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to+take+the+consequences

  • 41 ♦ consequence

    ♦ consequence /ˈkɒnsɪkwəns/
    n.
    1 conseguenza: as a consequence (o in consequence) of, in seguito a; a causa di; in conseguenza di; in consequence, di conseguenza; perciò; pertanto; serious consequences for the country's economy, gravi conseguenze per l'economia del paese; to take the consequences, affrontare le conseguenze (di qc.); to suffer the consequences, patire (o subire, pagare) le conseguenze; unforeseeable consequences, conseguenze imprevedibili
    2 [u] (form.) importanza; rilievo; peso: of no consequence, di nessuna importanza
    3 (antiq.) importanza ( nella società): a person of consequence, una persona importante
    4 nesso logico; connessione.

    English-Italian dictionary > ♦ consequence

  • 42 consequence

    1) следствие; последствие, результат
    2) вывод, заключение
    3) значение, возможность
    •

    English-russian dctionary of diplomacy > consequence

  • 43 consequence

    'konsikwəns, ]( American) -kwens
    1) (a result: This decision will have important consequences.) følge, konsekvens
    2) (importance: A small error is of no consequence.) betydning, viktighet
    •
    effekt
    --------
    konsekvens
    --------
    resultat
    subst. \/ˈkɒnsɪkwəns\/
    1) følge, konsekvens
    2) logisk følge, følgeslutning
    3) betydning, viktighet
    en innflytelsesrik\/mektig\/betydningsfull mann
    in consequence som følge av dette, følgelig
    in consequence of som følge av
    it is of no consequence det har ingen betydning, det spiller ingen rolle
    play consequences lek hvor deltakerne skriver fortsettelsen på en historie de ikke kjenner begynnelsen til
    take the consequences ta konsekvensene, ta følgene

    English-Norwegian dictionary > consequence

  • 44 consequence

    [ʹkɒnsıkwəns] n
    1. следствие; последствие; результат

    to take the consequences of smth. - отвечать /нести ответственность/ за последствия чего-л.

    in consequence of - вследствие, в результате (чего-л.); благодаря (чему-л.)

    2. вывод, заключение

    it follows as a logical consequence that... - логическим выводом из этого является то, что...; отсюда следует, что...

    3. значение, важность

    it is of no consequence - это неважно /несущественно/, это не имеет значения

    4. влиятельное положение, высокий пост

    НБАРС > consequence

  • 45 consequence

    [΄kɔnsikwəns] n հետևանք. in consequence of հետևանքով. take the consequences պա տաս խա նատու լինել հետևանքների համար. fear consequences հետևանքներից վախենալ. (կարևորու թյուն) It’s of consequence/no consequence Դա կարևոր է. Ոչ մի կարևորություն չունի. regardless of the consequence անկախ հետևանքներից. a man of some consequence ազդեցիկ դեմք, կարևոր անձ. as a consequence արդյունքում

    English-Armenian dictionary > consequence

  • 46 consequence

    ['konsikwəns, ]( American[) -kwens]
    1) (a result: This decision will have important consequences.) consequência
    2) (importance: A small error is of no consequence.) importância
    •
    * * *
    con.se.quence
    [k'ɔnsikwəns] n 1 conseqüência, resultado, efeito. I take the consequences / arco com as conseqüências. 2 dedução, conclusão, inferência. 3 importância, relevo. a question of consequence / uma questão de importância. 4 influência, importância social. a man of consequence / um homem notável. in consequence conseqüentemente, portanto. in consequence of por isso, por. in consequence of which motivo pelo qual. of no consequence sem importância. that’s of no consequence / isso não faz mal, não tem importância. people of consequence gente influente, pessoas importantes.

    English-Portuguese dictionary > consequence

  • 47 consequence

    ['konsikwəns, ]( American[) -kwens]
    1) (a result: This decision will have important consequences.) posledica
    2) (importance: A small error is of no consequence.) pomen
    •
    * * *
    [kɔnsikwəns]
    noun
    posledica; izid; važnost, pomembnost; vpliv
    in consequence — zato, torej, potemtakem

    English-Slovenian dictionary > consequence

  • 48 dispuesto

    Del verbo disponer: ( conjugate disponer) \ \
    dispuesto es: \ \
    el participio
    Multiple Entries: disponer     dispuesto
    disponer ( conjugate disponer) verbo transitivo 1 (frml) (establecer, ordenar) [ ley] to provide (frml), to stipulate (frml); [ rey] to decree; [general/juez] to order 2 (frml) (colocar, arreglar) to arrange, set out, lay out verbo intransitivo: dispuesto de algo ‹de tiempo/ayuda› to have sth;
    ◊ con los recursos de que dispongo with the means available to me o at my disposal
    disponerse verbo pronominal (frml) mientras se disponían a tomar el tren as they were about to catch the train; la tropa se dispuso a atacar the troops prepared to attack
    dispuesto -ta adjetivo dispuesto a hacer algo prepared to do sth
    disponer
    I verbo transitivo
    1 (colocar) to arrange, set out
    2 (preparar) to prepare: lo dispuso todo para el encuentro, she prepared everything for the meeting
    3 (mandar, establecer) to lay down, state: así lo dispuso en su testamento, so he stipulated in his will
    II verbo intransitivo disponer de, to have at one's disposal
    dispuesto,-a adjetivo
    1 (preparado) ready
    2 (colocado) arranged
    3 (resuelto, convencido) determined: estamos dispuestos a afrontar las consecuencias, we are prepared to take the consequences
    4 (voluntarioso) willing
    5 (previsto, estipulado) lo enterraron según lo dispuesto en su testamento, he was buried as stipulated in his will ' dispuesto' also found in these entries: Spanish: acudir - dispuesta - preparada - preparado - cumplimiento - solícito English: amenable - disposed - game - inclined - prepared - ready - unwilling - well-disposed - willing - agreeable - go - mettle - oblige - sympathetic - unhelpful - well

    English-spanish dictionary > dispuesto

  • 49 consequence

    consequence [ˊkɒnsɪkwəns] n
    1) (по)сле́дствие;

    in consequence of всле́дствие; в результа́те

    ;

    to take the consequences отвеча́ть, нести́ отве́тственность за после́дствия

    2) вы́вод, заключе́ние
    3) значе́ние, ва́жность;

    of no consequence несуще́ственный, нева́жный

    4) влия́тельность, влия́тельное положе́ние;

    person of consequence ва́жное, влия́тельное лицо́

    Англо-русский словарь Мюллера > consequence

  • 50 dispuesta

    dispuesto,-a adjetivo
    1 (preparado) ready
    2 (colocado) arranged
    3 (resuelto, convencido) determined: estamos dispuestos a afrontar las consecuencias, we are prepared to take the consequences
    4 (voluntarioso) willing
    5 (previsto, estipulado) lo enterraron según lo dispuesto en su testamento, he was buried as stipulated in his will ' dispuesta' also found in these entries: Spanish: precio - prevenir - ser English: care

    English-spanish dictionary > dispuesta

  • 51 consequence

    ['konsikwëns] n 1. rrjedhim, pasojë, përfundim; take the consequences pranoj pasojat; in consequence of si pasojë, si rezultat (i). 2. rëndësi; of little/of no consequence pa shumë rëndësi, pa pikë rëndësie; of consequence i rëndësishëm, me pozitë (person)
    * * *
    pasojë; konsekuenc

    English-Albanian dictionary > consequence

  • 52 consequence

    n. resultaat, gevolg; belang
    [ konsikwəns]
    1  consequentie ⇒ gevolg(trekking), resultaat
    2 〈 formeel〉 belang ⇒ gewicht
    ♦voorbeelden:
    1   take the consequences • de consequenties aanvaarden
         in consequence (of), as a consequence (of) • met als gevolg, als gevolg van
    2   of no consequence • van geen belang
         a person of consequence • een man van gewicht

    English-Dutch dictionary > consequence

  • 53 consequence

    noun
    1) (по) следствие; in consequence of вследствие; в результате; to take the consequences of отвечать, нести ответственность за последствия
    2) вывод, заключение
    3) значение, важность; of no consequence несущественный, неважный
    4) влиятельность, влиятельное положение; person of consequence важное, влиятельное лицо
    Syn:
    result
    * * *
    (n) влиятельное положение; вывод; заключение; значение; последствие; следствие
    * * *
    последствие; значение
    * * *
    [con·se·quence || 'kɒnsɪkwəns] n. следствие, последствие; вывод, заключение; значение, важность, влиятельность, влиятельное положение
    * * *
    важность
    влиятельность
    вывод
    заключение
    значение
    неважный
    последствие
    следствие
    * * *
    1) (по)следствие, результат (чего-либо) 2) умозаключение 3) а) важность, значимость; напускная значительность б) влиятельность, влиятельная позиция

    Новый англо-русский словарь > consequence

  • 54 mind

    mind [maɪnd]
    1 noun
    (a) (reason) esprit m;
    ∎ the power of mind over matter le pouvoir de l'esprit sur la matière;
    ∎ to be strong in mind and body être physiquement et mentalement solide;
    ∎ to be of sound mind être sain d'esprit;
    ∎ to be/to go out of one's mind être/devenir fou(folle);
    ∎ are you out of your mind?, you must be out of your mind! est-ce que tu as perdu la tête?;
    ∎ he was out of his mind with worry il était fou d'inquiétude;
    ∎ he isn't in his right mind il n'a pas tous ses esprits;
    ∎ no one in their right mind would do such a thing aucune personne sensée n'agirait ainsi;
    ∎ to be bored out of one's mind mourir d'ennui
    ∎ such a thought had never entered his mind une telle pensée ne lui était jamais venue à l'esprit;
    ∎ there's something on her mind il y a quelque chose qui la tracasse;
    ∎ I have a lot on my mind j'ai beaucoup de soucis;
    ∎ what's going on in her mind? qu'est-ce qui se passe dans son esprit ou sa tête?;
    ∎ at the back of one's mind au fond de soi-même;
    ∎ at the back of my mind was the fear that we would arrive too late au fond de moi-même, je craignais que nous n'arrivions trop tard;
    ∎ to put sth to the back of one's mind chasser qch de son esprit;
    ∎ I just can't get him out of my mind je n'arrive absolument pas à l'oublier;
    ∎ to have sb/sth in mind penser à qn/qch de précis;
    ∎ the person I have in mind la personne à laquelle je pense;
    ∎ who do you have in mind for the role? à qui songez-vous pour le rôle?, qui avez-vous en vue pour le rôle?;
    ∎ what kind of holiday did you have in mind? qu'est-ce que tu voulais ou voudrais faire pour les vacances?;
    ∎ I had something smaller in mind je pensais à quelque chose de plus petit;
    ∎ you must put the idea out of your mind tu dois te sortir cette idée de la tête;
    ∎ put it out of your mind n'y pensez plus;
    ∎ to set one's mind on doing sth se mettre en tête de faire qch;
    ∎ to have one's mind set on sth vouloir qch à tout prix;
    ∎ a drink will take your mind off the accident bois un verre, ça te fera oublier l'accident;
    ∎ to put or set sb's mind at rest rassurer qn;
    ∎ to see things in one's mind's eye bien se représenter qch;
    ∎ it's all in your mind! tu te fais des idées!;
    ∎ it's all in the mind tout ça, c'est dans la tête
    ∎ to give one's whole mind to sth accorder toute son attention à qch;
    ∎ I can't seem to apply my mind to the problem je n'arrive pas à me concentrer sur le problème;
    ∎ I'm sure if you put your mind to it you could do it je suis sûr que si tu essayais vraiment, tu pourrais le faire;
    ∎ keep your mind on the job ne vous laissez pas distraire;
    ∎ your mind is not on the job tu n'as pas la tête à ce que tu fais;
    ∎ she does crosswords to keep her mind occupied elle fait des mots croisés pour s'occuper l'esprit;
    ∎ American don't pay him any mind ne fais pas attention à lui
    ∎ my mind has gone blank j'ai un trou de mémoire;
    ∎ it brings to mind the time we were in Spain cela me rappelle l'époque où nous étions en Espagne;
    ∎ Churchill's words come to mind on pense aux paroles de Churchill;
    ∎ it went clean or right out of my mind cela m'est complètement sorti de l'esprit ou de la tête;
    ∎ to put sb in mind of sb/sth rappeler qn/qch à qn;
    ∎ it puts me in mind of Japan cela me fait penser au Japon, cela me rappelle le Japon;
    ∎ to bear or keep sth in mind (think about) songer à qch; (take into account) tenir compte de qch; (not forget) ne pas oublier qch, garder qch à l'esprit;
    ∎ we must bear in mind that she is only a child il ne faut pas oublier que ce n'est qu'une enfant;
    ∎ it must have slipped my mind j'ai dû oublier;
    ∎ familiar to have a mind like a sieve avoir (une) très mauvaise mémoire□ ;
    ∎ British time out of mind I've warned him not to go there cela fait une éternité que je lui dis de ne pas y aller
    (e) (intellect) esprit m;
    ∎ she has an outstanding mind elle est d'une très grande intelligence;
    ∎ he has the mind of a child il a l'esprit d'un enfant
    (f) (intelligent person, thinker) esprit m, cerveau m;
    ∎ the great minds of our century les grands esprits ou cerveaux de notre siècle;
    ∎ proverb great minds think alike(, fools seldom differ) les grands esprits se rencontrent;
    ∎ humorous how about a drink? - great minds think alike! si on prenait une verre? - les grands esprits se rencontrent!
    ∎ the Western mind la pensée occidentale;
    ∎ I haven't got a scientific mind je n'ai pas l'esprit scientifique;
    ∎ you've got a dirty mind! tu as l'esprit mal placé!;
    ∎ she has a nasty mind elle voit le mal partout;
    ∎ he has a suspicious mind il est soupçonneux de nature;
    ∎ it's probably just my suspicious mind but I don't trust him c'est probablement que je suis trop suspicieux ou soupçonneux, mais je n'ai pas confiance en lui
    ∎ to be of the same or of like or of one mind être du même avis;
    ∎ they're all of one or the same mind ils sont tous d'accord ou du même avis;
    ∎ to know one's own mind savoir ce qu'on veut;
    ∎ you've got a mind of your own tu peux décider toi-même;
    ∎ the car seemed to have a mind of its own la voiture semblait faire ce que bon lui semblait;
    ∎ to my mind,… à mon avis,…, selon moi,…;
    ∎ I'm in two minds about where to go for my holidays je ne sais pas très bien où aller passer mes vacances;
    ∎ I'm in two minds about going je ne sais pas si je vais y aller;
    ∎ to make up one's mind se décider, prendre une décision;
    ∎ make up your mind! décidez-vous!;
    ∎ I can't make up your mind for you je ne peux pas décider à ta place;
    ∎ my mind is made up ma décision est prise;
    ∎ to make up one's mind to do sth se décider à faire qch;
    ∎ she's made up her mind to move house elle s'est résolue à déménager
    ∎ I've half a mind to give up j'ai presque envie de renoncer;
    ∎ I've a good mind to tell him what I think j'ai bien envie de lui dire ce que je pense
    ∎ nothing was further from my mind je n'en avais nullement l'intention;
    ∎ I've had it in mind for some time now j'y songe depuis un moment
    (a) (pay attention to) faire attention à;
    ∎ he didn't mind my advice il n'a pas fait attention à ou n'a pas écouté mes conseils;
    ∎ mind your own business! occupe-toi de ce qui te regarde!, mêle-toi de tes oignons!;
    ∎ mind your language! surveille ton langage!;
    ∎ to mind one's manners se surveiller;
    ∎ mind the step (sign) attention à la marche;
    ∎ mind the cat! attention au chat!;
    ∎ mind what you say (pay attention) réfléchissez à ou faites attention à ce que vous dites; (don't be rude) mesurez vos paroles;
    ∎ mind what you're doing! regarde ce que tu fais!;
    ∎ would you mind where you're putting your feet, please? est-ce que tu peux faire attention où tu mets les pieds, s'il te plaît?;
    ∎ British familiar mind how you go! fais attention à toi!
    (b) (be sure that) faire attention à;
    ∎ mind you write to him! n'oubliez pas de lui écrire!;
    ∎ mind you don't fall! faites attention de ne pas tomber!;
    ∎ mind you don't forget n'oubliez surtout pas;
    ∎ mind you don't break it fais bien attention de ne pas le casser;
    ∎ mind you're not late! faites en sorte de ne pas être en retard!;
    ∎ mind you post my letter n'oubliez surtout pas de poster ma lettre
    (c) (concern oneself with) faire attention à, s'inquiéter de ou pour;
    ∎ don't mind me, I'll just sit here quietly ne vous inquiétez pas de moi, je vais m'asseoir ici et je ne dérangerai personne;
    ∎ don't mind him, he's always like that ne fais pas attention à lui, il est toujours comme ça;
    ∎ ironic don't mind me, I only live here! je t'en prie, fais comme chez toi!;
    ∎ I really don't mind what he says/thinks je me fiche de ce qu'il peut dire/penser
    ∎ I don't mind him il ne me dérange pas;
    ∎ I don't mind the cold le froid ne me gêne pas;
    ∎ I don't mind trying je veux bien essayer;
    ∎ you don't mind me using the car, do you? - I mind very much cela ne te dérange pas que je prenne la voiture? - cela me dérange beaucoup;
    ∎ do you mind going out when the weather's cold? est-ce que cela vous ennuie de sortir quand il fait froid?;
    ∎ do you mind me smoking? cela ne vous ennuie ou dérange pas que je fume?;
    ∎ did you mind me inviting her? tu aurais peut-être préféré que je ne l'invite pas?, ça t'ennuie que je l'aie invitée?;
    ∎ would you mind turning out the light, please? est-ce que tu peux éteindre la lumière, s'il te plaît?;
    ∎ how much do you earn, if you don't mind my or me asking? combien est-ce que vous gagnez, sans indiscrétion?;
    ∎ I wouldn't mind having his salary ça ne me dérangerait pas de gagner autant que lui;
    ∎ I wouldn't mind a cup of tea je prendrais bien ou volontiers une tasse de thé
    (e) (look after → children) garder; (→ bags, possessions) garder, surveiller; (→ shop, business) garder, tenir; (→ plants, garden) s'occuper de, prendre soin de;
    ∎ can you mind the house for us while we're away? (watch) pouvez-vous surveiller la maison pendant notre absence?; (look after) pouvez-vous vous occuper de la maison pendant notre absence?
    (f) Scottish (remember) se rappeler, se souvenir de
    ∎ mind (you), I'm not surprised remarque ou tu sais, cela ne m'étonne pas;
    ∎ mind you, he's a bit young ceci dit, il est un peu jeune;
    ∎ mind you, I've always thought he was a bit strange remarquez, j'ai toujours trouvé qu'il était un peu bizarre;
    ∎ but, mind you, it was late mais, voyez-vous, il était tard;
    ∎ never mind that now (leave it) ne vous occupez pas de cela tout de suite; (forget it) ce n'est plus la peine de s'en occuper;
    ∎ never mind the consequences ne vous préoccupez pas des conséquences, peu importent les conséquences;
    ∎ never mind what people say/think peu importe ce que disent/pensent les gens;
    ∎ never mind his feelings, I've got a business to run! je me moque de ses états d'âme, j'ai une entreprise à diriger!;
    ∎ never mind him, just run for it! ne t'occupe pas de lui, fonce!
    (a) (object → in requests)
    ∎ do you mind if I open the window? cela vous dérange si j'ouvre la fenêtre?;
    ∎ would you mind if I opened the window? est-ce que cela vous dérangerait si j'ouvrais la fenêtre?;
    ∎ do you mind if I smoke? est-ce que cela vous gêne ou dérange que je fume?;
    ∎ I don't mind in the least cela ne me dérange pas le moins du monde;
    ∎ if you don't mind si vous voulez bien, si vous n'y voyez pas d'inconvénient;
    ∎ I can't say I really mind je ne peux pas dire que cela m'ennuie ou me dérange vraiment;
    ∎ do you mind if I take the car? - of course I don't mind est-ce que cela vous ennuie que je prenne la voiture? - bien sûr que non;
    ∎ familiar I don't mind if I do (in reply to offer) je ne dis pas non, ce n'est pas de refus
    (b) (care, worry)
    ∎ I don't mind if people laugh at me - but you should mind! je ne me soucie guère que les gens se moquent de moi - mais vous devriez!;
    ∎ if you don't mind, I haven't finished si cela ne vous fait rien, je n'ai pas terminé;
    ∎ do you mind? (politely) vous permettez?;
    ∎ ironic do you mind! (indignantly) non mais!;
    ∎ never mind (it doesn't matter) cela ne fait rien, tant pis; (don't worry) ne vous en faites pas;
    ∎ never you mind! (don't worry) ne vous en faites pas!; (mind your own business) ce n'est pas votre affaire!;
    ∎ never mind about the money now ne t'en fais pas pour l'argent, on verra plus tard
    (c) British (be careful) faire attention;
    ∎ mind when you cross the road fais attention en traversant la route;
    ∎ mind! attention!
    ►► mind reader voyant(e) m,f;
    ∎ he must be a mind reader il lit dans les pensées comme dans un livre;
    ∎ I'm not a mind reader je ne suis pas devin;
    Marketing mind share part f de notoriété
    British faire attention;
    ∎ mind out! attention!;
    ∎ mind out for the rocks! attention aux rochers!

    Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > mind

  • 55 consequence

    consequence ['kɒnsɪkwəns]
    1 noun
    (a) (result) conséquence f, suite f;
    ∎ as a consequence of à la suite de;
    ∎ it all came about as a consequence of that one brief meeting tout est arrivé à la suite de cette courte réunion;
    ∎ she acted regardless of the consequences elle a agi sans se soucier des conséquences;
    ∎ the policy had terrible consequences for the poor cette mesure a eu des conséquences terribles pour les pauvres
    (b) (importance) conséquence f, importance f;
    ∎ a person of no or little consequence une personne sans importance;
    ∎ it is of some consequence to me ça a de l'importance pour moi;
    ∎ a man of consequence un homme important;
    ∎ it's of no consequence c'est sans conséquence, cela n'a pas d'importance
    (results) conséquences fpl;
    ∎ to take or to suffer the consequences accepter ou subir les conséquences;
    ∎ to face the consequences faire face aux conséquences
    2 noun
    British (game) ≃ cadavres mpl exquis
    par conséquent
    ∎ in consequence of which, we have made the following decision à la suite de quoi nous avons pris la décision suivante

    Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > consequence

  • 56 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

  • 57 blind

    blind [blaɪnd]
    (a) (sightless) aveugle, non voyant;
    ∎ to go blind devenir aveugle;
    ∎ blind from birth aveugle de naissance;
    ∎ his sister is blind sa sœur est aveugle;
    ∎ he's blind in one eye il est aveugle d'un œil, il est borgne;
    ∎ I'm blind without my glasses je ne vois rien sans mes lunettes;
    ∎ as blind as a bat myope comme une taupe;
    ∎ to turn a blind eye to sth fermer les yeux sur qch
    (b) (unthinking) aveugle;
    ∎ blind loyalty/trust loyauté f/confiance f aveugle;
    ∎ he flew into a blind rage il s'est mis dans une colère noire;
    ∎ blind with anger aveuglé par la colère;
    ∎ they were blind to the danger le danger leur échappait;
    ∎ she was blind to the consequences elle ignorait les conséquences, elle ne voyait pas les conséquences;
    ∎ love is blind l'amour est aveugle
    (c) (hidden from sight → corner, turning) sans visibilité
    (d) Aviation (landing, take-off) aux appareils;
    ∎ blind flying vol m sans visibilité, vol m en P.S.V.
    ∎ he was blind drunk il était ivre mort;
    ∎ familiar he didn't take a blind bit of notice of what I said il n'a pas fait la moindre attention à ce que j'ai dit;
    ∎ familiar it doesn't make a blind bit of difference to me cela m'est complètement égal
    (f) (without exit → window, door) feint, aveugle
    (a) (deprive of sight) aveugler, rendre aveugle; (of flash of light) aveugler, éblouir;
    ∎ blinded ex-servicemen aveugles mpl de guerre;
    ∎ we were blinded by the smoke on était aveuglé par la fumée
    (b) (deprive of judgement, reason) aveugler;
    ∎ vanity blinded him to her real motives sa vanité l'empêchait de discerner ses véritables intentions;
    ∎ love blinded her to his faults aveuglée par l'amour, elle n'a pas vu ses défauts;
    ∎ humorous to blind sb with science éblouir qn par sa science
    3 noun
    (a) (for window) store m;
    (b) British familiar (trick) prétexte□ m, feinte□ f;
    ∎ the trip was just a blind for his smuggling activities le voyage a servi à masquer ou dissimuler ses activités de contrebande
    (c) American (hiding place) cachette f; Hunting affût m
    ∎ the blind les aveugles mpl, les non-voyants mpl;
    ∎ I was told to show him how the new photocopier works but it's like the blind leading the blind on m'a demandé de lui montrer comment se servir de la nouvelle photocopieuse mais je n'en sais pas plus long que lui
    (a) Cars & Aviation (drive, fly → without visibility) sans visibilité; (→ using only instruments) aux instruments
    (b) (purchase) sans avoir vu; (decide) à l'aveuglette
    ∎ I would swear blind he was there j'aurais donné ma tête à couper ou j'aurais juré qu'il était là
    ►► British blind alley impasse f, cul-de-sac m;
    ∎ figurative the government's new idea is just another blind alley encore une idée du gouvernement qui n'aboutira à rien ou ne mènera nulle part;
    blind date (meeting) rendez-vous m ou rencontre f arrangée (avec quelqu'un qu'on ne connaît pas); (person) inconnu(e) m,f (avec qui on a rendez-vous);
    blind man's buff (game) colin-maillard m;
    blind side Sport (in rugby) côté m fermé; Cars angle m mort;
    ∎ on my blind side dans mon angle mort;
    blind spot Cars (in mirror) angle m mort; (in road) endroit m sans visibilité; Medicine point m aveugle; figurative (weak area) côté m faible, faiblesse f;
    ∎ he has a blind spot about his daughter quand il s'agit de sa fille, il refuse de voir la vérité en face;
    ∎ I have a blind spot about maths je ne comprends rien aux mathématiques;
    Marketing blind test test m aveugle;
    Marketing blind testing tests mpl aveugles

    Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > blind

  • 58 trouble

    ˈtrʌbl
    1. сущ.
    1) а) беспокойство, волнение, тревога to give trouble, to put to trouble ≈ причинять беспокойство( кому-л.) She kept her troubles to herself. ≈ Она ни с кем не делилась своими тревогами (своим беспокойством). б) труд, усилие, заботы, хлопоты в) диал. роды Syn: labour
    2) а) затруднение, трудность He takes much trouble. ≈ Он очень старается. He did not take the trouble to come. ≈ Он не потрудился прийти. I had some trouble in reading his handwriting. ≈ Мне было трудно читать его почерк. The Sullivans continued to have financial troubles. ≈ У Салливанов по-прежнему финансовые затруднения. no trouble at all Syn: effort б) беда, горе, неприятности;
    источник неприятностей, причина беспокойства и т.д. You've caused us a lot of trouble. ≈ Вы причинили нам много неприятностей. The trouble is that these restrictions have remained while other things have changed. ≈ Беда в том, что эти ограничения остались, а все другое изменилось. Your trouble is that that you can't take rejection. ≈ Ваша беда в том, что вы не можете смириться с отказом. в) беспорядки, волнения Fans who make trouble during the World Cup will be severely dealt with. ≈ С фанатами, которые будут устраивать беспорядки во время чемрионата мира, будут бе racial troubles
    3) а) мед. болезнь An unsuitable bed is the most likely cause of back trouble. ≈ Неудобная постель является наиболее вероятной причиной осложнений с позвоночником. Her husband had never before had any heart trouble. ≈ Ее муж никогда раньше не жаловался на сердце( у ее мужа никогда не болело сердце). emotional troubles ≈ душевные заболевания б) тех. нарушение правильности хода или действия;
    авария;
    помеха The plane developed engine trouble soon after taking off. ≈ В самолете произошли неполадки с двигателем вскоре после взлета. trouble crew ∙ to ask/look for trouble ≈ напрашиваться на неприятности, лезть на рожон;
    вести себя неосторожно
    2. гл.
    1) а) беспокоить(ся), тревожить(ся) Syn: bother б) (обычно с отрицанием) трудиться, стараться
    2) а) затруднять, надоедать, приставать б) даваться с трудом
    3) тех. нарушать, повреждать ∙ trouble about trouble for trouble over trouble with don't trouble trouble until trouble troubles you посл. ≈ не буди лиха, пока лихо спит;
    не буди лиха, пока оно тихо
    3. прил. аварийный trouble crew ≈ аварийная команда беспокойство;
    волнение;
    тревога - his heart was full of * сердце его было полно тревоги - to give smb. * причинять кому-л. беспокойство неприятность, беда, горе;
    напасть - family * семейные неприятности - to be in *, to have * быть в беде - to get into * попасть в беду - to make /to cause/ * for smb., to get smb. into * причинять кому-л. неприятности - to get smb. out of * вызволить кого-л. из беды - to keep out of * избегать неприятностей, стараться не портить себе жизнь - to tell smb. one's *s рассказать кому-л. о своих невзгодах /злоключениях/ - he has been through much * у него были большие неприятности /было большое горе/ - till this great * came upon them до тех пор, пока к ним не пришла эта беда скандал;
    неприятности - to make * for nothing устраивать скандал на пустом месте - he'll make * if you don't agree он заварит (такую) кашу /устроит тебе хорошую жизнь/, если ты не согласишься - there will be * скандала не миновать;
    теперь неприятностей не оберешься;
    дело пахнет жареным затруднение, трудность - money *s денежные затруднения - to get to the root of the * понять, в чем коренится трудность - to meet * halfway смотреть трудности в лицо;
    встречать трудность лицом к лицу;
    не бояться трудностей, не бегать от трудностей - I had some * in reading his handwriting мне было трудно разобрать его почерк - I've been having * with the engine of my car мне пришлось повозиться с мотором в машине - he opened the safe without any * он очень легко открыл сейф заботы, хлопоты;
    труд, усилие - to take the * (to do smth.), to go to the * (of doing smth.) взять на себя труд (сделать что-л.) - to take much * стараться, хлопотать - to save oneself the * of doing smth. избавить себя от труда делать что-л. - to spare no * to gain one's ends не жалеть усилий для достижения цели - thank you for all your * on my behalf спасибо за все ваши заботы обо мне - he did it to spare your * он сделал это, чтобы избавить вас от хлопот - will it be much * to you to do this? - No * at all вас не слишком затруднит сделать это? - Нисколько не затруднит - I don't like putting you to so much * /giving you so much */ мне не хотелось бы так затруднять вас - an omelette is no * to make омлет очень легко приготовить - it's not worth the * это не стоит (нашего) труда /не оправдает (затраченных) усилий/ - he's had a lot of * /all this */ for nothing все его усилия пошли прахом /кончились ничем/ помеха, источник неприятностей;
    причина беспокойства - I don't want to be any * to you я не хочу причинять вам беспокойства - he finds it a great * to get up early он очень не любит рано вставать - life is full of petty *s в жизни много мелких неприятностей недостаток, изъян - the principal * with the book главный недостаток книги - the * with this view is that... этот взгляд плох тем, что... - the * is he believes it плохо то, что он верит этому волнения, беспорядки - labour *(s) волнения среди рабочих, стачки - * spots районы с неблагополучной обстановкой;
    районы беспорядков, столкновений и т. п. - there was * in the streets не улицах было беспокойно /происходили беспорядки/ (the *) pl волнения, война насилия в Ольстере болезнь, недуг - heart * болезнь сердца - lung * легочное заболевание - mental * психическое расстройство - he has eye * у него плохо с глазами /со зрением/ - what's the *? что у вас болит?, на что вы жалуетесь? (диалектизм) роды (техническое) нарушение (правильного хода работы) ;
    авария, помеха, повреждение;
    неисправность, неполадки - operating *s эксплуатационные неполадки - engine * неполадки в двигателе - to locate /to trace/ the * установить причину неполадок - we're always having * with our car у нас всегда что-нибудь неладно с машиной (геология) сброс, дислокация > what's the *? в чем дело > to ask for /to look for, to seek/ * вести себя неосторожно, напрашиваться на неприятности > to be in * быть беременной (о незамужней женщине) ;
    сидеть в тюрьме > to get into * забеременеть( о незамужней женщине) ;
    попасть в тюрьму > to get a girl into * сделать девушке ребенка;
    обрюхатить девчонку > to borrow * заранее беспокоиться, попусту волноваться > *s never come singly (пословица) беда никогда не приходит одна;
    пришла беда - отворяй ворота > don't trouble * till * troubles you не буди лиха, пока спит тихо /пока лихо спит/ > man is borne unto * (библеизм) человек рождается /рожден/ на страдание тревожить, волновать;
    расстраивать - her failure to remember the address *d her она была расстроена тем, что никак не могла вспомнить адрес - what *s me in his absence его отсутствие беспокоит меня - that hardly *s him at all это нисколько его не волнует - now don't let it * you any more пусть это вас больше не беспокоит - don't * your head about it пусть у вас не болит голова по этому поводу тревожиться, волноваться, расстраиваться - without troubling about the consequences( нисколько) не беспокоясь о последствиях - not to * about the philosophy of art не думать о философии искусства - don't * about it не беспокойтесь об этом - we must not * about small misfortunes не нужно расстраиваться из-за мелких неприятностей беспокоить, мучить;
    причинять боль, страдания - his wound *s him a great deal рана причиняет ему большие страдания - he is much *d by gout его сильно мучает подагра - how long has it been troubling you? давно это вас беспокоит /болит у вас/? затруднять, приставать, надоедать - he is always troubling me about his private affairs он все время пристает ко мне со своими личными делами - I am sorry to * you about such trivial matters мне очень неловко затруднять вас по пустякам - I shan't * you with the details не буду утомлять вас /надоедать вам/ деталями - will it * you to drop this letter in the box? вам не трудно будет бросить это письмо в почтовый ящик? просить об одолжении - may I * you to pass the salt? передайте, пожалуйста, соль - may I * you for a match? можно попросить у вас спичку? - I fear I must * you to come upstairs простите, мне придется попросить вас подняться наверх - I'll * you to hold your tongue я бы попросил вас замолчать /попридержать язык/ даваться с трудом - the learning of languages never *d him much иностранные языки всегда давались ему легко (обыкн. в отрицательных предложениях) стараться, трудиться;
    делать усилия - he never even *d to answer он даже не потрудился ответить - don't * to write не трудитесь писать - if it is inconvenient to come, don't * не приходите, если вам неудобно( редкое) будоражить, баламутить - to * waters мутить воду( техническое) нарушать, повреждать to ask (или to look) for ~ напрашиваться на неприятности, лезть на рожон;
    вести себя неосторожно ~ неприятности, горе, беда;
    to be in trouble быть в горе, в беде;
    to get into trouble попасть в беду ~ (преим. тех.) нарушать, повреждать;
    don't trouble trouble until trouble troubles you посл. = не буди лиха, пока лихо спит engine ~ неполадка с двигателем ~ неприятности, горе, беда;
    to be in trouble быть в горе, в беде;
    to get into trouble попасть в беду ~ беспокойство, волнение;
    тревога;
    заботы, хлопоты;
    to give (smb.) trouble, to put (smb.) to trouble причинять беспокойство (кому-л.) he did not take the ~ to come он не потрудился прийти;
    no trouble at all нисколько не затруднит (ответ на просьбу) ~ (обыкн. в отриц. предложениях) трудиться, стараться;
    he never even troubled to answer он даже не потрудился ответить ~ затруднение;
    усилие;
    to take the trouble потрудиться, взять на себя труд;
    he takes much trouble он очень старается ~ болезнь;
    heart trouble болезнь сердца I had some ~ in reading his handwriting мне было трудно читать его почерк to make ~ (for smb.) причинять (кому-л.) неприятности ~ даваться с трудом;
    mathematics doesn't trouble me at all математика дается мне легко ~ затруднять;
    приставать, надоедать;
    may I trouble you to shut the door? закройте, пожалуйста, дверь;
    may I trouble you for the salt? передайте, пожалуйста, соль ~ затруднять;
    приставать, надоедать;
    may I trouble you to shut the door? закройте, пожалуйста, дверь;
    may I trouble you for the salt? передайте, пожалуйста, соль ~ беспокоить(ся), тревожить(ся) ;
    my leg troubles me моя нога беспокоит меня (болит) he did not take the ~ to come он не потрудился прийти;
    no trouble at all нисколько не затруднит (ответ на просьбу) operating ~ авария в процессе эксплуатации operating ~ нарушение производственного процесса ~ беспокойство, волнение;
    тревога;
    заботы, хлопоты;
    to give (smb.) trouble, to put (smb.) to trouble причинять беспокойство (кому-л.) ~ волнения, беспорядки;
    racial troubles расовые волнения, беспорядки ~ затруднение;
    усилие;
    to take the trouble потрудиться, взять на себя труд;
    he takes much trouble он очень старается trouble авария ~ уст. баламутить ~ беспокоить(ся), тревожить(ся) ;
    my leg troubles me моя нога беспокоит меня (болит) ~ беспокойство, волнение;
    тревога;
    заботы, хлопоты;
    to give (smb.) trouble, to put (smb.) to trouble причинять беспокойство (кому-л.) ~ беспокойство, волнение ~ болезнь;
    heart trouble болезнь сердца ~ волнения, беспорядки;
    racial troubles расовые волнения, беспорядки ~ давать перебои в работе ~ даваться с трудом;
    mathematics doesn't trouble me at all математика дается мне легко ~ затруднение;
    усилие;
    to take the trouble потрудиться, взять на себя труд;
    he takes much trouble он очень старается ~ затруднение, неприятность ~ затруднение ~ затруднять;
    приставать, надоедать;
    may I trouble you to shut the door? закройте, пожалуйста, дверь;
    may I trouble you for the salt? передайте, пожалуйста, соль ~ (преим. тех.) нарушать, повреждать;
    don't trouble trouble until trouble troubles you посл. = не буди лиха, пока лихо спит ~ нарушать правильный ход работы ~ тех. нарушение правильности хода или действия;
    авария;
    помеха ~ нарушение производственного процесса ~ неисправность ~ неприятности, горе, беда;
    to be in trouble быть в горе, в беде;
    to get into trouble попасть в беду ~ перебой в работе ~ повреждение ~ проблема ~ диал. роды ~ (обыкн. в отриц. предложениях) трудиться, стараться;
    he never even troubled to answer он даже не потрудился ответить ~ attr. аварийный;
    trouble crew аварийная бригада;
    what's the trouble? в чем дело? ~ attr. аварийный;
    trouble crew аварийная бригада;
    what's the trouble? в чем дело? ~ attr. аварийный;
    trouble crew аварийная бригада;
    what's the trouble? в чем дело?

    Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > trouble

  • 59 consequence

    შედეგი; მნიშვნელობა
    there may be unpleasant / serious / terrible consequences ამას შეიძლება არასასიამოვნო / სერიოზული / საშინელი შედეგი მოჰყვეს
    it’s of no consequence მნიშვნელობა არა აქვს
    they reasoned out all the undesirable consequences ყველა არასასურველ შედეგზე იმსჯელეს

    English-Georgian dictionary > consequence

  • 60 cargo

    plural - cargoes; noun
    (a load of goods carried by a ship etc: a cargo of cotton.) carga, cargamento
    cargo n carga / cargamento

    Del verbo cargar: ( conjugate cargar) \ \
    cargo es: \ \
    1ª persona singular (yo) presente indicativo

    cargó es: \ \
    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) pretérito indicativo
    Multiple Entries: cargar     cargo
    cargar ( conjugate cargar) verbo transitivo 1
    a) ‹barco/avión/camión› to load;
    no cargues tanto el coche don't put so much in the car
    b) ‹pistola/escopeta› to load;
    ‹pluma/encendedor› to fill; ‹ cámara› to load, put a film in
    c) (Elec) to charge
    2
    b) ‹ combustible› to fuel;
    ◊ tengo que cargo nafta (RPl) I have to fill up with gasoline (AmE) o (BrE) petrol
    c) (Inf) to load
    3 ( de obligaciones) cargo a algn de algo to burden sb with sth;
    ◊ me cargoon la culpa they put o laid the blame on me
    4
    a) ‹paquetes/bolsas› to carry;
    ‹ niño› (AmL) to carry
    b) (AmL exc RPl) ‹ armas› to carry
    c) (Ven fam) ( llevar puesto) to wear;
    ( tener consigo): 5 ( a una cuenta) to charge 6 (Méx fam) ( matar) to kill verbo intransitivo 1 cargo con algo ‹ con bulto› to carry sth; 2 cargo contra algn [tropas/policía] to charge on o at sb 3 [ batería] to charge 4 (fam) ( fastidiar): cargarse verbo pronominal 1
    a) [pilas/flash] to charge;
    [ partícula] to become charged
    b) cargose de algo ‹de bolsas/equipaje› to load oneself down with sth;
    ‹ de responsabilidades› to take on a lot of sth; ‹ de deudas› to saddle oneself with sth 2
    a) (fam) ( matar) to kill
    b) (Esp fam) ‹ motor› to wreck;
    ‹ jarrón› to smash
    cargo sustantivo masculino 1 ( puesto) post, position (frml); (de presidente, ministro) office; un cargo de responsabilidad a responsible job o post 2 (responsabilidad, cuidado): estar a cargo de algo to be in charge of sth; los gastos corren a cargo de la empresa expenses will be paid o met by the company; hacerse cargo de algo ‹de puesto/tarea› to take charge of sth; ‹ de gastos› to take care of sth; 3
    a) (Com, Fin) charge;
    b) (Der) charge

    cargar
    I verbo transitivo
    1 to load: cargó al niño en brazos, she took the boy in her arms
    2 (un mechero, una pluma) to fill
    3 (poner carga eléctrica) to charge
    4 (atribuir algo negativo) cargar a alguien con las culpas, to put the blame on sb
    le cargan la responsabilidad a su padre, they put the blame on his father
    5 Com to charge: cárguelo a mi cuenta, charge it to my account
    6 familiar Educ to fail
    II verbo intransitivo
    1 (soportar, hacerse cargo) to lumber [con, with]: carga con la casa y con la suegra, she has to do all the housework as well as having to take care of her mother-in-law figurado cargar con las consecuencias, to suffer the consequences
    2 (llevar un peso) to carry: siempre carga con lo más pesado, he always takes the heaviest
    3 (arremeter, atacar) to charge [contra, against]
    cargo sustantivo masculino
    1 (puesto) post, position
    2 (cuidado, responsabilidad) charge
    estar al cargo de, to be in charge of
    3 Jur charge, accusation
    4 Fin charge, debit 5 cargo de conciencia, weight on one's conscience, remorse Locuciones: correr a cargo de, (gastos) to be met by
    hacerse cargo de, to take charge of: en seguida se hizo cargo de mi situación, he understood my situation immediately ' cargo' also found in these entries: Spanish: acceder - acusación - adscribir - alcaldía - antecesor - antecesora - antigua - antiguo - candidata - candidato - candidatura - carga - cargar - cargamento - cargarse - censor - censora - cesar - consejería - correr - cuidada - cuidado - dimitir - dirección - disputarse - educación - flete - función - inhabilitar - jefatura - jurar - juramentar - lamentarse - minoritaria - minoritario - nombrar - ostentar - permanencia - poltrona - posesión - presentarse - pretendienta - pretendiente - regentar - rehabilitación - reintegrar - relevar - relumbrón - renuncia - renunciar English: appointment - assume - backbencher - band - bump off - by-election - cargo - charge - count - denial - deny - drop - ex - foreman - handle - impression - incitement - inflict - lay on - office - outrank - resign - set down - shed - stand down - succeed - toss about - toss around - vessel - back - commission - dean - debit - dependant - discharge - dock - extra - fly - front - handling - impeach - incumbent - land - landing - lay - load - meet - reinstate - relieve - seize
    tr['kɑːgəʊ]
    1 (goods) carga; (load) cargamento
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    cargo ship buque nombre masculino de carga, carguero
    cargo ['kɑr.go:] n, pl - goes or - gos : cargamento m, carga f
    n.
    • carga s.f.
    • cargamento s.m.
    • cargazón s.m.
    • carguío s.m.
    • flete s.m.
    'kɑːrgəʊ, 'kɑːgəʊ
    noun (pl - goes or - gos)
    a) c ( load) cargamento m
    b) u ( goods) carga f; (before n)

    cargo ship — carguero m, barco m de carga

    ['kɑːɡǝʊ]
    1.
    N
    (pl cargoes or (esp US) cargos) cargamento m, carga f
    2.
    CPD

    cargo boat N — buque m de carga, carguero m

    cargo plane N — avión m de carga

    cargo ship N — buque m de carga, carguero m

    * * *
    ['kɑːrgəʊ, 'kɑːgəʊ]
    noun (pl - goes or - gos)
    a) c ( load) cargamento m
    b) u ( goods) carga f; (before n)

    cargo ship — carguero m, barco m de carga

    English-spanish dictionary > cargo

Страницы

См. также в других словарях:

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  • take the rap — informal why should I take the rap for what Clarence did? Syn: be punished, take the blame, suffer, suffer the consequences, pay, pay the price …   Thesaurus of popular words

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