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  • 101 Torricelli, Evangelista

    [br]
    b. 15 October 1608 Faenza, Italy
    d. 25 October 1647 Florence, Italy
    [br]
    Italian physicist, inventor of the mercury barometer and discoverer of atmospheric pressure.
    [br]
    Torricelli was the eldest child of a textile artisan. Between 1625 and 1626 he attended the Jesuit school at Faenza, where he showed such outstanding aptitude in mathematics and philosophy that his uncle was persuaded to send him to Rome to a school run by Benedetto Castelli, a mathematician and engineer and a former pupil of Galileo Galilei. Between 1630 and 1641, Torricelli was possibly Secretary to Giovanni Ciampoli, Galileo's friend and protector. In 1641 Torricelli wrote a treatise, De motugravium, amplifying Galileo's doctrine on the motion of projectiles, and Galileo accepted him as a pupil. On Galileo's death in 1642, he was appointed as mathematician and philosopher to the court of Grand Duke Ferdinando II of Tuscany. He remained in Florence until his early death in 1647, possibly from typhoid fever. He wrote a great number of mathematical papers on conic sections, the cycloid, the logarithmic curve and other subjects, which made him well known.
    By 1642 Torricelli was producing good lenses for telescopes; he subsequently improved them, and attained near optical perfection. He also constructed a simple microscope with a small glass sphere as a lens. Galileo had looked at problems of raising water with suction pumps, and also with a siphon in 1630. Torricelli brought up the subject again in 1640 and later produced his most important invention, the barometer. He used mercury to fill a glass tube that was sealed at one end and inverted it. He found that the height of mercury in the tube adjusted itself to a well-defined level of about 76 cm (30 in.), higher than the free surface outside. He realized that this must be due to the pressure of the air on the outside surface and predicted that it would fall with increasing altitude. He thus demonstrated the pressure of the atmosphere and the existence of a vacuum on top of the mercury, publishing his findings in 1644. He later noticed that changes in the height of the mercury were related to changes in the weather.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    1641, De motu gravium.
    Further Reading
    T.I.Williams (ed.), 1969, A Biographical Dictionary of Scientists, London: A. \& C.Black.
    Chambers Concise Dictionary of Scientists, 1989, Cambridge.
    A Dictionary of Scientific Biography, 1976, Vol. XIII, New York: C.Scribner's Sons.
    A.Stowers, 1961–2, "Thomas Newcomen's first steam engine 250 years ago and the initial development of steam power", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 34 (provides an account of his mercury barometer).
    W.E.Knowles Middleton, 1964, The History of the Barometer, Baltimore.
    RLH

    Biographical history of technology > Torricelli, Evangelista

  • 102 غير

    غَيْر \ another: a different one: We’ll go there another time. If this hat does not fit, try another. besides: as well as: I have two brothers besides John.. other: (in comparisons) different: He likes French cigarettes and won’t smoke any other kind. This side is dry; the other side is wet. I can’t do it now; I have other things to do. short of: less than; other than: Nothing short of a new government will save the country. un-: giving an opposite sense: ‘Unlikely’ means ‘not likely’. \ See Also آخر (آخَر)‏ \ غَيْرُ أَجْوَف \ solid: not hollow: without holes: a solid rubber ball. \ See Also صلب (صُلْب)‏ \ غَيْرُ أَكيد \ faint: (of thoughts and feelings) weak; uncertain: I haven’t the faintest idea where she is. uncertain: not certain doubtful; undecided; changeable: I’m uncertain what time he’s coming. Our holiday plans are still uncertain, we haven’t decided where to go. The weather is uncertain - it may rain soon. \ See Also ضعيف (ضَعِيف)، غير مؤكّد \ غَيْرُ أمْلَس \ rough: not smooth: a rough road; a rough surface. \ غَيْرُ آمن \ insecure: not safe; not supported or able to support other things: Be careful of that door - the lock is very insecure. \ غَيْرُ أُمِّيّ \ literate: able to read and write. \ غَيْرَ أنَّ \ but: yet: He came but she did not. I need food but I have no money to buy any. She is thin but strong. only: but: She wanted to buy it, only she had no money. \ غَيْرُ أهل للثّقة \ suspect: not trustworthy; possibly the cause of trouble: a rather suspect character. \ غَيْرُ بالِغ \ immature: not fully formed or developed. \ غَيْرُ بهيج \ dull: (of weather or colour) not clean or bright; cloudy: a dull day; a dull blue. \ غَيْرُ جاهز للعَمَل \ out of training: not in good condition. \ غَيْرُ جَمِيل \ plain: (of people) not good-looking: He was a nice boy, but rather plain and not very clever. \ غَيْرُ جَمِيل \ homely: (of people, faces, etc.) not goodlooking. \ See Also جذاب (جذّاب)‏ \ غَيْرُ حادّ \ dull: (of the senses) not sharp: a dull pain. \ غَيْرُ حَذِر \ unwary: (esp. as a noun with the) careless; not looking out for danger or deceit: ‘Easy’ questions in an exam are often a trap for the unwary (or for unwary people). \ غَيْرُ حقيقي \ unreal: imaginary; not related to facts. \ غَيْرُ دقيق \ rough: not carefully made; not properly finished; not exact: a rough drawing; a rough guess. \ غَيْرُ ذلك \ else: other (together with the first one); besides: Who else came? Did you look anywhere else, or only under the bed?, other (instead of the first one); instead Let’s talk about something else. Peter was ill, so someone else came. If there’s no coffee, what else can I drink?. otherwise: differently: I thought it was true, but they thought otherwise. \ غَيْرُ رَسْمِيّ \ informal: without ceremony or special dress: The prince paid an informal visit to the town. private: not official; not concerning one’s work; concerning one’s home and family: In his private life, the actor is rather quiet, although in the play he is loud and angry. \ غَيْرُ سَارّ \ bad, worse, worst: (of news, weather, etc.) unpleasant. \ غَيْرُ سالِك \ impassable: (of roads) unfit for use; blocked (by snow, mud, etc.). \ غَيْرُ سَكران \ sober: not under the control of alcohol; not drunk: A car driver ought to be sober. \ غَيْرُ سليمة \ broken, break: (of language) incorrectly spoken by a foreigner: broken English. \ غَيْرُ شَرْعِيّ \ illegal: against the law: A crime is an illegal act. illegitimate: (of a child) born to a mother who is not married. \ غَيْرُ شريف \ crooked: dishonest. \ غَيْرُ شَفّاف \ opaque: not allowing light to pass through it: opaque glass. \ غَيْرُ صافٍ \ gross: (of figures or amounts) whole, before subtracting anything; the opposite of net: Your gross pay is the amount before tax is paid. \ غَيْرُ صَالِح للاستعمال \ out of order: not working: I couldn’t ring you up yesterday because our telephone was out of order. \ غَيْرُ صالح للأَكل \ inedible: not fit to eat. \ غَيْرُ صَالِح لِلْعَمَل \ out of action: not working; out of order: This telephone is out of action. \ غَيْرُ صِحّي \ insanitary: so dirty that health is put at risk: an insanitary kitchen. \ غَيْرُ صحيح \ false: wrong; incorrect: a false idea. \ غَيْرُ صَحيح \ unsound: not in good condition, not satisfactory: unsound teeth; an unsound explanation. \ See Also سَليم \ غَيْرُ ضَارّ \ harmless: causing no harm; gentle: A lamb is a harmless creature. Is this insect poison harmless to people?. \ غَيْرُ ضروريّ \ needless: useless; unnecessary (trouble, expense etc.). \ غَيْرُ طاهر \ impure: not pure. \ غَيْرُ طَبيعِيّ \ artificial: adj. (of teeth, light, silk, etc.) not natural; made by man. False: not natural: false teeth. weird: very strange. \ غَيْرُ عَادِيّ \ abnormal: different from what is natural or usual: It is abnormal to have only 3 fingers on one hand. exceptional: unusual: That book is an exeptional one. It was an exceptionally hot summer. peculiar: unusual strange. remarkable: surprising; unusual and worth noticing: a remarkable change; a remarkably goodlooking child. unusual: not usual; strange. \ غَيْرُ عالِم بِـ \ ignorant of: not having heard about (a particular thing): I was ignorant of his plans. \ غَيْرُ عَمَليّ \ theoretical: adj. of theories; not learned from experience; supposed; not proved: I have only a theoretical knowledge of cooking from reading cookery books. \ غَيْرُ فَعّال \ inefficient: not working well; wasting time or power: Old machines are often inefficient. He is an inefficient clerk. \ غَيْرُ قابل للتصديق (غير معقول)‏ \ incredible: too strange to be believed; unbelievable: an incredible story. \ غَيْرُ قادِر \ incapable: not able to do sth.; not having the power or nature to do sth.: flowers are incapable of growing without light. She is incapable of being unkind to people. \ غَيْرُ قادِر على الحركة \ numb: having no feeling: My fingers were numb with cold. \ غَيْرُ قانونيّ \ illegal: against the law: A crime is an illegal act. wrongful: unjust; unlawful: wrongful imprisonment. \ غَيْرُ كافٍ \ insufficient: not enough (in power, ability, etc.): insufficient knowledge; insufficient food. lacking: missing: The bread was enough but the butter was lacking. scanty: (of a supply, of clothing, etc.) very small; not enough: He was too scantily dressed to keep warm. \ غَيْرُ كامِل \ incomplete: not complete; not perfect: This piece of work is incomplete - please finish it. His explanation is incomplete - it doesn’t explain all the facts. \ غَيْرُ كَثِيف \ sparse: thinly scattered: sparse hair; sparse grass. \ غَيْرُ كُفْء \ inefficient: not working well; wasting time or power: Old machines are often inefficient. He is an inefficient clerk. \ غَيْرُ لائق \ beneath sb.’s dignity: unsuitable for sb. to do: It was beneath the teacher’s dignity to sweep the classroom. improper: not proper; unsuitable; not polite: improper behaviour. \ غَيْرُ لَبِق \ awkward: (of manner or movement) showing difficulty; not skilful: He is too awkward on his feet to be a dancer. tactless: showing no understanding or skill in dealing with others: a tactless person; a tactless statement. \ غَيْرُ مُؤَدَّب \ impolite: not polite; rude. \ غَيْرُ مُؤذٍ \ innocent: harmless: innocent amusements. \ غَيْرُ مؤكَّد \ uncertain: not certain; doubtful; undecided; changeable: I’m uncertain what time he’s coming. Our holiday plans are still uncertain, we haven’t decided where to go. The weather is uncertain - it may rain soon. \ غَيْرُ مُؤلم \ painless: causing no pain. \ غَيْرُ مأْلوف \ queer: strange, unusually and not understood: a queer noise. uncouth: lacking good manners; strange in one’s appearance: It is uncouth to push your knife into your mouth when eating. Modern young men don’t condiser it uncouth to wear their hair long. \ غَيْرُ مَأْهول \ desert: (of an island) with nobody living on it. wild: (of plants, creatures, land, etc.) in a natural state, not under the control of man. \ غَيْرُ مُبَاشِر \ indirect: not straight or directly joined to; meaning something which is not directly said: an indirect road; the indirect result of an action; an indirect answer. \ غَيْرُ مُبَالٍ \ indifferent: not caring; not interested: He was quite indifferent to his children’s troubles. \ غَيْرُ مَبْتُوت بأمْرِه \ pending: (of a doubtful matter, esp. in court) not yet settled. \ غَيْرُ مُبْهَم \ definite: certain; clear: a definite promise; a definite plan of action. \ غَيْرُ متأكِّد \ in doubt: uncertain: When in doubt, ask your father. \ غَيْرُ مُتَجَانِس \ odd: mixed; different from each other: a boxful of odd tools; two odd shoes (not a pair). \ غَيْرُ مُتَحَرِّك \ stationary: not moving: a stationary vehicle. \ غَيْرُ مُتَحَفِّظ \ outspoken: (of sb. or his speech) saying just what one thinks, although it may annoy some people. \ غَيْرُ مُتَحَمِّس \ cool: unfriendly; They gave us rather a cool welcome. \ غَيْرُ متحمّس لِـ \ half-hearted: not eager; showing little effort or interest: He made a half-hearted attempt at the work. \ غَيْرُ مُتَرَابِط \ scrappy: made of scraps; incomplete; badly arranged: a scrappy meal; a scrappy report. \ غَيْرُ مُتَّصِل \ intermittent: repeatedly stopping and starting; not continuous: intermittent rain. \ غَيْرُ مُتَّصِل بِـ \ irrelevant: not concerned with, not in any way related to the subject: If you are appointing a good teacher, his height is quite irrelevant. \ غَيْرُ مُتَطَرِّف \ moderate: reasonable (in size or amount; in one’s customs or opinions, etc.); neither too big nor too small; neither too much nor too little: moderate prices; moderate political aims. \ غَيْرُ مُتقَن \ rough: not carefully made; not properly finished; not exact: a rough drawing; a rough guess. \ غَيْرُ مُتْقَن (للشيء أو العمل)‏ \ sloppy: (of a person) lacking effort or spirit; weakly lazy; (of a substance) wet and loose: a sloppy piece of work; a sloppy paste. \ غَيْرُ مُتَكَلّف \ homely: simple and friendly; making one feel at home: This little hotel has a homely feeling. \ غَيْرُ مُتَمدِّن (إنسان)‏ \ savage: old use sb. living in an undeveloped society, seen as fierce and wild and likely to attack strangers. \ غَيْرُ مُتَوَازِن \ top-heavy: so heavy at the top that it is likely to fall over: a top heavy load. \ غَيْرُ مُتَوَافر \ out of stock: not in stock. \ غَيْرُ مُتَوَقَّع \ abrupt: (of movement, change, etc.) sudden and unexpected: an abrupt change of plan. unexpected: not expected; surprising that one did not think would happen: an unexpected present; something quite unexpected. \ غَيْرُ مُجْدٍ \ vain: useless; unsuccessful: a vain attempt. ineffective: not able to produce the desired effect: This medicine is quite ineffective. \ غَيْرُ مُحْتَرِف \ amateur: one who works or plays for pleasure, not for money: an amateur actor. \ غَيْرُ مُحْتَمَل \ improbable: not likely to happen: That is an improbable idea. intolerable: (of heat, annoyance, rudeness, etc.) more than one can bear. \ غَيْرُ مُحَدَّد \ indefinite: adj. not clear; not fixed in time: indefinite ideas; at an indefinite date. \ غَيْرُ مَحْدُود \ infinite: endless; not measurable: I have infinite faith in his abilities. This is infinitely better than that. The infinite space of the sky. whole-hearted: full, unlimited, eager and willing: His plan had their whole-hearted support. \ غَيْرُ مُدْرِك \ unaware: not knowing: I was unaware of all the facts. He was unaware of the danger he was in. \ غَيْرُ مَرْئيّ \ invisible: unable to be seen: The sun remained invisible behind the heavy clouds. unseen: not seen; without being seen: The prisoner escaped unseen. \ غَيْرُ مُرَاعٍ لشُعور الآخرين \ thoughtless: careless; not troubling about the future or about other people: a thoughtless waste of money; thoughtless cruelty. \ غَيْرُ مَرْبُوط \ undone: not done finished; no longer fastened: He left half the work undone. Your shoe has came undone. \ غَيْرُ مَرْبُوط \ loose: not tied; not contained in sth.: The sweets were sold loose, not packed in tins. \ See Also مقيد (مُقيَّد)‏ \ غَيْرُ مُرْتاح \ uneasy: anxious, uncomfortable. \ غَيْرُ مُرَتَّب \ dishevelled: (of a person’s appearance, esp. hair) untidy. \ غَيْرُ مُرَكَّز \ watery: like water; containing too much water: watery milk. weak: (of liquids like tea or coffee) lacking taste or strength, because of too much water or milk. \ غَيْرُ مُريح \ inconvenient: causing difficulty; not what suits one: That is an inconvenient time to visit me. uncomfortable: not comfortable: This chair is very uncomfortable. I’m very uncomfortable in it. \ غَيْرُ مَسْؤُول \ irresponsible: doing foolish things without thinking of the probable results; not trustworthy: It was irresponsible of you to give the child a box of matches to play with. \ غَيْرُ مُسْتَحَبّ \ unpleasant: not pleasing or enjoyable; (of people) wanting to quarrel; unkind: What an unpleasant smell! The heat of summer can be very unpleasant. That man was rather unpleasant to me. \ غَيْرُ مُسْتَخْدَم \ obsolete: no longer used; out of date: an obsolete word; an obsolete custom. \ غَيْرُ مُسْتَعْمَل \ archaic: very old; (esp. of words) no longer used. \ غَيْرُ مُسْتَوٍ \ irregular: not regular; uneven: irregular visits; an irregular shape. rugged: rough and rocky: a rugged coast; rugged cliffs. \ غَيْرُ مُسْرَج \ bareback: (in riding horses, etc.) without a proper leather seat: The boys rode bareback. \ غَيْرُ مُسْكِر (للشَّراب)‏ \ soft: (of drinks) not alcoholic. \ غَيْرُ مَشْرُوع \ foul: (in sport) disobeying the rules: Foul play. The whistle was blown for a foul. \ غَيْرُ مشغول \ free: not busy; not in use: If you’re free this evening, let’s go to the cinema. Is this seat free?. \ غَيْرُ مُصابٍ بِأَذى \ intact: not touched; not damaged or broken; complete: The box was broken but the contents were intact. \ غَيْرُ مَصْقول \ rough: not carefully made; not properly finished; not exact: a rough drawing; a rough guess. coarse: (of people and their manners) rough; rude: a coarse fellow; a coarse laugh. \ غَيْرُ مُصَنَّع \ crude: in its natural state: crude oil. \ غَيْرُ مَصْنُوع \ undone: not done finished; no longer fastened: He left half the work undone. Your shoe has come undone. \ See Also منجز (مُنْجَز)‏ \ غَيْرُ مطبوخ \ raw: uncooked: raw meat. \ غَيْرُ مُطْلَق \ relative: comparative: the relative values of gold and iron. \ غَيْرُ مُعَدّ \ rambling: (of speeches, stories, etc.) not planned; wandering aimlessly: He wrote a long rambling letter about his troubles. \ غَيْرُ مُعَشَّق \ out of gear: with the engine separated from the driving wheels. \ غَيْرُ مُعَقَّد \ simple: plain; not fine or grand: We lead a simple life in the country. \ See Also منمق (مُنَمَّق)، متكلف (مُتَكَلَّف)‏ \ غَيْرُ مَعْقُول \ absurd: not at all sensible; foolish: The singer’s absurd clothes made us laugh. \ غَيْرُ مُغَطّى \ naked: not protected by a cover: naked sword; a naked light (whose flame is therefore dangerous). \ غَيْرُ مُفيد \ useless: worthless; fulfilling no purpose; without effect. \ غَيْرُ مَقْرُوء \ illegible: difficult or impossible to read (because the letters or figures cannot be clearly seen). \ غَيْرُ مُقَيَّد \ open: not limited: The next race is open to children of any age. It’s an open race. \ غَيْرُ مُقَيَّد \ wanton: carelessly uncontrolled;with no good reason; wild or playful, with bad resutls: Wanton behaviour causes wanton damage. \ غَيْرُ مُكْتَرِث \ careless: not taking care: Careless drivers cause accidents. indifferent: not caring; not interested: He was quite indifferent to his children’s troubles. \ غَيْرُ مُكْتَرَث بِه \ perfunctory: done with little interest or care: a perfunctory piece of work. \ غَيْرُ مُلائِم \ adverse: unfavourable: an adverse report; adverse winds that delay sailing. improper: not proper; unsuitable; not polite: improper behaviour. inconvenient: causing difficulty; not what suits one: That is an inconvenient time to visit me. \ غَيْرُ مُمطِر \ dry: not wet; with no rain; with no water: a dry cloth; dry weather; a dry river. \ غَيْرُ ممكِن \ impossible: not possible. \ غَيْرُ مُمَيّز \ indiscriminate: not choosing carefully: He invited people indiscriminately to his party. \ غَيْرُ مناسب \ wrong: not correct; mistaken; unsuitable: That’s the wrong answer, and the wrong way to do it. She came in the wrong clothes for riding. \ See Also ملائم (مُلائِم)‏ \ غَيْرُ مُنْطَبِق على \ irrelevant: not concerned with, not in any way related to the subject: If you are appointing a good teacher, his height is quite irrelevant. \ غَيْرُ مُنَظَّم \ random: not planned, not regular: random visits to the city. \ See Also غَيْر مُخَطَّط \ غَيْرُ مَنْظُور \ unseen: not seen; without being seen: The prisoner escaped unseen. \ غَيْرُ مُهْتَمّ به \ perfunctory: done with little interest or care: a perfunctory piece of work. \ غَيْرُ مُهَذَّب \ impolite: not polite; rude. uncouth: lacking good manners; strange in one’s appearance: It is uncouth to push your knife into your mouth when eating. Modern young men don’t condiser it uncouth to wear their hair long. \ غَيْرُ مَوْثوق \ irresponsible: doing foolish things without thinking of the probable results; not trustworthy: It was irresponsible of you to give the child a box of matches to play with. suspect: not trustworthy; possibly the cause of trouble: a rather suspect character. \ غَيْرُ مُوجِع \ painless: causing no pain. \ غَيْرُ موجُود \ lacking: missing: The bread was enough but the butter was lacking. \ غَيْرُ مَوْصُول بالمُحَرِّك \ out of gear: with the engine separated from the driving wheels. \ غَيْرُ ناضج \ immature: not fully formed or developed. \ غَيْرُ نِظاميّ \ irregular: not regular; uneven: irregular visits; an irregular shape. \ غَيْرُ نَقِيّ \ cloudy: (of liquids) not clear. impure: not pure. \ غَيْرُ واثِق \ uncertain: not certain doubtful; undecided; changeable: I’m uncertain what time he’s coming. \ غَيْرُ واثِق من نفْسه \ insecure: feeling afraid and not sure of oneself: He’s a very insecure person, and so he always thinks other people don’t like him. \ غَيْرُ واضِح \ dull: (of the senses) not sharp: a dull pain. vague: not clearly seen or expressed or understood; (of people) having no clear ideas: She made a vague statement. He’s rather vague about his duties. \ غَيْرُ واقعي \ fictitious: imagined; not a fact; not true: a fictitious character in a book. \ غَيْرُ وِدّي \ icy: (of a voice or manner) very cold; very unfriendly. cold: unfriendly: a cold welcome; a cold heart.

    Arabic-English dictionary > غير

  • 103 Grammar

       I think that the failure to offer a precise account of the notion "grammar" is not just a superficial defect in linguistic theory that can be remedied by adding one more definition. It seems to me that until this notion is clarified, no part of linguistic theory can achieve anything like a satisfactory development.... I have been discussing a grammar of a particular language here as analogous to a particular scientific theory, dealing with its subject matter (the set of sentences of this language) much as embryology or physics deals with its subject matter. (Chomsky, 1964, p. 213)
       Obviously, every speaker of a language has mastered and internalized a generative grammar that expresses his knowledge of his language. This is not to say that he is aware of the rules of grammar or even that he can become aware of them, or that his statements about his intuitive knowledge of his language are necessarily accurate. (Chomsky, 1965, p. 8)
       Much effort has been devoted to showing that the class of possible transformations can be substantially reduced without loss of descriptive power through the discovery of quite general conditions that all such rules and the representations they operate on and form must meet.... [The] transformational rules, at least for a substantial core grammar, can be reduced to the single rule, "Move alpha" (that is, "move any category anywhere"). (Mehler, Walker & Garrett, 1982, p. 21)
       4) The Relationship of Transformational Grammar to Semantics and to Human Performance
       he implications of assuming a semantic memory for what we might call "generative psycholinguistics" are: that dichotomous judgments of semantic well-formedness versus anomaly are not essential or inherent to language performance; that the transformational component of a grammar is the part most relevant to performance models; that a generative grammar's role should be viewed as restricted to language production, whereas sentence understanding should be treated as a problem of extracting a cognitive representation of a text's message; that until some theoretical notion of cognitive representation is incorporated into linguistic conceptions, they are unlikely to provide either powerful language-processing programs or psychologically relevant theories.
       Although these implications conflict with the way others have viewed the relationship of transformational grammars to semantics and to human performance, they do not eliminate the importance of such grammars to psychologists, an importance stressed in, and indeed largely created by, the work of Chomsky. It is precisely because of a growing interdependence between such linguistic theory and psychological performance models that their relationship needs to be clarified. (Quillian, 1968, p. 260)
       here are some terminological distinctions that are crucial to explain, or else confusions can easily arise. In the formal study of grammar, a language is defined as a set of sentences, possibly infinite, where each sentence is a string of symbols or words. One can think of each sentence as having several representations linked together: one for its sound pattern, one for its meaning, one for the string of words constituting it, possibly others for other data structures such as the "surface structure" and "deep structure" that are held to mediate the mapping between sound and meaning. Because no finite system can store an infinite number of sentences, and because humans in particular are clearly not pullstring dolls that emit sentences from a finite stored list, one must explain human language abilities by imputing to them a grammar, which in the technical sense is a finite rule system, or programme, or circuit design, capable of generating and recognizing the sentences of a particular language. This "mental grammar" or "psychogrammar" is the neural system that allows us to speak and understand the possible word sequences of our native tongue. A grammar for a specific language is obviously acquired by a human during childhood, but there must be neural circuitry that actually carries out the acquisition process in the child, and this circuitry may be called the language faculty or language acquisition device. An important part of the language faculty is universal grammar, an implementation of a set of principles or constraints that govern the possible form of any human grammar. (Pinker, 1996, p. 263)
       A grammar of language L is essentially a theory of L. Any scientific theory is based on a finite number of observations, and it seeks to relate the observed phenomena and to predict new phenomena by constructing general laws in terms of hypothetical constructs.... Similarly a grammar of English is based on a finite corpus of utterances (observations), and it will contain certain grammatical rules (laws) stated in terms of the particular phonemes, phrases, etc., of English (hypothetical constructs). These rules express structural relations among the sentences of the corpus and the infinite number of sentences generated by the grammar beyond the corpus (predictions). (Chomsky, 1957, p. 49)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Grammar

  • 104 Bundeswehr

    f; nur Sg.; MIL. (German) armed forces Pl.
    * * *
    die Bundeswehr
    (Deutschland) German armed forces
    * * *
    The Bundeswehr is the name for the German armed forces. It came into being in 1955, originally as a volunteer army. Since 1956, however, every male between the ages of 18 and 30 has been liable for Wehrdienst (military service), or a non-military alternative. Currently the Bundeswehr is composed of men performing their military service, soldiers serving voluntarily for a set period of between 2 and 15 years, and professional soldiers. Women are not liable for military service but since 2001 have been able to join the forces as volunteers. See: → Bundeskanzler, Wehrdienst
    * * *
    Bun·des·wehr
    f Federal [or German] Armed Forces
    * * *
    die [Federal] Armed Forces pl.
    •• Cultural note:
    As the supreme court in Germany, the Federal Constitutional Court in Karlsruhe is the guardian of the Grundgesetz and the final arbiter in any German legal appeal. It passes judgement on constitutional complaints and has the power to order a party's dissolution if it is unconstitutional and possibly poses a threat to democracy. The Federal Government has to accept the judges' ruling, however controversial the case may be. The Bundesverfassungsgericht consists of two panels, each with eight judges who are elected for a single twelve-year term. Half of the panel is elected by the Bundestag and half by the Bundesrat.
    This is the name for the German armed forces, which come under the control of the defence minister. The Bundeswehr consists of professional soldiers and conscripts serving their Wehrdienst. Until 1994, the Grundgesetz did not allow German forces to be deployed abroad, but they now take part in certain operations, notably UN peacekeeping missions
    * * *
    Bundeswehr f; nur sg; MIL (German) armed forces pl
    * * *
    die [Federal] Armed Forces pl.
    •• Cultural note:
    As the supreme court in Germany, the Federal Constitutional Court in Karlsruhe is the guardian of the Grundgesetz and the final arbiter in any German legal appeal. It passes judgement on constitutional complaints and has the power to order a party's dissolution if it is unconstitutional and possibly poses a threat to democracy. The Federal Government has to accept the judges' ruling, however controversial the case may be. The Bundesverfassungsgericht consists of two panels, each with eight judges who are elected for a single twelve-year term. Half of the panel is elected by the Bundestag and half by the Bundesrat.
    This is the name for the German armed forces, which come under the control of the defence minister. The Bundeswehr consists of professional soldiers and conscripts serving their Wehrdienst. Until 1994, the Grundgesetz did not allow German forces to be deployed abroad, but they now take part in certain operations, notably UN peacekeeping missions
    * * *
    f.
    German armed forces n.

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > Bundeswehr

  • 105 schön

    Adv.
    1. mit Zeitangaben: already; schon damals even then; schon früher before; (vor langer Zeit) a long time ago; schon immer always, all along; schon oft often (enough); schon wieder again; schon wieder! not again!; schon nach fünf Minuten after only five minutes; nach fünf Minuten war er schon fort etc. five minutes later he’d already gone etc.; schon von Anfang an right from the start, from the word go umg.; es ist schon 12 Uhr it’s twelve o’clock already; schon am nächsten Tag the very next day; schon um 6 Uhr waren sie auf they were already up at 6 o’clock; schon im 16. Jahrhundert as early ( oder as far back) as the 16th century; schon im 16. Jahrhundert gab es die Krankheit the disease was already around in the 16th century; das ist schon lange her that was long ago ( oder way back); das war schon vor zwanzig Jahren that was twenty (whole) years ago; wie lange sind Sie schon hier? how long have you been here?
    2. (bereits) already; (schon einmal, zuvor) before; (bis jetzt) so far; in Fragen: yet; (jemals) ever; ich habe schon eins umg. I’ve already got one; hast du schon einmal...? have you ever...?; sind Sie schon ( einmal) in Spanien gewesen? have you ever been to Spain?; ich war schon ein paar Mal / oft dort I’ve been there a couple of times / frequently; kennen Sie schon Herrn X? have you met Mr ( oder Mr.) X?, do you know Mr ( oder Mr.) X?; wir kennen uns schon we’ve met, we do know one another; ich habe ihn schon ( einmal) gesehen I’ve seen him before somewhere; danke, ich habe schon zu trinken etc.: no thanks, I’m fine; da ist er ja schon wieder he’s (iro. look who’s) back again; das kenne ich schon I know that, I’ve seen that before; bei Entschuldigungen: I’ve heard that one before; das kennen wir schon we know all about that, that’s an old one; ich habe schon bessere Weine getrunken I’ve tasted better wines in my time; hast du schon gehört? have you heard?; hast du schon mit ihm gesprochen? have you talked to him yet?; ist er schon da? has he come yet?, is he here yet?; (früher als erwartet) is he here already?; was, ( du bist) schon zurück? what, back already?; werden Sie schon bedient? are you being served?; ich bekomme schon it’s OK, I’m being looked after; er wollte schon gehen he was about ( oder all set) to go; warum willst du schon gehen? why are you leaving so early?
    3. zur Betonung (sogar, selbst) even; schon ein Milligramm des Gifts kann tödlich sein just ( oder even) one milligram(me) of the poison can kill you; ein Anruf hätte schon genügt (just) a phone call would have been enough; schon ein Unentschieden wäre ein Erfolg even a draw would be a success; schon für 10 Euro for only 10 euros; Herrenhemden schon ab 5 Euro men’s shirts from as little as 5 euros; ich komme (ja) schon! (I’m) coming!; da sind wir (ja) schon! here we are; schon war ich sauer umg. I was getting really annoyed; was gibt es denn ( nun) schon wieder? what is it now ( oder this time)?; ich verstehe schon I see
    4. (allein) schon seine Stimme just to hear his voice, his voice alone; schon der Name the mere (mention of the oder his etc.) name, just to hear the ( oder his etc.) name; schon der Anblick just to see it; schon der Gedanke the very idea, the mere thought (of it); schon deswegen if only for that (reason); schon wegen if only because of; der Kinder etc.: if only for the sake of; schon weil if only because; schon sie zu sehen (even) just to see her
    5. versichernd, verstärkend: sie wird’s schon schaffen she’ll make it all right; beruhigend: auch don’t worry, she’ll make it; er kommt schon noch he’ll come eventually; die Zinsen steigen schon noch the interest rates are bound to go up; the interest rates will go up, you’ll see; ich mach’s schon leave it to me; es wird schon gehen it’ll be all right, I’ll etc. manage (somehow); das ist schon möglich that could be; betonter: that’s quite possible; das lässt sich schon machen mit Vorbehalt: we etc. might be able to do that, it’s doable; (es ist kein Problem) that’s no problem, no problem umg.; wir können schon mit ihm reden (sind bereit) we don’t mind talking to him; ich kann mir schon denken, was... I can (just) imagine what...; er ist schon eingebildet he’s certainly bigheaded; das war schon Glückssache that really was a stroke of luck; das ist schon eine große Frechheit! that really is a bit much; schon gut! it’s all right, never mind; (das reicht) that’ll do
    6. umg., auffordernd, ermunternd: mach schon! get a move on, will you?; komm schon! come on, then; geh schon! go on, then; nun sag schon, wie’s war come on, tell us ( oder me) what it was like; gib’s schon zu! come on, admit it!
    7. einräumend oder bedingend: schon, aber... yes, but...; ich verstehe / möchte schon, aber... I can see that / I’d like to, but...; ich kenne sie schon, aber... I do know her, but...; sie müsste sich schon etwas mehr anstrengen she’d have to make more of an effort, of course; das ist schon wahr, aber... that’s (certainly) ( oder may be) true, but...; wenn du schon ( mal) da bist since you’re here
    8. (ohnehin) es ist so schon teuer genug it’s expensive enough as it is; schon gar nicht least of all; morgen schon gar nicht least of all tomorrow
    9. umg., rhetorisch: na wenn schon! so what; iro. so?; was macht das schon? what does it matter?; was heißt das schon? so?, that doesn’t mean a thing; wem nützt das schon? who is that supposed to help?; wer braucht / kauft so was schon? who on earth needs / buys something like that?; was verstehst du schon davon? what do you know about it?; wer könnte da schon nein sagen? who could possibly say no (to that)?; wer ist da? - na, wer schon? who’s there? - who do you think?
    10. umg.: wenn schon, denn schon (wenn man sich auf etw. einlässt) in for a penny (Am. dime), in for a pound (Am. dollar); (wenn man etw. unternimmt) anything worth doing, is worth doing well
    * * *
    ever; already; yet; by now
    * * *
    [ʃøːn]
    1. adj
    1) (= hübsch anzusehen) beautiful, lovely; Mann handsome

    na, schö́nes Kind (inf) — well then, beautiful (inf)

    See:
    → Auge
    2) (= nett, angenehm) good; Erlebnis, Stimme, Musik, Wetter good, lovely; Gelegenheit great, splendid

    die schö́nen Künste — the fine arts

    die schö́ne Literatur — belles-lettres sing

    das ist ein schö́ner Tod — that's a good way to die

    eines schö́nen Tages — one fine day

    (wieder) in schö́nster Ordnung (nach Krach etc) — back to normal (again)

    in schö́nster Eintracht or Harmonie — in perfect harmony

    das Schöne beim Skilaufen ist... — the nice thing about skiing is...

    das Schönste daran ist... — the beauty of it is..., the nicest or best thing about it is...

    schö́ne Ferien!, schö́nen Urlaub! — have a good or nice holiday (esp Brit) or vacation (US)

    schö́nes Wochenende — have a good or nice weekend

    schö́nen guten Tag — a very good morning/afternoon/evening to you

    war es schö́n im Urlaub? — did you have a nice or good holiday (esp Brit) or vacation (US)?

    war es schö́n bei Tante Veronika? — did you have a nice or good time at Aunt Veronika's?

    schö́n, dass du gekommen bist — nice of you to come

    es ist schö́n, dass du wieder da bist — it's good to have you back

    schö́ner, heißer Kaffee — nice hot coffee

    ein schö́ner frischer Wind — a nice fresh wind

    3) (iro) Unordnung fine, nice, lovely; Überraschung, Wetter lovely; Unsinn, Frechheit absolute

    du bist mir ein schö́ner Freund/Vater/Held etc — a fine friend/father/hero etc you are, you're some friend/father/hero etc

    du machst or das sind mir ja schö́ne Sachen or Geschichten — here's or this is a pretty state of things, here's a pretty kettle of fish (inf)

    von dir hört man schö́ne Sachen or Geschichten — I've been hearing some nice or fine things about you

    das wäre ja noch schö́ner (inf) — that's (just) too much!

    es wird immer schö́ner (inf) — things are going from bad to worse

    See:
    4) (inf = gut) nice

    das war nicht schö́n von dir (inf) — that wasn't very nice of you

    zu schö́n, um wahr zu sein (inf) — too good to be true

    schö́n, schö́n, (also) schö́n, sehr schö́n, na schö́n — fine, okay, all right

    schö́n und gut, aber... — (that's) all well and good but..., that's all very well but...

    5) (= beträchtlich, groß) Erfolg great; Strecke, Stück Arbeit, Alter good

    ein schö́nes Stück weiterkommen — to make good progress

    eine ganz schö́ne Leistung — quite an achievement

    eine ganz schö́ne Arbeit — quite a lot of work

    eine ganz schö́ne Menge — quite a lot

    das hat eine schö́ne Stange Geld gekostet (inf) — that cost a pretty penny

    2. adv
    1)

    (= hübsch) sich schö́n anziehen — to get dressed up

    schö́n machen (Kind) — to dress up; (Wohnung, Straßen) to decorate

    sich schö́n machen — to get dressed up, to dress (oneself) up

    2) (bei Verben) (= gut) well; sich waschen, verarbeiten lassen easily; scheinen brightly; schreiben beautifully; (= richtig, genau) ansehen, durchlesen etc carefully

    es schö́n haben — to be well off; (im Urlaub etc) to have a good time (of it)

    etw am schö́nsten machen — to do sth best

    See:
    → danke, bitte
    3)

    (= angenehm) schö́n weich/warm/stark etc — nice and soft/warm/strong etc

    4)

    (bei Wünschen) schlaf schö́n — sleep well

    amüsiere dich schö́n — have a nice or good time

    erhole dich schö́n — have a good rest

    See:
    5) (inf = brav, lieb) nicely

    iss mal schö́n deinen Teller leer — eat it all up nicely (now), be a good girl/boy and eat it all up

    sag schö́n "Guten Tag" — say "hello" nicely

    sei schö́n still/ordentlich etc (als Aufforderung) — be nice and quiet/tidy etc

    sei schö́n brav — be a good boy/girl

    fahr schö́n langsam — drive nice and slowly

    See:
    6) (inf = sehr, ziemlich) really

    schö́n wehtun — to hurt oneself a lot

    sich schö́n täuschen — to make a big mistake

    sich schö́n ärgern — to be very angry

    jdn schö́n erschrecken — to give sb quite a or a real fright

    ganz schö́n teuer/kalt — pretty expensive/cold

    (ganz) schö́n weit weg — a long or good way off, quite a distance away

    ganz schö́n lange — quite a while

    (ganz) schö́n viel Geld kosten — to cost a pretty penny

    * * *
    1) (before a particular time; previously: I had already gone when Tom arrived; I don't want that book - I've read it already.) already
    2) (before the expected time: Are you leaving already?; He hasn't gone already, has he?) already
    3) yet
    * * *
    [ʃo:n]
    I. adv
    sind wir \schon da? are we there yet?
    hast du \schon gehört? have you heard?
    sie kommen \schon heute they're coming today
    du willst \schon gehen? you want to leave now [or already]?
    nach fünf Minuten war ich \schon fertig I was finished after only five minutes, I was already finished after five minutes
    \schon bald darauf very soon after
    ▪ es ist \schon...:
    es ist \schon spät it is already late [or late already
    nur eine Minute, und \schon bin ich weg just one minute, and then I'm gone
    kaum leg ich mich hin, \schon klingelt das Telefon wieder I hardly have time to lie down before the telephone rings yet again form
    kaum verließ sie das Zimmer, \schon rauchte er she had hardly left the room when he lit up
    ihr könnt [ja] \schon [mal] anfangen you can start now
    was, \schon 5 Uhr? what, 5 o'clock already?
    er wiegt \schon 200 kg! he now weighs 200 kg!
    eine kleine Menge kann \schon Wunder wirken just [or even] a small amount can work wonders
    \schon ein Teilerfolg würde sich lohnen even a partial success would be worth it
    CD-Rohlinge gibt es \schon für ein paar Cent blank CDs can be had for as little as a few cents
    \schon 8-Jährige surfen im Internet children as young as eight are surfing the internet
    \schon in den Siebzigern gab es Mikrocomputer there were microcomputers as early as [or back in] the seventies
    \schon Ovid schrieb darüber/über diese Idee that/that idea is as old as Ovid
    \schon als Kind wollte ich Schauspieler werden since I was a child I've always wanted to be an actor
    \schon damals/gestern/jetzt even at that time/even yesterday/even now
    \schon früh early on
    \schon immer always
    sie war \schon immer schwierig she always was difficult
    ich sagte es ja \schon immer I've always said so
    \schon seit Jahren for years [now]
    \schon lange/länger for a long time [now]
    \schon längst (die ganze Zeit) for ages; (vor langer Zeit) ages ago
    \schon oft several times [already]
    das kenn ich \schon I know that already
    ich wollte vorher \schon fragen I wanted to ask anyway
    \schon [ein]mal ever
    hast du \schon mal Austern gegessen? have you ever eaten oysters?
    wie \schon gesagt as was/has been said already [or beforehand]
    wie \schon so oft as was/has been often the case [before]
    warum sich beklagen? es geht uns \schon so schlecht why complain? we're badly off as it is
    \schon darum/deshalb/aus dem Grunde for that reason alone
    \schon die Tatsache, dass... the fact alone that..., the very fact that...
    \schon Grund genug sein to be already reason enough; s.a. allein
    II. part
    das ist \schon eine Schande! that really is a disgrace!
    es ist \schon wahr it's true all right
    ich sehe \schon,... I can see,...
    ich kann mir \schon denken, was du willst I can well imagine what you want
    das will \schon was heißen those are promising words
    du wirst \schon sehen! you'll see!
    es ist \schon angenehm, nichts zu tun it really is pleasant doing nothing
    das will ich nicht, und \schon gar nicht von dir I don't want it, and especially not from you
    \schon wieder [once] again
    nicht das/sie \schon wieder! not that/her again!
    2. (fam: endlich)
    jetzt komm \schon! hurry up!
    hör \schon auf damit! will you stop that!
    sag doch \schon! out with it!
    geh \schon! go on!
    gib \schon her! come on, give it here!
    mach \schon! hurry up!
    wenn du \schon nicht bleibst, [dann] iss eine Kleinigkeit if you really can't stay, then have a bite to eat
    wenn ich euch \schon fahre, dann [aber] vor Mitternacht if I do drive you, then before midnight
    4. (irgendwie) all right
    danke, es geht \schon thanks, I can manage
    es wird \schon klappen it will work out all right
    5. (irgendwann) in the end, one day
    es wird \schon noch [mal] klappen it will work out in the end [or one day
    ich glaube \schon I think so
    so was kann \schon mal vorkommen such things can happen
    Lust hätte ich \schon, nur keine Zeit I do feel like it, I simply don't have time
    das stimmt \schon that's true enough
    das ist \schon möglich/wahr that's possible/true, I suppose
    \schon möglich, aber [o doch] [o nur] nicht sehr wahrscheinlich that's possible, but not very probable
    [ja] \schon[, aber...] [well] yes [or sure] [, but...]
    findest du sie attraktiv? — ja, \schon do you think she's attractive? — yes, she's okay
    \schon gut! okay! fam
    und [o na] wenn \schon! (fam) so what? fam
    wir durften nicht draußen spielen, die anderen [aber] \schon we weren't allowed to play outside, but the others were
    auf dieser Straße kommen Sie nicht nach Köln, auf der \schon you won't get to Cologne on this road, but on that one
    8. (usu pej: ausgerechnet)
    was ist \schon Reichtum? what's wealth of all things?
    was hast du \schon zu sagen? what have you of all people got to say?
    was sind \schon zehn Jahre? what do ten years matter?
    was macht das \schon? what does it matter?
    was nützt das \schon? what possible use is that?
    wen interessiert das \schon? who's possibly interested?
    wenn ich das \schon rieche/sehe! the mere smell/sight of that!
    wenn ich das \schon höre! just hearing about it!; s.a. ja, möglich
    wie war \schon Ihr Name? what was your name again?
    * * *
    1.

    er kommt schon heute/ist schon gestern gekommen — he's coming today/he came yesterday

    er ist schon da/[an]gekommen — he is already here/has already arrived

    schon damals/jetzt — even at that time or in those days/even now

    schon [im Jahre] 1926 — as early as 1926; back in 1926

    2) (fast gleichzeitig) there and then

    er schwang sich auf das Fahrrad, und schon war er weg — he jumped on the bicycle and was away [in a flash]

    schon [mal] — now; (inzwischen) meanwhile

    4) (selbst, sogar) even; (nur) only
    5) (ohne Ergänzung, ohne weiteren Zusatz) on its own

    [allein] schon der Gedanke daran ist schrecklich — the mere thought or just the thought of it is dreadful

    schon darum od. aus diesem Grund — for this reason alone

    2.
    1) (verstärkend) really; (gewiss) certainly
    2) (ugs. ungeduldig): (endlich)

    nun komm schon! — come on!; hurry up!

    und wenn schon! — so what; what if he/she/it does/did/was etc.

    er wird sich schon wieder erholen — he'll recover all right; he's sure to recover

    4) (zustimmend, aber etwas einschränkend)

    schon gut — OK (coll.)

    Lust hätte ich schon, nur keine Zeit — I'd certainly like to, but I've no time

    das ist schon möglich, nur... — that is quite possible, only...

    5) (betont): (andererseits)

    er ist nicht besonders intelligent, aber sein Bruder schon — he's not particularly intelligent, but his brother is

    6) (einschränkend, abwertend)

    was weiß der schon! — what does 'he know [about it]!

    * * *
    A. adj
    1. (attraktiv) nice; (ausgesprochen schön) beautiful; Frau: auch attractive; Mann: handsome, good-looking; Kind: lovely; Tier: beautiful;
    schöne Schrift nice handwriting;
    schöne Stimme attractive voice; Singstimme: beautiful voice;
    er ist kein schöner Mann, aber … he’s not good-looking (hum he’s no Adonis), but …;
    eine hinreißend schöne Frau a stunningly beautiful woman;
    sich schön machen dress up, make o.s. smart (US neat); (sich schminken) put one’s make-up ( oder face umg) on;
    sich für jemanden schön machen try to look one’s best for sb;
    sei schön und halt den Mund! umg be a wonderful friend ( oder do me a favo[u]r) and keep your mouth shut
    2.
    die schönen Künste the fine arts;
    schöne Literatur belles-lettres pl, belletristic literature
    3. (gut) good; (nett) nice; (erlesen) fine, choice;
    ein schöner Erfolg a great success;
    schönes Wetter good ( oder fine) weather;
    ein schönes Beispiel der Barockdichtung a fine example of Baroque poetry;
    schönen Dank! many thanks; abweisend: no thank you, thanks but no thanks umg;
    schön! als Zustimmung: all right, fine; umg okay;
    na schön! (also gut) all right then;
    zu schön, um wahr zu sein too good to be true;
    das ist alles schön und gut, aber … that’s all very well, but …;
    das Schöne daran the great thing about it;
    das Schönste kommt noch besonders iron you haven’t heard the best part yet, it gets better; → anrichten
    4. (angenehm) nice, pleasant;
    schöner heißer Tee umg nice hot (cup of) tea;
    ein paar schöne Stunden a few pleasant ( stärker: happy) hours;
    es war sehr schön auf dem Fest it was great ( oder very nice);
    das war ein schöner Tag that was a lovely day;
    schönen Tag noch! besonders US have a nice day;
    schönes Wochenende! have a nice weekend;
    war es schön im Urlaub? did you have a nice holiday?;
    das ist schön von ihm that’s (very) kind ( oder nice) of him;
    schöner Tod easy death;
    schön wär’s! wouldn’t that be nice; (ist unwahrscheinlich) what a hope!, that’ll be the day!;
    er macht nur schöne Worte it’s all fine words with him
    5. umg (beträchtlich) considerable;
    eine schöne Strecke laufen walk quite a way ( oder distance);
    eine ganz schöne Entfernung quite a considerable distance;
    ein schönes Stück vorankommen make a fair bit of progress;
    ein schönes Stück Arbeit a pretty big job;
    eine schöne Summe a tidy sum;
    ein ganz schönes Alter a fine old age;
    das ist ja eine schöne Enttäuschung that’s a big disappointment
    6. umg, iron:
    das sind mir schöne Sachen that’s a fine kettle of fish;
    du bist mir ein schöner Freund a fine friend you are;
    das wäre ja noch schöner! that’d be the last straw, that’s the last thing we want; → Aussicht, Bescherung etc
    7.
    eines schönen Tages one day; zukünftig: one of these days
    B. adv
    1. nicely, beautifully etc; → A
    2. umg (sehr) really, pretty;
    schön warm nice and warm;
    der Kaffee ist schön/ganz schön heiß the coffee is nice and hot/really hot;
    ganz schön kalt auch damned cold;
    sei schön brav! be a good boy ( oder girl) now;
    bleib schön ruhig zum Kind: you be quiet now; (keine Aufregung) just keep calm now;
    es ist ganz schön schwer that’s some weight; (schwierig) it’s pretty difficult;
    du hast mich ganz schön erschreckt you gave me quite a scare;
    da wärst du schön dumm you’d be a right (US complete) fool
    3.
    du hast es schön! lucky you!
    4. umg, iron:
    jetzt steh ich schön da I look a right (US complete) fool now;
    da ist er aber schön angekommen he got more than he had bargained for;
    es kommt noch schöner it gets even better, you haven’t heard the best part yet
    5.
    wie man so schön sagt umg as they say;
    wie es so schön heißt umg as the saying goes; → schönmachen, schöntun
    * * *
    1.

    er kommt schon heute/ist schon gestern gekommen — he's coming today/he came yesterday

    er ist schon da/[an]gekommen — he is already here/has already arrived

    schon damals/jetzt — even at that time or in those days/even now

    schon [im Jahre] 1926 — as early as 1926; back in 1926

    2) (fast gleichzeitig) there and then

    er schwang sich auf das Fahrrad, und schon war er weg — he jumped on the bicycle and was away [in a flash]

    schon [mal] — now; (inzwischen) meanwhile

    4) (selbst, sogar) even; (nur) only
    5) (ohne Ergänzung, ohne weiteren Zusatz) on its own

    [allein] schon der Gedanke daran ist schrecklich — the mere thought or just the thought of it is dreadful

    schon darum od. aus diesem Grund — for this reason alone

    2.
    1) (verstärkend) really; (gewiss) certainly
    2) (ugs. ungeduldig): (endlich)

    nun komm schon! — come on!; hurry up!

    und wenn schon! — so what; what if he/she/it does/did/was etc.

    er wird sich schon wieder erholen — he'll recover all right; he's sure to recover

    4) (zustimmend, aber etwas einschränkend)

    schon gut — OK (coll.)

    Lust hätte ich schon, nur keine Zeit — I'd certainly like to, but I've no time

    das ist schon möglich, nur... — that is quite possible, only...

    5) (betont): (andererseits)

    er ist nicht besonders intelligent, aber sein Bruder schon — he's not particularly intelligent, but his brother is

    6) (einschränkend, abwertend)

    was weiß der schon! — what does 'he know [about it]!

    * * *
    adv.
    already adv.
    yet adv.

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > schön

  • 106 acumulación

    f.
    1 accumulation, cumulation, assemblage, build-up.
    2 accumulation, amassment.
    3 accumulation, buildup, bunch, congeries.
    * * *
    1 accumulation
    * * *
    noun f.
    * * *
    SF (=acto) accumulation; (=reserva) pile, stock
    * * *
    femenino accumulation
    * * *
    = accumulation, build-up [buildup], accretion, congestion, hoarding, accrual, stockpiling.
    Ex. Preliminary decisions must be taken before plunging into the accumulation of index terms, and analysis of relationships.
    Ex. No problem usually with terminals and micros but there could be an undesirable temperature build-up in confined areas.
    Ex. The introduction of computer filing has made us examine every aspect of the process, to stop doing things out of habit, to retain those principles which are logical and comprehensible and to discard those which are simply the accretions of the years.
    Ex. The transmission of data on the conventional telephone network is inconvenient because it takes up the available channels for longer times than the average conversation thus causing congestion.
    Ex. Too often, the librarian's expertise is seen as a hoarding function.
    Ex. Calcium and possibly vitamin D intake throughout childhood and adolescence may enhance bone mineral accrual.
    Ex. The consequences of the massive stockpiling and consumption of antimicrobial agents in order to treat or prevent this disease must also be considered.
    ----
    * acumulación anual = year cumulation.
    * acumulación de reservas = stockpile, accumulation of stockpiles, stockpiling.
    * * *
    femenino accumulation
    * * *
    = accumulation, build-up [buildup], accretion, congestion, hoarding, accrual, stockpiling.

    Ex: Preliminary decisions must be taken before plunging into the accumulation of index terms, and analysis of relationships.

    Ex: No problem usually with terminals and micros but there could be an undesirable temperature build-up in confined areas.
    Ex: The introduction of computer filing has made us examine every aspect of the process, to stop doing things out of habit, to retain those principles which are logical and comprehensible and to discard those which are simply the accretions of the years.
    Ex: The transmission of data on the conventional telephone network is inconvenient because it takes up the available channels for longer times than the average conversation thus causing congestion.
    Ex: Too often, the librarian's expertise is seen as a hoarding function.
    Ex: Calcium and possibly vitamin D intake throughout childhood and adolescence may enhance bone mineral accrual.
    Ex: The consequences of the massive stockpiling and consumption of antimicrobial agents in order to treat or prevent this disease must also be considered.
    * acumulación anual = year cumulation.
    * acumulación de reservas = stockpile, accumulation of stockpiles, stockpiling.

    * * *
    accumulation
    * * *

    acumulación sustantivo femenino
    accumulation
    ' acumulación' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    banco
    - concentración
    English:
    accumulation
    - build-up
    - build
    - responsible
    * * *
    1. [acción] accumulation
    2. [montón] accumulation, collection;
    una acumulación peligrosa de residuos a dangerous build-up of waste deposits
    * * *
    f accumulation
    * * *
    acumulación nf, pl - ciones : accumulation

    Spanish-English dictionary > acumulación

  • 107 arrugar

    v.
    1 to crease, to crumple (ropa, papel).
    2 to wrinkle, to ball up, to crease, to crease up.
    La maleta arrugó mis camisas The suitcase wrinkled my shirts.
    El sol arrugó a Ricardo The sun wrinkled Richard.
    3 to pucker, to pucker one's.
    * * *
    Conjugation model [ LLEGAR], like link=llegar llegar
    1 (piel) to wrinkle; (ropa) to crease; (papel) to crumple (up)
    1 (piel) to wrinkle; (ropa) to crease; (papel) to crumple (up)
    2 familiar (acobardarse) to get the wind up
    \
    arrugar el ceño/entrecejo to frown
    * * *
    1.
    VT [+ cara] to wrinkle, line; [+ ceño] to knit; [+ papel] to crumple, screw up; [+ ropa] to ruck up, crumple

    arrugar el entrecejo — to knit one's brow, frown

    2.
    See:
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo < piel> to wrinkle; < tela> to wrinkle (AmE), to crease (BrE); papel to crumple; < ceño> to knit; < nariz> to wrinkle; < cara> to screw up

    arrugó el entrecejo — he frowned, he knitted his brow

    2.
    arrugarse v pron
    1)
    a) persona/piel to become wrinkled
    b) ( por acción del agua) piel/manos to shrivel up, go wrinkled
    c) tela to wrinkle o get wrinkled (AmE), to crease o get creased (BrE); papel to crumple
    2)
    a) (fam) ( achicarse) to be daunted o frightened
    b) (Chi fam) ( inmutarse)
    * * *
    = crumple, wrinkle, crease, wizen.
    Ex. There is a tendency for smaller items to be pushed to the back of the drawer and possibly crumpled as the drawer is opened and closed = Lo normal es que las cosas más pequeñas se vayan desplazando hacia la parte trasera del cajón y que posiblemente se arrugen al abrir y cerrarlo.
    Ex. Wrinkling or creasing of the wax sheet must be avoided = Se debe evitar arrugar la hoja encerada.
    Ex. 'Much as I hate to admit it,' she added, her face creasing in a knowing smile, 'some of my best friends are librarians, and I can't get over how they tear their colleagues to shreds when they're together' = "Siento mucho admitirlo", ella añadió mientras su cara se arrugaba dibujándose en ella una sonrisa de complicidad, "algunos de mis mejores amigos son bibliotecarios y no puedo entender cómo critican a otros colegas suyos cuando se jutan".
    Ex. Since then the sands of time have taken their toll, making my face all leathery, wizening my gaze.
    ----
    * arrugar los labios = screw + lips.
    * arrugarse = cockle, crinkle, shrivel up, shrivel.
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo < piel> to wrinkle; < tela> to wrinkle (AmE), to crease (BrE); papel to crumple; < ceño> to knit; < nariz> to wrinkle; < cara> to screw up

    arrugó el entrecejo — he frowned, he knitted his brow

    2.
    arrugarse v pron
    1)
    a) persona/piel to become wrinkled
    b) ( por acción del agua) piel/manos to shrivel up, go wrinkled
    c) tela to wrinkle o get wrinkled (AmE), to crease o get creased (BrE); papel to crumple
    2)
    a) (fam) ( achicarse) to be daunted o frightened
    b) (Chi fam) ( inmutarse)
    * * *
    = crumple, wrinkle, crease, wizen.

    Ex: There is a tendency for smaller items to be pushed to the back of the drawer and possibly crumpled as the drawer is opened and closed = Lo normal es que las cosas más pequeñas se vayan desplazando hacia la parte trasera del cajón y que posiblemente se arrugen al abrir y cerrarlo.

    Ex: Wrinkling or creasing of the wax sheet must be avoided = Se debe evitar arrugar la hoja encerada.
    Ex: 'Much as I hate to admit it,' she added, her face creasing in a knowing smile, 'some of my best friends are librarians, and I can't get over how they tear their colleagues to shreds when they're together' = "Siento mucho admitirlo", ella añadió mientras su cara se arrugaba dibujándose en ella una sonrisa de complicidad, "algunos de mis mejores amigos son bibliotecarios y no puedo entender cómo critican a otros colegas suyos cuando se jutan".
    Ex: Since then the sands of time have taken their toll, making my face all leathery, wizening my gaze.
    * arrugar los labios = screw + lips.
    * arrugarse = cockle, crinkle, shrivel up, shrivel.

    * * *
    arrugar [A3 ]
    vt
    1 ‹piel› to wrinkle
    2 ‹tela› to wrinkle ( AmE), to crease ( BrE), to crumple ( BrE); «papel» to crumple
    arrugó el sobre y lo tiró she crumpled o ( BrE) screwed up the envelope and threw it away
    3 ‹ceño/entrecejo› to knit; ‹nariz› to wrinkle; ‹cara› to screw up
    arrugó el entrecejo he frowned, he knitted his brow
    A
    1 «persona» to grow o become wrinkled; «cara/manos» to become wrinkled o lined
    2 (por acción del agua) «piel/manos» to shrivel up, go wrinkled
    3 «tela» to wrinkle o get wrinkled ( AmE), to crease o get creased ( BrE); «papel» to crumple
    estas sábanas no se arrugan these sheets don't wrinkle o crease
    B
    1 ( fam) (achicarse) to be daunted o frightened
    no se arruga ante los problemas she isn't daunted by problems
    2
    ( Chi fam) (inmutarse): ni se arruga para mentir he thinks nothing of lying
    le gritan y ni se arruga they shout at him and he doesn't bat an eyelid ( colloq)
    * * *

    arrugar ( conjugate arrugar) verbo transitivo ‹ piel› to wrinkle;
    ‹ tela› to wrinkle (AmE), to crease (BrE);
    ‹ papel› to crumple;
    ‹ ceño› to knit;
    ‹ nariz› to wrinkle;
    ‹ cara› to screw up;

    arrugarse verbo pronominal
    a) [persona/piel] to become wrinkled


    c) [ tela] to wrinkle o get wrinkled (AmE), to crease o get creased (BrE);

    [ papel] to crumple
    arrugar vtr (la cara) to wrinkle
    (la tela) to crease
    (un papel) to crumple (up)
    ' arrugar' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    frente
    English:
    crease
    - crinkle
    - crumple
    - crush
    - pucker
    - rumple
    - screw up
    - shrivel
    - wrinkle
    - ruffle
    - screw
    * * *
    ♦ vt
    1. [ropa, papel] to crease, to crumple
    2. [piel] to wrinkle
    3.
    * * *
    v/t wrinkle;
    la frente frown
    * * *
    arrugar {52} vt
    : to wrinkle, to crease, to pucker
    * * *
    1. (ropa) to crease
    2. (papel) to crumple
    3. (piel) to wrinkle

    Spanish-English dictionary > arrugar

  • 108 custodiar

    v.
    1 to guard.
    2 to look after.
    3 to watch, to monitor, to guard, to police.
    * * *
    1 (proteger) to keep, take care of
    2 (vigilar) to guard, watch over
    * * *
    VT
    1) (=vigilar) to guard, watch over
    2) (=cuidar de) to take care of, look after
    3) (=proteger) [+ derechos, libertades] to defend
    * * *
    verbo transitivo to guard
    * * *
    = keep, police, lodge, curate, stand + guard over.
    Ex. Guard book or scrapbook type arrangement, with possibly a loose-leaf format, is suitable for organising and keeping cuttings, letters and other small items.
    Ex. For many centuries local authorities have been responsible for policing Weights and Measures Acts and regulations and, where a breach of legislation was uncovered, would prosecute in the criminal court.
    Ex. The actual report has been lodged at the British Library but has not been published.
    Ex. This requires a self-confident profession with a positive duty to explain information rather than a restricted negative duty to curate books.
    Ex. Librarians are doomed if they are seen by their patrons as standing guard over information and seemingly barring access to it.
    * * *
    verbo transitivo to guard
    * * *
    = keep, police, lodge, curate, stand + guard over.

    Ex: Guard book or scrapbook type arrangement, with possibly a loose-leaf format, is suitable for organising and keeping cuttings, letters and other small items.

    Ex: For many centuries local authorities have been responsible for policing Weights and Measures Acts and regulations and, where a breach of legislation was uncovered, would prosecute in the criminal court.
    Ex: The actual report has been lodged at the British Library but has not been published.
    Ex: This requires a self-confident profession with a positive duty to explain information rather than a restricted negative duty to curate books.
    Ex: Librarians are doomed if they are seen by their patrons as standing guard over information and seemingly barring access to it.

    * * *
    custodiar [A1 ]
    vt
    1 (proteger) to guard; (guardar) to guard, look after
    2 ‹preso› to guard
    * * *

    custodiar verbo transitivo to watch over
    * * *
    1. [vigilar] to guard
    2. [proteger] to look after
    * * *
    v/t guard
    * * *
    : to guard, to look after

    Spanish-English dictionary > custodiar

  • 109 estuche

    m.
    1 case.
    2 jewel case, CD jewel case.
    pres.subj.
    3rd person singular (él/ella/ello) Present Subjunctive of Spanish verb: estuchar.
    * * *
    1 (caja) case, box
    2 (vaina) sheath
    \
    estuche de aseo toilet bag
    * * *
    noun m.
    case, kit
    * * *
    SM
    1) (=funda) [de gafas, instrumento] case; [de lápices] pencil case; [de espada] sheath

    estuche de joyas — jewel box o case, jewellery box, jewelry box (EEUU)

    2)
    * * *
    masculino (de gafas, lápices, violín) case; ( de cubiertos) canteen; (de collar, reloj) box, case
    * * *
    = packaging, dispenser, case, slipcase, deedbox.
    Nota: Utilizado para guardar documentos importantes como las escrituras de una propiedad.
    Ex. Terms which are to be used are likely to be specified, and synonyms recognized and possibly eliminated (for example, perhaps ' packaging' is to be used rather than 'wrapping').
    Ex. The caravan had a seated waiting room lined with leaflet dispensers and display boards and two interview rooms.
    Ex. Alternatively, the cassettes themselves may be kept on closed access and only the empty cases left on open display.
    Ex. The text of each entry supplies appropriate bibliographic information, including paper description, typeface, and notation where applicable, to prospectuses, illustrations, dustjackets, and slipcases.
    Ex. The manuscript was sold in a deedbox along with other material relating to Seymour.
    ----
    * en estuche = boxed.
    * * *
    masculino (de gafas, lápices, violín) case; ( de cubiertos) canteen; (de collar, reloj) box, case
    * * *
    = packaging, dispenser, case, slipcase, deedbox.
    Nota: Utilizado para guardar documentos importantes como las escrituras de una propiedad.

    Ex: Terms which are to be used are likely to be specified, and synonyms recognized and possibly eliminated (for example, perhaps ' packaging' is to be used rather than 'wrapping').

    Ex: The caravan had a seated waiting room lined with leaflet dispensers and display boards and two interview rooms.
    Ex: Alternatively, the cassettes themselves may be kept on closed access and only the empty cases left on open display.
    Ex: The text of each entry supplies appropriate bibliographic information, including paper description, typeface, and notation where applicable, to prospectuses, illustrations, dustjackets, and slipcases.
    Ex: The manuscript was sold in a deedbox along with other material relating to Seymour.
    * en estuche = boxed.

    * * *
    (de gafas, lápices) case; (de un collar, reloj) case, box; (de guitarra, violín) case; (de cubiertos) canteen
    * * *

     

    estuche sustantivo masculino (de gafas, lápices, violín) case;
    ( de cubiertos) canteen;
    (de collar, reloj) box, case
    estuche sustantivo masculino
    1 case: ¿me pasas el estuche de las gafas?, would you hand me the glasses case?
    2 (para lápices) pencil case
    ' estuche' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    venir
    - cartuchera
    - costurero
    - joyero
    - neceser
    - plumero
    English:
    case
    - box
    - pencil
    * * *
    [de instrumento, gafas, pendientes, reloj] case; [de cubertería] case, canteen; [de joyas] box; [de lápices] [dura] box; [blanda] case
    * * *
    m case, box;
    estuche de violín violin case
    * * *
    : kit, case
    * * *
    1. (de pinturas, joyas) box [pl. boxes]
    2. (de lápices, instrumento) case

    Spanish-English dictionary > estuche

  • 110 indagar

    v.
    to investigate, to inquire into.
    Ella preguntó ayer She asked around yesterday.
    * * *
    Conjugation model [ LLEGAR], like link=llegar llegar
    1 to investigate, inquire into
    * * *
    verb
    * * *
    VT (=investigar) to investigate, inquire into; (=averiguar) to find out, ascertain
    * * *
    1.
    (frml) verbo transitivo to investigate
    2.
    indagar vi to make inquiries, investigate
    * * *
    = delve into, enquire into [inquire into, -USA], investigate, poke about/(a)round/into/in, probe, question, probe into, check up on, keep + tabs on, make + enquiry, snoop about/(a)round/into/in, poke about/(a)round/into/in, nose about/(a)round/into/in, pry (into).
    Ex. The objective is to enable the reader to eliminate possibly relevant documents, which, in fact, prove to be of little interest without delving into the body of the abstract.
    Ex. No less prestigious an authority than a Royal Commission was appointed to inquire into the charges brought against the man principally responsible for that volume.
    Ex. Kaiser also investigated the effect of grouping subheadings of a subject.
    Ex. While poking about among books children naturally discuss those they have read, swopping responses, and so leading each other on.
    Ex. The librarian sometimes must probe to discover the context of the question and to be able to discuss various possible approaches and explore their merits.
    Ex. If this appears to be excessively difficult, maybe it is time to question whether the tool is too complex.
    Ex. If one probes more deeply into the question of truth and falsehood, one gets into difficult philosophical issues, which we prefer to leave to others.
    Ex. The physical effort of keeping tabs on people as well as the distasteful practice of checking up on staff output achieves nothing and may do considerable damage.
    Ex. The physical effort of keeping tabs on people as well as the distasteful practice of checking up on staff output achieves nothing and may do considerable damage.
    Ex. The author discusses the general tendency noted for more girls than boys to make enquiries at the library.
    Ex. Apparently many employees (nearly half) have the habit of snooping around within the company.
    Ex. While poking about among books children naturally discuss those they have read, swopping responses, and so leading each other on.
    Ex. He then decided to solve the mystery of the death of an reporter who was killed while nosing about in a decommissioned navy yard.
    Ex. The committee should be prevented from forcibly prying into the private affairs of the people.
    ----
    * indagar el pasado de Alguien = delve into + Posesivo + past.
    * * *
    1.
    (frml) verbo transitivo to investigate
    2.
    indagar vi to make inquiries, investigate
    * * *
    = delve into, enquire into [inquire into, -USA], investigate, poke about/(a)round/into/in, probe, question, probe into, check up on, keep + tabs on, make + enquiry, snoop about/(a)round/into/in, poke about/(a)round/into/in, nose about/(a)round/into/in, pry (into).

    Ex: The objective is to enable the reader to eliminate possibly relevant documents, which, in fact, prove to be of little interest without delving into the body of the abstract.

    Ex: No less prestigious an authority than a Royal Commission was appointed to inquire into the charges brought against the man principally responsible for that volume.
    Ex: Kaiser also investigated the effect of grouping subheadings of a subject.
    Ex: While poking about among books children naturally discuss those they have read, swopping responses, and so leading each other on.
    Ex: The librarian sometimes must probe to discover the context of the question and to be able to discuss various possible approaches and explore their merits.
    Ex: If this appears to be excessively difficult, maybe it is time to question whether the tool is too complex.
    Ex: If one probes more deeply into the question of truth and falsehood, one gets into difficult philosophical issues, which we prefer to leave to others.
    Ex: The physical effort of keeping tabs on people as well as the distasteful practice of checking up on staff output achieves nothing and may do considerable damage.
    Ex: The physical effort of keeping tabs on people as well as the distasteful practice of checking up on staff output achieves nothing and may do considerable damage.
    Ex: The author discusses the general tendency noted for more girls than boys to make enquiries at the library.
    Ex: Apparently many employees (nearly half) have the habit of snooping around within the company.
    Ex: While poking about among books children naturally discuss those they have read, swopping responses, and so leading each other on.
    Ex: He then decided to solve the mystery of the death of an reporter who was killed while nosing about in a decommissioned navy yard.
    Ex: The committee should be prevented from forcibly prying into the private affairs of the people.
    * indagar el pasado de Alguien = delve into + Posesivo + past.

    * * *
    indagar [A3 ]
    vt
    ( frml); to investigate
    ■ indagar
    vi
    to make inquiries*, investigate
    * * *

    indagar ( conjugate indagar) (frml) verbo intransitivo
    to investigate;
    indagar sobre algo to investigate sth
    indagar verbo transitivo to investigate
    ' indagar' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    investigar
    English:
    brain
    - inquire into
    * * *
    ♦ vt
    to investigate, to inquire into
    ♦ vi
    to investigate, to inquire;
    indagar acerca de algo to investigate sth, to inquire into sth
    * * *
    v/i investigate
    * * *
    indagar {52} vt
    : to inquire into, to investigate

    Spanish-English dictionary > indagar

  • 111 innecesario

    adj.
    unnecessary, needless, uncalled-for, unrequired.
    * * *
    1 unnecessary
    * * *
    1. (f. - innecesaria)
    adj.
    2. adv.
    * * *
    * * *
    - ria adjetivo unnecessary
    * * *
    = innecessary, needless, unnecessary, superfluous, gratuitous, uncalled-for, unneeded.
    Ex. The papers analysed were all published in biomedical or physical science journals, where the peer review process is strict with respect to verbosity and innecessary illustrations.
    Ex. It is becoming urgently necessary for all information agencies to develop the closest co-operation to avoid wasting their resources through needless duplication and friction.
    Ex. Consequently, it would be wasteful and unnecessary to list, or enumerate, Space and Time facets in every main class schedule.
    Ex. The business community began to see the institutions of the Community as meddlesome or, as in the case of the European Parliament, superfluous.
    Ex. However, most librarians do not have the training for counseling and should avoid gratuitous tampering with the lives of library patrons.
    Ex. Reserve services are not noticeably curtailed; but the added clerical burden on the staff is cited as a serious, expensive, and possibly uncalled-for consequence of compliance.
    Ex. The author concludes that science libraries buy many unneeded books.
    ----
    * hacer innecesario = obviate + the need for, make + redundant.
    * hacer que Algo sea innecesario = render + unnecessary.
    * riesgo innecesario = unnecessary risk.
    * * *
    - ria adjetivo unnecessary
    * * *
    = innecessary, needless, unnecessary, superfluous, gratuitous, uncalled-for, unneeded.

    Ex: The papers analysed were all published in biomedical or physical science journals, where the peer review process is strict with respect to verbosity and innecessary illustrations.

    Ex: It is becoming urgently necessary for all information agencies to develop the closest co-operation to avoid wasting their resources through needless duplication and friction.
    Ex: Consequently, it would be wasteful and unnecessary to list, or enumerate, Space and Time facets in every main class schedule.
    Ex: The business community began to see the institutions of the Community as meddlesome or, as in the case of the European Parliament, superfluous.
    Ex: However, most librarians do not have the training for counseling and should avoid gratuitous tampering with the lives of library patrons.
    Ex: Reserve services are not noticeably curtailed; but the added clerical burden on the staff is cited as a serious, expensive, and possibly uncalled-for consequence of compliance.
    Ex: The author concludes that science libraries buy many unneeded books.
    * hacer innecesario = obviate + the need for, make + redundant.
    * hacer que Algo sea innecesario = render + unnecessary.
    * riesgo innecesario = unnecessary risk.

    * * *
    ‹comentario› unnecessary; ‹gasto› unnecessary, needless
    * * *

    innecesario
    ◊ - ria adjetivo

    unnecessary
    innecesario,-a adjetivo unnecessary
    innecesario,-a adjetivo unnecessary: no quiero perder el tiempo en trámites innecesarios, I don't intend to waste time on unnecessary procedures

    ' innecesario' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    excusada
    - excusado
    - innecesaria
    - sobrar
    - superflua
    - superfluo
    - gasto
    English:
    needless
    - uncalled-for
    - unnecessary
    * * *
    innecesario, -a adj
    unnecessary
    * * *
    adj unnecessary
    * * *
    : unnecessary
    * * *
    innecesario adj unnecessary

    Spanish-English dictionary > innecesario

  • 112 limpio

    adj.
    1 clean, cleanly, neat, tidy.
    2 clean, innocent.
    3 clean, decent, wholesome.
    4 clean, fair, honest.
    5 clean, guiltless.
    pres.indicat.
    1st person singular (yo) present indicative of spanish verb: limpiar.
    * * *
    2 (claro) neat, tidy
    3 (puro) pure
    4 (honesto) honest, fair
    5 (juego) fair
    ■ al mes vendré a salir por las 70.000 limpias I make roughly 70,000 a month after tax
    ■ ganó 40.000 limpias she made 40,000 clear profit
    1 familiar (eliminación) clearing-out
    1 fairly
    ■ no juegan limpio, hacen trampa they don't play fair, they cheat
    \
    dejar limpio,-a a alguien familiar to clean somebody out
    pasar algo a limpio to make a fair copy of something, write something out neatly
    sacar en limpio to conclude, infer
    * * *
    (f. - limpia)
    adj.
    2) free
    •
    * * *
    1. ADJ
    1) [casa, cuarto] clean

    limpio de algo — free from sth, clear of sth

    2) (=despejado) clear

    el cielo estaba limpio de nubes — there was a cloudless sky, there was not a cloud in the sky

    3) [líquidos] pure, clean
    4) [en lo moral] pure; (=honesto) honest
    5) (Dep) [jugada] fair
    6) (Econ) clear, net
    7) * (=sin dinero)

    quedar(se) limpio — * to be cleaned out *

    8) * [enfático]

    a pedrada limpia —

    2. SM
    1)

    en limpio — (Econ) clear, net

    pasar o poner algo en limpio — to make a fair o neat o clean copy of sth

    poner un texto en limpio — to tidy a text up, produce a final version of a text

    2) Méx (=claro de bosque) clearing ( in a wood), treeless area, bare ground
    3.
    ADV
    * * *
    I
    - pia adjetivo
    1)
    a) [estar] <casa/vestido/vaso> clean
    b) < aire> clean

    un cielo limpio, sin nubes — a clear, cloudless sky

    c)

    pasar algo en or (Esp) a limpio — to make a fresh copy of something

    2) [ser] < persona> clean
    3)
    a) [ser] <dinero/campaña> clean; <elecciones/juego> fair, clean
    b) ( libre)

    limpio de algo — de impurezas/polvo free of something

    4) <perfil/imagen> well-defined, clean; < corte> clean
    5) ( neto)

    saca unos $70 limpios por mes — she makes $70 a month after deductions

    sacar en limpio: no pude sacar nada en limpio de todo lo que dijo I couldn't make sense of anything he said; lo único que saqué en limpio es que... — the only thing that I got clear was that...

    6) (fam) ( uso enfático)
    7) (fam) ( sin dinero) broke (colloq)
    II
    adverbio <jugar/pelear> fairly, clean
    * * *
    = clean [cleaner -comp., cleanest -sup.], spic(k)-and-span, neat [neater -comp., neatest -sup.].
    Ex. Perhaps it is obvious that guiding must also be accurate, clean and tidy.
    Ex. ' Spick and Span' is a comedy that examines how individuals cope with death in a society that likes to sweep things under the rug.
    Ex. What is possibly less easy is to making sure that the guiding stays clean, neat and accurate.
    ----
    * a grito limpio = at the top of + Posesivo + voice.
    * agua limpia de impurezas = purified water.
    * con la conciencia limpia = with a clear conscience.
    * dejar limpio a Alguien = take + Nombre + to the cleaners.
    * jugar limpio = play + fair.
    * limpio de corazón = pure of heart.
    * super limpio = squeaky clean.
    * tecnología limpia = clean technology.
    * tener la conciencia limpia = have + a clear conscience.
    * vivir con la conciencia limpia = live with + a clear conscience.
    * * *
    I
    - pia adjetivo
    1)
    a) [estar] <casa/vestido/vaso> clean
    b) < aire> clean

    un cielo limpio, sin nubes — a clear, cloudless sky

    c)

    pasar algo en or (Esp) a limpio — to make a fresh copy of something

    2) [ser] < persona> clean
    3)
    a) [ser] <dinero/campaña> clean; <elecciones/juego> fair, clean
    b) ( libre)

    limpio de algo — de impurezas/polvo free of something

    4) <perfil/imagen> well-defined, clean; < corte> clean
    5) ( neto)

    saca unos $70 limpios por mes — she makes $70 a month after deductions

    sacar en limpio: no pude sacar nada en limpio de todo lo que dijo I couldn't make sense of anything he said; lo único que saqué en limpio es que... — the only thing that I got clear was that...

    6) (fam) ( uso enfático)
    7) (fam) ( sin dinero) broke (colloq)
    II
    adverbio <jugar/pelear> fairly, clean
    * * *
    = clean [cleaner -comp., cleanest -sup.], spic(k)-and-span, neat [neater -comp., neatest -sup.].

    Ex: Perhaps it is obvious that guiding must also be accurate, clean and tidy.

    Ex: ' Spick and Span' is a comedy that examines how individuals cope with death in a society that likes to sweep things under the rug.
    Ex: What is possibly less easy is to making sure that the guiding stays clean, neat and accurate.
    * a grito limpio = at the top of + Posesivo + voice.
    * agua limpia de impurezas = purified water.
    * con la conciencia limpia = with a clear conscience.
    * dejar limpio a Alguien = take + Nombre + to the cleaners.
    * jugar limpio = play + fair.
    * limpio de corazón = pure of heart.
    * super limpio = squeaky clean.
    * tecnología limpia = clean technology.
    * tener la conciencia limpia = have + a clear conscience.
    * vivir con la conciencia limpia = live with + a clear conscience.

    * * *
    A
    1 [ ESTAR] ‹casa/vestido/vaso› clean
    ¿tienes las manos limpias? are your hands clean?
    2 ‹aire/medio ambiente› clean
    un cielo limpio, sin nubes a clear, cloudless sky
    3
    pasar algo en or ( Esp) a limpio to write sth out neatly, to make a clean o ( BrE) fair copy of sth
    B [ SER] ‹persona› clean
    es limpio y ordenado he's very clean and tidy
    C
    1 [ SER] ‹dinero/elecciones› clean
    está metido en un asunto poco limpio he's involved in some rather underhand o ( colloq) shady business
    sus intenciones hacia ella eran limpias his intentions toward(s) her were honorable
    2 (libre) limpio DE algo:
    agua limpia de impurezas purified water
    un alma limpia de toda mácula ( liter); an unblemished soul
    dicción limpia de vicios faultless diction
    D
    1 ‹perfil/imagen› well-defined, clean; ‹corte› clean
    2 ( Dep) ‹salto/movimiento› clean
    3 ‹movimiento› (de las manos) dexterous
    E
    (neto): saca unos $700 limpios por mes she makes a clear $700 a month, she makes $700 a month net o after deductions, she clears $700 a month
    sacar en limpio: lo único que saqué en limpio es que no venía the only thing that was clear to me o that I got clear was that he wasn't coming
    no pude sacar nada en limpio de todo lo que dijo I couldn't make sense of anything he said
    F ( fam)
    (uso enfático): la discusión terminó a puñetazo limpio the argument degenerated into a fistfight
    conseguí entrar a empujón limpio I managed to push my way in
    se rió a carcajada limpia she roared with laughter
    G ( fam) (sin dinero) broke ( colloq), skint ( BrE colloq)
    jugamos al póker y me dejaron limpio we played poker and they cleaned me out ( colloq)
    los ladrones le dejaron la casa limpia the thieves cleaned the house out ( colloq)
    ‹jugar/pelear› fairly
    * * *

     

    Del verbo limpiar: ( conjugate limpiar)

    limpio es:

    1ª persona singular (yo) presente indicativo

    limpió es:

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) pretérito indicativo

    Multiple Entries:
    limpiar    
    limpio
    limpiar ( conjugate limpiar) verbo transitivo
    1
    a) ‹casa/mueble/zapatos› to clean;

    ‹arroz/lentejas› to wash;
    ‹ pescado› to clean;
    ‹aire/atmósfera› to clear;

    limpio algo en seco to dry-clean sth
    b) ‹ nombre› to clear;

    ‹ honor› to restore
    2 ( dejar libre) limpio algo de algo to clear sth of sth
    3 (fam)
    a) ( en el juego) ‹ persona› to clean … out (colloq)

    b) [ ladrones] ‹ casa› to clean … out (colloq)

    verbo intransitivo
    to clean
    limpiarse verbo pronominal ( refl) ‹boca/nariz› to wipe;

    limpio 1 -pia adjetivo
    1
    a) [estar] ‹casa/vestido/vaso› clean

    b) ‹ aire› clean;

    ‹ cielo› clear
    c) pasar algo en or (Esp) a limpio to make a clean (AmE) o (BrE) fair copy of sth

    2 [ser]
    a) ‹ persona› clean

    b) ‹dinero/campaña› clean;

    ‹elecciones/juego› fair, clean;

    c) ( libre) limpio de algo ‹de impurezas/polvo› free of sth

    3 ( neto):
    ◊ saca unos $70 limpios por mes she makes $70 a month after deductions;

    sacar en limpio: no sacó nada en limpio de todo lo que dijo he didn't make sense of anything he said;
    lo único que saqué en limpio es que … the only thing that I got clear was that …
    limpio 2 adverbio ‹jugar/pelear› fairly, clean
    limpiar
    I verbo transitivo
    1 to clean
    (con un paño) to wipe
    (el calzado) to polish
    2 (la sangre, el organismo) to cleanse
    (el alma) to purify
    3 fam (robar) to pinch
    II verbo intransitivo to clean
    limpio,-a
    I adjetivo
    1 clean
    2 Fin (neto) net
    3 familiar pasa la redacción a limpio, make a fair o clean copy of the composition
    4 Dep juego limpio, fair play
    II adverbio limpio fairly: no jugó limpio, he played dirty
    ' limpio' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    curiosa
    - curioso
    - decente
    - jugar
    - limpia
    - lustrosa
    - lustroso
    - pasar
    - polvo
    - resplandeciente
    - sacar
    - trigo
    - arreglado
    - aseado
    - juego
    - limpiar
    - parecer
    - puro
    English:
    clean
    - fair
    - fresh
    - himself
    - play
    - underhand
    - write out
    - write up
    - crisp
    - fairly
    - have
    - keep
    - savory
    - shipshape
    - spick-and-span
    - under
    - write
    * * *
    limpio, -a
    ♦ adj
    1. [sin suciedad] clean;
    [cielo, imagen] clear;
    tiene la casa muy limpia y ordenada her house is very neat and tidy;
    limpio de polvo y paja all-in, including all charges
    2. [pulcro, aseado] clean and smart;
    un joven muy limpio a very well turned out young man
    3. [no contaminante] clean
    4. [pollo, pescado] cleaned
    5. [fractura] clean
    6. [neto] net;
    gana cinco millones limpios al año she earns five million a year net
    7. [honrado] honest;
    [intenciones] honourable; [juego] clean
    8. [sin culpa]
    estar limpio to be in the clear;
    limpio de culpa/sospecha free of blame/suspicion
    9. Fam [sin dinero] broke, Br skint
    10. Fam [para enfatizar]
    a puñetazo limpio with bare fists, bareknuckle;
    abrió la puerta a patada limpia he bust down o booted in the door
    ♦ adv
    cleanly, fair;
    Fig
    jugar limpio to play fair;
    pasar Esp [m5]a o Am [m5]en limpio, poner en limpio to make a fair copy of, to write out neatly;
    sacar algo en limpio de to make sth out from
    * * *
    adj
    1 clean;
    poner algo en limpio make a fair copy of sth;
    pasar a limpio copy out neatly;
    gana $5.000 limpios al mes he takes home $5,000 a month;
    quedarse limpio S.Am. fam be broke fam ;
    sacar algo en limpio fig make sense of sth
    2 ( ordenado) neat, tidy
    3 político honest
    * * *
    limpio adv
    : fairly
    limpio, - pia adj
    1) : clean, neat
    2) : honest
    un juego limpio: a fair game
    3) : free
    limpio de impurezas: pure, free from impurities
    4) : clear, net
    ganancia limpia: clear profit
    * * *
    limpio1 adj clean
    ¿tienes las manos limpias? have you got clean hands?
    limpio2 adv fair

    Spanish-English dictionary > limpio

  • 113 maya

    adj.
    Mayan.
    f. & m.
    Maya, Mayan.
    m.
    Maya (lengua).
    * * *
    1 Mayan
    1 (persona) Mayan
    1 (idioma) Mayan
    ————————
    1 (idioma) Mayan
    * * *
    I
    SF
    1) (Bot) daisy
    2) (=muchacha) May Queen
    II ( Hist)
    1.
    ADJ Mayan
    2.
    SMF Maya, Mayan
    * * *
    I
    adjetivo Mayan
    II
    masculino y femenino Maya, Mayan

    los mayas — the Maya o Mayas

    •• Cultural note:
    The Mayas, possibly of North American origin, settled in the Yucatán Peninsula around 2600 BC, and established a civilization which spread through Southern Mexico, into Guatemala, Belize, parts of Honduras and El Salvador, flourishing until the arrival of the Spanish in the sixteenth century. Their society was organized on the basis of city states grouped into confederations. Though lacking metal tools, the Mayas built stepped pyramids and other stone monuments such as those at Chichén Itzá, Uxmal, Petén and Palenque
    * * *
    = Mayan.
    Ex. This is a unique pictographic writing system that is similar to the ancient Egyptian and Mayan writing systems.
    * * *
    I
    adjetivo Mayan
    II
    masculino y femenino Maya, Mayan

    los mayas — the Maya o Mayas

    •• Cultural note:
    The Mayas, possibly of North American origin, settled in the Yucatán Peninsula around 2600 BC, and established a civilization which spread through Southern Mexico, into Guatemala, Belize, parts of Honduras and El Salvador, flourishing until the arrival of the Spanish in the sixteenth century. Their society was organized on the basis of city states grouped into confederations. Though lacking metal tools, the Mayas built stepped pyramids and other stone monuments such as those at Chichén Itzá, Uxmal, Petén and Palenque
    * * *

    Ex: This is a unique pictographic writing system that is similar to the ancient Egyptian and Mayan writing systems.

    * * *
    Mayan
    Mayas (↑ maya a1)
    Maya, Mayan
    los mayas the Maya o Mayas
    * * *

    Del verbo mayar: ( conjugate mayar)

    maya es:

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) presente indicativo

    2ª persona singular (tú) imperativo

    maya adjetivo
    Mayan
    ■ sustantivo masculino y femenino
    Maya, Mayan;
    ◊ los mayas the Maya o Mayas


    ' maya' also found in these entries:
    English:
    early
    - daisy
    * * *
    ♦ adj
    Mayan
    ♦ nmf
    [persona] Maya, Mayan;
    los mayas the Maya, the Mayans
    ♦ nm
    [lengua] Maya
    * * *
    m/f & adj Mayan
    * * *
    maya adj & nmf
    : Mayan
    maya nmf
    : Maya, Mayan

    Spanish-English dictionary > maya

  • 114 pasar por alto

    to ignore
    ————————
    to pass over
    * * *
    to omit, overlook
    * * *
    (v.) = bypass [by-pass], gloss over, miss, obviate, overlook, short-circuit [shortcircuit], skip over, leapfrog, pass + Nombre/Pronombre + by, flout, close + the door on, skip
    Ex. She repeatedly bypassed the catalog because she was an inveterate fiction reader and approached the A section of the fiction shelf expecting to find Sholom Aleichem under ALEICHEM.
    Ex. To some extent this worked - haphazardly perhaps, but in a cheerful atmosphere that, though he did not realize it then, glossed over the inadequacies of his approach.
    Ex. Thus the browser may miss valuable items, although some browsers will find browsing a perfectly adequate method of gauging the extent of a library collection.
    Ex. The intercalation of (41-4) after 329 obviates this function.
    Ex. This can only achieved by examining the literature of the subject area thoroughly for any isolates that might possibly have been overlooked.
    Ex. There is little modulation, whole steps of division being short-circuited and an odd assembly of terms being frequently found: e.g.: LAW see also JURY, JUDGES.
    Ex. If this is the first time you are using DOBIS/LIBIS the field for your password is empty and you should skip over it by pressing the tabulator key once again.
    Ex. India, which has had to leapfrog to Industrial Revolution, now finds itself in the midst of the Information Revolution.
    Ex. The revolution of information technology is passing many developing countries by and the information gap between haves and have-nots is widening.
    Ex. To find the 'real' identity of documents, one must flout conventions of rationality including the axioms of singularity and actuality.
    Ex. Librarians cannot afford to close the door on current issues.
    Ex. The search engines skips sites with no scientific content.
    * * *
    (v.) = bypass [by-pass], gloss over, miss, obviate, overlook, short-circuit [shortcircuit], skip over, leapfrog, pass + Nombre/Pronombre + by, flout, close + the door on, skip

    Ex: She repeatedly bypassed the catalog because she was an inveterate fiction reader and approached the A section of the fiction shelf expecting to find Sholom Aleichem under ALEICHEM.

    Ex: To some extent this worked - haphazardly perhaps, but in a cheerful atmosphere that, though he did not realize it then, glossed over the inadequacies of his approach.
    Ex: Thus the browser may miss valuable items, although some browsers will find browsing a perfectly adequate method of gauging the extent of a library collection.
    Ex: The intercalation of (41-4) after 329 obviates this function.
    Ex: This can only achieved by examining the literature of the subject area thoroughly for any isolates that might possibly have been overlooked.
    Ex: There is little modulation, whole steps of division being short-circuited and an odd assembly of terms being frequently found: e.g.: LAW see also JURY, JUDGES.
    Ex: If this is the first time you are using DOBIS/LIBIS the field for your password is empty and you should skip over it by pressing the tabulator key once again.
    Ex: India, which has had to leapfrog to Industrial Revolution, now finds itself in the midst of the Information Revolution.
    Ex: The revolution of information technology is passing many developing countries by and the information gap between haves and have-nots is widening.
    Ex: To find the 'real' identity of documents, one must flout conventions of rationality including the axioms of singularity and actuality.
    Ex: Librarians cannot afford to close the door on current issues.
    Ex: The search engines skips sites with no scientific content.

    Spanish-English dictionary > pasar por alto

  • 115 recorte

    m.
    1 cut, trimming (pieza cortada).
    2 cut, cutback.
    recorte presupuestario/salarial budget/salary cut
    3 cutout (cartulina).
    4 swerve, sidestep (sport).
    5 clipping, snip, clip, cutting.
    6 pruning, scissoring, trimming.
    7 slander, backbiting, calumny, defamation.
    8 windowing.
    pres.subj.
    1st person singular (yo) Present Subjunctive of Spanish verb: recortar.
    * * *
    1 (acción) cutting
    2 (trozo) cutting, clipping
    3 (de períodico) press clipping, newspaper cutting
    4 (de pelo) trim, cut, reduction
    5 figurado (reducción) cut, reduction
    * * *
    noun m.
    cut, reduction
    * * *
    SM
    1) (=acción) cutting, trimming
    2) [del pelo] trim
    3) [para economizar] cut

    han anunciado un recorte de o en los gastos — they have announced a cut o cutback in spending

    recortes de personal, recortes de plantilla — staff cutbacks

    4) [de periódico, revista] cutting, clipping
    5) CAm * (=comentario) nasty remark
    * * *
    1) (de periódico, revista) cutting, clipping
    2) (Fin) ( acción) cutting; ( efecto) cut, reduction
    * * *
    = axe [ax, -USA], cut, cutback, cutting, cutting, squeeze, snip, clipping.
    Ex. Following in the footsteps of Beeching's axe which put paid to the branch-line era of the railways, many rural bus routes have now been threatened by rising petrol costs.
    Ex. Cuts in the 1988 budget have resulted in cuts in opening hours, staff hours, and book budget.
    Ex. The vast majority of inquiries received by the van had nothing to do with consumer problems and, with the cutbacks of the 1980s, the service was withdrawn.
    Ex. This article concludes that cutting the number of words could lead to undesirable impoverishing of data bases rendering them useless as an independent source of information.
    Ex. Guard book or scrapbook type arrangement, with possibly a loose-leaf format, is suitable for organising and keeping cuttings, letters and other small items.
    Ex. Even library services to rural areas have been affected by the squeeze on public sector spending.
    Ex. With a snip here and a snip there, it's easy to turn a plant into a living sculpture.
    Ex. The interlacing of twigs into wickerwork is in all probability contemporary with first clipping of flint into arrow-heads.
    ----
    * album de recortes = guard book, scrapbook.
    * archivo de recortes = cuttings file [clipping file, -USA].
    * archivo de recortes de prensa = newspaper clippings archives.
    * colección de recortes = clipping file [cuttings file, -UK], cuttings file [clipping file, -USA].
    * colección de recortes de periódicos = clippings collection.
    * experimentar recortes = suffer + cuts.
    * imponer recortes = impose + cuts.
    * padecer recortes = experience + cutbacks.
    * período de recortes presupuestarios = budget-slashing times.
    * recorte de los tipos de interés = rate cut, interest-rate cut.
    * recorte del presupuesto = budgetary constraint, funding cut.
    * recorte de periódico = clipping, newspaper clipping, newspaper cutting.
    * recorte de personal = downsizing, staffing cut.
    * recorte de plantilla = downsizing.
    * recorte de pliego = offcut.
    * recorte de prensa = press cutting [press-cutting], press clipping, newspaper clipping.
    * recorte de presupuesto = cut in budget.
    * recorte económico = axe [ax, -USA].
    * recorte en el presupuesto = funding cut.
    * recorte presupuestario = budget cut, budget crunch, budget squeeze, budgetary cut, funding cut.
    * recortes = contraction, under the knife.
    * recorte salarial = salary cut.
    * recortes económicos = economic retrenchment, retrenchment, financial cutbacks, economic cuts, spending cuts, expenditure cuts.
    * recortes presupuestarios = budget cutting.
    * recortes presupuestarios + hacerse sentir = budget cut + bite.
    * * *
    1) (de periódico, revista) cutting, clipping
    2) (Fin) ( acción) cutting; ( efecto) cut, reduction
    * * *
    = axe [ax, -USA], cut, cutback, cutting, cutting, squeeze, snip, clipping.

    Ex: Following in the footsteps of Beeching's axe which put paid to the branch-line era of the railways, many rural bus routes have now been threatened by rising petrol costs.

    Ex: Cuts in the 1988 budget have resulted in cuts in opening hours, staff hours, and book budget.
    Ex: The vast majority of inquiries received by the van had nothing to do with consumer problems and, with the cutbacks of the 1980s, the service was withdrawn.
    Ex: This article concludes that cutting the number of words could lead to undesirable impoverishing of data bases rendering them useless as an independent source of information.
    Ex: Guard book or scrapbook type arrangement, with possibly a loose-leaf format, is suitable for organising and keeping cuttings, letters and other small items.
    Ex: Even library services to rural areas have been affected by the squeeze on public sector spending.
    Ex: With a snip here and a snip there, it's easy to turn a plant into a living sculpture.
    Ex: The interlacing of twigs into wickerwork is in all probability contemporary with first clipping of flint into arrow-heads.
    * album de recortes = guard book, scrapbook.
    * archivo de recortes = cuttings file [clipping file, -USA].
    * archivo de recortes de prensa = newspaper clippings archives.
    * colección de recortes = clipping file [cuttings file, -UK], cuttings file [clipping file, -USA].
    * colección de recortes de periódicos = clippings collection.
    * experimentar recortes = suffer + cuts.
    * imponer recortes = impose + cuts.
    * padecer recortes = experience + cutbacks.
    * período de recortes presupuestarios = budget-slashing times.
    * recorte de los tipos de interés = rate cut, interest-rate cut.
    * recorte del presupuesto = budgetary constraint, funding cut.
    * recorte de periódico = clipping, newspaper clipping, newspaper cutting.
    * recorte de personal = downsizing, staffing cut.
    * recorte de plantilla = downsizing.
    * recorte de pliego = offcut.
    * recorte de prensa = press cutting [press-cutting], press clipping, newspaper clipping.
    * recorte de presupuesto = cut in budget.
    * recorte económico = axe [ax, -USA].
    * recorte en el presupuesto = funding cut.
    * recorte presupuestario = budget cut, budget crunch, budget squeeze, budgetary cut, funding cut.
    * recortes = contraction, under the knife.
    * recorte salarial = salary cut.
    * recortes económicos = economic retrenchment, retrenchment, financial cutbacks, economic cuts, spending cuts, expenditure cuts.
    * recortes presupuestarios = budget cutting.
    * recortes presupuestarios + hacerse sentir = budget cut + bite.

    * * *
    A (de un periódico, una revista) cutting, clipping
    B ( Fin) (acción) cutting; (efecto) cut, reduction
    recortes presupuestarios budget cuts, reductions in the budget
    C
    ( Méx fam) (maledicencia): se dedicaron al recorte they spent their time pulling everyone apart o tearing into people ( colloq)
    * * *

    Del verbo recortar: ( conjugate recortar)

    recorté es:

    1ª persona singular (yo) pretérito indicativo

    recorte es:

    1ª persona singular (yo) presente subjuntivo

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) presente subjuntivo

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) imperativo

    Multiple Entries:
    recortar    
    recorte
    recortar ( conjugate recortar) verbo transitivo
    1
    a) ‹figura/artículo/anuncio› to cut out

    b) ‹pelo/puntas› to trim

    2 ‹gastos/plantilla› to reduce
    recorte sustantivo masculino
    1 (de periódico, revista) cutting, clipping
    2 (Fin) ( acción) cutting;
    ( efecto) cut, reduction
    recortar verbo transitivo
    1 (una foto, un texto) to cut out
    2 (bordes, puntas del pelo) to trim
    3 (gastos) to reduce, cut
    recorte sustantivo masculino
    1 (de prensa) cutting, clipping
    2 (de bordes, pelo) trim, cut
    3 (de gastos) reduction, cut
    ' recorte' also found in these entries:
    English:
    clipping
    - cut
    - cutting
    - press cutting
    - snip
    - spending cut
    - off
    - trim
    * * *
    1. [pieza cortada] trimming;
    [de periódico, revista] cutting, clipping
    2. [reducción] cut, cutback
    recortes de personal job cuts;
    recorte salarial wage o pay cut
    3. [cartulina] cutout
    4. Dep sidestep
    5. Méx Fam [crítica] nasty o snide remark;
    no me gustan tus amigos, están siempre en el recorte I don't like your friends, they're always being nasty about o Br slagging off other people
    * * *
    m fig
    cutback;
    recorte de periódico cutting, clipping;
    recorte salarial salary cut;
    recorte de personal reduction in personnel, personnel cutback;
    recortes sociales pl cutbacks in public services
    * * *
    1) : cut, reduction
    2) : clipping
    recortes de periódicos: newspaper clippings

    Spanish-English dictionary > recorte

  • 116 resolución

    f.
    1 resolution, firmness, decision, intention.
    2 resolution, decision, dictum.
    3 annulment, cancellation.
    4 resolution, disambiguation.
    * * *
    1 (decisión) resolution, decision; (determinación) determination, resolve
    2 (solución) solution; (de un conflicto) settlement; (en técnica) resolution
    \
    resolución fatal death wish
    resolución judicial court decision
    * * *
    noun f.
    * * *
    SF
    1) (=decisión) decision
    2) [de problema] (=acción) solving; (=respuesta) solution
    3) [de conflicto] resolution
    4) (Jur)
    5) (=determinación) resolve, determination
    6) frm (=resumen)

    en resolución — in a word, in short, to sum up

    7) (Inform)
    8) Cono Sur (=terminación) finishing, completion
    * * *
    1) ( de problema) solution; ( de conflicto) settlement, resolution
    2) ( decisión) decision
    3) ( determinación) determination, resolve
    * * *
    = determination, purposefulness, resolution, resolution, resolution, single-mindedness, dpi (dots per inch), verdict, judging.
    Ex. Instead of fighting words with a dogged determination, he got to like them.
    Ex. The philosophical, brooding Hippopotamians have suffered many attacks by the neighbouring Crocs who are well known for their purposefulness and efficiency.
    Ex. Unfortunately, these factors simultaneously make the resolution of the situation more intractable.
    Ex. I was one of the cosigners of a resolution which tried to have the ISBD repealed.
    Ex. For example, when operating with colour and high resolution graphics, a microcomputer might possibly need 20K of storage.
    Ex. But first we must create the conditions for single-mindedness and hence the release of our energies (one senses much pent-up energy mixed up with our professional frustrations).
    Ex. High quality (400 dpi) TIFF files were stored on archival tape, and JPEG thumbnails and full-size images placed on server to be accessed by CGI script.
    Ex. A verdict of the Department of Education and Science has stated that librarians in future will have to be graduates only.
    Ex. The first meeting was held on 8 March with the first real judging taking place on 22 March when several tulips were in flower.
    ----
    * alta resolución = high resolution.
    * baja resolución = low resolution.
    * caminar con resolución = march.
    * con resolución = resolutely.
    * falta de resolución = procrastination.
    * orientado hacia la resolución de problemas = problem-orientated, problem-oriented.
    * resolución anafórica = anaphoric resolution.
    * resolución de conflictos = conflict resolution, peacemaking [peace-making].
    * resolución de disputas = dispute settlement.
    * resolución de la ambigüedad entre términos = term disambiguation, word sense disambiguation.
    * resolución de problemas = problem solving [problem-solving].
    * * *
    1) ( de problema) solution; ( de conflicto) settlement, resolution
    2) ( decisión) decision
    3) ( determinación) determination, resolve
    * * *
    = determination, purposefulness, resolution, resolution, resolution, single-mindedness, dpi (dots per inch), verdict, judging.

    Ex: Instead of fighting words with a dogged determination, he got to like them.

    Ex: The philosophical, brooding Hippopotamians have suffered many attacks by the neighbouring Crocs who are well known for their purposefulness and efficiency.
    Ex: Unfortunately, these factors simultaneously make the resolution of the situation more intractable.
    Ex: I was one of the cosigners of a resolution which tried to have the ISBD repealed.
    Ex: For example, when operating with colour and high resolution graphics, a microcomputer might possibly need 20K of storage.
    Ex: But first we must create the conditions for single-mindedness and hence the release of our energies (one senses much pent-up energy mixed up with our professional frustrations).
    Ex: High quality (400 dpi) TIFF files were stored on archival tape, and JPEG thumbnails and full-size images placed on server to be accessed by CGI script.
    Ex: A verdict of the Department of Education and Science has stated that librarians in future will have to be graduates only.
    Ex: The first meeting was held on 8 March with the first real judging taking place on 22 March when several tulips were in flower.
    * alta resolución = high resolution.
    * baja resolución = low resolution.
    * caminar con resolución = march.
    * con resolución = resolutely.
    * falta de resolución = procrastination.
    * orientado hacia la resolución de problemas = problem-orientated, problem-oriented.
    * resolución anafórica = anaphoric resolution.
    * resolución de conflictos = conflict resolution, peacemaking [peace-making].
    * resolución de disputas = dispute settlement.
    * resolución de la ambigüedad entre términos = term disambiguation, word sense disambiguation.
    * resolución de problemas = problem solving [problem-solving].

    * * *
    A (de un problema) solution; (de un conflicto) settlement, resolution
    B (decisión) decision
    tomaron or adoptaron la resolución de cerrar el hospital they decided to close the hospital
    C (de un contrato) termination
    D
    1 (determinación) determination, resolve
    2 (cualidad de decisivo) decisiveness
    E ( Ópt, Tec) resolution
    * * *

     

    resolución sustantivo femenino
    1 ( de problema) solution;
    ( de conflicto) settlement, resolution
    2 ( decisión) decision;

    tomaron la resolución de emigrar they decided to emigrate
    3 ( determinación) determination, resolve
    resolución sustantivo femenino
    1 (determinación, decisión) resolution: tomó la resolución de marcharse de casa, he decided to leave home
    2 (de un problema, acertijo, etc) solution
    ' resolución' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    empuje
    - arbitraje
    English:
    decision
    - determination
    - resolution
    - resolve
    - single-mindedness
    - steadfastness
    - strong-mindedness
    - ruling
    - settlement
    - unsettled
    * * *
    1. [solución] [de una crisis] resolution;
    [de un crimen] solution Informát resolución de problemas troubleshooting
    2. [firmeza] determination, resolve
    3. [decisión] decision;
    [de tribunal] ruling; [de Naciones Unidas] resolution;
    tomar una resolución to take a decision
    4. Informát [de imagen] resolution
    * * *
    f
    1 actitud determination, decisiveness
    2 de problema solution (de to)
    3 JUR ruling
    :
    tomar una resolución make o take a decision
    :
    de alta resolución high resolution
    6
    :
    en resolución to sum up
    * * *
    1) : resolution, settlement
    2) : decision
    3) : determination, resolve
    * * *
    resolución n determination / resolution

    Spanish-English dictionary > resolución

  • 117 suma

    f.
    1 addition (Mat) (acción).
    2 total, sum (conjunto) (de conocimientos, datos).
    pres.indicat.
    3rd person singular (él/ella/ello) present indicative of spanish verb: sumar.
    pres.subj.
    1st person singular (yo) Present Subjunctive of Spanish verb: sumir.
    * * *
    1 (cantidad) sum, amount
    2 MATEMÁTICAS sum, addition
    3 (resumen) summary
    \
    en suma in short
    suma total sum total
    * * *
    noun f.
    1) sum, amount
    * * *
    1. SF
    1) (Mat) (=acción) addition, adding, adding up; (=cantidad) total, sum; (=dinero) sum

    ¿cuánto es la suma de todos los gastos? — what are the total expenses?

    hacer sumas — to add up, do addition

    suma y sigue — (Com) "carried forward"; (fig) * and it's still going on

    2) (=resumen) summary
    2.
    SM
    * * *
    1) ( cantidad) sum
    2)
    a) (Mat) addition

    hacer sumas — to do addition, to do sums (BrE)

    b) ( conjunto) combination
    * * *
    = aggregation, sum, summation, addition, accrual.
    Ex. We should realize that a library is not simply an aggregation of discrete recorded materials; rather, it represents a collection, or more precisely collection of works.
    Ex. In an application where weighted term logic is the primary search logic, search profiles are framed by combining index terms in a simple logical sum.
    Ex. The summation of human experience is being expanded at a prodigious rate, and the means we use for threading through the consequent maze to the momentarily important item is the same as was used in the days of square-rigged ships.
    Ex. Computers have circuits for performing arithmetic operations, such as: addition, subtraction, division, multiplication and exponentiation.
    Ex. Calcium and possibly vitamin D intake throughout childhood and adolescence may enhance bone mineral accrual.
    ----
    * bonita suma = princely sum.
    * buena suma de dinero = hefty sum of money.
    * de suma importancia = of utmost importance.
    * de suma + Nombre = vitally + Adjetivo.
    * el todo es más grande que la suma de sus partes = the whole is greater than the sum of its parts.
    * en suma = in short, in sum, in a word.
    * grandes sumas de dinero = vast sums of money.
    * la suma total de = the total sum of, the sum total of.
    * más que la suma de sus partes = Comparativo + than the sum of its parts.
    * pagar una suma de dinero = pay + sum.
    * sabrosa suma de dinero, una = handsome sum of money, a.
    * suma de capital = capital sum.
    * suma de dinero = sum of money.
    * suma global = lump sum.
    * suma importante = princely sum.
    * suma lógica = logical sum.
    * suma simbólica de dinero = symbolic sum of money.
    * suma total = sum total, total, grand total, count.
    * * *
    1) ( cantidad) sum
    2)
    a) (Mat) addition

    hacer sumas — to do addition, to do sums (BrE)

    b) ( conjunto) combination
    * * *
    = aggregation, sum, summation, addition, accrual.

    Ex: We should realize that a library is not simply an aggregation of discrete recorded materials; rather, it represents a collection, or more precisely collection of works.

    Ex: In an application where weighted term logic is the primary search logic, search profiles are framed by combining index terms in a simple logical sum.
    Ex: The summation of human experience is being expanded at a prodigious rate, and the means we use for threading through the consequent maze to the momentarily important item is the same as was used in the days of square-rigged ships.
    Ex: Computers have circuits for performing arithmetic operations, such as: addition, subtraction, division, multiplication and exponentiation.
    Ex: Calcium and possibly vitamin D intake throughout childhood and adolescence may enhance bone mineral accrual.
    * bonita suma = princely sum.
    * buena suma de dinero = hefty sum of money.
    * de suma importancia = of utmost importance.
    * de suma + Nombre = vitally + Adjetivo.
    * el todo es más grande que la suma de sus partes = the whole is greater than the sum of its parts.
    * en suma = in short, in sum, in a word.
    * grandes sumas de dinero = vast sums of money.
    * la suma total de = the total sum of, the sum total of.
    * más que la suma de sus partes = Comparativo + than the sum of its parts.
    * pagar una suma de dinero = pay + sum.
    * sabrosa suma de dinero, una = handsome sum of money, a.
    * suma de capital = capital sum.
    * suma de dinero = sum of money.
    * suma global = lump sum.
    * suma importante = princely sum.
    * suma lógica = logical sum.
    * suma simbólica de dinero = symbolic sum of money.
    * suma total = sum total, total, grand total, count.

    * * *
    una importante/módica suma de dinero a considerable/modest sum of money
    B
    1 ( Mat) addition
    hacer sumas to do addition, to do sums ( BrE)
    hagamos la suma de todo lo que hemos gastado let's add up o ( colloq) tot up everything we've spent, let's do a reckoning of everything we've spent
    2 (conjunto) combination
    la suma de estos incidentes the combination of these events
    en suma in short
    * * *

     

    Del verbo sumar: ( conjugate sumar)

    suma es:

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) presente indicativo

    2ª persona singular (tú) imperativo

    Del verbo sumir: ( conjugate sumir)

    suma es:

    1ª persona singular (yo) presente subjuntivo

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) presente subjuntivo

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) imperativo

    Multiple Entries:
    suma    
    sumar    
    sumir
    suma sustantivo femenino
    1 ( cantidad) sum
    2 (Mat) addition;

    sumar ( conjugate sumar) verbo transitivo


    ◊ 8 y 5 suman 13 8 and 5 add up to o make 13

    verbo intransitivo
    to add up
    sumarse verbo pronominal
    a) ( agregarse) sumase A algo:

    ◊ esto se suma a los problemas ya existentes this comes on top of o is in addition to any already existing problems

    b) ( adherirse) sumase A algo ‹a protesta/celebración› to join sth

    sumir ( conjugate sumir) verbo transitivo
    1 ( sumergir) suma algo/a algn EN algo ‹en tristeza/desesperación› to plunge sth/sb into sth
    2 (Col, Méx) ( abollar) to dent, make a dent in
    sumirse verbo pronominal
    1 ( hundirse) sumase EN algo ‹ en tristeza› to plunge into sth;
    ‹ en pensamientos› to become lost in sth
    2 (Col, Méx) ( abollarse) to get dented
    sumo,-a adjetivo
    1 (muy grande) extreme: es tóxico, manéjalo con sumo cuidado, it's toxic, handle it with extreme care
    de suma importancia, extremely important
    2 (máximo en una jerarquía) supreme
    ♦ Locuciones: a lo sumo, at the most
    Rel Sumo Pontífice, the Pope
    suma sustantivo femenino
    1 Mat addition: la suma de cinco y dos da siete, the sum of five plus two is five
    hacer sumas, to do sums, US addition ➣ Ver nota en sumar 2 (cantidad) sum: ganó una suma importante con ese negocio, she earnt a considerable sum of money for having closed the deal
    la suma total, the total amount
    sumar verbo transitivo
    1 Mat to add (up): seis y dos suman ocho, six and o plus two add up to o make eight
    2 (la cuenta, la factura) la factura suma tres mil pesetas, the bill comes to three thousand pesetas
    3 (añadir, incorporar) si al terremoto sumas las inundaciones, el desastre fue total, the earthquake, taken in conjunction with the flooding, meant total disaster
    ¿Cómo se dice 2 + 3 = 5?
    Two and three is/equals five.
    Two plus three is/equals five.
    What's two and three?
    sumir verbo transitivo
    1 (sumergir) to submerge, sink
    2 figurado la noticia le sumió en la tristeza, the news plunged him into sadness
    ' suma' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    cantidad
    - defraudar
    - respetable
    - sabrosa
    - sabroso
    - sumar
    - sumo
    - toda
    - todo
    - abultado
    - apreciable
    - cobrar
    - conclusión
    - desgravar
    - despreciable
    - enorme
    - insignificante
    - integrar
    - nómina
    - número
    - sacar
    - traspaso
    English:
    addition
    - amount
    - appropriate
    - check
    - inaccurate
    - paltry
    - paramount
    - remittance
    - substantial
    - sum
    - tendency
    - add
    - all
    - combined
    - fee
    - head
    - less
    - utmost
    * * *
    ♦ nf
    1. [operación matemática] addition;
    hacer una suma to do an addition
    2. [conjunto] [de conocimientos, datos] total, sum;
    [de dinero] sum;
    es la suma del trabajo de varios investigadores it is the product of the work of several researchers;
    la suma de los gastos asciende a 4.000 pesos total expenditure was 4,000 pesos
    Informát suma de comprobación checksum; Informát suma de control checksum
    ♦ en suma loc adv
    [en resumen] in short
    * * *
    f sum;
    en suma in short
    * * *
    suma nf
    1) cantidad: sum, quantity
    2) : addition
    * * *
    suma n sum

    Spanish-English dictionary > suma

  • 118 agallas

    f.pl.
    guts, boldness, valor, courage.
    * * *
    1 familiar courage sing, guts, pluck sing
    2 (anginas) sore throat sing
    * * *
    (n.) = gumption, grit, guts, spunk, pizzazz
    Ex. The blame was not theirs that they were so lacking in gumption.
    Ex. The article 'Money, manure, squeaky wheels, a paucity of grease and possibly grit!' argues that the acquisitions process in academic libraries functions optimally when adequate funds support library needs, local political realities and faculty needs and demands.
    Ex. Well, I happened to inherit a full set of Trollope, and I had the guts to throw it out.
    Ex. In her youth, as in her adult years, she was a person with spunk.
    Ex. I wanted to show them an application which not only was database functional, but which itself had some pizzazz as a website.
    * * *
    (n.) = gumption, grit, guts, spunk, pizzazz

    Ex: The blame was not theirs that they were so lacking in gumption.

    Ex: The article 'Money, manure, squeaky wheels, a paucity of grease and possibly grit!' argues that the acquisitions process in academic libraries functions optimally when adequate funds support library needs, local political realities and faculty needs and demands.
    Ex: Well, I happened to inherit a full set of Trollope, and I had the guts to throw it out.
    Ex: In her youth, as in her adult years, she was a person with spunk.
    Ex: I wanted to show them an application which not only was database functional, but which itself had some pizzazz as a website.

    * * *

    agallas sustantivo femenino plural (fam) ( valor) guts (pl) (colloq);
    ◊ con agallass gutsy (colloq);

    hay que tener agallass it takes guts (colloq)

    ' agallas' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    agalla
    English:
    grit
    - gut
    - spunk
    - guts
    * * *
    agallas npl
    1. (de pez) gills
    2. (valor) guts

    Spanish-English dictionary > agallas

  • 119 almacenar

    v.
    1 to store (guardar) (gen) & (computing).
    Ricardo guardó los juguetes Richard put away the toys.
    2 to collect.
    * * *
    1 to store, warehouse
    2 (acumular) to store up, keep
    * * *
    verb
    * * *
    VT
    1) [como negocio] to store, warehouse
    2) [cliente] to put into storage; [+ víveres] to stock up (with)
    3) (=guardar) to keep, collect; [+ rencor, odio] to store up
    4) (Inform) to store
    * * *
    verbo transitivo <mercancías/datos> to store
    * * *
    = hold, house, keep, place + in storage, save, store, squirrel away, store up, cache.
    Ex. If the search is made with a call number, a summary of copies with that call number which are held by the library is first displayed.
    Ex. The shared systems are run on an IBM 4341 computer housed at BLCMP.
    Ex. Guard book or scrapbook type arrangement, with possibly a loose-leaf format, is suitable for organising and keeping cuttings, letters and other small items.
    Ex. When data of any sort are placed in storage they are filed alphabetically or numerically.
    Ex. Whenever this code is entered, the system saves the document or list of documents being displayed and displays a summary of the documents saved up to that point.
    Ex. The records in a computer data base are structured in order to suit the information that is being stored for various applications.
    Ex. The more which can be digitized, and the more rapidly, the more which then can be squirreled away into atmospherically-controlled & inexpensive archives.
    Ex. Large volumes of water can be stored up for irrigation by erecting an earthen or masonry dam across the lower part of the vally of a river or stream.
    Ex. Previous studies in which squirrels were provisioned with an abundant supply of food found a reduction in the rate of caching.
    ----
    * almacenar en un edificio anexo = outhouse.
    * volver a almacenar = rehouse [re-house].
    * * *
    verbo transitivo <mercancías/datos> to store
    * * *
    = hold, house, keep, place + in storage, save, store, squirrel away, store up, cache.

    Ex: If the search is made with a call number, a summary of copies with that call number which are held by the library is first displayed.

    Ex: The shared systems are run on an IBM 4341 computer housed at BLCMP.
    Ex: Guard book or scrapbook type arrangement, with possibly a loose-leaf format, is suitable for organising and keeping cuttings, letters and other small items.
    Ex: When data of any sort are placed in storage they are filed alphabetically or numerically.
    Ex: Whenever this code is entered, the system saves the document or list of documents being displayed and displays a summary of the documents saved up to that point.
    Ex: The records in a computer data base are structured in order to suit the information that is being stored for various applications.
    Ex: The more which can be digitized, and the more rapidly, the more which then can be squirreled away into atmospherically-controlled & inexpensive archives.
    Ex: Large volumes of water can be stored up for irrigation by erecting an earthen or masonry dam across the lower part of the vally of a river or stream.
    Ex: Previous studies in which squirrels were provisioned with an abundant supply of food found a reduction in the rate of caching.
    * almacenar en un edificio anexo = outhouse.
    * volver a almacenar = rehouse [re-house].

    * * *
    almacenar [A1 ]
    vt
    ‹mercancías› to store; ‹fortuna› to amass; ‹datos/información› to store
    tenían almacenadas enormes cantidades de armas they had huge stockpiles of weapons, they had stockpiled huge quantities of weapons
    * * *

     

    almacenar ( conjugate almacenar) verbo transitivo ‹mercancías/datos› to store
    almacenar verbo transitivo to store
    ' almacenar' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    acaparar
    - mies
    - abastecer
    English:
    house
    - lay up
    - store
    - store away
    - store up
    - stuff away
    - stockpile
    * * *
    1. [mercancías] to store
    2. [reunir] to collect;
    en veinte años han almacenado éxitos y fracasos over twenty years they have notched up both hits and flops
    3. Informát to store
    * * *
    v/t tb
    INFOR store;
    almacenar en disquete save to disk
    * * *
    : to store, to put in storage
    * * *
    almacenar vb to store

    Spanish-English dictionary > almacenar

  • 120 chirriante

    adj.
    screeching, squeaky, scraping, scratchy.
    * * *
    1 squeaky, creaky
    * * *
    * * *
    = grating, screeching, creaking, squeaky [squeakier -comp., squeakiest -sup.], creaky [creakier -comp., creakiest -sup.].
    Ex. An ugly voice, one that is monotonous or grating, weak in power, incomprehensible or strained, is never likely to receive and retain anyone's attention for long.
    Ex. The horrid thing broke out with a screeching laugh, and pointed his brown finger at me.
    Ex. Visitors would be surprised by the loud creaking presses.
    Ex. The article 'Money, manure, squeaky wheels, a paucity of grease and possibly grit!' argues that the acquisitions process in academic libraries functions optimally when adequate funds support library needs, local political realities and faculty needs and demands.
    Ex. With every air-conditioner running at full blast, the city's creaky infrastructure is often stretched beyond the breaking point.
    ----
    * de un modo chirriante = jarringly.
    * * *
    = grating, screeching, creaking, squeaky [squeakier -comp., squeakiest -sup.], creaky [creakier -comp., creakiest -sup.].

    Ex: An ugly voice, one that is monotonous or grating, weak in power, incomprehensible or strained, is never likely to receive and retain anyone's attention for long.

    Ex: The horrid thing broke out with a screeching laugh, and pointed his brown finger at me.
    Ex: Visitors would be surprised by the loud creaking presses.
    Ex: The article 'Money, manure, squeaky wheels, a paucity of grease and possibly grit!' argues that the acquisitions process in academic libraries functions optimally when adequate funds support library needs, local political realities and faculty needs and demands.
    Ex: With every air-conditioner running at full blast, the city's creaky infrastructure is often stretched beyond the breaking point.
    * de un modo chirriante = jarringly.

    * * *
    [ruidoso] screeching; [puerta, madera] creaking; [bisagra, muelles] squeaking

    Spanish-English dictionary > chirriante

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