong =to show trained tress+ trưng bày cây cảnh =to show neither joy nor anger+ không tỏ ra vui mà cũng không tỏ ra giận =to favour to somebody+ tỏ sự chiếu cố đối với ai - tỏ ra, tỏ rõ =to show intelligence+ tỏ ra thông minh =to show the authenticity of the tale+ tỏ rõ câu chuyện là có thật - chỉ, bảo, dạy =to show someone the way+ chỉ đường cho ai =to show someone how to read+ dạy ai đọc - dẫn, dắt =to show someone round the house+ dẫn ai đi quanh nhà =to show someone to his room+ dẫn ai về phòng * nội động từ - hiện ra, xuất hiện, trông rõ, ra trước công chúng, (thông tục) ló mặt, lòi ra =buds are just showing+ nụ hoa đang nhú ra =he never shows [up] at big meetings+ hắn không bao giờ ló mặt ra ở các cuộc họp lớn =your shirt's tails are showing+ đuôi áo sơ mi anh lòi ra !to show in - đưa vào, dẫn vào !to whow off - khoe khoang, phô trương (của cải, tài năng) !to show out - đưa ra, dẫn ra !to show up - để lộ ra, lộ mặt nạ (ai) - (thông tục) xuất hiện, ló mặt ra, xuất đầu lộ diện; có mặt - (từ Mỹ,nghĩa Mỹ), (thông tục) vượt xa, hơn nhiều !to show a clean pair of heels - (xem) heel !to show the cloven hoof - (xem) hoof !to show one's colours - để lộ bản chất của mình; để lộ đảng phái của mình !to show fight - (xem) fight !to show one's hands - để lộ ý đồ của mình !to show a leg - (xem) leg !to show the white feather - (xem) feather

English-Vietnamese dictionary > shown
17 глаз

муж. eye;
сл. blinker, daylight, glimmer, keeker, light, peeper перед глазами ≈ right in front of бросающийся в глаза ≈ flaring бросаться в глаза, бить в глаза ≈ to be striking, to strike/catch one's eye, to arrest one's attention;
to be evident портить себе глаза ≈ to spoil one's eyes;
to ruin one's eyesight выплакать все глаза ≈ to cry one's eyes out вертеться перед глазами ≈ to pester smb. with one's presence, to keep hanging around smb. радовать глаз ≈ to please/delight one's eyes резать глаза ≈ to hurt/offend the eyes скрыться из глаз ≈ to disappear from sight/view, to pass out of sight/view выкатывать глаза, таращить глаза, пялить глаза ≈разг. to stare, to open one's eyes wide заводить глаза, закатывать глаза ≈ to roll up/back one's eyes отводить глаза ≈ to throw dust in smb.'s eyes прятать глаза ≈ to hide one's eyes, to avoid smb.'s eyes впиваться глазами ≈ разг. to stare hard at smb., to fix one's eyes on smb. есть глазами, поедать глазами, пожирать глазами ≈ разг. to devour smb. with one's eyes, to eye smb. greedily мерить глазами ≈ to look smb. up and down, to look smb. over пробегать глазами ≈ to run one's eyes over smth., to skim smth., to scan smth. провожать глазами ≈ to follow smb. with one's eyes смотреть чьими-то глазами на что-л. ≈ to look at smth. through the eyes of smb., to see smth. smb.'s way смотреть иными/другими глазами на что-л. ≈ to see smth. in a different light стоять перед глазами, стоять в глазах у кого-л. ≈ to be always on smb.'s mind у него глаз наметан ≈ he has a trained eye, he has a good eye for smth./smb. с открытыми глазами ≈ with one's eyes open с закрытыми глазами ≈ with one's eyes closed, blindly с завязанными глазами ≈ blindfold темно, хоть глаз выколи разг. ≈ it is pitch-dark не в бровь, а в глаз разг. ≈ to hit the mark;
to strike home с глаз долой - из сердца вон! ≈ out of sight, out of mind бычий глаз, воловий глаз ≈ ox-eye попадаться на глаза ≈ to catch smb.'s eye, to catch sight of smb. водить глазами ≈ (по) to cast one's eye (over) вращать глазами ≈ to roll one's eyes завязывать глаза ≈ (кому-л.) to blindfold строить глаза ≈ to make eyes выпуклые глаза, глаза навыкате ≈ prominent/bulging eyes живые глаза ≈ bright/sparkling eyes дурной глаз, черный глаз ≈ evil eye безжизненные глаза ≈ lacklustre eyes ради прекрасных глаз ≈ as a favour, just to please smb. сказать прямо в глаза кому-л. ≈ to say straight to smb.'s face смеяться кому-л. в глаза ≈ to laugh in smb.s face идти куда глаза глядят ≈ to wander aimlessly;
to follow one's nose невооруженным/простым глазом ≈ with the naked eye У нее глаза на мокром месте. ≈ She is always on the verge of tears. У него глаза разбегаются. ≈ He doesn't know where to look (first). глаза сломаешь ≈ you could go blind/crazy у семи нянек дитя без глазу посл. ≈ too many cooks spoil the broth не спускать глаз с кого-л., не отрывать глаз ≈ not let smb. out of one's sight;
not take one's eyes off smb., to keep one's eyes glued on smb. закрывать глаза на что-л. ≈ to connive at smth., to overlook smth.;
to shut one's eyes to smth. положить глаз на кого-л./что-л. ≈ to take notice/note of smb./smth. на глаз с глазу на глаз с пьяных глаз в глазах кого-л. для отвода глаз за глаза смотреть во все глаза не моргнув глазом на глазах

м.
1. eye;
(взгляд, взор) glance, look;
голубые ~а blue eyes;
отвести ~а look away;
поднять ~а look up, raise/lift one`s eyes;
окинуть что-л. ~ами look smth. over;
смотреть во все ~а be* all eyes;
у него ~а на лоб лезут his eyes are popping out of his head;

2. (зрение) sight;
плохие (хорошие) ~а poor (excelent) eyesight;
портить себе ~а spoil* one`s eyes, ruin one`s eyesight;

3. тк. ед. (особая способность видения) eye;
перен. разг. (присмотр) watching;
острый ~ keen/sharp eye;
дурной ~ evil eye;
верный ~ good eye;
за ним нужен ~ да ~ you can`t take your eyes off him for a moment;
в моих ~ах to my eye, in my opinion;
за ~а
1) (в отсутствие) in smb.`s absence;
without having seen smb. ;
without smb.`s knowledge;

2) (за спиной) behind smb.`s back;

3) (в избытке) amply, quite enough;
за ~а достаточно enough and to spare;
на ~ by eye;
на ~ах у кого-л. in front of smb., under smb.`s very eyes;
он вырос у нас на ~ах we watched him grow up;
не смыкая глаз without getting a wink of sleep;
для отвода глаз as a blind;
ради прекрасных глаз for love, for smb.`s (sweet) sake;
с ~у на ~ in private, alone, tete-а-tete;
беседа с ~у на ~ confidential/private talk;
идти куда ~а глядят wander aimlessly;
закрывать ~а на что-л. connive at smth., overlook smth., shut one`s eyes to smth. ;
попадать не в бровь а в ~ hit* the (right) nail on the head, hit the mock;
ни в одном ~у разг. not at all drunk;
с пьяных глаз in a drunken condition, drunk;
смеяться в ~а кому-л. laugh in smb.`s face;
смотреть во все ~а на кого-л., что-л. gaze intently at smb., smth. ;
смотреть правде в ~а face the truth;
face it разг. ;
хозяйским ~ом with a thrifty eye;
смотреть большими ~ами на кого-л., что-л. stare wide-eyed at smb., smth. ;
сделать большие ~а ~ raise one`s eyebrows;
с глаз долой - из сердца вон посл. out of sight, out of mind;
вон, долой с глаз моих! get out of my sight!;
у страха ~а велики fear has a hundred eyes, fear takes molehills for mountains.

Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > глаз

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we+trained+all+the+way

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we+trained+all+the+way

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