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rate of part consumption

Толкование Перевод

1 rate

скорость, быстрота; темп; интенсивность; вертикальная скорость; частота ( событий) ; норма, степень; балл; производительность; ( секундный) расход (жидкости, газа) ; стоимость ( билета) ; классифицировать, (под)разделять на категории; оценивать

. rate of roll-out — угловая скорость крена при выводе (из разворота)

accelerate the rate of roll — увеличивать угловую скорость крена [вращения вокруг продольной оси]

acceleration induced burning rate — повышение скорости горения под действием ускорения

aircraft flying wreck rate — процент потерь ЛА в результате лётных происшествий

aircraft operational readiness rate — процент [количество] боеготовых самолётов в подразделении

arrest an excessive descent rate — уменьшать чрезмерно высокую вертикальную скорость снижения

autopilot-induced rate of roll — угловая скорость крена, создаваемая автопилотом

beam rider turning rate — угловая скорость ракеты при наведении по лучу

blade pitch decrease rate — скорость перевода лопастей (воздушного винта) на малый шаг

blade pitch increase rate — скорость перевода лопастей (воздушного винта) на большой шаг

break a rate of descent — прекращать снижение, резко уменьшать вертикальную скорость снижения

carbon dioxide removal rate — скорость удаления углекислого газа

combined rate of closure — суммарная скорость сближения

control surface (movement) rate — угловая скорость отклонения руля [поверхности управления]

cumulative aircraft accident rate — суммарный коэффициент аварийности (среднее число лётных происшествий за месяц, квартал или год)

diffusion limited recession rate — скорость уноса массы, ограниченная диффузией

dry adiabatic lapse rate — сухоадиабатический градиент

ease rate of turn — уменьшать угловую скорость разворота

four-engined rate of climb — скороподъёмность самолёта с четырьмя работающими двигателями

fuel volumetric flow rate — объёмный расход топлива или горючего

heat-shield surface recession rate — скорость уноса массы с теплозащитной поверхности

initial rate of climb — начальная скороподъёмность (у земли)

interception rate of climb — скороподъёмность при перехвате (воздушной цели)

jet engine base maintenance return rate — процент возврата в строй неисправных реактивных двигателей после ремонта в условиях аэродрома базирования

landing approach sink rate — вертикальная скорость снижения при заходе на посадку

nose-high rate of sink — вертикальная скорость снижения с поднятой носовой частью

pilot's instrument scanning rate — быстрота обзора [считывания показаний] приборов лётчиком

positive rate of climb ( — положительная) скороподъёмность

pressure rate of climb — скороподъёмность по давлению (приведенная к стандартной атмосфере)

radar altimeter sinking rate — измеренная радиолокационным высотомером вертикальная скорость снижения

radiation induced heating rate — интенсивность нагрева излучением

rate of altimeter unwinding — скорость потери высоты по высотомеру; быстрота уменьшения показаний высотомера

rate of approach to the stall — скорость приближения к срыву [сваливанию]

rate of change of wheel speed — угловое ускорение вращающегося колеса

rate of course deviation — скорость отклонения от заданного курса

rate of discharge ( — секундный) расход выходящих газов [вытекающей жидкости]

rate of heat loss — скорость теплоотдачи [отвода тепла]

rate of increase of incidence — Бр. быстрота увеличения угла атаки

rate of part consumption — быстрота износа [расходования] частей [деталей]

saturation adiabatic (lapse) rate — влажноадиабатический градиент

sea level rate of climb — скороподъёмность на уровне моря [у земли]

shutdown rate of the engines — частота отказов [отключений] двигателей

single-engine rate of climb — скороподъёмность с одним работающим двигателем (из двух)

stall recovery pitch rate — угловая скорость тангажа для вывода из режима срыва [сваливания]

stop the sink rate — прекращать снижение, уменьшать вертикальную скорость снижения

supersonic rate of climb — скороподъёмность в полете со сверхзвуковой скоростью

total propellant flow rate — суммарный (весовой) расход ракетного топлива

vehicular angular rotation rate — угловая скорость вращения ЛА

vertical gyro wander rate — величина ухода гировертикали (за единицу времени)

volume rate of combustion — объёмная теплонапряжённость камеры сгорания

weight flow rate of propellant — весовой расход ракетного топлива

— ablation rate

— ablative rate

— abortive-sortie rate

— acceleration rate

— acceleration-insensitive drift rate

— acceleration-sensitive drift rate

— acceptance rate

— accident rate

— adiabatic lapse rate

— aerodynamic heating rate

— aft stick rate

— aileron rate

— air delivery rate

— aircraft attrition rate

— airflow rate

— altitude rate

— angle-of-attack rate

— angular rate

— angular spin rate

— approach rate

— attainable roll rate

— attitude rate

— autorotation descent rate

— average flow rate

— azimuth rate

— azimuth wander rate

— barometric altitude rate

— blunder rate

— bombing rate

— breathing rate

— calculated flow rate

— calculated mass-loss rate

— cargo rate

— chemical corrosion rate

— closing rate

— closure rate

— combustion rate

— combustor fuel-flow rate

— commutation rate

— composite strain rate

— controlled burning rate

— convective heat-transfer rate

— coolant-flow rate

— cooling rate

— corrosion rate

— crack growth rate

— crack propagation rate

— creep rate

— cycling rate

— damping rate

— data rate

— decay rate

— defueling rate

— degradation rate

— delivery rate

— depressurization rate

— diffusion rate

— discharge rate

— dissociation rate

— docking closing rate

— drift rate

— earth rate

— ejection success rate

— elevation rate

— energy release rate

— engine heating rate

— entry rate

— erection rate

— erosion rate

— erosive burning rate

— error rate

— even rate

— excess sink rate

— expansion rate

— expenditure rate

— failure rate

— fine descent rate

— firing rate

— fixed-wing rate

— flame propagation rate

— flight rate

— flow rate

— flying wreck rate

— following rate

— free-radical recombination rate

— freight rate

— fuel burn rate

— fuel consumption rate

— fuel-flow rate

— fueling rate

— fuel-regression rate

— gas production rate

— geocentric range rate

— good rate

— ground wreck rate

— gyro drift rate

— gyro pitch rate

— gyro precession rate

— gyro torquing rate

— heat input rate

— heat rejection rate

— heat-exchange rate

— heating rate

— heat-release rate

— heat-transfer rate

— hourly drift rate

— in-commission rate

— in-flight refueling rate

— in-flight shutdown rate

— information handling rate

— information processing rate

— information rate

— input turning rate

— instantaneous altitude rate

— instantaneous flow rate

— instantaneous turn rate

— instrument scanning rate

— internal heating rate

— interrogation rate

— ion-flow rate

— laminar heat-transfer rate

— landing-success rate

— lapse rate

— lateral rate

— launcher slewing rate

— launcher turning rate

— launching rate

— leakage rate

— levelling rate

— limit roll rate

— linear rate

— line-of-sight rate

— maintenance rate

— malfunction rate

— mass ablation rate

— mass burning rate

— mass flow rate

— mass loss rate

— mass-transfer rate

— mean flow rate

— message data rate

— missile turning rate

— mission abort rate

— moisture absorption rate

— negative pitch rate

— nonuniform roll rate

— normal lapse rate

— nose-down pitchrate

— nose-up pitch rate

— no-wind sink rate

— nutation rate

— oil circulation rate

— one-second rate

— oxidizer-flow rate

— passenger fatality rate

— peak roll rate

— peak turn rate

— pilot trim rate

— pitching rate

— pneumatic flow rate

— positive pitch rate

— precession rate

— pressure lapse rate

— production-line-movement rate

— propellant burning rate

— propellant flow rate

— pulse repetition rate

— pyrolysis decomposition rate

— pyrolysis rate

— random drift rate

— range rate

— rapid roll rate

— rapid sink rate

— rate of advance

— rate of ascent

— rate of build-up

— rate of climb

— rate of closure

— rate of deflection

— rate of descent

— rate of divergence

— rate of formation

— rate of injection

— rate of ionization

— rate of loading

— rate of movement

— rate of overshoot

— rate of pressurization

— rate of pull-up

— rate of rate

— rate of regression

— rate of revolution

— rate of roll-In

— rate of testing

— reaction rate

— ready rate

— recession rate

— recombination rate

— recovery rate

— recurrence rate

— redundancy rate

— refueling rate

— regression rate

— repetition rate

— response rate

— rolling rate

— rotation rate

— runway scatter rate

— sampling rate

— scanning rate

— search rate

— sideslip rate

— sightline spin rate

— sightline turn rate

— sinking rate

— six-second sampling rate

— slaving rate

— slewing rate

— sortie rate

— speed bleed-off rate

— spin rate

— spring rate

— stabilization rate

— stabilizer rate

— stall entry rate

— standard lapse rate

— steady rate

— steady-state flow rate

— steady-state spin rate

— stick rate

— straining rate

— strand burning rate

— subcommutation rate

— sublimation rate

— surface ablation rate

— surface heat rate

— surface rate

— surface recession rate

— sustained turn rate

— switching rate

— systematic drift rate

— temperature lapse rate

— test flight rate

— thermal emissivity rate

— throttle retard rate

— torquing rate

— total impulse rate

— tracking rate

— traffic rate

— transmission rate

— trim rate

— tumbling rate

— turbulent heat-transfer rate

— turn rate

— vehicle rate

— vertical climb rate

— volume-flow rate

— volumetric flow rate

— wander rate

— weight flow rate

— wing tilt rate

— yawing rate

— zero accident rate

— zero sinking rate

Englsh-Russian aviation and space dictionary > rate
2 rate

1. n

1) норма; размер

2) ставка, тариф; такса; расценка

3) курс (валюты, ценных бумаг); цена

4) скорость, темп

5) процент, доля; коэффициент

6) разряд, сорт

7) местный налог; коммунальный налог

- accident rate
- accident frequency rate
- accounting rate
- accumulated earnings tax rate
- accumulated profits tax rate
- actuarial rate
- administered rate
- ad valorem
- advertising rate
- advertisement rate
- agreed rate
- air freight rates
- all-commodity rate
- all-in rate
- amortization rate
- annual rate
- annual average growth rate
- annual interest rate
- annualized rate of growth
- annual percentage rate
- annual production rate
- anticipated rate of expenditures
- any-quantity rate
- applicable rate
- area rate
- average rate
- average rate of return
- average annual rate
- average growth rate
- average tax rate
- average weighted rate
- backwardation rate
- baggage rate
- bank rate
- bank discount rate
- bank's repurchase rate
- base rate
- base lending rate
- basic rate
- rate rate of charge
- basing rate
- basis rate
- benchmark rate
- benchmark overnight bank lending rate
- berth rate
- bill rate
- birth rate
- blanket rate
- blended rate
- bond rate
- bonus rates
- borrowing rate
- bridge rate
- broken cross rates
- broker loan rate
- bulk cargo rate
- burden rate
- buyer's rate
- buying rate
- cable rates
- call rate
- call loan rate
- call money rate
- capacity rate
- capital gain rate
- capitalization rate
- carload rate
- carrier rate
- carrying over rate
- cash rate
- ceiling rate
- central rate
- cheque rate
- check rate
- class rate
- clearing rate
- closing rate
- collection rate
- column rate
- combination rate
- combination freight rate
- combination through rate
- combined rate
- commercial bank lending rates
- commission rate
- commitment rate
- commodity rate
- common freight rate
- compensation rate
- compound growth rate
- composite rate
- concessionary interest rate
- conference rate
- consumption rate
- container rate
- contango rate
- conventional rate
- conventional rate of interest
- conversion rate
- cost rate
- coupon rate
- credit rates
- cross rate
- cross-over discount rate
- crude rate
- curb rate
- currency rate
- current rate
- current rate of exchange
- customs rate
- cutback rate
- daily rate
- daily wage rate
- day rate
- death rate
- deck cargo rate
- default rate
- demand rate
- demurrage rate
- departmental overhead rate
- deposit rate
- deposit interest rate
- depreciation rate
- discharging rates
- discount rate
- dispatch rate
- distress rate
- dividend rate
- double exchange rate
- downtime rate
- drawdown rate
- drawing rate
- dual rate
- duty rate
- earned rate
- earning rate
- economic expansion rate
- economic growth rate
- effective rate
- effective rate of return
- effective annual rate
- effective exchange rate
- effective tax rate
- employment rate
- enrollment rate
- equalizing discount rate
- equilibrium exchange rate
- equilibrium growth rate
- estimated rate
- euro-dollar exchange rate
- evaluated wage rate
- exchange rate
- exchange rate to the dollar
- existing rates
- exorbitant rate
- exorbitant interest rate
- expansion rate
- expenditure rate
- export rate
- express rate
- extraction rate
- face interest rate
- failure rate
- fair rate of exchange
- favourable rate
- final rate
- financial internal rate of return
- fine rate
- first rate
- fixed rate
- fixed rate of exchange
- fixed rate of royalty
- fixed interest rate
- flat rate
- flexible exchange rate
- floating rate
- floating exchange rate
- floating interest rate
- floating prime rate
- floor rate of exchange
- fluctuant rate
- fluctuating rate
- forced rate of exchange
- foreign rate
- foreign exchange rate
- forward rate
- forward exchange rate
- free rate
- free exchange rate
- freight rate
- future rate
- general rates
- general rate of profit
- general cargo rates
- going rate
- going market rate
- going wage rates
- goods rate
- graduated rate
- group rate
- growth rate
- guaranteed wage rate
- handling rate
- high rate
- high rate of exchange
- high rate of productivity
- higher rate
- hiring rate
- hotel rates
- hourly rate
- hourly wage rate
- hurdle rate
- illness frequency rate
- import rate
- incidence rate
- income tariff rates
- increment rate
- individual tax rate
- inflation rate
- info rate
- inland rate
- insurance rate
- insurance premium rate
- interbank rate
- interbank overnight rate
- interest rate
- interest rate on loan capital
- internal rate of return
- job rates
- jobless rate
- key rates
- labour rates
- leading rate
- legal rate of interest
- lending rate
- less-than-carload rate
- liner rates
- liner freight rates
- loading rates
- loan rate
- loan-recovery rate
- local rate
- Lombard rate
- London Interbank Offered Rate
- London money rate
- long rate
- low rate
- lower rate
- margin rate
- marginal rate
- marginal tax rate
- marine rate
- marine transport rate
- market rate
- market rate of interest
- maximum rate
- maximum individual tax rate
- mean rate of exchange
- mean annual rate
- measured day rate
- members rate
- merchant discount rate
- minimum rate
- mixed cargo rate
- minimum lending rate
- minimum tax rate
- mobilization rate
- moderate rate
- monetary exchange rate
- money rate of interest
- money market rate
- monthly rate
- monthly rate of remuneration
- mortgage rate
- mortgage interest rate
- multiple rate
- multiple exchange rate
- municipal rates
- national rate of interest
- natural rate of growth
- natural rate of interest
- negative interest rate
- net rate
- New York interbank offered rate
- nominal interest rate
- nonconference rate
- nonresponse rate
- obsolescence rate
- occupational mortality rate
- offered rate
- official rate
- official rate of discount
- official exchange rate
- one-time rate
- opening rate
- open-market rates
- operating rate
- operation rate
- option rate
- ordinary rate
- output rate
- outstripping growth rate
- overdraft rate
- overhead rate
- overnight rate
- overtime rate
- paper rate
- parallel rate
- parcel rate
- par exchange rate
- parity rate
- par price rate
- part-load rate
- passenger rate
- pay rates
- pegged rate
- pegged exchange rate
- penalty rate
- penalty interest rate
- percentage rate of tax
- per diem rates
- personal income tax rate
- piece rate
- piecework rate
- port rates
- postal rate
- posted rate
- power rate
- preferential rate
- preferential railroad rate
- preferential railway rate
- present rate
- prevailing rate
- prime rate
- priority rates
- private rate of discount
- private market rates
- production rate
- profit rate
- profitability rate
- profitable exchange rate
- progressive rate
- proportional rate
- provisional rate
- purchase rates
- purchasing rate of exchange
- quasi-market rate
- rail rates
- railroad rates
- railway rates
- real economic growth rate
- real effective exchange rate
- real exchange rate
- real interest rate
- reciprocal rate
- redemption rate
- rediscount rate
- reduced rate
- reduced tax rate
- reduced withholding tax rate
- reference rate
- refinancing rate
- reject frequency rate
- remuneration rate
- renewal rate
- rental rate
- repo rate
- response rate
- retention rate
- retirement rate of discount
- royalty rate
- ruling rate
- sampling rate
- saving rate
- scrap frequency rate
- seasonal rates
- second rate
- sellers' rate
- selling rate
- settlement rate
- shipping rate
- short rate
- short-term interest rate
- sight rate
- single consignment rate
- soft lending rate
- space rate
- special rate
- specified rate
- spot rate
- stable exchange rate
- standard rate
- standard fixed overhead rates
- standard variable overhead rates
- standard wage rate
- statutory tax rate
- steady exchange rate
- step-down interest rate
- stevedoring rates
- stock depletion rate
- straight-line rate
- subsidized rate
- survival rate
- swap rate
- tariff rate
- tax rate
- taxation rate
- tax withholding rate
- telegraphic transfer rate
- temporary rate
- third rate
- through rate
- through freight rate
- time rate
- time wage rate
- today's rate
- top rate
- total rate
- trading rate
- traffic rate
- tramp freight rate
- transit rate
- transportation rate
- treasury bill rate
- turnover rate
- two-tier rate of exchange
- unacceptable rate
- unemployment rate
- uniform rates
- uniform business rate
- unofficial rate
- unprecedented rate
- utilization rate
- variable rate
- variable interest rate
- variable repo rate
- volume rate
- wage rate
- wage rate per hour
- wastage rate
- wear rate
- wear-out rate
- wholesale rate
- worker's rate
- year-end exchange rate
- zero interest rate
- zone rate
- rate for advances against collateral
- rate for advances on securities
- rate for cable transfers
- rate for a cheque
- rates for credits
- rates for currency allocations
- rate for loans
- rate for loans on collateral
- rate for mail transfers
- rate for telegraphic transfers
- rate in the outside market
- rate of accumulation
- rates of allocation into the fund
- rate of allowance
- rate of assessment
- rate of balanced growth
- rates of cargo operations
- rate of change
- rate of charge
- rate of commission
- rate of compensation
- rate of competitiveness
- rate of conversion
- rate of corporate taxation
- rate of cover
- rate of currency
- rates of currency allocation
- rate of the day
- rate of demurrage
- rate of dependency
- rate of depletion
- rate of deposit turnover
- rate of depreciation
- rate of development
- rate of discharge
- rate of discharging
- rate of discount
- rate of dispatch
- rate of duty
- rate of exchange
- rate of expenditures
- rate of expenses
- rate of foreign exchange
- rate of freight
- rate of full value
- rate of growth
- rate of increase
- rate of increment
- rate of inflation
- rate of input
- rate of insurance
- rate of interest
- rate of interest on advance
- rate of interest on deposits
- rate of investment
- rate of issue
- rates of loading
- rates of loading and discharging
- rate of natural increase
- rates of natural loss
- rate of option
- rate of pay
- rate of premium
- rate of price inflation
- rates of a price-list
- rate of production
- rate of profit
- rate of profitability
- rate of reduction
- rate of remuneration
- rate of return
- rate of return on capital
- rate of return on the capital employed
- rate of return on net worth
- rate of royalty
- rate of securities
- rate of stevedoring operations
- rates of storage
- rate of subscription
- rate of surplus value
- rate of taxation
- rate of turnover
- rate of unloading
- rate of use
- rate of wages
- rate of work
- rates on credit
- rate on the day of payment
- rate on the exchange
- rate per hour
- rate per kilometre
- at the rate of
- at the exchange rate ruling at the transaction date
- at a growing rate
- at a high rate
- at a low rate
- at present rates
- below the rate
- accelerate the rate
- advance the rate of discount
- align tax rates
- apply tariff rates
- boost interest rates
- boost long-term interest rates
- boost short-term interest rates
- charge an interest rate
- cut rates
- cut interest rates by a quarter point
- determine a rate
- establish a rate
- fix a rate
- grant special rates
- increase rates
- maintain high interest rates
- levy rates
- liberalize interest rates
- liberalize lending rates
- lower the rate of return
- mark down the rate of discount
- mark up the rate of discount
- prescribe rates
- quote a rate
- raise a rate
- reduce a rate
- reduce turnover rates of staff
- revise rates
- set rates
- slash interest rates
- step up the rate of growth
- suspend a currency's fixed rate
- upvalue the current rate of banknotes
- slow down the rate
2. v

1) оценивать, определять стоимость, устанавливать цену

2) присваивать рейтинг

3) тарифицировать

4) облагать местным налогом

- rate local and offshore funds

English-russian dctionary of contemporary Economics > rate
3 power consumption
потребляемая мощность
Общая мощность, получаемая устройством или совокупностью устройств.
[ОСТ 45.55-99]

потребляемая мощность (электрическая)
Коэффициент, по которому электроэнергия поставляется в систему или системой, частью системы или единицей оборудования. Потребляемая мощность выражается в кВТ, кВА, или других подходящих единицах на заданный момент, или в течение определенного периода времени. Основным источником "потребляемой мощности" является энергопотребляющее оборудование потребителей (Термины Рабочей Группы правового регулирования ЭРРА).
[Англо-русский глосcарий энергетических терминов ERRA]

EN

demand (electric)
The rate at which electric energy is delivered to or by a system, part of a system, or a piece of equipment. Demand is expressed in kW, kVA, or other suitable units at a given instant or over any designated period of time. The primary source of "demand" is the power-consuming equipment of the customers (ERRA Legal Regulation Working Group Terms).
[Англо-русский глосcарий энергетических терминов ERRA]

demand
the magnitude of an electricity supply, expressed in kilowatts or kilovoltamperes
[IEV ref 691-02-02]

FR

puissance
importance d'une fourniture d'électricité, exprimée en kilowatts ou kilovoltampères
[IEV ref 691-02-02]

Параллельные тексты EN-RU

Power demand is the energy accumulated during a specified period divided by the length of the period.
[Schneider Electric]

Потребляемая мощность – это значение электрической энергии, потребленной за определенный период, поделенное на продолжительность этого периода.
[Перевод Интент]

Тематики
- электротехника, основные понятия
- энергетика в целом
EN
FR
- puissance
расход мощности
потребление энергии
—
[ http://slovarionline.ru/anglo_russkiy_slovar_neftegazovoy_promyishlennosti/]

Тематики
- нефтегазовая промышленность
Синонимы
- потребление энергии
EN
- power consumption
расход энергии
—
[А.С.Гольдберг. Англо-русский энергетический словарь. 2006 г.]

Тематики
- энергетика в целом
EN
- energy consumption
- power consumption
Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > power consumption
4 near cash

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гос. фин. The resource budget contains a separate control total for “near cash” expenditure, that is expenditure such as pay and current grants which impacts directly on the measure of the golden rule.

Introduction

This paper provides background information on the framework for the planning and control of public expenditure in the UK which has been operated since the 1998 Comprehensive Spending Review (CSR). It sets out the different classifications of spending for budgeting purposes and why these distinctions have been adopted. It discusses how the public expenditure framework is designed to ensure both sound public finances and an outcome-focused approach to public expenditure.

Principles of the framework

The UK's public spending framework is based on several key principles:
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consistency with a long-term, prudent and transparent regime for managing the public finances as a whole;
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the judgement of success by policy outcomes rather than resource inputs;
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strong incentives for departments and their partners in service delivery to plan over several years and plan together where appropriate so as to deliver better public services with greater cost effectiveness; and
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the proper costing and management of capital assets to provide the right incentives for public investment.

The Government sets policy to meet two firm fiscal rules:
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the Golden Rule states that over the economic cycle, the Government will borrow only to invest and not to fund current spending; and
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the Sustainable Investment Rule states that net public debt as a proportion of GDP will be held over the economic cycle at a stable and prudent level. Other things being equal, net debt will be maintained below 40 per cent of GDP over the economic cycle.

Achievement of the fiscal rules is assessed by reference to the national accounts, which are produced by the Office for National Statistics, acting as an independent agency. The Government sets its spending envelope to comply with these fiscal rules.

Departmental Expenditure Limits ( DEL) and Annually Managed Expenditure (AME)

The framework for public expenditure is divided between
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Departmental Expenditure Limit ( DEL) spending, which is planned and controlled on a three year basis in Spending Reviews; and
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Annually Managed Expenditure ( AME), which is expenditure which cannot reasonably be subject to firm, multi-year limits in the same way as DEL. AME includes social security benefits, local authority self-financed expenditure, debt interest, and payments to EU institutions.

More information about DEL and AME is set out below.

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Departmental Expenditure Limits ( DEL)

In Spending Reviews, firm DEL plans are set for departments for three years. To ensure consistency with the Government's fiscal rules departments are set separate resource (current) and capital budgets. The resource budget contains a separate control total for “near cash” expenditure, that is expenditure such as pay and current grants which impacts directly on the measure of the golden rule.

To encourage departments to plan over the medium term departments may carry forward unspent DEL provision from one year into the next and, subject to the normal tests for tautness and realism of plans, may be drawn down in future years. This end-year flexibility also removes any incentive for departments to use up their provision as the year end approaches with less regard to value for money. For the full benefits of this flexibility and of three year plans to feed through into improved public service delivery, end-year flexibility and three year budgets should be cascaded from departments to executive agencies and other budget holders.

Three year budgets and end-year flexibility give those managing public services the stability to plan their operations on a sensible time scale. Further, the system means that departments cannot seek to bid up funds each year (before 1997, three year plans were set and reviewed in annual Public Expenditure Surveys). So the credibility of medium-term plans has been enhanced at both central and departmental level.

Departments have certainty over the budgetary allocation over the medium term and these multi-year DEL plans are strictly enforced. Departments are expected to prioritise competing pressures and fund these within their overall annual limits, as set in Spending Reviews. So the DEL system provides a strong incentive to control costs and maximise value for money.

There is a small centrally held DEL Reserve. Support from the Reserve is available only for genuinely unforeseeable contingencies which departments cannot be expected to manage within their DEL.

Annually Managed Expenditure ( AME)

AME typically consists of programmes which are large, volatile and demand-led, and which therefore cannot reasonably be subject to firm multi-year limits. The biggest single element is social security spending. Other items include tax credits, Local Authority Self Financed Expenditure, Scottish Executive spending financed by non-domestic rates, and spending financed from the proceeds of the National Lottery.

AME is reviewed twice a year as part of the Budget and Pre-Budget Report process reflecting the close integration of the tax and benefit system, which was enhanced by the introduction of tax credits.

AME is not subject to the same three year expenditure limits as DEL, but is still part of the overall envelope for public expenditure. Affordability is taken into account when policy decisions affecting AME are made. The Government has committed itself not to take policy measures which are likely to have the effect of increasing social security or other elements of AME without taking steps to ensure that the effects of those decisions can be accommodated prudently within the Government's fiscal rules.

Given an overall envelope for public spending, forecasts of AME affect the level of resources available for DEL spending. Cautious estimates and the AME margin are built in to these AME forecasts and reduce the risk of overspending on AME.

Total Managed Expenditure

Together, DEL plus AME sum to Total Managed Expenditure (TME). TME is a measure drawn from national accounts. It represents the current and capital spending of the public sector. The public sector is made up of central government, local government and public corporations.

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Resource Accounting and Budgeting ( RAB)

Resource and Capital Budgets are set in terms of accruals information. Accruals information measures resources as they are consumed rather than when the cash is paid. So for example the Resource Budget includes a charge for depreciation, a measure of the consumption or wearing out of capital assets.
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Non cash charges in budgets do not impact directly on the fiscal framework. That may be because the national accounts use a different way of measuring the same thing, for example in the case of the depreciation of departmental assets. Or it may be that the national accounts measure something different: for example, resource budgets include a cost of capital charge reflecting the opportunity cost of holding capital; the national accounts include debt interest.
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Within the Resource Budget DEL, departments have separate controls on:
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Near cash spending, the sub set of Resource Budgets which impacts directly on the Golden Rule; and
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Administration Budgets (see below)

Administration Budgets

The amount of their Resource Budget DEL that departments may spend on running themselves (e.g. paying most civil servants’ salaries) is limited by Administration Budgets, which are set in Spending Reviews. Administration Budgets are used to ensure that as much money as practicable is available for front line services and programmes. These budgets also help to drive efficiency improvements in departments’ own activities. Administration Budgets exclude the costs of frontline services delivered directly by departments.

Spending Reviews

The Budget preceding a Spending Review sets an overall envelope for public spending that is consistent with the fiscal rules for the period covered by the Spending Review. In the Spending Review, the Budget AME forecast for year one of the Spending Review period is updated, and AME forecasts are made for the later years of the Spending Review period.

The 1998 Comprehensive Spending Review ( CSR), which was published in July 1998, was a comprehensive review of departmental aims and objectives alongside a zero-based analysis of each spending programme to determine the best way of delivering the Government's objectives. The 1998 CSR allocated substantial additional resources to the Government's key priorities, particularly education and health, for the three year period from 1999-2000 to 2001-02.

Delivering better public services does not just depend on how much money the Government spends, but also on how well it spends it. Therefore the 1998 CSR introduced Public Service Agreements (PSAs). Each major government department was given its own PSA setting out clear targets for achievements in terms of public service improvements.

The 1998 CSR also introduced the DEL/ AME framework for the control of public spending, and made other framework changes. Building on the investment and reforms delivered by the 1998 CSR, successive spending reviews in 2000, 2002 and 2004 have:
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provided significant increase in resources for the Government’s priorities, in particular health and education, and cross-cutting themes such as raising productivity; extending opportunity; and building strong and secure communities;
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enabled the Government significantly to increase investment in public assets and address the legacy of under investment from past decades. Departmental Investment Strategies were introduced in SR2000. As a result there has been a steady increase in public sector net investment from less than ¾ of a per cent of GDP in 1997-98 to 2¼ per cent of GDP in 2005-06, providing better infrastructure across public services;
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introduced further refinements to the performance management framework. PSA targets have been reduced in number over successive spending reviews from around 300 to 110 to give greater focus to the Government’s highest priorities. The targets have become increasingly outcome-focused to deliver further improvements in key areas of public service delivery across Government. They have also been refined in line with the conclusions of the Devolving Decision Making Review to provide a framework which encourages greater devolution and local flexibility. Technical Notes were introduced in SR2000 explaining how performance against each PSA target will be measured; and
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not only allocated near cash spending to departments, but also – since SR2002 - set Resource DEL plans for non cash spending.

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Comprehensive Spending Review 2007

To identify what further investments and reforms are needed to equip the UK for the global challenges of the decade ahead, on 19 July 2005 the Chief Secretary to the Treasury announced that the Government intends to launch a second Comprehensive Spending Review (CSR) reporting in 2007.

A decade on from the first CSR, the 2007 CSR will represent a long-term and fundamental review of government expenditure. It will cover departmental allocations for 2008-09, 2009-10 and 2010 11. Allocations for 2007-08 will be held to the agreed figures already announced by the 2004 Spending Review. To provide a rigorous analytical framework for these departmental allocations, the Government will be taking forward a programme of preparatory work over 2006 involving:
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an assessment of what the sustained increases in spending and reforms to public service delivery have achieved since the first CSR. The assessment will inform the setting of new objectives for the decade ahead;
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an examination of the key long-term trends and challenges that will shape the next decade – including demographic and socio-economic change, globalisation, climate and environmental change, global insecurity and technological change – together with an assessment of how public services will need to respond;
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to release the resources needed to address these challenges, and to continue to secure maximum value for money from public spending over the CSR period, a set of zero-based reviews of departments’ baseline expenditure to assess its effectiveness in delivering the Government’s long-term objectives; together with
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further development of the efficiency programme, building on the cross cutting areas identified in the Gershon Review, to embed and extend ongoing efficiency savings into departmental expenditure planning.

The 2007 CSR also offers the opportunity to continue to refine the PSA framework so that it drives effective delivery and the attainment of ambitious national standards.

Obtaining good performance

Public Service Agreements (PSAs) were introduced in the 1998 CSR. They set out agreed targets detailing the outputs and outcomes departments are expected to deliver with the resources allocated to them. The new spending regime places a strong emphasis on outcome targets, for example in providing for better health and higher educational standards or service standards. The introduction in SR2004 of PSA ‘standards’ will ensure that high standards in priority areas are maintained.

The Government monitors progress against PSA targets, and departments report in detail twice a year in their annual Departmental Reports (published in spring) and in their autumn performance reports. These reports provide Parliament and the public with regular updates on departments’ performance against their targets.

Technical Notes explain how performance against each PSA target will be measured.

Departmental Investment Strategies (DISs)

To make the most of both new investment and existing assets, there needs to be a coherent long term strategy against which investment decisions are taken. Departmental Investment Strategies (DIS) set out each department's plans to deliver the scale and quality of capital stock needed to underpin its objectives. The DIS includes information about the department's existing capital stock and future plans for that stock, as well as plans for new investment. It also sets out the systems that the department has in place to ensure that it delivers its capital programmes effectively.

This document was updated on 19 December 2005.

Near-cash resource expenditure that has a related cash implication, even though the timing of the cash payment may be slightly different. For example, expenditure on gas or electricity supply is incurred as the fuel is used, though the cash payment might be made in arrears on aquarterly basis. Other examples of near-cash expenditure are: pay, rental.Net cash requirement the upper limit agreed by Parliament on the cash which a department may draw from theConsolidated Fund to finance the expenditure within the ambit of its Request forResources. It is equal to the agreed amount of net resources and net capital less non-cashitems and working capital.Non-cash cost costs where there is no cash transaction but which are included in a body’s accounts (or taken into account in charging for a service) to establish the true cost of all the resourcesused.Non-departmental a body which has a role in the processes of government, but is not a government public body, NDPBdepartment or part of one. NDPBs accordingly operate at arm’s length from governmentMinisters.Notional cost of a cost which is taken into account in setting fees and charges to improve comparability with insuranceprivate sector service providers.The charge takes account of the fact that public bodies donot generally pay an insurance premium to a commercial insurer.the independent body responsible for collecting and publishing official statistics about theUK’s society and economy. (At the time of going to print legislation was progressing tochange this body to the Statistics Board).Office of Government an office of the Treasury, with a status similar to that of an agency, which aims to maximise Commerce, OGCthe government’s purchasing power for routine items and combine professional expertiseto bear on capital projects.Office of the the government department responsible for discharging the Paymaster General’s statutoryPaymaster General,responsibilities to hold accounts and make payments for government departments and OPGother public bodies.Orange bookthe informal title for Management of Risks: Principles and Concepts, which is published by theTreasury for the guidance of public sector bodies.Office for NationalStatistics, ONS60Managing Public Money

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GLOSSARYOverdraftan account with a negative balance.Parliament’s formal agreement to authorise an activity or expenditure.Prerogative powerspowers exercisable under the Royal Prerogative, ie powers which are unique to the Crown,as contrasted with common-law powers which may be available to the Crown on the samebasis as to natural persons.Primary legislationActs which have been passed by the Westminster Parliament and, where they haveappropriate powers, the Scottish Parliament and the Northern Ireland Assembly. Begin asBills until they have received Royal Assent.arrangements under which a public sector organisation contracts with a private sectorentity to construct a facility and provide associated services of a specified quality over asustained period. See annex 7.5.Proprietythe principle that patterns of resource consumption should respect Parliament’s intentions,conventions and control procedures, including any laid down by the PAC. See box 2.4.Public Accountssee Committee of Public Accounts.CommitteePublic corporationa trading body controlled by central government, local authority or other publiccorporation that has substantial day to day operating independence. See section 7.8.Public Dividend finance provided by government to public sector bodies as an equity stake; an alternative to Capital, PDCloan finance.Public Service sets out what the public can expect the government to deliver with its resources. EveryAgreement, PSAlarge government department has PSA(s) which specify deliverables as targets or aimsrelated to objectives.a structured arrangement between a public sector and a private sector organisation tosecure an outcome delivering good value for money for the public sector. It is classified tothe public or private sector according to which has more control.Rate of returnthe financial remuneration delivered by a particular project or enterprise, expressed as apercentage of the net assets employed.Regularitythe principle that resource consumption should accord with the relevant legislation, therelevant delegated authority and this document. See box 2.4.Request for the functional level into which departmental Estimates may be split. RfRs contain a number Resources, RfRof functions being carried out by the department in pursuit of one or more of thatdepartment’s objectives.Resource accountan accruals account produced in line with the Financial Reporting Manual (FReM).Resource accountingthe system under which budgets, Estimates and accounts are constructed in a similar wayto commercial audited accounts, so that both plans and records of expenditure allow in fullfor the goods and services which are to be, or have been, consumed – ie not just the cashexpended.Resource budgetthe means by which the government plans and controls the expenditure of resources tomeet its objectives.Restitutiona legal concept which allows money and property to be returned to its rightful owner. Ittypically operates where another person can be said to have been unjustly enriched byreceiving such monies.Return on capital the ratio of profit to capital employed of an accounting entity during an identified period.employed, ROCEVarious measures of profit and of capital employed may be used in calculating the ratio.Public Privatepartnership, PPPPrivate Finance Initiative, PFIParliamentaryauthority61Managing Public Money
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GLOSSARYRoyal charterthe document setting out the powers and constitution of a corporation established underprerogative power of the monarch acting on Privy Council advice.Second readingthe second formal time that a House of Parliament may debate a bill, although in practicethe first substantive debate on its content. If successful, it is deemed to denoteParliamentary approval of the principle of the proposed legislation.Secondary legislationlaws, including orders and regulations, which are made using powers in primary legislation.Normally used to set out technical and administrative provision in greater detail thanprimary legislation, they are subject to a less intense level of scrutiny in Parliament.European legislation is,however,often implemented in secondary legislation using powers inthe European Communities Act 1972.Service-level agreement between parties, setting out in detail the level of service to be performed.agreementWhere agreements are between central government bodies, they are not legally a contractbut have a similar function.Shareholder Executive a body created to improve the government’s performance as a shareholder in businesses.Spending reviewsets out the key improvements in public services that the public can expect over a givenperiod. It includes a thorough review of departmental aims and objectives to find the bestway of delivering the government’s objectives, and sets out the spending plans for the givenperiod.State aidstate support for a domestic body or company which could distort EU competition and sois not usually allowed. See annex 4.9.Statement of Excessa formal statement detailing departments’ overspends prepared by the Comptroller andAuditor General as a result of undertaking annual audits.Statement on Internal an annual statement that Accounting Officers are required to make as part of the accounts Control, SICon a range of risk and control issues.Subheadindividual elements of departmental expenditure identifiable in Estimates as single cells, forexample cell A1 being administration costs within a particular line of departmental spending.Supplyresources voted by Parliament in response to Estimates, for expenditure by governmentdepartments.Supply Estimatesa statement of the resources the government needs in the coming financial year, and forwhat purpose(s), by which Parliamentary authority is sought for the planned level ofexpenditure and income.Target rate of returnthe rate of return required of a project or enterprise over a given period, usually at least a year.Third sectorprivate sector bodies which do not act commercially,including charities,social and voluntaryorganisations and other not-for-profit collectives. See annex 7.7.Total Managed a Treasury budgeting term which covers all current and capital spending carried out by the Expenditure,TMEpublic sector (ie not just by central departments).Trading fundan organisation (either within a government department or forming one) which is largely orwholly financed from commercial revenue generated by its activities. Its Estimate shows itsnet impact, allowing its income from receipts to be devoted entirely to its business.Treasury Minutea formal administrative document drawn up by the Treasury, which may serve a wide varietyof purposes including seeking Parliamentary approval for the use of receipts asappropriations in aid, a remission of some or all of the principal of voted loans, andresponding on behalf of the government to reports by the Public Accounts Committee(PAC).62Managing Public Money

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GLOSSARY63Managing Public MoneyValue for moneythe process under which organisation’s procurement, projects and processes aresystematically evaluated and assessed to provide confidence about suitability, effectiveness,prudence,quality,value and avoidance of error and other waste,judged for the public sectoras a whole.Virementthe process through which funds are moved between subheads such that additionalexpenditure on one is met by savings on one or more others.Votethe process by which Parliament approves funds in response to supply Estimates.Voted expenditureprovision for expenditure that has been authorised by Parliament. Parliament ‘votes’authority for public expenditure through the Supply Estimates process. Most expenditureby central government departments is authorised in this way.Wider market activity activities undertaken by central government organisations outside their statutory duties,using spare capacity and aimed at generating a commercial profit. See annex 7.6.Windfallmonies received by a department which were not anticipated in the spending review.

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64Managing Public Money

Англо-русский экономический словарь > near cash
5 schedule

1) расписание, график || составлять расписание

2) календарный план, календарный график; программа || планировать

3) таблица; схема; шкала; спецификация

4) режим

5) перечень [прейскурант] тарифов

6) демогр. переписной лист

- be ahead of schedule

- be behind schedule

- complete to schedule

- maintain a schedule

- schedule of accounts payable

- schedule of accounts receivable

- schedule of bankrupt's debts

- schedule of commission charges

- schedule of depreciation rates

- schedule of expenses

- schedule of materials on order

- schedule of prices

- schedule of trains

- schedule of wages

- availability schedule

- block-rate schedule

- bookkeeping schedule

- bullish schedule

- consus schedule

- collective schedule

- community's overall consumption schedule

- consumption schedule

- contract schedule

- cost schedule

- customs schedule

- delivery schedule

- demand schedule

- demand schedule for employment

- depreciation schedule

- design schedule

- detail schedule

- electric rate schedule

- enumerator's schedule

- equipment schedule

- feasible schedule

- fee schedule

- feeding schedule

- field work schedule

- flat schedule

- flat-and-meter rate schedule

- flat rate schedule

- flight schedule

- household schedule

- income tax schedule

- individual schedule

- inquiry schedule

- institutional schedule

- inventory schedule

- job schedule

- lapsing schedule

- leave schedule

- liquidity preference schedule

- load factor rate schedule

- machine loading schedule

- man-assignment schedule

- master schedule

- milestone schedule

- mortality schedule

- operation schedule

- optimal schedule

- optimum schedule

- order schedule

- plant schedule

- plant loading schedule

- population movement schedule

- preference schedule

- production schedule

- production-possibility schedule

- propensity-to-consume schedule

- propensity-to-save schedule

- published schedule

- rapid depreciation schedule

- rate schedule

- repayment schedule

- replacement schedule

- requirement schedule

- rolling schedule

- saving schedule

- seasonal rateschedule

- step rate schedule

- straight-line rate schedule

- supply schedule

- supporting schedule

- task schedule

- tax schedule

- tentative schedule

- tight schedule

- timing schedule

- two-part rate schedule

- two-shift schedule

- utility schedule

- verification schedule

- work schedule

- working schedule

Англо-русский словарь по экономике и финансам > schedule
6 Historical Portugal

   Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.

   A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.

   Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140

   The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."

   In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.

   The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.

   Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385

   Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in

   Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.

   The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.

   Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580

   The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.

   The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.

   What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.

   By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.

   Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.

   The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.

   By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.

   In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.

   Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640

   Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.

   Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.

   On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.

   Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822

   Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.

   Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.

   In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the

   Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.

   Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.

   Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.

   Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910

   During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.

   Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.

   Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.

   Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.

   Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.

   As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.

   First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26

   Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.

   The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.

   Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.

   The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74

   During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."

   Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.

   For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),

   and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.

   The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.

   With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.

   During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.

   The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.

   At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.

   The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.

   Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76

   Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.

   Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.

   In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.

   In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.

   In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.

   The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until

   UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.

   Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000

   After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.

   From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.

   Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.

   Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.

   In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.

   In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.

   Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.

    Contemporary Portugal

   Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.

   The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.

   Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.

   Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).

   All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.

   The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.

   After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.

   Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.

   Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.

   From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.

   Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.

   In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.

   An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal
7 demand
потребление электроэнергии
Означает национальное производство электроэнергии, включая автопроизводство, плюс импорт, минус экспорт (валовое национальное потребление электроэнергии) (Директива 2001/77/ЕС).
[Англо-русский глосcарий энергетических терминов ERRA]

EN

consumption of electricity
Shall mean national electricity production, including autoproduction, plus imports, minus exports (gross national electricity consumption) (Directive 2001/77/EC).
[Англо-русский глосcарий энергетических терминов ERRA]

electricity consumption
Amount of electricity consumed by an apparatus. (Source: PHC)
[http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]

Параллельные тексты EN-RU

Specific applications can make high demands of a data centre solution.
[Legrand]

Специфика центров обработки данных заключается в высоком потреблении электроэнергии.
[Перевод Интент]

Недопустимые, нерекомендуемые
- потребление электричества
Тематики
- энергетика в целом
EN
DE
- Elektrizitätsverbrauch
FR
- consommation d'électricité
потребляемая мощность
Общая мощность, получаемая устройством или совокупностью устройств.
[ОСТ 45.55-99]

потребляемая мощность (электрическая)
Коэффициент, по которому электроэнергия поставляется в систему или системой, частью системы или единицей оборудования. Потребляемая мощность выражается в кВТ, кВА, или других подходящих единицах на заданный момент, или в течение определенного периода времени. Основным источником "потребляемой мощности" является энергопотребляющее оборудование потребителей (Термины Рабочей Группы правового регулирования ЭРРА).
[Англо-русский глосcарий энергетических терминов ERRA]

EN

demand (electric)
The rate at which electric energy is delivered to or by a system, part of a system, or a piece of equipment. Demand is expressed in kW, kVA, or other suitable units at a given instant or over any designated period of time. The primary source of "demand" is the power-consuming equipment of the customers (ERRA Legal Regulation Working Group Terms).
[Англо-русский глосcарий энергетических терминов ERRA]

demand
the magnitude of an electricity supply, expressed in kilowatts or kilovoltamperes
[IEV ref 691-02-02]

FR

puissance
importance d'une fourniture d'électricité, exprimée en kilowatts ou kilovoltampères
[IEV ref 691-02-02]

Параллельные тексты EN-RU

Power demand is the energy accumulated during a specified period divided by the length of the period.
[Schneider Electric]

Потребляемая мощность – это значение электрической энергии, потребленной за определенный период, поделенное на продолжительность этого периода.
[Перевод Интент]

Тематики
- электротехника, основные понятия
- энергетика в целом
EN
FR
- puissance
потребность
—
[Я.Н.Лугинский, М.С.Фези-Жилинская, Ю.С.Кабиров. Англо-русский словарь по электротехнике и электроэнергетике, Москва, 1999 г.]

Тематики
- электротехника, основные понятия
EN
- demand
требовать
—
[А.С.Гольдберг. Англо-русский энергетический словарь. 2006 г.]

Тематики
- энергетика в целом
EN
- demand
электропотребление
—
[Я.Н.Лугинский, М.С.Фези-Жилинская, Ю.С.Кабиров. Англо-русский словарь по электротехнике и электроэнергетике, Москва, 1999 г.]

Тематики
- электротехника, основные понятия
EN
- demand
среднее значение величины за определенное время
-
[Интент]

EN

demand
Aaverage value of a quantity, such as power, over a specified interval of time.
[Schneider Electric]

Тематики
- счетчик электроэнергии
EN
Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > demand
8 rates

ставки имя существительное:
скорость (speed, velocity, rate, pace, rapidity, quickness)

ставка (rate, bet, General Headquarters, stake, wager, ante)

темп (tempo, pace, rate, time, movement, bat)

тариф (rate, tariff)

коэффициент (coefficient, factor, ratio, rate, index, multiplier)

норма (norm, rate, rule, Standard, mark, task)

процент (interest, percent, percentage, rate, interest rate)

степень (power, degree, extent, rate, grade, measure)

цена (price, cost, value, rate, worth, charge)

расход (consumption, expenditure, expense, rate, outgo, span)

доля (share, proportion, fraction, percentage, portion, part)

размер (size, rate, scale, dimension, proportions, extent)

обменный курс (rate)

ход (progress, stroke, running, travel, process, motion)

расценка (rate, quotation, tariff, price, valuation)

разряд (discharge, rank, digit, category, class, rate)

быстрота (rapidity, speed, swiftness, quickness, rate, promptness)

сорт (variety, grade, sort, class, brand, quality)

пропорция (proportion, ratio, rate)

класс (class, classroom, grade, School, form, category)

отношение (ratio, relationship, attitude, respect, relation, regard)

порция (portion, serving, dose, helping, ration, feed)

местный налог (cess, rate)

паек (ration, allowance, rate, dietary)

соответственная часть (rate)
глагол:
оценивать (evaluate, appreciate, assess, rate, estimate, measure)

тарифицировать (tariff, rate)

устанавливать (install, set, establish, place, mount, set up)

классифицировать (classify, categorize, sort, class, rank, pigeonhole)

определять (define, determine, set, measure, designate, govern)

расценивать (appraise, rate, cost)

браниться (scold, abuse, quarrel, swear, rail, spat)

бранить (scold, revile, berate, rail, chide, upbraid)

производить оценку (rate)

регулировать (regulate, adjust, control, govern, handle, tune)

исчислять (compute, reckon, date, rate, figure, put)

вычислять (calculate, compute, figure out, determine, find, cipher)

ставить оценку (rate, grade)

считать (find, think, consider, count, feel, reckon)

определять класс (rate)

задавать головомойку (rate)

облагать налогом (tax, assess, levy a tax on, rate)

облагать местным налогом (rate)

определять категорию (rate)

рассматривать (consider, view, regard, examine, review, see)

делать выговор (reprimand, admonish, rebuke, reprehend, reprove, pull up)

Англо-русский синонимический словарь > rates
9 cut

cut

A n

1 ( incision) gen entaille f ; ( in surgery) incision f ; to make a cut in faire une entaille dans [cloth, wood] ; [surgeon] faire une incision dans [flesh] ;

2 ( wound) coupure f ; to get a cut from sth se couper sur qch ;

3 ( hairstyle) coupe f ; a cut and blow-dry une coupe-brushing ;

4 ○ ( share) part f ; a cut of the profits/takings une part des bénéfices/recettes ; she takes a 25% cut of the total sum elle prend 25% de la somme globale ;

5 ( reduction) réduction f (in de) ; a cut in prices, a price cut une baisse des prix ; a cut in the interest/unemployment rate une baisse du taux d'intérêt/de chômage ; job cuts suppression f d'emplois ; he agreed to take a cut in salary il a accepté qu'on lui diminue son salaire ;

6 ( trim) to give [sth] a cut couper [hair, grass] ;

7 Culin morceau m ; fillet is the most tender cut le filet est le morceau le plus tendre ;

8 ( shape) ( of gem) taille f ; (of suit, jacket) coupe f ;

9 Cin ( removal of footage) coupure f ; ( shot) plan m de raccord (from de ; to à) ; final cut final cut m ;

10 ( in editing) coupure f ; to make cuts in faire des coupures dans [article, story] ;

11 ( shorter route) raccourci m ;

12 Art, Print cliché m, gravure f ;

13 Sport coup m tranchant ;

14 ○ Mus ( track) morceau m ; classic cuts from the 60's des morceaux classiques des années 60.

B vtr ( p prés - tt- ; prét, pp cut)

1 ( slice) couper [bread, fabric, metal, paper, slice, wood] ; faire [hole, slit] ; to cut sth out of couper qch dans [fabric] ; découper qch dans [magazine] ; to cut sth in half ou in two couper qch en deux ; to cut sth into quarters/slices/pieces couper qch en quartiers/tranches/morceaux ; to cut sth to shreds ou ribbons mettre [qch] en pièces [fabric, document] ; my hands were cut to shreds mes mains étaient tout abîmées ;

2 ( sever) couper [rope, ribbon, throat, wire] ; ouvrir [vein] ; couper [flower, stem] ; faucher, couper [wheat] ; fig rompre [ties, links] ;

3 ( carve out) faire [notch] ; creuser [channel, tunnel] ; graver [initials] (in dans) ; to cut sth open ouvrir [packet, sack] ; [surgeon] ouvrir [chest, stomach] ; to cut one's way through se frayer un chemin dans [undergrowth] ;

4 ( wound) lit ( once) blesser [victim] ; ( repeatedly) taillader [victim] ; fig [remark] blesser [person] ; to cut one's finger/lip se couper le doigt/la lèvre ; the rocks cut their feet les rochers leur ont tailladé les pieds ; the wind cut me like a knife le vent était mordant ;

5 ( trim) couper [grass, hair] ; tailler [hedge] ; to cut one's fringe/finger nails se couper la frange/les ongles ; to have one's hair cut se faire couper les cheveux ;

6 (shape, fashion) tailler [gem, marble, wood] ; découper [pastry] ; tailler [suit] ; [locksmith] refaire [key] ; to cut sth into triangles/strips couper qch en triangles/bandes ; to cut sth into the shape of a bird découper qch en forme d'oiseau ;

7 ( liberate) to cut sb from sth dégager qn de [wreckage] ; to cut sb/sth free ou loose libérer qn/qch (from de) ;

8 ( edit) couper [article, film] ; supprimer [scene] ; we cut the film to 90 minutes nous avons réduit le film à 90 minutes ; I cut the article from 3,000 to 2,000 words j'ai réduit l'article de 3 000 à 2 000 mots ;

9 ( reduce) baisser [price, rate] ; réduire [cost, expenditure, inflation, list, number, staff, wages] (by de) ; diminuer [length, size, working day, salary] ; comprimer [budget] ; we've cut prices by 10% on a baissé les prix de 10% ; we've cut the amount of time we spend on the phone nous passons moins de temps au téléphone ;

10 ( grow) to cut a tooth percer une dent ; to cut one's teeth faire ses dents ;

11 ( switch off) éteindre [headlights] ;

12 ( record) faire, graver [album] ; tracer [track] ;

13 Comput couper [paragraph, section] ; cut and paste couper-coller ; cut the first paragraph and paste it in at the end coupez le premier paragraphe et collez-le à la fin ;

14 Games couper [cards, deck] ;

15 ( dilute) couper [drink, drugs] (with avec) ;

16 ( intersect) [line] couper [circle] ; [track] couper [road] ;

17 ○ ( stop) cut the chatter arrêtez de jacasser ; cut the flattery/sarcasm! assez de flatteries/sarcasme! ; cut the crap ◑ ! arrête de déconner ◑ ! ;

18 ○ ( fail to attend) sécher ○ [class, lesson] ; ne pas aller à [meeting, conference] ;

19 ( snub) ignorer, snober [person] ; she cut me dead in the street elle m'a complètement ignoré dans la rue ;

20 Cin ( splice) monter.

C vi ( p prés - tt- ; prét, pp cut)

1 (slice, make an incision) couper ; this knife cuts well ce couteau coupe bien ; cardboard cuts easily le carton est facile à couper ; cut along the dotted line coupez suivant les pointillés ; will the cake cut into six? tu crois que le gâteau fera pour six? ; to cut into entamer [cake, pie] ; couper [fabric, paper] ; inciser [flesh, organ] ;

2 (move, go) to cut across the park couper à travers le parc ; our route cuts across Belgium notre itinéraire traverse la Belgique ; the lorry cut across my path le camion m'a coupé la route ; to cut down a sidestreet couper par une petite rue ; to cut in front of sb ( in a queue) passer devant qn ; ( in a car) faire une queue de poisson à qn ;

3 Cin the camera cut to the president la caméra s'est braquée sans transition sur le président ; to cut from the street to the courtroom [camera] passer de la rue à la salle d'audience ;

4 Games couper ; to cut for the deal couper les cartes pour déterminer qui va donner ;

5 fig to cut into ( impinge on) empiéter sur [leisure time, working day].

D v refl ( p prés - tt- ; prét, pp cut) to cut oneself se couper ; to cut oneself on the foot/chin se couper au pied/menton ; to cut oneself on broken glass se couper avec un morceau de verre ; to cut oneself a slice of meat se couper une tranche de viande ; cut yourself some cake coupe-toi un morceau de gâteau.

E cut pp adj

1 (sliced, sawn) [fabric, rope, pages, timber] coupé ; ready-cut slices tranches prédécoupées ;

2 ( shaped) [gem, stone] taillé ; a well-cut jacket une veste bien coupée ; the trousers are cut wide le pantalon est coupé large ;

3 ( injured) [lip] coupé ; to have a cut finger/knee avoir une coupure au doigt/genou ;

4 Agric, Hort [hay] fauché ; [grass, flowers] coupé ;

5 ( edited) [film, text] avec coupures (after n).

Idioms

to be a cut above sb/sth être supérieur à qn/qch ; to cut and run fig fuir, partir en courant ; to cut both ways [argument, measure] être à double tranchant ; to have one's work cut out to do avoir du mal à faire.

Phrasal verbs

■ cut across:

▶ cut across [sth]

1 ( bisect) [path] traverser [field] ;

2 ( transcend) [issue, disease] ne pas tenir compte de [class barriers, boundaries, distinctions] ;

▶ cut across [sb] interrompre.

■ cut along se dépêcher.

■ cut at:

▶ cut at [sth] attaquer [trunk, branches] ; taillader [rope] ; tailler dans [hair, stone].

■ cut away:

▶ cut away [sth] enlever [dead wood, diseased tissue].

■ cut back:

▶ cut back faire des économies (on de) ;

▶ cut back [sth], cut [sth] back

1 ( reduce) réduire [production, spending, staffing levels] (to à) ; limiter [expansion] (to à) ;

2 ( prune) tailler.

■ cut down:

▶ cut down réduire sa consommation ; ‘would you like a cigarette?’-‘no, I'm trying to cut down’ ‘veux-tu une cigarette?’-‘non merci, j'essaie de fumer moins’ ; to cut down on réduire sa consommation de [alcohol, fatty foods] ;

▶ cut down [sth], cut [sth] down

1 ( chop down) abattre [forest, tree] ;

2 ( reduce) réduire [consumption, spending, number, time, scale] (from de, to à) ;

3 ( trim) couper [carpet, curtains] ; couper [article, film] ;

▶ cut [sb] down littér [disease] emporter liter [person] ; to cut sb down to size rabattre le caquet à qn.

■ cut in:

▶ cut in

1 ( interrupt) ( in conversation) intervenir ; ( in dancing) s'interposer ; ‘what about me?’ he cut in ‘et moi, alors?’ dit-il en interrompant la discussion ; ‘may I cut in?’ ( on dance floor) ‘vous permettez (que je danse avec madame)?’ ; to cut in on sb ( in conversation) interrompre qn ;

2 ( in vehicle) the taxi cut in in front of me le taxi m'a fait une queue de poisson ;

▶ cut [sb] in mettre qn dans le coup ; they cut me in on the deal ils m'ont mis dans le coup.

■ cut off:

▶ cut off [sth], cut [sth] off

1 ( remove) couper [hair, piece, slice, top, corner] ; enlever [excess, crusts] ; to cut off one's finger se couper le doigt ; to cut off sb's head/fingers couper la tête/les doigts à qn ; she had all her hair cut off elle s'est fait couper les cheveux très court ;

2 ( reduce) to cut 1% off inflation réduire l'inflation de 1% ; they've cut 10% off their prices ils ont baissé leurs prix de 10% ; it cut 20 minutes off the journey cela a raccourci le trajet de 20 minutes ; she cut ten seconds off the world record elle a amélioré le record mondial de dix secondes ;

3 ( disconnect) couper [gas, power, telephone, water, supply lines] ;

▶ cut off [sth]

1 ( suspend) supprimer [allowance, grant] ; suspendre [financial aid] ;

2 ( isolate) [tide, army] couper [area, town] ;

3 ( block) bloquer [retreat, escape route] ;

▶ cut [sb] off

1 Telecom couper qn ;

2 ( disinherit) déshériter qn ; he cut me off without a penny il ne m'a pas laissé un sou ;

3 ( interrupt) interrompre qn ; she cut me off in mid-phrase elle m'a interrompu en plein milieu d'une phrase ;

▶ cut [sb] off, cut off [sb] ( isolate) [group, person] couper [person] ; to be cut off by the tide se faire surprendre par la marée ; to feel cut off se sentir coupé ; to cut oneself off se couper (from de).

■ cut out:

▶ cut out [engine, fan] s'arrêter ;

▶ cut out [sth] supprimer [alcohol, fatty food] ;

▶ cut [sth] out, cut out [sth]

1 ( snip out) découper [article, piece, shape] (from dans) ;

2 ( remove) enlever [tumour] (from de) ; couper [reference, sentence] ; supprimer [scene, chapter] ;

3 ( block out) boucher [view] ; éliminer [draught, noise, vibration] ;

4 ○ ( stop) cut the noise out! arrêtez de faire du bruit! cut out the laughing/fighting! arrêtez de rire/de vous disputer! ; cut it out! ça suffit! ;

▶ cut [sb] out

1 ( isolate) exclure qn ; to cut sb out of one's will déshériter qn ;

2 to be cut out for teaching/nursing être fait pour être professeur/infirmière ; he's not cut out to be a teacher il n'est pas fait pour être professeur.

■ cut short:

▶ cut short [sth], cut [sth] short abréger [holiday, visit, discussion] ; to cut the conversation short couper court ;

▶ cut [sb] short interrompre.

■ cut through:

▶ cut through [sth] [knife, scissors] couper [cardboard, plastic] ; [detergent] attaquer [grease] ; [whip] fendre [air] ; [boat] fendre [water] ; [person] éviter [red tape] ; [voice] traverser [noise].

■ cut up:

▶ cut up ○ US chahuter ;

▶ cut [sth] up, cut up [sth] couper [food, meat, onions] ; disséquer [specimen] ; [murderer] couper [qch] en morceaux [corpse] ; to cut sth up into strips/pieces couper qch en bandes/morceaux ;

▶ cut [sb] up

1 ( wound) [gangster] taillader [victim] ;

2 ( upset) to be very cut up être très affecté (about, by par) ;

3 ○ Aut faire une queue de poisson à.

Big English-French dictionary > cut
10 wattage
1. потребляемая мощность
2. потребление активной мощности
потребление активной мощности
—
[В.А.Семенов. Англо-русский словарь по релейной защите]

Тематики
- релейная защита
EN
- watt consumption
- wattage
потребляемая мощность
Общая мощность, получаемая устройством или совокупностью устройств.
[ОСТ 45.55-99]

потребляемая мощность (электрическая)
Коэффициент, по которому электроэнергия поставляется в систему или системой, частью системы или единицей оборудования. Потребляемая мощность выражается в кВТ, кВА, или других подходящих единицах на заданный момент, или в течение определенного периода времени. Основным источником "потребляемой мощности" является энергопотребляющее оборудование потребителей (Термины Рабочей Группы правового регулирования ЭРРА).
[Англо-русский глосcарий энергетических терминов ERRA]

EN

demand (electric)
The rate at which electric energy is delivered to or by a system, part of a system, or a piece of equipment. Demand is expressed in kW, kVA, or other suitable units at a given instant or over any designated period of time. The primary source of "demand" is the power-consuming equipment of the customers (ERRA Legal Regulation Working Group Terms).
[Англо-русский глосcарий энергетических терминов ERRA]

demand
the magnitude of an electricity supply, expressed in kilowatts or kilovoltamperes
[IEV ref 691-02-02]

FR

puissance
importance d'une fourniture d'électricité, exprimée en kilowatts ou kilovoltampères
[IEV ref 691-02-02]

Параллельные тексты EN-RU

Power demand is the energy accumulated during a specified period divided by the length of the period.
[Schneider Electric]

Потребляемая мощность – это значение электрической энергии, потребленной за определенный период, поделенное на продолжительность этого периода.
[Перевод Интент]

Тематики
- электротехника, основные понятия
- энергетика в целом
EN
FR
- puissance
Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > wattage
11 aircraft

aircraft n
воздушное судно
abandon an aircraft
покидать воздушное судно
abandoned aircraft
воздушное судно, исключенное из реестра
accident to an aircraft
происшествие с воздушным судном
accommodate an aircraft
размещать воздушное судно
active aircraft
эксплуатируемое воздушное судно
after an aircraft
дорабатывать конструкцию воздушного судна
ageing aircraft
износ воздушного судна
airborne aircraft
воздушное судно, находящееся в воздухе
aircraft acceleration factor
коэффициент перегрузки воздушного судна
aircraft acceleration tests
испытания воздушного судна на перегрузки
aircraft accessory gear box
коробка приводов самолетных агрегатов
aircraft age
срок службы воздушного судна
aircraft alert position
состояние готовности воздушного судна к вылету
aircraft alternate-stress tests
испытания воздушного судна на переменные нагрузки
aircraft anticollision device
прибор предупреждения столкновений воздушных судов
aircraft assembly jig
сборочный стапель воздушного судна
aircraft axis
ось симметрии воздушного судна
aircraft balance diagram
центровочный график воздушного судна
aircraft basic specifications
основные технические данные воздушного судна
aircraft bearing
пеленг воздушного судна
aircraft behavior
поведение воздушного судна
aircraft blind transmission
передача воздушного судна
aircraft braking performance
тормозная характеристика воздушного судна
aircraft breakaway
страгивание воздушного судна
aircraft breakdown
весовая классификация воздушного судна
aircraft call sign
позывной код воздушного судна
aircraft capacity
вместимость воздушного судна
aircraft capacity range
предел коммерческой загрузки воздушного судна
aircraft cargo lashing
швартовка груза на воздушном судне
aircraft category
вид воздушного судна
aircraft category rating
классификация воздушных судов по типам
aircraft center line
осевая линия воздушного судна
aircraft center - of - gravity
центровка воздушного судна
aircraft certificate
сертификат воздушного судна
aircraft certificate holder
владелец сертификата на воздушное судно
aircraft classification
классификация воздушных судов
aircraft clock
бортовой синхронизатор
aircraft commander
командир воздушного судна
aircraft commissioning tests
эксплуатационные испытания воздушного судна
aircraft communication equipment
бортовое связное оборудование
aircraft company
фирма по производству воздушных судов
aircraft component
элемент конструкции воздушного судна
aircraft container
контейнер для перевозки грузов и багажа на воздушном судне
aircraft control loss
потеря управляемости воздушного судна
aircraft control margin
запас управляемости воздушного судна
aircraft control system
система управления воздушным судном
aircraft control transfer
передача управления воздушным судном
aircraft cost level
себестоимость воздушного судна
aircraft course
курс воздушного судна
aircraft customer
заказчик воздушного судна
aircraft deck
пол кабины воздушного судна
aircraft decompression
разгерметизация воздушного судна
aircraft defects list
ведомость дефектов воздушного судна
aircraft delivery
поставка воздушных судов
aircraft depot
авиационная база
aircraft design
конструкция воздушного судна
aircraft designer
авиаконструктор
aircraft design load
расчетный предел нагрузки воздушного судна
aircraft development plant
опытная авиационный завод
aircraft dimension tolerance
допуск на размеры воздушного судна
aircraft ditching
вынужденная посадка воздушного судна на воду
aircraft documents
бортовая документация
aircraft dry lease
аренда воздушного судна без экипажа
aircraft drylease
аренда воздушного судна без экипажа
aircraft earthing
заземление воздушного судна
aircraft electrical failure
отказ электросистемы воздушного судна
aircraft electric system
электросистема воздушного судна
aircraft electrification
осветительное оборудование воздушного судна
aircraft embody
проводить доработку воздушного судна
aircraft emergency
аварийная ситуация с воздушным судном
aircraft emergency locator beacon
бортовой аварийный приводной маяк
aircraft employment
эксплуатация воздушного судна
aircraft empty weight
масса пустого воздушного судна
aircraft endurance tests
ресурсные испытания воздушного судна
aircraft environmental test
испытание воздушного судна в термобарокамере
aircraft equipment
бортовое оборудование
aircraft equipment overhaul
ремонт оборудования воздушного судна
aircraft escape chute
аварийный бортовой трап - лоток
aircraft evacuation means
средства эвакуации воздушного судна
aircraft evolution
эволюция воздушного судна
aircraft factory
авиационный завод
aircraft fatigue life
усталостный ресурс воздушного судна
aircraft fire point
очаг пожара на воздушном судне
aircraft first cost
себестоимость производства воздушного судна
aircraft fix
местоположение воздушного судна
aircraft fixed equipment
бортовое стационарное оборудование
aircraft fix latitude
широта местонахождения воздушного судна
aircraft fixture
стапель для сборки воздушного судна
aircraft flash
засветка воздушного судна
aircraft fleet
парк воздушных судов
aircraft fleet turnover
оборот парка воздушных судов
aircraft flight report
полетный лист воздушного судна
aircraft flying
полеты воздушных судов
aircraft freight
груз, перевозимый воздушным судном
aircraft fuel consumption
расход топлива воздушным судном
aircraft fuel quantity
запас топлива воздушного судна
aircraft fuel supply
подача топлива в систему воздушного судна
aircraft galley
бортовая кухня воздушного судна
aircraft generation
поколение воздушных судов
aircraft geometry
контуры воздушного судна
aircraft handling
управление воздушным судном
aircraft hardware
приборное оборудование воздушного судна
aircraft heading
курс воздушного судна
aircraft heater
аэродромный обогреватель воздушного судна
aircraft heating system
система обогрева воздушного судна
aircraft heel
крен воздушного судна
aircraft high tension wiring
электропроводка высокого напряжения на воздушном судне
aircraft hijack protection
защита воздушного судна от угона
aircraft hoist
самолетный подъемник
aircraft hour
самолето-час
aircraft hydraulic jack
гидроподъемник для воздушного судна
aircraft icing
обледенение воздушного судна
aircraft identification
опознавание воздушного судна
aircraft identification system
система опознавания воздушного судна
aircraft impact
столкновение воздушного судна
aircraft impact angle
угол удара воздушного судна
aircraft in distress
воздушное судно, терпящее бедствие
aircraft in missing
воздушное судно, пропавшее без вести
aircraft in service
эксплуатируемое воздушное судно
aircraft insurance
страхование воздушного судна
aircraft integrated data system
бортовая комплексная система регистрации данных
aircraft intentional swerve
преднамеренное отклонение воздушного судна
aircraft interchange
обмен воздушными судами
aircraft is considered to be missing
воздушное судно считается пропавшим без вести
aircraft jacking point
место установки домкрата для подъема воздушного судна
aircraft ladder
бортовая лестница
aircraft lading
загрузка воздушного судна
aircraft landing
посадка воздушного судна
aircraft landing measurement system
система измерения посадочных параметров воздушного судна
aircraft lateral inbalance
нарушение поперечной центровки воздушного судна
aircraft layout
компоновка воздушного судна
aircraft lead
электропроводка воздушного судна
aircraft leaflet
рекламный проспект воздушного судна
aircraft lease
аренда воздушного судна
aircraft leveling point
нивелировочная точка воздушного судна
aircraft lights
бортовые аэронавигационные огни
aircraft limit switch
концевой выключатель в системе воздушного судна
aircraft list
крен воздушного судна
aircraft load distribution
распределение загрузки воздушного судна
aircraft load factor
коэффициент загрузки воздушного судна
aircraft loading chart
схема загрузки воздушного судна
aircraft loading diagram
схема загрузки воздушного судна
aircraft loading instruction
инструкция по загрузке воздушного судна
aircraft low tension wiring
электропроводка низкого напряжения на воздушном судне
aircraft maintenance base
авиационная техническая база
aircraft maintenance depot
авиационная техническая база
aircraft maintenance division
цех технического обслуживания воздушных судов
aircraft maintenance engineer
инженер по техническому обслуживанию воздушных судов
aircraft maintenance engineering exhibition
выставка технического оборудования для обслуживания воздушных судов
aircraft maintenance guide
руководство по технической эксплуатации воздушного судна
aircraft maintenance performance
эксплуатационная технологичность воздушного судна
aircraft maintenance practice
технология технического обслуживания воздушного судна
aircraft maintenance team
бригада технического обслуживания воздушных судов
aircraft main view
общий вид воздушного судна
aircraft manoeuvrability
маневренность воздушного судна
aircraft manufacturing facilities
авиационное производственное предприятие
aircraft manufacturing plant
авиационный завод
aircraft minima
минимум воздушного судна
aircraft mockup
макет воздушного судна
aircraft model
модель воздушного судна
aircraft movement
движение воздушного судна
aircraft mush
просадка воздушного судна
aircraft nationality mark
государственный опознавательный знак воздушного судна
aircraft navigation equipment
бортовое навигационное оборудование
aircraft noise abatement operating procedures
эксплуатационные методы снижения авиационного шума
aircraft noise annoyance
раздражающее воздействие шума от воздушного суд
aircraft noise certificate
сертификат воздушного судна по шуму
aircraft noise pollution
вредное воздействие шума от воздушных судов
aircraft noise prediction program
программа прогнозирования авиационного шума
aircraft nose section
носовая часть воздушного судна
aircraft observation
наблюдение с борта воздушного судна
aircraft on flight
воздушное судно в полете
aircraft on register
воздушное судно, занесенное в реестр
aircraft operating agency
летно-эксплуатационное предприятие
aircraft operating expenses
эксплуатационные расходы на воздушное судно
aircraft operating instruction
инструкция по эксплуатации воздушного судна
aircraft operation
эксплуатация воздушного судна
aircraft operational empty weight
допустимая посадочная масса
aircraft operational range
эксплуатационная дальность полета воздушного судна
aircraft operational weight
масса снаряженного воздушного судна без пассажиров
aircraft overhaul
ремонт воздушного судна
aircraft overhaul plant
ремонтный авиационный завод
aircraft overhaul shop
мастерская капитального ремонта воздушных судов
aircraft overswinging
раскачивание воздушного судна
aircraft parking
парковка воздушного судна
aircraft parking equipment
оборудование места стоянки воздушного судна
aircraft parking place
место стоянки воздушного судна
aircraft passenger insurance
страхование авиапассажиров
aircraft perfomance limitations
летно-технические ограничения
aircraft performance characteristics
летно-технические характеристики
aircraft performances
летно-технические характеристики воздушного судна
aircraft phantom view
условно прозрачный вид воздушного судна
aircraft pivoting
разворот воздушного судна
aircraft pneumatic system
пневматическая система воздушного судна
aircraft portable equipment
переносное бортовое оборудование
aircraft position
отметка местоположения воздушного судна
aircraft position indicator
указатель положения воздушного судна
aircraft position line
линия положения воздушного судна
aircraft position report
сообщение о положении воздушного судна
aircraft power reduction
уменьшение мощности двигателей воздушного судна
aircraft power supply
бортовой источник электропитания
aircraft production
производство воздушных судов
aircraft production break line
линия технологического разъема воздушного судна
aircraft production inspection
контроль качества изготовления воздушных судов
aircraft prototype
опытный вариант воздушного судна
aircraft provider state
государство - поставщик воздушного судна
aircraft range
дальность полета воздушного судна
aircraft rating
классификационная отметка воздушного судна
aircraft readiness
готовность воздушного судна
aircraft recorder
бортовой регистратор
aircraft recorder equipment
бортовая контрольно-записывающая аппаратура
aircraft recovery
обнаружение и удаление воздушного судна
aircraft recovery date
дата обнаружения пропавшего воздушного судна
aircraft recovery kit
комплект оборудования для удаления воздушного судна
aircraft recovery plan
план восстановления воздушного судна
aircraft reference symbol
указатель положения воздушного судна
(на шкале навигационного прибора) aircraft registration
регистрация воздушного судна
aircraft registration mark
бортовой регистрационный знак воздушного судна
aircraft registry state
государство регистрации воздушного судна
aircraft reliability
надежность воздушного судна
aircraft removal from service
снятие воздушного судна с эксплуатации
aircraft rental costs
расходы на аренду воздушного судна
aircraft repair depot
база ремонта воздушных судов
aircraft repair kit
техническая аптечка воздушного судна
aircraft repairman
специалист по ремонту воздушных судов
aircraft repair shop
авиаремонтная мастерская
aircraft requiring assistance
воздушное судно, нуждающееся в помощи
aircraft reserve factor
запас прочности воздушного судна
aircraft responder
самолетный ответчик
aircraft retrofit
доработка воздушного судна
aircraft roll
крен воздушного судна
aircraft safe life
безопасный срок службы воздушного судна
aircraft safety beacon
проблесковый маяк для предупреждения столкновения
aircraft safety factor
уровень безопасности полетов воздушного судна
aircraft salvage
эвакуация воздушного судна с места аварии
aircraft sanitary control
санитарный контроль воздушных судов
aircrafts batch
серия воздушных судов
aircraft seating density
плотность размещения кресел на воздушном судне
aircraft self routing
прокладка маршрута с помощью бортовых средств навигации
aircraft sensitivity
управляемость воздушного судна
aircraft separation assurance
обеспечение эшелонирования полетов воздушных судов
aircraft service period
продолжительность обслуживания воздушного судна
aircraft service truck's
транспортные средства для обслуживания воздушного судна
aircraft servicing
обслуживание воздушного судна
aircraft servicing equipment
оборудование для обслуживания воздушного судна
aircraft servicing installation
стационарная установка для обслуживания воздушного судна
aircraft setting
пеленгование воздушного судна
aircraft's file
набор бортовой документации
aircraft shed
ангар для воздушного судна
aircraft side
борт воздушного судна
aircrafts impingement
столкновение воздушных судов
aircraft simulator
тренажер воздушного судна
aircraft skidding drag
сопротивление скольжению воздушного судна
aircraft's loading position
место загрузки воздушного судна
aircraft sound proofing
звукоизоляция воздушного судна
aircraft spacing
эшелонирование полетов воздушных судов
aircraft spare part
запасные части для воздушного судна
aircraft's parking position
место стоянки воздушного судна
aircraft speed
скорость воздушного судна
aircraft spiral glide
планирование воздушного судна по спирали
aircraft's present position
фактическое положение воздушного судна
aircraft stand
место остановки воздушного судна
aircraft standby facilities
резервное оборудование воздушного судна
aircraft stand identification
обозначение места остановки воздушного судна
aircraft stand identification sign
опознавательный знак места стоянки воздушного судна
aircraft stand lead-in line
линия заруливания воздушного судна на стоянку
aircraft stand marking
маркировка места стоянки воздушного судна
aircraft stand taxilane
линия руления воздушного судна в зоне стоянки
aircraft status report
донесение о состоянии парка воздушных судов
aircraft step unit
бортовой трап
aircraft stop
остановка воздушного судна
aircraft stopping performance
тормозная характеристика воздушного судна
aircraft storage battery
бортовая аккумуляторная батарея
aircraft storage instruction
инструкция по консервации и хранению воздушного судна
aircraft structural deformation
деформация конструкции воздушного судна
aircraft structure
конструкция воздушного судна
aircraft substantial damage
значительное повреждение судна
aircraft sudden swerve
внезапное отклонение воздушного судна
aircraft supersedeas
списание воздушного судна
aircraft supplier
предприятие - поставщик воздушных судов
aircraft surface movement indicator
индикатор наземного движения воздушных судов
aircraft system
бортовая система
aircraft technician
авиационный техник
aircraft test data
данные о результатах испытаний воздушного судна
aircraft test station
испытательная станция воздушных судов
aircraft tie-down point
точка швартовки воздушного судна
aircraft tightness
герметичность воздушного судна
aircraft tool coding
маркировка бортового инструмента
aircraft towing point
буксировочный узел воздушного судна
aircraft trail
спутный след воздушного судна
aircraft trim
балансировка воздушного судна
aircraft type
тип воздушного судна
aircraft uncontrollability
неуправляемость воздушного судна
aircraft underloading
неполная загрузка воздушного судна
aircraft unlawful seizure
незаконный захват воздушного судна
aircraft usability factor
коэффициент использования воздушного судна
aircraft useful load
полезная нагрузка воздушного судна
aircraft user state
государство - эксплуатант воздушного судна
aircraft ventilation rate
степень вентиляции кабины воздушного судна
aircraft wake
спутная струя за воздушным судном
aircraft warning system
система предупредительной сигнализации воздушного судна
aircraft warranty
гарантийный срок воздушного судна
aircraft washing plant
моечная установка для воздушных судов
aircraft wearout rate
степень износа воздушного судна
aircraft weight category
весовая категория воздушного судна
aircraft weight tolerance
допуск на массу воздушного судна
aircraft wet lease
аренда воздушного судна вместе с экипажем
aircraft wreck
поломка воздушного судна
airodynamically balanced aircraft
аэродинамически сбалансированное воздушное судно
align the aircraft
устанавливать воздушное судно
align the aircraft with the center line
устанавливать воздушное судно по оси
align the aircraft with the runway
устанавливать воздушное судно по оси ВПП
all-cargo aircraft
грузовое воздушное судно
all-metal aircraft
цельнометаллическое воздушное судно
all-purpose aircraft
многоцелевое воздушное судно
all-weather aircraft
всепогодное воздушное судно
all-wing aircraft
воздушное судно схемы летающее крыло
ambulance aircraft
санитарное воздушное судно
amphibian aircraft
самолет - амфибия
approaching aircraft
воздушное судно, совершающее заход на посадку
arriving aircraft
прибывающее воздушное судно
associated aircraft system
вспомогательная бортовая система воздушного судна
authorized aircraft
воздушное судно, имеющее разрешение на полет
balanced aircraft
сбалансированное воздушное судно
balance the aircraft
балансировать воздушное судно
baseline aircraft
служебное воздушное судно
baseline aircraft configuration
конфигурация базовой модели воздушного судна
basic aircraft
основной вариант воздушного судна
board an aircraft
подниматься на борт воздушного судна
bring the aircraft back
возвращать воздушное судно
bring the aircraft out
выводить воздушное судно из крена
business aircraft
служебное воздушное судно
canard aircraft
воздушное судно схемы утка
cargo aircraft
грузовое служебное судно
cause of aircraft trouble
причина неисправности воздушного судна
charter an aircraft
фрахтовать воздушное судно
chartered aircraft
зафрахтованное воздушное судно
civil aircraft
воздушное судно гражданской авиации
clean aircraft
воздушное судно с убранной механизацией крыла
clean the aircraft
убирать механизацию крыла воздушного судна
clearance of the aircraft
разрешение воздушному судну
cleared aircraft
воздушное судно, получившее разрешение
clear the aircraft
давать разрешение воздушному судну
combination aircraft
воздушное судно для смешанных перевозок
Committee on Aircraft Noise
Комитет по авиационному шуму
commuter-size aircraft
воздушное судно местных воздушных линий
complex type of aircraft
комбинированный тип воздушного судна
consider an aircraft serviceable
допускать воздушное судно к дальнейшей эксплуатации
control the aircraft
управлять воздушным судном
conventional takeoff and landing aircraft
воздушное судно обычной схемы взлета и посадки
convert an aircraft
переоборудовать воздушное судно
convertible aircraft
грузопассажирское воздушное судно
cover an aircraft with
зачехлять воздушное судно
damage aircraft structure
повреждать конструкцию воздушного судна
damaged aircraft
поврежденное воздушное судно
decelerate the aircraft to
снижать скорость воздушного судна до
delta-wing aircraft
воздушное судно с треугольным крылом
departing aircraft
вылетающее воздушное судно
derived aircraft
модифицированное воздушное судно
disabled aircraft
воздушное судно, выведенное из строя
double-decker aircraft
двухпалубное воздушное судно
ease the aircraft on
выравнивать воздушное судно
eastbound aircraft
воздушное судно, летящее курсом на восток
effect on an aircraft
влиять на состояние воздушного судна
enable the aircraft to
давать воздушному судну право
endanger the aircraft
создавать опасность для воздушного судна
engage in aircraft operation
эксплуатировать воздушное судно
enter the aircraft
заносить воздушное судно в реестр
enter the aircraft stand
заруливать на место стоянки воздушного судна
entire aircraft
укомплектованное воздушное судно
environmentally attuned aircraft
воздушное судно, удовлетворяющее требованиям сохранения окружающей среды
equip an aircraft with
оборудовать воздушное судно
estimated position of aircraft
расчетное положение воздушного судна
executive aircraft
административное воздушное судно
experimental aircraft
опытный вариант воздушного судна
feeder aircraft
воздушное судно вспомогательной авиалинии
fill an aircraft with
размещать в воздушном судне
first-generation aircraft
воздушное судно первого поколения
fit an aircraft with
оборудовать воздушное судно
fixed-wing aircraft
воздушное судно с неподвижным крылом
fly by an aircraft
летать на воздушном судне
fly the aircraft
1. пилотировать воздушное судно
2. управлять самолетом folding wing aircraft
воздушное судно со складывающимся крылом
following aircraft
воздушное судно, идущее следом
follow up the aircraft
сопровождать воздушное судно
forest patrol aircraft
воздушное судно для патрулирования лесных массивов
freight aircraft
грузовое воздушное судно
full-scalle aircraft
полномасштабная модель воздушного судна
general-purpose aircraft
воздушное судно общего назначения
handy aircraft
легкоуправляемое воздушное судно
head the aircraft into wind
направлять воздушное судно против ветра
heavier-than-air aircraft
летательный аппарат тяжелее воздуха
heavy aircraft
транспортное воздушное судно
high-altitude aircraft
воздушное судно для полетов на большой высоте
high-capacity aircraft
воздушное судно большой вместимости
high-speed aircraft
скоростное воздушное судно
high-wing aircraft
воздушное судно с верхним расположением крыла
holding aircraft
воздушное судно в зоне ожидания
hold the aircraft on the heading
выдерживать воздушное судно на заданном курсе
hospital aircraft
санитарное воздушное судно
house an aircraft
размещать воздушное судно
hypersonic aircraft
гиперзвуковое воздушное судно
identify the aircraft
опознавать воздушное судно
improperly loaded aircraft
воздушное судно, загруженное не по установленной схеме
inbound aircraft
прибывающее воздушное судно
in-coming aircraft
воздушное судно на подходе
inconventional type of aircraft
нестандартный тип воздушного судна
in-flight aircraft
воздушное судно в полете
inherent in the aircraft
свойственный воздушному судну
in-service aircraft
эксплуатируемое воздушное судно
install in the aircraft
устанавливать на борту воздушного судна
install on the aircraft
монтировать на воздушном судне
interception of civil aircraft
перехват гражданского воздушного судна
interchanged aircraft
воздушное судно по обмену
intercharged aircraft agreement
соглашение об обмене воздушными суднами
international aircraft standard
международный авиационный стандарт
International Council of Aircraft Owner and Pilot Associations
Международный совет ассоциаций владельцев воздушных судов и пилотов
intruding aircraft
воздушное судно, создающее опасность столкновения
inward aircraft
прибывающее воздушное судно
irrepairable aircraft
неремонтопригодное воздушное судно
jack an aircraft
вывешивать воздушное судно на подъемниках
jet aircraft
реактивное воздушное судно
join an aircraft
совершать посадку на борт воздушного судна
keep clear of the aircraft
держаться на безопасном расстоянии от воздушного судна
keep the aircraft on
выдерживать воздушное судно
known aircraft damage
установленное повреждение воздушного судна
laden aircraft
загруженное воздушное судно
land aircraft
сухопутное воздушное судно
land the aircraft
приземлять воздушное судно
lead in the aircraft
заруливать воздушное судно
lead out the aircraft
выруливать воздушное судно
lease an aircraft
арендовать воздушное судно
leased aircraft
арендованное воздушное судно
lessee of an aircraft
арендатор воздушного судна
level the aircraft out
выравнивать воздушное судно
licensed aircraft
лицензированное воздушное судно
lift an aircraft on
вывешивать воздушное судно
lift-fuselage aircraft
воздушное судно с несущим фюзеляжем
light aircraft
воздушное судно небольшой массы
lighter-than-air aircraft
летательный аппарат легче воздуха
line up the aircraft
выруливать воздушное судно на исполнительный старт
long-bodied aircraft
длиннофюзеляжный самолет
long-distance aircraft
воздушное судно большой дальности полетов
low annoyance aircraft
малошумное воздушное судно
low-wing aircraft
воздушное судно с низким расположением крыла
mail-carrying aircraft
почтовое воздушное судно
maintain the aircraft at readiness to
держать воздушное судно готовым
make the aircraft airborne
отрывать воздушное судно от земли
making way aircraft
воздушное судно в полете
manned aircraft
пилотируемое воздушное судно
mid-wing aircraft
воздушное судно со средним расположением крыла
missing aircraft
пропавшее воздушное судно
modified aircraft
модифицированное воздушное судно
moor the aircraft
швартовать воздушное судно
multicrew aircraft
воздушное судно с экипажем из нескольких человек
multiengined aircraft
воздушное судно с двумя и более двигателями
multipurpose aircraft
многоцелевое воздушное судно
narrow-body aircraft
воздушное судно с узким фюзеляжем
nonnoise certificate aircraft
воздушное судно, не сертифицированное по шуму
nose-in aircraft stand
место стоянки воздушного судна носом к аэровокзалу
nose-out aircraft stand
место стоянки воздушного судна хвостом к аэровокзалу
on aircraft center line
по оси воздушного судна
oncoming aircraft
воздушное судно, находящееся на встречном курсе
one-engined aircraft
воздушное судно с одним двигателем
operate an aircraft
эксплуатировать воздушное судно
operation of aircraft
эксплуатация воздушного судна
originating aircraft
вылетающее воздушное судно
outbound aircraft
вылетающее воздушное судно
outdated aircraft
устаревшая модель воздушного судна
out-of-balance aircraft
несбалансированное воздушное судно
outward aircraft
вылетающее воздушное судно
overweight aircraft
перегруженное воздушное судно
owner-operated aircraft
воздушное судно, находящееся в эксплуатации владельца
park an aircraft
парковать воздушное судно
passenger aircraft
пассажирское воздушное судно
patrol aircraft
патрульное воздушное судно
piston-engined aircraft
воздушное судно с поршневым двигателем
place the aircraft
устанавливать воздушное судно
plot the aircraft
засекать воздушное судно
practice aircraft
тренировочное воздушное судно
preceeding aircraft
воздушное судно, идущее впереди
preproduction aircraft
опытный вариант воздушного судна
pressurized aircraft
герметизированное воздушное судно
production aircraft
серийный вариант воздушного судна
profitable aircraft
коммерческое воздушное судно
prop-driven aircraft
винтовое воздушное судно
properly identify the aircraft
точно опознавать воздушное судно
prototype aircraft
опытный вариант воздушного судна
pull the aircraft out of
брать штурвал на себя
push the aircraft back
буксировать воздушное судно хвостом вперед
push the aircraft down
снижать высоту полета воздушного судна
put the aircraft into production
запускать воздушное судно в производство
put the aircraft on the course
выводить воздушное судно на заданный курс
put the aircraft over
переводить воздушное судно в горизонтальный полет
quiet aircraft
бесшумное воздушное судно
receiver aircraft
воздушное судно, дозаправляемое в полете
reduced takeoff and landing aircraft
воздушное судно укороченного взлета и посадки
reequip an aircraft
заменять оборудование воздушного судна
register the aircraft
регистрировать воздушное судно
regular-body aircraft
воздушное судно с фюзеляжем типовой схемы
release the aircraft
прекращать контроль воздушного судна
removal of aircraft
удаление воздушного судна
remove the aircraft
удалять воздушное судно
rescue aircraft
поисково-спасательное воздушное судно
research aircraft
исследовательское воздушное судно
restore an aircraft
восстанавливать воздушное судно
retirement of aircraft
списание воздушного судна
return an aircraft to flyable status
приводить воздушное судно в состояние летной годности
return the aircraft to service
допускать воздушное судно к дальнейшей эксплуатации
roll in the aircraft
вводить воздушное судно в крен
roll on the aircraft
выполнять этап пробега воздушного судна
roll out the aircraft
выводить воздушное судно из крена
rotary-wing aircraft
воздушное судно с несущим винтом
rotate the aircraft
отрывать переднюю опору шасси воздушного судна
safe handling of an aircraft
безопасное управление воздушным судном
school aircraft
учебное воздушное судно
sea aircraft
гидровариант воздушного судна
search and rescue aircraft
поисково-спасательное воздушное судно
separate the aircraft
эшелонировать воздушное судно
short-range aircraft
воздушное судно для местный авиалиний
short takeoff and landing aircraft
воздушное судно короткого взлета и посадки
single-engined aircraft
воздушное судно с одним двигателем
single-pilot aircraft
воздушное судно с одним пилотом
single-seater aircraft
одноместное воздушное судно
space the aircraft
определять зону полета воздушного судна
sports aircraft
спортивное воздушное судно
standby aircraft
резервное воздушное судно
state aircraft
воздушное судно государственной принадлежности
state of aircraft manufacture
государство - изготовитель воздушного судна
stayed afloat aircraft
воздушное судно, оставшееся на плаву
steer the aircraft
управлять воздушным судном
stretched aircraft
воздушное судно с удлиненным фюзеляжем
subsonic aircraft
дозвуковое воздушное судно
substantially dameged aircraft
существенно поврежденное воздушное судно
substitute the aircraft
заменять воздушное судно
supersonic aircraft
сверхзвуковое воздушное судно
suspected aircraft damage
предполагаемое повреждение воздушного судна
tailless aircraft
воздушное судно схемы летающее крыло
taxiing aircraft
рулящее воздушное судно
terminating aircraft
воздушное судно, прибывающее в конечный аэропорт
test aircraft
испытываемое воздушное судно
the aircraft under command
управляемое воздушное судно
today's aircraft
воздушное судно, отвечающее современным требованиям
topped-up aircraft
снаряженное воздушное судно
training aircraft
учебно-тренировочное воздушное судно
transonic aircraft
околозвуковое воздушное судно
transport aircraft
транспортное воздушное судно
trim the aircraft
балансировать воздушное судно
turbine-engined aircraft
воздушное судно с газотурбинными двигателями
turbojet aircraft
воздушное судно с турбореактивными двигателями
turboprop aircraft
воздушное судно с турбовинтовыми двигателями
twin-engined aircraft
воздушное судно с двумя двигателями
twin-fuselage aircraft
двухфюзеляжное воздушное судно
under command aircraft
управляемое воздушное судно
under way aircraft
воздушное судно, готовое к полету
unladen aircraft
разгруженное воздушное судно
unlawfully seized aircraft
незаконно захваченное воздушное судно
unpressurized aircraft
негерметизированное воздушное судно
unstall the aircraft
выводить воздушное судно из сваливания на крыло
unstick the aircraft
отрывать воздушное судно от земли
vend an aircraft
поставлять воздушное судно
vertical takeoff and landing aircraft
воздушное судно вертикального взлета и посадки
warn the aircraft
предупреждать воздушное судно
wide-body aircraft
широкофюзеляжное воздушное судно
work on the aircraft
выполнять работу на воздушном судне

English-Russian aviation dictionary > aircraft
12 W
1. энергия, потребляемая теплонасосной установкой
2. скорость течи или утечки
3. работа на единицу массы
4. потребляемая мощность
5. запад
6. ватт
ватт
Вт
—
[Я.Н.Лугинский, М.С.Фези-Жилинская, Ю.С.Кабиров. Англо-русский словарь по электротехнике и электроэнергетике, Москва, 1999 г.]

Тематики
- электротехника, основные понятия
Синонимы
- Вт
EN
- watt
- W
запад
—
[А.С.Гольдберг. Англо-русский энергетический словарь. 2006 г.]

Тематики
- энергетика в целом
EN
- West
- W
потребляемая мощность
Общая мощность, получаемая устройством или совокупностью устройств.
[ОСТ 45.55-99]

потребляемая мощность (электрическая)
Коэффициент, по которому электроэнергия поставляется в систему или системой, частью системы или единицей оборудования. Потребляемая мощность выражается в кВТ, кВА, или других подходящих единицах на заданный момент, или в течение определенного периода времени. Основным источником "потребляемой мощности" является энергопотребляющее оборудование потребителей (Термины Рабочей Группы правового регулирования ЭРРА).
[Англо-русский глосcарий энергетических терминов ERRA]

EN

demand (electric)
The rate at which electric energy is delivered to or by a system, part of a system, or a piece of equipment. Demand is expressed in kW, kVA, or other suitable units at a given instant or over any designated period of time. The primary source of "demand" is the power-consuming equipment of the customers (ERRA Legal Regulation Working Group Terms).
[Англо-русский глосcарий энергетических терминов ERRA]

demand
the magnitude of an electricity supply, expressed in kilowatts or kilovoltamperes
[IEV ref 691-02-02]

FR

puissance
importance d'une fourniture d'électricité, exprimée en kilowatts ou kilovoltampères
[IEV ref 691-02-02]

Параллельные тексты EN-RU

Power demand is the energy accumulated during a specified period divided by the length of the period.
[Schneider Electric]

Потребляемая мощность – это значение электрической энергии, потребленной за определенный период, поделенное на продолжительность этого периода.
[Перевод Интент]

Тематики
- электротехника, основные понятия
- энергетика в целом
EN
FR
- puissance
работа на единицу массы
—
[А.С.Гольдберг. Англо-русский энергетический словарь. 2006 г.]

Тематики
- энергетика в целом
EN
- work per unit mass
- w
скорость течи или утечки
—
[А.С.Гольдберг. Англо-русский энергетический словарь. 2006 г.]

Тематики
- энергетика в целом
EN
- leakage flow rate
- W
энергия, потребляемая теплонасосной установкой
—
[А.С.Гольдберг. Англо-русский энергетический словарь. 2006 г.]

Тематики
- энергетика в целом
EN
- energy consumed by heat pump plant
- W
Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > W
13 good

1. adjective,
better, best

1) (satisfactory) gut; (reliable) gut; zuverlässig; (sufficient) gut; ausreichend [Vorrat]; ausgiebig [Mahl]; (competent) gut; geeignet

his good eye/leg — sein gesundes Auge/Bein

Late again! It's just not good enough! — (coll.) Schon wieder zu spät. So geht es einfach nicht!

in good time — frühzeitig

all in good time — alles zu seiner Zeit

take good care of somebody — gut für jemanden sorgen

be good at something — in etwas (Dat.) gut sein

be good at doing something — etwas gut können

speak good English — gut[es] Englisch sprechen

be good with people — etc. mit Menschen usw. gut od. leicht zurechtkommen

2) (favourable, advantageous) gut; günstig [Gelegenheit, Augenblick, Angebot]

a good chance of succeeding — gute Erfolgschancen

too good to be true — zu schön, um wahr zu sein

the good thing about it is that... — das Gute daran ist, dass...

be too much of a good thing — zu viel des Guten sein

you can have too much of a good thing — man kann es auch übertreiben

be good for somebody/something — gut für jemanden/etwas sein

apples are good for you — Äpfel sind gesund

eat more than is good for one — mehr essen, als einem guttut

it's a good thing you told him — nur gut, dass du es ihm gesagt hast

3) (prosperous) gut

good times — eine schöne Zeit

4) (enjoyable) schön [Leben, Urlaub, Wochenende]

the good things in life — Annehmlichkeiten

the good old days — die gute alte Zeit

the good life — das angenehme[, sorglose] Leben

have a good time! — viel Spaß od. Vergnügen!

have a good journey! — gute Reise!

it's good to be home again — es ist schön, wieder zu Hause zu sein

Did you have a good day at the office? — Wie war es heute im Büro?

5) (cheerful) gut; angenehm [Patient]

good humour or spirits or mood — gute Laune

feel good — sich wohl fühlen

I'm not feeling too good — (coll.) mir geht es nicht sehr gut

6) (well-behaved) gut; brav

be good!, be a good girl/boy! — sei brav od. lieb!

[as] good as gold — ganz artig od. brav

7) (virtuous) rechtschaffen; (kind) nett; gut [Absicht, Wünsche, Benehmen, Tat]

the good guy — der Gute

be good to somebody — gut zu jemandem sein

would you be so good as to or good enough to do that? — wären Sie so freundlich od. nett, das zu tun?

how good of you! — wie nett von Ihnen!

that/it is good of you — das/es ist nett od. lieb von dir

8) (commendable) gut

good for you — etc. (coll.) bravo!

good old Jim — etc. (coll.) der gute alte Jim usw. (ugs.)

my good man/friend — (coll.) mein lieber Herr/Freund (ugs.; auch iron.)

that's a good one — (coll.) der ist gut! (ugs.); (iron.) das ist'n Ding! (ugs.)

9) (attractive) schön; gut [Figur, Haltung]; gepflegt [Erscheinung, Äußeres]; wohlgeformt [Beine]

look good — gut aussehen

10) (thorough) gut

take a good look round — sich gründlich umsehen

give something a good polish — etwas ordentlich polieren

have a good weep/rest/sleep — sich richtig ausweinen/ausruhen/[sich] richtig ausschlafen (ugs.)

11) (considerable) [recht] ansehnlich [Menschenmenge]; ganz schön, ziemlich (ugs.) [Stück Wegs, Entfernung, Zeitraum, Strecke]; gut, anständig [Preis, Erlös]; hoch [Alter]

12) (sound, valid) gut [Grund, Rat, Gedanke]; berechtigt [Anspruch]; (Commerc.) solide [Kunde]; sicher [Anleihe, Kredit]

good sense — Vernünftigkeit, die

have the good sense to do something — so vernünftig sein, etwas zu tun

13) (in greetings)

good afternoon/day — guten Tag!

good evening/morning — guten Abend/Morgen!

good night — gute Nacht!

14) in exclamation gut

very good, sir — sehr wohl!

good God/Lord — etc. see nouns

15) (best) gut [Geschirr, Anzug]

16) (correct, fitting) gut; (appropriate) angebracht; ratsam

17)

as good as — so gut wie

18)

make good — (succeed) erfolgreich sein; (effect) in die Tat umsetzen; ausführen [Plan]; erfüllen [Versprechen]; (compensate for) wieder gutmachen [Fehler]; (indemnify) ersetzen [Schaden, Ausgaben]. See also academic.ru/6608/best">best 1.; better 1.
2. adverb as intensifier
(coll.)

good and... — richtig...

hit somebody good and proper — jemanden ordentlich verprügeln. See also best 2.; better 2.
3. noun
1) (use) Nutzen, der

be some good to somebody/something — jemandem/einer Sache nützen

he'll never be any good — aus dem wird nichts Gutes werden

is this book any good? — taugt dieses Buch etwas?

be no good to somebody/something — für jemanden/etwas nicht zu gebrauchen sein

it is no/not much good doing something — es hat keinen/kaum einen Sinn, etwas zu tun

what's the good of...?, what good is...? — was nützt...?

2) (benefit)

for your/his etc. own good — zu deinem/seinem usw. Besten od. eigenen Vorteil

for the good of mankind/the country — zum Wohl[e] der Menschheit/des Landes

do no/little good — nichts/wenig helfen od. nützen

do somebody/something good — jemandem/einer Sache nützen; [Ruhe, Erholung:] jemandem/einer Sache gut tun; [Arznei:] jemandem/einer Sache helfen

I'll tell him, but what good will that do? — ich sag es ihm, aber was nützt od. hilft das schon?

this development was all to the good — diese Entwicklung war nur von Vorteil

come home £10 to the good — mit 10 Pfund plus nach Hause kommen

come to no good — kein gutes Ende nehmen

3) (goodness) Gute, das

there's good and bad in everyone — in jedem steckt Gutes und Böses

the difference between good and bad or evil — der Unterschied zwischen Gut und Böse

4) (kind acts) Gute, das

be up to no good — nichts Gutes im Sinn haben od. im Schilde führen

do good — Gutes tun

5)

for good [and all] — (finally) ein für allemal; (permanently) für immer [und ewig]; endgültig

6) constr. as pl. (virtuous people)

the good — die Guten

7) in pl. (wares etc.) Waren; (Brit. Railw.) Fracht, die; attrib. Güter[bahnhof, -wagen, -zug]

goods and chattels — Sachen

8) in pl.

the goods — (coll.): (what is wanted) das Gewünschte; das Verlangte

deliver the goods — (fig.) halten, was man verspricht

* * *
[ɡud] 1. comparative - better; adjective
1) (well-behaved; not causing trouble etc: Be good!; She's a good baby.) gut

2) (correct, desirable etc: She was a good wife; good manners; good English.) gut

3) (of high quality: good food/literature; His singing is very good.) gut

4) (skilful; able to do something well: a good doctor; good at tennis; good with children.) geschickt

5) (kind: You've been very good to him; a good father.) gut

6) (helpful; beneficial: Exercise is good for you.; Cheese is good for you.) gut

7) (pleased, happy etc: I'm in a good mood today.) gut

8) (pleasant; enjoyable: to read a good book; Ice-cream is good to eat.) gut

9) (considerable; enough: a good salary; She talked a good deal of nonsense.) reichlich

10) (suitable: a good man for the job.) geeignet

11) (sound, fit: good health; good eyesight; a car in good condition.) gut

12) (sensible: Can you think of one good reason for doing that?) gut

13) (showing approval: We've had very good reports about you.) gut

14) (thorough: a good clean.) gewissenhaft

15) (healthy or in a positive mood: I don't feel very good this morning.) gut
2. noun
1) (advantage or benefit: He worked for the good of the poor; for your own good; What's the good of a broken-down car?) der Nutzen

2) (goodness: I always try to see the good in people.) das Gute
3. interjection
(an expression of approval, gladness etc.) gut!

- goodness
4. interjection
((also my goodness) an expression of surprise etc.) du meine Güte!

- goods
- goody
- goodbye
- good-day
- good evening
- good-for-nothing
- good humour
- good-humoured
- good-humouredly
- good-looking
- good morning
- good afternoon
- good-day
- good evening
- good night
- good-natured
- goodwill
- good will
- good works
- as good as
- be as good as one's word
- be up to no good
- deliver the goods
- for good
- for goodness' sake
- good for
- good for you
- him
- Good Friday
- good gracious
- good heavens
- goodness gracious
- goodness me
- good old
- make good
- no good
- put in a good word for
- take something in good part
- take in good part
- thank goodness
- to the good
* * *

good

[gʊd]

I. ADJECTIVE

<better, best>

1. (of high quality) gut

there's nothing like a \good book es geht nichts über ein gutes Buch

she speaks \good Spanish sie spricht gut Spanisch

dogs have a \good sense of smell Hunde haben einen guten Geruchssinn

he's got \good intuition about such matters er hat in diesen Dingen ein gutes Gespür

your reasons make \good sense but... deine Gründe sind durchaus einleuchtend, aber...

\good show [or job]! gut gemacht!

I need a \good meal now jetzt brauche ich was Ordentliches zu essen!

the child had the \good sense to... das Kind besaß die Geistesgegenwart...

he only has one \good leg er hat nur ein gesundes Bein

that's a \good one ( iron) haha, der war gut! iron

\good appetite gesunder Appetit

to be a \good catch eine gute Partie sein

a \good choice/decision eine gute Wahl/Entscheidung

\good ears/eyes gute Ohren/Augen

to do a \good job gute Arbeit leisten

to be in \good shape in guter [körperlicher] Verfassung sein

\good thinking gute Idee

\good timing gutes Timing

to be/not be \good enough gut/nicht gut genug sein

that's just not \good enough! so geht das nicht!

if she says so that's \good enough for me wenn sie es sagt, reicht mir das

to be \good for nothing zu nichts taugen

to feel \good sich akk gut fühlen

I don't feel too \good today heute geht's mir nicht besonders fam

2. (skilled) gut, begabt

▪ to be \good at sth gut in etw dat sein

he's a \good runner [or he's \good at running] er ist ein guter Läufer

she's very \good at learning foreign languages sie ist sehr sprachbegabt

he's not very \good at maths [or AM in math] er ist nicht besonders gut in Mathe

this book is \good on international export law dieses Buch ist sehr gut, wenn man etwas über internationale Exportbestimmungen erfahren möchte

he is particularly \good on American history besonders gut kennt er sich in amerikanischer Geschichte aus

▪ to be \good with sth with children mit etw dat gut umgehen können

to be \good with one's hands geschickt mit seinen Händen sein

to be \good in bed gut im Bett sein fam

to be \good with people gut mit Leuten umgehen können

3. (pleasant) schön

that was a really \good story, Mummy das war echt eine tolle Geschichte, Mama fam

that was the best party in a long time das war die beste Party seit Langem

it's \good to see [or seeing] you after all these years schön, dich nach all den Jahren wiederzusehen!

\good morning/evening guten Morgen/Abend

\good day esp BRIT, AUS guten Tag; ( dated: said at departure) guten Tag

to have a \good day/evening einen schönen Tag/Abend haben

have a \good day schönen Tag noch!

\good news gute Neuigkeiten

to have a \good time [viel] Spaß haben

\good weather schönes Wetter

to have a \good one ( fam) einen schönen Tag haben

4. (appealing to senses) gut, schön

after a two-week vacation, they came back with \good tans nach zwei Wochen Urlaub kamen sie gut gebräunt zurück

most dancers have \good legs die meisten Tänzer haben schöne Beine

to look/smell/sound/taste \good gut aussehen/riechen/klingen/schmecken

sb looks \good in sth clothes etw steht jdm

to have \good looks, to be \good-looking gut aussehen

5. (favourable) gut

he made a very \good impression at the interview er hat beim Vorstellungsgespräch einen sehr guten Eindruck gemacht

there's a \good chance [that]... die Chancen stehen gut, dass...

we got a \good deal on our new fridge wir haben unseren neuen Kühlschrank günstig erstanden

the play got \good reviews [or a \good press] das Stück hat gute Kritiken bekommen

it's a \good job we didn't go camping last weekend — the weather was awful zum Glück sind wir letztes Wochenende nicht campen gegangen — das Wetter war schrecklich

the \good life das süße Leben

\good luck [on sth] viel Glück [bei etw dat]

best of luck on your exams today! alles Gute für deine Prüfung heute!

a \good omen ein gutes Omen

to be too much of a \good thing zu viel des Guten sein

you can have too much of a \good thing man kann es auch übertreiben

\good times gute Zeiten

to be too \good to be true zu schön, um wahr zu sein

to have [got] it \good ( fam) es gut haben

6. (beneficial) vorteilhaft

▪ to be \good for sb gut für jdn sein

milk is \good for you Milch ist gesund

to be \good for business/for headaches gut fürs Geschäft/gegen Kopfschmerzen sein

7. (useful) nützlich, sinnvoll

we had a \good discussion on the subject wir hatten eine klärende Diskussion über die Sache

it's \good that you checked the door gut, dass du die Tür nochmal überprüft hast

8. (on time)

in \good time rechtzeitig

be patient, you'll hear the result all in \good time seien Sie geduldig, Sie erfahren das Ergebnis noch früh genug

in one's own \good time in seinem eigenen Rhythmus

9. (appropriate)

to be a \good time to do sth ein guter Zeitpunkt sein, [um] etw zu tun

10. inv (kind) freundlich, lieb

the college has been very \good about her health problem die Hochschule zeigte sehr viel Verständnis für ihr gesundheitliches Problem

it was very \good of you to help us es war sehr lieb von dir, uns zu helfen

he's got a \good heart er hat ein gutes Herz

be so \good as to... sei doch bitte so nett und...

would you be \good enough to... wären Sie so nett und...

\good deeds/works gute Taten

to do a \good deed eine gute Tat tun

11. (moral) gut

the G\good Book die [heilige] Bibel

for a \good cause für einen guten Zweck

to set a \good example to sb jdm ein gutes Vorbild sein

sb's \good name/reputation jds guter Name/guter Ruf

to be [as] \good as one's word vertrauenswürdig sein

12. (well-behaved) gut

\good dog! braver Hund!

be a \good girl and... sei ein liebes Mädchen [o sei so lieb] und...

OK, I'll be a \good sport o.k., ich will mal kein Spielverderber sein

she's been as \good as gold all evening sie hat sich den ganzen Abend über ausgezeichnet benommen

to be on \good/one's best behaviour sich akk gut benehmen/von seiner besten Seite zeigen

\good loser guter Verlierer/gute Verliererin

13. attr, inv (thorough) gut, gründlich

the house needs a \good clean[ing] das Haus sollte mal gründlich geputzt werden

have a \good think about it lass es dir noch einmal gut durch den Kopf gehen

now, now — have a \good cry schon gut — wein dich mal so richtig aus

they have built a \good case against the suspect sie haben einen hieb- und stichfesten Fall gegen den Verdächtigen aufgebaut

we had some \good fun at the amusement park wir hatten so richtig viel Spaß im Vergnügungspark

a \good beating eine gründliche Tracht Prügel

to have a \good laugh ordentlich lachen

to have a \good look at sth sich dat etw genau ansehen

a \good talking to eine Standpauke

14. pred, inv (valid) gültig; (not forged) banknote echt; (usable) gut

this car should be \good for another year or so dieses Auto hält wohl schon noch ein Jahr oder so

he gave us a gift certificate \good for $100 er hat uns einen Geschenkgutschein über 100 Dollar überreicht

this ticket is only \good on weekends dieses Ticket gilt nur an Wochenenden

my credit card is only \good for another month meine Kreditkarte ist nur noch einen Monat gültig

15. attr, inv (substantial) beträchtlich

we walked a \good distance today wir sind heute ein ordentliches Stück gelaufen

she makes \good money at her new job sie verdient in ihrem neuen Job gutes Geld

it's a \good half hour's walk to the station from here von hier bis zum Bahnhof ist es zu Fuß eine gute halbe Stunde

a \good deal jede Menge

you're looking a \good deal better now du siehst jetzt ein gutes Stück besser aus

to make a \good profit einen beträchtlichen Profit machen

a \good few/many eine ganze Menge

16. pred, inv FOOD (not rotten) gut

17. pred, inv (able to provide) gut

he is always \good for a laugh er ist immer gut für einen Witz

thanks for the loan and don't worry, I'm \good for it danke für den Kredit und keine Sorge, ich zahle ihn zurück

her credit is \good sie ist kreditwürdig

18. (almost, virtually)

▪ as \good as... so gut wie...

our firewood is as \good as gone unser Feuerholz ist nahezu aufgebraucht

to be as \good as dead/new so gut wie tot/neu sein

they as \good as called me a liar sie nannten mich praktisch eine Lügnerin!

19. attr, inv (to emphasize) schön

I need a \good long holiday ich brauche mal wieder so einen richtig schönen langen Urlaub!

what you need is a \good hot cup of coffee was du brauchst, ist eine gute Tasse heißen Kaffee

▪ \good and...:

she's really \good and mad sie ist so richtig sauer

I'll do it when I'm \good and ready, and not one minute before ich mache es, sobald ich fertig bin und keine Minute früher!

20. BRIT (said to accept order)

very \good sehr wohl! veraltet

21. (in exclamations)

\good Lord [or heavens]! gütiger Himmel! geh

\good gracious! ach du liebe Zeit!

\good grief! du meine Güte!

\good egg! BRIT ( dated) ausgezeichnet!; ( iron)

oh, — \good for you! oh, schön für dich! iron

22. attr, inv (said to express affection)

\good old James! der gute alte James!

the \good old days die gute alte Zeit

23.

▶ if you can't be \good, be careful ( prov) wenn man schon was anstellt, sollte man sich wenigstens nicht [dabei] erwischen lassen

▶ it's as \good as it gets besser wird's nicht mehr

▶ to give as \good as one gets es [jdm] mit gleicher Münze heimzahlen

▶ \good to go fertig, bereit

▶ to have a \good innings BRIT ein schönes Leben haben

▶ to make \good zu Geld kommen

▶ to make sth ⇆ \good (repair) etw reparieren; mistake etw wiedergutmachen; (pay for) etw wettmachen fam; (do successfully) etw schaffen

▶ to make \good time gut in der Zeit liegen

▶ for \good measure als Draufgabe, obendrein

▶ \good riddance Gott sei Dank!

▶ she's \good for another few years! mit ihr muss man noch ein paar Jahre rechnen!

II. ADVERB

1. esp AM DIAL ( fam: well) gut

boy, she can sure sing \good, can't she? Junge, die kann aber gut singen, oder?

2. ( fam: thoroughly) gründlich

to do sth \good and proper etw richtig gründlich tun

well, you've broken the table \good and proper na, den Tisch hast du aber so richtig ruiniert!

III. NOUN

no pl

1. (moral force) Gute nt

\good and evil Gut und Böse

to be up to no \good nichts Gutes im Schilde führen

to do \good Gutes tun

▪ the \good pl die Guten pl

2. (benefit) Wohl nt

this medicine will do you a [or the] world of \good diese Medizin wird Ihnen unglaublich gut tun

to do more harm than \good mehr schaden als nützen

for the \good of his health zum Wohle seiner Gesundheit, seiner Gesundheit zuliebe

for the \good of the nation zum Wohle der Nation

for one's own \good zu seinem eigenen Besten

3. (purpose) Nutzen m

to be no [or not to be any] /not much \good nichts/wenig nützen

that young man is no \good dieser junge Mann ist ein Taugenichts

to not do much/any \good nicht viel/nichts nützen

even a small donation can do a lot of \good auch eine kleine Spende kann eine Menge helfen

that won't do much \good das wird auch nicht viel nützen

it's no \good complaining all day den ganzen Tag rumzujammern bringt auch nichts! fam

what \good is sitting alone in your room? was bringt es, hier alleine in deinem Zimmer zu sitzen?; ( iron)

a lot of \good that'll do [you]! das wird [dir] ja viel nützen! iron

4. (profit)

we were £7,000 to the \good when we sold our house als wir unser Haus verkauften, haben wir einen Gewinn von 7.000 Pfund eingestrichen; ( fig)

he was two gold medals to the \good by the end of the day am Ende des Tages war er um zwei Goldmedaillen reicher

5. (ability)

▪ to be no \good at sth etw nicht gut können, bei etw dat nicht [sonderlich] gut sein

6. COMM Gut nt, Ware f

7.

▶ for \good [and all] für immer [und ewig]

* * *
[gʊd]
1. ADJECTIVE
comp better, superl best
1) gut

good weather — gutes Wetter

that's a good one! (joke) — das ist ein guter Witz; ( usu iro : excuse ) wers glaubt, wird selig! (inf)

you've done a good day's work — du hast gute Arbeit (für einen Tag) geleistet

all I need is a good meal — ich brauche nur eine ordentliche or anständige Mahlzeit

this is a good firm to work for — in dieser Firma lässt es sich gut arbeiten

he tells a good story —

it must be good for something — das muss doch zu or für etwas gut sein

she looks good enough to eat — sie sieht zum Anbeißen aus (inf)

to be good with people — gut mit Menschen umgehen können

good fortune — Glück nt

you've never had it so good! — es ist euch noch nie so gut gegangen, ihr habt es noch nie so gut gehabt

it's too good to be true — es ist zu schön, um wahr zu sein

to come in a good third — einen guten dritten Platz belegen

this is as good as it gets — besser wirds nicht mehr __diams; to be good at sth gut in etw (dat) sein

to be good at sport/languages — gut im Sport/in Sprachen sein

to be good at sewing/typing — gut nähen/tippen können

I'm not very good at it — ich kann es nicht besonders gut

he's good at telling stories — er kann gut Geschichten erzählen

that's (not) good enough — das reicht (nicht)

that's not good enough, you'll have to do better than that — das geht so nicht, du musst dich schon etwas mehr anstrengen

if he gives his word, that's good enough for me — wenn er sein Wort gibt, reicht mir das

it's just not good enough! — so geht das nicht!

his attitude is just not good enough — er hat einfach nicht die richtige Einstellung

her work/conduct is just not good enough —

they felt he wasn't good enough for her — sie waren der Meinung, dass er nicht gut genug für sie war

I don't feel too good — mir ist nicht gut, ich fühle mich nicht wohl

I don't feel too good about it — mir ist nicht ganz wohl dabei

you look good in that — du siehst gut darin aus, das steht dir gut __diams; to make good mistake, damage wiedergutmachen; threat wahr machen; promise erfüllen

to make good one's losses — seine Verluste wettmachen

to make good sb's losses — jdm seine Verluste ausgleichen or ersetzen

as good as new —

as good as dead — so gut wie tot

he was as good as his word — er hat sein Wort gehalten

he as good as called me a liar/invited me to come — er nannte mich praktisch einen Lügner/hat mich praktisch eingeladen

2) = beneficial gut

to be good for sb — gut für jdn sein

milk is good for children to be good for toothache/one's health — Milch ist gut or gesund für Kinder gut gegen Zahnschmerzen/für die Gesundheit sein

to drink more than is good for one — mehr trinken, als einem guttut

what's good for consumers isn't always good for the economy — was gut für den Verbraucher ist, ist nicht immer gut für die Wirtschaft

3) = favourable moment, chance, opportunity günstig, gut

a good day for a picnic — ein günstiger or guter Tag für ein Picknick

it's a good thing or job I was there — (nur) gut, dass ich dort war

4) = enjoyable holiday, evening schön

the good life — das süße Leben

did you have a good day? — wie wars heute?, wie gings (dir) heute?

to have a good time — sich gut amüsieren

have a good time! — viel Spaß or Vergnügen!

5) = kind gut, lieb

good nature — Gutmütigkeit f

to be good to sb — gut zu jdm sein

that's very good of you — das ist sehr lieb or nett von Ihnen

(it was) good of you to come — nett, dass Sie gekommen sind

would you be good enough to tell me... — wären Sie so nett, mir zu sagen... (also iro)

with every good wish — mit den besten Wünschen

6) = virtuous name, manners, behaviour gut

the Good Shepherd all good men and true — der Gute Hirte alle wackeren und aufrechten Männer (old)

if you can't be good, be careful — wenn du es schon tun musst, sei wenigstens vorsichtig

7) = well-behaved artig, brav (inf)

(as) good as gold — mustergültig

be a good girl/boy — sei artig or lieb or brav (inf)

be a good girl/boy and... — sei so lieb und...

that's a good dog! — guter Hund!

8)

= admirable your good lady (dated) my good man (dated) — Ihre werte Gemahlin (geh) mein Guter (old)

good man! — sehr löblich!, gut gemacht!

good old Charles! — der gute alte Charles!

the Good Book —

the good ship Santa Maria — die Santa Maria

9) = valid advice, excuse gut; reason gut, triftig; ticket gültig

is his credit good? — ist er kreditfähig?

he is good for another few years — mit ihm kann man noch ein paar Jahre rechnen

the car is good for another few years — das Auto hält or tuts (inf) noch ein paar Jahre

she's good for nothing — sie ist ein Nichtsnutz or Taugenichts

that's always good for a laugh — darüber kann man immer lachen

10) = handsome looks, figure, features gut; legs, body schön

a good appearance (of person) — ein gepflegtes Äußeres

11) = uninjured eye, leg gesund

12) = thorough gut, gründlich, tüchtig (inf)

to give sb a good scolding — jdn gründlich or tüchtig (inf) ausschimpfen

to give sth a good clean — etw gut or gründlich reinigen

to have a good cry — sich ausweinen

to have a good laugh — ordentlich or so richtig lachen (inf)

to take a good look at sth — sich (dat) etw gut ansehen

to have a good grounding in sth — gute Grundkenntnisse in etw (dat) haben

13) = considerable hour, while gut; amount, distance, way gut, schön

it's a good distance — es ist eine ganz schöne Strecke

it's a good 8 km — es sind gute 8 km

he ate a good half of the cake — er hat gut und gern den halben Kuchen gegessen

a good many/few people — ziemlich viele/nicht gerade wenig Leute

14) in greetings gut

good morning — guten Morgen

15) in exclamations gut, prima

that's good! — gut!, prima!

(it's) good to see you/to be here — (es ist) schön, dich zu sehen/hier zu sein

good heavens or Lord or God! — um Himmels willen! (inf)

good grief or gracious! — ach du liebe or meine Güte! (inf)

very good, sir — sehr wohl (old)

on you/him etc! — gut!, prima!; (iro also) das ist ja toll!

16) emphatic use schön

a good strong stick —

a good old age — ein schön(es) hohes Alter

good and hard/strong (inf) — ganz schön fest/stark (inf)

good and proper (inf) — ganz anständig (inf)

2. ADVERB

1) = fine gut

how are you? – good! — wie gehts? – gut!

2) = well strictly incorrect gut

3. NOUN

1) = what is morally right Gute(s) nt

good and evil — Gut und Böse

to do good —

there's some good in everybody — in jedem steckt etwas Gutes

to be up to no good (inf) — nichts Gutes im Schilde führen (inf)

2) = advantage, benefit Wohl nt

the common good — das Gemeinwohl

for the good of the nation — zum Wohl(e) der Nation

this affects us, for good or ill —

it's done now, for good or ill — es ist nun einmal geschehen

I did it for your own good — ich meine es nur gut mit dir, es war nur zu deinem Besten

for the good of one's health etc — seiner Gesundheit etc zuliebe

he'll come to no good — mit ihm wird es noch ein böses Ende nehmen

to do (some) good — (etwas) helfen or nützen

to do sb good — jdm helfen; (rest, drink, medicine etc) jdm guttun

what good will that do you? — was hast du davon?

much good may it do you (iro inf) — na, dann viel Vergnügen!

that won't do much/any good — das hilft auch nicht viel/auch nichts

that won't do you much/any good — das hilft dir auch nicht viel/auch nichts

a ( fat) lot of good that will do! (iro inf) — als ob das viel helfen würde! (iro)

a (fat) lot of good that will do you! (iro inf) — und wie dir das guttun wird! (iro inf)

3)

= use what's the good of hurrying? — wozu eigentlich die Eile?

it would be some good — es wäre ganz nützlich

if that is any good to you — wenn es dir hilft

that's no good — das ist nichts

he's no good to us — er nützt uns (dat) nichts

it's no good complaining to me — es ist sinnlos or es nützt nichts, sich bei mir zu beklagen

it's no good doing it like that — es hat keinen Sinn, das so zu machen

he's no good at it — er kann es nicht

I'm no good at things like that —

the applicant was no good — der Bewerber war nicht gut

he wasn't any good for the job —

he wasn't any good at the job — er machte die Arbeit nicht gut

4)

set structures __diams; for good (= for ever) for good (and all) — für immer (und ewig)

we were 5 points/£5 to the good — wir hatten 5 Punkte zu viel/£ 5 plus

that's all to the good — auch gut!

* * *

good [ɡud]

A s

1. Nutzen m, Wert m, Vorteil m:

for his own good zu seinem eigenen Vorteil;

he knows too much for his own good er weiß mehr, als ihm guttut;

what good will it do?, what is the good of it?, what good is it? was hat es für einen Wert?, was nützt es?, wozu soll das gut sein?;

it is no (not much) good trying es hat keinen (wenig) Sinn oder Zweck, es zu versuchen;

to the good

a) besonders WIRTSCH als Gewinn- oder Kreditsaldo,

b) obendrein, extra ( → A 2);

for good (and all) für immer, endgültig, ein für alle Mal

2. (das) Gute, Gutes n, Wohl n:

do sb good

a) jemandem Gutes tun,

b) jemandem guttun oder wohltun;

much good may it do you oft iron wohl bekomms!;

the common good das Gemeinwohl;

be to the good nur zu seinem etc Besten sein;

come to good zum Guten ausschlagen;

it’s all to the good es ist nur von Vorteil ( that dass)( → A 1);

it comes to no good es führt zu nichts Gutem;

be up to no good nichts Gutes im Schilde führen;

for good or for evil auf Gedeih und Verderb

3. the good koll die Guten pl, die Rechtschaffenen pl

4. PHIL (das) Gute

5. pl bewegliches Vermögen:

goods and chattels

a) Hab n und Gut n, bewegliche Sachen, Mobiliargut n,

b) umg Siebensachen

6. pl WIRTSCH

a) Br ( besonders Eisenbahn)Güter pl, Fracht(gut) f(n)

b) (Handels)Güter pl, (Handels)Ware(n) f(pl):

goods for consumption Verbrauchs-, Konsumgüter;

goods in process Halbfabrikate, -erzeugnisse;

a piece of goods sl eine Mieze;

have the goods on sb US sl etwas gegen jemanden in der Hand haben. → deliver A 2

7. pl US Stoffe pl, Textilien pl

8. the goods sl das Richtige, das Wahre:

that’s the goods!

B adj komp better [ˈbetə(r)], sup best [best]

1. (moralisch) gut, redlich, rechtschaffen, ehrbar, anständig (Mädchen etc):

good men and true redliche und treue Männer;

a good father and husband ein guter oder treu sorgender Vater und Gatte;

she is a good wife to him sie ist ihm eine gute Frau

2. gut (Qualität):

good teeth; → health 2, humor A 2

3. gut, frisch, genießbar:

is this meat still good?;

a good egg ein frisches Ei

4. gut, lieb, gütig, freundlich:

good to the poor gut zu den Armen;

be so ( oder as) good as to fetch it sei so gut und hol es, hol es doch bitte; → enough C

5. gut, lieb, artig, brav (Kind):

be a good boy;

have you been a good girl? bist du (schön) brav gewesen?; → gold A 1

6. verehrt, lieb:

his good lady oft iron seine liebe Frau;

my good man oft iron mein Lieber!, mein lieber Freund oder Mann!

7. gut, geachtet:

of good family aus guter Familie

8. gut, einwandfrei (Betragen etc): → certificate A 1

9. a) gut, erfreulich, angenehm (Nachrichten etc):

be good news umg erfreulich sein (Sache); nett sein (Person);

have a good time sich (gut) amüsieren; es sich gut gehen lassen; → afternoon A, morning A 1, etc

b) schön:

it’s good to be home again;

too good to be true zu schön, um wahr zu sein

10. gut:

a) geeignet, vorteilhaft, günstig, nützlich

b) gesund, zuträglich

c) heilsam:

a man good for the post ein geeigneter oder guter Mann für den Posten;

good for colds gut gegen oder für Erkältungen;

milk is good for children Milch ist gut oder gesund für Kinder;

good for one’s health gesund;

what is it good for? wofür ist es gut?, wozu dient es?;

it is a good thing that … es ist gut oder günstig, dass …;

stay away if you know what’s good for you! das rate ich dir im Guten!;

he drank more than was good for him als ihm guttat; → nothing Bes Redew

11. gut, richtig, recht, angebracht, empfehlenswert, zweckmäßig:

in good time zur rechten Zeit, (gerade) rechtzeitig;

all in good time alles zu seiner Zeit;

in one’s own good time wenn es einem passt

12. gut, angemessen, ausreichend, zufriedenstellend;

his word is good enough for me sein Wort genügt mir;

his time is only good enough for 4th place SPORT seine Zeit reicht nur für den 4. Platz

13. gut, reichlich:

a good hour eine gute Stunde;

it’s a good three miles to the station es sind gut drei Meilen bis zum Bahnhof

14. gut, ziemlich (weit, groß), beträchtlich, bedeutend, erheblich, ansehnlich:

a good many eine beträchtliche Anzahl, ziemlich viele;

a good many times ziemlich oft; → beating 2, way¹ 5, while A

15. (vor adj) verstärkend:

a good long time sehr lange Zeit;

good old age hohes Alter;

good and … sehr, ganz schön, mordsmäßig umg (z. B. good and tired hundemüde umg)

16. gültig:

a) begründet, berechtigt (Anspruch etc)

b) triftig, gut (Grund etc):

a good argument ein stichhaltiges Argument; → cause A 2, reason A 1

c) echt (Geld)

17. gut, überzeugt (Republikaner etc)

18. gut, fähig, tüchtig:

he is good at arithmetic er ist gut im Rechnen;

he is good at golf er spielt gut Golf;

be good with one’s hands handwerkliches Geschick haben

19. gut, zuverlässig, sicher, solide ( alle auch WIRTSCH):

a good firm eine gute oder solide oder zahlungsfähige oder kreditwürdige Firma;

a good man WIRTSCH umg ein sicherer Mann (Kunde etc);

good debts WIRTSCH sichere Schulden;

good for WIRTSCH (auf einem Wechsel) über den Betrag von ( → B 23);

be good for any amount WIRTSCH für jeden Betrag gut sein

20. WIRTSCH in Ordnung (Scheck)

21. JUR (rechts)gültig

22. wirklich, aufrichtig, ehrlich, echt: → faith 3

23. umg good for fähig oder geneigt zu:

I am good for a walk ich habe Lust zu einem Spaziergang;

I am good for another mile ich könnte noch eine Meile weitermarschieren;

my car is good for another 10,000 miles mein Wagen macht noch leicht 10 000 Meilen ( → B 19)

C adv

1. umg gut:

she dances good

2. as good as so gut wie, praktisch:

as good as new auch neuwertig

D int gut!, schön!, fein!:

good for you! umg (ich) gratuliere!

G abk

1. PHYS gravitational constant

2. ELEK conductance

3. good

4. US sl grand (1000 Dollar)

* * *
1. adjective,
better, best

1) (satisfactory) gut; (reliable) gut; zuverlässig; (sufficient) gut; ausreichend [Vorrat]; ausgiebig [Mahl]; (competent) gut; geeignet

his good eye/leg — sein gesundes Auge/Bein

Late again! It's just not good enough! — (coll.) Schon wieder zu spät. So geht es einfach nicht!

in good time — frühzeitig

all in good time — alles zu seiner Zeit

take good care of somebody — gut für jemanden sorgen

be good at something — in etwas (Dat.) gut sein

be good at doing something — etwas gut können

speak good English — gut[es] Englisch sprechen

be good with people — etc. mit Menschen usw. gut od. leicht zurechtkommen

2) (favourable, advantageous) gut; günstig [Gelegenheit, Augenblick, Angebot]

a good chance of succeeding — gute Erfolgschancen

too good to be true — zu schön, um wahr zu sein

the good thing about it is that... — das Gute daran ist, dass...

be too much of a good thing — zu viel des Guten sein

you can have too much of a good thing — man kann es auch übertreiben

be good for somebody/something — gut für jemanden/etwas sein

apples are good for you — Äpfel sind gesund

eat more than is good for one — mehr essen, als einem guttut

it's a good thing you told him — nur gut, dass du es ihm gesagt hast

3) (prosperous) gut

good times — eine schöne Zeit

4) (enjoyable) schön [Leben, Urlaub, Wochenende]

the good things in life — Annehmlichkeiten

the good old days — die gute alte Zeit

the good life — das angenehme[, sorglose] Leben

have a good time! — viel Spaß od. Vergnügen!

have a good journey! — gute Reise!

it's good to be home again — es ist schön, wieder zu Hause zu sein

Did you have a good day at the office? — Wie war es heute im Büro?

5) (cheerful) gut; angenehm [Patient]

good humour or spirits or mood — gute Laune

feel good — sich wohl fühlen

I'm not feeling too good — (coll.) mir geht es nicht sehr gut

6) (well-behaved) gut; brav

be good!, be a good girl/boy! — sei brav od. lieb!

[as] good as gold — ganz artig od. brav

7) (virtuous) rechtschaffen; (kind) nett; gut [Absicht, Wünsche, Benehmen, Tat]

the good guy — der Gute

be good to somebody — gut zu jemandem sein

would you be so good as to or good enough to do that? — wären Sie so freundlich od. nett, das zu tun?

how good of you! — wie nett von Ihnen!

that/it is good of you — das/es ist nett od. lieb von dir

8) (commendable) gut

good for you — etc. (coll.) bravo!

good old Jim — etc. (coll.) der gute alte Jim usw. (ugs.)

my good man/friend — (coll.) mein lieber Herr/Freund (ugs.; auch iron.)

that's a good one — (coll.) der ist gut! (ugs.); (iron.) das ist'n Ding! (ugs.)

9) (attractive) schön; gut [Figur, Haltung]; gepflegt [Erscheinung, Äußeres]; wohlgeformt [Beine]

look good — gut aussehen

10) (thorough) gut

take a good look round — sich gründlich umsehen

give something a good polish — etwas ordentlich polieren

have a good weep/rest/sleep — sich richtig ausweinen/ausruhen/[sich] richtig ausschlafen (ugs.)

11) (considerable) [recht] ansehnlich [Menschenmenge]; ganz schön, ziemlich (ugs.) [Stück Wegs, Entfernung, Zeitraum, Strecke]; gut, anständig [Preis, Erlös]; hoch [Alter]

12) (sound, valid) gut [Grund, Rat, Gedanke]; berechtigt [Anspruch]; (Commerc.) solide [Kunde]; sicher [Anleihe, Kredit]

good sense — Vernünftigkeit, die

have the good sense to do something — so vernünftig sein, etwas zu tun

13) (in greetings)

good afternoon/day — guten Tag!

good evening/morning — guten Abend/Morgen!

good night — gute Nacht!

14) in exclamation gut

very good, sir — sehr wohl!

good God/Lord — etc. see nouns

15) (best) gut [Geschirr, Anzug]

16) (correct, fitting) gut; (appropriate) angebracht; ratsam

17)

as good as — so gut wie

18)

make good — (succeed) erfolgreich sein; (effect) in die Tat umsetzen; ausführen [Plan]; erfüllen [Versprechen]; (compensate for) wieder gutmachen [Fehler]; (indemnify) ersetzen [Schaden, Ausgaben]. See also best 1.; better 1.
2. adverb as intensifier
(coll.)

good and... — richtig...

hit somebody good and proper — jemanden ordentlich verprügeln. See also best 2.; better 2.
3. noun
1) (use) Nutzen, der

be some good to somebody/something — jemandem/einer Sache nützen

he'll never be any good — aus dem wird nichts Gutes werden

is this book any good? — taugt dieses Buch etwas?

be no good to somebody/something — für jemanden/etwas nicht zu gebrauchen sein

it is no/not much good doing something — es hat keinen/kaum einen Sinn, etwas zu tun

what's the good of...?, what good is...? — was nützt...?

2) (benefit)

for your/his etc. own good — zu deinem/seinem usw. Besten od. eigenen Vorteil

for the good of mankind/the country — zum Wohl[e] der Menschheit/des Landes

do no/little good — nichts/wenig helfen od. nützen

do somebody/something good — jemandem/einer Sache nützen; [Ruhe, Erholung:] jemandem/einer Sache gut tun; [Arznei:] jemandem/einer Sache helfen

I'll tell him, but what good will that do? — ich sag es ihm, aber was nützt od. hilft das schon?

this development was all to the good — diese Entwicklung war nur von Vorteil

come home £10 to the good — mit 10 Pfund plus nach Hause kommen

come to no good — kein gutes Ende nehmen

3) (goodness) Gute, das

there's good and bad in everyone — in jedem steckt Gutes und Böses

the difference between good and bad or evil — der Unterschied zwischen Gut und Böse

4) (kind acts) Gute, das

be up to no good — nichts Gutes im Sinn haben od. im Schilde führen

do good — Gutes tun

5)

for good [and all] — (finally) ein für allemal; (permanently) für immer [und ewig]; endgültig

6) constr. as pl. (virtuous people)

the good — die Guten

7) in pl. (wares etc.) Waren; (Brit. Railw.) Fracht, die; attrib. Güter[bahnhof, -wagen, -zug]

goods and chattels — Sachen

8) in pl.

the goods — (coll.): (what is wanted) das Gewünschte; das Verlangte

deliver the goods — (fig.) halten, was man verspricht

* * *

adj.

brav adj.

gut adj.

lieb adj. n.

Gut ¨-er n.

English-german dictionary > good
14 absorption
абсорбция
Избирательное поглощение вещества из раствора, или газовой смеси жидкостью или твердым телом в объеме.
Примечание
Абсорбирующее вещество называется абсорбентом.
[ ГОСТ 17567-81]

абсорбция
Поглощение молекул одного вещества непосредственно другим веществом. Абсорбция может быть или физическим, или химическим процессом, физическая абсорбция включает такие факторы, как связь между растворимостью и давлением паров, а химическая абсорбция включает химические реакции между поглощенным веществом и поглощающей средой.
[ http://www.cscleansystems.com/glossary.html]

Тематики
- газовая хромотография
- полупроводниковые приборы
EN
- absorption
абсорбция
Потеря мощности в оптическом волокне из-за преобразования оптической энергии в тепло, связанная с примесями в материале волокна, типом металлов и гидроксильных ионов, и резко возрастающая при ядерном излучении.
[ Источник]

Тематики
- оптические линии связи
EN
- absorption
абсорбция (компонентов природного газа)
Избирательное поглощение одного или нескольких компонентов природного газа жидкостью.
Примечание
Жидкость, обладающая способностью к абсорбции, называется абсорбентом.
[ ГОСТ Р 53521-2009]

абсорбция
Извлечение одного или нескольких компонентов из смеси газов при пропускании через жидкость.
Примечание 1. Процесс ассимиляции или экстракции вызывает (или сопровождается) физическое либо химическое изменение в сорбенте.
Примечание 2. Компоненты газа удерживаются в результате капиллярных или осмотических эффектов, химической реакции или растворения.
Пример. Удаление воды из природного газа с использованием гликоля.
[Международный стандарт ISO 14532. Природный газ. Словарь]
[ http://www.l1l2l3.ru/%D0%90/%D0%90%D0%B1%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F]

Тематики
- переработка природного газа
Обобщающие термины
- технологические процессы первичной переработки природного газа
EN
- absorption
абсорбция
Поглощ. (извлеч.) вещ-в из газ. смеси всем объемом жидкости (абсорбентом). А. - один из процессов р-рения определен, газа в жидком р-рителе. Скорость а. определяется разностью концентраций газа в газ. среде и в жидкости. Если концентрация газа в жидкости выше, чем в газ. смеси, он выделяется из жидкости (десорбция). Извлеч. из жидкости к.-л. компонента жидкостью ранее также называлось а.; ныне такой процесс именуют экстракцией. Часто а. сопровождается образованием хим. соединений (хемосорбция) и поглощ. вещ-ва поверхностным слоем абсорбента (адсорбция). А. улучшается с повыш. давления и пониж. темп-ры.
На а. основаны, например, очистка отходящих промышл. газов от вредных примесей (H₂S, SO₂> CO и др.), произ-во соды (А. СО₂), HN0₃, HCl и H₂S0₄ и др.
[ http://metaltrade.ru/abc/a.htm]

Тематики
- металлургия в целом
EN
- absorption
поглощающая способность
—
[А.С.Гольдберг. Англо-русский энергетический словарь. 2006 г.]

Тематики
- энергетика в целом
EN
поглощение
Процесс, в котором количество падающих фотонов уменьшается при прохождении вещества.
[Система неразрушающего контроля. Виды (методы) и технология неразрушающего контроля. Термины и определения (справочное пособие). Москва 2003 г.]

поглощение
Составляющая затухания, обусловленная трансформацией упругой волны в другие формы энергии (обычно в тепло)
[BS EN 1330-4:2000. Non-destructive testing - Terminology - Part 4: Terms used in ultrasonic testing]
[Система неразрушающего контроля. Виды (методы) и технология неразрушающего контроля. Термины и определения (справочное пособие). Москва 2003 г.]

поглощение
Затухание радиоволн, происходящее вследствие превращения электромагнитных волн в другой вид энергии, обычно в теплоту.
[Л.М. Невдяев. Телекоммуникационные технологии. Англо-русский толковый словарь-справочник. Под редакцией Ю.М. Горностаева. Москва, 2002]

Тематики
- виды (методы) и технология неразр. контроля
- электросвязь, основные понятия
EN
- absorption
потребляемая мощность
Общая мощность, получаемая устройством или совокупностью устройств.
[ОСТ 45.55-99]

потребляемая мощность (электрическая)
Коэффициент, по которому электроэнергия поставляется в систему или системой, частью системы или единицей оборудования. Потребляемая мощность выражается в кВТ, кВА, или других подходящих единицах на заданный момент, или в течение определенного периода времени. Основным источником "потребляемой мощности" является энергопотребляющее оборудование потребителей (Термины Рабочей Группы правового регулирования ЭРРА).
[Англо-русский глосcарий энергетических терминов ERRA]

EN

demand (electric)
The rate at which electric energy is delivered to or by a system, part of a system, or a piece of equipment. Demand is expressed in kW, kVA, or other suitable units at a given instant or over any designated period of time. The primary source of "demand" is the power-consuming equipment of the customers (ERRA Legal Regulation Working Group Terms).
[Англо-русский глосcарий энергетических терминов ERRA]

demand
the magnitude of an electricity supply, expressed in kilowatts or kilovoltamperes
[IEV ref 691-02-02]

FR

puissance
importance d'une fourniture d'électricité, exprimée en kilowatts ou kilovoltampères
[IEV ref 691-02-02]

Параллельные тексты EN-RU

Power demand is the energy accumulated during a specified period divided by the length of the period.
[Schneider Electric]

Потребляемая мощность – это значение электрической энергии, потребленной за определенный период, поделенное на продолжительность этого периода.
[Перевод Интент]

Тематики
- электротехника, основные понятия
- энергетика в целом
EN
FR
- puissance
3.1.11 абсорбция (absorption): Процесс, при котором молекулы хладагента поглощаются жидкостью.

Источник: ГОСТ Р 54788-2011: Кондиционеры абсорбционные и адсорбционные и/или тепловые насосы газовые с номинальной тепловой мощностью до 70 кВт. Часть 1. Безопасность оригинал документа
Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > absorption
15 curve

1) кривая

2) изгиб; закругление; кривизна || изгибать(ся); закруглять(ся)

3) (характеристическая) кривая, характеристика; график; диаграмма

4) лекало (чертёжное, швейное)

5) ж.-д. кривая (пути)

6) дорож. разбивать кривую

•

to negotiate a curve — вписываться в кривую (пути);

to round curves — проходить кривые участки пути;

to run through a curve — проходить кривую (пути);

to set out a curve — разбивать кривую

curve of areas of sections — строевая по шпангоутам

curve of areas of waterplanes — строевая по ватерлиниям

curve of (centers of) flotation — катящаяся кривая, кривая центров тяжести площади ватерлинии ( при наклонениях судна)

curve of constant slope — линия откоса

curves of form (of hydrostatic properties) — мор. кривые элементов теоретического чертежа

curve of metacenters — мор. кривая метацентров, метацентрическая обёртка

curve of Persei — кривая Персея, спирическая кривая

curve of transverse areas — строевая по шпангоутам

-
A curve
-
Abbot's curve
-
aberration curve
-
adiabatic curve
-
altitude curve
-
amplitude-response curve
-
analytic curve
-
angle-time curve
-
anharmonic curve
-
anhysteretic magnetization curve
-
annealing curve
-
antidromic curve
-
antipedal curve
-
aperture response curve
-
apolar curve
-
backwater surface curve
-
backwater curve
-
ballistic curve
-
bath-tub curve
-
bearing area curve
-
bearing stress curve
-
bell-shaped curve
-
B-H curve
-
binaural curve
-
biquartic curve
-
bitangential curve
-
bitangent curve
-
boiling curve
-
boiling-point curve
-
borderline knock curve
-
bound curves
-
brake performance curve
-
broken-back curve
-
buoyancy curve
-
burning curve
-
calibration curve
-
caliper curve
-
capacity curve
-
catenary curve
-
characteristic current curve
-
characteristic curve
-
characteristic time curve
-
charging curve
-
circular curve
-
climb curve
-
closed curve
-
color response curve
-
commutation curve
-
compound curve
-
compression curve
-
condensation curve
-
confocal curves
-
continuous curve
-
contour curve
-
contrast response curve
-
conveyor curve
-
coordinate curve
-
correction curve
-
cosecant curve
-
cosine curve
-
cotangent curve
-
cross curves of stability
-
cubic curve
-
cumulative property curves
-
current-time curve
-
current-voltage curve
-
damper curve
-
decay curve
-
decline curve
-
decrement curve
-
de-emphasis curve
-
deflection curve
-
deformation curve
-
demagnetization curve
-
depletion curve
-
derating curve
-
dew-point curve
-
dextrorse curve
-
directing curve
-
discharge curve
-
discharge frequency curve
-
discharge voltage-time curve
-
discharging curve
-
displacement curve
-
distillate yield curve
-
distribution curve
-
D-log E curve
-
dose-survival curve
-
drawdown curve
-
drooping volt-ampere curve
-
dry-bulb temperature curve
-
duration curve
-
dynamic stability curve
-
easement curve
-
efficiency curve
-
elastic curve
-
elevation-area curve
-
elution curve
-
empirical curve
-
end point yield curve
-
enthalpy curve
-
entropy curve
-
envelope curve
-
epitrochoidal curve
-
equalization curve
-
equiprobability curve
-
error curve
-
exponential curve
-
faired curve
-
family curve
-
fatigue curve
-
firing curve
-
first-arrival curve
-
fitted curve
-
flash point yield curve
-
flash yield curve
-
flat curve
-
floodable length curve
-
flow curve
-
flow-through curve
-
frequency curve
-
frequency-response curve
-
full-load curve
-
full-load performance curve
-
full-load saturation curve
-
funicular curve
-
gain curve
-
Gaussian curve
-
generating curve
-
generation curve
-
grading curve
-
granulometric curve
-
gravity mid per cent curve
-
growth curve
-
guide curve
-
H and D curve
-
hardening curve
-
harmonic curve
-
head-flow curve
-
heating load curve
-
helical curve
-
horizontal curve
-
Hurter and Driffield curve
-
hydrostatic curves
-
hysteresis curve
-
incremental fuel consumption curve
-
induction-permeability curve
-
infiltration curve
-
integral curve
-
interpolation curve
-
ionization curve
-
irregular curve
-
isentropic curve
-
isobaric curve
-
isobatic curve
-
isochronous curve
-
isoclinic curve
-
isothermal curve
-
isotime curve
-
isotropic curve
-
lag curve
-
launching curves
-
lead curve
-
learning curve
-
level curve
-
limit curve
-
load curve
-
load-deflection curve
-
load-duration curve
-
load-extension curve
-
load-opening displacement curve
-
load-strain curve
-
load-time curve
-
logarithmic curve
-
luminosity curve
-
magnetization curve
-
Mayor curve
-
mean temperature-time curve
-
no-load curve
-
normal curve
-
normal traveltime curve
-
normalized magnetization curve
-
O-curve
-
overload curve
-
parameter curve
-
particle-size distribution curve
-
part-load curve
-
pay load-range curve
-
pedal curve
-
performance curve
-
permeability curve
-
plane curve
-
polar curve
-
potential curve
-
power-angle curve
-
preemphasis curve
-
pressure curve
-
pressure drawdown curve
-
probability curve
-
propeller performance curves
-
quadric curve
-
quartic curve
-
quintic curve
-
railroad curve
-
railway curve
-
rate-of-failure curve
-
rating curve
-
recession curve
-
reciprocity curve
-
recovery curve
-
rectifiable curve
-
refrigerant flow curve
-
regression curve
-
regulation curve
-
remanence curve
-
remarkable curve
-
resistance curve
-
resistance variation curve
-
resonance curve
-
response curve
-
reverse curve
-
righting arms curve
-
righting arm curve
-
righting moment curve
-
rising-stage curve
-
room temperature curve
-
runoff curve
-
sag vertical curve
-
saturation curve
-
secant curve
-
self-polar curve
-
sensitivity curve
-
sensitometric curve
-
sextic curve
-
sharp curve
-
sheer curve
-
short radius curve
-
short-circuit curve
-
simple curve
-
sine curve
-
sinistrorse curve
-
sizing curve
-
sliding curve
-
slip-current curve
-
smooth curve
-
space curve
-
spectral-distribution curve
-
spectral-response curve
-
speed performance curve
-
speed-load curve
-
spiral curve
-
spur conveyor curve
-
stability curve
-
standardization curve
-
statical stability curve
-
stationary curve
-
steam-pressure curve
-
steep curve
-
step curve
-
stratification curve
-
stress-strain curve
-
stripping curve
-
subsequent fracture curve
-
superheat curve
-
swing curve
-
tangent curve
-
tangential curve
-
temperature curve
-
temperature-depth curve
-
temperature-viscosity curve
-
test curve
-
thrust curve
-
tide curve
-
time-gamma curve
-
time-light curve
-
time-temperature-transformation curve
-
tons per inch curve
-
torque curve
-
torque-angle curve
-
torque-speed curve
-
torque-vs-displacement curve
-
total heat curve
-
track curve
-
transfer curve
-
transient curve
-
transition boiling curve
-
transition curve
-
translation curve
-
transversal curve
-
trochoidal curve
-
TTT curve
-
turnout curve
-
universal curve
-
vapor-pressure curve
-
vapor curve
-
vertical curve
-
vertical travel-time curve
-
viscosity mid per cent curve
-
volumetric efficiency curve
-
washability curve
-
wear-time curve
-
wet-bulb temperature curve
-
Wohler's curve
-
work-hardening curve
-
yield curve

Англо-русский словарь технических терминов > curve
16 Staite, William Edwards

SUBJECT AREA: Electricity, Public utilities

[br]

b. 19 April 1809 Bristol, England

d. 26 September 1854 Caen, France

[br]

English inventor who did much to popularize electric lighting in early Victorian England and demonstrated the first self-regulating arc lamp.

[br]

Before devoting the whole of his attention to the electric light, Staite was a partner in a business of iron merchants and patented a method of obtaining extracts and essences. From 1834 he attempted to produce a continuous light by electricity. The first public exhibition of Staite's arc lamp incorporating a fixed-rate clockwork mechanism was given in 1847 to the Sunderland Literary and Philosophical Society. He also demonstrated an incandescent lamp with an iridioplatinum filament. Sir Joseph Wilson Swan recorded that it was attending lectures by Staite in Sunderland, Newcastle and Carlisle that started him on the quest which many years later was to lead to his incandescent lamp.

In association with William Petrie (1821–1904), Staite made an important advance in the development of arc lamps by introducing automatic regulation of the carbon rods by way of an electromagnet. This was the first of many self-regulating arc lamps that were invented during the nineteenth century employing this principle. A contributory factor in the success of Staite's lamp was the semi enclosure of the arc in a transparent vessel that reduced the consumption of carbons, a feature not used again until the 1890s. His patents included processes for preparing carbons and the construction of primary cells for arc lighting. An improved lamp used by Staite in a theatrical production at Her Majesty's Theatre, London, in April 1849 may be considered the first commercial success of the electric light in England. In spite of the limitations imposed by the use of primary cells as the only available source of power, serious interest in this system of electric lighting was shown by railway companies and dock authorities. However, after he had developed a satisfactory arc lamp, an end to these early experiments was brought about by Staite's death.

[br]

Bibliography

July 1847, British patent no. 1,1783 (electromagnetic regulation of an arc lamp).

His manuscript "History of electric light" is in the Institution of Electrical Engineers archives.

Further Reading

J.J.Fahie, 1902, "Staite and Petrie's electric light 1846–1853", Electrical Engineer 30:297–301, 337–40, 374–6 (a detailed reliable account).

G.Woodward, 1989, "Staite and Petrie: pioneers of electric lighting", Proceedings of the Institution of Electrical Engineers 136 (Part A): 290–6 GW

Biographical history of technology > Staite, William Edwards
17 consumed power
1. потребляемая мощность
потребляемая мощность
Общая мощность, получаемая устройством или совокупностью устройств.
[ОСТ 45.55-99]

потребляемая мощность (электрическая)
Коэффициент, по которому электроэнергия поставляется в систему или системой, частью системы или единицей оборудования. Потребляемая мощность выражается в кВТ, кВА, или других подходящих единицах на заданный момент, или в течение определенного периода времени. Основным источником "потребляемой мощности" является энергопотребляющее оборудование потребителей (Термины Рабочей Группы правового регулирования ЭРРА).
[Англо-русский глосcарий энергетических терминов ERRA]

EN

demand (electric)
The rate at which electric energy is delivered to or by a system, part of a system, or a piece of equipment. Demand is expressed in kW, kVA, or other suitable units at a given instant or over any designated period of time. The primary source of "demand" is the power-consuming equipment of the customers (ERRA Legal Regulation Working Group Terms).
[Англо-русский глосcарий энергетических терминов ERRA]

demand
the magnitude of an electricity supply, expressed in kilowatts or kilovoltamperes
[IEV ref 691-02-02]

FR

puissance
importance d'une fourniture d'électricité, exprimée en kilowatts ou kilovoltampères
[IEV ref 691-02-02]

Параллельные тексты EN-RU

Power demand is the energy accumulated during a specified period divided by the length of the period.
[Schneider Electric]

Потребляемая мощность – это значение электрической энергии, потребленной за определенный период, поделенное на продолжительность этого периода.
[Перевод Интент]

Тематики
- электротехника, основные понятия
- энергетика в целом
EN
FR
- puissance
Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > consumed power
18 demand (electric)
1. потребляемая мощность
потребляемая мощность
Общая мощность, получаемая устройством или совокупностью устройств.
[ОСТ 45.55-99]

потребляемая мощность (электрическая)
Коэффициент, по которому электроэнергия поставляется в систему или системой, частью системы или единицей оборудования. Потребляемая мощность выражается в кВТ, кВА, или других подходящих единицах на заданный момент, или в течение определенного периода времени. Основным источником "потребляемой мощности" является энергопотребляющее оборудование потребителей (Термины Рабочей Группы правового регулирования ЭРРА).
[Англо-русский глосcарий энергетических терминов ERRA]

EN

demand (electric)
The rate at which electric energy is delivered to or by a system, part of a system, or a piece of equipment. Demand is expressed in kW, kVA, or other suitable units at a given instant or over any designated period of time. The primary source of "demand" is the power-consuming equipment of the customers (ERRA Legal Regulation Working Group Terms).
[Англо-русский глосcарий энергетических терминов ERRA]

demand
the magnitude of an electricity supply, expressed in kilowatts or kilovoltamperes
[IEV ref 691-02-02]

FR

puissance
importance d'une fourniture d'électricité, exprimée en kilowatts ou kilovoltampères
[IEV ref 691-02-02]

Параллельные тексты EN-RU

Power demand is the energy accumulated during a specified period divided by the length of the period.
[Schneider Electric]

Потребляемая мощность – это значение электрической энергии, потребленной за определенный период, поделенное на продолжительность этого периода.
[Перевод Интент]

Тематики
- электротехника, основные понятия
- энергетика в целом
EN
FR
- puissance
Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > demand (electric)
19 power demand
потребляемая мощность
Общая мощность, получаемая устройством или совокупностью устройств.
[ОСТ 45.55-99]

потребляемая мощность (электрическая)
Коэффициент, по которому электроэнергия поставляется в систему или системой, частью системы или единицей оборудования. Потребляемая мощность выражается в кВТ, кВА, или других подходящих единицах на заданный момент, или в течение определенного периода времени. Основным источником "потребляемой мощности" является энергопотребляющее оборудование потребителей (Термины Рабочей Группы правового регулирования ЭРРА).
[Англо-русский глосcарий энергетических терминов ERRA]

EN

demand (electric)
The rate at which electric energy is delivered to or by a system, part of a system, or a piece of equipment. Demand is expressed in kW, kVA, or other suitable units at a given instant or over any designated period of time. The primary source of "demand" is the power-consuming equipment of the customers (ERRA Legal Regulation Working Group Terms).
[Англо-русский глосcарий энергетических терминов ERRA]

demand
the magnitude of an electricity supply, expressed in kilowatts or kilovoltamperes
[IEV ref 691-02-02]

FR

puissance
importance d'une fourniture d'électricité, exprimée en kilowatts ou kilovoltampères
[IEV ref 691-02-02]

Параллельные тексты EN-RU

Power demand is the energy accumulated during a specified period divided by the length of the period.
[Schneider Electric]

Потребляемая мощность – это значение электрической энергии, потребленной за определенный период, поделенное на продолжительность этого периода.
[Перевод Интент]

Тематики
- электротехника, основные понятия
- энергетика в целом
EN
FR
- puissance
потребность в электроэнергии
—
[Я.Н.Лугинский, М.С.Фези-Жилинская, Ю.С.Кабиров. Англо-русский словарь по электротехнике и электроэнергетике, Москва, 1999 г.]

Тематики
- электротехника, основные понятия
EN
- power demand
- power requirement
расход тока
потребление тока
потребная мощность
—
[ http://slovarionline.ru/anglo_russkiy_slovar_neftegazovoy_promyishlennosti/]

Тематики
- нефтегазовая промышленность
Синонимы
- потребление тока
- потребная мощность
EN
- power demand
Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > power demand
20 power draw
1. потребляемая мощность
потребляемая мощность
Общая мощность, получаемая устройством или совокупностью устройств.
[ОСТ 45.55-99]

потребляемая мощность (электрическая)
Коэффициент, по которому электроэнергия поставляется в систему или системой, частью системы или единицей оборудования. Потребляемая мощность выражается в кВТ, кВА, или других подходящих единицах на заданный момент, или в течение определенного периода времени. Основным источником "потребляемой мощности" является энергопотребляющее оборудование потребителей (Термины Рабочей Группы правового регулирования ЭРРА).
[Англо-русский глосcарий энергетических терминов ERRA]

EN

demand (electric)
The rate at which electric energy is delivered to or by a system, part of a system, or a piece of equipment. Demand is expressed in kW, kVA, or other suitable units at a given instant or over any designated period of time. The primary source of "demand" is the power-consuming equipment of the customers (ERRA Legal Regulation Working Group Terms).
[Англо-русский глосcарий энергетических терминов ERRA]

demand
the magnitude of an electricity supply, expressed in kilowatts or kilovoltamperes
[IEV ref 691-02-02]

FR

puissance
importance d'une fourniture d'électricité, exprimée en kilowatts ou kilovoltampères
[IEV ref 691-02-02]

Параллельные тексты EN-RU

Power demand is the energy accumulated during a specified period divided by the length of the period.
[Schneider Electric]

Потребляемая мощность – это значение электрической энергии, потребленной за определенный период, поделенное на продолжительность этого периода.
[Перевод Интент]

Тематики
- электротехника, основные понятия
- энергетика в целом
EN
FR
- puissance
Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > power draw

Страницы

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