607

ἀπιόντος, ἄπειμι 1

sum: pres part act masc /neut gen sg (doric)

ἀπιόντος, ἄπειμι 2

ibo: pres part act masc /neut gen sg

ἐπιόντος, ἔπειμι 1

sum: pres part act masc /neut gen sg (doric)

ἐπϊόντος, ἔπειμι 1

sum: pres part act masc /neut gen sg

ἐπιόντος, ἔπειμι 2

ibo: pres part act masc /neut gen sg

-εως ἡ N 3 1-0-3-0-0=4 Dt 28,20; Ez 15,4.6; 16,20

αἱρετ-έος, α, ον,

A to be chosen, ὠφελήματα, opp. αἱρετὰ ἀγαθά, Chrysipp.Stoic.3.22, 61,al.

II αἱρετέον, one must choose, Pl.Grg. 499e, Phld.Rh.1.287S., etc.

Grammatical information: adj.

Meaning: `set over against, opposite' (S.)

Origin: GR [a formation built with Greek elements]

Etymology: From ἀνταείρω `raise against'. So from *ἀντ(ι)-ᾱϜέρ-ης (cf. *ἡϜελιος \> ἤλιος). Blanc, RPh 66 (1992) 247-254.

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διαφθορά, ᾶς, ἡ (s. διαφθείρω; Aeschyl., Hdt. et al.; LXX, TestGad 8:2; JosAs 7:6; Philo; Jos., C. Ap. 2, 259; Just., D. 134, 2 and Tat. 1:4 in moral sense) the condition or state of rotting or decaying, destruction, corruption of the body ἰδεῖν δ. (εἶδον 4) Ac 2:27, 31; 13:35ff (all Ps 15:10; s. JRegula, PM 15, 1911, 230–33; RMurphy, Šaḥat in the Qumran Lit., Biblica 39, ’58, 61–66); ὑποστρέφειν εἰς δ. return to decay (i.e. prob. the realm of the dead) vs. 34 (cp. ἐλθεῖν εἰς δ. Job 33:28; καταβαίνειν εἰς δ. Ps 29:10).—DELG s.v. φθείρω. TW.

1) eastern

2) oriental

ἀνύω ([etym.] ᾰνῠ), Il.4.56, Ar.Ra. 606, [dialect] Att. [full] ἀνύτω or [full] ἁνύτω Th.2.75, Pl.R. 486c, al.: [tense] impf.

A

ἤνυον Hdt.9.66

, E.Hec. 1167: [tense] fut. ἀνύσω [pron. full] [ῠ], S.Aj. 607, Ar.Ra. 649, [dialect] Ep.

ἐξ-ανύω 11.11.365

: [tense] aor.

ἤνῠσα Od.24.71

, A.Pers. 726, etc.; poet. ἥνυσσα ([dialect] Dor. ᾱν-) Pi.P.12.11, A.R.4.413, [dialect] Ep. ἄνυσσα [ᾰ] Hes.Th. 954, Maiist.57 ([etym.] ὑπ-): [tense] pf.

ἤνῠκα Pl.Plt. 264b

:—[voice] Pass., [tense] pf.

ἤνυσμαι Plb.8.29.1

, etc.,

δι-ήνυσμαι X.Cyr.1.4.28

: [tense] aor.

ἠνύσθην Plb.32.3.17

, D.Chr.3.127: [tense] fut.

ἀνυσθήσομαι J.AJ1.19.1

, Ael.VH1.21:—[voice] Med.,

ἀνύομαι Pi.P.2.49

, Bion Fr.4.6: [tense] impf.

ἠνυτόμην A.Ag. 1159

: [tense] fut. ἀνύσομαι (v. infr.): [tense] aor.

ἠνυσάμην A.Pr. 700

, S.Tr. 995(lyr.), inf.

ἀνύσασθαι X.An.7.7.24

(Valck.)—Non-thematic forms are found in poets: [tense] impf. [voice] Act. ἄνῠμες, [dialect] Dor. for ἤνυμεν, Theoc.7.10: [tense] pres. [voice] Pass.

ἄνυται Opp.H.3.427

, Nic.Al. 599: [tense] impf. [voice] Pass.

ἤνῠτο Od.5.243

(nisileg. ἤνετο); [dialect] Dor.

ἄνῠτο Theoc.2.92

. [[pron. full] ῠ in all parts: hence ἀνῦσαι in Tryph.126, ἀνῡσάμενοι in AP10.12 should be written with σς: ἀνΰων is corrupt in Nonn.D.21.16]:—effect, accomplish,

ἤνυτο δ' ἔρλον Od.5.243

(v. supr.), cf.A.Pers. 726, etc.;

πρὸς θανάτῳ θάνατον ἀνύσασα S.Tr. 886

;

ἀρωγάν Id.Ph. 1145

(lyr.);

τοὔπος ὡς ἄρ' ὀρθὸν ἤνυσας Id.Ant. 1178

, cf. OC 454: abs., οὐδὲν ἤνυε he did no good, Hdt.9.66; εἴ τι ἔμελλεν ἀνύτειν whatever was like ly to forward the work, Th.2.75;

σμικρὸν ἀνύτειν Pl.Sph. 230a

, al.;

ἧσσον ἁνύτειν Th.2.76

;

οὐδὲν ἤνυε τούτοις D.21.104

; ἀ. εἴς τι to conduce towards.., Pl.Ax. 369d: c. acc. et inf., Ἀπόλλων.. ἐκεῖνον ἤνυσε φονέα γενέσθαι brought it to pass that.., S.OT 720:—[voice] Med., accomplish for one's own advantage, ἀνύσσεσθαι τάδε ἔργα (if not in pass. sense, will be accomplished) Od.16.373, cf. Hp.Ep.27; θεός.. τέκμαρ ἀνύεται Pi.P.2.49, cf. Ar.Pl. 196, dub. in Pl.Phd. 69d.

2 make an end of, destroy,

φλόξ σε ἤνυσεν Od.24.71

; kill, Pi.P.12.11.

3 c. dupl. acc., make, cause to be,

ἠνύσατ' ἐκτοπίαν φλόγα S.OT 166

(lyr.), Nic.Al. 400.

4 make,

εἰκόνα AP 12.56

(Mel.).

5 finish a journey, ὅσσον τε πανημερίη γλαφυρὴ νηῦς ἤνυσεν (sc. ὁδοῦ ) as much as a ship gets over in a day, Od.4.357; so

πολλὴν κέλευθον ἤνυδεν A.Pers. 748

;

πορείαν Onos.6.1

: c. acc. loci,

ὄφρα τάχιστα νηῦς ἀνύσειε θαλάσσης.. ὕδωρ Od.15.294

, cf. Thgn.511, S.Ant. 231.

6 in Trag. freq. abs. (sc. ὁδόν or κέλευθον), make one's way, win,

πρὸς πόλιν Id.Tr. 657

(lyr.);

ἐπὶ ἀκτάν E.Hipp. 743

; also θάλαμον ἀνύτειν (i.e. εἰς θάλαμον) reach the bridal chamber, S.Ant. 805 (lyr.);

ἀ. Ἅιδαν Id.Aj. 607

(lyr.), E.Supp. 1142 (lyr.): metaph., ζυγὰ ἤνυσε δούλια Τροία (s.v.l.) Id.Tr. 599 ( Τροίᾳ Sch.): rarely with inf. instead of acc., στρατὸς ἤνυσε περᾶν succeeded in crossing, A.Pers. 721: with Adj., come to be,

εὐδαίμων ἀνύσει καὶ μέγας S.Ph. 720

(lyr.).

7 in [voice] Pass. of Time, come to an end,

χρόνος ἄνυτο Theoc. 2.92

, cf. Eus.Mynd.63.

8 in [voice] Pass. of persons, grow up, ἠνυτόμαν τροφαῖς (lyr.) A.Ag. 1159.

9 get, obtain,

γαστρὶ φορβάν S.Ph. 711

(lyr.), cf. Theoc.5.144; τίνος χρείας ἀνύσαι; i.e.

τίνος χρείας προσπίτνετε, ὥστε ἀνύσαι αὐτήν; S.OC 1755

:—[voice] Med., χρείαν ἠνύσασθε ye obtained it, A.Pr. 700, cf. Ch. 858, S.Tr. 995 (lyr.);

τοῦτο ἐκ Μοιρέων ἠνύσατο AP7.506

(Leon.).

II c. part., οὐκ ἀνύω φθονέουσα I gain nothing by grudging, Il.4.56.

2 in Com., do quickly, make haste,

οὐ μέλλειν.., ἀλλ' ἀνύειν Ar.Pl. 607

, cf. Ra. 606; οὐκ ἀνύσεις τι; make haste! ib. 649;

ἀλλ' ἄνυσον, οὐ μέλλειν ἐχρῆν Fr. 102

: c. part., ἄνυε πράττων make haste about it, Pl. 413; ἄνυσον ὑποδησάμενος make haste and get your shoes on, V. 1168, cf. Av. 241;

ἄνυσόν ποτ' ἐξελθών Pherecr.40

: more freq. in part. ἀνύσας, or ἀνύσας τι with a Verb, ἄνοιγ', ἄνοιγ' ἀνύσας make haste and open the door, Ar.Nu. 181;

ἀνάβαιν' ἀνύσας V. 398

;

σὺδ' ἔγχεον πιεῖν ἀνύσας τι Eq. 119

, cf. V. 202, 847, 1158, Pl. 648, 974;

βοηθησάτω τις ἀνύσας Ach. 571

;

νῦν οὖν ἀνύσαντε φροντίσωμεν Eq.71

;

ἀκολουθήσεις ἐμοὶ ἀνύσας τι Nu. 506

, cf. 1253;

ἀπόδωμεν ἀνύσαντε Pax 872

. (The distinction of meaning ἀνύτω accomplish, make way, ἀνύω hasten, is doubtful, cf. AB411.—[dialect] Att. ἁνύω acc. to Hdn.Gr.1.541, Phryn.PSp.23B., cf.

καθανύσαι X.HG 7.1.15

(Hsch.); but κατανύειν (q.v.) occurs in Trag., cf.

ταῦτ' ἀνύσηται Ar.Pl. 196

.) (I.-E. sen-, [tense] pres. stem s[ngnull]neu-, cf. Skt. sanoti 'wins'.)

κεφᾰλ-ικός, ή, όν,

A of or for the head, of remedies, etc.,

κ. ἔμπλαστροι Dsc.3.88

, cf. Asclep. ap. Gal.13.543;

δυνάμεις Dsc.3.48

(v.l. κεφαλαλγικαῖς), cf. Arch.Pap. 4.270 (iii A.D.);

δέλτοι Gal.2.607

; κεφαλική, ἡ, name of a herb, Griffith <*> Thompson Demotic Magical Papyrus versoiv 10. Adv. -

κῶς

after the manner of a head,

Corp.Herm.10.11

.

II touching the head or life,

πράγματα PMag.Leid.V.5.13

; capital,

δίκη POxy.2104.15

(iii A.D.);

τιμωρία Rev.Bibl.35.285

([place name] Jerusalem), Cod.Just.1.12.3.2 (Theodosius II), Just.Nou.85.3.1; κίνδυνος ib.123.31. Adv. -κῶς, κολασθήσεσθαι to be punished capitally, Hdn.2.13.9;

τιμωρεῖσθαι Just. Nou.123.31

, cf. Cod.Just.9.4.6.4.

III belonging to an individual,

μερίς PMasp.151.89

(vi A.D.).

IV κ. σμίλη sharp, strong chisel, Gal.2.607.

Grammatical information: v.

Meaning: `wash (away), clean', pass. (intr.) `wash, surge, drench'.

Other forms: ipf. iter. κλύζεσκον (Ψ 61), aor. pass. κλυσθῆναι (Il.), fut. κλύσ(σ)ω (h. Ap. 75, Pi.), aor. act. κλύσαι (IA.), perf. κέκλυκα, κέκλυσμαι (Att.),

Compounds: often with prefix, e. g. ἐπι-, κατα-, περι-, προσ-,

Derivatives: κλύσις `washing' (Hp.), mostly of the prefixed verbs ἐπίκλυσις etc. (IA.); κλύσμα (also κατάκλυσμα a. o.) `fluidity, with which something is washed, clystier', also `surge, shore' (IA.), with κλυσμάτιον, - ματικός (Hp.); ( ἐπι-, κατα- etc.) κλυσμός `inundation etc.' (IA.); κλυστήρ, - ῆρος m. `clystier-pipe' (Hdt.) with - τήριον, - τηρίδιον. - Further σύγ-κλυ-ς, - δος `washed together, thrown-' (Th., Pl.), κλύ-δ-α acc. sg. `beating of the waves' (Nic. Al. 170; archaising innoavtion?), κλύ-δ-ων, - ωνος m. `waving, surf, turmoil' (μ 421) with κλυδώνιον (A., E.), κλυδων-ίζομαι `be thrown around by the waves' (LXX, J.) with κλυδωνισμός (Hdn.), - ισμα (Suid.). - Expressive enlargement ( ἐγ-, συγ-)κλυδάζομαι `splash etc.' (Hp.; - άττομαι D. L.) with κλυδασμός, ( ἐγ)κλύδαξις, ἐγκλυδαστικός (Hp.); details in Debrunner IF 21, 221f. - Also κλυδάω, of σταῖς, πηλός, `being (made) wet, soft, be mouldable' (Arist.), prob. after φλυδάω.

Origin: IE [Indo-European] [607] *ḱlō-, ḱlū- (= *ḱluH-?) `wash, purify'

Etymology: The formation as the sound-like βλύζω, φλύζω, the present κλύζω stands close to the nominale δ-forms κλύ-δ-α, κλύ-δ-ων; from *κλυ-δ-ι̯ω or arisen as denominative yot-present (z. B. Schwyzer 715f.) or an independent enlargement in - ζω (with κλύ-δ-ων etc. as backformations), can hardly be decided. An IE. d-enlargement is present in Germanic, e. g. Goth. hlutrs, NHG lauter (IE. *ḱlū-d-ro-); without -d- Welsh clir `hell, clear, pure' (IE. *ḱlū-ro-). A dentalless primary verb seems to be OLat. cluō `purgo' (only Plin. 15, 119; cf. W.-Hofmann s. v.) and is supposed by clo(v)āca `subterranean discharge canal'; further, with diff. ablaut, Lith. šlúoju, šlúoti `weap, wipe' (IE. *ḱlō[u]-). - More forms Pok. 607, W.-Hofmann s. cluō. (On Oldeurop. river names (* Cluentus in Cluentensis vicus a. o.) Krahe Beitr. z. Namenforschung 5, 113f.)

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υἱός, οῦ, ὁ (Hom.+; loanw. in rabb.) prim. ‘son’

① a male who is in a kinship relationship either biologically or by legal action, son, offspring, descendant

ⓐ the direct male issue of a person, son τέξεται υἱόν Mt 1:21; GJs 14:2 (cp. Mel., P. 8, 53 ὡς γὰρ υἱὸς τεχθείς). Cp. Mt 1:23 (Is 7:14) and 25; 10:37 (w. θυγάτηρ); Mk 12:6a; Lk 1:13, 31, 57; 11:11; 15:11 (on this JEngel, Die Parabel v. Verlorenen Sohn: ThGl 18, 1926, 54–64; MFrost, The Prodigal Son: Exp. 9th ser., 2, 1924, 56–60; EBuonaiuti, Religio 11, ’35, 398–402); Ac 7:29; Ro 9:9 (cp. Gen 18:10); Gal 4:22 al. W. gen. Mt 7:9; 20:20f; 21:37ab; Mk 6:3; 9:17; Lk 3:2; 4:22; 15:19; J 9:19f; Ac 13:21; 16:1; 23:16; Gal 4:30abc (Gen 21:10abc); Js 2:21; AcPlCor 2:29. Also ἐγὼ Φαρισαῖός εἰμι υἱὸς Φαρισαίων Ac 23:6 is prob. a ref. to direct descent. μονογενὴς υἱός (s. μονογενής 1) Lk 7:12. ὁ υἱὸς ὁ πρωτότοκος (πρωτότοκος 1) 2:7.

ⓑ the immediate male offspring of an animal (Ps 28:1 υἱοὺς κριῶν; Sir 38:25. So Lat. filius: Columella 6, 37, 4) in our lit. only as foal ἐπὶ πῶλον υἱὸν ὑποζυγίου Mt 21:5 (cp. Zech 9:9 πῶλον νέον).

ⓒ human offspring in an extended line of descent, descendant, son Ἰωσὴφ υἱὸς Δαυίδ Mt 1:20 (cp. Jos., Ant. 11, 73); s. 2dα below. υἱοὶ Ἰσραήλ (Ἰσραήλ 1) Mt 27:9; Lk 1:16; Ac 5:21; 7:23, 37; 9:15; 10:36; Ro 9:27; 2 Cor 3:7, 13; Hb 11:22 al.; AcPlCor 2:32. οἱ υἱοὶ Λευί (Num 26:57) Hb 7:5. υἱὸς Ἀβραάμ Lk 19:9. υἱοὶ Ἀδάμ 1 Cl 29:2 (Dt 32:8). υἱοι Ῥουβήλ GJs 6:3.

ⓓ one who is accepted or legally adopted as a son (Herodian 5, 7, 1; 4; 5; Jos, Ant. 2, 263; 20, 150) Ac 7:21 (cp. Ex 2:10).—J 19:26.

② a pers. related or closely associated as if by ties of sonship, son, transf. sense of 1

ⓐ of a pupil, follower, or one who is otherw. a spiritual son (SIG 1169, 12 οἱ υἱοὶ τοῦ θεοῦ=the pupils and helpers [40] of Asclepius; sim. Maximus Tyr. 4, 2c; Just., D. 86, 6 οἱ υἱοὶ τῶν προφητῶν.—Some combination w. παῖδες is the favorite designation for those who are heirs of guild-secrets or who are to perpetuate a skill of some kind: Pla., Rep. 3, 407e, Leg. 6, 769b; Dionys. Hal., Comp. Verbi 22 p. 102, 4 Us./Rdm. ῥητόρων παῖδες; Lucian, Anach. 19, Dial. Mort. 11, 1 Χαλδαίων π.=dream-interpreters, Dips. 5 ἱατρῶν π., Amor. 49; Himerius, Or. 48 [=Or. 14], 13 σοφῶν π.): the ‘sons’ of the Pharisees Mt 12:27; Lk 11:19. Peter says Μᾶρκος ὁ υἱός μου 1 Pt 5:13 (perh. w. a component of endearment; s. Μᾶρκος). As a familiar form of address by a cherished mentor Hb 12:5 (Pr 3:11; ParJer 5:28; 7:24). υἱοὶ καὶ θυγατέρες B 1:1.

ⓑ of the individual members of a large and coherent group (cp. the υἷες Ἀχαιῶν in Homer; also PsSol 2:3 οἱ υἱοὶ Ἰερουσαλήμ; Dio Chrys. 71 [21], 15; LXX) οἱ υἱοὶ τοῦ λαοῦ μου 1 Cl 8:3 (scripture quot. of unknown origin). υἱοὶ γένους Ἀβραάμ Ac 13:26. οἱ υἱοὶ τῶν ἀνθρώπων (Gen 11:5; Ps 11:2, 9; 44:3; TestLevi 3:10; TestZeb 9:7; GrBar 2:4) the sons of men=humans (cp. dγ below) Mk 3:28; Eph 3:5; 1 Cl 61:2 (of the earthly rulers in contrast to the heavenly king).

ⓒ of one whose identity is defined in terms of a relationship with a person or thing

α. of those who are bound to a personality by close, non-material ties; it is this personality that has promoted the relationship and given it its character: son(s) of: those who believe are υἱοὶ Ἀβραάμ, because Abr. was the first whose relationship to God was based on faith Gal 3:7. In a special sense the devout, believers, are sons of God, i.e., in the light of the social context, people of special status and privilege (cp. PsSol 17:27; Just., D, 124, 1; Dio Chrys. 58 [75], 8 ὁ τοῦ Διὸς ὄντως υἱός; Epict. 1, 9, 6; 1, 3, 2; 1, 19, 9; Sextus 58; 60; 135; 376a; Dt 14:1; Ps 28:1; 72:15; Is 43:6 [w. θυγατέρες μου]; 45:11; Wsd 2:18; 5:5; 12:21 al.; Jdth 9:4, 13; Esth 8:12q; 3 Macc 6:28; SibOr 3, 702) Mt 5:45; Lk 6:35; Ro 8:14, 19 (‘Redeemer figures’ EFuchs, Die Freiheit des Glaubens, ’49, 108; against him EHommel in ThViat 4, ’52, 118, n. 26); 9:26 (Hos 2:1); 2 Cor 6:18 (w. θυγατέρες, s. Is 43:6 cited above); Gal 3:26 (cp. PsSol 17:27); 4:6a, 7ab (here the υἱός is the κληρονόμος and his opposite is the δοῦλος); Hb 2:10 (JKögel, Der Sohn u. die Söhne: Eine exeget. Studie zu Hb 2:5–18, 1904); 12:5–8 (in vs. 8 opp. νόθος, q.v.); Rv 21:7; 2 Cl 1:4; B 4:9. Corresp. there are sons of the devil (on this subj. cp. Hdb. on J 8:44) υἱὲ διαβόλου Ac 13:10. οἱ υἱοὶ τοῦ πονηροῦ (masc.) Mt 13:38b. τοῦ υἱοῦ τοῦ ἐν Ἅιδου ApcPt Rainer. In υἱοί ἐστε τῶν φονευσάντων τοὺς προφήτας Mt 23:31 this mng. is prob. to be combined w. sense 1c. The expr. υἱοὶ θεοῦ Mt 5:9 looks to the future (s. Betz, SM ad loc.; cp. KKöhler, StKr 91, 1918, 189f). Lk 20:36a signifies a status akin to that of angels (Ps 88:7; θεῶν παῖδες as heavenly beings: Maximus Tyr. 11, 5a; 12a; 13, 6a.—Hierocles 3, 424 the ἄγγελοι are called θεῶν παῖδες; HWindisch, Friedensbringer-Gottessöhne: ZNW 24, 1925, 240–60, discounts connection w. angels and contends for the elevation of the ordinary followers of Jesus to the status of Alexander the Great in his role as an εἰρηνηποιός [cp. Plut., Mor. 329c]; for measured critique of this view s. Betz, SM 137–42.).

β. υἱός w. gen. of thing, to denote one who shares in it or who is worthy of it, or who stands in some other close relation to it, oft. made clear by the context; this constr. is prob. a Hebraism in the main, but would not appear barbaric (B-D-F §162, 6; Mlt-H. 441; Dssm., B p. 162–66 [BS 161–66]; PASA II 1884, no. 2 υἱὸς πόλεως [time of Nero; on this type of formulation SEG XXXIX, 1864]; IMagnMai 167, 5; 156, 12) οἱ υἱοὶ τοῦ αἰῶνος τούτου (αἰών 2a) Lk 16:8a (opp. οἱ υἱοί τοῦ φωτός vs. 8b); 20:34. τῆς ἀναστάσεως υἱοί (to Mediterranean publics the functional equivalent of ἀθάνατοι ‘immortals’; cp. ἀνάστασις 2b) 20:36b. υἱοὶ τῆς ἀνομίας (ἀνομία 1; cp. CD 6:15) Hv 3, 6, 1; ApcPt 1:3; τῆς ἀπειθείας (s. ἀπείθεια) Eph 2:2; 5:6; Col 3:6; τῆς ἀπωλείας ApcPt 1:2. ὁ υἱὸς τῆς ἀπωλείας of Judas the informer J 17:12 (cp. similar expressions in Eur., Hec. 425; Menand., Dyscolus 88f: s. FDanker, NTS 7, ’60/61, 94), of the end-time adversary 2 Th 2:3. υἱοὶ τῆς βασιλείας (βασιλεία 1bη; s. SEG XXXIX, 1864 for related expressions) Mt 8:12; 13:38a. υἱοὶ βροντῆς Mk 3:17 (s. Βοανηργές). υἱὸς γεέννης (s. γέεννα) Mt 23:15; τ. διαθήκης (PsSol 17:15) Ac 3:25; εἰρήνης Lk 10:6. υἱοὶ τοῦ νυμφῶνος (s. νυμφών) Mt 9:15; Mk 2:19; Lk 5:34. υἱὸς παρακλήσεως Ac 4:36 (s. Βαρναβᾶς). υἱοὶ (τοῦ) φωτός (Hippol., Ref. 6, 47, 4 in gnostic speculation) Lk 16:8b (opp. υἱοὶ τοῦ αἰῶνος τούτου); J 12:36. υἱοὶ φωτός ἐστε καὶ υἱοὶ ἡμέρας 1 Th 5:5 (EBuonaiuti, ‘Figli del giorno e della luce’ [1 Th 5:5]: Rivista storico-critica delle Scienze teol. 6, 1910, 89–93).

ⓓ in various combinations as a designation of the Messiah and a self-designation of Jesus

α. υἱὸς Δαυίδ son of David of the Messiah (PsSol 17:21) Mt 22:42–45; Mk 12:35–37; Lk 20:41–44; B 12:10c. Specif. of Jesus as Messiah Mt 1:1a; 9:27; 12:23; 15:22; 20:30f; 21:9, 15; Mk 10:47f; Lk 18:38f.—WWrede, Jesus als Davidssohn: Vorträge u. Studien 1907, 147–77; WBousset, Kyrios Christos² 1921, 4, Rel.³ 226f; ELohmeyer, Gottesknecht u. Davidssohn ’45, esp. 68; 72; 77; 84; TNicklin, Gospel Gleanings ’50, 251–56; WMichaelis, Die Davidsohnschaft Jesu usw., in D. histor. Jesus u. d. kerygm. Christus, ed. Ristow and Matthiae, ’61, 317–30; LFisher, ECColwell Festschr. ’68, 82–97.

β. ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ θεοῦ, υἱὸς θεοῦ (the) Son of God (for the phrase s. JosAs 6:2 al. Ἰωσὴφ ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ θεοῦ; there is no undisputed evidence of usage as messianic title in pre-Christian Judaism [s. Dalman, Worte 219–24, Eng. tr. 268–89; Bousset, Kyrios Christos² 53f; EHuntress, ‘Son of God’ in Jewish Writings Prior to the Christian Era: JBL 54, ’35, 117–23]; cp. 4Q 246 col. 2, 1 [JFitzmyer, A Wandering Aramean ’79, 90–93; JCollins, BRev IX/3, ’93, 34–38, 57]. Among polytheists on the other hand, sons of the gods in a special sense [s. Just., A I, 21, 1f] are not only known to myth and legend, but definite historical personalities are also designated as such. Among them are famous wise men such as Pythagoras and Plato [HUsener, Das Weihnachtsfest² 1911, 71ff], and deified rulers, above all the Roman emperors since the time of Augustus [oft. in ins and pap: Dssm., B 166f=BS 166f, LO 294f=LAE 346f; Thieme 33]. According to Memnon [I B.C./ I A.D.]: 434 Fgm. 1, 1, 1 Jac., Clearchus [IV B.C.] carried his boasting so far as Διὸς υἱὸν ἑαυτὸν ἀνειπεῖν. Also, persons who were active at that time as prophets and wonder-workers laid claim to the title υἱὸς τοῦ θεοῦ, e.g. the Samaritan Dositheus in Origen, C. Cels. 6, 11; sim. an Indian wise man who calls himself Διὸς υἱός Arrian, Anab. 7, 2, 3; cp. Did., Gen. 213, 18 ὁ Ἀβρὰμ υἱὸς θεοῦ διὰ δικαιοσύνην. S. GWetter, ‘Der Sohn Gottes’ 1916; Hdb. exc. on J 1:34; s. also Clemen² 76ff; ENorden, Die Geburt des Kindes 1924, 75; 91f; 132; 156f; EKlostermann, Hdb. exc. on Mk 1:11 [4th ed. ’50]; M-JLagrange, Les origines du dogme paulinien de la divinité de Christ: RB 45, ’36, 5–33; HPreisker, Ntl. Zeitgesch. ’37, 187–208; HBraun, ZTK 54, ’57, 353–64; ANock, ‘Son of God’ in Paul. and Hellen. Thought: Gnomon 33, ’61, 581–90 [=Essays on Religion and the Anc. World II, ’72, 928–39]—originality in Paul’s thought): Ps 2:7 is applied to Jesus υἱός μου εἶ σύ, ἐγὼ σήμερον γεγέννηκά σε Lk 3:22 D; GEb 18, 37.—Ac 13:33; Hb 1:5a; 5:5; 1 Cl 36:4. Likew. Hos 11:1 (w. significant changes): Mt 2:15, and 2 Km 7:14: Hb 1:5b. The voice of God calls him ὁ υἱός μου ὁ ἀγαπητός (s. ἀγαπητός 1) at his baptism Mt 3:17; Mk 1:11; Lk 3:22; GEb 18, 37 and 39 and at the Transfiguration Mt 17:5; Mk 9:7; Lk 9:35 (here ἐκλελεγμένος instead of ἀγαπ.); 2 Pt 1:17. Cp. J 1:34. The angel at the Annunciation uses these expressions in referring to him: υἱὸς ὑψίστου Lk 1:32; GJs 11:3 and υἱὸς θεοῦ Lk 1:35 (Ar. 15, 1 ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ θεοῦ τοῦ ὑψίστου. Cp. Just., A I, 23, 2 μόνος ἰδίως υἱὸς τῷ θεῷ γεγέννηται). The centurion refers to him at the crucifixion as υἱὸς θεοῦ Mt 27:54; Mk 15:39; GPt 11:45; cp. vs. 46 (CMann, ET 20, 1909, 563f; JPobee, The Cry of the Centurion, A Cry of Defeat: CFDMoule Festschr. ’70, 91–102; EJohnson, JSNT 31, ’87, 3–22 [an indefinite affirmation of Jesus]). The high priest asks εἰ σὺ εἶ ὁ Χριστὸς ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ θεοῦ Mt 26:63 (DCatchpole, NTS 17, ’71, 213–26). Passers-by ask him to show that he is God’s Son 27:40; sim. the devil 4:3, 6; Lk 4:3, 9. On the other hand, evil spirits address him as the Son of God Mt 8:29; Mk 3:11; 5:7; Lk 4:41; 8:28; and disciples testify that he is Mt 14:33; 16:16. S. also Mk 1:1 (s. SLegg, Ev. Sec. Marc. ’35).—Jesus also refers to himself as Son of God, though rarely apart fr. the Fourth Gosp.: Mt 28:19 (the Risen Lord in the trinitarian baptismal formula); Mt 21:37f=Mk 12:6 (an allusion in the parable of the vinedressers).—Mt 27:43; Mk 13:32; Rv 2:18. The main pass. is the so-called Johannine verse in the synoptics Mt 11:27=Lk 10:22 (s. PSchmiedel, PM 4, 1900,1–22; FBurkitt, JTS 12, 1911, 296f; HSchumacher, Die Selbstoffenbarung Jesu bei Mt 11:27 [Lk 10:22] 1912 [lit.]; Norden, Agn. Th. 277–308; JWeiss, Heinrici Festschr. 1914, 120–29, Urchristentum 1917, 87ff; Bousset, Kyrios Christos² 1921, 45ff; EMeyer I 280ff; RBultmann, Gesch. d. synopt. Trad.² ’31, 171f; MDibelius, Die Formgeschichte des Evangeliums² ’33, 259; MRist, Is Mt 11:25–30 a Primitive Baptismal Hymn? JR 15, ’35, 63–77; TArvedson, D. Mysterium Christi: E. Studie zu Mt 11:25–30, ’37; WDavies, ‘Knowledge’ in the Dead Sea Scrolls and Mt 11:25–30, HTR 45, ’53, 113–39; WGrundmann, Sohn Gottes, ZNW 47, ’56, 113–33; JBieneck, Sohn Gottes als Christusbez. der Synopt. ’51; PWinter, Mt 11:27 and Lk 10:22: NovT 1, ’56, 112–48; JJocz, Judaica 13, ’57, 129–42; OMichel/OBetz, Von Gott Gezeugt, Beih. ZNW [Jeremias Festschr.] 26, ’60, 3–23 [Qumran]).—Apart fr. the synoptics, testimony to Jesus as the Son of God is found in many parts of our lit. Oft. in Paul: Ro 1:3, 4, 9; 5:10; 8:3, 29, 32; 1 Cor 1:9; 15:28; 2 Cor 1:19; Gal 1:16; 2:20; 4:4; Eph 4:13; Col 1:13; 1 Th 1:10. Cp. Ac 9:20. In Hb: 1:2, 8; 4:14; 5:8; 6:6; 7:3, 28; 10:29. In greatest frequency in John (cp. Herm. Wr. 1, 6 the Λόγος as υἱὸς θεοῦ. Likew. Philo, Agr. 51 πρωτόγονος υἱός, Conf. Lingu. 146 υἱὸς θεοῦ.—Theoph. Ant. 2, 1 [p. 154, 12] ὁ λόγος ὁ τοῦ θεοῦ, ὅς ἐστιν καὶ υἱὸς αὐτοῦ; Iren. 3, 12, 2 [Harv. II 55, 2]): J 1:49; 3:16–18 (s. μονογενής 2), 35f; 5:19–26; 6:40; 8:35f; 10:36; 11:4, 27; 14:13; 17:1; 19:7; 20:31; 1J 1:3, 7; 2:22–24; 3:8, 23; 4:9f, 14f; 5:5, 9–13, 20; 2J 3, 9.—B 5:9, 11; 7:2, 9; 12:8; 15:5; Dg 7:4; 9:2, 4; 10:2 (τὸν υἱὸν αὐτοῦ τὸν μονογενῆ; also ApcEsdr 6:16 p. 31, 22 Tdf.; ApcSed 9:1f); IMg 8:2; ISm 1:1; MPol 17:3; Hv 2, 2, 8; Hs 5, 2, 6 (ὁ υἱὸς αὐτοῦ ὁ ἀγαπητός); 8; 11; 5, 4, 1; 5, 5, 2; 3; 5; 5, 6, 1; 2; 4; 7 (on the Christology of the Shepherd s. Dibelius, Hdb. on Hs 5, also ALink and JvWalter [πνεῦμα 5cα]); Hs 8, 3, 2; 8, 11, 1. Cp. 9, 1, 1; 9, 12, 1ff.—In trinitarian formulas, in addition to Mt 28:19, also IMg 13:1; EpilMosq 5; D 7:1, 3.—The deceiver of the world appears w. signs and wonders ὡς υἱὸς θεοῦ D 16:4 (ApcEsdr 4:27 p. 28, 32 Tdf. ὁ λέγων• Ἐγώ εἰμι ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ θεοῦ [of Antichrist]).—EKühl, Das Selbstbewusstsein Jesu 1907, 16–44; GVos, The Self-disclosure of Jesus 1926.—EBurton, ICC Gal 1921, 404–17; TNicklin, Gospel Gleanings ’50, 211–36; MHengel, The Son of God (tr. JBowden) ’76; DJones, The Title υἱὸς θεοῦ in Acts: SBLSP 24, ’85, 451–63.

γ. ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου lit. ‘the son of the man’ (the pl. form οἱ υἱοὶ τῶν ἀνθρώπων appears freq. in the LXX to render בְּנֵי אָדָם = mortals, e.g. Gen 11:5; Ps 10:4; 11:2; cp. ὁ υἱὸς τῆς ἀπολείας J 17:12 [s. 2cβ]) ‘the human being, the human one, the man’ in our lit. only as a byname in ref. to Jesus and in an exclusive sense the Human One, the Human Being, one intimately linked with humanity in its primary aspect of fragility yet transcending it, traditionally rendered ‘the Son of Man.’ The term is found predom. in the gospels, where it occurs in the synoptics about 70 times (about half as oft. if parallels are excluded), and in J 12 times (s. EKlostermann, Hdb. exc. on Mk 8:31). In every case the title is applied by Jesus to himself. Nowhere within a saying or narrative about him is it found in an address to him: Mt 8:20; 9:6; 10:23; 11:19; 12:8, 32, 40; 13:37, 41; 16:13, 27f; 17:9, 12, 22; 18:10 [11] v.l.; 19:28; 20:18, 28; 24:27, 30, 37, 39, 44; 25:13 v.l., 31; 26:2, 24ab, 45, 64; Mk 2:10, 28; 8:31, 38; 9:9, 12, 31; 10:33, 45; 13:26; 14:21ab, 41, 62; Lk 5:24; 6:5, 22; 7:34; 9:22, 26, 44, 56 v.l., 58; 11:30; 12:8, 10, 40; 17:22, 24, 26, 30; 18:8, 31; 19:10; 21:27, 36; 22:22, 48, 69; 24:7.—John (FGrosheide, Υἱὸς τ. ἀνθρ. in het Evang. naar Joh.: TSt 35, 1917, 242–48; HDieckmann, D. Sohn des Menschen im J: Scholastik 2, 1927, 229–47; HWindisch, ZNW 30, ’31, 215–33; 31, ’32, 199–204; WMichaelis, TLZ 85, ’60, 561–78 [Jesus’ earthly presence]) 1:51; 3:13, 14; 5:27 (BVawter, Ezekiel and John, CBQ 26, ’64, 450–58); 6:27, 53, 62; 8:28; 9:35; 12:23, 34; 13:31. Whether the component of fragility (suggested by OT usage in ref. to the brief span of human life and the ills to which it falls heir) or high status (suggested by traditions that appear dependent on Da 7:13, which refers to one ‘like a human being’), or a blend of the two dominates a specific occurrence can be determined only by careful exegesis that in addition to extra-biblical traditions takes account of the total literary structure of the document in which it occurs. Much neglected in the discussion is the probability of prophetic association suggested by the form of address Ezk 2:1 al. (like the OT prophet [Ezk 3:4–11] Jesus encounters resistance).—On Israelite thought contemporary w. Jesus and alleged knowledge of a heavenly being looked upon as a ‘Son of Man’ or ‘Man’, who exercises Messianic functions such as judging the world (metaph., pictorial passages in En 46–48; 4 Esdr 13:3, 51f) s. Bousset, Rel.³ 352–55; NMessel, D. Menschensohn in d. Bilderreden d. Hen. 1922; ESjöberg, Kenna 1 Henok och 4 Esra tanken på den lidande Människosonen? Sv. Ex. Årsb. 5, ’40, 163–83, D. Menschensohn im äth. Hen. ’46. This view is in some way connected w. Da 7:13; acc. to some it derives its real content fr. an eschatological tradition that ultimately goes back to Iran (WBousset, Hauptprobleme der Gnosis 1907, 160–223; Reitzenstein, Erlösungsmyst. 119ff, ZNW 20, 1921, 18–22, Mysterienrel.³ 418ff; Clemen² 72ff; CKraeling, Anthropos and Son of Man: A Study in the Religious Syncretism of the Hellenistic Orient 1927); acc. to this tradition the First Man was deified; he will return in the last times and usher in the Kingdom of God.—Outside the gospels: Ac 7:56 (v.l. τοῦ θεοῦ; GKilpatrick, TZ 21, ’65, 209); Rv 1:13; 14:14 (both after Da 7:13; sim. allusion to Da in Just., D. 31, 1). The quot. fr. Ps 8:5 in Hb 2:6 prob. does not belong here, since there is no emphasis laid on υἱὸς ἀνθρώπου. In IEph 20:2 Jesus is described as υἱὸς ἀνθρώπου καὶ υἱὸς θεοῦ. Differently B 12:10 Ἰησοῦς, οὐχὶ υἱὸς ἀνθρώπου ἀλλὰ υἱὸς τοῦ θεοῦ Jesus, not a man’s son, but Son of God.—HLietzmann, Der Menschensohn 1896; Dalman, Worte 191–219 (Eng. tr., 234–67); Wlh., Einl.² 123–30; PFiebig, Der Menschensohn 1901; NSchmidt, The Prophet of Nazareth 1905, 94–134, Recent Study of the Term ‘Son of Man’: JBL 45, 1926, 326–49; FTillmann, Der Menschensohn 1907; EKühl, Das Selbstbewusstsein Jesu 1907, 65ff; HHoltzmann, Das messianische Bewusstsein Jesu, 1907, 49–75 (lit.), Ntl. Theologie² I 1911, 313–35; FBard, D. Sohn d. Menschen 1908; HGottsched, D. Menschensohn 1908; EAbbott, ‘The Son of Man’, etc., 1910; EHertlein, Die Menschensohnfrage im letzten Stadium 1911, ZNW 19, 1920, 46–48; JMoffatt, The Theology of the Gospels 1912, 150–63; WBousset, Kyrios Christos² 1921, 5–22 (the titles of the works by Wernle and Althaus opposing his first edition [1913], as well as Bousset’s answer, are found s.v. κύριος, end); DVölter, Jesus der Menschensohn 1914, Die Menschensohnfrage neu untersucht 1916; FSchulthess, ZNW 21, 1922, 247–50; Rtzst., Herr der Grösse 1919 (see also the works by the same author referred to above in this entry); EMeyer II 335ff; HGressmann, ZKG n.s. 4, 1922, 170ff, D. Messias 1929, 341ff; GDupont, Le Fils d’Homme 1924; APeake, The Messiah and the Son of Man 1924; MWagner, Der Menschensohn: NKZ 36, 1925, 245–78; Guillaume Baldensperger, Le Fils d’Homme: RHPR 5, 1925, 262–73; WBleibtreu, Jesu Selbstbez. als der Menschensohn: StKr 98/99, 1926, 164–211; AvGall, Βασιλεία τοῦ θεοῦ 1926; OProcksch, D. Menschensohn als Gottessohn: Christentum u. Wissensch. 3, 1927, 425–43; 473–81; CMontefiore, The Synoptic Gospels² 1927 I 64–80; ROtto, Reich Gottes u. Menschensohn ’34, Eng. tr. The Kgdm. of God and the Son of Man, tr. Filson and Woolf² ’43; EWechssler, Hellas im Ev. ’36, 332ff; PParker, The Mng. of ‘Son of Man’: JBL 60, ’41, 151–57; HSharman, Son of Man and Kingdom of God ’43; JCampbell, The Origin and Mng. of the Term Son of Man: JTS 48, ’47, 145–55; HRiesenfeld, Jésus Transfiguré ’47, 307–13 (survey and lit.); TManson, ConNeot 11, ’47, 138–46 (Son of Man=Jesus and his disciples in Mk 2:27f); GDuncan, Jesus, Son of Man ’47, 135–53 (survey); JBowman, ET 59, ’47/48, 283–88 (background); MBlack, ET 60, ’48f, 11–15; 32–36; GKnight, Fr. Moses to Paul ’49, 163–72 (survey); TNicklin, Gospel Gleanings ’50, 237–50; TManson (Da, En and gospels), BJRL 32, ’50, 171–93; TPreiss, Le Fils d’Homme: ÉThR 26/3, ’51, Life in Christ, ’54, 43–60; SMowinckel, He That Cometh, tr. Anderson, ’54, 346–450; GIber, Überlieferungsgesch. Unters. z. Begriff des Menschensohnes im NT, diss. Heidelb. ’53; ESjöberg, D. verborgene Menschensohn in den Ev. ’55; WGrundmann, ZNW 47, ’56, 113–33; HRiesenfeld, The Mythological Backgrd. of NT Christology, CHDodd Festschr. ’56, 81–95; PhVielhauer, Gottesreich u. Menschensohn in d. Verk. Jesu, GDehn Festschr. ’57, 51–79; ESidebottom, The Son of Man in J, ET 68, ’57, 231–35; 280–83; AHiggins, Son of Man- Forschung since (Manson’s) ‘The Teaching of Jesus’: NT Essays (TW Manson memorial vol.) ’59, 119–35; HTödt, D. Menschensohn in d. synopt. Überl. ’59 (tr. Barton ’65); JMuilenburg, JBL 79, ’60, 197–209 (Da, En); ESchweizer, JBL 79, ’60, 119–29 and NTS 9, ’63, 256–61; BvIersel, ‘Der Sohn’ in den synopt. Jesusworten, ’61 (community?); MBlack, BJRL 45, ’63, 305–18; FBorsch, ATR 45, ’63, 174–90; AHiggins, Jesus and the Son of Man, ’64; RFormesyn, NovT 8, ’66, 1–35 (barnasha=‘I’); SSandmel, HSilver Festschr. ’63, 355–67; JJeremias, Die älteste Schicht der Menschensohn-Logien, ZNW 58, ’67, 159–72; GVermes, MBlack, Aram. Approach³, ’67, 310–30; BLindars, The New Look on the Son of Man: BJRL 63, ’81, 437–62; WWalker, The Son of Man, Some Recent Developments CBQ 45, ’83, 584–607; JDonahue, Recent Studies on the Origin of ‘Son of Man’ in the Gospels, CBQ 48, ’86, 584–607; DBurkitt, The Nontitular Son of Man, A History and Critique: NTS 40, ’94 504–21 (lit.); JEllington, BT 40, ’89, 201–8; RGordon, Anthropos: 108–13.—B. 105; DELG. M-M. EDNT. TW. Sv.

-οῦ ⁺ ὁ N 2 48-34-76-57-36=251 Gn 2,10.13.14(bis); 15,18

river, stream Gn 2,10

ποταμὸς πυρός stream of fire (connected with judgement) Dn 7,10 Cf. WEVERS 1993 215(Gn 15,18).607(Gn 36,37). 674(Gn 41,2)

βλαστάνω, S.OC 611, etc. (later [full] βλαστέω, Thphr.CP2.17.4(interpol. in A. Ch. 589, corrupt in [voice] Pass.

A

- ουμένη S.Fr.255.7

)); [dialect] Ion. [tense] impf. βλαστάνεσκε (v.l. βλάστεσκεν) Id.Fr. 546: [tense] fut.

βλαστήσω Thphr.HP 2.7.2

,

βλαστήσομαι Alex.

Trall.12: [tense] aor. 2

ἔβλαστον S.Fr. 341

, etc.: [tense] aor. 1

ἐβλάστησα Emp.21.10

, Hp.Nat.Puer.26, etc. (not in [dialect] Att.): [tense] pf.

βεβλάστηκα Id.Oss.12

, Hellanic. 1 (b) J., Plu.2.684c;

ἐβλάστηκα E.IA 594

(lyr.), Eup.329: [tense] plpf.

ἐβεβλαστήκει Th.3.26

:—bud, sprout, grow, prop. of plants, A. Th. 594, S.OC 697 (lyr.), Th.l.c., Ar.Nu. 1124, etc.; ἦ βλαστὸς οὐκ ἔβλαστεν; S.Fr. 341;

εἰς ἴα σου.., καὶ ἐς κρίνα βλαστήσειεν ὀστέα IG14.607

([place name] Carales).

2 metaph.in Poets, shoot forth, come to light, βλάστε νᾶσος ἐξ ἁλός, of Rhodes, Pi.O.7.69; of children, to be born, Id.N.8.7; ἀνθρώπου φύσιν βλαστών born in man's nature, S.Aj. 761, cf. OT 1376, El. 440;

ἄργυρος κακὸν νόμισμ' ἔβλαστε Id.Ant. 296

;

β. δ' ἀπιστία Id.OC 611

;

μέγιστ' ἔβλαστε νόμιμα Id.El. 1095

(lyr.); not common in Prose, Th. l.c., Pl.R. 498b, Phdr. 251b, Iamb.Myst.3.28.

II causal, make to grow, produce, propagate, in [tense] pres., Hp.Alim.54: metaph., β. χάριτες εὔνοιαν Aristeas 230: mostly [tense] aor.1

ἐβλάστησα A.R.1.1131

;

θεὸς.. ἄμπελον ἐβλάστησεν Nonn.D.36.356

, cf. LXX Ge.1.11, Nu.17.8:—[voice] Pass.,

βλαστηθείς Ph.1.667

.

βρασμός, ὁ,

A boiling up, Aët. 1.130, Hld.5.17; fermentation,

τῆς ὕλης Corn.ND3

: hence, agitation, shaking,

γῆς Arist.

ap.Ar.Did.Fr. 13 (pl.), Orph.H.47.3 (pl.), Sor.1.65; shivering as if from cold, ib.80, Aret.SD2.3; rigor, Gal.7.607.

2 metaph., τοῦ πάθους, τῶν παθῶν, Ph.1.306, 238.

II = βράστης, J.BJ1.19.4, D.C.68.24, Phlp. in Mete.7.23, Agath.5.3; of a tidal wave, Id.2.16.

γάρ ([etym.] γε, ἄρα), causal Conj., used alone or with other Particles.

I introducing the reason or cause of what precedes, for,

τῷ γὰρ ἐπὶ φρεσὶ θῆκε θεὰ λευκώλενος Ἥρη· κήδετο γ. Δαναῶν Il.1.56

, etc.; but freq. in expl. of that wh. is implied in the preceding clause,

πολλάων πολίων κατέλυσε κάρηνα.. τοῦ γὰρ κράτος ἐστὶ μέγιστον 2.118

, etc.: hence,

b in simple explanations, esp. after a Pronoun or demonstr. Adj.,

ἀλλὰ τόδ' αἰνὸν ἄχος κραδίην καὶ θυμὸν ἱκάνει· Ἕκτωρ γ. ποτε φήσει 8.148

, cf. Od.2.163; ὃ δὲ δεινότατον.. ὁ Ζεὺς γ. .. Ar.Av. 514;

ὃ δὲ πάντων ἀδικώτατον ἔδοξε· τῶν γὰρ προγε γραμμένων ἠτίμωσε καὶ υἱούς Plu.Sull.31

; freq. in introducing proofs or examples, μαρτύριον δέ· Δήλου γ. καθαιρομένης .. Th.1.8; τεκμήριον δέ· οὔτε γ. Λακεδαιμόνιοι .. Id.2.39, cf. D.20.10, etc.; in full, τεκμήριον δὲ τούτου τόδε· αἱ μὲν γ. .. Hdt.2.58; παράδειγμα τόδε τοῦ λόγου· ἐκ γ. .. Th.1.2; δηλοῖ δέ μοι τόδε· πρὸ γ. .. ib.3.

c to introduce a detailed description or narration already alluded to, ὅμως δὲ λεκτέα ἃ γιγνώσκω· ἔχει γ. [ἡ χώρα] πεδία κάλλιστα .. X.An.5.6.6, etc.

d in answers to questions or statements challenging assent or denial, yes,.., no,.., οὔκουν.. ἀνάγκη ἐστί;—ἀνάγκη γ. οὖν, ἔφη, ay doubtless it is necessary, X.Cyr.2.1.7, cf. § 4 and 13; indicating assent,

ἔχει γ. Pl.Phdr. 268a

; ἱκανὸς γ., ἔφη, συμβαίνει γ., ἔφη, Id.R. 502b, 502c,cf. Ap. 41a, etc.; οὔκουν δὴ τό γ' εἰκός.—οὐ γ.: Id.Phdr. 276c.

2 by inversion, preceding the fact explained, since, as,

Ἀτρεΐδη, πολλοὶ γ. τεθνᾶσιν Ἀχαιοί.. τῷ σε χρὴ πόλεμον παῦσαι Il.7.328

; χρόνου δὲ οὐ πολλοῦ διελθόντος ([etym.] χρῆν γ. Κανδαύλῃ γενέσθαι κακῶς) ἔλεγε πρὸς τὸν Γύγην τοιάδε, Γύγη, οὐ γ. σε δοκέω πείθεσθαι.. ([etym.] ὦτα γ. τυγχάνει κτλ.) , ποίει ὅκως .. Hdt.1.8. cf. 6.102, al.; εἶεν, σὺ γ. τούτων ἐπιστήμων, τί χρὴ ποιεῖν; Pl.Phd. 117a; the principal proposition is sts.

b blended with the causal one, τῇ δὲ κακῶς γ. ἔδεε γενέσθαι εἶπε, i.e. ἡ δέ ([etym.] κακῶς γ. οἱ ἔδεε γενέσθαι)

εἶπε Hdt. 9.109

, cf. 1.24, 4.149, 200, Th.1.72, 8.30.

c attached to the hypothet. Particle instead of being joined to the apodosis, οὐδ' εἰ γ. ἦν τὸ πρᾶγμα μὴ θεήλατον, ἀκάθαρτον ὑμᾶς εἰκὸς ἦν οὕτως ἐᾶν, i.e. οὐδὲ γ. εἰ ἦν .., S.OT 255.

d repeated, οὐ γ. οὖν σιγήσομαι· ἔτικτε γ. .. Id.OC 980, cf. Ant. 659 sq., 1255.

3 in elliptical phrases, where that of which γάρ gives the reason is omitted, and must be supplied,

a freq. in Trag. dialogue and Pl., when yes or no may be supplied from the context, καὶ δῆτ' ἐτόλμας τούσδ' ὑπερβαίνειν νόμους;—οὐ γ. τί μοι Ζεὺς ἦν ὁ κηρύξας τάδε [yes], for it was not Zeus, etc., S.Ant. 450, cf. OT 102, etc.;

καλῶς γὰρ αὐτὸς ἠγάνισαι Pl. Smp. 194a

; freq. in phrase ἔστι γ. οὕτω [yes], for so it is, i. e. yes certainly: λέγεταί τι καινόν; γένοιτο γ. ἄν τι καινότερον ἢ .. ; [why,] could there be.. ? D.4.10; with negs., Ar.Ra. 262 τούτῳ γ. οὐ νικήσετε [do so], yet shall ye never prevail by this means: for ἀλλὰ γ., v. infr.11.1.

b to confirm or strengthen something said, οἵδ' οὐκέτ' εἰσί· τοῦτο γάρ σε δήξεται [I say this], for it will sting thee, E. Med. 1370: after an Exclamation,

ὦ πόποι· ἀνάριθμα γ. φέρω πήματα S.OT 168

(lyr.), cf. E.Hel. 857.

c in conditional propositions, where the condition is omitted, else, οὐ γ. ἄν με ἔπεμπον πάλιν (sc. εἰ μὴ ἐπίστευον) X.An.7.6.33; γίνεται γ. ἡ κοινωνία συμμαχία for in that case, Arist.Pol. 1280b8.

4 in abrupt questions, why, what, τίς γ. σε θεῶν ἐμοὶ ἄγγελον ἧκεν; why who hath sent thee? Il.18.182; πῶς γ. νῦν.. εὕδουσι; 10.424; πατροκτονοῦσα γ. ξυνοικήσεις ἐμοί; what, wilt thou.. ? A.Ch. 909: generally, after interrog. Particles, ἦ γ. .. ; what, was it.. ? S.OT 1000, 1039, etc.; τί γ.; quid enim? i. e. it must be so, Id.OC 539, 542, 547, etc.; τί γ. δή ποτε; D.21.44; also πῶς γ.; πῶς γ. οὔ;, v. πῶς.

5 to strengthen a wish, c. opt., κακῶς γ. ἐξόλοιο O that you might perish ! E.Cyc. 261; cf. αἴ, εἰ, εἴθε, πῶς.

II joined with other Particles:

1 ἀλλὰ γ. where γάρ gives the reason of a clause to be supplied between ἀλλά and itself, as ἀλλ' ἐν γὰρ Τρώων πεδίῳ .. but [far otherwise], for.., Il.15.739; ἀλλὰ γὰρ ἥκουσ' αἵδ' ἐπὶ πρᾶγος πικρόν but [hush], for.., A.Th. 861; ἀλλ' οὐ γ. σ' ἐθέλω .. but [look out] for.., Il.7.242; in full,

ἀλλ' οὐ γάρ σφιν ἐφαίνετο κέρδιον εἶναι μαίεσθαι προτ έρω, τοὶ μὲν πάλιν αὖτις ἔβαινον Od.14.355

;

ἀλλ', οὐ γ. ἔπειθε, διδοῖ τὸ φᾶρος Hdt.9.109

.

2 γ. ἄρα for indeed, Pl.Prt. 315d, Smp. 205b.

3 γ. δή for of course, for you know, Il.2.301,23.607, Hdt.1.34, 114, etc.; φάμεν γ. δή yes certainly we say so, Pl.Tht. 187e, cf. 164d;

οὐ γ. δή S.Ant.46

, etc.

4

γ. νυ Od.14.359

.

5 γ. οὖν for indeed, to confirm or explain, Il.15.232, Hdt.5.34, S.Ant. 489, 771, etc.; φησὶ γ. οὖν yes of course he says so, Pl.Tht. 170a;

γ. οὖν δή Id.Prm. 148c

, etc.; οὐ γ. οὖν ib. 134b; cf. τοιγαροῦν.

6 γ. που for I suppose, esp. with negs., Id.R. 381c, Phd. 62d, etc.;

οὐ γ. δήπου Id.Prt. 309c

.

7 γ. ῥα, = γὰρ ἄρα, Il.1.113, al.

8 γ. τε, 23.156; also

τε γ. D.19.159

, Arist.Pol. 1333a2, al.

9 γ. τοι for surely.., E.Hel.93, Supp. 564, etc.;

οὐ γ. τοι Od.21.172

, etc.; cf. τοιγάρτοι.

B POSITION: γάρ prop. stands after the first word in a clause, but in Pocts it freq. stands third or fourth, when the preceding words are closely connected, as ὁ μὲν γὰρ .. S.Aj. 764; χἠ ναῦς γὰρ .. Id.Ph. 527; τό τ' εἰκαθεῖν γὰρ .. Id.Ant. 1096; τὸ μὴ θέμις γὰρ .. A.Ch. 641, cf. 753: also in Prose, τὸ κατ' ἀξίαν γὰρ .. Arist. EN 1163b11: sts. for metrical reasons, where there is no such connexion, as third (A.Ag.222.729, S.Ph. 219 (all lyr.)), fourth (Ar.Av. 1545); in later Com. fifth (Men.462.2); sixth (Antiph.26.22); seventh (Men.Epit. 531, Pk. 170, Athenio 1.5); once sixth in S.,

καιρὸς καὶ πλοῦς ὅδ' ἐπείγει γὰρ κατὰ πρύμναν Ph. 1451

.

2 inserted before the demonstr. -ί, as νυνγαρί for νυνὶ γάρ; cf. νυνί.

C QUANTITY: γάρ is sts. long in Hom. metri gr.,

θήσειν γὰρ ἔτ' ἔμελλεν Il.2.39

;

φωνῆς γὰρ ἤκουσα h.Cer.57

.—In [dialect] Att. always short: Ar.Eq. 366, V. 217, Lys.20 are corrupt.

γένος, εος or ους, τό,

A race, stock, kin,

ἀμφοτέροισιν ὁμὸν γ. ἠδ' ἴα πάτρη Il.13.354

;

αἷμά τε καὶ γ. Od.8.583

;

ὑμετέρου δ' οὐκ ἔστι γένεος βασιλεύτερον 15.533

;

γένος πατέρων αἰσχυνέμεν Il.6.209

;

γ. ἀπόλωλε τοκήων Od.4.62

;

ὅθι τοι γένος ἐστὶ καὶ αὐτῇ 6.35

: freq. abs. in acc., ἐξ Ἰθάκης γένος εἰμί from Ithaca I am by race, 15.267, cf. Il. 5.544, 896, S.Ph. 239, etc.; in [dialect] Att. freq. with the Art.,

ποδαπὸς τὸ γένος εἶ

;

Ar. Pax 186

, cf. Pl.Sph. 216a: so in dat.,

γένει πολῖται D.23.24

; γένει υἱός, opp. an adopted son, Id.44.2; οἱ ἐν γένει, = συγγενεῖς, S.OT 1430;

οἱ ἔξω γένους Id.Ant. 660

;

οὐδὲν ἐν γένει Id.OT 1016

;

γένει προσήκειν τινί X.An.1.6.1

;

γένει ἀπωτέρω εἶναι D. 44.13

: in gen., γένους εἶναί τινος to be of his race,

ἄναγνος καὶ γένους τοῦ Λαΐου S.OT 1383

, cf. X.HG4.2.9; ἐγγυτέρω, ἐγγύτατα γένους, nearer, next of kin, Is.8.33, A.Supp. 388.

2 direct descent, opp. collateral relationship,

γένος γάρ, ἀλλ' οὐχὶ συγγένεια Is.8.33

; αἱ κατὰ γένος βασιλεῖαι hereditary monarchies, Arist.Pol. 1285a16, 1313a10.

II offspring, even of a single descendant,

σὸν γ. Il.19.124

, 21.186;

ἡ δ' ἄρ' ἔην θεῖον γ. οὐδ' ἀνθρώπων 6.180

;

ἁμὸν Οἰδίπου γ. A. Th. 654

; Διὸς γ., of Bacchus, S.Ant. 1117 (lyr.);

Τέκμησσα, δύσμορον γ. Id.Aj. 784

.

2 collectively, offspring, posterity,

ἐκεῖνοι καὶ τὸ γ. τὸ ἀπ' ἐκείνων Th.1.126

;

ἐξώλη ποιεῖν αὐτὸν καὶ γ. καὶ οἰκίαν D.19.71

.

III generally, race, of beings,

θεῶν Ar.Th. 960

;

ἡμιθέων γ. ἀνδρῶν Il.12.23

; ἡμιόνων, βοῶν γ., Il.2.852, Od.20.212; ἵππειον γ., i.e. mules, S.Ant. 342;

ἰχθύων πλωτὸν γ. Id.Fr.941.9

.

b clan, house, family, Hdt.1.125, etc.; Φρὺξ μὲν γενεῇ, γένεος δὲ τοῦ βασιληΐου ib.35; τοὺς ἀπὸ γένους men of noble family, Plu.Rom.21;

ἱερεὺς κατὰ γ. IG 5(1).497

, al.; also ἱέρεια ἀπὸ γένους, διὰ γένους, ib.607.29,602; esp. at Athens and elsewhere as a subdivision of the φρατρία, Arist.Ath. Fr.3, Pl.Alc.1.120e, etc.; = Lat. gens, D.S.4.21, Plu.Num.1.

c tribe, as a subdivision of ἔθνος, Hdt. 1.56, 101.

d caste, Id.2.164.

e of animals, breed, Id.4.29.

2 age, generation, Od.3.245; γ. χρύσεον, etc., Hes.Op. 109: hence, age, time of life,

γένει ὕστερος Il.3.215

, cf. Arist.Rh. 1408a27.

IV sex, Epich.172.1, Pl.Smp. 189d; gender, Arist.Rh. 1407b7, Diog.Bab.Stoic.3.214, etc.

V class, sort, kind,

τὰ γ. τῶν κυνῶν ἐστι δισσά X.Cyn.3.1

;

τὸ φιλόσοφον γ. Pl. R. 501e

; τὸ τῶν γεωργῶν [γ.] Id.Ti. 17c, cf. R. 434b, Arist.Pol. 1329a27;

τῶν ἰχθυοπωλῶν γ. Xenarch.7.4

;

τὸ τῶν παρασίτων γ. Nicol.

Com.1.1, etc.

2 in Logic, opp. εἶδος (species), Pl.Prm. 129c, al., Arist.Top. 102a31, 102b12, al.;

τὰ γ. εἰς εἴδη πλείω καὶ διαφέροντα διαιρεῖται Id.Metaph. 1059b36

.

3 in the animal kingdom, τὰ μέγιστα γ., = the modern Classes, such as birds, fishes, Id.HA 490b7, cf. 505b26; so in the vegetable kingdom, γένη τὰ μέγιστα, = σιτώδη, χεδροπά and ἀνώνυμα, Thphr.HP8.1.1.

b genus, τὸ τῶν καρκίνων γ., τὸ τῶν περιστερῶν γ., etc., Arist.HA 487b17, 488a4;

τῶν δένδρων καὶ τῶν φυτῶν εἴδη πλείω τυγχάνει καθ' ἕκαστον γένος Thphr.HP1.14.3

;

τοῦ αὐτοῦ γένους [πίτυς] καὶ πεύκη Dsc. 1.69

, al.

c γένος τι a species of plant, Thphr.HP4.8.13; so later, γένη, = crops,

ἄλλοις γένεσι τοῖς πρὸς πυρὸν διοικουμένοις PTeb.66.43

, al. (ii B. C.);

οἷς ἐὰν αἱρῶμαι γένεσι πλὴν κνήκου PAmh.2.91.15

(ii A. D.); produce, POxy.727.20 (ii A. D.); materials, ib.54.16 (iii A. D.); ἐν γένεσιν in kind, opp. ἐν ἀργυρίῳ, PFay.21.10 (ii A. D.).

4 τὰ γ. the elements, Pl.Ti. 54b. (Cf. Skt. jánas, gen. jánasas; Lat. genus, -eris, v. γίγνομαι.)

γυμνός, ή, όν,

A naked, unclad,

γ. περ ἐών Od.6.136

, etc.;

τὰ γ. Thphr.Char.4.4

: [comp] Comp.,

Ἴρου γυμνότερος Procop.Gaz.Ep. 122

; γυμνὸν στάδιον, opp. ὁπλιτοδρόμος, Pi.P.11.49.

2 unarmed,

οὐδ' ὑπέμεινε Πάτροκλον, γυμνόν περ ἐόντ' ἐν δηϊοτῆτι Il.16.815

, etc.;

γυμνὰ τὰ νῶτα παρέχειν Plu.Fab.11

;

τὰ γυμνά

parts not covered by armour, exposed parts,

Th.3.23

, X.HG4.4.12; esp. right side (the left being covered by the shields), Th.5.10.71.

3 of things bare, γ. τόξον an uncoveredbow,i.e. taken out of the case, Od.11.607;

γ.ὀϊστός 21.417

;

γ. μάχαιραι Theoc.22.146

;

ξίφος A.R.1.1254

;

γ. τῇ κεφαλῇ Pl.Phdr. 243b

.

4 c.gen., stripped of a thing,

κολεοῦ γ. φάσγανον Pi. N.1.52

, cf. X.Ages.2.14;

κᾶπος [δένδρων] γ. Pi.O.3.24

;

γ. ὀστράκων A.Fr. 337

;

γ. προπομπῶν Id.Pers. 1036

(lyr.); (but also

γ. τῶν ἀριστείων ἄτερ S.Aj. 464

): in Prose,

γ. ὅπλων Hdt.2.141

(v.l.);

ἡ ψυχὴ γ. τοῦ σώματος Pl.Cra. 403b

, cf. R. 577b, Grg. 523d: [comp] Comp.

ἀνδριάντων -ότερος D.Chr.34.3

.

5 lightly clad, i.e. in the undergarment only, Hes.Op. 391, Ar.Nu. 498, Pl.R. 474a, Luc.Herm.23;

μικροῦ γ. ἐν τῷ χιτωνίσκῳ D.21.216

; of horses, without harness, Arr. Cyn.24.3.

6 of facts, naked, bald,

γυμνῶν τῶν πραγμάτων θεωρουμένων D.S.1.76

;

γ. τὸ ἔργον διηγήσασθαι Luc.Tox.42

;

γυμνοτέροις χρήσασθαι τοῖς ὀνόμασιν Ph.1.5

;

γ. χρῆσθαι τῇ μιμήσει Demetr.Eloc. 112

. Adv. - ῶς baldly, Sch.A.Pers. 740.

7 destitute, PSI6.605.4(iii B.C.), etc.

8 bare, mere,

κόκκος 1 Ep.Cor.15.37

.

9 beardless, A.R.2.707.

10 scalped, Archil.161.

11 γυμνή· ἄνηβος, Hsch.

12 prov. of impossibilities,

γυμνῷ φυλακὴν ἐπιτάττεις Pherecr.144

, Philem.12. (Akin to Skt. nagnás, Lat. nādus, etc.; cf. λυγνός.)

δᾰφοινός, όν (ή, όν Opp.C.3.440; δαφοινή as etym. of δάφνη in Corn.ND32), epith. of savage animals,

A tawny (as expld. by most Gramm., though some also give blood-reeking),

δαφοινὸν δέρμα λέοντος Il.10.23

;

δράκων ἐπὶ νῶτα δαφοινός 2.308

;

θῶες δ. 11.474

; λαῖφος

δ' ἐπὶ νῶτα δαφοινὸν λυγκὸς ἔχει h.Pan.23

; πῆμα δ., of the dragon Python, h.Ap.304;

δ. ἀετός A.Pr. 1022

;

λεόντων ἁ δ. ἴλα E.Alc. 581

(lyr.);

δ. ἄγρα

tawny,

Pi.N.3.81

.

2 metaph.,

δ. Κῆρες Hes.Sc. 250

;

δαλός A.Ch. 607

(lyr.).