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41 sd

1) Компьютерная техника: Saving The Data, Scattered Disk, Scsi Device, Scsi Disk, Semi Discrete, Single Data, Sorted Directory, Spool Directory, Submitted Data

2) Биология: Doctor of Science, segregation distorter

3) Медицина: исследуемый препарат (study drug), Sclerosis Disseminata (Рассеянный Склероз, лат., иногда употребляется как аббревиатура, заменяющая РС, MS), Stable Disease (стабилизация заболевания, употребляется в онкологии как вариант ответа на лечение), standard deviation (стандартное отклонение), source documents (первичная документация -- термин используется в клинических исследованиях, это документация, имеющая отношение к пациенту-участнику клинического исследования), первичная документация (source documents)

4) Американизм: Submittal Description

5) Спорт: Sun Dome

6) Военный термин: Secretary of Defense, Security Division, Senior Director, Solicitation Document, Space Director, Standard Displacement, Standby Distribution, Strategic Command Directive, Submarine Dutch, Synchronization Directorate, Systems Directorate, safety destructor, salvage depot, sample data, search depth, secret document, self-destroying, self-destruct, separation date, service depot, service document, service dress, severe damage, shell-destroying, short delay, short delivery, short duration, site defence, situation display, skin dose, space division, special delivery, special designation, special document, special duty, specification for design, staff duties, staff duty, standard dress, standardization data, standardization directory, storage depot, stores depot, straight duty, study director, supply depot, support detachment, support directive, support document, surveillance drone, survival dose, system demonstration, system description, systems development

7) Техника: Schottky diode, Super Duraluminum, sample delay, scram discharge, selenium diode, semi-diameter, service delay, shutdown, signal-to-distortion, slow-down relay, source-drain, spectral distribution, standard drawing, standards development, station directive, stores department, submarine detector, supply duct, system deployment

8) Сельское хозяйство: swine dysentery

9) Математика: среднеквадратическое отклонение (standard deviation)

10) Метеорология: A Specific Duty, Single Droplet

11) Юридический термин: Self Defense

12) Статистика: Second Difference

13) Биржевой термин: Supplementary Deposit

14) Грубое выражение: Shit Drawing, Stupid Dick, Super Dumb

15) География: Южная Дакота (штат США)

16) Металлургия: Splitter Damper, soft-drawn

17) Политика: Sardinia (Sardegna)

18) Телекоммуникации: Starting Delimiter (LAN), Standard Definition

19) Сокращение: Saco Defense Inc. (USA), Security Domains, Self Destruct, Service Dress (UK), Sindhi, Social Democrat, South Dakota (US state), South Dakota, Space Division (USAF), Spatial Disorientation, Special Duties, State Department, Stepfamily Day, Sudan, shower drain, standard deviation, Standardization Document, Start Delimiter

20) Физиология: Shoulder Disarticulation, Sterile dressing, Subdural

21) Фото: портативная флеш-карта памяти, использующаяся в цифровых фотоаппаратах, мобильных телефонах и т. д. (Secure Digital Memory Card)

22) Электроника: San Disk, Sound Dampened, Square-law Detector, Static Dissipation, Synchronous Detector, Synchronous Dynamic

23) Вычислительная техника: super density, Structured Design (CASE), Starting Delimiter (FDDI, Token Ring), Secure Digital (card), Super Density (disk, CD, Toshiba, Time Warner), Self-Describing (file, HP), single density, одинарная плотность

24) Нефть: sand, shirttail damage, shut down, strata dip, демонстрационные испытания системы (system demonstration), документ по стандартизации (standardization document)

25) Картография: side of drain

26) Банковское дело: вексель на предъявителя (sight draft)

27) Транспорт: Sport Deck, Super Drive

28) Пищевая промышленность: Senior Dinner, Specially Denatured

29) Фирменный знак: Sterling Diamond

30) Деловая лексика: Shady Deal, Software Development

31) Бурение: sandstone

32) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: Sustainable Development, Государственная Дума (State Duma), (MF) Sustainable Development (Shell; Management Framework)

33) Образование: Sales And Distribution, School District, Source To Destination

34) Инвестиции: sight draft

35) Сетевые технологии: Same Domain, Session Directory, посылка данных

36) Полимеры: solid-drawn, stream day

37) Программирование: Selective Default

38) Сахалин Р: State Duma

39) Макаров: spectral density

40) Безопасность: Secure Data, Secure Digital, Self Delete

41) Расширение файла: Send Data, Sound (Entropic Sound Data format)

42) Нефть и газ: smoke detector

43) Антарктика: Стандартное отклонение

44) Фантастика Star Delta

45) Имена и фамилии: Steve Dagley

46) Бокс: спорное решение (судей) (Split decision)

47) Должность: Senior Deacon, Somewhat Dependable, Sound Designer, Space Detective

48) Чат: Super Duper

49) Правительство: San Diego, California

50) НАСА: Small Dual In-line Package, Structured Design

51) Федеральное бюро расследований: San Diego Field Office

52) AMEX. Sketch Dimension

53) Комиксы: super-deforme

Универсальный англо-русский словарь > sd
42 law

n

закон, право; законодательство, правовая норма

to abide by the law — соблюдать закон

to abolish / to abrogate a law — отменять закон

to abuse the law — нарушать закон

to acquire force of the law — приобретать силу закона

to act outside the law — поступать незаконно

to act within the law — действовать в рамках закона

to adhere strictly to the law — строго придерживаться закона

to administer law — отправлять / осуществлять правосудие

to adopt a law — принимать / утверждать закон

to alter / to amend a law — вносить поправки в закон

to annul a law — отменять закон

to apply a law — применять закон

to apply the law to the present case — применять закон к данному делу

to be above the law — быть неподсудным / выше закона / над законом

to be against the law — противоречить закону

to be at law with smb — судиться с кем-л.

to be equal before the law — быть равным перед законом

to be exempt from the law — быть неподсудным / неподвластным закону

to be in accordance with the law — отвечать нормам права

to be recognized in international law — получать международно-правовое признание

to be under martial law — быть на военном положении

to become law — становиться законом

to break a law — нарушать / преступать закон

to bring the force of the law against smb — использовать силу закона против кого-л.

to cancel the martial law — отменять военное положение

to comply with law — соблюдать закон

to contradict existing laws — противоречить существующим законам

to contravene a law — нарушать закон; противоречить закону

to decide one's own laws — определять свое собственное законодательство

to declare martial law — вводить военное положение

to defy law — не подчиняться закону, игнорировать закон

to deny the laws of social development — отрицать закономерности общественного развития

to destabilize law and order — дестабилизировать правопорядок

to displace the law — изменять закон

to draw up a law — разрабатывать закон / законопроект

to drop a law — отменять закон

to enact a law — принимать закон

to enact legislation into law — принимать законопроект, придавать законопроекту силу закона

to enforce law — обеспечивать выполнение закона, следить за соблюдением закона

to enhance international law — повышать роль международного права

to ensure law and order — обеспечивать соблюдение правопорядка

to establish nation-wide martial law — вводить в стране военное положение

to except from the operation of a law — изымать из-под действия закона

to execute a law — исполнять закон

to find ways around the law — обходить закон

to flout law — попирать / не выполнять закон

to follow the law — следовать закону

to go beyond the law — совершать противозаконный поступок; обходить закон

to go to the law — обращаться в суд

to guarantee law and order — гарантировать правопорядок

to have the force of a law — иметь силу закона

to hide from law — скрываться от правосудия

to honor the law — уважать / соблюдать закон

to implement a law — выполнять закон; вводить закон в действие

to impose nation-wide martial law — вводить в стране военное положение

to infringe law — нарушать / преступать закон

to institute / to introduce law — вводить закон

to introduce a wartime emergency law — вводить чрезвычайный закон военного времени

to introduce martial law — вводить военное положение

to invoke law — обращаться к закону

to issue a law — обнародовать закон

to keep law and order — соблюдать правопорядок

to keep in with the law — подчиняться закону, не нарушать закон

to keep the law — соблюдать закон

to keep within the law — держаться в рамках / придерживаться закона

to lay down the law — распоряжаться, командовать

to lift martial law — отменять военное положение

to make a law — издавать закон; составлять закон

to monitor application of a law — следить за применением закона

to nourish the rule of law — укреплять власть закона

to observe the law — соблюдать закон

to offend against the law — нарушать закон

to operate a law in practice — применять закон на практике

to override law — не признавать закон, не считаться с законом

to overstep the law — выходить за рамки законности

to overturn a law — отменять закон

to pass a law — принимать / утверждать закон

to place oneself above the law — ставить себя над законом

to practice law — заниматься адвокатурой / юриспруденцией

to proclaim martial law — вводить военное положение

to promote law and public order — укреплять законность и общественный порядок

to promulgate a law — обнародовать закон

to put a law into effect / operation — вводить закон в действие

to put one's proposals into law — включать свои предложения в закон

to read law — изучать право

to reconsider a law — пересматривать закон

to re-draft a law — переделывать закон

to re-establish the rule of law — восстанавливать законность

to reform a law — изменять закон

to relax a law — смягчать закон

to repeal a law — отменять закон

to respect the laws and customs of a country — уважать законы и обычаи страны

to revise a law — пересматривать закон

to rush a law — протаскивать закон ( через парламент)

to scrap a law — отменять закон

to set oneself above the law — ставить себя выше закона

to stay within the law — оставаться в рамках закона

to strike down a law — не утвердить закон ( в Верховном суде США)

to study law — изучать право

to submit oneself to the law — передавать себя в руки закона

to subvert the law — подрывать закон

to suspend a law — приостанавливать действие закона

to take the law in(to) one's own hands — устраивать самосуд

to take the law of smb — привлекать кого-л. к суду

to tighten (up) a law — ужесточать закон

to unmake a law — отменять закон

to uphold the law — отстаивать закон

to use the full force of the law — использовать всю силу закона

to veto a law — налагать вето на закон

to violate a law — нарушать / преступать / попирать закон

to waive a law — не применять закон

- a new law comes into force
- abuse of the law
- according to the law
- active law
- administration of laws
- administrative law
- air law
- ambassadorial law
- amnesty law
- antilabor law
- antipollution law
- antismoking law
- antiterrorist law
- antitrust laws
- application of the law

- banking law
- basic law
- binding in law
- breach of law
- breakdown of law and order
- business law
- by law
- campaign-financing laws
- canon law
- case law
- changes to the electoral law
- child-labor laws
- civil law
- clemency law
- club law
- code of international law

- commercial law
- common law
- company law
- compliance with law
- conflict of interest law
- conflict with the law
- conscription law
- constitutional law
- consular law
- contrary to law
- contrary to military law
- controversial law
- conventional international law
- cosmic law
- court of law
- criminal law
- crown law
- customary law
- definite law
- development of international law
- discriminatory law
- disdain for the law
- disregard of the law
- doctor of law
- domestic law
- draft law
- ecclesiastical law
- economic law
- economic laws of the development of society
- election law
- electoral law
- emergency law
- enforcement of a law
- existent laws
- existing laws
- export control law
- extension of martial law
- extradition law
- family law
- federal laws
- force of law

- freeze on the implementation of the law
- fundamental law
- general international law
- general law
- gun control law
- gun law prevails
- gun law
- humanitarian law
- immigration laws
- in British law
- in conformity with the law
- in law
- in the eyes of the law
- individual labor law
- infringement of the laws
- institutions of international law
- internal law
- internal security laws
- international administrative law
- international humanitarian law
- international law
- international monetary law
- international private law
- international public law
- international trade law
- international treaty law
- interstate commerce laws
- inviolable law
- irreversible law
- Islamic holy laws
- Jim Crow law
- judicial law
- jungle law
- labor laws
- land law
- language law
- law and order

- law comes into force
- law goes through
- law is in force
- law is invalid
- law is subject to yearly review
- law is the law
- law merchant
- law must be upheld
- law of actions
- law of civil procedure
- law of conflicts
- law of contracts
- law of criminal procedure
- law of international trade
- law of nations
- law of nature
- law of property
- law of state responsibility
- law of succession
- law of the land
- law of the sea
- law of treaties
- law of value
- law on leasing
- law on religion
- law on smth
- law provides for
- law should follow its normal course
- laws and customs
- laws and regulations
- laws are being ignored
- laws governing social development
- laws governing the economy
- laws in force
- laws of historical development of society
- laws of honor
- laws restraining the press
- local law
- loop-hole in the law
- Lynch law
- maritime law
- maritime safety law
- martial law is in force
- martial law
- military law
- minions of law
- municipal law
- national law
- natural law
- nature laws
- no-knock search law
- object of international law
- objective economic laws
- objective laws
- observance of the laws
- offence of law
- outer space law
- passage of the law
- penal law
- political law
- power to execute laws
- press law
- principles of law
- private international law
- private law
- property law
- provision in the law
- public international law
- public law
- race law
- racist law
- responsibility under international law

- restoration of the rule of law
- retreat of the law
- right-to-know law
- right-to-work laws
- rules of law
- secession law
- security law
- segregation law
- settled law
- shield laws
- slip law
- source of law
- space law
- state law
- statute law
- strict observance of the law
- subject of international law
- substantive law
- sunset law
- sunshine law
- system of law
- the spirit and the letter of the law
- under an amnesty law
- under local law
- under the law
- under the new law
- universal historical laws
- vagrancy law
- valid in law

- violation of international law

- wage-restraint law
- war-time laws
- within bounds of international law

Politics english-russian dictionary > law
43 plan

n

план, программа; проект

to abandon a plan — отказываться от плана

to accept a plan as it stands — принимать план в его теперешнем виде

to achieve a plan — успешно выполнять план

to acquiesce in / to a plan — молча или неохотно соглашаться с планом

to adhere to a plan — придерживаться плана

to adopt a plan — принимать план

to agree on a plan — согласовывать план

to alter the basic format of a plan — менять основной характер плана

to approve a plan — одобрять план

to back a plan — поддерживать план

to block a plan — блокировать план

to call off a plan — отказываться от плана

to cancel a plan — отменять план

to carry out a plan — выполнять план

to check plan fulfilment — проверять выполнение плана

to commit oneself to a plan — принимать обязательство выполнить план

to confound the plans — срывать планы

to cooperate with a plan — сотрудничать при осуществлении плана

to correct a plan — корректировать план

to create a fusion of two plans — объединять два плана

to defy smb's plans — не подчиняться чьим-л. планам

to denounce a plan — разоблачать план

to devise a plan — разрабатывать план

to discuss a plan — обсуждать план

to dismiss a plan — отказываться от плана

to disrupt plans — срывать планы

to draft a plan — составлять план

to draw up a plan — составлять план

to effect a plan — выполнять / осуществлять план

to elaborate a plan — разрабатывать план

to embark on a development plan — вступать на путь развития (экономики и т.п.)

to enact a plan — принимать план

to endorse a plan — одобрять план

to establish a national plan of action — устанавливать государственный план действий

to execute a plan — выполнять план

to fashion a plan — разрабатывать план

to foil a plan — срывать план

to formulate a plan — вырабатывать / составлять / формулировать план

to frustrate a plan — срывать план

to fulfill a plan — выполнять план

to further a plan — способствовать осуществлению плана

to give new impetus to a peace plan — давать новый толчок осуществлению плана мирного урегулирования

to go ahead with one's plan — продолжать осуществлять свой план

to hand down a plan to smb — спускать план кому-л.

to harbor a plan — вынашивать план

to implement a plan — выполнять / осуществлять план

to impose a strict security plan — вводить в действие план жестких мер безопасности

to interrupt a plan — мешать осуществлению плана

to lay one's plans bare — раскрывать свои планы

to leak plans — осуществлять утечку информации о планах

to make contingency plans — разрабатывать варианты плана ( на случай изменения обстановки)

to mastermind a plan — руководить ( часто тайно) осуществлением плана

to mature a plan — детально разрабатывать план

to modify a plan — изменять план

to monitor a plan — наблюдать за осуществлением плана

to outline a plan — намечать план ( в общих чертах)

to pigeon-hole a plan — класть план под сукно

to press ahead with a plan — настойчиво проводить план

to propose a plan — выдвигать / предлагать план

to push forward with a plan — продолжать осуществлять план

to push through one's plan — проталкивать свой план

to put a plan into operation — осуществлять план

to put forward a compromise plan — выдвигать компромиссный план

to reject a plan — отвергать план

to retract a plan — отказываться от плана

to reveal a plan — обнародовать план

to revise a plan — пересматривать план

to sabotage a plan — саботировать план

to scrap a plan — забраковывать план; отказываться от плана

to scuttle a plan — уклоняться от принятия плана; срывать план

to set a plan in motion — приводить план в действие

to set out a plan — излагать план

to shape a plan — намечать план ( в общих чертах)

to shelve a plan — класть план под сукно

to spurn a plan — отвергать план

to stick to a plan — придерживаться плана

to submit a plan — представлять план на рассмотрение

to supervise a plan — контролировать выполнение плана

to support a plan — поддерживать план

to suspend a plan — приостанавливать осуществление плана

to throw plan into disarray — нарушать планы

to thwart / to torpedo / to undermine a plan — расстраивать / срывать план

to unveil a plan — обнародовать план

to work out a plan — разрабатывать план

- ad hoc plan
- adoption of a plan
- adventurous plan
- aggressive plan
- American-mediated peace plan
- annexations plan
- annual plan
- architect of a plan
- austerity plan
- balanced plan
- California plan
- cancellation of a plan
- carefully orchestrated plan
- cease-fire plan
- clarification of a plan
- comprehensive plan
- compromise plan
- constructive plan
- contingence plan
- control figures of the plan
- controversial plan
- coordination of plans
- counter plan
- curtailed plan
- cuts plans
- daily plan
- deficiencies in a plan
- deficit-reduction plan
- deregulation plan
- detailed plan
- development plan
- disclosure of a plan
- drawing up of a plan
- ecological survival plan
- economic plan
- efficiency plan
- elaborate plan
- essentials of a plan
- execution of a plan
- expansionist plans
- extremist plans
- financing plan
- fulfilment of a plan
- game plan
- general manager plan
- general plan
- green plan
- ideal plan
- implementation of a plan
- imposition of a plan
- impracticable plan
- in compliance with a plan
- independence plan
- indicative plan
- individual national development plans
- installment plan
- integrated plan
- intermediate plan
- intervention plans
- linkage plan
- local plan
- lofty plan
- long-range plan
- long-term plan
- management plan
- Marshall Plan
- master plan
- matching of plans
- medium-term plan
- minute-by-minute podium plan
- Missouri plan
- monthly plan
- national plan
- national reconciliation plan
- operating plan
- operation plan
- opposition to a plan
- overall plan
- package plan
- pay-as-you-go plan
- peace plan
- perspective plan
- phased plan
- plan for development
- plan of action
- plan remains on the table
- plans are bogged down
- plans for increased autonomy
- plans for sanctions
- practicable plan
- preliminary plan
- principal items of the plan
- production plan
- provisions of a plan
- realistic plan
- regional peace plan
- regional plan
- research plan
- resettlement plan
- retirement plan
- security plan
- short-range plan
- short-term plan
- single plan
- state plan
- strategic plan
- strong-mayor plan
- target figures of the plan
- technical development plan
- UN-brokered peace plan
- under the plan
- unified plan
- work plan

Politics english-russian dictionary > plan
44 NSA

1) Компьютерная техника: nonsequenced acknowledgment

2) Медицина: нестероидные противовоспалительные препараты (также NSAID (non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs)), No Shock Advised

3) Военный термин: National Security Act, National Service Act, Naval Support Activity, Nukes Sail Away, new shipborne aircraft, nuclear systems analysis

4) Техника: Nuclear Security Act of 2002, national security administration, new surveillance aircraft, nitride self-aligned process, nuclear safety agency, nuclear science abstracts

5) Шутливое выражение: Never Say Anything, No Such Agency

6) Юридический термин: National Security Agency

7) Бухгалтерия: Not Seasonally Adjusted

8) Фармакология: антигистаминные препараты, не обладающие седативным действием ((Non-Sedating Antihistamine); http://informahealthcare.com/doi/abs/10.1185/030079906X148409)

9) Астрономия: Neutron Star Atmosphere

10) Ветеринария: National Sheep Association

11) Грубое выражение: National Security Advisor

12) Металлургия: National Slag Association

13) Телекоммуникации: National Security Association, Non-Service Affecting

14) Сокращение: National Security Agency (USA), National Security Agency (View the NSA Logo), National Shipping Authority, National Standards Association (USA), National Standards Association, National Student Association, Negotiated Services Agreement (USPS variable rate experiment starts Nov 2002 with Capital One Services, Inc), New Shipborne Aircraft programme (Canada), No Such Address (return to sender), Normalised Site Attenuation, US National Security Agency, non-state actor (негосударственный субъект)

15) Университет: Napier Students Association, National Scholars Academy, Nursing Students Association

16) Физиология: No significant abnormalities

17) Сленг: секс без обязательств, на одну ночь (No Strings Attached)

18) Вычислительная техника: POLY National Security Agency Polygraph, National Security Agency (US Government)

19) Литература: The National Speakers Association

20) Нефть: Национальная ассоциация стандартов (National Standards Association)

21) Транспорт: National Shipping Authority (US)

22) Деловая лексика: National Safety Associates

23) Образование: Non Self Accepting

24) Сетевые технологии: Агентство национальной безопасности США

25) ЕБРР: Nuclear Safety Account, replacing less safe plants by the development of alternative energy sources

26) Медицинская техника: number of signal averages

27) Безопасность: Negative Security Assurance, Net Security Administration

28) НАТО: агентство НАТО по стандартизации, Агенство НАТО по стандартизации (NATO Standardization Agency)

29) Общественная организация: National Stroke Association

30) СМС: No Such Animal

31) Международная торговля: No Strings Attached

Универсальный англо-русский словарь > NSA
45 force

1. n
1) сила, мощь

2) действенность; действие, воздействие (соглашения, закона и т.п.)

3) применение силы, насилие, принуждение

4) pl войска, вооруженные силы; вооружения

5) группа

6) сила (производительная, политическая и т.п.); фактор

7) численность

8) (the Force) полиция (особ. Великобритании)

•

to abandon the use of force — отказываться от применения силы

to abstain from force — воздерживаться от применения силы

to acquire constitutional force — приобретать конституционную силу

to alert one's armed forces — приводить вооруженные силы в боевую готовность

to apply force — применять силу

to authorize the use of force — санкционировать применение силы

to avoid force — избегать применения силы

to awaken forces — пробуждать силы

to balance conventional forces — устанавливать равновесие обычных вооружений ( в Европе)

to be in force — иметь (юридическую) силу; оставаться в силе

to be the first to use force — использовать силу первым

to beef up one's military forces — укреплять свои вооруженные силы

to believe in force — быть сторонником применения насилия

to bring an agreement into force — вводить соглашение в силу

to build up military forces — наращивать военную мощь; сосредоточивать войска

to cease to be in force — утрачивать силу

to change the international balance of forces — изменять международное соотношение сил

to clear rebel forces from somewhere — очищать какой-л. район от войск мятежников

to come into force — вступать в силу

to commit US forces to the Gulf — направлять вооруженные силы США в район Персидского залива

to consolidate forces — консолидировать силы

to continue in force — оставаться в силе; действовать (о законе и т.п.)

to cut back the forces — сокращать силы

to disband / to dismantle forces — демобилизовывать / распускать войска

to distort the balance of forces — искажать соотношение сил

to do work for security forces — сотрудничать с силами безопасности

to encourage all progressive forces (to) — поощрять / поддерживать все прогрессивные силы

to endorse the use of military force — одобрять применение военной силы

to enhance the imbalance in military forces — увеличивать разрыв в вооруженных силах

to enter a city in force — брать город приступом; вводить в город крупные воинские формирования

to enter into force — вступать в силу

to expand one's armed forces — увеличивать свои вооруженные силы

to form a new invasion force — формировать интервенционный корпус

to forswear the use of force — отказываться от использования силы

to give freer rein to market forces — давать большую свободу силам рынка

to have binding force — иметь обязательную силу

to have no force — быть недействительным; не иметь силы

to improve one's defense forces — совершенствовать свои силы самообороны

to improve the safety of the UN forces — укреплять безопасность сил ООН

to join forces — объединяться; объединять силы

to join forces with smb — объединять силы с кем-л.

to join the forces — вступать в армию

to keep forces on red alert — держать вооруженные силы в состоянии повышенной боевой готовности

to limit forces — ограничивать численность войск

to lose legal force — утрачивать законную силу

to maintain military forces — содержать войска

to maintain the balance of forces — поддерживать равновесие / соотношение сил

to mandate a multinational force — санкционировать создание многонациональных сил

to mass forces — сосредоточивать войска

to modernize one's forces — модернизировать свои вооруженные силы

to order the armed forces into action — отдавать приказ войскам перейти к боевым действиям

to place forces on alert — приводить вооруженные силы в состояние боевой готовности

to put down by brutal force — подавлять грубой силой

to put in force — осуществлять, проводить в жизнь; вводить в действие

to put the armed forces on full alert — приводить вооруженные силы в состояние полной боевой готовности

to rally forces — сплачивать силы

to reduce conventional forces in / throughout Europe — сокращать количество войск и обычных вооружений в Европе

to refrain from using force — воздерживаться от применения силы

to rely on military force — полагаться на военную силу

to remain in force — оставаться в силе, действовать (о законе и т.п.)

to remove smb by force — свергать кого-л.; насильственно отстранять кого-л. от власти

to reshape one's armed forces — реорганизовывать свои вооруженные силы

to resort to force — прибегать к силе / насилию

to retaliate with military force — наносить ответный военный удар

to rule a country by sheer force — управлять страной, опираясь исключительно на силу

to seek negotiated reductions in conventional forces — добиваться сокращения обычных вооружений путем переговоров

to send an observer force into a country — направлять группу наблюдателей в страну

to send in ground forces — направлять сухопутные войска в страну

to settle smth by military force — решать что-л. с помощью применения военной силы

to set up one's own armed forces — создавать собственные вооруженные силы

to shore up forces — укреплять силы

to strengthen the forces of peace — укреплять силы мира

to suppress smth by brute force — подавлять что-л. грубой силой

to switch forces — перебрасывать вооруженные силы

to take on the peace-keeping force — принимать бой с силами по поддержанию мира

to take recourse to force — прибегать к силе / насилию

to take smth by force — захватывать что-л. силой

to thin one's forces — сокращать свои войска

to threaten force — угрожать применением силы

to trim one's forces — сокращать численность своих войск

to unite forces — объединять силы

to use force against smb — использовать силу против кого-л.

to use armed forces — использовать вооруженные силы

to use excessive force — злоупотреблять применением силы

to use reasonable force — применять силу оправданно

to weaken forces — ослаблять силы

to withdraw forces from... — выводить войска из...

- Determined Force
- accelerated development of productive forces
- active forces
- activities of forces
- actual force
- advance force
- aggressive forces
- aggressor forces
- air forces
- alignment of forces
- alliance of the forces
- allied forces
- allocation of forces
- anti-aircraft forces
- anti-colonialist forces
- anti-fascist forces
- anti-government forces
- anti-kidnap force
- anti-monopoly forces
- anti-national forces
- anti-popular forces
- anti-war forces
- armed forces of a country
- armed forces
- assault force
- Atlantic Nuclear Force
- balance of forces

- basic productive force
- binding force
- bomber forces
- border forces
- border-security forces
- brutal force
- build-up forces
- build-up of forces
- by force
- by sheer force
- carrier striking force
- Central American task force
- character of the armed forces
- coalition forces
- combatant forces
- combined forces
- Commonwealth Military Force
- competing forces
- competition forces
- compulsory force
- conditions of entry into force
- conservative forces
- consistent force
- consolidation of all forces
- contributor to the multinational force
- Conventional Force in Europe
- conventional forces
- correlation of forces
- crack forces
- cross-border force
- crude force
- deep cuts in conventional forces
- defense forces
- democratic forces
- determining force in social development
- deterrent force
- directing force
- display of force
- disquiet in the armed forces
- division of political forces
- dominant force
- economic force
- effective forces
- elemental forces of nature
- enforcement forces
- entry into force

- external force
- extraction force
- follow-on force
- force is not the answer
- force of a clause
- force of a treaty
- force of an agreement
- force of argument
- force of arms
- force of example
- force of law
- force of occupation
- force of public opinion
- force of weaponry
- force to be reckoned with
- forces in the field
- forces of aggression and war
- forces of flexible response
- forces of internal and external reaction
- forward-based forces
- free play of democratic forces
- full force of the treaty
- general purpose forces
- ground forces
- guiding force
- hired labor force
- IFOR
- in force
- in full force
- independent force
- inequitable relationship of forces
- influential force
- intermediate range forces
- international balance of forces
- international peace-keeping forces
- internationalist forces
- interplay of political forces
- interposing force
- invasion forces
- irregular forces
- joint NATO armed forces
- labor force
- land forces
- landing force
- lawful use of force
- leading force in smth
- leading force
- left-wing forces
- legal force
- liberation forces
- local forces
- logistical forces
- main force
- major force
- mandatory force
- manifestation of force
- material force
- member of a peace-keeping force
- military force
- monetary forces
- motive force
- moving force
- multilateral forces
- mutinous forces
- mutual non-use of military force
- national forces
- national liberation forces
- national political forces
- natural forces
- nature of forces
- naval forces
- noneconomic forces
- non-use of force
- nuclear forces
- nuclear strike force
- obligatory force of international treaties
- observer force
- occupation force
- occupying force
- of legal force
- on entry into force
- operation of market forces
- operational forces
- opposing forces
- organizing force
- pan-Arab force
- paramilitary forces
- patriotic forces
- peace forces
- Peace Implementation Force
- peace-keeping forces
- peace-safeguarding forces
- people's armed forces of liberation
- phased withdrawal of the forces
- police force
- policy of force
- political force
- posture of forces
- potent force
- powerful force
- professionally led force
- progressive forces
- pro-independence forces
- proportions of forces
- punitive forces
- quick-reaction force
- Rapid Deployment Force
- Rapid Reaction Force
- rapid-action force
- RDF
- rebel forces
- recourse to force
- reduction in the armed forces
- regional security forces
- regrouping of forces
- relationship of forces
- reserve force
- reserve of the forces
- resistance forces
- resort to force
- retaliatory forces
- revanchist forces
- revolutionary forces
- rightist forces
- right-wing forces
- rough parity of forces
- ruling forces
- sea forces
- sea-based strategic missile forces
- second-strike force
- security forces
- self-defense forces
- SFOR
- shifts in the alignment of forces
- show of force

- size of the armed forces
- social and political forces
- social forces
- socio-political forces
- special forces
- spontaneous force
- Stabilization Force
- strategic air forces
- strategic forces
- Strategic Rocket Force
- strength of the armed forces
- strike force
- striking force
- suppression by force
- task force
- territorial force
- theater nuclear forces
- third force
- threat of force

- TNF
- ultra-right forces
- UN buffer force
- UN Emergency Force
- UN observer force
- unification of forces
- unification of the armed force under a single command
- unified forces
- unilateral cuts in smb's forces
- United Nation Protection Force
- United Nations forces
- United Nations peace-keeping forces
- unity of forces
- UNPROFOR
- use of military forces
- use of preemptive force
- vital force
- voluntary military forces
- weakening of forces
- with political forces splintering
- withdrawal of forces
- without resort to force
- work force
- world market forces 2. v
заставлять, принуждать, вынуждать

to force smb out — 1) вытеснять кого-л. 2) отстранять кого-л. от власти

Politics english-russian dictionary > force
46 SDS

1) Компьютерная техника: Schema Definition Set

2) Медицина: sodium dodecylsulfate, ДСН

3) Американизм: State Disposal System

4) Спорт: Sit Down Start

5) Военный термин: SIGINT Direct Support, Satellite Dissemination System, Secondary Dissemination System, Solution Development System, Spatial Data Server, Standard Depot System, Strategic Defense System, Strategic Defense Systems, Switched Data Services, self-defense suit, self-directed search, ship defense system, simulation data subsystem, site defense system, space defense system, special distress signal, supplemental data sheet

6) Психиатрия: Sheehan Disability Scale (шкала дезадаптации Шихана)

7) Техника: Slotted Drive System, sanitary drainage system, secret delivery station, shutdown sequencer, shuttle dynamic simulation, signals dispatch service, software design specification, software development system, space documentation service, splash detection system, steam dump system, submerged demineralizer system, surveillance drone system

8) Шутливое выражение: Super Dupe Snooper

9) Химия: Scientific Data Set, ПБВ ( Паспорт Безопасности Вещества) (Safety Data Sheet)

10) Религия: Seven Deadly Sins

11) Статистика: standard deviation score (индекс стандартного отклонения)

12) Астрономия: Star Diagnosis System

13) Грубое выражение: Shitty Disc Syndrome

14) Телекоммуникации: Scientific Data Systems, Switched Digital Service

15) Сокращение: S&D Security ( Equipment) Ltd (UK; E), SIGINT Data Server (formerly SOMMS), Satellite Data System (USA), Secondary Data System, Signal Dispatch Service, Small Digital Switch, Steering & Depth Control Simulator, Strategic Defense System (USA), Students for a Democratic Society, Surveillance Detection / Direction System, Surveillance Direction System, scientific data system, Signal Distribution System, SERVICE DATA AND SPECIFICATIONS (автомобильный термин)

16) Университет: South Dakota State, Students For Democratic Society

17) Электроника: Satellite Data System

18) Вычислительная техника: Screen Designing System, Spatial Data System, Switched Data Service, Synchronous Data Set, система проектирования экранного интерфейса, SubDivision Surfaces (3D), Sysops Distribution System (BBS)

19) Нефть: (сокр. от) solids detection system = система обнаружения твёрдых частиц (в нефти)

20) Генетика: додецилсульфат натрия (ионный детергент, используется в методе электрофореза в полиакриламидном геле), sodium dodecyl sulphate

21) Микробиология: додецилсульфат натрия

22) Кардиология: Система доставки стента (Stent Delivery System)

23) Иммунология: sodium dodecyl sulfate

24) Космонавтика: SPELDA Dedicated Satellite

25) Экология: safety data sheet( Паспорт безопасности вещества)

26) СМИ: Sublingual Delivery System

27) Деловая лексика: Same Day Service, Schedule Diary System, Special Direct System, Staff Development Scheme, Start Doubling Sales, Supervisory Development Series

28) Программирование: Sample Dump Standard

29) Автоматика: smart distributed system

30) Контроль качества: system design specifications

31) Химическое оружие: Spent decontamination solution, Spent decontamination system, spray drying system

32) Безопасность: Security And Directory Service

33) Расширение файла: Shared Data Set, Sysops Distribution System, MIDI Sample DUMP Standard File

34) Нефть и газ: Subsidiary Dispatch Service, ЦДС ДАО, диспетчерская служба ДАО, диспетчерская служба дочернего предприятия

35) Электротехника: secondary distribution substation

36) НАСА: System Design Specification

37) Программное обеспечение: Sequence Detection System, Simple Digital Systems

38) Хобби: Slotted Drive Shaft

Универсальный англо-русский словарь > SDS
47 sds

1) Компьютерная техника: Schema Definition Set

2) Медицина: sodium dodecylsulfate, ДСН

3) Американизм: State Disposal System

4) Спорт: Sit Down Start

5) Военный термин: SIGINT Direct Support, Satellite Dissemination System, Secondary Dissemination System, Solution Development System, Spatial Data Server, Standard Depot System, Strategic Defense System, Strategic Defense Systems, Switched Data Services, self-defense suit, self-directed search, ship defense system, simulation data subsystem, site defense system, space defense system, special distress signal, supplemental data sheet

6) Психиатрия: Sheehan Disability Scale (шкала дезадаптации Шихана)

7) Техника: Slotted Drive System, sanitary drainage system, secret delivery station, shutdown sequencer, shuttle dynamic simulation, signals dispatch service, software design specification, software development system, space documentation service, splash detection system, steam dump system, submerged demineralizer system, surveillance drone system

8) Шутливое выражение: Super Dupe Snooper

9) Химия: Scientific Data Set, ПБВ ( Паспорт Безопасности Вещества) (Safety Data Sheet)

10) Религия: Seven Deadly Sins

11) Статистика: standard deviation score (индекс стандартного отклонения)

12) Астрономия: Star Diagnosis System

13) Грубое выражение: Shitty Disc Syndrome

14) Телекоммуникации: Scientific Data Systems, Switched Digital Service

15) Сокращение: S&D Security ( Equipment) Ltd (UK; E), SIGINT Data Server (formerly SOMMS), Satellite Data System (USA), Secondary Data System, Signal Dispatch Service, Small Digital Switch, Steering & Depth Control Simulator, Strategic Defense System (USA), Students for a Democratic Society, Surveillance Detection / Direction System, Surveillance Direction System, scientific data system, Signal Distribution System, SERVICE DATA AND SPECIFICATIONS (автомобильный термин)

16) Университет: South Dakota State, Students For Democratic Society

17) Электроника: Satellite Data System

18) Вычислительная техника: Screen Designing System, Spatial Data System, Switched Data Service, Synchronous Data Set, система проектирования экранного интерфейса, SubDivision Surfaces (3D), Sysops Distribution System (BBS)

19) Нефть: (сокр. от) solids detection system = система обнаружения твёрдых частиц (в нефти)

20) Генетика: додецилсульфат натрия (ионный детергент, используется в методе электрофореза в полиакриламидном геле), sodium dodecyl sulphate

21) Микробиология: додецилсульфат натрия

22) Кардиология: Система доставки стента (Stent Delivery System)

23) Иммунология: sodium dodecyl sulfate

24) Космонавтика: SPELDA Dedicated Satellite

25) Экология: safety data sheet( Паспорт безопасности вещества)

26) СМИ: Sublingual Delivery System

27) Деловая лексика: Same Day Service, Schedule Diary System, Special Direct System, Staff Development Scheme, Start Doubling Sales, Supervisory Development Series

28) Программирование: Sample Dump Standard

29) Автоматика: smart distributed system

30) Контроль качества: system design specifications

31) Химическое оружие: Spent decontamination solution, Spent decontamination system, spray drying system

32) Безопасность: Security And Directory Service

33) Расширение файла: Shared Data Set, Sysops Distribution System, MIDI Sample DUMP Standard File

34) Нефть и газ: Subsidiary Dispatch Service, ЦДС ДАО, диспетчерская служба ДАО, диспетчерская служба дочернего предприятия

35) Электротехника: secondary distribution substation

36) НАСА: System Design Specification

37) Программное обеспечение: Sequence Detection System, Simple Digital Systems

38) Хобби: Slotted Drive Shaft

Универсальный англо-русский словарь > sds
48 Historical Portugal

   Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.

   A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.

   Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140

   The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."

   In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.

   The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.

   Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385

   Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in

   Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.

   The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.

   Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580

   The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.

   The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.

   What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.

   By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.

   Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.

   The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.

   By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.

   In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.

   Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640

   Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.

   Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.

   On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.

   Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822

   Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.

   Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.

   In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the

   Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.

   Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.

   Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.

   Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910

   During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.

   Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.

   Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.

   Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.

   Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.

   As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.

   First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26

   Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.

   The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.

   Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.

   The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74

   During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."

   Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.

   For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),

   and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.

   The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.

   With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.

   During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.

   The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.

   At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.

   The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.

   Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76

   Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.

   Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.

   In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.

   In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.

   In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.

   The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until

   UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.

   Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000

   After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.

   From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.

   Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.

   Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.

   In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.

   In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.

   Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.

    Contemporary Portugal

   Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.

   The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.

   Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.

   Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).

   All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.

   The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.

   After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.

   Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.

   Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.

   From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.

   Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.

   In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.

   An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal
49 agency

агентство; управление; учреждение; орган; организационная единица; средство

Armament agency, DA — Бр. главное управление вооружений СВ

Armed Forces [Services] Technical Information agency — управление военно-технической информации ВС

Army Logistics Doctrine, Systems and Readiness agency — управление разработки принципов деятельности, наставлений и руководств службы тыла СВ

cue target acquisition agencies (on) — ориентировать органы разведки целей (на определенные объекты)

Defense Communications agency, Europe — Европейский отдел управления связи МО

Intelligence Research agency, State Department — управление анализа разведывательной информации госдепартамента

Nuclear Munitions agency, JCS — управление ядерных боеприпасов КНШ

Organization-Mobilization (AG) agency, DA — Бр. главное организационно-мобилизационное управление СВ

Studies, Analysis and Gaming agency — управление специальных исследований, анализа и проигрыша различных вариантов войны (КНШ)

Surveillance, Target Acquisition and Night Observation Systems agency — НИЦ систем наблюдения, обнаружения целей и ночного видения

— action agency

— Aerospace Program agency

— agency for Coordination of Transport in Central Europe

— agency for Coordination of Transport in the Mediterranean Area

— Air Force Intelligence agency

— Air Security agency

— Air-Land Forces Application agency

— Allied Communications Security agency

— Allied Long Lines agency

— Allied Navy Communications agency

— Allied Radio Frequency agency

— Armament Procurement agency

— Armed Forces Planning and Development agency

— Arms Control and Disarmament agency

— Army Ammunition Procurement and Supply agency

— Army Audit agency

— Army Class VI agency

— Army Communications Systems agency

— Army Contracting agency

— Army Environmental Hygiene agency

— Army Intelligence agency

— Army Interagency Communications agency

— Army Materiel Systems Analysis agency

— Army Medical Intelligence and Information agency

— Army Military Review Boards agency

— Army Reserve Affairs agency

— Army Satellite Communications agency

— Army Security agency

— Army Signal Intelligence agency

— Army Signal Material Support agency

— Army Toxic and Hazardous Materials agency

— Army Training Device agency

— Army Transportation Engineering agency

— AWACS project management agency

— Budget and Finance agency

— C agency

— Central Intelligence agency

— central operating agency

— civil law enforcement agency

— civil wartime agency

— collection agency

— Combined Arms Combat Developments agency

— communications agency

— Communications Systems agency

— Communications-Electronics Engineering Installation agency

— Concepts Analysis agency

— Congressional Correspondence agency

— control agency

— DA Equal Employment Opportunity Action agency

— Defense Advanced Research Projects agency

— Defense Audiovisual agency

— Defense Civil Preparedness agency

— Defense Clothing and Textile Supply agency

— Defense Communications agency

— Defense Communications Engineering agency

— Defense Contract Audit agency

— Defense Intelligence agency

— Defense Investigative agency

— Defense Logistics agency

— Defense Mapping agency

— Defense Nuclear agency

— Defense Security Assistance agency

— Defense Supply agency

— delivery agency

— Electromagnetic Compatibility agency

— Employment Service agency

— European Communications Security agency

— European Naval Communications agency

— European Nuclear Energy agency

— European Security and Evaluation agency

— European Space agency

— Federal Disaster Assistance agency

— Federal Emergency Management agency

— Federal Preparedness agency

— field agency

— Finance Audit agency

— Fire Safety agency

— fire support agency

— fire support targeting agency

— firing agency

— General Supply agency

— higher DOD agency

— information agency

— intelligence agency

— intelligence screening agency

— investigative agency

— Joint Petroleum agency

— logistics agency

— Logistics Evaluation agency

— mail distribution agency

— maintenance agency

— Maintenance Engineering agency

— management agency

— Master Item Data agency

— mercenary recruiting agency

— message-carrying agency

— Military agency for Standardization

— military agency

— Military Construction Supply agency

— Missile Intelligence agency

— movement control agency

— Mutual Security agency

— national agency

— National Defense agency

— National Intelligence agency

— National Ocean/Atmosphere agency

— National Security agency

— NATO AWACS program agency

— NATO Integrated Communications Systems Management agency

— NATO Maintenance and Supply agency

— operating agency

— operational agency

— operational control agency

— Operational Test and Evaluation agency

— originating agency

— Personnel and Administration agency

— Planning and Preparedness agency

— procurement agency

— redistribution agency

— requesting agency

— security agency

— Senior Scientific Adviser for the RAF agency

— service intelligence agency

— signal communications agency

— Spare Parts Supply and Maintenance agency

— Special Investigations agency

— Special Political Action agency

— staff agency

— Staff Service agency

— Strategic Missile Support agency

— Supply and Service agency

— supplying agency

— surveillance agency

— systems analysis agency

— tactical air support agency

— targeting agency

— Training Services agency

— USAF Police Security agency

— water agency

— White House Communications agency

English-Russian military dictionary > agency
50 loan

ləun
1. сущ.
1) заем, ссуда to float, negotiate, raise a loan ≈ взять ссуду, сделать заем to get, receive a loan ≈ получить ссуду to make a loan ≈ взять ссуду to pay off, repay a loan ≈ вернуть ссуду to secure a loan ≈ обеспечить ссуду to underwrite a loan ≈ обеспечить ссуду, предоставить обеспечение по ссуде call loan ≈ ссуда до востребования interest-free loan ≈ беспроцентная ссуда long-term loan ≈ долгосрочная ссуда low-interest loan ≈ ссуда под низкий процент short-term loan ≈ краткосрочная ссуда student loan ≈ студенческий заем (предоставляется студенту или аспиранту под низкие проценты или беспроцентно)
2) что-л. данное для временного пользования (напр., книга) The painting was on loan to the National Gallery from the Louvre. ≈ Картина была временно взята Национальной галереей из Лувра. interlibrary loan on loan
3) а) заимствование;
заимствованный элемент( о слове, мифе, обычае) б) заимствование (процесс)
2. гл.;
обыкн. амер. давать взаймы, одалживать, ссужать( кому-л. ≈ to) Money which has been loaned to city councils by the central government can be repaid at a low rate of interest ≈ Деньги, взятые муниципальным советом у центрального правительство возвращаются с небольшими процентами. Syn: lend заем;
ссуда;
кредит - government *s государственные займы - domestic and foreign *s внутренние и иностранные займы заимствование;
заимствованное слово что-л. данное взаймы или во временное пользование - on * (данный) взаймы;
предоставленный на время( об экспонате для выставки и т. п.) - to have the * of smth., to have smth. on * получить что-л. взаймы;
получить что-л. во временное пользование - may I have the * of your sewing-machine? можно мне взять на время вашу швейную машину? работник, временно переведенный в другую организацию (особ. о киноактере) - she is on * to another studio она временно работает на другой студии книговыдача (в библиотеке) - I have the book out on * from the library я взял эту книгу в библиотеке давать взаймы, ссужать (тж. * out) (разговорное) брать взаймы, занимать давать деньги под проценты accommodation ~ ссуда на квартиру additional ~ дополнительная ссуда additional ~ дополнительный заем adjustable interest rate ~ ссуда с регулируемой процентной ставкой advance ~ авансовая ссуда advance ~ предварительный заем agreed maturity for ~ согласованный срок погашения ссуды alteration ~ недв. ссуда на переделку amortization ~ долгосрочная ссуда, погашаемая в рассрочку amortization ~ частичная уплата в счет займа annuity ~ ссуда на аннуитет arrange a ~ давать распоряжение о предоставлении ссуды back-to-back ~ компенсационный заем bank ~ банковская ссуда bank ~ банковский заем banker ~ банковская ссуда be granted a ~ получить ссуду bonded ~ облигационный заем borrow-pledge security ~ ссуда под залог ценных бумаг bridging ~ краткосрочный кредит до выпуска акций bridging ~ краткосрочный кредит до основного финансирования bridging ~ промежуточное финансирование bridging ~ ссуда на покупку нового дома до момента продажи заемщиком старого дома broker's ~ брокерская ссуда building ~ заем под строительство building ~ кредит на строительство building ~ ссуда на строительство building society ~ ссуда жилищно-строительному кооперативу bullet ~ заем с единовременным погашением business development ~ ссуда на развитие предприятия business ~ ссуда деловому предприятию business start-up ~ ссуда на создание нового предприятия call ~ онкольная ссуда call ~ ссуда до востребования cancel a ~ аннулировать заем cancel a ~ отказываться от ссуды car ~ ссуда на покупку автомобиля cash ~ получать ссуду cash ~ ссуда, выданная наличными cash ~ scheme порядок получения ссуды наличными cash proceeds from bond ~ выручка наличными от облигационного займа cash security ~ ссуда, обеспеченная наличными деньгами change-of-ownership ~ ссуда на раздел собственности chattel ~ ссуда под залог движимого имущества collateral ~ ломбардный кредит collateral ~ ссуда под обеспечение commercial ~ коммерческая ссуда commercial ~ подтоварная ссуда commodity ~ подтоварная ссуда company ~ заем, выпущенный компанией compulsory ~ принудительный заем conclude a ~ agreement заключать договор о ссуде conclude a ~ agreement заключать контракт о получении кредита consolidation ~ объединенный заем construction ~ заем на строительство construction ~ строительный кредит consumer credit ~ ссуда на потребительский кредит consumer ~ потребительская ссуда contract a ~ делать заем contractor ~ кредит строительному подрядчику conversion ~ конверсионный заем convertible ~ конвертируемая ссуда day-to-day ~ онкольная ссуда day-to-day ~ ссуда, возвращаемая по требованию day-to-day ~ ссуда до востребования dead ~ безнадежный долг dealer ~ дилерский кредит debenture ~ ссуда под долговое обязательство debenture ~ ссуда под долговую расписку debt rescheduling ~ ссуда для реструктуризации долга development ~ ссуда на проектно-конструкторскую работу development ~ ссуда на разработку distressed ~ ссуда, на которую наложен арест dollar ~ долларовая ссуда dollar ~ долларовый заем domestic government ~ внутренний государственный заем domestic ~ внутренний заем dormant ~ неэффективно используемая ссуда earlier ~ ранее выданный заем educational ~ заем на учебу emergency relief ~ заем в связи с чрезвычайными обстоятельствами energy conservation ~ ссуда на экономию энергии environmental support ~ кредит на мероприятия по охране окружающей среды equipment ~ ссуда на оборудование eurobond ~ ссуда под еврооблигации exchange risk covered ~ кредит на покрытие убытков от валютного риска existing ~ непогашенный кредит export credit ~ экспортный кредит export ~ экспортный кредит external group ~ заем зарубежного концерна external ~ внешний заем extra group ~ дополнительный заем концерну farming ~ ссуда сельскохозяйственным предприятиям farming ~ фермерская ссуда fiduciary ~ заем, не обеспеченный золотом final ~ последний кредит final ~ последняя ссуда financial ~ финансовый кредит fixed ~ долгосрочная ссуда fixed ~ долгосрочный заем fixed-rate ~ банк. ссуда с фиксированной процентной ставкой float a ~ выпускать заем float a ~ предоставлять кредит floating rate ~ облигация с плавающей ставкой fluctuating rate ~ ссуда с изменяющейся процентной ставкой forced ~ вынужденный заем foreign currency ~ заем в иностранной валюте foreign exchange ~ заем в иностранной валюте foreign ~ иностранный заем forgiveable ~ невзыскиваемая ссуда forgiveable ~ невзыскиваемый кредит forward-covered ~ вал.-фин. ссуда с форвардным покрытием gift ~ беспроцентная ссуда global ~ глобальный заем government guaranteed ~ ссуда с правительственной гарантией ~ заем;
government loan государственный заем government ~ государственный заем government ~ правительственная ссуда government ~ правительственный заем grant a ~ предоставлять заем grant a ~ предоставлять ссуду home ~ внутренний заем housing ~ заем на жилищное строительство housing ~ ссуда на покупку дома import ~ ссуда на импорт товаров improvement ~ ссуда на мелиорацию земель index-linked ~ индексированный заем index-tied ~ индексированный заем indexed ~ индексированный заем industrial ~ деловой заем industrial ~ кредит промышленному предприятию industrial ~ промышленный заем industrial ~ ссуда, предоставляемая промышленному предприятию instalment ~ заем на оплату в рассрочку instalment ~ ссуда с погашением в рассрочку intercompany ~ межфирменный кредит interest adjustment ~ ссуда с регулирируемой ставкой процента interest-bearing ~ процентная ссуда interest-free ~ беспроцентная ссуда intermediate ~ среднесрочная ссуда intragroup ~ внутрифирменный заем issue a ~ выдавать ссуду issue a ~ выпускать заем kiwi ~ банк. заем в новозеландских долларах linear repayment ~ ссуда с последовательным погашением loan (преим. амер.) давать взаймы, ссужать ~ давать взаймы ~ заем ~ заимствование (о слове, мифе, обычае) ~ заем;
government loan государственный заем ~ кредит ~ ссуда ~ ссуда;
(что-л.) данное для временного пользования (напр., книга) ~ ссужать ~ at interest ссуда под проценты ~ for consumption purposes потребительская ссуда ~ for extension ссуда на пристройку к дому ~ for new building ссуда на новое здание ~ for tenant's contribution ссуда для взносов арендатора ~ of money денежный заем ~ on goods ссуда под залог товаров ~ on policy ссуда под страховой полис ~ on special terms ссуда на особых условиях ~ to cover arrears ссуда для уплаты просроченных ссуд по счетам ~ to developing country заем развивающимся странам local authority ~ заем, выпущенный местным органом власти long-term ~ долгосрочная ссуда long-term ~ долгосрочный заем long-term ~ долгосрочный кредит lottery ~ выигрышный заем low-interest ~ ссуда с низкой процентной ставкой mandatory ~ принудительный заем medium-term ~ среднесрочная ссуда modernization ~ ссуда на модернизацию money ~ денежная ссуда money ~ договор денежного займа mortgage credit ~ ссуда под ипотечный кредит mortgage ~ заем под залог недвижимости mortgage ~ ипотечная ссуда mortgage ~ ипотечный кредит mortgage ~ ссуда под закладную mortgage ~ ссуда под недвижимость municipal ~ муниципальная ссуда municipal ~ муниципальный заем negotiate a ~ получать заем negotiate: ~ вести переговоры, договариваться( with) ;
обсуждать условия;
to negotiate a loan (terms of peace) договариваться об условиях займа (мира) new financial ~ новый финансовый заем new ~ новый заем nominal ~ номинальная ссуда nonbusiness ~ ссуда, выданная не для экономической деятельности obtain a ~ получать ссуду on ~ взаймы on ~ предоставленный для выставки (об экспонате) ordinary ~ заем, предоставленный за счет обычных ресурсов outstanding ~ непогашенная ссуда parallel ~ параллельная ссуда payroll account ~ кредит на счет заработной платы pension fund ~ ссуда пенсионному фонду perpetual ~ бессрочный заем personal bank ~ личная банковская ссуда personal ~ личный заем personal ~ ссуда частному лицу personnel ~ ссуда частному лицу policy ~ ссуда под страховой полис premium bond ~ выпуск премиальных облигаций premium ~ выигрышный заем product ~ ссуда под продукцию provide a ~ предоставлять заем public ~ государственный заем quick ~ быстрый заем raise a ~ получать заем raise a ~ получать ссуду rebuilding ~ ссуда на реконструкцию reconstruction ~ ссуда на реконструкцию redeem a ~ погашать долг refinancing ~ рефинансированная ссуда refinancing ~ рефинансированный заем remaining ~ непогашенный остаток ссуды renew a ~ продлевать срок выплаты ссуды reorganization ~ ссуда на реорганизацию reorganize ~ structure пересматривать структуру займа repay a ~ погашать заем repay a ~ погашать ссуду replacement ~ ссуда на модернизацию repo ~ заем в соответствии с соглашением о продаже и обратной покупке seasonal ~ сезонная ссуда seasonal ~ сезонный кредит secured ~ обеспеченная ссуда secured ~ ссуда, гарантированная залогом активов securities ~ ссуда ценных бумаг self-liquidating ~ краткосрочная подтоварная ссуда service a ~ погашать ссуду shareholder ~ ссуда, обеспеченная акциями shipbuilding ~ ссуда на постройку судна shipping ~ морской заем short ~ краткосрочная ссуда short ~ краткосрочный заем short-term ~ краткосрочная ссуда short-term ~ краткосрочный заем short-term ~ краткосрочный кредит soft ~ льготный заем soft ~ льготный кредит special ~ специальный заем special-term ~ ссуда на особых условиях staff ~ ссуда для персонала state ~ государственный заем straight ~ ссуда, не покрытая обеспечением student ~ студенческая ссуда study ~ заем на обучение subordinated ~ субординационный заем subscribe a ~ подписываться на заем subsidiary ~ вспомогательная ссуда supplementary ~ дополнительная ссуда syndicated ~ банковская ссуда, предоставленная членам консорциума syndicated ~ консорциальный кредит syndicated ~ синдицированный кредит term ~ срочный кредит terminate a ~ аннулировать заем underwrite a ~ гарантировать размещение кредита unrecorded commercial ~ неучтенная коммерческая ссуда unrecorded commercial ~ неучтенная подтоварная ссуда unsecured ~ необеспеченный заем variable interest ~ ссуда с плавающей процентной ставкой written-off ~ списанная ссуда zero coupon ~ заем с нулевым купоном

Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > loan
51 policy

̈ɪˈpɔlɪsɪ I сущ.
1) а) политика, линия поведения, установка, курс to adopt, establish, formulate, set a policy ≈ принимать курс, устанавливать политику to adhere to, follow, pursue a policy ≈ следовать политике, держать курс, проводить политику to carry out, implement a policy ≈ проводить политику to form, shape a policy ≈ вырабатывать политику cautious policy ≈ осмотрительная, осторожная политика clear, clear-cut policy ≈ четкий политический курс conciliatory policy ≈ примиренческая политика deliberate policy ≈ обдуманная, взвешенная политика economic policy ≈ экономическая политика established, set policy ≈ установленная политика firm policy ≈ твердая политика flexible policy ≈ гибкая политика foolish policy ≈ недальновидная политика foreign policy ≈ внешняя политика friendly policy ≈ дружественная политика government, public policy ≈ политика правительства long-range, long-term policy ≈ долгосрочная политика military policy ≈ военная политика monetary policy ≈ денежная политика national policy ≈ национальная политика official policy ≈ официальная политика open-door policy ≈ политика открытых дверей personnel policy ≈ кадровая политика prudent policy ≈ разумная, предусмотрительная политика rigid policy ≈ твердая, жесткая политика scorched-earth policy ≈ воен. тактика выжженной земли short-range, short-term policy ≈ краткосрочная политика sound, wise policy ≈ здравая, мудрая политика tough policy ≈ жесткий политический курс, твердая политика wait-and-see policy ≈ политика выжидания It is our established policy to treat everyone fairly. ≈ У нас принято со всеми обращаться справедливо. It is company policy that all workers be/should be paid according to the same criteria. ≈ Политика компании состоит в том, чтобы все сотрудники получали зарплату на общих основаниях. bridge-building policy ≈ политика наведения мостов б) искусство управлять Syn: statecraft, diplomacy
2) благоразумие, политичность;
ловкость, хитрость In this case he was actuated by policy rather than by sentiment. ≈ На этот раз он руководствовался благоразумием, а не чувствами. Syn: prudence, sense
3) шотланд. парк (вокруг усадьбы) II сущ.
1) страховой полис to take out a policy ≈ получать страховой полис to issue, write up a policy ≈ выдавать, выписывать страховой полис to reinstate a policy ≈ восстанавливать страховой полис to cancel a policy ≈ аннулировать страховой полис endowment policy homeowner's policy insurance policy lifetime policy term policy
2) а) амер. род азартной игры, лотерея( построенная по принципу угадывания чисел) б) число, комбинация чисел (в азартной игре) Syn: number политика - home /internal, domestic/ * внутренняя политика - foreign * внешняя политика - long-range * долгосрочная политика - wait-and-see * выжидательная политика - give-and-take * политика взаимных уступок - kid-glove * умеренная /осторожная/ политика - big stick * (американизм) политика "большой дубинки" - ostrich * политика, основанная на самообмане - laissez-faire * политика (государственного) невмешательства (в экономику) - open-door * политика открытых дверей - procrastination * политика проволочек - "scorched-earth" * политика /тактика/ выжженной земли - carrot and stick * политика кнута и пряника - position-of-strength * политика (с позиции) силы - * of neutrality политика нейтралитета - * of pin-pricks политика булавочных уколов - brink-of-war *, * of brinkmanship( американизм) политика балансирования на грани войны - for reasons of * по политическим соображениям - to follow /to pursue, to conduct, to carry out/ a * проводить политику политика, линия поведения, курс;
установка;
стратегия - * authority директивный орган - their * is to satisfy the customers их цель - удовлетворить клиентов - honesty is the best * честность - лучшая политика - it is a poor * to promise more than you can do плохо обещать больше, чем можешь сделать система;
методика;
правила - all-in and all-out * (сельскохозяйственное) система использования( птичника) с однократным заполнением и последующей однократной реализацией птицы - feeding * (сельскохозяйственное) система кормления - first-in-first-out * очередность обслуживания в порядке поступления политичность, благоразумие - the * of such a course is doubtful разумность подобного курса сомнительна хитрость, ловкость проницательность;
дальновидность;
практичность;
предусмотрительность - he was actuated by * rather than sentiment он больше руководствовался практическими соображениями, нежели чувствами часто pl (шотландское) парк (при усадьбе или поместье) (редкое) правление;
правительство страховой полис - open * невалютированный полис - floating /running/ * генеральный полис - life (insurance) * полис страхования жизни - to issue /to draw up, to make out/ a * оформить полис( американизм) род азартной игры (в числа) - * shop место, где делаются ставки в этой игре accounting ~ общие принципы отражения хозяйственных операций в учете accounting ~ учетная политика adjustment ~ политика направленая на обеспечение трудоустройства (лиц, теряющих работу в результате структурных изменений в экономике) agricultural ~ аграрная политика alcohol ~ алкогольная политика (акциз, разрешение или запрещение производства, торговли и т. п.) all-in ~ универсальный страховой полис annuity insurance ~ договор страхования ренты antiinflationary ~ полит.эк. антиинфляционная политика austerity ~ полит.эк. политика строгой экономии banker ~ банковский страховой полис banking ~ политика банка bearer ~ полис на предъявителя blanket ~ генеральный полис blanket ~ полис, покрывающий все страховые случаи block ~ постоянный полис borrowing ~ кредитная политика capital contribution ~ полис страхования капиталов capital insurance ~ полис страхования капитала cargo ~ фрахтовый полис cheap money ~ политика низких процентных ставок coalition ~ политика сотрудничества collective bargaining ~ правила ведения переговоров о заключении коллективного договора commercial ~ торговая политика compensatory fiscal ~ компенсационная финансовая политика comprehensive household ~ полис комбинированного страхования квартиры и имущества comprehensive ~ полис комбинированного страхования consolidation ~ политика слияния consumer ~ политика в области защиты потребителей consumer ~ потребительская политика contractionary fiscal ~ жесткая финансово-кредитная политика contractionary fiscal ~ жесткая фискальная политика conversion ~ полис, предусматривающий возможность изменения страховой ответственности credible ~ политика, заслуживающая доверия credit ~ кредитная политика criminal ~ уголовная полиция currency ~ валютная политика data ~ политика в области информационной технологии dear-money ~ ограничение кредита путем повышения процентных ставок declaration ~ генеральный страховой полис development ~ политика развития (политический курс направленный на преимущественное развитие тех или иных областей) discount rate ~ политика регулирования учетных ставок discretionary fiscal ~ дискреционная финансовая политика dividend ~ дивидендная политика domestic ~ внутреняя политика easy monetary ~ политика "дешевых" денег easy money ~ политика "дешевых" денег economic ~ экономическая политика educational ~ политика в области образования employment ~ политика обеспечения занятости endowment ~ страхование на дожитие до определенного возраста environmental ~ экологическая политика exchange ~ валютная политика expansionary fiscal ~ экспансионистская финансово-бюджетная политика expansionary fiscal ~ экспансионистская фискальная политика expansionist monetary ~ экспансионистская денежно-кредитная политика external monetary ~ внешняя кредитно-денежная политика fidelity ~ полис страхования от финансовых потерь, связанных со злоупотреблениями служащих компании financial ~ финансовая политика fiscal ~ финансовая политика fiscal ~ финансово-бюджетная политика fiscal ~ фискальная политика fisheries ~ политика в области рыболовства fleet ~ морской полис floating ~ генеральный или постоянный полис floating ~ генеральный полис for reasons of ~ по политическим соображениям;
tough policy твердая политика foreign exchange ~ валютная политика foreign trade ~ политика в области внешней торговли free ~ бесплатный полис global ~ глобальный страховой полис grant a ~ выдавать страховой полис group ~ групповой полис growth ~ стратегия развития householder's comprehensive ~ страх. полис страхования нескольких видов домашнего имущества по одному договору hull ~ мор. страх. полис страхования корпуса судна immigrant ~ иммиграционная политика income distribution ~ политика распределения доходов incomes ~ политика в области контроля доходов index-linked ~ индексированный страховой полис individual ~ личный страховой полис industrial development ~ политика индустриального развития industrial ~ промышленная политика innovation ~ политика перемен insurance ~ договор страхования insurance ~ страховой полис insurance ~ amount сумма страхового полиса insurance ~ number номер страхового полиса interest rate ~ политика в области ставок процента internal ~ внутренняя политика inventory ~ политика управления запасами investment ~ инвестиционная политика isolation ~ политика изоляции issue a ~ выдавать страховой полис joint lives ~ полис совместного страхования жизни joint lives ~ полис страхования жизни двух или более лиц labour market ~ политика рынка труда laissez-faire ~ политика невмешательства государства в экономику laissez-faire ~ политика свободного предпринимательства land use ~ политика землепользования lapsed ~ полис, действие которого прекращено досрочно last survivor ~ полис лица, дожившего до определенного возраста legal ~ правовая политика lending ~ кредитная политика liberal trade ~ политика свободной торговли life annuity ~ полис пожизненной ренты life ~ полис страхования жизни liquidity ~ политика ликвидности loan against ~ ссуда под полис loan ~ кредитная политика loss ~ полис страхования от потерь management ~ политика руководства manpower ~ кадровая политика marine insurance ~ полис морского страхования marine ~ полис морского страхования marketing ~ политика в области сбыта marketing ~ стратегия в области сбыта master ~ групповой полис migration policies политика в вопросах миграции рабочей силы mixed ~ смешанный полис moderate ~ осторожная политика monetary ~ валютная политика monetary ~ денежно-кредитная политика monetary ~ монетарная политика mortgage protection ~ полис страхования погашения ипотечной задолженности national ~ государственная политика neutrality ~ политика нейтралитета nonalignment ~ политика неприсоединения obstructive ~ обструкционная политика omnium ~ страховой полис на общую сумму open ~ невалютированный полис, полис без указания стоимости предмета страхования open ~ невалютированный полис open ~ нетаксированный полис open-door ~ политика открытых дверей original ~ основной полис paging ~ вчт. алгоритм замещения страниц paid-up ~ оплаченный страховой полис ~ политика;
peace policy политика мира, мирная политика personal accident ~ полис личного страхования от несчастного случая personal accident ~ полис персонального страхования от несчастного случая personnel ~ кадровая политика policy вчт. алгоритм распределения ресурса ~ благоразумие, политичность;
хитрость, ловкость ~ курс ~ линия поведения ~ методика ~ шотл. парк (вокруг усадьбы) ~ поведение ~ полис (страховой) ~ политика, линия поведения, установка, курс ~ политика;
peace policy политика мира, мирная политика ~ политика ~ правила ~ амер. род азартной игры ~ вчт. стратегия ~ стратегия ~ страховой полис ~ страховой полис ~ of compromise политика компромиссов ~ of court судебная практика ~ of fiscal and monetary restraints политика финансовых и денежно-кредитных ограничений ~ of law правовая политика ~ of low interest rates политика низких процентных ставок ~ of violence политика насилия premium ~ полис с уплатой страховых взносов price ~ ценовая политика prices ~ политика цен pricing ~ политика ценообразования public ~ государственная политика reallotment ~ политика перераздела земли reform ~ политика реформ refugee ~ эмиграционная политика regional ~ региональная политика restrictive monetary ~ ограничительная денежно-кредитная политика restrictive monetary ~ ограничительная монетарная политика restrictive ~ политика ограничения restrictive ~ политика сдерживания restrictive trade ~ политика ограничения торговли retrenchment ~ политика экономии savings insurance ~ договор страхования сбережений security ~ вчт. стратегия защиты security ~ стратегия обеспечения безопасности service ~ вчт. стратегия обслуживания short-term economic ~ краткосрочная экономическая политика short-term ~ краткосрочная политика single-premium life ~ полис страхования жизни с единовременным страховым взносом single-premium ~ полис с единовременным страховым взносом social development ~ политика социального развития social ~ социальная политика solidary pay ~ политика платежей с солидарной ответственностью stabilization ~ политика стабилизации stabilization ~ политика стабилизации валюты stabilization ~ политика стабилизации цен stabilization ~ политика стабилизации экономической конъюнктуры stabilization ~ стратегия экономической стабилизации staff ~ кадровая политика stationary ~ вчт. стационарная стратегия structural ~ структурная политика subvention ~ политика в области субсидий supplementary ~ дополнительный полис supply-side ~ политика в области предложения survivorship ~ страховой полис пережившего супруга systematic ~ согласованная политика tax ~ налоговая политика taxation ~ политика налогообложения ticket ~ типовой полис tight money ~ жесткая кредитная политика tight money ~ политика дорогого кредита time ~ полис на срок time ~ срочный полис, полис страхования на срок for reasons of ~ по политическим соображениям;
tough policy твердая политика tough: ~ policy полит. жесткий курс;
a tough problem трудноразрешимая проблема trade ~ торговая политика translation ~ политика в области обменного курса валют turnover ~ полис страхования товарооборота uniform accounting ~ единая методика бухгалтерского учета unvalued ~ невалютированный полис unvalued ~ нетаксированный полис valued ~ валютированный полис valued ~ таксированный полис wage ~ политика в области зарплаты wage ~ политика в области оплаты труда wage restraint ~ политика сдерживания роста заработной платы wager ~ азартный полис whole-life ~ полис пожизненного страхования на случай смерти worldwide ~ глобальная политика worldwide ~ мировая политика youth ~ молодежная политика

Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > policy
52 SDP

1) Авиация: Source Data Package

2) Американизм: Security Democracy Prosperity, Strategic Development Plan

3) Военный термин: System Decision Papers, Systems Development Process, sea duty pay, sentry dog patrol, smoke dispersion pod, station data processing, storage and distribution point, stores distribution point, supply delivery point, supply distribution point, supply drop point, survey data processing, system decision paper, system design proposal, systems development package, systems development plan

4) Техника: Shuttle data processor, setdown pool, single-domain particle, sodium diphosphate, standard decommissioning program, structured design procedure, submarine distress pinger

5) Шутливое выражение: San Diego Posse, Self Destruct Party

6) Математика: Semi-Definite Programming

7) Политика: Socialist Democratic Party

8) Телекоммуникации: Service Definition and Provisioning

9) Сокращение: Signal Data Processor, Sloboda DP (Yugoslavia), Social Democratic Party, statistical data processing

10) Вычислительная техника: Service Delivery Point, Software Development Package, Streaming Data Procedure, service data point, Specialized Data Point (IN), Shared Development Process (MS), Session Description Protocol (RFC 2327)

11) Деловая лексика: Service Dependability And Performance

12) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: ЕПР (Single Development Programme), единая программа разработки (Single Development Programme)

13) Сетевые технологии: Session Description Protocol, Shelf Discovery Protocol

14) Полимеры: sawdust plastics

15) Контроль качества: system development plan

16) Сахалин Р: Single Development Programme

17) Океанография: Shear Deformable Plate

18) Сахалин А: single development program

19) Химическое оружие: Software Development Plan, Subcontractor data package

20) Аэропорты: Sand Point, Alaska USA

21) Программное обеспечение: Software Delivery Platform, Software Development Process

22) СМС: So Don't Pay

Универсальный англо-русский словарь > SDP
53 organization

n

организация; устройство; объединение; структура

to ban an organization — объявлять вне закона / запрещать организацию

to be accredited to an organization — быть аккредитованным при какой-л. организации

to be part of an organization — входить в организацию

to boot a country from an organization — выдворять какую-л. страну из какой-л. организации

to create an organization — создавать организацию

to disband / to dissolve an organization — распускать организацию

to eliminate smb from an organization — исключать кого-л. из организации

to establish an organization — основывать / учреждать организацию

to expel smb from an organization — исключать кого-л. из организации

to extend one's organization — ( somewhere) создавать филиал своей организации (где-л.)

to found an organization — основывать / учреждать организацию

to infiltrate an organization — внедряться в какую-л. организацию

to keep faith in an organization — сохранять веру в какую-л. организацию

to keep the organization in being — сохранять организацию

to lie within an organization — находиться в рамках организации

to make an organization legal — легализовать организацию

to persecute an organization — преследовать прогрессивную организацию

to politicize an organization — придавать организации политический характер

to proscribe an organization — запрещать организацию

to put an organization on a legal footing — придавать юридический статус какой-л. организации

to run an organization — руководить организацией

to set up a branch organization — создавать филиал

to smash an organization — ликвидировать организацию ( часто преступную)

to stay in an organization — оставаться в организации

to withdraw from an organization — выходить из организации

- AAPSO
- Afro-Asian People's Solidarity Organization
- anti-war organizations
- ASIO
- at the headquarters of the organization
- Australian Security Intelligence Organization
- autonomous organization
- banned organization
- Basque separatist organization
- breakaway organization
- CENTO
- Central Treaty Organization
- child care organization
- competent organization
- comprehensive trade organization
- Conservative Students Organization
- consultative organization
- country-wide organization
- democratic organization
- design organization
- educational organization
- emigrant organization
- environmental organization
- ethnic organization
- European Organization for Nuclear Research
- expansion of an organization
- ex-service organization
- extremist organization
- FAO
- fascist organization
- finance and banking organization
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
- governmental organization
- government-run organization
- grassroots organization
- Greenpeace Organization
- humanitarian organization
- ICAO
- ICPO
- illegal organization
- ILO
- IMO
- independent organization
- inferior organization
- informal organization
- intelligence organization
- intergovernmental organization
- International Civil Aviation Organization
- International Criminal Police Organization
- International Labour Organization
- International Maritime Organization
- international monetary and financial organization
- International Organization of Standardization
- international organization
- International Radio and Television Organization
- International Refugee Organization
- International Shipping Organization
- International Trade Organization
- INTERPOL
- interstate trade and economic organizations
- IOS
- IRTO
- kindred organizations
- legal organization
- mass public organizations
- military organization
- monetary and credit organizations
- mutual-aid organizations
- National Organization for Women
- nongovernmental organizations
- North Atlantic Treaty Organization
- NOW
- OANA
- OAS
- OAU
- OCAS
- OECD
- OPEC
- organization based in Washington
- organization committed to violence
- Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development
- Organization for European Economic Cooperation
- Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe
- Organization for Trade Cooperation
- Organization of African Unity
- Organization of American States
- Organization of Asian News Agencies
- Organization of Central American States
- organization of labor
- Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
- Organization of Regional Cooperation for Development
- OSCE
- outlawed organization
- PAHO
- Palestine Liberation Organization
- Pan-American Health Organization
- paramilitary organization
- patriotic organization
- PLO
- political organization
- political wing of an organization
- PPO
- preferred provider organization
- primary organization
- procurement organization
- pro-fascist organization
- proscribed organization
- public organization
- rebirth of an organization
- regional organization
- related organizations
- religious organization
- revanchist organization
- revolutionary organization
- sales organization
- scientific organization of labor
- SEATO
- self-financing organization
- self-governing organization
- self-supporting organization
- self-sustained organization
- separatist organization
- sister organizations
- social organization
- socio-political organization
- South-East Asia Treaty Organization
- splinter organization
- sponsoring organization
- state-political organization
- steering organization
- terrorist organization
- trade-union organization
- trading organization
- transnational organization
- ultra-right fascist-type organization
- umbrella organization
- underground organization
- underworld organization
- UNESCO
- UNIDO
- United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
- United Nations Industrial Development Organization
- United Nations Organization
- United Nations Truce Supervision Organization in Palestine
- United Towns Organization
- universal organization
- UNO
- unofficial organization
- UNTSO
- Warsaw Treaty Organization
- WHO
- withdrawal from an organization
- WMO
- World Health Organization
- World Intellectual Property Organization
- World Meteorological Organization
- World Tourism Organization
- World Trade Organization
- worldwide organization
- WTO
- youth organization

Politics english-russian dictionary > organization
54 loan

[ləun]

accommodation loan ссуда на квартиру additional loan дополнительная ссуда additional loan дополнительный заем adjustable interest rate loan ссуда с регулируемой процентной ставкой advance loan авансовая ссуда advance loan предварительный заем agreed maturity for loan согласованный срок погашения ссуды alteration loan недв. ссуда на переделку amortization loan долгосрочная ссуда, погашаемая в рассрочку amortization loan частичная уплата в счет займа annuity loan ссуда на аннуитет arrange a loan давать распоряжение о предоставлении ссуды back-to-back loan компенсационный заем bank loan банковская ссуда bank loan банковский заем banker loan банковская ссуда be granted a loan получить ссуду bonded loan облигационный заем borrow-pledge security loan ссуда под залог ценных бумаг bridging loan краткосрочный кредит до выпуска акций bridging loan краткосрочный кредит до основного финансирования bridging loan промежуточное финансирование bridging loan ссуда на покупку нового дома до момента продажи заемщиком старого дома broker's loan брокерская ссуда building loan заем под строительство building loan кредит на строительство building loan ссуда на строительство building society loan ссуда жилищно-строительному кооперативу bullet loan заем с единовременным погашением business development loan ссуда на развитие предприятия business loan ссуда деловому предприятию business start-up loan ссуда на создание нового предприятия call loan онкольная ссуда call loan ссуда до востребования cancel a loan аннулировать заем cancel a loan отказываться от ссуды car loan ссуда на покупку автомобиля cash loan получать ссуду cash loan ссуда, выданная наличными cash loan scheme порядок получения ссуды наличными cash proceeds from bond loan выручка наличными от облигационного займа cash security loan ссуда, обеспеченная наличными деньгами change-of-ownership loan ссуда на раздел собственности chattel loan ссуда под залог движимого имущества collateral loan ломбардный кредит collateral loan ссуда под обеспечение commercial loan коммерческая ссуда commercial loan подтоварная ссуда commodity loan подтоварная ссуда company loan заем, выпущенный компанией compulsory loan принудительный заем conclude a loan agreement заключать договор о ссуде conclude a loan agreement заключать контракт о получении кредита consolidation loan объединенный заем construction loan заем на строительство construction loan строительный кредит consumer credit loan ссуда на потребительский кредит consumer loan потребительская ссуда contract a loan делать заем contractor loan кредит строительному подрядчику conversion loan конверсионный заем convertible loan конвертируемая ссуда day-to-day loan онкольная ссуда day-to-day loan ссуда, возвращаемая по требованию day-to-day loan ссуда до востребования dead loan безнадежный долг dealer loan дилерский кредит debenture loan ссуда под долговое обязательство debenture loan ссуда под долговую расписку debt rescheduling loan ссуда для реструктуризации долга development loan ссуда на проектно-конструкторскую работу development loan ссуда на разработку distressed loan ссуда, на которую наложен арест dollar loan долларовая ссуда dollar loan долларовый заем domestic government loan внутренний государственный заем domestic loan внутренний заем dormant loan неэффективно используемая ссуда earlier loan ранее выданный заем educational loan заем на учебу emergency relief loan заем в связи с чрезвычайными обстоятельствами energy conservation loan ссуда на экономию энергии environmental support loan кредит на мероприятия по охране окружающей среды equipment loan ссуда на оборудование eurobond loan ссуда под еврооблигации exchange risk covered loan кредит на покрытие убытков от валютного риска existing loan непогашенный кредит export credit loan экспортный кредит export loan экспортный кредит external group loan заем зарубежного концерна external loan внешний заем extra group loan дополнительный заем концерну farming loan ссуда сельскохозяйственным предприятиям farming loan фермерская ссуда fiduciary loan заем, не обеспеченный золотом final loan последний кредит final loan последняя ссуда financial loan финансовый кредит fixed loan долгосрочная ссуда fixed loan долгосрочный заем fixed-rate loan банк. ссуда с фиксированной процентной ставкой float a loan выпускать заем float a loan предоставлять кредит floating rate loan облигация с плавающей ставкой fluctuating rate loan ссуда с изменяющейся процентной ставкой forced loan вынужденный заем foreign currency loan заем в иностранной валюте foreign exchange loan заем в иностранной валюте foreign loan иностранный заем forgiveable loan невзыскиваемая ссуда forgiveable loan невзыскиваемый кредит forward-covered loan вал.-фин. ссуда с форвардным покрытием gift loan беспроцентная ссуда global loan глобальный заем government guaranteed loan ссуда с правительственной гарантией loan заем; government loan государственный заем government loan государственный заем government loan правительственная ссуда government loan правительственный заем grant a loan предоставлять заем grant a loan предоставлять ссуду home loan внутренний заем housing loan заем на жилищное строительство housing loan ссуда на покупку дома import loan ссуда на импорт товаров improvement loan ссуда на мелиорацию земель index-linked loan индексированный заем index-tied loan индексированный заем indexed loan индексированный заем industrial loan деловой заем industrial loan кредит промышленному предприятию industrial loan промышленный заем industrial loan ссуда, предоставляемая промышленному предприятию instalment loan заем на оплату в рассрочку instalment loan ссуда с погашением в рассрочку intercompany loan межфирменный кредит interest adjustment loan ссуда с регулирируемой ставкой процента interest-bearing loan процентная ссуда interest-free loan беспроцентная ссуда intermediate loan среднесрочная ссуда intragroup loan внутрифирменный заем issue a loan выдавать ссуду issue a loan выпускать заем kiwi loan банк. заем в новозеландских долларах linear repayment loan ссуда с последовательным погашением loan (преим. амер.) давать взаймы, ссужать loan давать взаймы loan заем loan заимствование (о слове, мифе, обычае) loan заем; government loan государственный заем loan кредит loan ссуда loan ссуда; (что-л.) данное для временного пользования (напр., книга) loan ссужать loan at interest ссуда под проценты loan for consumption purposes потребительская ссуда loan for extension ссуда на пристройку к дому loan for new building ссуда на новое здание loan for tenant's contribution ссуда для взносов арендатора loan of money денежный заем loan on goods ссуда под залог товаров loan on policy ссуда под страховой полис loan on special terms ссуда на особых условиях loan to cover arrears ссуда для уплаты просроченных ссуд по счетам loan to developing country заем развивающимся странам local authority loan заем, выпущенный местным органом власти long-term loan долгосрочная ссуда long-term loan долгосрочный заем long-term loan долгосрочный кредит lottery loan выигрышный заем low-interest loan ссуда с низкой процентной ставкой mandatory loan принудительный заем medium-term loan среднесрочная ссуда modernization loan ссуда на модернизацию money loan денежная ссуда money loan договор денежного займа mortgage credit loan ссуда под ипотечный кредит mortgage loan заем под залог недвижимости mortgage loan ипотечная ссуда mortgage loan ипотечный кредит mortgage loan ссуда под закладную mortgage loan ссуда под недвижимость municipal loan муниципальная ссуда municipal loan муниципальный заем negotiate a loan получать заем negotiate: loan вести переговоры, договариваться (with); обсуждать условия; to negotiate a loan (terms of peace) договариваться об условиях займа (мира) new financial loan новый финансовый заем new loan новый заем nominal loan номинальная ссуда nonbusiness loan ссуда, выданная не для экономической деятельности obtain a loan получать ссуду on loan взаймы on loan предоставленный для выставки (об экспонате) ordinary loan заем, предоставленный за счет обычных ресурсов outstanding loan непогашенная ссуда parallel loan параллельная ссуда payroll account loan кредит на счет заработной платы pension fund loan ссуда пенсионному фонду perpetual loan бессрочный заем personal bank loan личная банковская ссуда personal loan личный заем personal loan ссуда частному лицу personnel loan ссуда частному лицу policy loan ссуда под страховой полис premium bond loan выпуск премиальных облигаций premium loan выигрышный заем product loan ссуда под продукцию provide a loan предоставлять заем public loan государственный заем quick loan быстрый заем raise a loan получать заем raise a loan получать ссуду rebuilding loan ссуда на реконструкцию reconstruction loan ссуда на реконструкцию redeem a loan погашать долг refinancing loan рефинансированная ссуда refinancing loan рефинансированный заем remaining loan непогашенный остаток ссуды renew a loan продлевать срок выплаты ссуды reorganization loan ссуда на реорганизацию reorganize loan structure пересматривать структуру займа repay a loan погашать заем repay a loan погашать ссуду replacement loan ссуда на модернизацию repo loan заем в соответствии с соглашением о продаже и обратной покупке seasonal loan сезонная ссуда seasonal loan сезонный кредит secured loan обеспеченная ссуда secured loan ссуда, гарантированная залогом активов securities loan ссуда ценных бумаг self-liquidating loan краткосрочная подтоварная ссуда service a loan погашать ссуду shareholder loan ссуда, обеспеченная акциями shipbuilding loan ссуда на постройку судна shipping loan морской заем short loan краткосрочная ссуда short loan краткосрочный заем short-term loan краткосрочная ссуда short-term loan краткосрочный заем short-term loan краткосрочный кредит soft loan льготный заем soft loan льготный кредит special loan специальный заем special-term loan ссуда на особых условиях staff loan ссуда для персонала state loan государственный заем straight loan ссуда, не покрытая обеспечением student loan студенческая ссуда study loan заем на обучение subordinated loan субординационный заем subscribe a loan подписываться на заем subsidiary loan вспомогательная ссуда supplementary loan дополнительная ссуда syndicated loan банковская ссуда, предоставленная членам консорциума syndicated loan консорциальный кредит syndicated loan синдицированный кредит term loan срочный кредит terminate a loan аннулировать заем underwrite a loan гарантировать размещение кредита unrecorded commercial loan неучтенная коммерческая ссуда unrecorded commercial loan неучтенная подтоварная ссуда unsecured loan необеспеченный заем variable interest loan ссуда с плавающей процентной ставкой written-off loan списанная ссуда zero coupon loan заем с нулевым купоном

English-Russian short dictionary > loan
55 policy

[̈ɪˈpɔlɪsɪ]

accounting policy общие принципы отражения хозяйственных операций в учете accounting policy учетная политика adjustment policy политика направленая на обеспечение трудоустройства (лиц, теряющих работу в результате структурных изменений в экономике) agricultural policy аграрная политика alcohol policy алкогольная политика (акциз, разрешение или запрещение производства, торговли и т. п.) all-in policy универсальный страховой полис annuity insurance policy договор страхования ренты antiinflationary policy полит.эк. антиинфляционная политика austerity policy полит.эк. политика строгой экономии banker policy банковский страховой полис banking policy политика банка bearer policy полис на предъявителя blanket policy генеральный полис blanket policy полис, покрывающий все страховые случаи block policy постоянный полис borrowing policy кредитная политика capital contribution policy полис страхования капиталов capital insurance policy полис страхования капитала cargo policy фрахтовый полис cheap money policy политика низких процентных ставок coalition policy политика сотрудничества collective bargaining policy правила ведения переговоров о заключении коллективного договора commercial policy торговая политика compensatory fiscal policy компенсационная финансовая политика comprehensive household policy полис комбинированного страхования квартиры и имущества comprehensive policy полис комбинированного страхования consolidation policy политика слияния consumer policy политика в области защиты потребителей consumer policy потребительская политика contractionary fiscal policy жесткая финансово-кредитная политика contractionary fiscal policy жесткая фискальная политика conversion policy полис, предусматривающий возможность изменения страховой ответственности credible policy политика, заслуживающая доверия credit policy кредитная политика criminal policy уголовная полиция currency policy валютная политика data policy политика в области информационной технологии dear-money policy ограничение кредита путем повышения процентных ставок declaration policy генеральный страховой полис development policy политика развития (политический курс направленный на преимущественное развитие тех или иных областей) discount rate policy политика регулирования учетных ставок discretionary fiscal policy дискреционная финансовая политика dividend policy дивидендная политика domestic policy внутреняя политика easy monetary policy политика "дешевых" денег easy money policy политика "дешевых" денег economic policy экономическая политика educational policy политика в области образования employment policy политика обеспечения занятости endowment policy страхование на дожитие до определенного возраста environmental policy экологическая политика exchange policy валютная политика expansionary fiscal policy экспансионистская финансово-бюджетная политика expansionary fiscal policy экспансионистская фискальная политика expansionist monetary policy экспансионистская денежно-кредитная политика external monetary policy внешняя кредитно-денежная политика fidelity policy полис страхования от финансовых потерь, связанных со злоупотреблениями служащих компании financial policy финансовая политика fiscal policy финансовая политика fiscal policy финансово-бюджетная политика fiscal policy фискальная политика fisheries policy политика в области рыболовства fleet policy морской полис floating policy генеральный или постоянный полис floating policy генеральный полис for reasons of policy по политическим соображениям; tough policy твердая политика foreign exchange policy валютная политика foreign trade policy политика в области внешней торговли free policy бесплатный полис global policy глобальный страховой полис grant a policy выдавать страховой полис group policy групповой полис growth policy стратегия развития householder's comprehensive policy страх. полис страхования нескольких видов домашнего имущества по одному договору hull policy мор.страх. полис страхования корпуса судна immigrant policy иммиграционная политика income distribution policy политика распределения доходов incomes policy политика в области контроля доходов index-linked policy индексированный страховой полис individual policy личный страховой полис industrial development policy политика индустриального развития industrial policy промышленная политика innovation policy политика перемен insurance policy договор страхования insurance policy страховой полис insurance policy amount сумма страхового полиса insurance policy number номер страхового полиса interest rate policy политика в области ставок процента internal policy внутренняя политика inventory policy политика управления запасами investment policy инвестиционная политика isolation policy политика изоляции issue a policy выдавать страховой полис joint lives policy полис совместного страхования жизни joint lives policy полис страхования жизни двух или более лиц labour market policy политика рынка труда laissez-faire policy политика невмешательства государства в экономику laissez-faire policy политика свободного предпринимательства land use policy политика землепользования lapsed policy полис, действие которого прекращено досрочно last survivor policy полис лица, дожившего до определенного возраста legal policy правовая политика lending policy кредитная политика liberal trade policy политика свободной торговли life annuity policy полис пожизненной ренты life policy полис страхования жизни liquidity policy политика ликвидности loan against policy ссуда под полис loan policy кредитная политика loss policy полис страхования от потерь management policy политика руководства manpower policy кадровая политика marine insurance policy полис морского страхования marine policy полис морского страхования marketing policy политика в области сбыта marketing policy стратегия в области сбыта master policy групповой полис migration policies политика в вопросах миграции рабочей силы mixed policy смешанный полис moderate policy осторожная политика monetary policy валютная политика monetary policy денежно-кредитная политика monetary policy монетарная политика mortgage protection policy полис страхования погашения ипотечной задолженности national policy государственная политика neutrality policy политика нейтралитета nonalignment policy политика неприсоединения obstructive policy обструкционная политика omnium policy страховой полис на общую сумму open policy невалютированный полис, полис без указания стоимости предмета страхования open policy невалютированный полис open policy нетаксированный полис open-door policy политика открытых дверей original policy основной полис paging policy вчт. алгоритм замещения страниц paid-up policy оплаченный страховой полис policy политика; peace policy политика мира, мирная политика personal accident policy полис личного страхования от несчастного случая personal accident policy полис персонального страхования от несчастного случая personnel policy кадровая политика policy вчт. алгоритм распределения ресурса policy благоразумие, политичность; хитрость, ловкость policy курс policy линия поведения policy методика policy шотл. парк (вокруг усадьбы) policy поведение policy полис (страховой) policy политика, линия поведения, установка, курс policy политика; peace policy политика мира, мирная политика policy политика policy правила policy амер. род азартной игры policy вчт. стратегия policy стратегия policy страховой полис policy страховой полис policy of compromise политика компромиссов policy of court судебная практика policy of fiscal and monetary restraints политика финансовых и денежно-кредитных ограничений policy of law правовая политика policy of low interest rates политика низких процентных ставок policy of violence политика насилия premium policy полис с уплатой страховых взносов price policy ценовая политика prices policy политика цен pricing policy политика ценообразования public policy государственная политика reallotment policy политика перераздела земли reform policy политика реформ refugee policy эмиграционная политика regional policy региональная политика restrictive monetary policy ограничительная денежно-кредитная политика restrictive monetary policy ограничительная монетарная политика restrictive policy политика ограничения restrictive policy политика сдерживания restrictive trade policy политика ограничения торговли retrenchment policy политика экономии savings insurance policy договор страхования сбережений security policy вчт. стратегия защиты security policy стратегия обеспечения безопасности service policy вчт. стратегия обслуживания short-term economic policy краткосрочная экономическая политика short-term policy краткосрочная политика single-premium life policy полис страхования жизни с единовременным страховым взносом single-premium policy полис с единовременным страховым взносом social development policy политика социального развития social policy социальная политика solidary pay policy политика платежей с солидарной ответственностью stabilization policy политика стабилизации stabilization policy политика стабилизации валюты stabilization policy политика стабилизации цен stabilization policy политика стабилизации экономической конъюнктуры stabilization policy стратегия экономической стабилизации staff policy кадровая политика stationary policy вчт. стационарная стратегия structural policy структурная политика subvention policy политика в области субсидий supplementary policy дополнительный полис supply-side policy политика в области предложения survivorship policy страховой полис пережившего супруга systematic policy согласованная политика tax policy налоговая политика taxation policy политика налогообложения ticket policy типовой полис tight money policy жесткая кредитная политика tight money policy политика дорогого кредита time policy полис на срок time policy срочный полис, полис страхования на срок for reasons of policy по политическим соображениям; tough policy твердая политика tough: policy policy полит. жесткий курс; a tough problem трудноразрешимая проблема trade policy торговая политика translation policy политика в области обменного курса валют turnover policy полис страхования товарооборота uniform accounting policy единая методика бухгалтерского учета unvalued policy невалютированный полис unvalued policy нетаксированный полис valued policy валютированный полис valued policy таксированный полис wage policy политика в области зарплаты wage policy политика в области оплаты труда wage restraint policy политика сдерживания роста заработной платы wager policy азартный полис whole-life policy полис пожизненного страхования на случай смерти worldwide policy глобальная политика worldwide policy мировая политика youth policy молодежная политика

English-Russian short dictionary > policy
56 operation

операция; кампания; боевые [военные] действия; бой; сражение; эксплуатация; обслуживание; работа; pl. оперативное управление [отдел, отделение]; см. тж. action, battle, combat

counter C3 operation — операция [действия] против систем руководства, управления и связи [оперативного управления и связи]

counternaval forces naval operation (in closed or open offshore areas) — морская операция по разгрому ВМС противника (в закрытых или прилегающих к побережью открытых морских районах)

over-water photo(graphic) reconnaissance operations — аэрофоторазведка акваторий

— across-the-border operation

— action operation

— administrative operations

— aeromobile operation

— aerospace control operation

— aerospace projection operation

— after-burst operations

— air assault operation

— air combat operations

— air defense suppression operation

— air mobility operation

— air operation

— air superiority operation

— air support operations

— airborne field operation

— airborne operation

— airborne psychological warfare operation

— aircrew recovery operation

— air-delivered operation

— air-ground operation

— air-land operation

— air-landed operation

— air-landing operation

— airlift operation

— air-mission operation

— airmobile operation

— air-portable operation

— air-transport operation

— air-transportable operation

— air-transported operation

— all-source collection operation

— all-type fleet force operation

— amphibious invasion-type operation

— amphibious landing operation

— amphibious operation

— amphibious raid-type operation

— amphibious seizure-tupe operation

— antiambush operations

— anticarrier operations

— anticrop operations

— antinaval force operation

— antisatellite operation

— antishipping operations

— antisubmarine air area operations

— antisubmarine operation

— antisubmarine support operations

— antiterrorist operation

— antiurban guerrilla operations

— arctic operations

— area damage control operations

— area-security operation

— armored amphibious operation

— army corps operation

— army group operation

— associated operation

— bacteriological operations

— barrier and denial operations

— barrier operations

— base operations

— basic operation

— basing area defense naval operation

— battlefield airmobile operation

— battlefield security operations

— beach supply operations

— below-the-weather operations

— biological operations

— blocking operation

— bluff-type deceptive operation

— border operation

— breaching operation

— break-in communication operation

— breakout operation

— breakthrough operation

— bridging operation

— bring out of operation

— buttoned-up operation

— cargo operations over a beach

— civil affairs-military operations

— civil military operations

— clandestine operations

— clear air-mass operations

— clearance operation

— clear-and-hold operation

— clear-day operation

— clearing operations

— closed-hatch operation

— closure mine laying operation

— clothing exchange and bath operations

— coastal operations

— cold weather operations

— combat air operations

— combat operations

— combined conventional-nuclear operations

— combined operation

— combined-arms operation

— come into operation

— communications countermissive operation

— community transition operations

— Continental Shelf sea operations

— continental theater strategic operation

— conurbation operations

— cordon-and-search operation

— corridor operation

— counter ASW force naval operation

— counter BM submarine naval operation

— counter stationary hydroacoustic surveillance systems naval operation

— counterair operations

— counterairborne operation

— counteraircraft carrier force naval operation

— counterairmobile operation

— counteramphibious assault operation

— counterbarrier operation

— countercity operation

— counterfire operation

— counterforce operation

— counterinsurgency operation

— counterintelligence operation

— counterirregular operations

— countermissive operation

— countermobility operation engineer

— counterresistance operations

— counterrevolutionary operations

— countersealift denial operation

— countershore installations naval operation

— countervalue operation

— covering force operation

— covering operation

— covering security operations

— covert operations

— deception operation

— deception special operation

— decontamination operation

— defensive air operation

— defensive air-to-air operation

— defensive biological operations

— defensive operation

— defensive strike operations

— defoliant operations

— delayed retrograde operation

— delaying operations

— denial operation

— desert operations

— destabilization operation

— dismounted clearing operation

— dismounted operation

— dispersed off-base operations

— dispersed operations

— distracting operation

— division-size operation

— drop from operation

— eagle flight operation

— early link-up operation

— economy of force operation

— elimination operation

— emergency warfare operation

— emergency wartime operation

— engineer operations

— EW cryptologic operations

— EW operation

— exploitation-type operation

— extended operation

— fair weather-day operation

— farm gate-type operations

— fast-moving operation

— fast-reaction integrated submarine command operations

— field operations

— field ration mess operations

— firing operation

— fixed wing operation

— fixed-position operations

— flame operations

— force-on-force operations

— forcible entry operation

— forward-based operations

— full-duplex operation

— general engineering operation

— global air operations

— go out of operation

— ground attack operations

— ground combat operations

— group of armies operation

— guarding security operations

— guerrilla operations

— helicopter air-mobility operation

— helicopter-borne operation

— high-density operation

— hostage-rescue operation

— hunter-killer ASW operation

— hunter-killer AT operation

— immediate guerrilla-type operations

— independent operations

— independent-type airborne operation

— in-field operations

— infil-exfil operations

— initial operation

— integrated operation

— intelligence operation

— intelligence-gathering operation

— interallied operation

— internal defense and development operations

— internal security operation

— in-theater operations

— irregular operation

— joint airborne operation

— joint amphibious operation

— joint operation

— key operations to hostilities

— land control operations

— land projection operations

— land-air operations

— landing operation

— large unit operation

— large-scale operation

— launch an operation

— limited objective operation

— limited offensive operation

— limited visibility operation

— limited war initial operations

— link-up operation

— local operation

— logistical airlift operations

— long-duration airborne operation

— long-range operation

— long-sea-voyage operation

— low level night operation

— low-density operation

— maintain an operation

— major operation

— Marine amphibious combined operation

— maritime operation

— massed conventional arms limited objectives operation

— mechanized operation

— military operations in built-up areas

— military operations in urbanized terrain

— military operations

— missile operations

— mobile formations disruption operation

— mobility operation

— moppmg-up operation

— morale operations

— mount an operation

— mountain operations

— movement operation

— multichannel operation

— multiplex operation

— multishift operation

— multiship operation

— nap-of- the -earth antiarmor operation

— naval capture operation

— naval invasion operation

— naval occupation operation

— naval operation by multiple-type fleet forces

— naval operation

— naval projection operations

— NBC operations

— night airborne operations

— night operations

— nonairborne operations

— nonair-landed operation

— nonmission operation

— normal operations

— normal time reaction operation

— northern operations

— nuclear aerospace operation

— nuclear air operations

— nuclear ground operations

— nuclear operations

— nuclear weapon operations

— nuclear weapon prefire operations

— nuisance operation

— offensive air operation

— offensive air support operations

— offensive air-to-air operation

— offensive biological operations

— offensive counterair operations

— offensive counterfire power operations

— offensive operation

— offensive river-crossing operation

— offensive support operations

— officer personnel operations

— offshore operation

— on-station operation

— open-breech gas blow back operation

— orbital launch operation

— overland operation

— over-obstacle assault operation

— over-sea patrol operation

— overseas operations

— overt operation

— over-the-road operations

— parachute operation

— paramilitary operations

— partial-denial operation

— personnel replacement operations

— post-attack recovery operations

— post-linkup operations

— post-strike operation

— preassault operation

— preliminary operation

— presence operations

— printed media operations

— projection operation

— psychological operation

— pull off an operation

— put in operation

— put out of operation

— quasi-combat operation

— radio relay operation

— rain-making operation

— reaction operation

— rear area combat operations

— rear area protection operations

— recovery operation

— relief operation

— remote area operations

— remote controlled hazardous operations

— reserve reaction operation

— restaging operation

— retrograde operation

— riot operation

— river-crossing operation

— rotary wing operation

— route transport operation

— sabotage operation

— screen out an operation

— screening operation

— sea control operations

— sea lines of communication defense naval operation

— sealift operation

— search and attack operation

— search and clear operation

— search and destroy operation

— security operations

— segregated operations

— selective alternative operation

— sensitive operation

— ship-to-shore operation

— shore operation

— shore-to-shore assault operation

— short-duration airborne operation

— short-field operations

— short-range operation

— short-range sea-voyage assault operation

— short-time reaction operation

— signal support operations

— silent condition radio telephone operation

— simulated warfare operations

— ski operations

— sling load operation

— space combat operations

— space reconnaissance operation

— special environment operation

— special operations

— split-battery operation

— stability operation

— stabilization operation

— stage an operation

— standby operation

— strategic air operation

— strategic airborne operation

— strategic operation

— submerged operation

— subsequent operations

— subsidiary operation

— subversive operations

— suicide operations

— surf assault operation

— surveillance operations

— survey operations

— survivability operations

— sustain an operation

— sustained operations

— sweep-and-clear operation

— tactical air ground operation

— tactical air operation

— tactical airborne operation

— tactical cover and deception operations

— tactical deception operations

— tactical nuclear operation

— tactical operations

— tactical support operations

— task force operations

— task group operations

— theater strategic operation

— theater-level operations

— time critical operations

— treetop operation

— troop ladder operations

— unconventional warfare psychological operation

— undercover operations

— unilateral operation

— urban ized operations

— urban terrain military operations

— warlike operations at peacetime

— wartime personnel operations

— weapons system operation

— withdrawal operation

* * *

операция

English-Russian military dictionary > operation
57 loan

1.

давать взаймы, ссужать

2.

заем; ссуда; кредит

•

- accommodation loan

- active loan

- adjustable mortgage loan

- advance loan

- agency loan

- agricultural loan

- agricultural sector adjustment loan

- amortization loan

- apex loan

- asset-based loan

- auto loan

- back-to-back loan

- bad loan

- balloon loan

- bank loan

- banking sector's nonperforming loans

- bank-to-bank loan

- below-market loan

- big loan

- bilateral loan

- blank loan

- borrowed-pledge security loan

- bottomry loan

- bridge loan

- bridging loan

- broker's loan

- building loan

- bullet loan

- business loan

- call loan

- callable loan

- capital loan

- capped floating rate loan

- cash loan

- cash security loan

- character loan

- cheap loan

- clearance loan

- collared floating rate loan

- collateral loan

- collateralized loan

- commercial loan

- committed loan

- commodity loan

- compulsory loan

- concessionary loan

- consolidated loan

- consumer's loan

- construction loan

- consumption loan

- convertible currency loan

- corporate loan

- Crown loan

- currency loan

- customer's loan

- daily loan

- day loan

- day-to-day loan

- dead loan

- dealer loan

- defaulted loan

- delinquent loan

- demand loan

- development loan

- direct loan

- disbursed loan

- discount loan

- discount interest loan

- distressed loan

- dollar loan

- domestic loan

- downstream loan

- droplock loan

- dud loan

- economic opportunity loan

- economic recovery loan

- emergency loan

- emergency reconstruction loan

- equipment financing loan

- equity loan

- Eurocurrency loan

- Eurosyndicated loans

- excess loan

- export adjustment loan

- external loan

- farm loan

- fiduciary loan

- financial intermediary loan

- fixed loan

- fixed-date loan

- fixed-interest loan

- fixed-rate loan

- floated loan

- floating-rate loan

- forced loan

- foreign loan

- foreign exchange loan

- free-limit loan

- frozen loan

- funded loan

- funding loan

- gold loan

- good faith loan

- government loan

- guaranteed loan

- hard loan

- hedged loan

- high-interest loan

- home loan

- home finance loan

- home improvement loan

- home mortgage loan

- housing construction loan

- hybrid loan

- impaired loans

- indexed loan

- index-tied loan

- industrial loan

- industrial and trade policy adjustment loan

- installment loan

- interbank loan

- intercompany loan

- interest-bearing loan

- interest-free loan

- interim loan

- intermediate loan

- internal loan

- inventory loan

- investment loan

- jeopardy loan

- jumbo loan

- large loan

- limited recourse loan

- local loan

- local authority loan

- lombard loan

- long loan

- long-dated loan

- long-period loan

- long-sighted loan

- long-term loan

- long-term foreign exchange loan

- long-term mortgage loan

- low-interest loan

- low-interest-rate mortgage loan

- lucrative loan

- managed loan

- mandatory loan

- margin loan

- market loan

- medium-term loan

- medium-term foreign exchange loan

- MiniMax loan

- mixed loans

- money loan

- morning loan

- mortgage loan

- multicurrency loan

- multilateral loan

- municipal loan

- national loan

- negative amortization loan

- net loan s

- nonaccruing loan

- noninterest bearing loan

- nonperforming loan

- nonregulated loans

- notice loan

- on call loan

- one-off purpose-oriented loan

- outstanding loan

- overage loan

- overdue loan

- overnight loan

- package loan

- parallel loan

- participating loan

- participation loan

- past-due loan

- performing loan

- permanent loan

- permanent government loan

- perpetual loan

- personal loan

- pledge loan

- policy loan

- pooled loan

- poorly performing loan

- precarious loan

- prematured loan

- prime-rate loan

- problem loan

- programme loan

- programme adjustment loan

- property loan

- public loan

- public enterprise rationalization loan

- public enterprise rehabilitation loan

- purpose loan

- purpose-oriented loan

- real estate loan

- receivable loan

- reconstruction loan

- recourse loan

- redeemable loan

- redemption loan

- regulated loans

- rehabilitation import loan

- reimbursable loan

- renegotiated loan

- repaid loan

- replacement loan

- rescheduled loan

- resetter loan

- seasonal loan

- seasoned loan

- sector loan

- sector adjustment loan

- sector investment and maintenance loan

- secured loan

- securities loan

- securitized loan

- self-liquidating loan

- self-liquidation loan

- senior loan

- short loan

- short-dated loan

- short-sighted loan

- short-term loan

- short-term floating rate loan

- short-term foreign exchange loan

- short-time loan

- sight loan

- signature loan

- single loan

- sinking-fund loan

- small business loan

- soft loan

- sovereign loan

- sovereign-risk loan

- special surveillance loan

- specific investment loan

- stabilization loan

- stand-by loan

- state loan

- sterling loan

- stock exchange loan

- stock market loan

- straight loan

- street loan

- subsidiary loan

- subsidized loan

- swing loan

- syndicate loan

- syndicated loan

- tax-exempt loan

- technical assistance loan

- term loan

- tied loan

- time loan

- time-slice loan

- underperforming loan

- undersubscribed loan

- underwater loan

- undisbursed loan

- unlimited loan

- unrecoverable loan

- unsecured loan

- upstream loan

- utilized loan

- variable-rate loan

- viable loan

- watch loan

- weekly loan

- loan against bills of exchange

- loan against borrower's note

- loan against collateral

- loan against commodities and materials

- loan against goods

- loan against government guarantee

- loan against a guarantee

- loan against hypothecation of goods

- loan against instrument of debt

- loan against payment documents

- loan against pledge

- loan against pledged bills

- loan against pledge of goods

- loan against a promissory note

- loan against securities

- loan against security

- loan against shares

- loan against stocks

- loan at call

- loan at interest

- loan at notice

- loan for a period of

- loan in sterling

- loan of money

- loan on bills of exchange

- loan on call

- loan on collateral

- loan on debentures

- loan on easy terms

- loan on favourable terms

- loan on goods

- loan on interest

- loan on landed property

- loan on merchandise

- loan on mortgage

- loan on pawn

- loan on policy

- loan on securities

- loan on security

- loan on the security of bills

- loan on short notice

- loans to customers

- loan with agreed maturity

- loan with equity kicker

- loan without bond

- loan without interest

- loan without security

- loan with participations

- loan with strings attached

- accelerate a loan

- accommodate with a loan

- advance a loan

- allow a loan

- apply for a loan

- assess delinquent loans

- back a loan

- book loans

- call in a loan

- cancel a call loan

- contract a loan

- convert a loan into marketable securities

- cover a loan

- default on a loan

- disburse a loan

- downgrade a loan

- extend a loan

- finance a loan

- float a loan

- forfeit a loan

- get a loan

- give a loan

- grant a loan

- guarantee a loan

- issue a loan

- launch a loan

- liquidate a loan

- make a loan

- meet a loan

- monitor a loan

- negotiate a loan

- obtain a loan

- offer a loan

- pay back a loan

- pay down a loan

- pay off a loan

- place a loan

- provide a loan

- qualify for a loan

- raise a loan

- recall a loan

- redeem a loan

- renew a loan

- repay a loan

- request a loan

- restructure a loan

- retire a loan

- retrieve a loan

- secure a loan

- secure a new loan

- service a loan

- sink a loan

- slash loans

- subscribe to a loan

- support a loan

- take up a loan

- take up a loan on securities

- warrant a loan

- write off bad loans

- loan backed by bills

- loan bearing no interest

- loan collateralized by

- loan collateralized into marketable securities

- loan payable on request of the creditor

- loan repayable on demand

- loan secured by bills

- loan secured by inventory

English-russian dctionary of diplomacy > loan
58 plan

план; замысел; порядок; система; плановая таблица; планировать; организовывать

ground tactical (landing) plan — план действий (воздушного десанта) после десантирования

logistical capability plan, fiscal year — план возможностей тылового обеспечения на финансовый год

visible (light) illumination plan — план освещения (поля боя) видимым светом

— administrative plan

— affiliation plan

— affirmative actions plan

— air assault operation ground plan

— air assault operation landing plan

— air assault operation staging plan

— Air Force mobilization plan

— air plan

— airborne corps operation plan

— aircraft allocation plan

— airmobile team air movement plan

— airspace coordination plan

— airspace management plan

— alert recall plan

— alternative plan

— ammunition plan

— amphibian vehicle employment plan

— amphibious vehicle employment plan

— antiairborne plan

— anticoup plan

— antiguerrilla plan

— area damage control plan

— armed helicopter fire plan

— Army materiel plan

— Army mobilization plan

— artillery fire support plan

— artillery quick fire support plan

— assembly plan

— asset utilization plan

— battle plan

— beach development plan

— buildup plan

— campaign plan

— canned plan

— CAS plan

— CBR plan

— chemical contaminations plan

— chemical fire plan

— chemical fire support plan

— chemical operations plan

— circulation plan

— civil alarm plan

— collection plan

— combat plan

— combat support plan

— combat surveillance plan

— commissioning from ranks plan

— communications plan

— communications/electronics plan

— community transition plan

— composite launch sequence plan

— configuration management plan

— contingency operations plan

— contingent operations plan

— continuity of operations plan

— counterambush plan

— cover-up plan

— craft-loading plan

— crisis relocation plan

— current defense plans

— daily patrol plan

— day plan

— D-day naval gunfire plan

— deception plan

— defense buildup plan

— deferred-payment plan

— denial plan

— deployment plan

— depot plan

— derived plan

— development cost plan

— development plan

— electronic surveillance plan

— emergency attack plan

— emergency defense plan

— emergency destruction plan for classified material

— emergency evacuation plan

— emergency plan

— emission control plan

— engineer plan

— European area communications plan

— exercise outline plan

— facility utilization plan

— fallout survey plan

— fire plan

— fire-fighting plan

— five-year defense plan

— force alignment plan

— force development plan

— Force Modernization Master plan

— force structuring plan

— hasty fire plan

— illumination plan

— immunization plan

— implementation plan

— implementing plan

— industrial mobilization plan

— information distribution plan

— initial movement plan

— Joint Command Operational plan

— joint plan

— joint strategic capabilities plan

— joint strategic objectives plan

— joint support plan

— landing and approach plan

— launch sequence plan

— light plan

— limited nuclear operations plan

— limited war plan

— link-up plan

— logistical plan

— logistics master plan

— march plan

— maritime contingency force plan

— marshaling plan

— master lesson plan

— master plan

— materiel fielding plan

— medical plan

— medicare plan

— men university training plan

— messing plan

— military R&D plan

— minefield location plan

— mobility plan

— mobilization assignment training plan

— mobilization plan

— motor march plan

— movement control plan

— movement plan

— multiyear defense plan

— national weapons acquisition plan

— NATO Nuclear Modernization plan

— naval gunfire plan

— net plan

— new equipment distribution plan

— nuclear ammunition distribution plan

— nuclear evacuation plan

— nuclear fire plan

— nuclear fire support plan

— nuclear first-strike plan

— nuclear operations plan

— nuclear strike plan

— obstacle plan

— officer career development plan

— officer's sleeping plan

— officers university training plan

— on-call counterfire plan

— operational logistic plan

— operational plan

— operations plan in concept format

— operations plan

— ordnance plan

— outline plan

— package disarmament plan

— patrol plan

— personnel allocation plan

— phased attack plan

— pilot plan

— post-attack immunization plan

— preassault nuclear fire plan

— pre-D-day naval gunfire plan

— priority strike plan

— procurement plan

— quick fire plan

— radio plan

— radio trunking plan

— rapid reinforcement plan

— real world crisis evaluation plan

— rear area defense plan

— rear area protection plan

— rear area security plan

— Red Integrated Strategic Operations plan

— reduced tactical communications plan

— regular officer training plan

— reinforced theater plan

— reorganization plan

— requirement development plan

— restricted fire plan

— restrictive fire plan

— Retired Serviceman's Family Protection plan

— road movement plan

— seating plan

— selective employment plan

— ship's loading plan

— single integrated operational plan

— strategic capabilities plan

— strategic integrated operational plan

— strategic mobilization plan

— strategic objectives plan

— strategic plan

— strike plan

— subordinate plan

— support plan to continuity of operation

— support plan

— surveillance plan

— survey plan

— system development plan

— system engineering management plan

— tactical cover plan

— tactical mobilization plan

— tactical plan

— target servicing plan

— tentative plan

— timed serial fire plan

— track plan

— traffic control plan

— traffic plan

— training evaluation plan

— training plan

— transportation and highway regulation plan

— troop messing plan

— unit warning plan

— upgrade a plan

— US Army Communications Frequency plan

— US Joint Military Frequency Allocation plan

— vehicle evacuation plan

— war plan

— wartime stationing plan

— weapon destruction plan

— weapon system development plan

English-Russian military dictionary > plan
59 fund

1. сущ.
1) общ. запас, фонд, резерв (материального, энергетического, денежного или иного ресурса); источник (какого-л. ресурса)

fund of wisdom — кладезь мудрости

Nature provides an unlimited fund of energy available to all living things. — Природа предоставляет неограниченный источник энергии, доступный для всего живого.

See:

annuity fund, cooperative advertising fund, wage fund, sinking fund, reserve fund, credit fund, debt service fund, disability fund, insurance fund, Medicare fund, self-insurance fund, social insurance fund, unemployment fund, unsatisfied judgment fund

2) мн., эк. фонды, (денежные) средства, деньги

to accumulate funds — накапливать средства

to raise funds — собирать средства

to allocate funds — распределять средства [фонды\]

to allot funds for [to\] — выделять [ассигновать\] средства на что-л. или кому-л.

to appropriate funds for [to\] — выделять средства ( на определенную цель)

to be in the funds — быть при деньгах

to be out of funds — быть без денег

to be pressed for funds — испытывать денежные затруднения

to transfer funds by wire — переводить деньги по телеграфу

to solicit funds — ходатайствовать о предоставлении средств

to channel funds — направлять [проводить\] средства

funds provision — предоставление средств

funds allocated to smth. or smb. — средства, предназначенные для чего-л. или кого-л.

See:

blocked funds, borrowed funds, cleared funds, external funds, federal funds, internal funds, next day funds, own funds, pension fund б), same day funds, uncollected funds, proof of funds, fund manager, funds transfer, availability of funds, cost of funds, non-sufficient funds fee, Extended Fund Facility, fund-raiser

3) эк. фонд (организация, управляющая сбором и распределением ресурсов с какой-л. целью; это может быть как некоммерческая организация, собирающая взносы и передающая их каким-л. лицам или проектам, так и коммерческое финансовое учреждение, собирающее средства инвесторов и организующее их централизованное инвестирование)

See:

investment fund, mutual fund, money market fund, ethical fund, pension fund, life income fund, retirement income fund, load fund, closed-end fund, specialty fund, single-country fund, regional fund, index fund, bond fund, equity fund, flexible fund, life-cycle fund, fund of funds, vulture fund, commodity fund, family of funds, Bank Insurance Fund, Deposit Insurance Fund, Deposit Protection Fund, Fraud Compensation Fund, Pension Protection Fund, Common Fund for Commodities, relief fund, health fund, pension fund а), second injury fund, segregated fund, trust fund, with-profits fund, development fund, Exchange Equalization Fund, global fund, international fund, Abu Dhabi Fund for Arab Economic Development, Africa Enterprise Fund, Arab Fund for Economic and Social Development, Arab Monetary Fund, Common Fund for Commodities, Doha Development Agenda Global Trust Fund, Economic Stabilization Fund, Economic Support Fund, European Agricultural Guidance and Guarantee Fund, European Fund for Monetary Cooperation, European Monetary Cooperation Fund, Exchange Stabilization Fund, Fund for Special Operations, Industrialization Fund for Developing Countries, International Fund for Agricultural Development, International Monetary Fund, Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development, Multilateral Investment Fund, Nigeria Trust Fund, Overseas Economic Cooperation Fund, United Nations Children's Fund, United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund

4) учет, амер. фонд (в государственном учете: самостоятельная группа сбалансированных активных и пассивных счетов, обычно выделяемая по источникам и целевым направлениям расходования средств)

See:

special revenue fund, governmental accounting, fund accounting, general fund

5) мн., гос. фин., брит. государственные ценные бумаги

to have money in the funds — держать деньги в государственных ценных бумагах

See:

government security
2. гл.
1) фин. финансировать, субсидировать ( предоставлять средства на определенные цели); вкладывать [помещать\] средства (во что-л. или куда-л.)

The project is funded by the US Department of Energy. — Этот проект финансируется Министерством энергетики США.

The World Bank, however, refused to fund the project. — Мировой банк, однако, отказался финансировать данный проект.

See:

funder, fundee, funding, funded

2) гос. фин. реструктурировать, фундировать* ( превращать краткосрочный долг в долгосрочный или бессрочный)

See:

funded debt

3) эк., редк. делать запас, создавать фонд ( резервировать денежные средства или другие ресурсы под будущие расходы)

* * *
1) взаимный инвестиционный фонд; сберегательное или инвестиционное учреждение; см. closed-end investment company; 2) сумма денег, финансовые ресурсы, оборотные средства; 3) активы, в т. ч. ценные бумаги, которые зарезервированы для тех или иных целей; см. sinking fund; 4) самобалансирующийся счет (фонд) в благотворительной организации (по требованию донора) или в правительственном агентстве (по требованию закона); имеется в виду использование средств фонда (счета) исключительно для оговоренных целей, т. е. в конечном итоге расходы балансируются с доходами (активы с пассивами); см. fund balance.
* * *

Инвестиционная деятельность

фонд

резерв средств или инвестиций, образованный в определенных целях

-----

Международное страхование

фонд

средства, аккумулирующие премии и проценты по всем полисам, полученные отделом страхования жизни после всех расходов и выплат

-----

Финансы/Кредит/Валюта

фонд

денежные или материальные средства, предназначенные для определенных целей

Англо-русский экономический словарь > fund
60 expenditure

n

1) расход; расходование; трата; потребление; статья расхода

2) pl расходы; затраты

•

to cut (back) expenditures — сокращать расходы

to force through military expenditure — протаскивать военные расходы ( через бюджет)

to increase expenditures — увеличивать расходы

to incur expenditures — нести расходы

to reduce expenditures on agriculture — уменьшать расходы на сельское хозяйство

to slash expenditures — резко сокращать расходы

to step up expenditures — увеличивать расходы

- accrued expenditures
- agricultural expenditures
- armaments expenditures
- arms expenditures
- business expenditures
- capital equipment expenditures
- capital expenditures
- cash expenditures
- civilian expenditures
- classification of expenditures
- current expenditures
- defense expenditures
- direct expenditures
- education expenditures
- environmental expenditures
- escalating military expenditure
- estimated expenditures
- expenditures above the line
- expenditures abroad
- expenditures at home
- expenditures below the line
- expenditures for national security
- expenditures for pollution abatement
- expenditures for welfare and social benefits
- expenditures on armaments
- expenditures on military R and D
- expenditures on military research and development
- expenditures on public account
- export expenditures
- extra expenditures
- extra-budgetary expenditures
- extraordinary expenditures
- federal expenditures
- global expenditures on arms
- global military expenditures
- government expenditures abroad
- government expenditures
- government overseas expenditures
- health expenditures
- housing expenditures
- import expenditures
- interest expenditure
- investment expenditures
- loan expenditures
- marginal expenditures
- military and related security expenditures
- military expenditures
- non-defense expenditures
- operating expenditures
- overseas military expenditure
- personal consumption expenditures
- plant and equipment expenditure
- productive expenditures
- public expenditures
- recurrent expenditure
- reduction in expenditure
- research-and-development expenditures
- rising scale of expenditures
- socially necessary expenditure
- space expenditures
- supply expenditures
- total expenditures
- unproductive expenditures
- volume of expenditures

- war expenditures
- welfare expenditures

Politics english-russian dictionary > expenditure

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development+security

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Словари и энциклопедии на Академике

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development+security

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