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  • 81 Biles, Sir John Harvard

    SUBJECT AREA: Ports and shipping
    [br]
    b. 1854 Portsmouth, England
    d. 27 October 1933 Scotland (?)
    [br]
    English naval architect, academic and successful consultant in the years when British shipbuilding was at its peak.
    [br]
    At the conclusion of his apprenticeship at the Royal Dockyard, Portsmouth, Biles entered the Royal School of Naval Architecture, South Kensington, London; as it was absorbed by the Royal Naval College, he graduated from Greenwich to the Naval Construction Branch, first at Pembroke and later at the Admiralty. From the outset of his professional career it was apparent that he had the intellectual qualities that would enable him to oversee the greatest changes in ship design of all time. He was one of the earliest proponents of the revolutionary work of the hydrodynamicist William Froude.
    In 1880 Biles turned to the merchant sector, taking the post of Naval Architect to J. \& G. Thomson (later John Brown \& Co.). Using Froude's Law of Comparisons he was able to design the record-breaking City of Paris of 1887, the ship that started the fabled succession of fast and safe Clyde bank-built North Atlantic liners. For a short spell, before returning to Scotland, Biles worked in Southampton. In 1891 Biles accepted the Chair of Naval Architecture at the University of Glasgow. Working from the campus at Gilmorehill, he was to make the University (the oldest school of engineering in the English-speaking world) renowned in naval architecture. His workload was legendary, but despite this he was admired as an excellent lecturer with cheerful ways which inspired devotion to the Department and the University. During the thirty years of his incumbency of the Chair, he served on most of the important government and international shipping committees, including those that recommended the design of HMS Dreadnought, the ordering of the Cunarders Lusitania and Mauretania and the lifesaving improvements following the Titanic disaster. An enquiry into the strength of destroyer hulls followed the loss of HMS Cobra and Viper, and he published the report on advanced experimental work carried out on HMS Wolf by his undergraduates.
    In 1906 he became Consultant Naval Architect to the India Office, having already set up his own consultancy organization, which exists today as Sir J.H.Biles and Partners. His writing was prolific, with over twenty-five papers to professional institutions, sundry articles and a two-volume textbook.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Knighted 1913. Knight Commander of the Indian Empire 1922. Master of the Worshipful Company of Shipwrights 1904.
    Bibliography
    1905, "The strength of ships with special reference to experiments and calculations made upon HMS Wolf", Transactions of the Institution of Naval Architects.
    1911, The Design and Construction of Ships, London: Griffin.
    Further Reading
    C.A.Oakley, 1973, History of a Facuity, Glasgow University.
    FMW

    Biographical history of technology > Biles, Sir John Harvard

  • 82 Chevenard, Pierre Antoine Jean Sylvestre

    SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy
    [br]
    b. 31 December 1888 Thizy, Rhône, France
    d. 15 August 1960 Fontenoy-aux-Roses, France
    [br]
    French metallurgist, inventor of the alloys Elinvar and Platinite and of the method of strengthening nickel-chromium alloys by a precipitate ofNi3Al which provided the basis of all later super-alloy development.
    [br]
    Soon after graduating from the Ecole des Mines at St-Etienne in 1910, Chevenard joined the Société de Commentry Fourchambault et Decazeville at their steelworks at Imphy, where he remained for the whole of his career. Imphy had for some years specialized in the production of nickel steels. From this venture emerged the first austenitic nickel-chromium steel, containing 6 per cent chromium and 22–4 per cent nickel and produced commercially in 1895. Most of the alloys required by Guillaume in his search for the low-expansion alloy Invar were made at Imphy. At the Imphy Research Laboratory, established in 1911, Chevenard conducted research into the development of specialized nickel-based alloys. His first success followed from an observation that some of the ferro-nickels were free from the low-temperature brittleness exhibited by conventional steels. To satisfy the technical requirements of Georges Claude, the French cryogenic pioneer, Chevenard was then able in 1912 to develop an alloy containing 55–60 per cent nickel, 1–3 per cent manganese and 0.2–0.4 per cent carbon. This was ductile down to −190°C, at which temperature carbon steel was very brittle.
    By 1916 Elinvar, a nickel-iron-chromium alloy with an elastic modulus that did not vary appreciably with changes in ambient temperature, had been identified. This found extensive use in horology and instrument manufacture, and even for the production of high-quality tuning forks. Another very popular alloy was Platinite, which had the same coefficient of thermal expansion as platinum and soda glass. It was used in considerable quantities by incandescent-lamp manufacturers for lead-in wires. Other materials developed by Chevenard at this stage to satisfy the requirements of the electrical industry included resistance alloys, base-metal thermocouple combinations, magnetically soft high-permeability alloys, and nickel-aluminium permanent magnet steels of very high coercivity which greatly improved the power and reliability of car magnetos. Thermostatic bimetals of all varieties soon became an important branch of manufacture at Imphy.
    During the remainder of his career at Imphy, Chevenard brilliantly elaborated the work on nickel-chromium-tungsten alloys to make stronger pressure vessels for the Haber and other chemical processes. Another famous alloy that he developed, ATV, contained 35 per cent nickel and 11 per cent chromium and was free from the problem of stress-induced cracking in steam that had hitherto inhibited the development of high-power steam turbines. Between 1912 and 1917, Chevenard recognized the harmful effects of traces of carbon on this type of alloy, and in the immediate postwar years he found efficient methods of scavenging the residual carbon by controlled additions of reactive metals. This led to the development of a range of stabilized austenitic stainless steels which were free from the problems of intercrystalline corrosion and weld decay that then caused so much difficulty to the manufacturers of chemical plant.
    Chevenard soon concluded that only the nickel-chromium system could provide a satisfactory basis for the subsequent development of high-temperature alloys. The first published reference to the strengthening of such materials by additions of aluminium and/or titanium occurs in his UK patent of 1929. This strengthening approach was adopted in the later wartime development in Britain of the Nimonic series of alloys, all of which depended for their high-temperature strength upon the precipitated compound Ni3Al.
    In 1936 he was studying the effect of what is now known as "thermal fatigue", which contributes to the eventual failure of both gas and steam turbines. He then published details of equipment for assessing the susceptibility of nickel-chromium alloys to this type of breakdown by a process of repeated quenching. Around this time he began to make systematic use of the thermo-gravimetrie balance for high-temperature oxidation studies.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    President, Société de Physique. Commandeur de la Légion d'honneur.
    Bibliography
    1929, Analyse dilatométrique des matériaux, with a preface be C.E.Guillaume, Paris: Dunod (still regarded as the definitive work on this subject).
    The Dictionary of Scientific Biography lists around thirty of his more important publications between 1914 and 1943.
    Further Reading
    "Chevenard, a great French metallurgist", 1960, Acier Fins (Spec.) 36:92–100.
    L.Valluz, 1961, "Notice sur les travaux de Pierre Chevenard, 1888–1960", Paris: Institut de France, Académie des Sciences.
    ASD

    Biographical history of technology > Chevenard, Pierre Antoine Jean Sylvestre

  • 83 Cobbett, William

    [br]
    b. 9 March 1762 Farnham, Surrey, England
    d. 17 June 1835 Guildford, Surrey, England
    [br]
    English political writer and activist; writer on rural affairs, with a particular concern for the conditions of the agricultural worker; a keen experimental farmer who claimed responsibility for the import of Indian maize to Britain.
    [br]
    The son of a smallholder farmer and self-taught surveyor, William Cobbett was brought up to farm work from an early age. In 1783 he took employment as an attorney's clerk in London, but not finding this to his liking he travelled to Chatham with the intention of joining the Navy. A mistake in "taking the King's shilling" found him in an infantry regiment. After a year's training he was sent out to Nova Scotia and quickly gained the rank of sergeant major. On leaving the Army he brought corruption charges against three officers in his regiment, but did not press with the prosecution. England was not to his taste, and he returned to North America with his wife.
    In America Cobbett taught English to the growing French community displaced by the French Revolution. He found American criticism of Britain ill-balanced and in 1796 began to publish a daily newspaper under the title Porcupine's Gazetteer, in which he wrote editorials in defence of Britain. His writings won him little support from the Americans. However, on returning to London in 1800 he was offered, but turned down, the management of a Government newspaper. Instead he began to produce a daily paper called the Porcupine, which was superseded in 1802 by Cobbett's Political Register, this publication continued on a weekly basis until after his death. In 1803 he also began the Parliamentary Debates, which later merged into Hansard, the official report of parliamentary proceedings.
    In 1805 Cobbett took a house and 300-acre (120-hectare) farm in Hampshire, from which he continued to write, but at the same time followed the pursuits he most enjoyed. In 1809 his criticism of the punishment given to mutineers in the militia at Ely resulted in his own imprisonment. On his release in 1812 he decided that the only way to remain an independent publisher was to move back to the USA. He bought a farm at Hampstead, Long Island, New York, and published A Year's Residence in America, which contains, amongst other things, an interesting account of a farmer's year.
    Returning to Britain in the easier political climate of the 1820s, Cobbett bought a small seed farm in Kensington, then outside London. From there he made a number of journeys around the country, publishing accounts of them in his famous Rural Rides. His experiments and advice on the sowing and cultivation of crops, particularly turnips and swedes, and on forestry, were an important mechanism for the spread of ideas within the UK. He also claimed that he was the first to introduce the acacia and Indian maize to Britain. Much of his writing expresses a concern for the rural poor and he was firmly convinced that only parliamentary reform would achieve the changes needed. His political work and writing led to his election as Member of Parlaiment for Oldham in the 1835 election, which followed the Reform Act of 1832. However, by this time his energy was failing rapidly and he died peacefully at Normandy Farm, near Guildford, at the age of 73.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    Cobbett's Observations on Priestley's Emigration, published in 1794, was the first of his pro-British tracts written in America. On the basis of his stay in that country he wrote A Year's Residence in America. His books on agricultural practice included Woodlands (1825) and Treatise on Cobbett's Corn (1828). Dealing with more social problems he wrote an English Grammar for the use of Apprentices, Plough Boys, Soldiers and Sailors in 1818, and Cottage Economy in 1821.
    Further Reading
    Albert Pell, 1902, article in Journal of the Royal Agricultural Society of England 63:1–26 (describes the life and writings of William Cobbett).
    James Sambrook, 1973, William Cobbett, London: Routledge (a more detailed study).
    AP

    Biographical history of technology > Cobbett, William

  • 84 Huygens, Christiaan

    SUBJECT AREA: Horology
    [br]
    b. 14 April 1629 The Hague, the Netherlands
    d. 8 June 1695 The Hague, the Netherlands
    [br]
    Dutch scientist who was responsible for two of the greatest advances in horology: the successful application of both the pendulum to the clock and the balance spring to the watch.
    [br]
    Huygens was born into a cultured and privileged class. His father, Constantijn, was a poet and statesman who had wide interests. Constantijn exerted a strong influence on his son, who was educated at home until he reached the age of 16. Christiaan studied law and mathematics at Ley den University from 1645 to 1647, and continued his studies at the Collegium Arausiacum in Breda until 1649. He then lived at The Hague, where he had the means to devote his time entirely to study. In 1666 he became a Member of the Académie des Sciences in Paris and settled there until his return to The Hague in 1681. He also had a close relationship with the Royal Society and visited London on three occasions, meeting Newton on his last visit in 1689. Huygens had a wide range of interests and made significant contributions in mathematics, astronomy, optics and mechanics. He also made technical advances in optical instruments and horology.
    Despite the efforts of Burgi there had been no significant improvement in the performance of ordinary clocks and watches from their inception to Huygens's time, as they were controlled by foliots or balances which had no natural period of oscillation. The pendulum appeared to offer a means of improvement as it had a natural period of oscillation that was almost independent of amplitude. Galileo Galilei had already pioneered the use of a freely suspended pendulum for timing events, but it was by no means obvious how it could be kept swinging and used to control a clock. Towards the end of his life Galileo described such a. mechanism to his son Vincenzio, who constructed a model after his father's death, although it was not completed when he himself died in 1642. This model appears to have been copied in Italy, but it had little influence on horology, partly because of the circumstances in which it was produced and possibly also because it differed radically from clocks of that period. The crucial event occurred on Christmas Day 1656 when Huygens, quite independently, succeeded in adapting an existing spring-driven table clock so that it was not only controlled by a pendulum but also kept it swinging. In the following year he was granted a privilege or patent for this clock, and several were made by the clockmaker Salomon Coster of The Hague. The use of the pendulum produced a dramatic improvement in timekeeping, reducing the daily error from minutes to seconds, but Huygens was aware that the pendulum was not truly isochronous. This error was magnified by the use of the existing verge escapement, which made the pendulum swing through a large arc. He overcame this defect very elegantly by fitting cheeks at the pendulum suspension point, progressively reducing the effective length of the pendulum as the amplitude increased. Initially the cheeks were shaped empirically, but he was later able to show that they should have a cycloidal shape. The cheeks were not adopted universally because they introduced other defects, and the problem was eventually solved more prosaically by way of new escapements which reduced the swing of the pendulum. Huygens's clocks had another innovatory feature: maintaining power, which kept the clock going while it was being wound.
    Pendulums could not be used for portable timepieces, which continued to use balances despite their deficiencies. Robert Hooke was probably the first to apply a spring to the balance, but his efforts were not successful. From his work on the pendulum Huygens was well aware of the conditions necessary for isochronism in a vibrating system, and in January 1675, with a flash of inspiration, he realized that this could be achieved by controlling the oscillations of the balance with a spiral spring, an arrangement that is still used in mechanical watches. The first model was made for Huygens in Paris by the clockmaker Isaac Thuret, who attempted to appropriate the invention and patent it himself. Huygens had for many years been trying unsuccessfully to adapt the pendulum clock for use at sea (in order to determine longitude), and he hoped that a balance-spring timekeeper might be better suited for this purpose. However, he was disillusioned as its timekeeping proved to be much more susceptible to changes in temperature than that of the pendulum clock.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    FRS 1663. Member of the Académie Royale des Sciences 1666.
    Bibliography
    For his complete works, see Oeuvres complètes de Christian Huygens, 1888–1950, 22 vols, The Hague.
    1658, Horologium, The Hague; repub., 1970, trans. E.L.Edwardes, Antiquarian
    Horology 7:35–55 (describes the pendulum clock).
    1673, Horologium Oscillatorium, Paris; repub., 1986, The Pendulum Clock or Demonstrations Concerning the Motion ofPendula as Applied to Clocks, trans.
    R.J.Blackwell, Ames.
    Further Reading
    H.J.M.Bos, 1972, Dictionary of Scientific Biography, ed. C.C.Gillispie, Vol. 6, New York, pp. 597–613 (for a fuller account of his life and scientific work, but note the incorrect date of his death).
    R.Plomp, 1979, Spring-Driven Dutch Pendulum Clocks, 1657–1710, Schiedam (describes Huygens's application of the pendulum to the clock).
    S.A.Bedini, 1991, The Pulse of Time, Florence (describes Galileo's contribution of the pendulum to the clock).
    J.H.Leopold, 1982, "L"Invention par Christiaan Huygens du ressort spiral réglant pour les montres', Huygens et la France, Paris, pp. 154–7 (describes the application of the balance spring to the watch).
    A.R.Hall, 1978, "Horology and criticism", Studia Copernica 16:261–81 (discusses Hooke's contribution).
    DV

    Biographical history of technology > Huygens, Christiaan

  • 85 Johnson, Eldridge Reeves

    SUBJECT AREA: Recording
    [br]
    b. 18 February 1867 Wilmington, Delaware, USA
    d. 14 November 1945 Moorestown, New Jersey, USA
    [br]
    American industrialist, founder and owner of the Victor Talking Machine Company; developer of many basic constructions in mechanical sound recording and the reproduction and manufacture of gramophone records.
    [br]
    He graduated from the Dover Academy (Delaware) in 1882 and was apprenticed in a machine-repair firm in Philadelphia and studied in evening classes at the Spring Garden Institute. In 1888 he took employment in a small Philadelphia machine shop owned by Andrew Scull, specializing in repair and bookbinding machinery. After travels in the western part of the US, in 1891 he became a partner in Scull \& Johnson, Manufacturing Machinists, and established a further company, the New Jersey Wire Stitching Machine Company. He bought out Andrew Scull's interest in October 1894 (the last instalment being paid in 1897) and became an independent general machinist. In 1896 he had perfected a spring motor for the Berliner flat-disc gramophone, and he started experimenting with a more direct method of recording in a spiral groove: that of cutting in wax. Co-operation with Berliner eventually led to the incorporation of the Victor Talking Machine Company in 1901. The innumerable court cases stemming from the fact that so many patents for various elements in sound recording and reproduction were in very many hands were brought to an end in 1903 when Johnson was material in establishing cross-licencing agreements between Victor, Columbia Graphophone and Edison to create what is known as a patent pool. Early on, Johnson had a thorough experience in all matters concerning the development and manufacture of both gramophones and records. He made and patented many major contributions in all these fields, and his approach was very business-like in that the contribution to cost of each part or process was always a decisive factor in his designs. This attitude was material in his consulting work for the sister company, the Gramophone Company, in London before it set up its own factories in 1910. He had quickly learned the advantages of advertising and of providing customers with durable equipment and records. This motivation was so strong that Johnson set up a research programme for determining the cause of wear in records. It turned out to depend on groove profile, and from 1911 one particular profile was adhered to and processes for transforming the grooves of valuable earlier records were developed. Without precise measuring instruments, he used the durability as the determining factor. Johnson withdrew more and more to the role of manager, and the Victor Talking Machine Company gained such a position in the market that the US anti-trust legislation was used against it. However, a generation change in the Board of Directors and certain erroneous decisions as to product line started a decline, and in February 1926 Johnson withdrew on extended sick leave: these changes led to the eventual sale of Victor. However, Victor survived due to the advent of radio and the electrification of replay equipment and became a part of Radio Corporation of America. In retirement Johnson took up various activities in the arts and sciences and financially supported several projects; his private yacht was used in 1933 in work with the Smithsonian Institution on a deep-sea hydrographie and fauna-collecting expedition near Puerto Rico.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    Johnson's patents were many, and some were fundamental to the development of the gramophone, such as: US patent no. 650,843 (in particular a recording lathe); US patent nos. 655,556, 655,556 and 679,896 (soundboxes); US patent no. 681,918 (making the original conductive for electroplating); US patent no. 739,318 (shellac record with paper label).
    Further Reading
    Mrs E.R.Johnson, 1913, "Eldridge Reeves Johnson (1867–1945): Industrial pioneer", manuscript (an account of his early experience).
    E.Hutto, Jr, "Emile Berliner, Eldridge Johnson, and the Victor Talking Machine Company", Journal of AES 25(10/11):666–73 (a good but brief account based on company information).
    E.R.Fenimore Johnson, 1974, His Master's Voice was Eldridge R.Johnson, Milford, Del.
    (a very personal biography by his only son).
    GB-N

    Biographical history of technology > Johnson, Eldridge Reeves

  • 86 fixed-duration task

    "A task in which the duration is a fixed value and any changes to the work or the assigned units [that is, resources] don't affect the task's duration. This is calculated as follows: Duration x Units = Work."

    English-Arabic terms dictionary > fixed-duration task

  • 87 отчёт

    Syn: см. обозрение
    м.
    1. (о работе и т. п.) report;
    ~ о научной работе report on scientific work;
    балансовый ~ бухг. balance sheet;
    бухгалтерский ~ accounting balance sheet;
    годовой ~ annual report;
    сводный ~ consolidated report;
    статистический ~ returns;
    стенографический ~ a verbatim record;
    финансовый ~ financial report;
    ~ о доходах income statement;
    ~ об изменениях в финансовом положении statement of changes in financial position;
    ~ о прибылях и убытках profit and loss accounts;
    ~ о распределении прибылей statement of appropriation of profit;

    2. (объяснение) account, report;
    отдавать кому-л. ~ в чём-л. give* smb. an account of smth. ;
    требовать ~а demand an explanation;
    брать что-л. под ~ take* smth. that has to be accounted for;
    отдавать себе ~ в чём-л. realize smth. ;
    не отдавая себе ~а not realizing.

    Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > отчёт

  • 88 operate

    ˈɔpəreɪt гл.
    1) а) работать;
    действовать;
    функционировать (чаще всего ≈ о приборах, механизмах и т.д.) Syn: act
    2., work
    3. б) оказывать воздействие, влиять( на кого-л./что-л. ≈ on, upon) He knew how to operate on the opposite party. ≈ Он знал, как повлиять на представителей оппозиционной партии.
    2) давать эффект, действовать (напр., о лекарствах) He had taken purging medicine which had immediately operated. ≈ Он принял слабительное, которое немедленно начало действовать.
    3) осуществлять конкретное действие или цикл однотипных действий а) хир. оперировать (on;
    for) The surgeon operated on her for appendicitis. ≈ Хирург сделал ей операцию по удалению аппендицита. б) фин. производить операции с акциями (покупка, продажа, спекулятивные сделки) в) воен. проводить операцию, осуществлять боевые действия We operated successfully on the coast. ≈ Мы осуществили успешные боевые действия на побережье.
    4) заведовать, управлять The company operated a large foundry. ≈ Компания управляла большим сталелитейным цехом. Syn: manage, conduct
    2.
    5) приводить(ся) в движение;
    запускать(ся), управлять(ся) (о механизме)
    6) разрабатывать, эксплуатировать действовать;
    - to * under a theory действовать на основании какой-л теории;
    - this machinery *s day and night это оборудование работает непрерывно;
    - his mind always *d slowly он всегда медленно соображал оказывать влияние, воздействовать;
    производить действие;
    - different drugs * on different bodily organs различные лекарства оказывают воздействие на различные органы;
    - several causes *d to bring on the war война была вызвана несколькими причинами вызывать, приводить к чему-л;
    - this will * changes in our way of thought это скажется на нашем образе мыслей оперировать, делать операции;
    - to * on smb. оперировать кого-л;
    - to * smth. оперировать по поводу чего-л;
    - to * on the brain делать операцию на мозге;
    - to * on appendicitis оперировать по поводу аппендицита производить операции (стратегические, финансовые) ;
    - to * from (военное) базироваться на;
    - the army *d over a wide area армия действовала на большой территории;
    - this corporation *s in several countries этв корпорация имеет филиалы в нескольких странах приводить в движение, в действие;
    заставлять работать;
    - this engine *s by electricity этот мотор работает на электричестве управлять;
    - to * a mashine управлять станком;
    - can you * a car? вы умеете водить машину? управлять, заведовать;
    - to * a factory управлять фабрикой разрабатывать, эксплуатировать operate вести операции на бирже ~ действовать ~ иметь юридическое действие, иметь юридическую силу ~ иметь юридическое действие ~ иметь юридическую силу ~ оказывать влияние, действовать (on, upon) ~ хир. оперировать (on) ~ приводить(ся) в движение;
    управлять(ся) ;
    to operate a car водить машину ~ приводить в движение ~ производить операции (стратегические, финансовые) ~ производить операции ~ работать;
    действовать;
    to operate under a theory действовать на основании (какой-л.) теории ~ работать ~ разрабатывать, эксплуатировать ~ разрабатывать ~ спекулировать ~ управлять, заведовать ~ управлять ~ эксплуатировать ~ приводить(ся) в движение;
    управлять(ся) ;
    to operate a car водить машину ~ in the black работать с прибылью ~ in the red работать с убытком to ~ on one's own действовать на свой страх и риск ~ работать;
    действовать;
    to operate under a theory действовать на основании( какой-л.) теории

    Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > operate

  • 89 place

    pleɪs
    1. сущ.
    1) а) место to give place to ≈ уступить место( кому-л.) to take the place of ≈ занять( чье-л.) место, заместить( кого-л.) Syn: site б) сиденье, место ( в автомобиле, за столом и т. п.) to engage places, secure places ≈ заказать билеты в) место в книге, страница, отрывок, пассаж
    2) а) площадь (часто в названиях, напр., Gloucester Place) б) жилище, усадьба, загородный дом;
    резиденция Come down to my place tonight. ≈ Приходи ко мне сегодня вечером. summer place ≈ летняя резиденция в) город, местечко, селение What place do you come from? ≈ Откуда вы родом?
    3) а) должность, место, положение, служба б) спорт одно из первых мест (в состязании) to get a place ≈ прийти к финишу в числе первых
    4) горн. забой
    5) мат. разряд после десятичной точки calculated to six decimal places ≈ с точностью до шестой цифры после запятой ∙ another place ≈ палата лордов in the first place ≈ во-первых in the second place ≈ во-вторых in the next place ≈ затем
    2. гл.
    1) а) помещать, размещать;
    класть, ставить The notice was placed above the door, and I didn't see it. ≈ Объявление было приклеено над дверью, так что я его не заметил. б) помещать, отдавать, посылать( куда-л.) Your suggestion will be placed before the board of directors at their next meeting. ≈ Ваше предложение будет рассмотрено на следующем заседаниии советам директоров. We must make sure to place the children in the right school. ≈ Надо позаботиться о том, чтобы отдать детей в хорошую школу. в) помещать, вкладывать деньги, капитал;
    делать, размещать заказ I wish to place some money in this bank. ≈ Я хочу вложить деньги в этот банк. place a call г) возлагать (надежду, ответственность и т. п.) Why are you trying to place the blame on me? ≈ Почему ты пытаешься свалить вину на меня?
    2) а) определять на должность, устраивать;
    занять (какое-л.) место Who has been placed in charge during the director's absence? ≈ Кого назначили замещать директора в его отсутствие? б) спорт присудить одно из первых мест в) находиться в определенном положении;
    поставить в определенное положение What an awkward position I'm now placed in! ≈ В каком же глупом положении я сейчас оказался!
    3) а) считать, причислять;
    оценивать б) прикидывать, определять примерно (местоположение, дату и т. д.), соотносить( что-л. с чем-л.) I placed her age at
    33. ≈ Я бы дал ей 33 года.
    4) продавать, сбывать (товар и т. п.) ∙ place aside place back place before place out Syn: happen to place one's cards on the table ≈ раскрыть свои карты to place a construction on ≈ по-своему понимать, интерпретировать Make sure that you don't place the wrong construction on his remark. ≈ Будьте внимательны, чтобы не понять его превратно. to place smth. on one side ≈ отложить to place in jeopardy ≈ поставить под угрозу to place oneself in smb.'s position/shoes ≈ поставить кого-л. на чье-л. место Place yourself in my position, and then perhaps you'll stop complaining. ≈ Станьте на мое место и тогда вы перестанете жаловаться. to place a call to ≈ заказать разговор по телефону место - some * где-то - some *, some time где-нибудь, когда-нибудь - starting * (спортивное) центральный круг - jumping * (спортивное) сектор для прыжков - landing * (спортивное) место соскока;
    (авиация) место приземления - turnback * место поворота (велоспорт) - reporting * (спортивное) место сбора спортсменов - I can't be at two *s at once я не могу быть в двух местах одновременно - this would be a good * for us to picnic это хорошее место для пикника место, город, местечко;
    (населенный) пункт - holy *s святые места - from * to * с места на место - to move from * to * переезжать с места на место - to come to a * прибыть в какой-л. пункт /куда-л./ - it is a quiet * это тихое местечко /-ий городок/ - London is a noisy * Лондон - шумный город - Bath is a very hot * in summer летом в Бате очень жарко - N. is a great * for oysters в N. отлично ловятся устрицы - what * do you come from? откуда вы родом? - * of arrival место прибытия место, точка на поверхности;
    участок - a wet * on the floor мокрое пятно на полу - a rough * on the road скверный участок дороги - bad /raw, tender, sore/ * больное место, болячка - show me the sore * on your arm покажите, где /в каком месте/ у вас болит рука обычное, привычное, отведенное место - in * на месте;
    уместный - everything in its * все на месте - to put a book (back) in its * поставить книгу на место - to put smth. in the wrong * поставить /положить/ что-л. не на место - he would be very much in * as a journalist ему бы очень подошло быть журналистом - the proposal is not quite in * это предложение не совсем уместно - out of * не на месте;
    неуместный - the book is out of (its) place книга не на (своем) месте - to look (sadly) out of * быть удивительно неуместным /неподходящим/ - remark out of * неуместное замечание - familiarity is quite out of * фамильярность здесь совсем неуместна - to give * to smb., smth. уступить место кому-л., чему-л. - his anger gave * to a feeling of pity его гнев уступил место жалости - to take the * of smth. заменить что-л. - electricity took the * of candles на смену свечам пришло электричество сиденье, место (в классе, за столом, в поезде и т. п.) - to book /to engage, to secure/ *s заказать билеты - to change *s with smb. обменяться с кем-л. местами - go back to your * садитесь на свое место - there is no * for you для вас нет места - would you like to take my *? не хотите ли сесть на мое место? - six *s were laid стол был накрыт на шесть персон место в книге;
    страница;
    отрывок - to find one's * найти нужное место в книге - put smth. to mark the * заложите чем-л. это место - the author repeats that in another * автор повторяет это в другом месте - I've lost my * я не помню, до какого места я дочитал /где я остановился/ место, пространство - * and time пространство и время - you must find * for this bookcase вы должны найти место для этого книжного шкафа - fear can have no * in his heart в его сердце нет места страху существенное место;
    важная роль - sports never had a * in his life спорт никогда не занимал важного места в его жизни подходящий момент, ситуация - this isn't a * to talk about one's private affairs здесь не место обсуждать свои личные дела (P.) в названиях: площадь;
    небольшая улица, тупик;
    имение - Woburn P. Уоборн-плейс - Penhurst P. имение /усадьба/ Пенхерст здание, помещение, место и т. п. специального назначения - * of amusement место развлечений - * of residence место жительства - * of business контора - * of resort место отдыха - * of worship молитвенный дом - * of joining (военное) призывной пункт - public * общественное здание, учреждение и т. п. дом, жилище - come round to my * tonight заходите ко мне вечерком - you can all come and lunch at our * вы все можете у нас позавтракать - all over the * везде, по всему дому - he leaves his things all over the * он разбрасывает свои вещи по всей квартире - they are looking for you all over the * вас ищут по всему дому имение, загородный дом - he has a * in Hempshire у него имение в Гемпшире - he has a nice little * in the country у него хорошенький загородный домик( устаревшее) укрепление должность, место, служба - out of a * безработный - a * at court придворная должность - the * of President должность президента - to take smb.'s * заменять кого-л.;
    занять чье-л. место - to fill smb.'s * заменять кого-л. - he has got a * in the Custom House он получил место на таможне - he worked ten years in his last * на последнем месте он проработал десять лет - has he got a * yet? нашел ли он себе работу /место/? высокая государственная должность;
    ответственная должность, высокий пост - hunting after *s погоня за должностями членство, участие( в спортивной команде) - a * in the Oxford boat участие /членство/ в гребной команде Оксфордского университета (тк. в ед. ч.) дело, право, обязанность - it is not my * to corret his errors не мое дело исправлять его ошибки положение, статус - high *s высший свет - to attain a high * достичь высокого положения - to know /to keep/ one's * знать свое место - to put smb. in his (proper) * поставить кого-л. на место - his * among physicists is in the front rank он занимает видное место среди физиков - his name has taken its * /has found a */ in history его имя вошло в историю (спортивное) второе или третье призовое место (американизм) второе место (на скачках) (горное) забой, выработка (математика) разряд - decimal * разряд десятичной дроби - to calculate to five decimal *s вычислить с точностью до одной стотысячной (астрономия) местонахождение( небесного тела) > another * (парламентское) палата лордов > in * of вместо > in the first * во-первых;
    прежде всего;
    первым делом;
    вообще > he shouldn't be here in the first * ему вообще здесь делать нечего > in the second * во-вторых > in the next * затем > to take * случаться, иметь место > changes have taken * произошли изменения > it took * ten years ago это случилось десять лет тому назад > the marriage will not take * этот брак не состоится > to have /to find/ * иметь место > to go *s достичь успеха > to have a soft * in one's heart for smb. питать к кому-л. слабость > the place where you cough уборная, туалет > one's * in the sun место под солнцем > there is no * like home в гостях хорошо, а дома лучше ставить, помещать;
    размещать - to * a cake in the oven поставить пирог в духовку - to * a board edgeways поставить доску на ребро - to * sentries расставить часовых - to * in the clearest light полностью осветить (вопрос, положение и т. п.) - to * in jeopardy поставить под угрозу - to * no restrictions on smth. не устанавливать каких-л. ограничений на что-л. - to * a question on the agenda поставить вопрос на повестку дня - to * on /in/ orbit выводить на орбиту;
    (военное) размещать на орбите - to * the bar (спортивное) установить планку (для прыжков) - to * a seal to a document приложить печать к документу - to * in inverted commas поставить в кавычки - to * down the weight опустить штангу (тяжелая атлетика) - to * oneself on all fours переходить в партер (борьба) - to * on the defensive( военное) вынуждать( противника) перейти к обороне помещать, отдавать (куда-л.) - to * a child under smb.'s care отдать ребенка на чье-л. попечение - to * a child for adoption отдать ребенка на усыновление - to * in reserve( военное) выделять в резерв - to * smb., smth. in /at/ smb.'s service отдать /выделить/ кого-л., что-л. в чье-л. распоряжение - he *d his car in our service он отдал /предоставил/ свой автомобиль в наше распоряжение - to * oneself under smb.'s orders поступить в чье-л. распоряжение - to * a matter in smb.'s hands отдать дело в чьи-л. руки - I * my fate in your hands я отдаю свою судьбу в ваши руки - to * under the command (of) (военное) подчинять, передавать в подчинение определять на должность;
    ставить на приход( священника) - to * smb. in an office устроить кого-л. в учреждение - to * smb. in a good situation устроить кого-л. на хорошую должность - to * smb. in command поставить кого-л. во главе - I am placing you in charge вы будете старшим - he has been *d at the head of the department его поставили во главе /начальником/ отдела помещать, вкладывать деньги (тж. * out) - to * one's money to the best advantage наилучшим образом поместить свои деньги - to * an amount to smb.'s credit положить сумму на чей-л. счет делать, помещать заказ - to * an order with smb. for goods поместить заказ у кого-л. /у какой-л. фирмы/ на какие-л. товары - to * a call (американизм) заказать разговор по телефону - the French Government *d orders in England французское правительство поместило заказы в Англии договориться об издании книги, постановке пьесы и т. п. - to * a play пристроить пьесу - he *d his book with a publisher он договорился об издании своей книги продавать товары, акации - difficult to * плохо продается, плохо идет (in, on) возлагать (надежды и т. п.) - to * importance on smth. придавать значение чему-л. - to * pressure on /upon/ smb. оказывать давление на кого-л. - to * confidence in /reliance upon/ smb. довериться кому-л. - no confidence could be *d in any of the twelve judges из двенадцати судей нельзя было верить ни одному определять местоположение или дату;
    соотносить (с чем-л.) - to try to * the spot where Caesar landed пытаться определить то место, где высадился Цезарь - to * a manuscript датировать рукопись - the manuscript is *d not later than the tenth century установлено, что рукопись относится к десятому веку, не позже - I know his face but I cannot * him мне знакомо его лицо, но я не могу вспомнить, где я его видел /кто он такой и т. п./ - he could not * her particular peculiarities of pronunciation он не мог установить, в чем особенности ее произношения - he is a difficult man to * трудно определить, что он из себя представляет считать, причислять;
    оценивать - as a poet I * him among the first как поэта я считаю его одним из первых (спортивное) определять занятые места в соревновании (спортивное) присудить второе или третье призовое место (американизм) (спортивное) присудить второе место (на скачках) занять (какое-л.) место (на конкурсе, выборах и т. п.) - he campaigned for 10 weeks and * fifth он проводил предвыборную кампанию десять недель и вышел на пятое место pass занимать определенное положение - to be well *d занимать хорошее положение находиться в определенном положении - to be awkwardly *d находиться в неудобном положении - I explained to him how I was *d я объяснил ему, в каком я нахожусь положении, я объяснил ему ситуацию (американизм) (разговорное) повысить голос( в разговоре, пении) > to * a construction on smth., smb. по-своему понимать, интепретировать что-л., кого-л. > what construction am I to * on that? как прикажете это понимать? > to * one's cards on the table раскрыть свои карты ~ спорт. присудить одно из первых мест;
    to be placed прийти к финишу в числе первых трех burial ~ место захоронения place мат.: calculated to five decimal places с точностью до одной стотысячной ~ жилище;
    усадьба;
    загородный дом;
    резиденция;
    summer place летняя резиденция;
    come down to my place tonight приходи ко мне сегодня вечером ~ сиденье, место (в экипаже, за столом и т. п.) ;
    six places were laid стол был накрыт на шесть приборов;
    to engage (или to secure) places заказать билеты free ~ свободное место ~ спорт. одно из первых мест (в состязании) ;
    to get a place прийти к финишу в числе первых ~ место;
    to give place (to smb.) уступить место (кому-л.) ;
    to take the place( of smb.) занять (чье-л.) место, заместить (кого-л.) in ~ на месте in ~ уместный ~ горн. забой;
    in place of вместо;
    in the first (in the second) place вопервых (во-вторых) ;
    in the next place затем ~ горн. забой;
    in place of вместо;
    in the first (in the second) place вопервых (во-вторых) ;
    in the next place затем to keep (smb.) in his ~ не давать (кому-л.) зазнаваться;
    to take place случаться, иметь место ~ положение, должность, место, служба;
    to know one's place знать свое место;
    out of place безработный ~ положение, должность, место, служба;
    to know one's place знать свое место;
    out of place безработный out of ~ не на месте out of ~ неуместный parking ~ место для стоянки place мат.: calculated to five decimal places с точностью до одной стотысячной ~ возлагать (надежды и т. п.) ;
    to place confidence (in smb.) довериться (кому-л.) ~ выпускать на рынок ~ город, местечко, селение;
    what place do you come from? откуда вы родом? ~ город ~ делать заказ;
    to place a call амер. заказать разговор по телефону ~ жилище;
    усадьба;
    загородный дом;
    резиденция;
    summer place летняя резиденция;
    come down to my place tonight приходи ко мне сегодня вечером ~ жилище ~ горн. забой;
    in place of вместо;
    in the first (in the second) place вопервых (во-вторых) ;
    in the next place затем ~ спорт. занять одно из призовых мест ~ класть деньги на счет ~ кредитовать ~ место;
    to give place (to smb.) уступить место (кому-л.) ;
    to take the place (of smb.) занять (чье-л.) место, заместить (кого-л.) ~ место ~ место в книге, страница, отрывок ~ населенный пункт ~ спорт. одно из первых мест (в состязании) ;
    to get a place прийти к финишу в числе первых ~ определять место, положение, дату;
    относить к определенным обстоятельствам ~ определять на должность ~ площадь (в названиях, напр., Gloucester P.) ~ положение, должность, место, служба;
    to know one's place знать свое место;
    out of place безработный ~ помещать, размещать;
    ставить, класть;
    to place in the clearest light полностью осветить (вопрос, положение и т. п.) ~ помещать ~ помещать деньги, капитал ~ помещать на должность, устраивать ~ спорт. присудить одно из первых мест;
    to be placed прийти к финишу в числе первых трех ~ продавать вновь выпущенные ценные бумаги ~ размещать денежные средства ~ размещать ценные бумаги ~ сбывать (товар) ~ сиденье, место (в экипаже, за столом и т. п.) ;
    six places were laid стол был накрыт на шесть приборов;
    to engage (или to secure) places заказать билеты ~ делать заказ;
    to place a call амер. заказать разговор по телефону ~ возлагать (надежды и т. п.) ;
    to place confidence (in smb.) довериться (кому-л.) ~ in bond размещать облигации на рынке ~ in solitary confinement подвергать одиночному заключению ~ in solitary confinement помещать в одиночную камеру ~ помещать, размещать;
    ставить, класть;
    to place in the clearest light полностью осветить (вопрос, положение и т. п.) ~ of arms воен. плацдарм ~ of arrival пункт прибытия ~ of birth место рождения ~ of business местонахождение предприятия ~ of business местонахождение фирмы ~ of death место смерти ~ of disembarkation место выгрузки ~ of disembarkation место высадки ~ of domicile постоянное место жительства ~ of embarkation место погрузки ~ of embarkation место посадки ~ of employment место работы ~ of employment место службы ~ of entertainment увеселительное заведение ~ of insurance место страхования ~ of issue место выпуска ~ of operation место деятельности ~ of payment место платежа ~ of performance место деятельности ~ of performance местонахождение фирмы ~ of performance of contract место исполнения договора ~ of redemption место погашения ~ of registration место регистрации ~ of residence место жительства ~ of settlement место заключения сделки ~ of shipment место погрузки ~ of signature место подписи ~ of work место работы ~ on equal footing ставить в равные условия ~ on register вносить в список ~ on register регистрировать ~ to account вносить на счет public ~ государственная должность scrolling to distant ~ вчт. прокрутка до нужного места ~ сиденье, место (в экипаже, за столом и т. п.) ;
    six places were laid стол был накрыт на шесть приборов;
    to engage (или to secure) places заказать билеты ~ жилище;
    усадьба;
    загородный дом;
    резиденция;
    summer place летняя резиденция;
    come down to my place tonight приходи ко мне сегодня вечером to keep (smb.) in his ~ не давать (кому-л.) зазнаваться;
    to take place случаться, иметь место take ~ происходить take ~ случаться take: to ~ place случаться;
    to take shelter укрыться;
    to take a shot выстрелить ~ место;
    to give place (to smb.) уступить место (кому-л.) ;
    to take the place (of smb.) занять (чье-л.) место, заместить (кого-л.) there is no ~ like home = в гостях хорошо, а дома лучше;
    another place парл. палата лордов training ~ место обучения training ~ место прохождения практики ~ город, местечко, селение;
    what place do you come from? откуда вы родом?

    Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > place

  • 90 supposed

    səˈpəuzd прил.
    1) воображаемый, мнимый
    2) предполагаемый It was supposed to rain. ≈ Думали, что пойдет дождь. She was supposed to work today. ≈ Она должна была работать сегодня. мнимый, воображаемый - her * brother ее мнимый брат - the * beggar who was really a policeman in disguise мнимый нищий, который в действительности был переодетым полицейским - a * case гипотетический случай предполагаемый - the * site of an ancient temple предполагаемое местоположение старинного храма - the * changes предполагаемые перемены /изменения/ - we relied on his * generosity мы рассчитывали на его пресловутую щедрость supposed p. p. от suppose ~ мнимый ~ предполагаемый

    Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > supposed

  • 91 whereas

    wɛərˈæz союз
    1) вводит уступительные и противопоставительные предложения тогда как;
    несмотря на то, что
    2) (в преамбулах официальных документов) принимая во внимание, поскольку вступительная часть официального документа, преамбула ограничительное положение, оговорка, условие - a statement diluted with various *es заявление, изобилующее различными оговорками вводит предложения со значением противопоставления или контраста: тогда как, в то время как;
    а - he was spending all his time on teaching, * he yearned to do research work у него все время уходило на преподавание, в то время как он мечтал об исследовательской работе - she is always ailing, * he is never ill она всегда болеет, а он всегда здоров вводит предложения, имеющие уступительное значение;
    хотя, несмотря на то, что - * it is dangerous to draw conclusions, one cannot avoid being struck with some changes хотя опасно делать выводы, но некоторые изменения не могут не вызвать удивления в преамбулах договоров, соглашений, законов и т. п.: принимая во внимание whereas cj несмотря на то, что ~ cj (в преамбулах официальных документов) принимая во внимание, поскольку ~ принимая во внимание, поскольку (в мотивировочной части) ~ cj тогда как

    Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > whereas

  • 92 material

    1. [məʹtı(ə)rıəl] n
    1. 1) материал, вещество

    materials handling - а) тех. обработка материалов (тж. material processing); б) погрузка-разгрузка сыпучих материалов

    2) материал; кадры

    the schools are not producing enough good material - школы выпускают недостаточно подготовленных кадров

    2. 1) данные, факты, материал

    illustrative material - иллюстративный материал, примеры

    reference material - справочный материал, наглядные пособия

    to collect material for a literary work [for a report] - собирать материал для художественного произведения [для доклада]

    he is looking for material for a TV programme - он ищет материал для телевизионной передачи

    we have enough material against him - мы собрали достаточно материала на него

    2) тема

    material for thought - материал /тема/ для размышлений

    3. текст. ткань, материя (тж. dress material)
    4. pl принадлежности
    2. [məʹtı(ə)rıəl] a
    1. материальный, вещественный
    2. телесный, плотский, физический; материальный ( не духовный)

    material pleasures - плотские /чувственные/ удовольствия /радости/

    to have enough for one's material needs - иметь достаточно для удовлетворения своих физических потребностей

    3. имущественный, денежный; материальный, относящийся к средствам существования
    4. существенный, важный, значительный

    material to smb., smth. - существенный, имеющий значение для кого-л., чего-л.

    facts which are not material to the point in question - несущественные факты, факты, не имеющие отношения к разбираемому вопросу

    material evidence - юр. а) существенные показания; б) вещественные доказательства

    material issue - юр. существенное возражение

    material witness - важный свидетель; свидетель, показания которого имеют существенное значение

    he has been of material service to me - он оказал мне важную /значительную/ услугу

    we must make material changes in our plan - нам придётся внести существенные /коренные, важные/ изменения в наш план

    НБАРС > material

  • 93 see

    I [si:] n церк.
    1. епархия
    2. престол
    3. чин епископа
    4. папство

    ♢ the Holy See, the See of Rome - папский престол

    II [si:] v (saw; seen)
    I
    1. видеть

    to see well [poorly] - видеть хорошо [плохо]

    cats see well at night - кошки хорошо видят ночью /в темноте/

    he can't see - он не видит, он слепой

    I looked but saw nothing - я посмотрел, но ничего не увидел

    2. 1) смотреть, видеть

    to see a play [a film] - смотреть пьесу [фильм]

    I saw an interesting story the other day - на днях мне попался на глаза интересный рассказ

    have you seen today's paper? - вы видели сегодняшнюю газету?

    did you see about her death in the paper? - вы читали извещение о её смерти в газетах?

    let me see that letter - покажите мне это письмо, разрешите взглянуть на это письмо

    to see smth. with one's own eyes - видеть что-л. собственными глазами

    all this took place in the street, where all could see - всё это произошло на улице на глазах у всех

    he is not fit to be seen - он в таком виде, что не может показаться на людях

    what sort of man is he to see? - какой он на вид?

    see, here he comes! - смотри /видишь/, вот он идёт!

    2) справляться, смотреть
    3. представлять себе

    to see things wrong - неправильно судить о чём-л.

    as I see it - как мне это представляется /кажется/

    4. находить, обнаруживать

    I can see no faults in him - я не вижу /не нахожу/ в нём никаких недостатков

    I see no alternative /no way out/ - я не вижу иного пути /выхода/

    I don't know what you can see in her - я не знаю, что вы в ней находите

    5. понимать, сознавать

    to see a joke [the meaning, a point in discussion] - понимать шутку [смысл, суть спора]

    he can't see a joke - он не понимает шуток, у него нет чувства юмора

    I see what you mean - я понимаю, что ты имеешь в виду /что ты хочешь сказать/

    I see what you are driving at - я понимаю, к чему вы клоните

    now do you see? - теперь вам понятно?

    I see! - понимаю!, ясно!

    see? - разг. понятно?

    that is easy to see - это легко /нетрудно/ понять

    don't /can't/ you see I'm tired? - ты не понимаешь, что я устал?

    it's like this, you see - видите ли, дело обстоит так

    I see that you have changed your mind - я вижу, что вы передумали

    see what you've done! - посмотри, что ты наделал!

    see what courage can do! - вот что значит мужество!

    to see for oneself - убедиться (в чём-л.) самому

    go and see for yourself if you don't believe me - если вы мне не верите, пойдите убедитесь сами

    I can't see the good of it! - к чему это?

    not to see the use [the good, the advantage] of doing smth. - сомневаться в целесообразности [в пользе, в преимуществе] чего-л.

    I don't see the use of crying - бесполезно плакать; напрасно (вы) плачете

    6. испытывать, переживать (что-л.); сталкиваться (с чем-л.)

    he has seen a good deal in his (long) life - он немало повидал /испытал/ на своём веку

    I have seen war at close quarters - я на себе испытал, что такое война

    to have seen better days - а) знавать лучшие времена; обеднеть; б) поизноситься, поистрепаться, потерять свежесть ( о вещи)

    the nineteenth century saw the rise of our literature - девятнадцатый век был свидетелем расцвета нашей литературы

    7. видеться, встречаться

    I haven't seen you for /in/ ages - я вас не видел целую вечность

    when shall I see you again? - когда мы опять встретимся?

    see you on Thursday! - до четверга!

    I shall see you again soon, амер. I'll be seeing you - до скорой встречи

    8. узнавать; выяснять

    see who it is - посмотри /узнай/, кто это

    see if the postman has come - посмотрите /узнайте/, не пришёл ли почтальон

    I don't know but I'll see - я не знаю, но я пойду и выясню

    see if you can get an evening paper - пойди узнай, нельзя ли достать вечернюю газету

    I see in the papers that... - из газет я узнал /в газетах пишут/, что...

    9. обдумывать

    I'll see what can be done - я подумаю /посмотрю/, что можно сделать

    see what you can do - подумайте, что можно сделать

    will you come to dinner tomorrow? - Well, I'll see - вы придёте завтра обедать? - Я подумаю /Может быть, там видно будет/

    well, we'll see - посмотрим, подумаем, там видно будет

    that remains to be seen, we shall see - (это) ещё неизвестно, время покажет

    let me see - постойте, подождите, дайте подумать

    let me see, what was I saying? - подождите /постойте/, о чём это я говорил?

    now, then, let's see - ну (ладно), теперь посмотрим

    10. осматривать, освидетельствовать (тж. see over)

    to see a flat before taking it - осмотреть квартиру прежде, чем переехать в неё

    to have smb. see one's work - попросить кого-л. посмотреть работу

    I want you to see my new coat - я хочу, чтобы вы посмотрели моё новое пальто

    the doctor ought to see him at once - доктор должен сейчас же его осмотреть

    11. редк. допускать, разрешать

    you cannot see your sister starve without trying to help her - вы ведь не допустите, чтобы ваша сестра голодала, и попытаетесь помочь ей

    12. карт. принимать вызов
    II А
    1. осматривать ( достопримечательности)

    to see the sights [the town] - осматривать достопримечательности [достопримечательности города]

    Americans manage to see Oxford in a few hours - американцы ухитряются осмотреть Оксфорд за несколько часов

    2. 1) обращаться (за советом, консультацией и т. п.)

    to see a doctor [a lawyer] - обращаться (за советом) к врачу [к юристу]

    you ought to see a doctor immediately - вам бы следовало немедленно обратиться к /показаться/ врачу

    I must see a lawyer about filing my suit - мне нужно посоветоваться с юристом о передаче дела в суд

    I wanted to see you on business - я хотел поговорить /посоветоваться/ с вами по делу

    2) принимать, быть на приёме (по делу и т. п.)

    to refuse to see smb. - отказаться принять кого-л.

    3. амер. предоставлять ( слово)

    I see Mr. Brown - слово предоставляется господину Брауну

    II Б
    1. to see about smth. позаботиться, подумать о чём-л.; проследить, присмотреть за чем-л.

    to see about a house [dinner] - позаботиться о жилье [об обеде]

    I must see about a new curtain for this room - мне нужно подумать о новой шторе для этой комнаты

    who will see about the tickets? - кто позаботится о билетах?

    I'll see about it - а) я этим займусь, это я беру на себя; б) я подумаю /посмотрю/

    2. to see to smth., smb. следить, присматривать за чем-л., кем-л., заботиться о чём-л., ком-л.

    to see to the house - следить за домом, вести домашнее хозяйство

    I'll see to the tickets - а) я займусь билетами; б) я возьму на себя расходы, я оплачу билеты

    I shall see to it - я этим займусь, я это беру на себя

    next morning he came in to see to Martha - на следующее утро он зашёл, чтобы присмотреть за Мартой

    3. to see after smb., smth.
    1) ухаживать, присматривать за кем-л., чем-л.

    who will see after the house when you are gone? - кто присмотрит за домом, когда вы уедете?

    2) заботиться о ком-л., чём-л.

    to see after one's own [smb.'s] interests - заботиться о своих [о чьих-л.] интересах

    4. to see about doing smth. проследить за тем, чтобы что-л. было сделано

    to see about packing [ordering a car] - позаботиться о том, чтобы вещи были уложены [чтобы заказать машину]

    you must see about getting him a coat - вы должны позаботиться, чтобы у него было пальто

    5. to see smb. to some place провожать, сопровождать кого-л. куда-л.

    to see smb. home [to the door, as far as the station] - провожать кого-л. домой [до двери, до станции]

    to see smb. into a train [on board a ship] - посадить кого-л. на поезд [на пароход]

    6. to see into smth.
    1) изучать что-л.; разбираться в чём-л.

    to see into a matter [an affair] - изучать какой-л. вопрос [какое-л. дело]

    2) всматриваться, проникать взором во что-л.

    to see into smb.'s motives - разгадать чьи-л. замыслы

    7. to see ( to it) that посмотреть, проследить за тем, чтобы что-л. было сделано

    see to it that the things are packed by three o'clock - последи за тем, чтобы всё было уложено к 3 часам

    you must see to it that the children are fed properly - вам следует позаботиться о том, чтобы детей хорошо кормили

    I'll see (to it) that nothing goes wrong [that nothing has been neglected] - я позабочусь, чтобы всё было в порядке [чтобы ничего не забыли]

    see that he comes in time - позаботьтесь, чтобы он пришёл вовремя

    you will see that he has all he needs - вы должны позаботиться, чтобы у него было всё необходимое

    8. to see smth. done сделать что-л., постараться, чтобы что-л. было сделано

    to see smth. rebuilt [changed] - перестроить [изменить] что-л.

    the house that I should like to see rebuilt - дом, который мне хотелось бы перестроить

    9. to go /to come, to call/ and see smb., to go /to come, to call/ to see smb. навещать кого-л., приходить к кому-л.

    go and see him - зайди к нему, навести его

    10. to see across smth. переводить, провожать (через улицу и т. п.)

    ask a grown-up person to see you across the road - попроси кого-нибудь из взрослых перевести тебя через улицу

    ♢

    see here! - амер. послушай(те)!

    wait and see! - увидите!, вы ещё увидите!

    as far as I can see, from what I can see - по моим соображениям, как мне представляется

    to see life /the world/ - а) приобрести жизненный опыт; б) сл. веселиться, кутить

    to see visions - быть ясновидящим /провидцем/

    to see the back of smb. - отделаться от кого-л.; избавиться от чьего-л. присутствия

    to see the last of smth., smb. - покончить с чем-л., с кем-л., отделаться от чего-л., от кого-л.

    I shall be glad to see the last of this job - я буду рад отделаться от этой работы

    I hope we have seen the last of him - надеюсь, что мы от него отделались

    to see through a brick wall - видеть насквозь; ≅ видеть на три аршина в землю

    to see one's way to do /doing/ smth. - видеть возможность сделать что-л.

    can't see my way to get the book - не вижу возможности /не знаю, как/ достать эту книгу

    see you in church - амер. сл. до скорого!, пока!

    (he) saw you coming - ≅ простофиля за версту виден

    to see smb. about his business - прогнать /вышвырнуть/ кого-л., избавиться от кого-л.

    НБАРС > see

  • 94 shift

    1. [ʃıft] n
    1. 1) перемещение, перестановка, перенос

    population shift - а) миграция населения, переселение; б) (принудительное) перемещение населения; the plant wants a shift - растение нужно пересадить

    2) перемена; смена

    shift of clothes - переодевание, смена одежды

    2. 1) изменение; сдвиг

    shift of fashion - прихоти /капризы/ моды

    2) лингв. сдвиг, передвижение, перебой

    consonant shift - передвижение согласных, перебой согласных

    shift of stress /of accent/ - перемещение /перенос, сдвиг/ ударения

    shift of meaning - изменение /сдвиг/ значения

    3. 1) уловка, нечестный приём

    it would be endless to recount his shifts - перечень его уловок был бы бесконечным

    2) средство, способ

    to put /to drive, to reduce/ smb. to desperate shifts - довести кого-л. до крайности, вынудить кого-л. пойти на отчаянные меры

    3) редк. изворотливость

    it needs endless shift and ingenuity - это требует бесконечной изворотливости и изобретательности

    4. 1) смена ( группа рабочих)
    2) смена, рабочий день

    day [night] shift - дневная [ночная] смена

    5. 1) «рубашка», неотрезное платье ( чаще без пояса)
    2) арх. женская сорочка
    6. муз. перемена позиции ( при игре на струнных инструментах)
    7. тех.
    1) переключение (скорости и т. п.)

    shift lever - авт. рычаг переключения передач

    2) перевод ( ремня)
    8. эл. сдвиг фаз
    9. геол. косое смещение
    10. спец.
    1) сдвиг ( почвы)
    2) передвижение ( песков)
    11. воен. перенос ( огня)

    ♢ to make shift - а) делать усилие, стараться; to make shift to do smth. - стараться сделать что-л.; прилагать усилия к чему-л.; б) ухитряться, уметь сделать (что-л.); обойтись (чем-л.); to make shift with a small income - ухитряться прожить на небольшой доход; I must make shift with what I have - мне нужно обходиться тем, что у меня есть; в) добиваться (чего-л.); преодолевать трудности; I can make shift without it - перебьюсь и без этого

    2. [ʃıft] v
    1. 1) перемещать; передвигать; перекладывать

    to shift furniture from one room to another - передвигать мебель из одной комнаты в другую

    to shift a burden from one hand to another - перекладывать ношу с одной руки в другую

    to shift one's glance /one's gaze/ - отвести /перевести/ взгляд

    to shift fire - воен. переносить огонь

    to shift the target - воен. менять цель; переносить огонь

    2) перемещаться; передвигаться

    to shift quickly [gradually, easily, from place to place] - перемещаться быстро [постепенно, легко, с места на место]

    3) переезжать
    2. 1) менять, изменять

    to shift one's position [one's place, one's lodging] - менять положение [место, квартиру]

    to shift one's ground - изменить точку зрения; занять новую позицию

    2) меняться, изменяться

    to shift from shape to shape - принимать всё новые и новые очертания /формы/

    to shift constantly /continuously/ - постоянно менять место, направление, положение и т. п.

    3. перекладывать (ответственность и т. п.)

    to shift the blame [the responsibility] on to smb. - перенести /свалить/ вину [ответственность] на кого-л.

    4. 1) убирать (прочь)

    shift this rubbish out of the way! - уберите этот хлам!

    2) разг. убрать (кого-л.) с дороги
    3) эвф. убрать, ликвидировать, убить
    4) воен. разг. выбивать с позиции ( противника)
    5. 1) прибегать к уловкам; изворачиваться; ухищряться

    to shift for a living - изворачиваться, чтобы заработать на жизнь

    they prompted him to shift - они толкали его на уловки, они заставляли его ловчить

    2) обходиться, перебиваться

    to shift with little money - жить на небольшие деньги; перебиваться на низкий заработок

    I won't be able to help you: you'll have to shift for yourself - я тебе не смогу помочь - устраивайся сам

    they were left to shift for themselves as best they could - их бросили на произвол судьбы

    6. менять, переодевать

    to shift one's clothes - переодеться, сменить платье

    7. разг. сбросить ( всадника)
    8. разг. есть, уплетать
    9. 1) тех. переключать

    to shift gear - авт. переключать /менять/ передачу

    2) мор. перекладывать

    to shift the helm - перекладывать /класть/ руль

    10. сменить регистр ( пишущей машинки)

    НБАРС > shift

  • 95 whereas

    1. [we(ə)ʹræz] n
    1. вступительная часть официального документа; преамбула
    2. ограничительное положение, оговорка, условие

    a statement diluted with various whereases - заявление, изобилующее различными оговорками

    2. [we(ə)ʹræz] cj

    he was spending all his time on teaching, whereas he yearned to do research work - у него всё время уходило на преподавание, в то время как он мечтал об исследовательской работе

    she is always ailing, whereas he is never ill - она всегда болеет, а он всегда здоров

    2) имеющие уступительное значение хотя, несмотря на то, что

    whereas it is dangerous to draw conclusions, one cannot avoid being struck with some changes - хотя опасно делать выводы, но некоторые изменения не могут не вызвать удивления

    2. в преамбулах договоров, соглашений, законов и т. п. принимая во внимание

    НБАРС > whereas

  • 96 executive summary

    1) общ. краткое содержание*; конспект* (краткое изложение основного содержания какой-л. книги или какого-л. мероприятия)

    executive summary of the workshop held on May 21–22, 2008 — краткое содержание семинара, который проходил 21-22 мая 2008 г.

    As it stands, Part I is a good executive summary of the entire book.

    The Executive Summary of the book and the main conclusions are provided here to acquaint readers of Electricity Information with ongoing work at the TEA.

    2) упр. резюме (бизнес-плана)* (краткое изложение основных идей бизнес-плана, которое обычно имеет размер около одной страницы и предназначено для быстрого ознакомления внешних инвесторов с основными идеями плана; является частью бизнес-плата и обычно помещается в его начале)

    Although the executive summary appears near the front of the plan, it is most effectively written after the rest of your business plan is complete.

    It is usually better to send an expanded executive summary than a full business plan because the investors will be more apt to read it.

    * * *
    рабочее резюме; резюме; краткое содержание
    . . Словарь экономических терминов .

    Англо-русский экономический словарь > executive summary

  • 97 realization

    сущ.
    1) общ. осуществление, выполнение, реализация (цели, плана и т. п.)

    The victory was the realization of a whole year's work. — Эта победа была результатом целого года работы.

    Syn:
    2) общ. понимание, осознание

    the realization that changes were needed in the organization — осознание того, что организация нуждалась в переменах

    3)
    а) эк. получение (цены, суммы, дохода)
    б) учет реализация, признание (дохода; признание дохода в момент его получения: в момент продажи товара, актива, ценных бумаг и т. п.)
    4) учет реализация, продажа (товара, активов, фирмы и т. п.)

    realization of goods — реализация [продажа\] товара

    Syn:
    See:

    * * *
    реализация прибыли: продажа актива и получение окончательных доходов от него.
    * * *
    . . Словарь экономических терминов .

    Англо-русский экономический словарь > realization

  • 98 near cash

    !
    гос. фин. The resource budget contains a separate control total for “near cash” expenditure, that is expenditure such as pay and current grants which impacts directly on the measure of the golden rule.
    This paper provides background information on the framework for the planning and control of public expenditure in the UK which has been operated since the 1998 Comprehensive Spending Review (CSR). It sets out the different classifications of spending for budgeting purposes and why these distinctions have been adopted. It discusses how the public expenditure framework is designed to ensure both sound public finances and an outcome-focused approach to public expenditure.
    The UK's public spending framework is based on several key principles:
    "
    consistency with a long-term, prudent and transparent regime for managing the public finances as a whole;
    " "
    the judgement of success by policy outcomes rather than resource inputs;
    " "
    strong incentives for departments and their partners in service delivery to plan over several years and plan together where appropriate so as to deliver better public services with greater cost effectiveness; and
    "
    the proper costing and management of capital assets to provide the right incentives for public investment.
    The Government sets policy to meet two firm fiscal rules:
    "
    the Golden Rule states that over the economic cycle, the Government will borrow only to invest and not to fund current spending; and
    "
    the Sustainable Investment Rule states that net public debt as a proportion of GDP will be held over the economic cycle at a stable and prudent level. Other things being equal, net debt will be maintained below 40 per cent of GDP over the economic cycle.
    Achievement of the fiscal rules is assessed by reference to the national accounts, which are produced by the Office for National Statistics, acting as an independent agency. The Government sets its spending envelope to comply with these fiscal rules.
    Departmental Expenditure Limits ( DEL) and Annually Managed Expenditure (AME)
    "
    Departmental Expenditure Limit ( DEL) spending, which is planned and controlled on a three year basis in Spending Reviews; and
    "
    Annually Managed Expenditure ( AME), which is expenditure which cannot reasonably be subject to firm, multi-year limits in the same way as DEL. AME includes social security benefits, local authority self-financed expenditure, debt interest, and payments to EU institutions.
    More information about DEL and AME is set out below.
    In Spending Reviews, firm DEL plans are set for departments for three years. To ensure consistency with the Government's fiscal rules departments are set separate resource (current) and capital budgets. The resource budget contains a separate control total for “near cash” expenditure, that is expenditure such as pay and current grants which impacts directly on the measure of the golden rule.
    To encourage departments to plan over the medium term departments may carry forward unspent DEL provision from one year into the next and, subject to the normal tests for tautness and realism of plans, may be drawn down in future years. This end-year flexibility also removes any incentive for departments to use up their provision as the year end approaches with less regard to value for money. For the full benefits of this flexibility and of three year plans to feed through into improved public service delivery, end-year flexibility and three year budgets should be cascaded from departments to executive agencies and other budget holders.
    Three year budgets and end-year flexibility give those managing public services the stability to plan their operations on a sensible time scale. Further, the system means that departments cannot seek to bid up funds each year (before 1997, three year plans were set and reviewed in annual Public Expenditure Surveys). So the credibility of medium-term plans has been enhanced at both central and departmental level.
    Departments have certainty over the budgetary allocation over the medium term and these multi-year DEL plans are strictly enforced. Departments are expected to prioritise competing pressures and fund these within their overall annual limits, as set in Spending Reviews. So the DEL system provides a strong incentive to control costs and maximise value for money.
    There is a small centrally held DEL Reserve. Support from the Reserve is available only for genuinely unforeseeable contingencies which departments cannot be expected to manage within their DEL.
    AME typically consists of programmes which are large, volatile and demand-led, and which therefore cannot reasonably be subject to firm multi-year limits. The biggest single element is social security spending. Other items include tax credits, Local Authority Self Financed Expenditure, Scottish Executive spending financed by non-domestic rates, and spending financed from the proceeds of the National Lottery.
    AME is reviewed twice a year as part of the Budget and Pre-Budget Report process reflecting the close integration of the tax and benefit system, which was enhanced by the introduction of tax credits.
    AME is not subject to the same three year expenditure limits as DEL, but is still part of the overall envelope for public expenditure. Affordability is taken into account when policy decisions affecting AME are made. The Government has committed itself not to take policy measures which are likely to have the effect of increasing social security or other elements of AME without taking steps to ensure that the effects of those decisions can be accommodated prudently within the Government's fiscal rules.
    Given an overall envelope for public spending, forecasts of AME affect the level of resources available for DEL spending. Cautious estimates and the AME margin are built in to these AME forecasts and reduce the risk of overspending on AME.
    Together, DEL plus AME sum to Total Managed Expenditure (TME). TME is a measure drawn from national accounts. It represents the current and capital spending of the public sector. The public sector is made up of central government, local government and public corporations.
    Resource and Capital Budgets are set in terms of accruals information. Accruals information measures resources as they are consumed rather than when the cash is paid. So for example the Resource Budget includes a charge for depreciation, a measure of the consumption or wearing out of capital assets.
    "
    Non cash charges in budgets do not impact directly on the fiscal framework. That may be because the national accounts use a different way of measuring the same thing, for example in the case of the depreciation of departmental assets. Or it may be that the national accounts measure something different: for example, resource budgets include a cost of capital charge reflecting the opportunity cost of holding capital; the national accounts include debt interest.
    "
    Within the Resource Budget DEL, departments have separate controls on:
    "
    Near cash spending, the sub set of Resource Budgets which impacts directly on the Golden Rule; and
    "
    The amount of their Resource Budget DEL that departments may spend on running themselves (e.g. paying most civil servants’ salaries) is limited by Administration Budgets, which are set in Spending Reviews. Administration Budgets are used to ensure that as much money as practicable is available for front line services and programmes. These budgets also help to drive efficiency improvements in departments’ own activities. Administration Budgets exclude the costs of frontline services delivered directly by departments.
    The Budget preceding a Spending Review sets an overall envelope for public spending that is consistent with the fiscal rules for the period covered by the Spending Review. In the Spending Review, the Budget AME forecast for year one of the Spending Review period is updated, and AME forecasts are made for the later years of the Spending Review period.
    The 1998 Comprehensive Spending Review ( CSR), which was published in July 1998, was a comprehensive review of departmental aims and objectives alongside a zero-based analysis of each spending programme to determine the best way of delivering the Government's objectives. The 1998 CSR allocated substantial additional resources to the Government's key priorities, particularly education and health, for the three year period from 1999-2000 to 2001-02.
    Delivering better public services does not just depend on how much money the Government spends, but also on how well it spends it. Therefore the 1998 CSR introduced Public Service Agreements (PSAs). Each major government department was given its own PSA setting out clear targets for achievements in terms of public service improvements.
    The 1998 CSR also introduced the DEL/ AME framework for the control of public spending, and made other framework changes. Building on the investment and reforms delivered by the 1998 CSR, successive spending reviews in 2000, 2002 and 2004 have:
    "
    provided significant increase in resources for the Government’s priorities, in particular health and education, and cross-cutting themes such as raising productivity; extending opportunity; and building strong and secure communities;
    " "
    enabled the Government significantly to increase investment in public assets and address the legacy of under investment from past decades. Departmental Investment Strategies were introduced in SR2000. As a result there has been a steady increase in public sector net investment from less than ¾ of a per cent of GDP in 1997-98 to 2¼ per cent of GDP in 2005-06, providing better infrastructure across public services;
    " "
    introduced further refinements to the performance management framework. PSA targets have been reduced in number over successive spending reviews from around 300 to 110 to give greater focus to the Government’s highest priorities. The targets have become increasingly outcome-focused to deliver further improvements in key areas of public service delivery across Government. They have also been refined in line with the conclusions of the Devolving Decision Making Review to provide a framework which encourages greater devolution and local flexibility. Technical Notes were introduced in SR2000 explaining how performance against each PSA target will be measured; and
    "
    not only allocated near cash spending to departments, but also – since SR2002 - set Resource DEL plans for non cash spending.
    To identify what further investments and reforms are needed to equip the UK for the global challenges of the decade ahead, on 19 July 2005 the Chief Secretary to the Treasury announced that the Government intends to launch a second Comprehensive Spending Review (CSR) reporting in 2007.
    A decade on from the first CSR, the 2007 CSR will represent a long-term and fundamental review of government expenditure. It will cover departmental allocations for 2008-09, 2009-10 and 2010 11. Allocations for 2007-08 will be held to the agreed figures already announced by the 2004 Spending Review. To provide a rigorous analytical framework for these departmental allocations, the Government will be taking forward a programme of preparatory work over 2006 involving:
    "
    an assessment of what the sustained increases in spending and reforms to public service delivery have achieved since the first CSR. The assessment will inform the setting of new objectives for the decade ahead;
    " "
    an examination of the key long-term trends and challenges that will shape the next decade – including demographic and socio-economic change, globalisation, climate and environmental change, global insecurity and technological change – together with an assessment of how public services will need to respond;
    " "
    to release the resources needed to address these challenges, and to continue to secure maximum value for money from public spending over the CSR period, a set of zero-based reviews of departments’ baseline expenditure to assess its effectiveness in delivering the Government’s long-term objectives; together with
    "
    further development of the efficiency programme, building on the cross cutting areas identified in the Gershon Review, to embed and extend ongoing efficiency savings into departmental expenditure planning.
    The 2007 CSR also offers the opportunity to continue to refine the PSA framework so that it drives effective delivery and the attainment of ambitious national standards.
    Public Service Agreements (PSAs) were introduced in the 1998 CSR. They set out agreed targets detailing the outputs and outcomes departments are expected to deliver with the resources allocated to them. The new spending regime places a strong emphasis on outcome targets, for example in providing for better health and higher educational standards or service standards. The introduction in SR2004 of PSA ‘standards’ will ensure that high standards in priority areas are maintained.
    The Government monitors progress against PSA targets, and departments report in detail twice a year in their annual Departmental Reports (published in spring) and in their autumn performance reports. These reports provide Parliament and the public with regular updates on departments’ performance against their targets.
    Technical Notes explain how performance against each PSA target will be measured.
    To make the most of both new investment and existing assets, there needs to be a coherent long term strategy against which investment decisions are taken. Departmental Investment Strategies (DIS) set out each department's plans to deliver the scale and quality of capital stock needed to underpin its objectives. The DIS includes information about the department's existing capital stock and future plans for that stock, as well as plans for new investment. It also sets out the systems that the department has in place to ensure that it delivers its capital programmes effectively.
    This document was updated on 19 December 2005.
    Near-cash resource expenditure that has a related cash implication, even though the timing of the cash payment may be slightly different. For example, expenditure on gas or electricity supply is incurred as the fuel is used, though the cash payment might be made in arrears on aquarterly basis. Other examples of near-cash expenditure are: pay, rental.Net cash requirement the upper limit agreed by Parliament on the cash which a department may draw from theConsolidated Fund to finance the expenditure within the ambit of its Request forResources. It is equal to the agreed amount of net resources and net capital less non-cashitems and working capital.Non-cash cost costs where there is no cash transaction but which are included in a body’s accounts (or taken into account in charging for a service) to establish the true cost of all the resourcesused.Non-departmental a body which has a role in the processes of government, but is not a government public body, NDPBdepartment or part of one. NDPBs accordingly operate at arm’s length from governmentMinisters.Notional cost of a cost which is taken into account in setting fees and charges to improve comparability with insuranceprivate sector service providers.The charge takes account of the fact that public bodies donot generally pay an insurance premium to a commercial insurer.the independent body responsible for collecting and publishing official statistics about theUK’s society and economy. (At the time of going to print legislation was progressing tochange this body to the Statistics Board).Office of Government an office of the Treasury, with a status similar to that of an agency, which aims to maximise Commerce, OGCthe government’s purchasing power for routine items and combine professional expertiseto bear on capital projects.Office of the the government department responsible for discharging the Paymaster General’s statutoryPaymaster General,responsibilities to hold accounts and make payments for government departments and OPGother public bodies.Orange bookthe informal title for Management of Risks: Principles and Concepts, which is published by theTreasury for the guidance of public sector bodies.Office for NationalStatistics, ONS60Managing Public Money
    ————————————————————————————————————————
    "
    GLOSSARYOverdraftan account with a negative balance.Parliament’s formal agreement to authorise an activity or expenditure.Prerogative powerspowers exercisable under the Royal Prerogative, ie powers which are unique to the Crown,as contrasted with common-law powers which may be available to the Crown on the samebasis as to natural persons.Primary legislationActs which have been passed by the Westminster Parliament and, where they haveappropriate powers, the Scottish Parliament and the Northern Ireland Assembly. Begin asBills until they have received Royal Assent.arrangements under which a public sector organisation contracts with a private sectorentity to construct a facility and provide associated services of a specified quality over asustained period. See annex 7.5.Proprietythe principle that patterns of resource consumption should respect Parliament’s intentions,conventions and control procedures, including any laid down by the PAC. See box 2.4.Public Accountssee Committee of Public Accounts.CommitteePublic corporationa trading body controlled by central government, local authority or other publiccorporation that has substantial day to day operating independence. See section 7.8.Public Dividend finance provided by government to public sector bodies as an equity stake; an alternative to Capital, PDCloan finance.Public Service sets out what the public can expect the government to deliver with its resources. EveryAgreement, PSAlarge government department has PSA(s) which specify deliverables as targets or aimsrelated to objectives.a structured arrangement between a public sector and a private sector organisation tosecure an outcome delivering good value for money for the public sector. It is classified tothe public or private sector according to which has more control.Rate of returnthe financial remuneration delivered by a particular project or enterprise, expressed as apercentage of the net assets employed.Regularitythe principle that resource consumption should accord with the relevant legislation, therelevant delegated authority and this document. See box 2.4.Request for the functional level into which departmental Estimates may be split. RfRs contain a number Resources, RfRof functions being carried out by the department in pursuit of one or more of thatdepartment’s objectives.Resource accountan accruals account produced in line with the Financial Reporting Manual (FReM).Resource accountingthe system under which budgets, Estimates and accounts are constructed in a similar wayto commercial audited accounts, so that both plans and records of expenditure allow in fullfor the goods and services which are to be, or have been, consumed – ie not just the cashexpended.Resource budgetthe means by which the government plans and controls the expenditure of resources tomeet its objectives.Restitutiona legal concept which allows money and property to be returned to its rightful owner. Ittypically operates where another person can be said to have been unjustly enriched byreceiving such monies.Return on capital the ratio of profit to capital employed of an accounting entity during an identified period.employed, ROCEVarious measures of profit and of capital employed may be used in calculating the ratio.Public Privatepartnership, PPPPrivate Finance Initiative, PFIParliamentaryauthority61Managing Public Money
    "
    ————————————————————————————————————————
    GLOSSARYRoyal charterthe document setting out the powers and constitution of a corporation established underprerogative power of the monarch acting on Privy Council advice.Second readingthe second formal time that a House of Parliament may debate a bill, although in practicethe first substantive debate on its content. If successful, it is deemed to denoteParliamentary approval of the principle of the proposed legislation.Secondary legislationlaws, including orders and regulations, which are made using powers in primary legislation.Normally used to set out technical and administrative provision in greater detail thanprimary legislation, they are subject to a less intense level of scrutiny in Parliament.European legislation is,however,often implemented in secondary legislation using powers inthe European Communities Act 1972.Service-level agreement between parties, setting out in detail the level of service to be performed.agreementWhere agreements are between central government bodies, they are not legally a contractbut have a similar function.Shareholder Executive a body created to improve the government’s performance as a shareholder in businesses.Spending reviewsets out the key improvements in public services that the public can expect over a givenperiod. It includes a thorough review of departmental aims and objectives to find the bestway of delivering the government’s objectives, and sets out the spending plans for the givenperiod.State aidstate support for a domestic body or company which could distort EU competition and sois not usually allowed. See annex 4.9.Statement of Excessa formal statement detailing departments’ overspends prepared by the Comptroller andAuditor General as a result of undertaking annual audits.Statement on Internal an annual statement that Accounting Officers are required to make as part of the accounts Control, SICon a range of risk and control issues.Subheadindividual elements of departmental expenditure identifiable in Estimates as single cells, forexample cell A1 being administration costs within a particular line of departmental spending.Supplyresources voted by Parliament in response to Estimates, for expenditure by governmentdepartments.Supply Estimatesa statement of the resources the government needs in the coming financial year, and forwhat purpose(s), by which Parliamentary authority is sought for the planned level ofexpenditure and income.Target rate of returnthe rate of return required of a project or enterprise over a given period, usually at least a year.Third sectorprivate sector bodies which do not act commercially,including charities,social and voluntaryorganisations and other not-for-profit collectives. See annex 7.7.Total Managed a Treasury budgeting term which covers all current and capital spending carried out by the Expenditure,TMEpublic sector (ie not just by central departments).Trading fundan organisation (either within a government department or forming one) which is largely orwholly financed from commercial revenue generated by its activities. Its Estimate shows itsnet impact, allowing its income from receipts to be devoted entirely to its business.Treasury Minutea formal administrative document drawn up by the Treasury, which may serve a wide varietyof purposes including seeking Parliamentary approval for the use of receipts asappropriations in aid, a remission of some or all of the principal of voted loans, andresponding on behalf of the government to reports by the Public Accounts Committee(PAC).62Managing Public Money
    ————————————————————————————————————————
    GLOSSARY63Managing Public MoneyValue for moneythe process under which organisation’s procurement, projects and processes aresystematically evaluated and assessed to provide confidence about suitability, effectiveness,prudence,quality,value and avoidance of error and other waste,judged for the public sectoras a whole.Virementthe process through which funds are moved between subheads such that additionalexpenditure on one is met by savings on one or more others.Votethe process by which Parliament approves funds in response to supply Estimates.Voted expenditureprovision for expenditure that has been authorised by Parliament. Parliament ‘votes’authority for public expenditure through the Supply Estimates process. Most expenditureby central government departments is authorised in this way.Wider market activity activities undertaken by central government organisations outside their statutory duties,using spare capacity and aimed at generating a commercial profit. See annex 7.6.Windfallmonies received by a department which were not anticipated in the spending review.
    ————————————————————————————————————————

    Англо-русский экономический словарь > near cash

  • 99 Benedict

    1) Общая лексика: Бенедикт (мужское имя), Бенет, Бенит, (Pope, or antipope, from May 22, 964, to July 4, 966. His election by the Romans on the death of Pope John XII infuriated the Holy Roman emperor Otto I who had already deposed John and designated Leo VIII as successor) Бенедикт V Граммати
    2) Религия: (Pope from 1012 to 1024, the first of several pontiffs from the powerful Tusculani family. A council summoned by Benedict at Pavia, Lombardy, in 1022, forbade uncelibate clergy and the sale of church offices) Бенедикт VIII, (Pope from 1303 to 1304. He was unanimously elected Pope and did much to conciliate his predecessor's enemies) Бенедикт XI, (Pope from 1334 to 1342; he was the third pontiff to reign at Avignon, where he devoted himself to reform of the church and its religious orders) Бенедикт XII, (Pope from 1914 to 1922. His last years were concerned with readjusting the machinery of papal administration made necessary by the territorial changes that followed the war and with directives on missionary work) Бенедикт XV, (Pope from 574/575 to 579 who ruled the church during a period made calamitous by invasion and by famine) Бенедикт I, (Pope from 684 to 685. During his pontificate, Benedict restored several Roman churches) Бенедикт II, (Pope from 900 to 903 who reigned during one of the darkest periods of papal history, and little is known of his life or acts) Бенедикт IV, (Pope from 974 to 983. He furthered the cause of monasticism and acted against simony, specifically in an encyclical letter in 981 forbidding the exaction of money for the conferring of any holy order) Бенедикт VII, (Pope from January 19, 973, to July 974 who purportedly was strangled by the deacon Franco, later known as antipope Boniface VII) Бенедикт VI, (Pope three times, from 1032 to 1044, from April to May 1045, and from 1047 to 1048) Бенедикт IX, (X)(Antipope from April 1058 to January 1059. His expulsion from the papal throne was followed by a reform in the law governing papal elections) Бенедикт X, (XIII)(Antipope from 1394 to 1423 who maintained to the end of his life that he was the rightful Pope and created four new cardinals as late as November 1422) Бенедикт (XIII), (XIV) "спрятанный Папа", (XIV) "спрятанный Папа" (Бенедикт XIV), (XIV)(Counter-antipope from 1425 to с 1433 who so secretly conducted his office that even his residence was uncertain, and he thus became known as the "hidden Pope") Бенедикт (XIV)

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > Benedict

  • 100 benedict

    1) Общая лексика: Бенедикт (мужское имя), Бенет, Бенит, (Pope, or antipope, from May 22, 964, to July 4, 966. His election by the Romans on the death of Pope John XII infuriated the Holy Roman emperor Otto I who had already deposed John and designated Leo VIII as successor) Бенедикт V Граммати
    2) Религия: (Pope from 1012 to 1024, the first of several pontiffs from the powerful Tusculani family. A council summoned by Benedict at Pavia, Lombardy, in 1022, forbade uncelibate clergy and the sale of church offices) Бенедикт VIII, (Pope from 1303 to 1304. He was unanimously elected Pope and did much to conciliate his predecessor's enemies) Бенедикт XI, (Pope from 1334 to 1342; he was the third pontiff to reign at Avignon, where he devoted himself to reform of the church and its religious orders) Бенедикт XII, (Pope from 1914 to 1922. His last years were concerned with readjusting the machinery of papal administration made necessary by the territorial changes that followed the war and with directives on missionary work) Бенедикт XV, (Pope from 574/575 to 579 who ruled the church during a period made calamitous by invasion and by famine) Бенедикт I, (Pope from 684 to 685. During his pontificate, Benedict restored several Roman churches) Бенедикт II, (Pope from 900 to 903 who reigned during one of the darkest periods of papal history, and little is known of his life or acts) Бенедикт IV, (Pope from 974 to 983. He furthered the cause of monasticism and acted against simony, specifically in an encyclical letter in 981 forbidding the exaction of money for the conferring of any holy order) Бенедикт VII, (Pope from January 19, 973, to July 974 who purportedly was strangled by the deacon Franco, later known as antipope Boniface VII) Бенедикт VI, (Pope three times, from 1032 to 1044, from April to May 1045, and from 1047 to 1048) Бенедикт IX, (X)(Antipope from April 1058 to January 1059. His expulsion from the papal throne was followed by a reform in the law governing papal elections) Бенедикт X, (XIII)(Antipope from 1394 to 1423 who maintained to the end of his life that he was the rightful Pope and created four new cardinals as late as November 1422) Бенедикт (XIII), (XIV) "спрятанный Папа", (XIV) "спрятанный Папа" (Бенедикт XIV), (XIV)(Counter-antipope from 1425 to с 1433 who so secretly conducted his office that even his residence was uncertain, and he thus became known as the "hidden Pope") Бенедикт (XIV)

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > benedict

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