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21 ἄκορνα
Grammatical information: f.Meaning: `fish thistle, Cnicus Acarna' (Thphr.).Other forms: ( σ)όρνος s. below.Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]Etymology: On final short α see Chantr. Form. 100ff. Strömberg Wortstudien 17 compares κόρνος κεντρομυρσίνη, Σικελοί H. and σκόρνος κόρνος, μυρσίνη τὸ φυτόν; the ἀ- a prothetic vowel, not through connection with ἀκ- `sharp'. That ἀκορνός ( ὀκορνός) `grasshopper' would come from ἄκορνα, with Strömberg, because grasshoppers live below thistles and feed on them, seems unnecessary, but cf. ἀκανθίας `grasshopper' beside ἄκανθα.The variation ἀ-\/σ-\/zero, the - ρν- and the short -α all point to a Pre-Greek word.Page in Frisk: 1,55Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ἄκορνα
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22 θᾶκος
Grammatical information: m.Meaning: `seat, chair' (Il.).Compounds: As 2. member e. g. in σύν-θακος, - θωκος `who has his chair together with another' (S., E.).Derivatives: Denomin. verbs: 1. θάσσω, ep. θαάσσω, only present stem, `sit' (Il.), \< *θαϜακ-ι̯ω, s. below; ( θοάζω for *θοάσσω) 2. θᾱκέω, θωκέω, also with prefix, e. g. συν-, ἐν-, `sit' (posthom.) with θάκημα `sitting' (S.), ἐνθάκησις `sitting' (S.), ἐνθακη `ambush' (Pompeiopolis; postverbal), θακεῖον `seat' (Attica IVa; cf. ἀρχεῖον, Chantraine Formation 61). 3. θακεύω `go to stool' (Plu., Artem.). - On θοάζω s. v.Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]Etymology: From θάβακον θᾶκον η θρόνον H. it appears, that *θᾶκο was contracted from *θά(Ϝ)ακος; θῶκος will come from θώ(Ϝ)ακος, shortened *θό(Ϝ)ακος, which will have given with metr. lengthening θόωκος. One further assumes the zero grade, resp. ō-grade of τί-θη-μι (as in θωμ-ός). This is impossible for *θαϜακ-ος. One explains further, with Schulze Q. 435, *θάϜακος as assimilated from *θόϜακος. This is most improbable. - Lit. dėveti `carry' (of clothes) etc.' (Bezzenberger BB 27, 179) is not connected. - Details on θᾶκος, θῶκος in Björck Alpha impurum 349ff. - The word must be Pre-Greek, as seen by Fur. 342; a suffix - ακ- is frequent in Pre-Greek (Beekes, Pre-Greek, Suffixes); variation *θαϜ\/ θοϜ is normal (there is no need to assume a form *θωϜ); the form θοωκος requires *θοϜ-ᾱκ-ος).Page in Frisk: 1,647-648Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > θᾶκος
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23 κλᾰω
κλᾰ́ωGrammatical information: v.Meaning: `break, break off'Other forms: ( ἐνι-κλᾶν, κατ-έκλων) Il., aor. κλάσ(σ)αι, pass. κλασθῆναι (Il.), athem. ptc. ἀπο-κλά̄ς (Anacr. 17; cf. below), fut. κλάσω, perf. pass. κέκλασμαι (IA.),Derivatives: κλάσις `breaking' (IA.), κλάσμα `broken piece' (Att.) with κλασμάτιον (Delos IIIa), ἀνα-κλασμός `bending back' (Heliod.), κλάστης ἀμπελουργός H., also ὀστο-κλάστης (Kyran.) a. o., κλαστήριον `knife for clipping the vine' (Delos IIa u. a.); sec. κλαστάζω `clip the vine', metaph. `chastize' (Ar. Eq. 166); on the formation Schwyzer 706. - On κλών, κλωνός m. `sprout' (Att.) with the diminutives κλωνίον, - ίδιον, - άριον, - ίσκος (Thphr., hell. inschr., Gp.), further κλωνίτης `with sprouts' (Hdn.), κλῶναξ = `κλάδος' (H.), κλωνίζω `clip' (Suid.) see on κλάδος; not from *κλα-ών (Schwyzer 521; s. also 487 n. 3). On κλῶμαξ, ἀπόκλωμα below. - With diff. ablaut κλῆμα `twig (of the vine), tendril of the vine', κλῆρος ( κλᾶρος) `lot', κλῶμαξ `heap of stones' (s. vv.), ἀπόκλωμα. ἀπολογία ἐπὶ τὸ χεῖρον H. - Quite doubtful Κλαζομεναί PlN (Anatolia), acc. to Fraenkel KZ 42, 256; 43, 216 "where the waves break" (free imagination).Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]Etymology: The uniform verbale system, is based on κλᾰ(σ)-; it may be the result of simplification. Whether this started from a presens or an aorist cannot be decided because there are no non-Greek cognates; cf. the presentation in Schwyzer 676 a. 752 and in Chantraine Gramm. hom. 1, 354 (who considers the present κλάω as secondary against κλάσαι). In the isolated ἀπο-κλά̄ς an old athematic form (present or aorist? Schwyzer 676 a. 742) could have been preserved; but an analogical innovation (as after φθᾰ́σαι: φθάς?) cannot be excluded however. For the old passive κλασθῆναι one might think of κλαδ- (Schwyzer 761), but extension of an aorist-stems κλασ- combined with analogy is also possible (Chantraine Gramm. hom. 1, 404f.). An old s-present *κλά[σ]-ω from IE. *kl̥-s-ō (Brugmann Grundr.2 2: 3, 342, Schwyzer 706) has no support. - The primary verbs of the other languages are completely deviant: Lith. kalù, kálti `forge, hammer' = OCS koljǫ, klati, Russ. kolótь `sting, split, hew' (full grade IE. * kolH-; on the meaning WP. 1, 438 and Vasmer Russ. et. Wb. s. v.); Lith. kuliù, kùlti (zero grade, IE. kl̥H-); Lat. per-cellō `smash' (basis uncertain). Further forms Pok. 545ff., W.-Hofmann s. clādēs. S. also κλαδαρός, κλάδος, κόλος etc. So no IE etym. It cannot comes from IE *klas- as this form cannot be made from IE. So prob. the word is of Pre-Greek origin.Page in Frisk: 1,866-867Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > κλᾰω
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24 μάρτυς
Grammatical information: m. f.Meaning: `witness' (Il.; on the spread etc. E. Kretschmer Glotta 18, 92 f., on the use in Homer Nenci Par. del Pass. 13, 221ff.) `martyr, (blood-witness)' (christ. lit.; s. Bauer Gr.-dt. Wb. s.v.).Other forms: Aeol. (Hdn. Gr.) a. Dor. μάρτυρ, Cret. Epid. μαῖτυς (- ρς), - ρος, acc. also μάρτυν (Simon.), dat. pl. μάρτυσι (- ρσι Hippon.?); ep., also NWGr. μάρτυρος.Compounds: Compp., e.g. μαρτυρο-ποιέομαι `call as witness' (inscr., pap.), ψευδό-μαρτυς `false witness' (Pl.; Risch IF 59, 257 f.), ἐπί-μαρτυς `witness' (Ar., Call., A. R.), prob. backformation from ἐπι-μαρτύρομαι, - ρέω; on supposed ἐπιμάρτυρος (for ἔπι μάρτυρος) see Leumann Hom. Wörter 71.Derivatives: μαρτυρία (λ 325; cf. below on μαρτυρέω), μαρτύριον (IA) `testimony, evidence'. Denominatives: 1. μαρτύρομαι, also wiht prefix, e.g. δια-, ἐπι-, `call as witness' (IA); 2. μαρτυρέω, often w. prefix, e.g. ἀντι-, ἐκ-, ἐπι-, δια-, κατα-, συν-, `testify, bear witness' (Alc., Pi., IA) with μαρτύρημα (E.), ( ἀντι-, κατα-)-μαρτύρησις (Epicur., pap.) `testimony', also ( δια-, ἐκ-, ἐπι-, συμ-) μαρτυρία `id.' (cf. above and Scheller Oxytonierung 34f. w. n. 4).Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]Etymology: The basis may be a verbal noun *μάρ-τυ- `testimony', seen in μάρ-τυς, - τυν, - τυσι; cf. below. The change from abstract `testimony' to appellative `witness' is attested more often, e.g. Fr. témoin \< Lat. testimonium, Engl. witness orig. `testimony', then `witness'. The suffix ρο- gave the personal, prob. orig. adjectival μάρτυ-ρος. A compromise with μάρτυς gave perhaps the consonantstem μάρτυρ-; note esp. the gen. pl. μαρτύρων ( ἐναντίον μαρτύρων etc.), which can be both from the o-stem and from the consonantstem; further see Egli Heteroklisie 117ff. Dissimilation occurred in μαῖτυ(ρ)ς (\< *μάρτυρ-ς); μάρτυσι and μάρτυς can be explained in the same way (Schwyzer 260); cf. above. - As zero grade τυ-derivation μάρτυς may belong to a verb for `remember', which may be found in Skt. smárati and which may have other derivatives in Greek, e.g. μέριμνα (s. v.); proper meaning *'remembrance'. -- Not with Thieme Studien 55 (with criticism of the traditional interpretation): from *mr̥t-tur prop. `seizing death' (?), cf. Leumann Gnomon 25, 191. - But this cannot explain the vocalism, so rather a loand from Pre-Greek (Fur. 296). The speculations above, which start from an IE origin, must be rejected.Page in Frisk: 2,178-179Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > μάρτυς
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25 οἰδέω
Grammatical information: v.Meaning: `to swell' (ε 455).Other forms: Also οἰδάω (Plu., Luc.), οἰδαίνω (hell. poet.); οἰδάνομαι, -ω (Ι 646 a. 554, Ar., A. R.), οἰδίσκομαι, -ω (medic.) `swell' resp. `make swell', aor. οἰδῆσαι (IA.), rare οἰδῆναι (Q. S.: οἰδαίνω), perf. ὤδηκα (Hp., Theoc.);Derivatives: 1. οἶδμα n. `torrent of water' (Il.), after κῦμα (Porzig Satzinhalte 242); cf. κυέω: κῦμα, δοκέω: δόγμα (if not from a lost primary verb; cf. below); οἰδματ-όεις `flowing' (A. Fr. 69 = 103 Mette, Opp.). 2. οἶδος n. `swelling' (Hp., Nic., Aret.); cf. κρατέω: κράτος. 3. οἴδ-ημα n. `swelling' (Hp., D.) with - ημάτιον (Hp., Aët.), - ηματώδης (medic.); ( ἀν-, δι-, ἐξ- etc.) οίδησις f. `bulge' (Pl., medic., Thphr.). 4. ( ἐπ-, ὑπ-)οιδαλέος `swollen' (Archil., Hp.: οἰδαίνω like κερδαλέος: κερδαίνω). 5. οἴδᾱξ m. `unripe fig' (Poll., Choerob.; from οἶδος or οἰδέω). 6. Backformations: ὕποιδος `somewhat swollen' (Gal.: ὑπ-οιδέω), ἐνοιδής `swollen' (Nic.: ἐν-οιδέω). -- On Οἰδίπους s. v.Etymology: Of the presentforms only οἰδέω will be old. Through enlargement arose the causat. οἰδάνω with intr. οἰδάνομαι (cf. on Οἰδίπους), in the same way οἰδίσκομαι, -ω (Schwyzer 700 a. 709 f.); οἰδαίνω will be analog. after κυμαίνω, ὀργαίνω u.a., perh. also to οἰδῆσαι after κερδῆσαι: κερδαίνω a. o.; to οἰδῆσαι the late and rare οἰδάω. In οἰδέω some see an iterativ-intensive formation; but an agreeing primary verb is not attested. -- A certain cognate is Arm. ayt-nu-m `swell' with the primaryn aor. ayte-ay and the noun ayt (i-stem) `cheek', IE * oidi- (poss. * aidi-; cf. below); the nu-present is an Arm. innovation. Germ. presents some isolated nouns, a.o. OHG eiz, NHG dial. Eis `abscess, ulcer', PGm. * aita-z, IE * oido-s (* aido-s?; cf. formally close οἶδος n.); with r-suffix e.g. OHG eittar n. ' Eitar', PGm. * aitra- n. (cf. on Οἰδίπους), also in waternames, e.g. Eiter-bach (Krahe Beitr. z. Namenforsch. 7, 105 ff.). Isolated also Lat. aemidus (prob. after the synon. tumi-dus), in the vowel deviating from οἰδέω (ablaut oi: ai?, which could be * h₂ei-\/ h₂oi-); the non-Greek. forms can further continue both IE oi and ai. -- The Slav. forms adduced are polyinterpretable: OCS jadъ `poison'; even more doubtful Russ. etc. jadró, PSl. *jędro `kernel, testicle etc.' (with nasal infix?). Also other nasalised forms wit zero grade have been connected, e.g. Skt. índu- m. `drop', Balt. rivernames like Indus, Indura; all of it rather doubtful and for Greek unimportant. Further details w. rich lit. in WP. 1, 166f., Pok. 774, W.-Hofmann s. aemidus, Vasmer s. jád and jadró, also Mayrhofer s. índuḥ and Indraḥ.Page in Frisk: 2,357-358Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > οἰδέω
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26 ἀγκ-
Grammatical information: rootMeaning: `curve'Compounds: ἀγκυλομήτης `who thinks crookes thoughts' (Il.) from *μη-μι (cf. Skt. mā́ti) Ruijgh, Lingua 25, 1970, 306.Derivatives:With l-suffix: ἀγκάλη f., mostly pl. `curved arm, armfull' (Archil.); ἀγκαλίς, - ίδες (Il.) - ἀγκύλος `curved, bent' (Il.) For the stem in -u- cf. Skt. aṅku-rá- `hook' (note Wheeler's law). For the l-suffix cf. OHG angul `fishhook', ON ōl f. `belt' (like ἀγκύλη), ōll `germ' etc. Uncertain ἀγκλόν σκολιόν H. –With n-suffix: ἀγκών, - ῶνος m. `elbow', dat. pl. ἀγκάσι (Opp.), cf. ἀγκάς below (Il.). Feminine formation ἄγκοιναι `arms' (Il.). With old -e- ἐπ-ηγκενίδες `long planks on a ship' (Bechtel Lex.) –Unclear ἀγκάς ἀγκάλας H. (Bechtel Lex.). Adverb ἀγκάς `in the arms' (Il.), except Ψ 711 only before vowel, probably the elided dat. pl. with zero grade suffix of ἀγκών ( ἀγκάσι like φρασί).One generally takes here ἄγκῡρα `ancre' (Alk.), but I suggest it is a substratum word (typical Pre-Greek suffix, hardly from - ur-ya-; cf. γέφῡρα, γόργῡρα). (LW [loanword] lat. ancora, and Marāthi naṅgar `id.'.)Origin: IE [Indo-European] [45] *h₂enk- `bend'Page in Frisk: 1,11-12Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ἀγκ-
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27 αἴξ
αἴξ, αἰγόςGrammatical information: f.Meaning: `goat' rarely m. `he-goat' (Il.). Also a waterbird (Janzén [s. below] 17), a meteor (Arist.) and a star (Aratos).Compounds: αἰπόλος `goatherd' \< *αἰγ-πολος s. s.v. πέλω (cf. Meier-Brügger Gr. Sprachw. 1, 92). αἰγί-βοτος `browsed by goats' (Od.) Unclear αἰπόλος κάπηλος παρὰ Κυπρίοις H (see Leumann Hom. W. 271ff; to be rejected Latte's corr. ἀί- = ἀεί).Derivatives: αἰγίς `goatskin', q.v.;Origin: IE [Indo-European]X [probably] [13] *h₂eiǵ-Etymology: The compounds in - ι- are unexplained (unclear Heubeck IF 69 (1963) 13-21); old is in any case the type αἰπόλος. αἴξ is cognate with Arm. ayc `goat' (i-stem); see Clackson 88-90, who reconstructs, with Meillet, *h₂eiǵ-ih₂. Zero grade is mostly supposed in Av. ī̆zaēna- `of leather', but it is not certain that it refers to the skin of a goat. If the connection is correct, the word would be IE; the word is often considered as an Anatolian loanword in both Greek and Armenian. - See A. Janzén Bock und Ziege (GHÅ 43 [1937: 5]) 9ff.and EIEC s.v. - The gloss αἶγες τὰ κύματα, Δωριεῖς H. may be a metaphor, s. αἰγιαλός. In Greek geogr. names ( Αἰγαί, Αἰγαῖος, Αἴγινα etc.) we may have not the word for `goat', Sommer IF 55, 259f. (Pre-Greek), V. Burr Nostrum mare (Würzb. Stud. zur Altertumswiss.) Stuttgart 1932. Connection with * h₂eig- as `to jump' is rejected by Mayrhofer EWAia 1, 264 as éjati had a labio-velar (also it does not mean `jump'). Not to Skt. ajá- `goat'.Page in Frisk: 1,41-42Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > αἴξ
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28 αἰγός
αἴξ, αἰγόςGrammatical information: f.Meaning: `goat' rarely m. `he-goat' (Il.). Also a waterbird (Janzén [s. below] 17), a meteor (Arist.) and a star (Aratos).Compounds: αἰπόλος `goatherd' \< *αἰγ-πολος s. s.v. πέλω (cf. Meier-Brügger Gr. Sprachw. 1, 92). αἰγί-βοτος `browsed by goats' (Od.) Unclear αἰπόλος κάπηλος παρὰ Κυπρίοις H (see Leumann Hom. W. 271ff; to be rejected Latte's corr. ἀί- = ἀεί).Derivatives: αἰγίς `goatskin', q.v.;Origin: IE [Indo-European]X [probably] [13] *h₂eiǵ-Etymology: The compounds in - ι- are unexplained (unclear Heubeck IF 69 (1963) 13-21); old is in any case the type αἰπόλος. αἴξ is cognate with Arm. ayc `goat' (i-stem); see Clackson 88-90, who reconstructs, with Meillet, *h₂eiǵ-ih₂. Zero grade is mostly supposed in Av. ī̆zaēna- `of leather', but it is not certain that it refers to the skin of a goat. If the connection is correct, the word would be IE; the word is often considered as an Anatolian loanword in both Greek and Armenian. - See A. Janzén Bock und Ziege (GHÅ 43 [1937: 5]) 9ff.and EIEC s.v. - The gloss αἶγες τὰ κύματα, Δωριεῖς H. may be a metaphor, s. αἰγιαλός. In Greek geogr. names ( Αἰγαί, Αἰγαῖος, Αἴγινα etc.) we may have not the word for `goat', Sommer IF 55, 259f. (Pre-Greek), V. Burr Nostrum mare (Würzb. Stud. zur Altertumswiss.) Stuttgart 1932. Connection with * h₂eig- as `to jump' is rejected by Mayrhofer EWAia 1, 264 as éjati had a labio-velar (also it does not mean `jump'). Not to Skt. ajá- `goat'.Page in Frisk: 1,41-42Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > αἰγός
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29 ἄλπνιστος
Grammatical information: adj.Meaning: See below. (Pi. I. 5 (4), 12)Other forms: ἔπαλπνος `amiable' (Pi. P. 8, 84) = ἡδύς, προσηνής (Sch.); ἀλπαλέον ἀγαπητόν H., from which (perhaps) ἁρπαλέος (influenced by ἁρπάζω; the gloss ἁπάλιμα· ἁρπακτά, προσφιλῆ shows the double meaning; cf. also ἁρπαλίζομαι· ἀσμένως δέχομαι H.). Here also the PN Άλπονίδης (inscr. Karthaia), Bechtel Namenstudien 5f., from ῎Αλπων.Dialectal forms: ἄλπαρ inscr. Crete; uncertain.Origin: XX [etym. unknown]Etymology: For ἄλπνιστος Wackernagel KZ 43, 377 reads *ἄλπιστος, a primary superlative formation and attested as PN (A. Pers. 982; but text uncertain). The assumption of an old r\/n-stem, once popular, is unnecessary (the Cretan form would point to it). - ἀλπ- as *Ϝαλπ-, zero grade of *Ϝελπ- in ἔλπομαι, ἐλπίς, is doubtful (one expects *Ϝλαπ-).Page in Frisk: 1,78Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ἄλπνιστος
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30 ἄορ
ἄορ, - οροςGrammatical information: n.Meaning: `sword' (Il.)Compounds: (gen.) χρυσάορος, χρυσάορ -α, -ι (Il.), epithet of gods and godesses, also of Orpheus, `with golden sword', but others take it as `with golden (hanging) ornament' (below); also PN Χρυσάωρ (Hes.).Origin: IE [Indo-European]X [probably] [771] *n̥s- `sword'Etymology: ἄορ was taken as noun of ἀείρω with orig. meaning `what hangs', what would fit χρυσάορος well. With o-grade or Aeolic zero grade. Ruijgh, Lingua 25 (1970) 312f., rejects this, and assumes *n̥s-r̥, connected with Lat. ensis and Skt. asi- (both with *n̥s-), though the Skt. word means `butcher's knife'. One points also to Pal. hasira- dagger', but * h₂ns- would give Gr. *αν-.Page in Frisk: 1,117Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ἄορ
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31 ἀπούρᾱς
ἀπούρᾱςGrammatical information: aor. ptc.Meaning: `taking away, depriving' (Il.)Etymology: For *ἀπο-Ϝρᾱς (see Lejeune Traité de phonétique 154 u. 197). To the root aor. 3. Sg. ἀπ-ηυρᾱ (= *ἀπ-η-Ϝρᾱ with long augment). Ptc. med. ἀπουρᾰ́μενος (Hes. Sc. 173), analogical as zero grade - urh₂- would have given -Ϝρᾱ-. 1sg. ἀπηύρων (after the type ἐτίμα: ἐτίμων); see Chantr. Gramm. hom. 356, 379f.; also DELG. The barytonesis is Aeolic (Wackernagel Gött. Nachr. 1914, 119), not after the s-aor., which does not exist. The root * ureh₂- is not known from other languages. See Sinclair, Class. Rev. 39 (1925) 99ff; Strunk Glotta 37 (1958) 118-127. - On ἀπό-ερσε s.s.v.Page in Frisk: 1,125Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ἀπούρᾱς
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32 αὖος
Grammatical information: adj.Meaning: `dry' (Il.).Dialectal forms: Att. αὗοςDerivatives: αὐονή (Archil.), cf. καλλονή, ἡδονή (Schwyzer 490, Chantr. Form. 207). - αὐαλέος `id.' (Hes.) like ἀζαλέος a. o.; also αὐσόν ξηρόν H. with s-Suffix as in ῥυσός, γαυσός etc. (Schwyzer 516, Chantr. Form. 454). On αὐσταλέος, αὐστηρός s. below. - Denom. verb: αὐαίνω, αὑαίνω (comp. with ἀπ-, ἀφ-, κατ-, καθ-αυαίνω) `dry'; αὐασμός `ds.' (Hp.; Schwyzer 493, Chantr. 141f.; αὑαψή s.v.. - αὕω ξηραίνω (Hdn.; also ἀφαύει Ar. Eq. 394, which Solmsen Unt. 277 corrects in ἀφᾱνεῖ) looks like a primary verb, but may be denom. (Schwyzer 723). Two adj. with related meaning: αὐσταλέος `dried up' (Od.; cf. αὑαλέος above and Bechtel Lex. s. v.) and αὐστηρός `hard' (Hp.) presuppose a verbal adj.(?) *αὖστος; but cf. the synonym καύστ-ειρα.Etymology: αὖος, αὗος is cognate with Lith. saũsas, OCS suxъ, OE sēar, which suggest PIE *saũsos `dry'. (Skt. śoṣa- (assimilated from *soṣa-) m. `the making dry' is secondary. Uncertain Alb. ʮaj `dry', Demiraj, Alb. Etym.) Zero grade * sus- in Skt. śúṣ-ka- (\< *suṣ-ka-) = Av. huška-, OP. uška- `dry' (perh. also in Lat. sūdus `dry, bright' \< * suz-d-). From this form verbs like Skt. śúṣ-yati, Latv. sust `become dry'. - Lubotsky (KZ 98, 1985, 1 - 10) argues that the Greek form goes back on * h₂sus-, as is shown by ἀυσταλέος, which has five syllables. He thinks it was a perfect ptc. of * h₂es- `be dry' (not `burn, glow'), seen in ἄζω and Lat. āreō (with redupl. * h₂e-h₂s-). Balto-Slavic and Germanic derive from * h₂sous- with sec. o-grade. This also solves the problem that PIE had no *a. -- S. also αὐχμός.Page in Frisk: 1,188-189Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > αὖος
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33 ἄχνυμαι
ἄχνυμαι, ἄχομαιGrammatical information: v.Meaning: `grieve, lament for' (Il.).Other forms: Ptc. also ἀχεύων, ἀχέων (Il.; s. below); aor. ἀκαχέσθαι, ἀκαχεῖν, ἀκαχῆσαι, perf. ἀκάχημαι ( ἀκηχεμένη m.c.?). ἄχομαι twice (Od.).Derivatives: Pres. ἀκαχίζομαι, - ίζω ; ἀχνάσδημι (Alk. 81), for a verb in - άζω from *ἄχνημι, *ἄχναμαι (beside ἄχνυμαι, s. Schwyzer 693 A. 4, 716 Mom. 4). - Old is ἄχος n. `sadness, pain' (Il.); ἀχνύς, - ύος f. (Kall.) after ἄχνυμαι.Etymology: With ἄχος agree Goth. agis n., OE. ege m. `fear', though there is difference in meaning. Further Goth. ptc. un-agands `fearless' (them. like ἄχομαι). - Pret.-pres. Goth. ōg `I feared' like OIr. ad-āgor id. (both from IE ā or ō) confirm zero grade in ἄχνυμαι. - In ἀχεύων we have an athematic participle, prob. from the aorist-stem (aor. *ἠ᾽χευ-α), beside pres. ἄχ-ν-υ-μαι. For ἀχέων: ἄχος cf. κρατέων ; κράτος, s. Schwyzer 696 β, 724 A.1. ἀχεύων not from *ἀχεύ-ι̯ων. S. Strunk, Nasalpräs. 105ff.Page in Frisk: 1,202-203Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ἄχνυμαι
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34 ἄχομαι
ἄχνυμαι, ἄχομαιGrammatical information: v.Meaning: `grieve, lament for' (Il.).Other forms: Ptc. also ἀχεύων, ἀχέων (Il.; s. below); aor. ἀκαχέσθαι, ἀκαχεῖν, ἀκαχῆσαι, perf. ἀκάχημαι ( ἀκηχεμένη m.c.?). ἄχομαι twice (Od.).Derivatives: Pres. ἀκαχίζομαι, - ίζω ; ἀχνάσδημι (Alk. 81), for a verb in - άζω from *ἄχνημι, *ἄχναμαι (beside ἄχνυμαι, s. Schwyzer 693 A. 4, 716 Mom. 4). - Old is ἄχος n. `sadness, pain' (Il.); ἀχνύς, - ύος f. (Kall.) after ἄχνυμαι.Etymology: With ἄχος agree Goth. agis n., OE. ege m. `fear', though there is difference in meaning. Further Goth. ptc. un-agands `fearless' (them. like ἄχομαι). - Pret.-pres. Goth. ōg `I feared' like OIr. ad-āgor id. (both from IE ā or ō) confirm zero grade in ἄχνυμαι. - In ἀχεύων we have an athematic participle, prob. from the aorist-stem (aor. *ἠ᾽χευ-α), beside pres. ἄχ-ν-υ-μαι. For ἀχέων: ἄχος cf. κρατέων ; κράτος, s. Schwyzer 696 β, 724 A.1. ἀχεύων not from *ἀχεύ-ι̯ων. S. Strunk, Nasalpräs. 105ff.Page in Frisk: 1,202-203Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ἄχομαι
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35 βυνέω
Grammatical information: v.Meaning: `stuff full of' (Hdt.)Other forms: also βύνω (Hdt.), βύζω (Aret., H.), βύω, aor. βῦσαι, fut. βύσω; βέβυσμαι (Od.), ἐβύσθην, ( παρά)βυστος,Derivatives: βύσμα `plug' (Hp.), βύστρα `id.' (Antiph.); adv. βύζην (\< *βύσ-δην, s. below) `closely' (Hp.), with βυζόν πυκνόν, συνετόν, γαῦρον δε καὶ μέγα H. - Also βυλλά βεβυσμένα H., with denomin. βεβυλλῶσθαι βεβύσθαι H. - Fur. 213 n. 54 suggests that βουνός στιβάς (`mattress'), Κύπριοι H. is derived from βυνέω.Origin: XX [etym. unknown]Etymology: Like κυνέω, βυνέω could continue a nasal present *βυ-νέ-σ-ω, with βῡν- from zero grade βυν-σ-? (3. Pl. *βύνσοντι, from there διαβύνεται Hdt. 2, 96?, s. Schwyzer 692); the verb would then be of high antiquity. Possible also *βυσ-νέω with seondary - έω. - One compares Alb. m-bush `fill', further Celtic and Germanic words for `pouch', e.g. MIr. búas (\< * bousto-), ON posi, OE posa, OHG pfoso, PGm. *pŭsan- (\< *bŭson-); further e.g. OSw. pusin `swollen'; but Alb. m-bush and MIr. búas may also have PIE * bh-. One then refers to b(h)u, p(h)u in Pok. 98ff., but this material needs screening; also such forms may be re-created at any time. Cf. βυβός, βουβών, βύτανα.Page in Frisk: 1,276-277Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > βυνέω
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36 βῡνω
Grammatical information: v.Meaning: `stuff full of' (Hdt.)Other forms: also βύνω (Hdt.), βύζω (Aret., H.), βύω, aor. βῦσαι, fut. βύσω; βέβυσμαι (Od.), ἐβύσθην, ( παρά)βυστος,Derivatives: βύσμα `plug' (Hp.), βύστρα `id.' (Antiph.); adv. βύζην (\< *βύσ-δην, s. below) `closely' (Hp.), with βυζόν πυκνόν, συνετόν, γαῦρον δε καὶ μέγα H. - Also βυλλά βεβυσμένα H., with denomin. βεβυλλῶσθαι βεβύσθαι H. - Fur. 213 n. 54 suggests that βουνός στιβάς (`mattress'), Κύπριοι H. is derived from βυνέω.Origin: XX [etym. unknown]Etymology: Like κυνέω, βυνέω could continue a nasal present *βυ-νέ-σ-ω, with βῡν- from zero grade βυν-σ-? (3. Pl. *βύνσοντι, from there διαβύνεται Hdt. 2, 96?, s. Schwyzer 692); the verb would then be of high antiquity. Possible also *βυσ-νέω with seondary - έω. - One compares Alb. m-bush `fill', further Celtic and Germanic words for `pouch', e.g. MIr. búas (\< * bousto-), ON posi, OE posa, OHG pfoso, PGm. *pŭsan- (\< *bŭson-); further e.g. OSw. pusin `swollen'; but Alb. m-bush and MIr. búas may also have PIE * bh-. One then refers to b(h)u, p(h)u in Pok. 98ff., but this material needs screening; also such forms may be re-created at any time. Cf. βυβός, βουβών, βύτανα.Page in Frisk: 1,276-277Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > βῡνω
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37 βύω
Grammatical information: v.Meaning: `stuff full of' (Hdt.)Other forms: also βύνω (Hdt.), βύζω (Aret., H.), βύω, aor. βῦσαι, fut. βύσω; βέβυσμαι (Od.), ἐβύσθην, ( παρά)βυστος,Derivatives: βύσμα `plug' (Hp.), βύστρα `id.' (Antiph.); adv. βύζην (\< *βύσ-δην, s. below) `closely' (Hp.), with βυζόν πυκνόν, συνετόν, γαῦρον δε καὶ μέγα H. - Also βυλλά βεβυσμένα H., with denomin. βεβυλλῶσθαι βεβύσθαι H. - Fur. 213 n. 54 suggests that βουνός στιβάς (`mattress'), Κύπριοι H. is derived from βυνέω.Origin: XX [etym. unknown]Etymology: Like κυνέω, βυνέω could continue a nasal present *βυ-νέ-σ-ω, with βῡν- from zero grade βυν-σ-? (3. Pl. *βύνσοντι, from there διαβύνεται Hdt. 2, 96?, s. Schwyzer 692); the verb would then be of high antiquity. Possible also *βυσ-νέω with seondary - έω. - One compares Alb. m-bush `fill', further Celtic and Germanic words for `pouch', e.g. MIr. búas (\< * bousto-), ON posi, OE posa, OHG pfoso, PGm. *pŭsan- (\< *bŭson-); further e.g. OSw. pusin `swollen'; but Alb. m-bush and MIr. búas may also have PIE * bh-. One then refers to b(h)u, p(h)u in Pok. 98ff., but this material needs screening; also such forms may be re-created at any time. Cf. βυβός, βουβών, βύτανα.Page in Frisk: 1,276-277Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > βύω
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38 δραμεῖν
Grammatical information: v.Meaning: `run' (Il.)Other forms: Aor. (Il.), fut. δραμοῦμαι (Ion.-Att.), perf. δέδρομα (Od.), δεδρόμᾱκα (Sapph.; s. below), δεδράμηκα (Ion.-Att.); aor. to τρέχω.Derivatives: δρόμος with δρομή (Hdn.), δράμημα `run' (Hdt.), also δρόμημα ( APl.). - Deverbat. δρομάασκε (Hes. Fr. 117 v. l.); δρομήσασα (Vett. Val.); ὑποδεδρόμᾱκε (Sapph.; or Aeolic zero grade?), δρομάσσειν τρέχειν H.; also δρωμᾳ̃ τρέχει and δρωμίσσουσα τρέχουσα H.; see Schwyzer 718f.Etymology: The aorist- and perfect stem δραμ-, δρομ- beside δρᾱ- in ἔ-δρᾱ-ν etc. (s. ἀπο-διδράσκω) like the presentstem βαν- \< *βαμ- in βαίνω to βᾱ- in ἔ-βη-ν. Outside Greek Skt. pres. dramati (Gramm.), intens. dan-dram-yate `run'; very uncertain however OE trem `footstep' and related Germ. words (Pok. 204f.). So we have IE * drem-: dreh₂- like guem-: gueh₂-; see βαίνω. A third variant is seen in Skt. drávati `run'. - As present of δραμεῖν Greek has τρέχειν; on the aspect see Benveniste Origines 120.Page in Frisk: 1,414-415Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > δραμεῖν
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39 ἕζομαι
Grammatical information: v.Meaning: `sit (down)' (Il.)Other forms: fut. καθεδοῦμαι (Att.), later καθεσθήσομαι (LXX), καθεδήσομαι (D. L.); aor. καθεσθῆναι (Paus.); - other presents ἵζω, ἱζάνω (Schwyzer 700) `make sit, set', with ἵζησα, ἵζηκα (late.), with prefix καθ-ίζω (Il.), Ion. κατ-ίζω, καθ-ιζάνω, Aeol. κατ-ισδάνω `set down, sit down', med. καθ-ίζομαι `sit down', with fut. καθιῶ (D.), καθίσω (hell.), κατίσω (Ion.), καθιξῶ (Dor.), med. καθιζήσομαι (Att.), καθιοῦμαι (LXX), καθίσομαι (NT., Plu.); aor. καθίσ(σ)αι, καθίσ(σ)ασθαι (X., in Hom. wrong for καθέσ(σ)αι, s. below), κατίσαι (Hdt., for κατέσαι), καθίξαι (Dor.), καθιζῆσαι (late.); late perf. κεκάθικα, late aor. ptc. pass. καθιζηθείς. - Beside these present forms and the aorists there is a sigmatic aorist εἷσα `I set', inf. ἕσ(σ)αι, med. εἱσάμην, ἕσ(σ)ασθαι, καθ-εῖσα, καθ-έσ(σ)αι (thus also in Hom. to be read for καθίσ(σ)αι; and also κατέσαι for κατίσαι in Hdt.); here fut. καθέσω (Eup.); see Wackernagel Unt. 63ff.Compounds: With terminative prefix (s. Brunel Aspect verbal 83ff., 257ff.) καθ-έζομαι (Il.) `sit (down)' - Often with prefix: ἀνα-, ἐν-, ἐπι-, παρα-, συν- etc.; also to καθέζομαι, καθίζω which are considered as simplices (s. Schwyzer 656, Schwyzer-Debrunner 429). - ἕδος s-stem (s. εὐρυόδεια s.v.). The verbal nouns are largely independent, s. ἕδρα, ἑδώλια, ἑλλά; also ἔδαφος and ἔδεθλον; ἕσμα `stalk, pedicle' (Arist.) \< * sed-sm-, cf. ὄζος. Cf. also ἱδρύω.Etymology: Both ἕζομαι and ἵζω are IE formations, ἕζομαι a thematic jotpresent *sed-i̯o-(mai), also found in Germ., e. g. ONo. sitia, OS sittian, OHG sizzen ` sitzen', ἵζω a redupl. * si-zd-ō (\< * si-sd-ō) = Lat. sīdō, Umbr. sistu ` sidito', Skt. sī́dati. As the preterite ἑζόμην in Homer is often an aorist, it is perh. a redupl. aorist * se-zd- (cf. Av. opt. ha-zd-yā-t_); it could even be an augmented zero grade * e-zd- (with secondary aspiration). A present is in Homer only ἕζεαι (κ 378). Cf. Schwyzer 652 n. 5 and 716 n. 3, Chantr. Gramm. hom. 1, 336. - The aorist εἷσα, ἕσ(σ)αι from IE *e-sed-s-m̥ (with sec. aspiration), * sed-sai agrees with Skt. subj. ní... ṣát-s-a-t `er möge sich niederlassen' (RV 10, 53, 1). - Further, e. g. Lat. sedēre, sēdāre, OCS sěděti, s. the etym. dict. - As perfect indicating a present to ( καθ-)ἕζομαι, ( καθ-)ἵζω functions ἧμαι, κάθ-ημαι (s. Schwyzer-Debrunner 258).Page in Frisk: 1,445-446Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ἕζομαι
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40 ἴσος
Grammatical information: adj.Meaning: `equal' in number, strength, size, status etc. (Il.).Compounds: Very often as 1. member, e. g. ἰσό-θεος `god-like' (Il.), hypostasis of ἴσος θεῳ̃ or bahuvrihi `having gods as equals' (Risch 170; cf. Sommer IF 55, 195 n. 2), ἰσό-πεδον `plain' (Il.), ἰσό-πεδος `with the same level, as high' (Hdt., Hp.; cf. Risch IF 59, 15), ἰσ-ηγορίη, - ία `equal richt to speak, equal civil rights' (IA; compound of ἴσον ἀγορᾶσθαι); on ἰσοφαρίζω s. v.; as 2. member e. g. in ἄ(ν)-ισος `unequal, unfair' (IA).Derivatives: ἰσότης `equality' (Pl., Arist.), ἰσάκις `as often' (Pl.), ἰσαχῶς `in as many ways' (Arist.); denomin. verbs: ἰσάζω `make, be equal' (Il.) with ἰσασμός (Epicur.) and ἰσαστικός (Eust.); ἰσόομαι, - όω `become, make equal' (since η 212); ἰσαίομαι `be (made) equal' (Nic., Arat.); on the denomin. Schwyzer 727 a. 734.Etymology: As to the formation ϜίσϜος, from which ep. ἶσος (cf. on the digamma Chantraine Gramm. hom. 1, 144; the apparent vowel-prothesis ἐ-(Ϝ)ίση is artificial, Beekes Development 65f), Att. ἴσος, agrees with *μόνϜος (\> μοῦνος, μόνος), *ὅλϜος (\> οὖλος, ὅλος) a. o.; further analysis is uncertain. As IE -su̯- was not retained in Greek, the comparison with Skt.viṣu- `to several sides' (Curtius 378) must be given up. Phonetically a basic *Ϝιτσ-Ϝος (cf. Schwyzer 308) would do but the morphological connection to a zero grade *Ϝιδσ- from εἶδος `shape' (Brugmann Grundr.2 2: 1, 205) is hypothetical. - Diff. Meillet BSL 26, 12f. (to δύω; against this Kretschmer Glotta 16, 195), Jacobsohn Hermes 44, 88ff. (to u̯ei-s- `bow, bend'; against this Brugmann IF 28, 365ff.).Page in Frisk: 1,737-738Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ἴσος
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