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  • 41 εἰμί

    εἰμί (Hom.+) impv. ἴσθι, ἔσο IPol 4:1, ἔστω—also colloq. ἤτω (BGU 276, 24; 419, 13; POxy 533, 9; Ps 103:31; 1 Macc 10:31) 1 Cor 16:22; Js 5:12; 1 Cl 48:5; Hv 3, 3, 4;—3 pers. pl. ἔστωσαν (ins since 200 B.C. Meisterhans3-Schw. 191; PPetr III, 2, 22 [237 B.C.]) Lk 12:35; 1 Ti 3:12; GJs 7:2. Inf. εἶναι. Impf. 1 pers. only mid. ἤμην (Jos., Bell. 1, 389; 631; s. further below); ἦν only Ac 20:18 D, 2 pers. ἦσθα (Jos., Ant. 6, 104) Mt 26:69; Mk 14:67 and ἦς (Lobeck, Phryn. 149 ‘say ἦσθα’; Jos., Ant. 17, 110 al.; Sb 6262, 16 [III A.D.]) Mt 25:21, 23 al., 3 sg. ἦν, 1 pl. ἦμεν. Beside this the mid. form ἤμην (pap since III B.C.; Job 29:16; Tob 12:13 BA), s. above, gives the pl. ἤμεθα (pap since III B.C.; Bar 1:19) Mt 23:30; Ac 27:37; Eph 2:3. Both forms in succession Gal. 4:3. Fut. ἔσομαι, ptc. ἐσόμενος. The mss. vary in choice of act. or mid., but like the edd. lean toward the mid. (W-S. §14, 1; Mlt-H. 201–3; Rob. index; B-D-F §98; Rdm.2 99; 101f; Helbing 108f; Reinhold 86f). Also s. ἔνι.
    ① be, exist, be on hand a pred. use (for other pred. use s. 3a, 4, 5, 6, 7): of God (Epicurus in Diog. L. 10, 123 θεοί εἰσιν; Zaleucus in Diod S 12, 20, 2 θεοὺς εἶναι; Wsd 12:13; Just., D. 128, 4 angels) ἔστιν ὁ θεός God exists Hb 11:6; cp. 1 Cor 8:5. ὁ ὢν καὶ ὁ ἦν the one who is and who was (cp. SibOr 3, 16; as amulet PMich 155, 3 [II A.D.] ὁ ὢν θεὸς ὁ Ἰάω κύριος παντοκράτωρ=the god … who exists.) Rv 11:17; 16:5. ὁ ὢν καὶ ὁ ἦν καὶ ὁ ἐρχόμενος, in this and the two preceding passages ἦν is treated as a ptc. (for the unusual use of ἦν cp. Simonides 74 D.: ἦν ἑκατὸν φιάλαι) 1:4; 4:8 (cp. Ex 3:14; Wsd 13:1; Paus. 10, 12, 10 Ζεὺς ἦν, Ζ. ἔστι, Ζ. ἔσσεται; cp. Theosophien 18. S. OWeinreich, ARW 19, 1919, 178f). οὐδʼ εἶναι θεὸν παντοκράτορα AcPlCor 1:11. ἐγώ εἰμι (ins in the Athena-Isis temple of Saïs in Plut., Is. et Os. 9, 354c: ἐγώ εἰμι πᾶν τὸ γεγονὸς κ. ὸ̓ν κ. ἐσόμενον. On the role of Isis in Gk. rel. s. IBergman, Ich bin Isis ’68; RMerkelbach, Isis Regina—Zeus Sarapis ’95; for further lit. s. MGustafson in: Prayer fr. Alexander to Constantine, ed. MKiley et al. ’97, 158.) Rv 1:8 (s. ἐγώ beg.). ὁ ὤν, … θεός Ro 9:5 is classed here and taken to mean Christ by JWordsworth ad loc. and HWarner, JTS 48, ’47, 203f. Of the λόγος: ἐν ἀρχῇ ἦν ὁ λ. J 1:1 (for ἦν cp. Herm. Wr. 1, 4; 3, 1b ἦν σκότος, Fgm. IX 1 p. 422, 23 Sc. γέγονεν ἡ ὕλη καὶ ἦν).—Of Christ πρὶν Ἀβραὰμ γενέσθαι, ἐγὼ εἰμί before Abraham was born, I am 8:58 (on the pres. εἰμί cp. Parmenides 8, 5: of the Eternal we cannot say ἦν οὐδʼ ἔσται, only ἔστιν; Ammonius Hermiae [Comm. in Aristotl. IV 5 ed. ABusse 1897] 6 p. 172: in Timaeus we read that we must not say of the gods τὸ ἦν ἢ τὸ ἔσται μεταβολῆς τινος ὄντα σημαντικά, μόνον δὲ τὸ ἔστι=‘was’ or ‘will be’, suggesting change, but only ‘is’; Ps 89:2; DBall, ‘I Am’ in John’s Gospel [JSNT Suppl. 124] ’96).—Of the world πρὸ τοῦ τὸν κόσμον εἶναι before the world existed 17:5. Satirically, of the beast, who parodies the Lamb, ἦν καὶ οὐκ ἔστιν Rv 17:8. Of God’s temple: ἔστιν B 16:6f it exists. τὸ μὴ ὄν that which does not exist, the unreal (Sallust. 17 p. 32, 7 and 9; Philo, Aet. M. 5; 82) Hm 1:1. τὰ ὄντα that which exists contrasted w. τὰ μὴ ὄντα Ro 4:17; cp. 1 Cor 1:28; 2 Cl 1:8. Of God κτίσας ἐκ τοῦ μὴ ὄντος τὰ ὄντα what is out of what is not Hv 1, 1, 6 (on the contrast τὰ ὄντα and τὰ μὴ ὄντα cp. Ps.-Arist. on Xenophanes: Fgm. 21, 28; Artem. 1, 51 p. 49, 19 τὰ μὴ ὄντα ὡς ὄντα; Ocellus Luc. 12; Sallust. 17, 5 p. 30, 28–32, 12; Philo, Op. M. 81; PGM 4, 3077f ποιήσαντα τὰ πάντα ἐξ ὧν οὐκ ὄντων εἰς τὸ εἶναι; 13, 272f τὸν ἐκ μὴ ὄντων εἶναι ποιήσαντα καὶ ἐξ ὄντων μὴ εἶναι; Theoph. Ant. 1, 4 [p. 64, 21] τὰ πάντα ὁ θεὸς ἐποίησεν ἐξ οὐκ ὄντων εἰς τὸ εἶναι).—Of existing in the sense be present, available, provided πολλοῦ ὄχλου ὄντος since a large crowd was present Mk 8:1. ὄντων τῶν προσφερόντων those are provided who offer Hb 8:4. οὔπω ἦν πνεῦμα the Spirit had not yet come J 7:39. ἀκούσας ὄντα σιτία when he heard that grain was available Ac 7:12.—Freq. used to introduce parables and stories (once) there was: ἄνθρωπός τις ἦν πλούσιος there was (once) a rich man Lk 16:1, 19. ἦν ἄνθρωπος ἐκ τ. Φαρισαίων there was a man among the Pharisees J 3:1.—There is, there are ὥσπερ εἰσὶν θεοὶ πολλοί as there are many gods 1 Cor 8:5. διαιρέσεις χαρισμάτων εἰσίν there are various kinds of spiritual gifts 12:4ff; 1J 5:16 al. Neg. οὐκ ἔστι there is (are) not, no (Ps 52:2; Simplicius in Epict. p. 95, 42 as a quot. from ‘tragedy’ οὐκ εἰσὶν θεοί) δίκαιος there is no righteous man Ro 3:10 (Eccl 7:20). ἀνάστασις νεκρῶν οὐκ ἔστιν there is no resurr. of the dead 1 Cor 15:12; οὐδʼ εἶναι ἀνάστασιν AcPlCor 1:12; 2:24; cp. Mt 22:23; Ac 23:8 (cp. 2 Macc 7:14). εἰσὶν οἵ, or οἵτινες there are people who (Hom. et al.; LXX; Just., D. 47, 2 εἰ μήτι εἰσὶν οἱ λέγοντες ὅτι etc.—W. sing. and pl. combined: Arrian, Ind. 24, 9 ἔστι δὲ οἳ διέφυγον=but there are some who escaped) Mt 16:28; 19:12; Mk 9:1; Lk 9:27; J 6:64; Ac 11:20. Neg. οὐδείς ἐστιν ὅς there is no one who Mk 9:39; 10:29; Lk 1:61; 18:29. As a question τίς ἐστιν ὅς; who is there that? Mt 12:11—In an unusual (perh. bureaucratic terminology) participial construction Ac 13:1 ἡ οὖσα ἐκκλησία the congregation there (cp. Ps.-Pla., Eryx. 6, 394c οἱ ὄντες ἄνθρωποι=the people with whom he has to deal; PLond III 1168, 5 p. 136 [18 A.D.] ἐπὶ ταῖς οὔσαις γειτνίαις=on the adjoining areas there; PGen 49; PSI 229, 11 τοῦ ὄντος μηνός of the current month); cp. 14:13.—αἱ οὖσαι (sc. ἐξουσίαι) those that exist Ro 13:1 (cp. UPZ 180a I, 4 [113 B.C.] ἐφʼ ἱερέων καὶ ἱερειῶν τῶν ὄντων καὶ οὐσῶν).
    ② to be in close connection (with), is, freq. in statements of identity or equation, as a copula, the equative function, uniting subject and predicate. On absence of the copula, Mlt-Turner 294–310.
    ⓐ gener. πραΰς εἰμι I am gentle Mt 11:29. ἐγώ εἰμι Γαβριήλ Lk 1:19. σὺ εἶ ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ θεοῦ Mk 3:11; J 1:49 and very oft. ἵνα … ὁ πονηρὸς … ἐλεγχθῇ [το? s. app. in Bodm.] μὴ ὢν θεός AcPlCor 2:15 (Just., D. 3, 3 φιλολόγος οὖν τις εἶ σύ).—The pred. can be supplied fr. the context: καὶ ἐσμέν and we are (really God’s children) 1J 3:1 (Eur., Ion 309 τ. θεοῦ καλοῦμαι δοῦλος εἰμί τε. Dio Chrys. 14 [31], 58 θεοφιλεῖς οἱ χρηστοὶ λέγονται καὶ εἰσίν; Epict. 2, 16, 44 Ἡρακλῆς ἐπιστεύθη Διὸς υἱὸς εἶναι καὶ ἦν.—The ptc. ὤν, οὖσα, ὄν used w. a noun or adj.and serving as an if-, since-, or although-clause sim. functions as a copula πονηροὶ ὄντες Mt 7:11; 12:34.—Lk 20:36; J 3:4; 4:9; Ac 16:21; Ro 5:10; 1 Cor 8:7; Gal 2:3 al.).—W. adv. of quality: οὕτως εἶναι be so preceded by ὥσπερ, καθώς or followed by ὡς, ὥσπερ Mt 13:40; 24:27, 37, 39; Mk 4:26; Lk 17:26. W. dat. of pers. οὕτως ἔσται ὁ υἱὸς τ. ἀ. τῇ γενεᾷ ταύτῃ so the Human One (Son of Man) will be for this generation 11:30. εἰμὶ ὡσ/ὥσπερ I am like Mt 6:5; Lk 18:11. W. dat. ἔστω σοι ὥσπερ τελώνης he shall be to you as a tax-collector Mt 18:17. εἰμὶ ὥς τις I am like someone of outward and inward similarity 28:3; Lk 6:40; 11:44; 22:27 al. καθώς εἰμι as I am Ac 22:3; 1J 3:2, 7; 4:17.—W. demonstr. pron. (Just., A I, 16, 1 ἃ ἔφη, ταῦτά ἐστι: foll. by a quotation; sim. 48, 5 ἔστι δὲ ταῦτα; and oft.) τὰ ὀνόματά ἐστιν ταῦτα Mt 10:2. αὕτη ἐστὶν ἡ μαρτυρία J 1:19. W. inf. foll. θρησκεία αὕτη ἐστίν, ἐπισκέπτεσθαι Js 1:27. W. ὅτι foll. αὕτη ἐστὶν ἡ κρίσις, ὅτι τὸ φῶς ἐλήλυθεν J 3:19; cp. 21:24; 1J 1:5; 3:11; 5:11. W. ἵνα foll. τοῦτό ἐστιν τὸ ἔργον, ἵνα πιστεύητε J 6:29; cp. vs. 39f; 15:12; 17:3; 1J 3:11, 23; 5:3. W. τηλικοῦτος: τὰ πλοῖα, τηλικαῦτα ὄντα though they are so large Js 3:4. W. τοσοῦτος: τοσοῦτων ὄντων although there were so many J 21:11. W. τοιοῦτος: τοιοῦτος ὤν Phlm 9 (cp. Just., A I, 18, 4 ὅσα ἄλλα τοιαῦτά ἐστι).—W. interrog. pron. ὑμεῖς τίνα με λέγετε εἶναι; who do you say I am? Mt 16:15; cp. 21:10; Mk 1:24; 4:41; 8:27, 29; Lk 4:34 al.; σὺ τίς εἶ; J 1:19; 8:25; 21:12 al. (cp. JosAs 14:6 τίς εἶ συ tell me ‘who you are’). σὺ τίς εἶ ὁ κρίνων; (Pla., Gorg. 452b; Strabo 6, 2, 4 σὺ τίς εἶ ὁ τὸν Ὅμηρον ψέγων ὡς μυθογράφον;) Ro 14:4; ἐγὼ τίς ἤμην; (cp. Ex 3:11) Ac 11:17; τίς εἰμι ἐγὼ ὅτι who am I, that GJs 12:2 (Ex 3:11). W. πόσος: πόσος χρόνος ἐστίν; how long a time? Mk 9:21. W. ποταπός of what sort Lk 1:29.—W. relative pron. οἷος 2 Cor 10:11; ὁποῖος Ac 26:29; 1 Cor 3:13; Gal 2:6; ὅς Rv 1:19; ὅστις Gal 5:10, 19.—W. numerals ἦσαν οἱ φαγόντες πεντακισχίλιοι ἄνδρες 6:44 (cp. Polyaenus 7, 25 ἦσαν οἱ πεσόντες ἀνδρῶν μυριάδες δέκα); cp. Ac 19:7; 23:13. Λάζαρος εἷς ἦν ἐκ τῶν ἀνακειμένων L. was one of those at the table J 12:2; cp. Gal 3:20; Js 2:19. τῶν πιστευσάντων ἦν καρδία καὶ ψυχὴ μία Ac 4:32. εἷς εἶναι be one and the same Gal 3:28. ἓν εἶναι be one J 10:30; 17:11, 21ff; 1 Cor 3:8.—οὐδʼ εἶναι τὴν πλάσιν τὴν τῶν ἀνθρώπων τοῦ θεοῦ (that) the creation of humankind is not God’s doing AcPlCor 1:13.—To establish identity the formula ἐγώ εἰμι is oft. used in the gospels (corresp. to Hebr. אֲנִי הוּא Dt 32:39; Is 43:10), in such a way that the predicate must be understood fr. the context: Mt 14:27; Mk 6:50; 13:6; 14:62; Lk 22:70; J 4:26; 6:20; 8:24, 28; 13:19; 18:5f and oft.; s. on ἐγώ.—In a question μήτι ἐγώ εἰμι; surely it is not I? Mt 26:22, 25.
    ⓑ to describe a special connection betw. the subject and a predicate noun ἡμεῖς ναὸς θεοῦ ἐσμεν ζῶντος we are a temple of the living God 2 Cor 6:16. ἡ ἐπιστολὴ ὑμεῖς ἐστε you are our letter (of recommendation) 3:2. σφραγίς μου τῆς ἀποστολῆς ὑμεῖς ἐστε you are the seal of my apostleship 1 Cor 9:2 and oft.
    ⓒ in explanations:
    α. to show how someth. is to be understood is a representation of, is the equivalent of; εἰμί here, too, serves as copula; we usually translate mean, so in the formula τοῦτʼ ἔστιν this or that means, that is to say (Epict., Ench. 33, 10; Arrian, Tact. 29, 3; SIG 880, 50; PFlor 157, 4; PSI 298, 9; PMert 91, 9; Jos., C. Ap. 2, 16; ApcMos 19; Just., D. 56, 23; 78, 3 al.) Mk 7:2; Ac 19:4; Ro 7:18; 9:8; 10:6, 8; Phlm 12; Hb 7:5 al.; in the sense that is (when translated) (Polyaenus 8, 14, 1 Μάξιμος ἀνηγορεύθη• τοῦτο δʼ ἄν εἴη Μέγιστον) Mt 27:46; Ac 1:19. So also w. relative pron.: ὅ ἐστιν Mk 3:17; 7:11, 34; Hb 7:2. After verbs of asking, recognizing, knowing and not knowing (Antiphanes Com. 231, 1f τὸ ζῆν τί ἐστι;) μάθετε τί ἐστιν learn what (this) means Mt 9:13. εἰ ἐγνώκειτε τί ἐστιν 12:7; cp. Mk 1:27; 9:10; Lk 20:17; J 16:17f; Eph 4:9. W. an indir. question (Stephan. Byz. s.v. Ἀγύλλα: τὶς ἠρώτα τί ἂν εἴη τὸ ὄνομα) τί ἂν εἴη ταῦτα Lk 15:26; τί εἴη τοῦτο 18:36. τίνα θέλει ταῦτα εἶναι what this means Ac 17:20; cp. 2:12, where the question is not about the mng. of terms but the significance of what is happening.—Esp. in interpr. of the parables (Artem. 1, 51 p. 48, 26 ἄρουρα οὐδὲν ἄλλο ἐστὶν ἢ γυνή=field means nothing else than woman) ὁ ἀγρός ἐστιν ὁ κόσμος the field means the world Mt 13:38; cp. vss. 19f, 22f; Mk 4:15f, 18, 20; Lk 8:11ff (cp. Gen 41:26f; Ezk 37:11; Ath. 22, 4 [Stoic interpr. of myths]). On τοῦτό ἐστιν τὸ σῶμά μου Mt 26:26; Mk 14:22; Lk 22:19 and its various interpretations, see lit. s.v. εὐχαριστία. Cp. Hipponax (VI B.C.) 45 Diehl αὕτη γάρ ἐστι συμφορή=this means misfortune.
    β. to be of relative significance, be of moment or importance, amount to someth. w. indef. pron. εἰδωλόθυτόν τί ἐστιν meat offered to idols means anything 1 Cor 10:19. Esp. εἰμί τι I mean someth. of pers. 1 Cor 3:7; Gal 2:6; 6:3; and of things vs. 15. εἰμί τις Ac 5:36.—Of no account ἐμοὶ εἰς ἐλάχιστόν ἐστιν (telescoped fr. ἐλάχ. ἐστιν and εἰς ἐλάχ. γίνεται, of which there are many exx. in Schmid, I 398; II 161, 237; III 281; IV 455) it is of little or no importance to me 1 Cor 4:3.
    ③ be in reference to location, persons, condition, or time, be
    ⓐ of various relations or positions involving a place or thing: w. ἀπό: εἶναι ἀπό τινος be or come from a certain place (X., An. 2, 4, 13) J 1:44.—W. ἐν: ἐν τοῖς τ. πατρός μου in my father’s house Lk 2:49 (cp. Jos., Ant. 16, 302 καταγωγὴ ἐν τοῖς Ἀντιπάτρου). ἐν τῇ ὁδῷ on the way Mk 10:32. ἐν τῇ ἐρήμῳ Mt 24:26. ἐν ἀγρῷ Lk 15:25. ἐν δεξιᾷ τ. θεοῦ at God’s right hand Ro 8:34; in heaven Eph 6:9.—W. εἰς: τὴν κοίτην Lk 11:7; τὸν κόλπον J1:18.—W. ἐπὶ w. gen. be on someth. of place, roof Lk 17:31; head J 20:7 (cp. 1 Macc 1:59); also fig., of one who is over someone (1 Macc 10:69; Jdth 14:13 ὁ ὢν ἐπὶ πάντων τῶν αὐτοῦ) Ro 9:5 (of the angel of death Mel., P. 20, 142 ἐπὶ τῶν πρωτοτόκων); also ἐπάνω τινός J 3:31.—W. dat. be at someth. the door Mt 24:33; Mk 13:29.—W. acc. be on someone: grace Lk 2:40; Ac 4:33; spirit (Is 61:1) Lk 2:25; εἶναι ἐπὶ τὸ αὐτό be in the same place, together (Gen 29:2 v.l.) Ac 1:15; 2:1, 44; 1 Cor 7:5.—W. κατά w. acc. εἶναι κατὰ τὴν Ἰουδαίαν be in Judea Ac 11:1; εἶναι ἐν Ἀντιοχείᾳ κατὰ τὴν οὖσαν ἐκκλησίαν were at Antioch in the congregation there 13:1.—W. ὑπό w. acc. τι or τινα of place be under someth. J 1:48; 1 Cor 10:1.—W. παρά w. acc. παρὰ τὴν θάλασσαν by the sea- (i.e. lake-) shore Mk 5:21; Ac 10:6.—W. πρός τι be close to, facing someth. Mk 4:1.—W. adv. of place ἐγγύς τινι near someth. Ac 9:38; 27:8. μακρὰν (ἀπό) Mk 12:34; J 21:8; Eph 2:13; also πόρρω Lk 14:32. χωρίς τινος without someth. Hb 12:8. ἐνθάδε Ac 16:28. ἔσω J 20:26. ἀπέναντί τινος Ro 3:18 (Ps 35:2). ἐκτός τινος 1 Cor 6:18; ἀντίπερά τινος Lk 8:26; ὁμοῦ J 21:2; οὗ Mt 2:9; ὅπου Mk 2:4; 5:40. ὧδε Mt 17:4; Mk 9:5; Lk 9:33. Also w. fut. mng. (ESchwartz, GGN 1908, 161 n.; on the fut. use of the pres. cp. POxy 531, 22 [II A.D.] ἔστι δὲ τοῦ Τῦβι μηνὸς σοὶ ὸ̔ θέλεις) ὅπου εἰμί J 7:34, 36; 12:26; 14:3; 17:24. As pred., to denote a relatively long stay at a place, stay, reside ἴσθι ἐκεῖ stay there Mt 2:13, cp. vs. 15; ἐπʼ ἐρήμοις τόποις in lonely places Mk 1:45; ἦν παρὰ τὴν θάλασσαν he stayed by the lakeside 5:21.
    ⓑ involving humans or transcendent beings: w. adv. ἔμπροσθέν τινος Lk 14:2. ἔναντί τινος Ac 8:21; ἐνώπιόν τινος Lk 14:10; Ac 4:19; 1 Pt 3:4; Rv 7:15; ἐντός τινος Lk 17:21; ἐγγύς τινος J 11:18; 19:20; Ro 10:8 (Dt 30:14).—W. prep. ἐν τινί equiv. to ἔκ τινος εἶναι be among Mt 27:56; cp. Mk 15:40; Ro 1:6. Of God, who is among his people 1 Cor 14:25 (Is 45:14; Jer 14:9); of the Spirit J 14:17. Of persons under Christ’s direction: ἐν θεῷ 1J 2:5; 5:20 (s. Norden, Agn. Th. 23, 1). ἔν τινι rest upon, arise from someth. (Aristot., Pol. 7, 1, 3 [1323b, 1] ἐν ἀρετῇ; Sir 9:16) Ac 4:12; 1 Cor 2:5; Eph 5:18.—εἴς τινα be directed, inclined toward Ac 23:30; 2 Cor 7:15; 1 Pt 1:21.—κατά w. gen. be against someone (Sir 6:12) Mt 12:30; Mk 9:40 and Lk 9:50 (both opp. ὑπέρ); Gal 5:23.—σύν τινι be with someone (Jos., Ant. 7, 181) Lk 22:56; 24:44; Ac 13:7; accompany, associate w. someone Lk 8:38; Ac 4:13; 22:9; take sides with someone (X., Cyr. 5, 4, 37; 7, 5, 77; Jos., Ant. 11, 259 [of God]) Ac 14:4.—πρός τινα be with someone Mt 13:56; Mk 6:3; J 1:1f. I am to be compared w. IMg 12.—μετά and gen. be with someone (Judg 14:11) Mt 17:17; Mk 3:14; 5:18; J 3:26; 12:17; ἔστω μεθʼ ὑμῶν εἰρήνη AcPlCor 2:40; of God, who is with someone (Gen 21:20; Judg 6:13 al.; Philo, Det. Pot. Ins. 4; Jos., Ant. 6, 181; 15, 138) Lk 1:66; J 3:2; 8:29; Ac 10:38 al.; also be with in the sense be favorable to, in league with (Ex 23:2) Mt 12:30; Lk 11:23; of punishment attending a pers. τὸ πῦρ ἐστι μετʼ αὐτοῦ AcPlCor 2:37.—παρά and gen. come from someone (X., An. 2, 4, 15; Just., D. 8, 4 ἔλεος παρὰ θεοῦ) fr. God J 6:46; 7:29; w. dat. be with, among persons Mt 22:25; Ac 10:6. W. neg. be strange to someone, there is no … in someone Ro 2:11; 9:14; Eph 6:9.—ὑπέρ w. gen. be on one’s side Mk 9:4 and Lk 9:50 (both opp. κατά); w. acc. be superior to (Sir 25:10; 30:16) Lk 6:40.
    ⓒ of condition or circumstance: κατά w. acc. live in accordance with (Sir 28:10; 43:8; 2 Macc 9:20) κατὰ σάκρα, πνεῦμα Ro 8:5. οὐκ ἔστιν κατὰ ἄνθρωπον not human (in origin) Gal 1:11.—Fig. ὑπό w. acc. be under (the power of) someth. Ro 3:9; 6:14f; Gal 3:10, 25.—W. ἐν of existing ἐν τῷ θεῷ εἶναι of humankind: have its basis of existence in God Ac 17:28. Of states of being: ἐν δόξῃ 2 Cor 3:8; ἐν εἰρήνῃ Lk 11:21; ἐν ἔχθρᾳ at enmity 23:12; ἐν κρίματι under condemnation vs. 40. ἐν ῥύσει αἵματος suffer from hemorrhages Mk 5:25; Lk 8:43 (cp. Soph., Aj. 271 ἦν ἐν τῇ νόσῳ; cp. TestJob 35:1 ἐν πληγαῖς πολλαῖς). Periphrastically for an adj. ἐν ἐξουσίᾳ authoritative Lk 4:32. ἐν βάρει important 1 Th 2:7. ἐν τῇ πίστει true believers, believing 2 Cor 13:5. Be involved in someth. ἐν ἑορτῇ be at the festival=take part in it J 2:23. ἐν τούτοις ἴσθι devote yourself to these things 1 Ti 4:15 (cp. X., Hell. 4, 8, 7 ἐν τοιούτοις ὄντες=occupied w. such things; Jos., Ant. 2, 346 ἐν ὕμνοις ἦσαν=they occupied themselves w. the singing of hymns).—Fig., live in the light 1J 2:9; cp. vs. 11; 1 Th 5:4; in the flesh Ro 7:5; 8:8; AcPlCor 1:6. ἐν οἷς εἰμι in the situation in which I find myself Phil 4:11 (X., Hell. 4, 2, 1; Diod S 12, 63, 5; 12, 66, 4; Appian, Hann. 55 §228 ἐν τούτοις ἦν=he was in this situation; Jos., Ant. 7, 232 ἐν τούτοις ἦσαν=found themselves in this sit.; TestJob 35:6 ἐν τίνι ἐστίν; s. ZPE VIII 170). ἐν πολλοῖς ὢν ἀστοχήμασι AcPlCor 2:1. Of characteristics, emotions, etc. ἔν τινί ἐστιν, e.g. ἀδικία J 7:18; ἄγνοια Eph 4:18; ἀλήθεια J 8:44; 2 Cor 11:10 (cp. 1 Macc 7:18); ἁμαρτία 1J 3:5.
    ⓓ of time ἐγγύς of καιρός be near Mt 26:18; Mk 13:28. πρὸς ἑσπέραν ἐστίν it is toward evening Lk 24:29 (Just., D. 137, 4 πρὸς δυσμὰς … ὁ ἥλιός ἐστι).
    ④ to be alive in a period of time, live, denoting temporal existence (Hom., Trag., Thu. et al.; Sir 42:21; En 102:5 Philo, De Jos. 17; Jos., Ant. 7, 254) εἰ ἤμεθα ἐν ταῖς ἡμέραις τῶν πατέρων ἡμῶν if we had lived in the days of our fathers Mt 23:30. ὅτι οὐκ εἰσὶν because they were no more 2:18 (Jer 38:15). ἦσαν ἐπὶ χρόνον ἱκανόν (those who were healed and raised by Christ) remained alive for quite some time Qua.
    ⑤ to be the time at which someth. takes place w. indications of specific moments or occasions, be (X., Hell. 4, 5, 1, An. 4, 3, 8; Sus 13 Theod.; 1 Macc 6:49; 2 Macc 8:26; Jos., Ant. 6, 235 νουμηνία δʼ ἦν; 11, 251): ἦν ὥρα ἕκτη it was the sixth hour (=noon acc. to Jewish reckoning) Lk 23:44; J 4:6; 19:14.—Mk 15:25; J 1:39. ἦν ἑσπέρα ἤδη it was already evening Ac 4:3. πρωί̈ J 18:28. ἦν παρασκευή Mk 15:42. ἦν ἑορτὴ τῶν Ἰουδαίων J 5:1. σάββατόν ἐστιν vs. 10 et al. Short clauses (as Polyaenus 4, 9, 2 νὺξ ἦν; 7, 44, 2 πόλεμος ἦν; exc. 36, 8 ἦν ἀρίστου ὥρα; Jos., Ant. 19, 248 ἔτι δὲ νὺξ ἦν) χειμὼν ἦν J 10:22; ἦν δὲ νύξ (sim. Jos., Bell. 4, 64) 13:30; ψύχος it was cold 18:18; καύσων ἔσται it will be hot Lk 12:55.
    ⑥ to take place as a phenomenon or event, take place, occur, become, be, be in (Hom., Thu. et al.; LXX; En 104:5; 106:6.—Cp. Just., D. 82, 2 of Christ’s predictions ὅπερ καὶ ἔστι ‘which is in fact the case’.) ἔσται θόρυβος τοῦ λαοῦ a popular uprising Mk 14:2. γογγυσμὸς ἦν there was (much) muttering J 7:12. σχίσμα there was a division 9:16; 1 Cor 1:10; 12:25. ἔριδες … εἰσίν quarrels are going on 1:11. δεῖ αἱρέσεις εἶναι 11:19. θάνατος, πένθος, κραυγή, πόνος ἔσται Rv 21:4. ἔσονται λιμοὶ κ. σεισμοί Mt 24:7. Hence τὸ ἐσόμενον what was going to happen (Sir 48:25) Lk 22:49. πότε ταῦτα ἔσται; when will this happen? Mt 24:3. πῶς ἔσται τοῦτο; how can this be? Lk 1:34. Hebraistically (הָיָה; s. KBeyer, Semitische Syntax im NT, ’62, 63–65) καὶ ἔσται w. fut. of another verb foll. and it will come about that Ac 2:17 (Jo 3:1); 3:23 (w. δέ); Ro 9:26 (Hos 2:1).—W. dat. ἐστί τινι happen, be granted, come, to someone (X., An. 2, 1, 10; Jos., Ant. 11, 255; Just., D. 8, 4 σοὶ … ἔλεος ἔσται παρὰ θεοῦ) Mt 16:22; Mk 11:24; Lk 2:10; GJs 1:1; 4:3; 8:3; τί ἐστίν σοι τοῦτο, ὅτι what is the matter with you, that GJs 17:2.—Of becoming or turning into someth. become someth. εἰς χολὴν πικρίας εἶναι become bitter gall Ac 8:23. εἰς σάρκα μίαν Mt 19:5; Mk 10:8; 1 Cor 6:16; Eph 5:31 (all Gen 2:24. Cp. Syntipas p. 42, 24 οὐκ ἔτι ἔσομαι μετὰ σοῦ εἰς γυναῖκα); τὰ σκολιὰ εἰς εὐθείας Lk 3:5 (Is 40:4); εἰς πατέρα 2 Cor 6:18; Hb 1:5 (2 Km 7:14; 1 Ch 22:10; 28:6); εἰς τὸ ἕν 1J 5:8.— Serve as someth. (IPriene 50, 39 [c. II B.C.] εἶναι εἰς φυλακὴν τ. πόλεως; Aesop., Fab. 28 H.=18 P.; 26 Ch.; 18 H-H. εἰς ὠφέλειαν; Gen 9:13; s. also εἰς 4d) 1 Cor 14:22; Col 2:22; Js 5:3.—Of something being ἀνεκτότερον ἔσται it will be more tolerable τινί for someone Lk 10:12, 14.
    ⑦ to exist as possibility ἔστιν w. inf. foll. it is possible, one can (Περὶ ὕψους 6; Diog. L. 1, 110 ἔστιν εὑρεῖν=one can find; Just., A I, 59, 10 ἔστι ταῦτα ἀκοῦσαι καὶ μαθεῖν; D. 42, 3 ἰδεῖν al.; Mel., P. 19, 127); neg. οὐκ ἔστιν νῦν λέγειν it is not possible to speak at this time Hb 9:5. οὐκ ἔστιν φαγεῖν it is impossible to eat 1 Cor 11:20 (so Hom. et al.; UPZ 70, 23 [152/151 B.C.] οὐκ ἔστι ἀνακύψαι με πώποτε … ὑπὸ τῆς αἰσχύνης; 4 Macc 13:5; Wsd 5:10; Sir 14:16; 18:6; EpJer 49 al.; EpArist 163; Jos., Ant. 2, 335; Ath. 22, 3 ἔστιν εἰπεῖν).
    ⑧ to have a point of derivation or origin, be,/come from somewhere ἐκ τῆς ἐξουσίας Ἡρῴδου from Herod’s jurisdiction Lk 23:7; ἐκ Ναζαρέτ (as an insignificant place) J 1:46; ἐκ τῆς γῆς 3:31; ἐκ γυναικός 1 Cor 11:8 al. ἐξ οὐρανοῦ, ἐξ ἀνθρώπων be of heavenly (divine), human descent Mt 21:25; Mk 11:30; Lk 20:4. Be generated by (cp. Sb 8141, 21f [ins I B.C.] οὐδʼ ἐκ βροτοῦ ἤεν ἄνακτος, ἀλλὰ θεοῦ μεγάλου ἔκγονος; En 106:6) Mt 1:20. Esp. in Johannine usage ἐκ τοῦ διαβόλου εἶναι originate from the devil J 8:44; 1J 3:8. ἐκ τοῦ πονηροῦ 3:12; ἐκ τοῦ κόσμου J 15:19; 17:14, 16; 1J 4:5. ἐκ τῆς ἀληθείας εἶναι 2:21; J 18:37 etc. Cp. 9 end.
    ⑨ to belong to someone or someth. through association or genetic affiliation, be, belong w. simple gen. (X., Hell. 2, 4, 36; Iambl., Vi. Pyth. 33, 230 τῶν Πυθαγορείων) οἱ τῆς ὁδοῦ ὄντες those who belong to the Way Ac 9:2. εἰμὶ Παύλου I belong to Paul 1 Cor 1:12; 3:4; cp. Ro 8:9; 2 Cor 10:7; 1 Ti 1:20; Ac 23:6. ἡμέρας εἶναι belong to the day 1 Th 5:8, cp. vs. 5. W. ἔκ τινος 1 Cor 12:15f; Mt 26:73; Mk 14:69f; Lk 22:58 al. (cp. X., Mem. 3, 6, 17; oft LXX). ἐκ τοῦ ἀριθμοῦ τῶν δώδεκα belong to the twelve 22:3. ὅς ἐστιν ἐξ ὑμῶν who is a fellow-countryman of yours Col 4:9.—To belong through origin 2 Cor 4:7. Of Mary: ἦν τῆς φυλῆς τοῦ Δαυίδ was of David’s line GJs 10:1. Cp. 8 above.
    ⑩ to have someth. to do with someth. or someone, be. To denote a close relationship ἐξ ἔργων νόμου εἶναι rely on legal performance Gal 3:10. ὁ νόμος οὐκ ἔστιν ἐκ πίστεως the law has nothing to do with faith vs. 12.—To denote a possessor Mt 5:3, 10; l9:14; Mk 12:7; Lk 18:16; 1 Cor 6:19. Esp. of God who owns the Christian Ac 27:23; 1 Cor 3:23; 2 Ti 2:19 (Num 16:5). οὐδʼ εἶναι τὸν κόσμον θεοῦ, ἀλλὰ ἀγγέλων AcPlCor 1:15 (cp. Just., A II, 13, 4 ὅσα … καλῶς εἴρηται, ἡμῶν τῶν χριστιανῶν ἐστι).—W. possess. pron. ὑμετέρα ἐστὶν ἡ βασιλεία Lk 6:20. οὐκ ἔστιν ἐμὸν δοῦναι Mk 10:40 (cp. Just., A I, 4, 2 ὑμέτερον ἀγωνιᾶσαί ἐστι ‘it is a matter for your concern’).—To denote function (X., An. 2, 1, 4) οὐχ ὑμῶν ἐστιν it is no concern of yours Ac 1:7—Of quality παιδεία οὐ δοκεῖ χαρᾶς εἶναι discipline does not seem to be (partake of) joy Hb 12:11.—10:39.
    ⑪ as an auxiliary: very commonly the simple tense forms are replaced by the periphrasis εἶναι and the ptc. (B-D-F §352–55; Mlt. 225–27, 249; Mlt-H. 451f; Rdm.2 102, 105, 205; Kühner-G. I 38ff; Rob. 374–76, 1119f; CTurner, Marcan Usage: JTS 28, 1927 349–51; GKilpatrick, BT 7, ’56, 7f; very oft. LXX).
    ⓐ (as in Hom et al.) w. the pf. ptc. to express the pf., plpf. and fut. pf. act. and pass. (s. Mayser 329; 377) ἦσαν ἐληλυθότες they had come Lk 5:17. ἦν αὐτῶν ἡ καρδία πεπωρωμένη their hearts were hardened Mk 6:52. ἠλπικότες ἐσμέν we have set our hope 1 Cor 15:19. ὁ καιρὸς συνεσταλμένος ἐστίν the time has become short 7:29. ἦν ἑστώς (En 12:3) he was standing (more exactly he took his stand) Lk 5:1.
    ⓑ w. pres. ptc. (B-D-F §353).
    α. to express the pres. ἐστὶν προσαναπληροῦσα τὰ ὑστερήματα supplies the wants 2 Cor 9:12 (Just., A I, 26, 5 Μαρκίων … καὶ νῦν ἔτι ἐστὶ διδάσκων; Mel., P. 61, 441 ἐστὶν … κηρυσσόμενον).
    β. impf. or aor. ἦν καθεύδων he was sleeping Mk 4:38. ἦσαν ἀναβαίνοντες … ἦν προάγων 10:32; cp. Lk 1:22; 5:17; 11:14 al. (JosAs 1:3 ἦν συνάγων τὸν σίτον; Mel., P. 80, 580 ἦσθα εὐφραινόμενος). ἦν τὸ φῶς τὸ ἀλήθινόν … ἐρχόμενον εἰς τὸν κόσμον the true light entered the world J 1:9, w. ἦν introducing a statement in dramatic contrast to the initial phrase of vs. 8.—To denote age (Demetr.: 722 Fgm. 1, 2 al. Jac.; POxy 275, 9 [66 A.D.] οὐδέπω ὄντα τῶν ἐτῶν; Tob 14:11) Mk 5:42; Lk 3:23; Ac 4:22; GJs 12:3.—Mussies 304–6.
    γ. fut. ἔσῃ σιωπῶν you will be silent Lk 1:20; cp. 5:10; Mt 24:9; Mk 13:13; Lk 21:17, 24 al.; 2 Cl 17:7 Bihlm. (the child) shall serve him (God).
    ⓒ w. aor. ptc. as plpf. (Aelian, NA 7, 11; Hippiatr. 34, 14, vol. I p. 185, 3 ἦν σκευάσας; ISyriaW 2070b ἦν κτίσας; AcThom 16; 27 [Aa II/2 p. 123, 2f; p. 142, 10]; B-D-F §355 m.—JVogeser, Z. Sprache d. griech. Heiligenlegenden, diss. Munich 1907, 14; JWittmann, Sprachl. Untersuchungen zu Cosmas Indicopleustes, diss. Munich 1913, 20; SPsaltes, Gramm. d. byzant. Chroniken 1913, 230; Björck [διδάσκω end] 75; B-D-F §355). ἦν βληθείς had been thrown Lk 23:19; J 18:30 v.l.—GPt 6:23; 12:51. (Cp. Just., A II, 10, 2 διʼ εὑρέσεως … ἐστὶ πονηθέντα αὐτοῖς ‘they achieved through investigation’).
    ⓓ Notice esp. the impersonals δέον ἐστίν it is necessary (Pla. et al.; POxy 727, 19; Sir praef. ln. 3; 1 Macc 12:11 δέον ἐστὶν καὶ πρέπον) Ac 19:36; εἰ δέον ἐστίν if it must be 1 Pt 1:6 (s. δεῖ 2a); 1 Cl 34:2; πρέπον ἐστίν it is appropriate (Pla. et al.; POxy 120, 24; 3 Macc 7:13) Mt 3:15; 1 Cor 11:13.
    ⓔ In many cases the usage w. the ptc. serves to emphasize the duration of an action or condition (BGU 183, 25 ἐφʼ ὸ̔ν χρόνον ζῶσα ᾖ Σαταβούς); JosAs 2:1 ἦν … ἐξουθενοῦσα καὶ καταπτύουσα πάντα ἄνδρα). ἦν διδάσκων he customarily taught Mk 1:22; Lk 4:31; 19:47. ἦν θέλων he cherished the wish 23:8. ἦσαν νηστεύοντες they were keeping the fast Mk 2:18. ἦσαν συλλαλοῦντες they were conversing for a while 9:4. ἦν προσδεχόμενος he was waiting for (the kgdm.) 15:43. ἦν συγκύπτουσα she was bent over Lk 13:11.
    ⓕ to emphasize the adjectival idea inherent in the ptc. rather than the concept of action expressed by the finite verb ζῶν εἰμι I am alive Rv 1:18. ἦν ὑποτασσόμενος he was obedient Lk 2:51. ἦν ἔχων κτήματα πολλά he was very rich Mt 19:22; Mk 10:22. ἴσθι ἐξουσίαν ἔχων you shall have authority Lk 19:17 (Lucian, Tim. 35 ἴσθι εὐδαιμονῶν). ἦν καταλλάσσων (God) was reconciling 2 Cor 5:19 (cp. Mel., P. 83, 622 οὗτος ἦν ὁ ἐκλεξάμενός σε; Ath. 15, 2 οὗτός ἐστιν ὁ … καρπούμενος).—LMcGaughy, Toward a Descriptive Analysis of ΕΙΝΑΙ as a Linking Verb in the Gk. NT, diss. Vanderbilt, ’70 (s. esp. critique of treatment of εἰμί in previous edd. of this lexicon pp. 12–15).—Mlt. 228. B. 635. DELG. M-M. EDNT. TW. Sv.

    Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά παλαιοχριστιανική Λογοτεχνία > εἰμί

  • 42 posibilidad

    f.
    possibility, chance.
    cabe la posibilidad de que… there is a chance that…
    posibilidades económicas financial means o resources
    * * *
    1 possibility
    ■ ¿hay alguna posibilidad de que salga elegida? is there any chance of her being elected?
    * * *
    noun f.
    * * *
    SF
    1) (=oportunidad) chance, possibility

    no existe posibilidad de que venga — there's no chance o possibility that he'll come

    no tenemos ninguna posibilidad — we don't have the slightest chance, we don't stand a chance

    ¿tienes posibilidad de aprobar el examen? — do you have any chance of passing the exam?

    2) (=alternativa) possibility

    hay dos posibilidades: operación o radioterapia — there are two alternatives o possibilities: an operation or radiotherapy

    3) pl posibilidades (=recursos) means
    * * *
    1) ( circunstancia) possibility

    posibilidad DE + INF — chance of -ing

    ¿qué posibilidad(es) tiene de ganar? — what chance does she have o what are her chances of winning?

    2) posibilidades femenino plural ( medios económicos) means (pl)

    vivir más allá/dentro de or por encima de las posibilidades de uno — to live beyond/within one's means

    la casa está por encima de mis posibilidades — the house is out of my price range, I can't afford the house

    * * *
    = ability, avenue, chance, eventuality, facility, feasibility, possibility, probability, prospect, scope, potentiality, maybe, eligibility, sporting chance.
    Ex. The ability to search on word stems is particularly valuable where the text to be searched is in free-language format.
    Ex. In the attempt to match the above criteria, there are two fundamentally distinct avenues to the construction of the schedules of a classification scheme.
    Ex. In some authority files (titles, ISBN/ISSN, national bibliographic record numbers), no search of the file is made because there is little chance of finding the new entry in the file.
    Ex. It was not our intention, not indeed is it feasible, to cover every eventuality that will be encountered in producing A/Z index entries.
    Ex. Apart from this additional facility Double-KWIC indexes have most of the facilities, features and drawbacks of KWIC and KWOC indexes.
    Ex. However, even with selective indexing in combination, the limit of feasibility is usually reckoned to be compound subjects consisting of five terms.
    Ex. Apart from the names of subjects, the names of corporate bodies, persons, chemicals, trade products, and trade names are some other possibilities.
    Ex. Our system should be one which reduces the probability of error as far a possible.
    Ex. At the time OCLC started, there was no prospect for a national authority file.
    Ex. They permit much more scope for flexible synthesis than can be achieved with DC or LCC.
    Ex. The combination of optical projection and photographic reduction is already producing some results in microfilm for scholarly purposes, and the potentialities are highly suggestive.
    Ex. Instead of ranking the documents retrieved in probable order of relevance, the conventional search sorts the relevant sheep from the irrelevant goats and ignores the fact that there are a lot of ' maybe's' involved.
    Ex. The advantages of a foundation include tax-deductible donations, increased eligibility for grants, and the involvement of affluent and influential local figures as advocates for the public library service.
    Ex. The bear was shot in his cage and was never given a sporting chance to fight for his life.
    ----
    * abanico de posibilidades = kaleidoscope, kaleidoscope of possibilities.
    * abarcar todas las posibilidades = run + the gamut.
    * abrir nuevas posibilidades = open up + new territory, open up + possibilities, open + possibilities.
    * abrirse a posibilidades = be open to possibilities.
    * alcanzar el límite de + Posesivo + posibilidades = reach + the limits of + Posesivo + potential.
    * analizar la posibilidad de (que) = examine + the possibility that/of.
    * analizar las posibilidades de = look at + the prospects for.
    * analizar una posibilidad = explore + idea.
    * ante la posibilidad de = at the prospect of.
    * anular las posibilidades = close off + possibilities.
    * anular una posibilidad = block off + alley.
    * aprovechar al máximo las posibilidades = realise + the potential.
    * aprovechar las posibilidades de Algo = achieve + Posesivo + full potential, develop + potential, develop + Nombre + to its full potential.
    * aprovechar las posibilidades que nos ofrece = harness + the power of.
    * aprovechar + Posesivo + posibilidades = achieve + Posesivo + potential.
    * aumentar las posibilidades = increase + the odds.
    * barajar la posibilidad = entertain + the possibility.
    * como otra posibilidad = as an alternative.
    * con posibilidades comerciales = commercially viable.
    * considerar la posibilidad = entertain + the possibility.
    * considerar las posibilidades de Algo = consider + possibilities.
    * contemplar la posibilidad = toy with, toy with + idea of, entertain + the possibility.
    * contemplar la posibilidad de suicidarse = contemplate + suicide.
    * contemplar posibilidades = envision + possibilities.
    * crear posibilidades = open + window, create + possibilities.
    * dar una posibilidad = afford + opportunity.
    * dejar abierta la posibilidad de que = leave + open the possibility that.
    * dentro de las posibilidades económicas de = within the price range of.
    * dentro de + Posesivo + posibilidades = in the ballpark for + Pronombre, in + Posesivo + ballpark range.
    * desarrollar las posibilidades = live up to + Posesivo + potential.
    * disminuir la posibilidad = lessen + possibility.
    * estar a la altura de las posibilidades = live up to + Posesivo + potential.
    * estar dentro de las posibilidades de uno = lie within + Posesivo + power.
    * estar fuera de las posibilidades de Alguien = be out of + Posesivo + league.
    * estudiar la posibilidad = explore + the possibility.
    * estudiar una posibilidad = explore + idea.
    * examinar la posibilidad de (que) = examine + the possibility that/of.
    * existir la posibilidad de = there + be + scope for.
    * existir la posibilidad de que = there + be + room for.
    * fuera del alcance de las posibilidades de Alguien = beyond + Posesivo + powers.
    * hacer realidad las posibilidades de Algo = unleash + Posesivo + potential.
    * hasta el límite de las posibilidades de Algo/Alguien = to + Posesivo + full potential.
    * hasta el máximo de las posibilidades de Algo = to + Posesivo + full potential.
    * incluir todas las posibilidades = run + the gamut.
    * ir más allá de las posibilidades de Alguien = be beyond + Posesivo + capabilities.
    * las posibilidades son infinitas = the possibilities are endless.
    * mostrar posibilidades = show + potential.
    * no tener ni la más mínima posibilidad = not to have a prayer.
    * no tener ni la más remota posibilidad = not to have a prayer.
    * no tener posibilidades = be dead meat.
    * ofrecer la posibilidad = afford + possibility, provide + facility.
    * ofrecer la posibilidad de = have + the potential (to/for), offer + the facility.
    * ofrecer la posibilidad de que = usher in + the day when.
    * ofrecer posibilidades = have + potential, offer + options, offer + possibilities, hold + potential, present + possibilities, open (up) + avenues.
    * ofrecer una posibilidad = afford + opportunity.
    * otra posibilidad = as an alternative.
    * otra posibilidad es = for what it's worth [FWIW].
    * otra posibilidad es que = alternatively.
    * otra posibilidad + ser = another possibility + be.
    * perjudicar las posibilidades de = prejudice + chances of.
    * permitir la posibilidad = afford + possibility, allow for.
    * plantear la posibilidad = raise + possibility.
    * plantear la posibilidad de = discuss + the possibility of.
    * plantear una posibilidad = pose + possibility.
    * por debajo de las posibilidades (de una persona) = below + Posesivo + capabilities.
    * por la posibilidad de = at the prospect of.
    * posibilidad de = facility for.
    * posibilidad de conseguir Algo = attainability.
    * posibilidad de desarrollo = potential for development.
    * posibilidad de descascararse = flakiness.
    * posibilidad de descascarillarse = flakiness.
    * posibilidad de descubrir = discoverability.
    * posibilidad de expandir = expandability.
    * posibilidad de insertar hiperenlaces = linkability.
    * posibilidad de localizar = traceability.
    * posibilidad de pelarse = flakiness.
    * posibilidad de realización = potential for fulfilment.
    * posibilidad de reubicación = relocatability.
    * posibilidad de ser alcanzable = achievability.
    * posibilidad de ser comparado = comparability.
    * posibilidad de ser localizado = traceability.
    * posibilidad de ser realizable = satisfiability.
    * posibilidad de ser solucionado = satisfiability.
    * posibilidad de ser usado de nuevo = reusability [re-usability].
    * posibilidad de toma de decisiones = decidability.
    * posibilidades = capabilities, catalogue [catalog, -USA], potential, full potential.
    * posibilidades de acceso = access capabilities.
    * posibilidades de búsqueda = searching capabilities, searchability, retrieval facilities, search facilities.
    * posibilidades de futuro = future possibilities.
    * posibilidades muy variadas = rich possibilities.
    * presentar posibilidades = present + possibilities, open (up) + avenues.
    * reducir la posibilidad = minimise + possibility.
    * reducir las posibilidades de = narrow + the vision of.
    * sobrepasar las posibilidades de Alguien = be beyond + Posesivo + capabilities.
    * sobrepesar las diferentes posibilidades = ponder + the various possibilities.
    * sugerir una posibilidad = float + possibility.
    * tener alguna posibilidad = have + a fighting chance.
    * tener alguna posibilidad de triunfar = have + a fighting chance.
    * tener en cuenta las posibilidades de Algo = consider + possibilities.
    * tener la posibilidad de = have + chance.
    * tener pocas posibilidades de = have + little recourse.
    * tener posibilidades = stand + chance, be in with a chance.
    * tener presente las posibilidades de Algo = consider + possibilities.
    * tener todas las posibilidades de = have + every possibility of.
    * tratar la posibilidad de = discuss + the possibility of.
    * una gama de posibilidades = a palette of possibilities.
    * una posibilidad muy remota = a long shot.
    * ver la posibilidad = see + the possibility.
    * * *
    1) ( circunstancia) possibility

    posibilidad DE + INF — chance of -ing

    ¿qué posibilidad(es) tiene de ganar? — what chance does she have o what are her chances of winning?

    2) posibilidades femenino plural ( medios económicos) means (pl)

    vivir más allá/dentro de or por encima de las posibilidades de uno — to live beyond/within one's means

    la casa está por encima de mis posibilidades — the house is out of my price range, I can't afford the house

    * * *
    = ability, avenue, chance, eventuality, facility, feasibility, possibility, probability, prospect, scope, potentiality, maybe, eligibility, sporting chance.

    Ex: The ability to search on word stems is particularly valuable where the text to be searched is in free-language format.

    Ex: In the attempt to match the above criteria, there are two fundamentally distinct avenues to the construction of the schedules of a classification scheme.
    Ex: In some authority files (titles, ISBN/ISSN, national bibliographic record numbers), no search of the file is made because there is little chance of finding the new entry in the file.
    Ex: It was not our intention, not indeed is it feasible, to cover every eventuality that will be encountered in producing A/Z index entries.
    Ex: Apart from this additional facility Double-KWIC indexes have most of the facilities, features and drawbacks of KWIC and KWOC indexes.
    Ex: However, even with selective indexing in combination, the limit of feasibility is usually reckoned to be compound subjects consisting of five terms.
    Ex: Apart from the names of subjects, the names of corporate bodies, persons, chemicals, trade products, and trade names are some other possibilities.
    Ex: Our system should be one which reduces the probability of error as far a possible.
    Ex: At the time OCLC started, there was no prospect for a national authority file.
    Ex: They permit much more scope for flexible synthesis than can be achieved with DC or LCC.
    Ex: The combination of optical projection and photographic reduction is already producing some results in microfilm for scholarly purposes, and the potentialities are highly suggestive.
    Ex: Instead of ranking the documents retrieved in probable order of relevance, the conventional search sorts the relevant sheep from the irrelevant goats and ignores the fact that there are a lot of ' maybe's' involved.
    Ex: The advantages of a foundation include tax-deductible donations, increased eligibility for grants, and the involvement of affluent and influential local figures as advocates for the public library service.
    Ex: The bear was shot in his cage and was never given a sporting chance to fight for his life.
    * abanico de posibilidades = kaleidoscope, kaleidoscope of possibilities.
    * abarcar todas las posibilidades = run + the gamut.
    * abrir nuevas posibilidades = open up + new territory, open up + possibilities, open + possibilities.
    * abrirse a posibilidades = be open to possibilities.
    * alcanzar el límite de + Posesivo + posibilidades = reach + the limits of + Posesivo + potential.
    * analizar la posibilidad de (que) = examine + the possibility that/of.
    * analizar las posibilidades de = look at + the prospects for.
    * analizar una posibilidad = explore + idea.
    * ante la posibilidad de = at the prospect of.
    * anular las posibilidades = close off + possibilities.
    * anular una posibilidad = block off + alley.
    * aprovechar al máximo las posibilidades = realise + the potential.
    * aprovechar las posibilidades de Algo = achieve + Posesivo + full potential, develop + potential, develop + Nombre + to its full potential.
    * aprovechar las posibilidades que nos ofrece = harness + the power of.
    * aprovechar + Posesivo + posibilidades = achieve + Posesivo + potential.
    * aumentar las posibilidades = increase + the odds.
    * barajar la posibilidad = entertain + the possibility.
    * como otra posibilidad = as an alternative.
    * con posibilidades comerciales = commercially viable.
    * considerar la posibilidad = entertain + the possibility.
    * considerar las posibilidades de Algo = consider + possibilities.
    * contemplar la posibilidad = toy with, toy with + idea of, entertain + the possibility.
    * contemplar la posibilidad de suicidarse = contemplate + suicide.
    * contemplar posibilidades = envision + possibilities.
    * crear posibilidades = open + window, create + possibilities.
    * dar una posibilidad = afford + opportunity.
    * dejar abierta la posibilidad de que = leave + open the possibility that.
    * dentro de las posibilidades económicas de = within the price range of.
    * dentro de + Posesivo + posibilidades = in the ballpark for + Pronombre, in + Posesivo + ballpark range.
    * desarrollar las posibilidades = live up to + Posesivo + potential.
    * disminuir la posibilidad = lessen + possibility.
    * estar a la altura de las posibilidades = live up to + Posesivo + potential.
    * estar dentro de las posibilidades de uno = lie within + Posesivo + power.
    * estar fuera de las posibilidades de Alguien = be out of + Posesivo + league.
    * estudiar la posibilidad = explore + the possibility.
    * estudiar una posibilidad = explore + idea.
    * examinar la posibilidad de (que) = examine + the possibility that/of.
    * existir la posibilidad de = there + be + scope for.
    * existir la posibilidad de que = there + be + room for.
    * fuera del alcance de las posibilidades de Alguien = beyond + Posesivo + powers.
    * hacer realidad las posibilidades de Algo = unleash + Posesivo + potential.
    * hasta el límite de las posibilidades de Algo/Alguien = to + Posesivo + full potential.
    * hasta el máximo de las posibilidades de Algo = to + Posesivo + full potential.
    * incluir todas las posibilidades = run + the gamut.
    * ir más allá de las posibilidades de Alguien = be beyond + Posesivo + capabilities.
    * las posibilidades son infinitas = the possibilities are endless.
    * mostrar posibilidades = show + potential.
    * no tener ni la más mínima posibilidad = not to have a prayer.
    * no tener ni la más remota posibilidad = not to have a prayer.
    * no tener posibilidades = be dead meat.
    * ofrecer la posibilidad = afford + possibility, provide + facility.
    * ofrecer la posibilidad de = have + the potential (to/for), offer + the facility.
    * ofrecer la posibilidad de que = usher in + the day when.
    * ofrecer posibilidades = have + potential, offer + options, offer + possibilities, hold + potential, present + possibilities, open (up) + avenues.
    * ofrecer una posibilidad = afford + opportunity.
    * otra posibilidad = as an alternative.
    * otra posibilidad es = for what it's worth [FWIW].
    * otra posibilidad es que = alternatively.
    * otra posibilidad + ser = another possibility + be.
    * perjudicar las posibilidades de = prejudice + chances of.
    * permitir la posibilidad = afford + possibility, allow for.
    * plantear la posibilidad = raise + possibility.
    * plantear la posibilidad de = discuss + the possibility of.
    * plantear una posibilidad = pose + possibility.
    * por debajo de las posibilidades (de una persona) = below + Posesivo + capabilities.
    * por la posibilidad de = at the prospect of.
    * posibilidad de = facility for.
    * posibilidad de conseguir Algo = attainability.
    * posibilidad de desarrollo = potential for development.
    * posibilidad de descascararse = flakiness.
    * posibilidad de descascarillarse = flakiness.
    * posibilidad de descubrir = discoverability.
    * posibilidad de expandir = expandability.
    * posibilidad de insertar hiperenlaces = linkability.
    * posibilidad de localizar = traceability.
    * posibilidad de pelarse = flakiness.
    * posibilidad de realización = potential for fulfilment.
    * posibilidad de reubicación = relocatability.
    * posibilidad de ser alcanzable = achievability.
    * posibilidad de ser comparado = comparability.
    * posibilidad de ser localizado = traceability.
    * posibilidad de ser realizable = satisfiability.
    * posibilidad de ser solucionado = satisfiability.
    * posibilidad de ser usado de nuevo = reusability [re-usability].
    * posibilidad de toma de decisiones = decidability.
    * posibilidades = capabilities, catalogue [catalog, -USA], potential, full potential.
    * posibilidades de acceso = access capabilities.
    * posibilidades de búsqueda = searching capabilities, searchability, retrieval facilities, search facilities.
    * posibilidades de futuro = future possibilities.
    * posibilidades muy variadas = rich possibilities.
    * presentar posibilidades = present + possibilities, open (up) + avenues.
    * reducir la posibilidad = minimise + possibility.
    * reducir las posibilidades de = narrow + the vision of.
    * sobrepasar las posibilidades de Alguien = be beyond + Posesivo + capabilities.
    * sobrepesar las diferentes posibilidades = ponder + the various possibilities.
    * sugerir una posibilidad = float + possibility.
    * tener alguna posibilidad = have + a fighting chance.
    * tener alguna posibilidad de triunfar = have + a fighting chance.
    * tener en cuenta las posibilidades de Algo = consider + possibilities.
    * tener la posibilidad de = have + chance.
    * tener pocas posibilidades de = have + little recourse.
    * tener posibilidades = stand + chance, be in with a chance.
    * tener presente las posibilidades de Algo = consider + possibilities.
    * tener todas las posibilidades de = have + every possibility of.
    * tratar la posibilidad de = discuss + the possibility of.
    * una gama de posibilidades = a palette of possibilities.
    * una posibilidad muy remota = a long shot.
    * ver la posibilidad = see + the possibility.

    * * *
    A (circunstancia) possibility
    no se ha descartado esa posibilidad we haven't ruled out that possibility
    hay que estudiar todas las posibilidades we have to explore all the possibilities o options
    hemos previsto todas las posibilidades we have anticipated every eventuality ( frml)
    posibilidad DE + INF chance OF -ING
    ¿qué posibilidad(es) tiene de ganar? what chance does she have o what are her chances of winning?
    tiene muchas posibilidades de salir elegido he has a good chance of being elected
    hay pocas posibilidades de encontrarlo con vida there is little chance of finding him alive
    posibilidad DE QUE + SUBJ:
    esto aumenta las posibilidades de que gane this makes it more likely that he will win, this shortens the odds on him winning
    existe la posibilidad de que estés equivocado you might just be wrong, it's just possible that you're wrong
    gente que vive dentro de/más allá or por encima de sus posibilidades people who live within/beyond their means
    eso está por encima de mis posibilidades that's out of my price range, I can't afford that
    * * *

     

    posibilidad sustantivo femenino
    1 ( circunstancia) possibility;

    tiene muchas posibilidades de salir elegido he has a good chance of being elected;
    existe la posibilidad de que estés equivocado you might just be wrong
    2
    ◊ posibilidades sustantivo femenino plural



    la casa está por encima de mis posibilidades I can't afford the house


    posibilidad
    I sustantivo femenino possibility
    II mpl (recursos, medios) means: pasar las Navidades en París no está dentro mis posibilidades, I can't afford to spend Christmas in Paris
    ' posibilidad' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    contemplar
    - entrever
    - explorar
    - O
    - ofrecer
    - poder
    - remota
    - remoto
    - resquicio
    - caber
    - considerar
    - excluir
    - igual
    - oportunidad
    - paso
    - perspectiva
    - plantear
    - ventilación
    English:
    another
    - avenue
    - can
    - cat
    - chance
    - consider
    - danger
    - daunt
    - hopeful
    - may
    - option
    - outside
    - physical
    - ponder
    - possibility
    - prospect
    - question
    - remote
    - scenario
    - shot
    - slender
    - slim
    - would
    - write off
    - any
    - bargain
    - definite
    - further
    - likelihood
    - might
    - open
    * * *
    1. [circunstancia] possibility, chance;
    no descartamos ninguna posibilidad we are not ruling anything out;
    cabe la posibilidad de que… there is a chance o possibility that…;
    tienes muchas posibilidades de que te admitan you have a good chance of being accepted;
    no hay ninguna posibilidad de que aprueben la propuesta there is no chance that they will approve the proposal
    2. [opción] possibility;
    tienes tres posibilidades, ¿cuál eliges? you've got three options, which will you choose?;
    una posibilidad sería que fuéramos en avión one possibility would be for us to go by plane
    3.
    posibilidades (económicas) [medios] financial means o resources;
    comprar una casa no entra dentro de nuestras posibilidades we don't have the means o we can't afford to buy a house
    * * *
    f possibility;
    vivir por encima de sus posibilidades live beyond one’s means
    * * *
    1) : possibility
    : means, income
    * * *
    posibilidad n possibility [pl. possibilities]

    Spanish-English dictionary > posibilidad

  • 43 clasificar

    v.
    1 to classify.
    El científico clasificó los huesos The scientist classified the bones.
    El detective clasificó la información The detective classified the info.
    2 to qualify (sport). ( Latin American Spanish)
    3 to sort together, to assign to a particular group, to assign to a particular kind.
    * * *
    Conjugation model [ SACAR], like link=sacar sacar
    1 to class, classify
    2 (distribuir) to sort, file
    1 DEPORTE to qualify
    2 (llegar) to come
    * * *
    verb
    2) sort
    3) rank
    •
    * * *
    1. VT
    1) (=categorizar) to classify
    2) (=ordenar) [+ documentos] to classify; (Correos, Inform) to sort
    2.
    See:
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    a) <documentos/datos> to sort, put in order; < cartas> to sort
    b) <planta/animal/elemento> to classify
    c) < hotel> to class, rank; < fruta> to class; < persona> to class, rank
    2.
    clasificarse v pron (Dep)
    a) ( para etapa posterior) to qualify
    b) (en tabla, carrera)
    * * *
    = categorise [categorize, -USA], classify, fall into, rank, sift, sort, sort out, grade, sort into + order, class, sift out.
    Ex. It is widely recognised that it is difficult and unhelpful to categorise fiction according to a subject classification = Es un hecho ampliamente reconocido la dificultad y la poca utilidad de clasificar la literatura narrativa de acuerdo con una clasificación por materias.
    Ex. This is an example of a classification which is restricted to a specific physical form, as it is used to classify maps and atlases.
    Ex. References will also be necessary, and will fall into the same types as those identified for personal authors, that is, 'see', 'see also', and explanatory references.
    Ex. For example, search software offers the ability to rank the retrieved material according to its relative significance.
    Ex. Thus many non-relevant documents have been retrieved and examined in the process of sifting relevant and non-relevant documents.
    Ex. During the construction of a thesaurus, the computer can be enlisted to sort, merge, edit and compare terms.
    Ex. Some schools favor subject arrangement, other group together everything by publisher, and others sort everything out according to a theme.
    Ex. This had the advantage that the relevance judgments had already been made, and were graded into three levels: High relevance, Low relevance, No relevance.
    Ex. Sort packages are designed to sort a specified file of records into order according to a particular field or key.
    Ex. 30 million Americans are classed as functionally illiterate.
    Ex. Whichever he chooses he will still have to sift out and categorize the numerous errors that disfigure all the early texts of the play.
    ----
    * clasificar como = class.
    * clasificar en orden de importancia = rank + in order of importance.
    * clasificar por materia = subject classify.
    * reclasificar = reclassify [re-classify].
    * volver a clasificar = refolder.
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    a) <documentos/datos> to sort, put in order; < cartas> to sort
    b) <planta/animal/elemento> to classify
    c) < hotel> to class, rank; < fruta> to class; < persona> to class, rank
    2.
    clasificarse v pron (Dep)
    a) ( para etapa posterior) to qualify
    b) (en tabla, carrera)
    * * *
    = categorise [categorize, -USA], classify, fall into, rank, sift, sort, sort out, grade, sort into + order, class, sift out.

    Ex: It is widely recognised that it is difficult and unhelpful to categorise fiction according to a subject classification = Es un hecho ampliamente reconocido la dificultad y la poca utilidad de clasificar la literatura narrativa de acuerdo con una clasificación por materias.

    Ex: This is an example of a classification which is restricted to a specific physical form, as it is used to classify maps and atlases.
    Ex: References will also be necessary, and will fall into the same types as those identified for personal authors, that is, 'see', 'see also', and explanatory references.
    Ex: For example, search software offers the ability to rank the retrieved material according to its relative significance.
    Ex: Thus many non-relevant documents have been retrieved and examined in the process of sifting relevant and non-relevant documents.
    Ex: During the construction of a thesaurus, the computer can be enlisted to sort, merge, edit and compare terms.
    Ex: Some schools favor subject arrangement, other group together everything by publisher, and others sort everything out according to a theme.
    Ex: This had the advantage that the relevance judgments had already been made, and were graded into three levels: High relevance, Low relevance, No relevance.
    Ex: Sort packages are designed to sort a specified file of records into order according to a particular field or key.
    Ex: 30 million Americans are classed as functionally illiterate.
    Ex: Whichever he chooses he will still have to sift out and categorize the numerous errors that disfigure all the early texts of the play.
    * clasificar como = class.
    * clasificar en orden de importancia = rank + in order of importance.
    * clasificar por materia = subject classify.
    * reclasificar = reclassify [re-classify].
    * volver a clasificar = refolder.

    * * *
    clasificar [A2 ]
    vt
    1 ‹documentos/datos› to sort, put in order; ‹cartas› to sort
    clasificaba las fichas por orden alfabético she was sorting o putting the cards into alphabetical order
    2 ‹planta/animal/elemento› to classify
    3 ‹hotel› to class, rank; ‹fruta› to class; ‹persona› to class, rank
    está clasificado entre los mejores del mundo it ranks o it is ranked o it is classed among the best in the world
    ■ clasificar
    vi
    ( AmL) to qualify
    ( Dep)
    se clasificarán los tres primeros the first three will qualify
    el equipo se clasificó para la final the team qualified for o got through to the final
    2
    (en una tabla, carrera): se clasificó en octavo lugar he finished in eighth place, he came eighth, he was placed eighth
    con esta victoria se clasifican en quinto lugar with this victory they move into fifth place
    * * *

    clasificar ( conjugate clasificar) verbo transitivo
    a) ‹documentos/datos› to sort, put in order;

    ‹ cartas› to sort
    b) ‹planta/animal/elemento› to classify

    c) ‹ hotel› to class, rank;

    ‹ fruta› to class;
    ‹ persona› to class, rank
    clasificarse verbo pronominal (Dep)


    b) (en tabla, carrera):


    clasificar verbo transitivo to classify, class
    ' clasificar' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    encuadrar
    English:
    categorize
    - class
    - classify
    - grade
    - rank
    - sort
    - unclassified
    * * *
    ♦ vt
    1. [datos, documentos] to classify;
    clasificar algo por orden alfabético to put sth in(to) alphabetical order
    2. [animal, planta] to classify
    3. [película] to certificate;
    una película clasificada para mayores de 18 años a film with an “18” certificate
    4. Dep [para competición]
    clasificar a alguien to enable o allow sb to qualify;
    sólo la victoria clasificaría al equipo the team needed to win to qualify
    ♦ vi
    Am Dep to qualify ( para for)
    * * *
    v/t classify
    * * *
    clasificar {72} vt
    1) : to classify, to sort out
    2) : to rate, to rank
    calificar: to qualify (in competitions)
    * * *
    1. (en general) to classify [pt. & pp. classified]
    2. (cartas) to sort

    Spanish-English dictionary > clasificar

  • 44 chiaro

    1. adj clear
    colore light, pale
    ( luminoso) bright
    chiaro e tondo definite
    2. m light
    chiaro di luna moonlight
    mettere in chiaro ( appurare) throw light on
    ( spiegare) clarify
    3. adv plainly
    ( con franchezza) frankly
    * * *
    chiaro agg.
    1 clear; ( luminoso) bright; ( detto di colore) light: acque chiare, clear water; azzurro chiaro, light blue; carnagione chiara, fair complexion; luce chiara, bright light; note chiare, clear notes; voce chiara, clear voice; immagine chiara, clear image; la campana ha un suono chiaro, the bell has a clear tone; sono stato chiaro?, have I made myself clear?; quello scrittore ha uno stile chiaro, that writer has a clear style; avere una chiara visione del futuro, to have a clear vision of the future // giorno chiaro, full day // un no chiaro e tondo, a definite no // patti chiari amicizia lunga, (prov.) short reckonings make long friends
    2 ( evidente) clear, evident, manifest, plain: è chiaro che avete torto, it is evident (o clear) you are wrong
    3 ( famoso) eminent, renowned, illustrious, distinguished: uno scienziato di chiara fama, a renowned (o eminent) scientist
    4 ( franco) frank, clear
    ◆ s.m. ( luminosità) clearness, brightness; ( luce) light: i chiari di un dipinto, the lights in a painting; chiaro di luna, moonlight; si fa chiaro, dawn is breaking (o it's getting light); vestirsi di chiaro, to wear light-coloured clothes // (tv) in chiaro, ( non crittato) non-encrypted, uncoded // con questi chiari di luna, (fig.) in these difficult times // mettere in chiaro qlco., to clear sthg. up (o to make sthg. clear o to explain sthg.); venire in chiaro di qlco., to get to the bottom of sthg. (o to get at the truth); far chiaro su una vicenda, to shed (o to throw) light on an affair.
    chiaro avv. clearly; ( con franchezza) frankly, openly: parlar chiaro, to speak clearly (o distinctly); ( con franchezza) to speak frankly (o bluntly); veder chiaro in qlco., to have a clear idea about sthg.; puoi scrivere più chiaro?, can you write more clearly? // chiaro e tondo, plainly: glielo dirò chiaro e tondo, I'll tell him plainly (o in no uncertain terms).
    * * *
    ['kjaro] chiaro (-a)
    1. agg
    1) (di colore: mobili, vestiti) light-coloured, (colore) light, (capelli, carnagione) fair
    2) (limpido: anche), fig clear, (luminoso) bright

    si sta facendo chiaro — it's getting light, the day is dawning

    3) (evidente, ovvio) obvious, clear

    non voglio averci niente a che fare, è chiaro? — I want nothing to do with it, is that clear?

    2. sm
    1)

    (colore) vestirsi di chiaro — to wear light colours o light-coloured clothes

    2) (luce, luminosità) day, daylight
    3. avv
    (parlare, vedere) clearly
    * * *
    ['kjaro] 1.
    1) (luminoso) [ cielo] clear, bright
    2) (non nuvoloso) [cielo, tempo] clear, bright
    3) (trasparente, limpido) [ acqua] clear
    4) (che si sente distintamente) [suono, voce] clear
    5) (tenue, pallido) [colore, tinta] light, pale; [ carnagione] fair; [ occhi] light-coloured
    6) (preciso) [programma, motivo, regolamento] clear(-cut)
    7) (comprensibile) [testo, termine, spiegazione] clear, plain; [ linguaggio] plain, straightforward; [ scrittura] clear, neat
    8) (esplicito) [intenzioni, allusione] clear
    9) (evidente, palese) clear, plain, obvious
    11) (franco) [sguardo, discorso] clear, frank
    2.
    sostantivo maschile

    al chiaro di luna — by the light of the moon, in o by the moonlight

    3) telev. mil. inform.
    3.
    avverbio clearly
    ••

    dire qcs. a -e lettere, forte e chiaro — to say sth. flat, straight (out)

    mettere le cose in chiaro — to make sth. clear

    chiaro e tondo — outright, flat, plain, straight

    * * *
    chiaro
    /'kjaro/
     1 (luminoso) [ cielo] clear, bright; fa già chiaro it's already getting light
     2 (non nuvoloso) [ cielo, tempo] clear, bright
     3 (trasparente, limpido) [ acqua] clear
     4 (che si sente distintamente) [ suono, voce] clear
     5 (tenue, pallido) [ colore, tinta] light, pale; [ carnagione] fair; [ occhi] light-coloured
     6 (preciso) [ programma, motivo, regolamento] clear(-cut); avere le idee -e to have a clear head
     7 (comprensibile) [ testo, termine, spiegazione] clear, plain; [ linguaggio] plain, straightforward; [ scrittura] clear, neat; è chiaro? sono stato chiaro? is that clear? did I make myself clear?
     8 (esplicito) [ intenzioni, allusione] clear
     9 (evidente, palese) clear, plain, obvious; è chiaro che it's clear that
     10 (illustre) un professore di -a fama an eminent professor
     11 (franco) [ sguardo, discorso] clear, frank; sarò chiaro con lui I'll be frank with him
     1 (chiarore) al chiaro di luna by the light of the moon, in o by the moonlight
     2 (tonalità di colore) vestirsi di chiaro to dress in light colours
     3 telev. mil. inform. in chiaro in clear
     clearly; vederci chiaro to see clearly (anche fig.); parliamoci chiaro let's speak clearly
    è chiaro come il sole it's as plain as day o crystal clear; dire qcs. a -e lettere, forte e chiaro to say sth. flat, straight (out); mettere le cose in chiaro to make sth. clear; chiaro e tondo outright, flat, plain, straight.

    Dizionario Italiano-Inglese > chiaro

  • 45 boca

    f.
    1 mouth.
    boca arriba/abajo face up/down
    (respiración) boca a boca mouth-to-mouth resuscitation
    hacer el boca a boca a alguien to give somebody mouth-to-mouth resuscitation, to give somebody the kiss of life
    2 mouth (entrada) (de botella, túnel).
    boca del estómago pit of the stomach
    boca de incendios fire hydrant
    boca de riego hydrant
    3 muzzle, fauces, maw.
    4 hors d'oeuvre.
    5 os.
    * * *
    1 ANATOMÍA mouth
    2 (de río) mouth
    3 (abertura) entrance, opening
    \
    abrir boca to whet one's appetite
    hacer boca to whet one's appetite
    andar en boca de todos to be the talk of the town, be on everyone's lips
    arreglarse la boca to have one's teeth seen to
    boca abajo face downwards
    boca arriba face upwards
    callarse la boca to shut up, shut one's mouth
    correr de boca en boca to be the talk of the town, be common knowledge
    hacérsele la boca agua a alguien to make somebody's mouth water
    me lo has quitado de la boca you've taken the words right out of my mouth
    no abrir boca not to say a word
    no decir esta boca es mía not to say a word
    por la boca muere el pez silence is golden
    boca a boca kiss of life, mouth-to-mouth resuscitation
    boca de incendios fire hydrant
    boca de riego hydrant
    boca del estómago pit of the stomach
    * * *
    noun f.
    - boca arriba
    * * *
    1. SF
    1) (Anat) mouth

    ¡cállate la boca! — * shut up! *, shut your mouth! **

    • boca abajo — face down

    • boca arriba — face up

    boca de mar — (Culin) crab stick

    2)

    • en boca de, suena extraño en boca de un socialista — it sounds odd coming from a socialist

    • por boca de — through

    3)
    - coserse la boca
    - dar boca

    de boca en boca —

    de boca para afuera —

    eso lo dice de boca para afuera — he's just saying that, that's what he says (but he doesn't mean it)

    irse la boca a algn —

    llenársele la boca a algn —

    - partir la boca a algn

    a pedir de boca —

    4) (=abertura, entrada) [de túnel, cueva, vasija] mouth; [de tonel] bunghole; [de puerto] entrance; [de arma] muzzle

    a boca de jarro —

    disparar a boca de jarro — to shoot point-blank, shoot at close range

    boca de metro — underground o (EEUU) subway entrance

    boca de mina — pithead, mine entrance

    boca de río — river mouth, estuary

    5) [de vino] flavour, flavor (EEUU)
    6) [de crustáceo] pincer
    7) [de herramienta] cutting edge
    8)

    boca de dragón — (Bot) snapdragon

    9) (Inform) slot
    10) pl bocas (=personas) mouths
    2. SM
    1)

    boca a boca, aplicar o hacer o practicar el boca a boca a algn — to give sb mouth-to-mouth resuscitation, give sb the kiss of life

    2) ** [de cárcel] screw **, warder
    * * *
    1)
    a) (Anat, Zool) mouth

    tener la boca seca/pastosa — to have a dry/furry mouth

    boca abajo/arriba — <dormir/echarse> on one's stomach/back

    en boca de: la pregunta que anda en boca de todos los niños the question which is on every child's lips; el escándalo andaba en boca de todos the scandal was common knowledge; por boca de: la organización ha dejado claro por boca de su secretario general... the organization has made it clear through its general secretary...; lo supe por boca de su hermana I heard it from his sister; abrir la boca to open one's mouth; mejor es que no abra la boca it's best if he keeps his mouth shut; andar/correr de boca en boca: la noticia ya corría de boca en boca the news was spreading like wildfire; a pedir de boca just fine; todo salió a pedir de boca everything turned out just fine; callar(se) la boca to shut up; en situaciones así más vale callarse la boca in situations like that it's best to keep your mouth shut; cerrarle or taparle la boca a alguien to keep somebody quiet, shut somebody up (colloq); hablar por boca de ganso to repeat other people's opinions (o ideas etc) parrot fashion; hacer or abrir boca (fam) to whet the o one's appetite; hacerle el boca a boca a alguien to give somebody the kiss of life; hacérsele la boca agua a alguien (Esp): se le hacía la boca agua mirando los pasteles looking at the cakes made her mouth water; llenársele la boca a alguien con algo (fam): se le llena la boca con su apellido she's always boasting about her surname; meterse en la boca del lobo to take one's life in one's hands; no decir esta boca es mía: no dijo esta boca es mía he didn't say a word; no tener qué llevarse a la boca: no tienen qué llevarse a la boca they haven't got a penny to their name, they don't have a red cent to their name (AmE); (oscuro) como boca de lobo pitch-black, pitch-dark; quedarse con la boca abierta to be dumbfounded o (colloq) flabbergasted; quitarle algo a alguien de la boca to take the words (right) out of somebody's mouth; ser pura boca (Chi fam) to be all talk; tener una boquita de piñón (fam) to have a little mouth; en boca cerrada no entran moscas if you keep your mouth shut, you won't put your foot in it (colloq); por la boca muere el pez talking too much can be dangerous; quien or el que tiene boca se equivoca — (fam) to err is human

    c) ( persona)
    d) (Vin) flavor*
    2) ( de buzón) slot; ( de túnel) mouth, entrance; ( de puerto) entrance; (de vasija, botella) rim
    •
    •• Cultural note:
    A neighborhood on the Riachuelo River in Buenos Aires, near the mouth of the River Plate. It was the city's first port, where Genoese immigrants settled in the early twentieth century. Its brightly painted wooden houses with corrugated iron roofs make it a major tourist destination
    * * *
    = mouth, gob, muzzle.
    Ex. He was drumming on his desk with exasperated fingers, his mouth quirked at the corners, as if saying: 'Wriggle out of that!'.
    Ex. I just smiled and told him to naff off cos short of punching him in the gob what can you do?.
    Ex. She looked up and saw the muzzle of a rifle pointed at her.
    ----
    * ¡punto en boca! = not a word to anyone!.
    * a boca de jarro = at close range.
    * abrir la boca = open + Posesivo + mouth.
    * andar de boca en boca = be the talk of the town.
    * a pedir de boca = without a hitch.
    * boca 7 dejar un sabor amargo en la boca = leave + a bitter aftertaste.
    * boca abajo = upside-down.
    * boca de alcantarilla = manhole.
    * boca de colector = manhole.
    * boca de incendios = fire hydrant.
    * boca del estómago, la = pit of the stomach, the.
    * boca de sumidero = manhole.
    * boca reseca = dry mouth.
    * cielo de la boca, el = roof of the mouth, the.
    * ¡cierra la boca! = shut your mouth!, shut your face!.
    * con el corazón en la boca = on tenterhooks.
    * de boca en boca = word-of-mouth, by word of mouth.
    * decir con la boca llena = say in + full confidence.
    * dejar (un) buen sabor de boca = leave + a good taste in + Posesivo + mouth.
    * dejar un grato sabor de boca = leave + a good taste in + Posesivo + mouth.
    * dejar un mal sabor de boca = leave + a bad taste in + Posesivo + mouth.
    * de + Posesivo + propia boca = straight from the horse's mouth.
    * echar espuma por la boca = froth at + the mouth.
    * echar espumarajos por la boca = froth at + the mouth.
    * hablar con la boca llena = speak with + Posesivo + mouth full, talk with + Posesivo + mouth full.
    * hacerse la boca agua = make + Posesivo + mouth water.
    * hacer una mueca con la boca = twitch + Posesivo + mouth.
    * herpes de la boca = fever blister, cold sore.
    * mal sabor de boca = bad taste in + Posesivo + mouth.
    * mantener la boca cerrada = keep + Posesivo + mouth shut.
    * meterse en la boca del lobo = come into + the lion's den.
    * negro como boca de lobo = pitch-black.
    * oír de la boca de = hear + from the lips of.
    * oscuro como boca de lobo = pitch-black, pitch-dark.
    * para abrir boca = as a kind of + appetiser.
    * poner las cartas boca arriba = lay + Posesivo + cards on the table, put + Posesivo + cards on the table.
    * por boca de = by word of mouth.
    * ¡punto en boca! = mum's the word!.
    * ¡punto en boca! = shut your mouth!, shut your face!.
    * que hace la boca agua = mouth-watering.
    * que se carga por la boca = muzzle-loading.
    * que se derrite en la boca = mellow [mellower -comp., mellowest -sup.].
    * respiración boca a boca = kiss of life.
    * saber de buena boca = have + it on good word.
    * salir a pedir de boca = come up + roses, go off without + a hitch.
    * salud de la boca = oral health.
    * úlcera de la boca = canker sore.
    * * *
    1)
    a) (Anat, Zool) mouth

    tener la boca seca/pastosa — to have a dry/furry mouth

    boca abajo/arriba — <dormir/echarse> on one's stomach/back

    en boca de: la pregunta que anda en boca de todos los niños the question which is on every child's lips; el escándalo andaba en boca de todos the scandal was common knowledge; por boca de: la organización ha dejado claro por boca de su secretario general... the organization has made it clear through its general secretary...; lo supe por boca de su hermana I heard it from his sister; abrir la boca to open one's mouth; mejor es que no abra la boca it's best if he keeps his mouth shut; andar/correr de boca en boca: la noticia ya corría de boca en boca the news was spreading like wildfire; a pedir de boca just fine; todo salió a pedir de boca everything turned out just fine; callar(se) la boca to shut up; en situaciones así más vale callarse la boca in situations like that it's best to keep your mouth shut; cerrarle or taparle la boca a alguien to keep somebody quiet, shut somebody up (colloq); hablar por boca de ganso to repeat other people's opinions (o ideas etc) parrot fashion; hacer or abrir boca (fam) to whet the o one's appetite; hacerle el boca a boca a alguien to give somebody the kiss of life; hacérsele la boca agua a alguien (Esp): se le hacía la boca agua mirando los pasteles looking at the cakes made her mouth water; llenársele la boca a alguien con algo (fam): se le llena la boca con su apellido she's always boasting about her surname; meterse en la boca del lobo to take one's life in one's hands; no decir esta boca es mía: no dijo esta boca es mía he didn't say a word; no tener qué llevarse a la boca: no tienen qué llevarse a la boca they haven't got a penny to their name, they don't have a red cent to their name (AmE); (oscuro) como boca de lobo pitch-black, pitch-dark; quedarse con la boca abierta to be dumbfounded o (colloq) flabbergasted; quitarle algo a alguien de la boca to take the words (right) out of somebody's mouth; ser pura boca (Chi fam) to be all talk; tener una boquita de piñón (fam) to have a little mouth; en boca cerrada no entran moscas if you keep your mouth shut, you won't put your foot in it (colloq); por la boca muere el pez talking too much can be dangerous; quien or el que tiene boca se equivoca — (fam) to err is human

    c) ( persona)
    d) (Vin) flavor*
    2) ( de buzón) slot; ( de túnel) mouth, entrance; ( de puerto) entrance; (de vasija, botella) rim
    •
    •• Cultural note:
    A neighborhood on the Riachuelo River in Buenos Aires, near the mouth of the River Plate. It was the city's first port, where Genoese immigrants settled in the early twentieth century. Its brightly painted wooden houses with corrugated iron roofs make it a major tourist destination
    * * *
    = mouth, gob, muzzle.

    Ex: He was drumming on his desk with exasperated fingers, his mouth quirked at the corners, as if saying: 'Wriggle out of that!'.

    Ex: I just smiled and told him to naff off cos short of punching him in the gob what can you do?.
    Ex: She looked up and saw the muzzle of a rifle pointed at her.
    * ¡punto en boca! = not a word to anyone!.
    * a boca de jarro = at close range.
    * abrir la boca = open + Posesivo + mouth.
    * andar de boca en boca = be the talk of the town.
    * a pedir de boca = without a hitch.
    * boca 7 dejar un sabor amargo en la boca = leave + a bitter aftertaste.
    * boca abajo = upside-down.
    * boca de alcantarilla = manhole.
    * boca de colector = manhole.
    * boca de incendios = fire hydrant.
    * boca del estómago, la = pit of the stomach, the.
    * boca de sumidero = manhole.
    * boca reseca = dry mouth.
    * cielo de la boca, el = roof of the mouth, the.
    * ¡cierra la boca! = shut your mouth!, shut your face!.
    * con el corazón en la boca = on tenterhooks.
    * de boca en boca = word-of-mouth, by word of mouth.
    * decir con la boca llena = say in + full confidence.
    * dejar (un) buen sabor de boca = leave + a good taste in + Posesivo + mouth.
    * dejar un grato sabor de boca = leave + a good taste in + Posesivo + mouth.
    * dejar un mal sabor de boca = leave + a bad taste in + Posesivo + mouth.
    * de + Posesivo + propia boca = straight from the horse's mouth.
    * echar espuma por la boca = froth at + the mouth.
    * echar espumarajos por la boca = froth at + the mouth.
    * hablar con la boca llena = speak with + Posesivo + mouth full, talk with + Posesivo + mouth full.
    * hacerse la boca agua = make + Posesivo + mouth water.
    * hacer una mueca con la boca = twitch + Posesivo + mouth.
    * herpes de la boca = fever blister, cold sore.
    * mal sabor de boca = bad taste in + Posesivo + mouth.
    * mantener la boca cerrada = keep + Posesivo + mouth shut.
    * meterse en la boca del lobo = come into + the lion's den.
    * negro como boca de lobo = pitch-black.
    * oír de la boca de = hear + from the lips of.
    * oscuro como boca de lobo = pitch-black, pitch-dark.
    * para abrir boca = as a kind of + appetiser.
    * poner las cartas boca arriba = lay + Posesivo + cards on the table, put + Posesivo + cards on the table.
    * por boca de = by word of mouth.
    * ¡punto en boca! = mum's the word!.
    * ¡punto en boca! = shut your mouth!, shut your face!.
    * que hace la boca agua = mouth-watering.
    * que se carga por la boca = muzzle-loading.
    * que se derrite en la boca = mellow [mellower -comp., mellowest -sup.].
    * respiración boca a boca = kiss of life.
    * saber de buena boca = have + it on good word.
    * salir a pedir de boca = come up + roses, go off without + a hitch.
    * salud de la boca = oral health.
    * úlcera de la boca = canker sore.

    * * *
    A
    no te metas eso en la boca don't put that in your mouth
    tener la boca seca/pastosa to have a dry/furry mouth
    te huele la boca a ajo your breath smells of garlic
    tengo que ir a arreglarme la boca I have to go and get my teeth seen to o fixed
    no hables con la boca llena don't speak with your mouth full
    como no te calles te voy a partir la boca if you don't shut up I'll smash your face in ( colloq)
    pide por esa boca ( fam); just ask o all you have to do is ask
    ¡esa boca …! language …!
    blando/duro de boca ( Equ) soft/hard mouthed
    2 ( en locs):
    boca abajo/arriba: échate boca abajo lie on your stomach o front
    duerme boca arriba he sleeps on his back
    puso los naipes boca arriba she laid the cards face up
    lo supimos de boca de las mismas personas implicadas we heard it from the horse's mouth
    uno no espera oír palabras así de boca de un cura you don't expect to hear such words from the mouth of o from a priest
    en boca de: términos de la psicología que están en boca de todo el mundo psychology terms which are part of everyday speech
    la pregunta que anda en boca de todos los niños the question which is on every child's lips
    se enteró cuando ya el escándalo andaba en boca de todos by the time he heard about the scandal it was already common knowledge, everybody was talking about the scandal by the time he found out about it
    por boca de: la organización ha dejado claro, por boca de su secretario general … the organization has made it clear, through the general secretary …
    lo supe por boca de su hermana I heard it from his sister
    abrir la boca to open one's mouth
    abra más la boca, por favor open (your mouth) wider please
    mejor es que no abra la boca it's best if he keeps his mouth shut
    no abrió la boca en toda la noche he didn't open his mouth all evening
    andar/correr de boca en boca: la noticia ya corría de boca en boca the news was by now common knowledge
    desde que se enrolló con él anda de boca en boca since she got involved with him she's set a lot of tongues wagging
    su nombre anda de boca en boca her name is on everybody's lips
    a pedir de boca just fine
    todo saldrá a pedir de boca everything will turn out just the way you want it to o just fine
    callar(se) la boca to shut up
    ¡cállate la boca! shut up! ( colloq), shut your face o trap! (sl)
    en situaciones así más vale callarse la boca in situations like that it's best to keep your mouth shut
    cerrarle or taparle la boca a algn to keep sb quiet, shut sb up ( colloq)
    con la boca chica or pequeña: lo dijo con la boca chica he didn't mean it o he said it insincerely o he said it without meaning it
    coserse la boca: yo te lo digo pero te coses la boca I'll tell you but you have to keep quiet about it o ( colloq) keep it under your hat
    de (la) boca para afuera: nos apoya de (la) boca para afuera he supports us in name only, he says he supports us
    es radical sólo de (la) boca para afuera he pays lip service to radicalism
    hablar por boca de ganso to repeat other people's opinions ( o ideas etc) parrot fashion
    hacer or abrir boca ( fam); to whet the o one's appetite
    hacérsele la boca agua a algn or ( AmL) hacérsele agua la boca a algn: se le hacía la boca agua mirando los pasteles looking at the cakes made her mouth water
    meterse en la boca del lobo to take one's life in one's hands, put one's head in the lion's mouth
    no decir esta boca es mía: no dijo esta boca es mía he didn't say a word o open his mouth
    no tener qué llevarse a la boca: no tienen qué llevarse a la boca they haven't got a penny to their name, they don't have a red cent to their name ( AmE), they haven't got two brass farthings to rub together ( BrE)
    (oscuro) como boca de lobo pitch-black, pitch-dark
    parar la boca ( fam); to cut the cackle ( colloq)
    quedarse con la boca abierta to be dumbfounded o ( colloq) flabbergasted
    quitarle algo a algn de la boca to take the words (right) out of sb's mouth
    quitarse algo de la boca: se lo quita todo de la boca para que sus hijos estudien he goes o does without in order to pay for his children's education
    ser pura boca ( Chi fam): eso de sus viajes es pura boca all that stuff about his travels is all talk o is just a lot of hot air
    tener algo/a algn siempre en la boca to go on o harp on about sth/sb ( colloq)
    tener una boquita de piñón ( fam); to have a little mouth
    en boca cerrada no entran moscas if you keep your mouth shut, you won't put your foot in it ( colloq)
    por la boca muere el pez talking too much can be dangerous
    3
    (persona): muchas bocas comen de ese trabajo that work provides a living for a lot of people
    tiene muchas bocas que alimentar she has a lot of mouths to feed
    4 ( Vin) taste
    B
    2 (de un túnel) mouth, entrance
    3 (de un puerto) entrance
    4 (de una vasija, botella) rim
    Compuestos:
    ● boca de dragón or (Ur) sapo
    snapdragon
    ( RPl frml) sales outlet
    la falta de nafta se presentó en muchas bocas de expendio there was a shortage of gasoline ( AmE) o ( BrE) petrol at many filling stations
    fire hydrant, fireplug ( AmE)
    ( fam); pit of the stomach
    ● boca de metro or ( RPl) subte
    subway entrance ( AmE), underground o tube station entrance ( BrE)
    hydrant
    ( RPl fam): no seas boca sucia don't be so foulmouthed
    * * *

     

    boca sustantivo femenino
    1
    a) (Anat, Zool) mouth

    b) ( en locs)

    ◊ boca abajo/arriba ‹dormir/echarse› on one's stomach/back;

    puso los naipes boca arriba she laid the cards face up;
    en boca de: la pregunta que anda en boca de todos los niños the question which is on every child's lips;
    el escándalo andaba en boca de todos the scandal was common knowledge;
    por boca de from;
    lo supe por boca de su hermana I heard it from his sister;
    a pedir de boca just fine;
    hacerle el boca a boca a algn to give sb the kiss of life;
    hacérsele la boca agua a algn (Esp): se le hacía la boca agua mirando los pasteles looking at the cakes made her mouth water;
    quedarse con la boca abierta to be dumbfounded o (colloq) flabbergasted
    2 ( de buzón) slot;
    ( de túnel) mouth, entrance;
    ( de puerto) entrance;
    (de vasija, botella) rim;

    boca del estómago (fam) pit of the stomach;
    boca de metro or (RPl) subte subway entrance (AmE), underground o tube station entrance (BrE)
    boca sustantivo femenino
    1 mouth
    2 (entrada) entrance
    boca de metro, entrance to the tube o underground station
    boca de riego, hydrant
    el boca a boca, kiss of life o mouth-to-mouth respiration
    ♦ Locuciones: figurado andar de boca en boca, to be the talk of the town
    familiar ¡cierra la boca!, shut up!
    familiar hacerse la boca agua: cuando ve un bombón se le hace la boca agua, his mouth waters every time he sees a chocolate
    írsele la fuerza por la boca, to be all talk (and no action)
    familiar meterse en la boca del lobo, to put one's head in the lion's mouth
    figurado salir a pedir de boca, to turn out perfectly
    boca abajo, face down(ward)
    boca arriba, face up(ward)
    con la boca abierta, open-mouthed: nos dejó a todos con la boca abierta, she left us flabbergasted
    ' boca' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    amordazar
    - callar
    - chiflar
    - cielo
    - decir
    - difusor
    - difusora
    - enjuagarse
    - frenética
    - frenético
    - fruncir
    - llaga
    - loba
    - lobo
    - negra
    - negro
    - palabra
    - pastosa
    - pastoso
    - pedir
    - pico
    - reseca
    - reseco
    - respiración
    - revés
    - sabor
    - tararear
    - tener
    - abierto
    - acostar
    - agua
    - arreglar
    - calentura
    - cerrado
    - cerrar
    - comer
    - enchuecar
    - enjuagar
    - entreabierto
    - herpes
    - ir
    - jeta
    - limpiar
    - llenar
    - mordaza
    - morro
    - seco
    - sensual
    - sensualidad
    - silbido
    English:
    abscess
    - better
    - black
    - cut
    - dislodge
    - face
    - fire hydrant
    - froth
    - gob
    - hydrant
    - kiss
    - mouth
    - muzzle
    - open
    - parched
    - pit
    - pitch-black
    - pitch-dark
    - prone
    - puff
    - rinse
    - roof
    - spout
    - stomach
    - tongue
    - upward
    - upwards
    - wash out
    - water
    - wide
    - word
    - word-of-mouth
    - belch
    - do
    - down
    - drool
    - foam
    - hum
    - man
    - mum
    - nozzle
    - pipe
    - purse
    - put
    - roll
    - sewer
    - spoon
    - take
    - ulcer
    - up
    * * *
    ♦ nf
    1. [de persona, animal] mouth;
    una boca más para alimentar one more mouth to feed;
    me he arreglado la boca por muy poco dinero I had my teeth seen to for a very reasonable price;
    te huele la boca a tabaco your breath smells of tobacco;
    boca abajo face down;
    no es aconsejable poner a los bebés boca abajo it's best not to lie babies on their front;
    boca arriba face up;
    ronca más cuando duerme boca arriba he snores more when he sleeps on his back;
    poner las cartas boca arriba to turn one's cards face up;
    este paseo me ha abierto boca this walk has whetted my appetite;
    Fig
    no abrió la boca he didn't open his mouth, he didn't say a word;
    será mejor que no abras la boca it would be best if you didn't say anything;
    si te hace falta algo, pide por esa boca if you need anything, just say so o ask;
    andar o [m5] correr o [m5] ir de boca en boca to be on everyone's lips;
    andar o [m5] estar en boca de todos to be on everyone's lips;
    buscar la boca a alguien to draw sb out;
    Fam
    ¡cállate o [m5] cierra la boca! shut up!;
    siempre que hay problemas calla la boca whenever there are problems, he keeps very quiet;
    apareció en público para cerrar la boca a quienes lo daban por muerto he appeared in public in order to silence everyone who thought he was dead;
    de boca: de boca promete mucho, pero luego no hace nada he's all talk, he makes a lot of promises, but then he never keeps them;
    es muy valiente, pero de boca he's all mouth;
    de boca de: sorprendió escuchar insultos de boca de un obispo it was surprising to hear insults from the lips of a bishop;
    lo escuchamos de boca de los protagonistas we heard it (straight) from the horse's mouth;
    Fam
    lo dice con la boca chica he doesn't really mean it;
    hablar por boca de ganso to repeat what one has heard;
    hacer boca: dimos un paseo para hacer boca we went for a walk to work up an appetite;
    se me hace la boca agua, Am [m5] se me hace agua la boca it makes my mouth water;
    cuando paso delante de una pastelería, se me hace la boca agua whenever I go past a cake shop, my mouth starts to water;
    irse de la boca to let the cat out of the bag;
    se fue de la boca he let the cat out of the bag;
    lo han detenido porque su cómplice se ha ido de la boca he has been arrested because his accomplice gave him away;
    meterse en la boca del lobo to put one's head into the lion's mouth;
    no decir esta boca es mía not to open one's mouth;
    no tienen nada que llevarse a la boca they don't have a crust to eat;
    Fam
    partir la boca a alguien to smash sb's face in;
    salir/ir a pedir de boca to turn out/to go perfectly;
    poner algo en boca de alguien to attribute sth to sb;
    por boca de: [m5]el gobierno, por boca de su portavoz… the government, through its spokesperson…;
    quedarse con la boca abierta to be left speechless;
    me lo has quitado de la boca you took the words right out of my mouth;
    tapar la boca a alguien to silence sb;
    su nombre no me viene ahora a la boca I can't think of her name right now;
    siempre dice lo primero que le viene a la boca he always says the first thing that comes into his head;
    por la boca muere el pez silence is golden;
    quien tiene boca se equivoca to err is human, everybody makes mistakes
    2. [entrada] opening;
    [de botella, túnel] mouth; [de buzón] slot; [de cañón] muzzle; [de escenario] stage door; [de puerto] entrance;
    las bocas del Danubio the mouth of the Danube;
    Fam
    a boca de jarro point-blank
    boca del estómago pit of the stomach; RP boca de expendio outlet;
    boca de fuego firearm;
    boca de gol goalmouth;
    boca de metro Br tube o underground entrance, US subway entrance;
    boca de riego hydrant;
    RP boca de subte Br tube o underground entrance, US subway entrance; RP boca de tormenta drain
    3. Zool [pinza] pincer
    4. [filo] cutting edge
    5. [del vino] flavour
    6. Bot boca de dragón snapdragon
    7. CAm [aperitivo] snack
    ♦ nm
    boca a boca mouth-to-mouth resuscitation;
    hacer el boca a boca a alguien to give sb mouth-to-mouth resuscitation, to give sb the kiss of life
    * * *
    f
    1 mouth;
    boca a boca mouth to mouth;
    hacer el boca a boca a alguien MED give s.o. mouth-to-mouth resuscitation;
    boca abajo upside down; persona, cartas, libro face down;
    boca arriba right way up; persona, cartas, libro face up;
    dejar con la boca abierta leave open-mouthed;
    quedarse con la boca abierta be dumbfounded, be open-mouthed with astonishment;
    se me hace la boca agua my mouth is watering;
    hacer boca whet one’s appetite;
    a pedir de boca perfectly;
    ir o
    correr de boca en boca circulate, go around;
    callar la boca shut up;
    estar en boca de todos be on everybody’s lips;
    de otro fam parrot someone else’s views;
    meterse en la boca del lobo put one’s head in the lion’s mouth;
    taparle la boca a alguien fig keep s.o. quiet, fam
    shut s.o. up;
    con la boca chica without much conviction;
    partirle la boca a alguien pop smash s.o.’s face in fam ;
    poner algo en boca de alguien attribute sth to s.o.;
    quitarle a alguien la palabra de la boca take the words right out of s.o.’s mouth;
    llenarse la boca (hablando) de fig talk of nothing but;
    do without sth, deny o.s. sth
    2 ZO crab claw
    * * *
    boca nf
    1) : mouth
    2)
    boca arriba : face up, on one's back
    3)
    boca abajo : face down, prone
    4)
    boca de riego : hydrant
    5)
    en boca de : according to
    * * *
    boca n
    1. (de persona, animal) mouth
    2. (entrada) entrance
    cuando pienso en la comida, se me hace la boca agua when I think about food, it makes my mouth water

    Spanish-English dictionary > boca

  • 46 ordenar

    v.
    1 to arrange, to put in order (poner en orden) (alfabéticamente, numéricamente).
    2 to order.
    Le ordené ir I ordered him to go
    Ordené la habitación I straightened up the room.
    La maestra ordenó silencio The teacher ordered silence.
    3 to ordain (religion).
    4 to order. ( Latin American Spanish)
    5 to sort, to classify in a given order, to order.
    Ordené mis papeles I sorted my papers.
    6 to ordain as.
    Ricardo ordenó a Manolo sacerdote Richard ordained Manolo as priest.
    7 to be ordered to, to be told to, to receive orders to.
    Se me ordenó matar I was ordered to kill.
    * * *
    1 (arreglar) to put in order; (habitación) to tidy up
    2 (mandar) to order
    3 RELIGIÓN to ordain
    4 (encaminar) to direct
    \
    ordenar las ideas figurado to collect one's thoughts
    * * *
    verb
    * * *
    1. VT
    1) (=poner en orden) [siguiendo un sistema] to arrange; [colocando en su sitio] to tidy; (Inform) to sort

    hay que ordenar los recibos por fechas — we have to put the receipts in order of date, we have to arrange the receipts by date

    • ordenar su vida — to put o get one's life in order

    2) (=mandar) to order

    • un tono de ordeno y mando — a dictatorial tone

    3) (Rel) to ordain
    2.
    See:
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1) <habitación/armario> to straighten (up) (AmE), to tidy (up) (BrE)
    2)
    a) ( dar una orden) to order
    b) (AmL) (en bar, restaurante) to order
    3) < sacerdote> to ordain
    2.
    ordenarse v pron to be ordained
    * * *
    = arrange, collate, instruct, order, rank, sort, sort out, grade, enjoin, finger-snapping, sort into + order, range, file, ordain, create + order, put in + order, clear out.
    Ex. A catalogue is a list of the materials or items in a library, with the entries representing the items arranged in some systematic order.
    Ex. Contents page bulletins which comprise copies of contents pages of periodicals collated and dispatched to users are also reliant upon titles.
    Ex. Some of the above limitations of title indexes can be overcome by exercising a measure of control over the index terminology, and by inputting and instructing the computer to print a number of pre-determined links or references between keywords.
    Ex. Also, title entries were ordered by grammatical arrangement, rather than in natural word order.
    Ex. For example, search software offers the ability to rank the retrieved material according to its relative significance.
    Ex. During the construction of a thesaurus, the computer can be enlisted to sort, merge, edit and compare terms.
    Ex. Some schools favor subject arrangement, other group together everything by publisher, and others sort everything out according to a theme.
    Ex. This had the advantage that the relevance judgments had already been made, and were graded into three levels: High relevance, Low relevance, No relevance.
    Ex. Heightened interest in the nation's founding and in the intentions of the founders enjoins law librarians to provide reference service for research in the history of the constitutional period.
    Ex. The stereotype of the decision-maker as a person who does nothig but finger-snapping and button-pushing fades with systematic research and analysis.
    Ex. Sort packages are designed to sort a specified file of records into order according to a particular field or key.
    Ex. Serials can be ranged in the order of the access number, i.e. in the order of their arrival, without distinction as to their size or contents.
    Ex. Numbers expressed in digits file before alphabetic characters, so it may be necessary to look in two different places for, say, a date -- 1984 will not file in the same place as ninenteen eighty four.
    Ex. Born in Amite County, Mississippi in 1924, Will Campbell was ordained as a Baptist minister at the young age of seventeen.
    Ex. The information rich are similarly paralyzed because of their inability to create order from all the information washing over them.
    Ex. The archives of Magdalen College were put in order and abstracts prepared in the 15th century.
    Ex. Pockets of resistance still remain in Fallujah, but the vast majority of insurgents have been cleared out.
    ----
    * estar ordenado en forma circular = be on a wheel.
    * ordenar alfabéticamente = arrange + in alphabetical order.
    * ordenar alfabéticamente palabra por palabra = arrange + alphabetically word by word.
    * ordenar los documentos recuperados en orden de pertinencia = rank + document output, rank + documents.
    * ordenar mal = misfile.
    * ordenar por = file + in order of.
    * ordenar por número curren = arrange by + accession number.
    * ordenar por orden de importancia = rank + in order.
    * ordenarse a uno mismo = self-ordained.
    * sin ordenar = unordered, unsorted.
    * volver a ordenar = resort.
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1) <habitación/armario> to straighten (up) (AmE), to tidy (up) (BrE)
    2)
    a) ( dar una orden) to order
    b) (AmL) (en bar, restaurante) to order
    3) < sacerdote> to ordain
    2.
    ordenarse v pron to be ordained
    * * *
    = arrange, collate, instruct, order, rank, sort, sort out, grade, enjoin, finger-snapping, sort into + order, range, file, ordain, create + order, put in + order, clear out.

    Ex: A catalogue is a list of the materials or items in a library, with the entries representing the items arranged in some systematic order.

    Ex: Contents page bulletins which comprise copies of contents pages of periodicals collated and dispatched to users are also reliant upon titles.
    Ex: Some of the above limitations of title indexes can be overcome by exercising a measure of control over the index terminology, and by inputting and instructing the computer to print a number of pre-determined links or references between keywords.
    Ex: Also, title entries were ordered by grammatical arrangement, rather than in natural word order.
    Ex: For example, search software offers the ability to rank the retrieved material according to its relative significance.
    Ex: During the construction of a thesaurus, the computer can be enlisted to sort, merge, edit and compare terms.
    Ex: Some schools favor subject arrangement, other group together everything by publisher, and others sort everything out according to a theme.
    Ex: This had the advantage that the relevance judgments had already been made, and were graded into three levels: High relevance, Low relevance, No relevance.
    Ex: Heightened interest in the nation's founding and in the intentions of the founders enjoins law librarians to provide reference service for research in the history of the constitutional period.
    Ex: The stereotype of the decision-maker as a person who does nothig but finger-snapping and button-pushing fades with systematic research and analysis.
    Ex: Sort packages are designed to sort a specified file of records into order according to a particular field or key.
    Ex: Serials can be ranged in the order of the access number, i.e. in the order of their arrival, without distinction as to their size or contents.
    Ex: Numbers expressed in digits file before alphabetic characters, so it may be necessary to look in two different places for, say, a date -- 1984 will not file in the same place as ninenteen eighty four.
    Ex: Born in Amite County, Mississippi in 1924, Will Campbell was ordained as a Baptist minister at the young age of seventeen.
    Ex: The information rich are similarly paralyzed because of their inability to create order from all the information washing over them.
    Ex: The archives of Magdalen College were put in order and abstracts prepared in the 15th century.
    Ex: Pockets of resistance still remain in Fallujah, but the vast majority of insurgents have been cleared out.
    * estar ordenado en forma circular = be on a wheel.
    * ordenar alfabéticamente = arrange + in alphabetical order.
    * ordenar alfabéticamente palabra por palabra = arrange + alphabetically word by word.
    * ordenar los documentos recuperados en orden de pertinencia = rank + document output, rank + documents.
    * ordenar mal = misfile.
    * ordenar por = file + in order of.
    * ordenar por número curren = arrange by + accession number.
    * ordenar por orden de importancia = rank + in order.
    * ordenarse a uno mismo = self-ordained.
    * sin ordenar = unordered, unsorted.
    * volver a ordenar = resort.

    * * *
    ordenar [A1 ]
    vt
    A ‹habitación/armario/cajón› to straighten (up) ( AmE), to tidy (up) ( BrE)
    hay que ordenar los libros por materias the books have to be arranged according to subject
    ordena estas fichas sort out these cards, put these cards in order
    B
    1 (dar una orden) to order
    la policía ordenó el cierre del local the police ordered the closure of the establishment o ordered the establishment to be closed
    el médico le ordenó reposo absoluto the doctor ordered him to have complete rest
    ordenar + INF:
    le ordenó salir inmediatamente de la oficina she ordered him to leave the office immediately
    ordenar QUE + SUBJ:
    me ordenó que guardara silencio he ordered me to keep quiet
    2 ( AmL) (en un bar, restaurante) to order
    ordenar un taxi to call a taxi
    C ‹sacerdote› to ordain
    to be ordained
    se ordenó sacerdote he was ordained a priest
    * * *

     

    Multiple Entries:
    ordenar    
    ordeñar
    ordenar ( conjugate ordenar) verbo transitivo
    1 ‹habitación/armario/juguetes› to straighten (up) (esp AmE), to tidy (up) (BrE);
    ‹ fichas› to put in order;

    2


    b) (AmL) ( pedir) ‹taxi/bebida/postre› to order

    3 ‹ sacerdote› to ordain
    ordenarse verbo pronominal
    to be ordained
    ordeñar ( conjugate ordeñar) verbo transitivo
    to milk
    ordenar verbo transitivo
    1 (un armario, los papeles, etc) to put in order, arrange: ordené los libros por autores, I arranged the books by author
    (una habitación, la casa) to tidy up
    2 (dar un mandato) to order: les ordenó que guardaran silencio, she ordered them to keep quiet
    3 (a un sacerdote, caballero) to ordain
    ordeñar verbo transitivo to milk
    ' ordeñar' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    alfabetizar
    - arreglar
    - mico
    - ordenar
    - recoger
    - disponer
    - mandar
    English:
    arrange
    - clear up
    - command
    - dispose
    - instruct
    - marshal
    - milk
    - neatly
    - ordain
    - rank
    - straight
    - straighten
    - straighten up
    - tidy
    - tidy out
    - tidy up
    - clear
    - direct
    - grade
    - order
    - organize
    - sort
    * * *
    ♦ vt
    1. [poner en orden] [alfabéticamente, numéricamente] to arrange, to put in order;
    [habitación, papeles] to tidy (up);
    ordenar alfabéticamente to put in alphabetical order;
    ordenar en montones to sort into piles;
    ordenar por temas to arrange by subject
    2. Informát to sort
    3. [mandar] to order;
    te ordeno que te vayas I order you to go;
    me ordenó callarme he ordered me to be quiet
    4. Rel to ordain
    5. Am [pedir] to order;
    acabamos de ordenar el desayuno we've just ordered breakfast
    ♦ vi
    1. [mandar] to give orders;
    (yo) ordeno y mando: Ana es de las de (yo) ordeno y mando Ana's the sort of person who likes telling everybody what to do
    2. Am [pedir] to order;
    ¿ya eligieron?, ¿quieren ordenar? are you ready to order?
    * * *
    v/t
    1 habitación tidy up
    2 alfabéticamente arrange; INFOR sort
    3 ( mandar) order
    4 L.Am. ( pedir) order
    * * *
    1) mandar: to order, to command
    2) arreglar: to put in order, to arrange
    3) : to ordain (a priest)
    * * *
    1. (colocar por orden) to arrange / to put in order [pt. & pp. put]
    2. (recoger) to tidy [pt. & pp. tidied]
    3. (mandar) to order

    Spanish-English dictionary > ordenar

  • 47 under

    1. preposition
    1) (underneath, below) (indicating position) unter (+ Dat.); (indicating motion) unter (+ Akk.)

    from under the table/bed — unter dem Tisch/Bett hervor

    under treatment — in Behandlung

    under repair — in Reparatur

    fields under cultivation — bebaute Felder; see also academic.ru/20932/discussion">discussion 2); influence 1.; pain 1. 5)

    3) (in conditions of) bei [Stress, hohen Temperaturen usw.]
    4) (subject to) unter (+ Dat.)

    under the doctor, under doctor's orders — in ärztlicher Behandlung

    5) (in accordance with)

    under the terms of the contract/agreement — nach den Bestimmungen des Vertrags/Abkommens

    6) (with the use of) unter (+ Dat.)
    7) (less than) unter (+ Dat.)

    for under five pounds — für weniger als fünf Pfund; see also age 1. 1)

    2. adverb
    1) (in or to a lower or subordinate position) darunter

    stay under — (under water) unter Wasser bleiben; see also go under

    2) (in/into a state of unconsciousness)

    be under/put somebody under — in Narkose liegen/jemanden in Narkose versetzen

    * * *
    1. preposition
    1) (in or to a position lower than, or covered by: Your pencil is under the chair; Strange plants grow under the sea.) unter
    2) (less than, or lower in rank than: Children under five should not cross the street alone; You can do the job in under an hour.) unter,weniger als
    3) (subject to the authority of: As a foreman, he has about fifty workers under him.) unter
    4) (used to express various states: The fort was under attack; The business improved under the new management; The matter is under consideration/discussion.) unter,in
    2. adverb
    (in or to a lower position, rank etc: The swimmer surfaced and went under again; children aged seven and under.) (dar-)unter
    * * *
    un·der
    [ˈʌndəʳ, AM -ɚ]
    I. prep
    1. (below) unter + dat; with verbs of motion unter + akk
    he hid \under the bed er versteckte sich unterm Bett
    she put the thermometer \under my tongue sie steckte mir das Thermometer unter die Zunge
    \under water unter Wasser
    2. (supporting) unter + dat
    it felt good to have the earth \under my feet again es war schön, wieder festen Boden unter meinen Füßen zu haben
    3. (covered by) unter + dat
    he wore a white shirt \under his jacket unter seiner Jacke trug er ein weißes Hemd
    4. (one side to other) unter + dat
    a cold draught blew \under the door ein kalter Zug blies unter der Tür durch
    5. (less than) unter + dat
    all items cost \under a pound alle Artikel kosten weniger als ein Pfund
    \under a minute weniger als eine Minute
    6. (inferior to)
    to be \under sb unter jdm sein [o stehen
    7. (governed by) unter + dat
    the Colonel has hundreds of soldiers \under him dem Oberst unterstehen Hunderte von Soldaten
    they are \under strict orders sie haben strenge Anweisungen
    to be \under sb's influence unter jds Einfluss stehen
    \under the Romans unter römischer Herrschaft
    \under the supervision of sb unter jds Aufsicht
    8. (in condition/state of) unter + dat
    \under anaesthetic unter Betäubung [o Narkose]
    \under arrest/control/quarantine unter Arrest/Kontrolle/Quarantäne
    \under [no] circumstances unter [keinen] Umständen
    \under oath unter Eid
    \under pressure/stress unter Druck/Stress
    \under repair in Reparatur
    \under suspicion unter Verdacht
    9. (in accordance to) gemäß + dat
    \under our agreement gemäß unserer Vereinbarung
    10. (referred to as) unter + dat
    he writes \under a pseudonym er schreibt unter einem Pseudonym
    11. (in the category of) unter + dat
    you'll find that \under Goethe das finden Sie unter Goethe
    12. (during time of)
    \under Pisces/Virgo/Aries im Sternzeichen Fische/Jungfrau/Widder
    13.
    ▶ [already] \under way [bereits [o schon]] im Gange
    to get \under way anfangen, beginnen
    II. adv inv
    1. ( also fig: sink)
    to go \under untergehen a. fig
    thousands of companies went \under during the recession tausende Firmen machten während der Rezession Pleite
    2. (below specified age, amount)
    suitable for kids of five and \under geeignet für Kinder von fünf Jahren und darunter
    £30 and \under 30 Pfund und weniger
    3.
    ▶ to get out from \under sich akk aufrappeln fam
    III. adj pred, inv
    ▪ to be \under unter Narkose stehen
    * * *
    ['ʌndə(r)]
    1. prep
    1) (= beneath place) unter (+dat); (direction) unter (+acc)

    it's under there — es ist da drunter (inf)

    under barley — mit Gerste bebaut

    2) (= less than) unter (+dat)

    there were under 50 of them — es waren weniger als 50, es waren unter 50

    3) (= subordinate to, under influence of etc) unter (+dat)

    to study under sb —

    which doctor are you under? —

    it's classified under history — es ist unter "Geschichte" eingeordnet

    you'll find the number under "garages" — Sie finden die Nummer unter "Werkstätten"

    under sentence of death —

    4) (= according to) nach (+dat), gemäß (+dat), laut (+dat)
    2. adv
    1) (= beneath) unten; (= unconscious) bewusstlos
    2) (= less) darunter
    * * *
    under [ˈʌndə(r)]
    A präp
    1. allg unter (dat oder akk)
    2. (Lage) unter (dat), unterhalb von (oder gen):
    from under the table unter dem Tisch hervor
    3. (Richtung) unter (akk):
    4. unter (dat), am Fuße von (oder gen):
    5. (zeitlich) unter (dat), während:
    he lived under the Stuarts er lebte zur Zeit der Stuarts;
    under the date of unter dem Datum vom 1. Januar etc
    6. unter der Führung von (oder gen), auch MUS unter der Leitung von (oder gen), unter (dat):
    have sb under one jemanden unter sich haben
    7. unter (dat), unter dem Schutz von (oder gen), unter Zuhilfenahme von (oder gen):
    under arms unter Waffen;
    under darkness im Schutz der Dunkelheit
    8. unter (dat), geringer als, weniger als:
    persons under 40 (years of age) Personen unter 40 (Jahren);
    the under-thirties die Personen unter 30 Jahren;
    in under an hour in weniger als einer Stunde;
    he cannot do it under an hour er braucht mindestens eine Stunde dazu oder dafür;
    it cost him under £20 es kostete ihn weniger als 20 Pfund
    9. fig unter (dat):
    a criminal under sentence of death ein zum Tode verurteilter Verbrecher;
    under supervision unter Aufsicht;
    under alcohol unter Alkohol, alkoholisiert;
    under an assumed name unter einem angenommenen Namen
    10. gemäß, laut, nach:
    a) nach den gesetzlichen Bestimmungen,
    b) im Rahmen des Gesetzes;
    claims under a contract Forderungen aus einem Vertrag
    11. in (dat):
    under treatment in Behandlung
    12. bei:
    13. mit:
    under sb’s signature mit jemandes Unterschrift, (eigenhändig) von jemandem unterschrieben oder unterzeichnet
    B adv
    1. darunter, unter:
    children of five and under fünfjährige und jüngere Kinder. → go under, keep under, etc
    2. unten:
    as under wie unten (angeführt);
    a) sich herauswinden,
    b) den Verlust wettmachen
    C adj (oft in Zusammensetzungen)
    1. unter(er, e, es), Unter…:
    the under layers die unteren Schichten oder Lagen;
    the under surface die Unterseite
    2. unter(er, e, es), nieder(er, e, es), untergeordnet, Unter…:
    the under classes die unteren oder niederen Klassen
    3. (nur in Zusammensetzungen) ungenügend, zu gering: → underdose A, etc
    * * *
    1. preposition
    1) (underneath, below) (indicating position) unter (+ Dat.); (indicating motion) unter (+ Akk.)

    from under the table/bed — unter dem Tisch/Bett hervor

    fields under cultivation — bebaute Felder; see also discussion 2); influence 1.; pain 1. 5)

    3) (in conditions of) bei [Stress, hohen Temperaturen usw.]
    4) (subject to) unter (+ Dat.)

    under the doctor, under doctor's orders — in ärztlicher Behandlung

    under the terms of the contract/agreement — nach den Bestimmungen des Vertrags/Abkommens

    6) (with the use of) unter (+ Dat.)
    7) (less than) unter (+ Dat.)

    for under five pounds — für weniger als fünf Pfund; see also age 1. 1)

    2. adverb
    1) (in or to a lower or subordinate position) darunter

    stay under — (under water) unter Wasser bleiben; see also go under

    2) (in/into a state of unconsciousness)

    be under/put somebody under — in Narkose liegen/jemanden in Narkose versetzen

    * * *
    (with) full reserve to my rights n.
    unter Wahrung meiner Rechte m. adj.
    unten adj. prep.
    darunter präp.
    unter präp.

    English-german dictionary > under

  • 48 obligar

    v.
    to oblige, to bind, to coerce, to compel.
    La policía forzó a Ricardo The police coerced Richard.
    * * *
    Conjugation model [ LLEGAR], like link=llegar llegar
    1 to force, oblige, make
    1 to undertake, promise
    \
    obligar a alguien a hacer algo to force somebody to do something, make somebody do something
    * * *
    verb
    to force, compel, oblige
    * * *
    1. VT
    1) (=forzar) to force
    2) [ley, norma]

    la disposición obliga a todos los contribuyentes — all taxpayers are bound to observe this requirement, this requirement is binding on all taxpayers

    3) (=empujar) to force
    2.
    See:
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    a) circunstancia/persona

    el mal tiempo nos obligó a... — bad weather forced o (frml) obliged us to...

    obligar A alguien A QUE + SUBJ — to make somebody + inf

    b) ley/disposición to bind

    las normas obligan a los maestros a... — the rules oblige teachers to...

    2.
    obligarse v pron (refl)

    obligarse A + INF — ( forzarse) to make oneself + inf, force oneself to + inf; ( comprometerse) to undertake to + inf

    * * *
    = bind, compel, constrain, dictate, force, impel, mandate, obligate, oblige, enjoin, enforce.
    Ex. Rules and conditions concerning book lending are the most important items in a library's statute book, binding the reader by specific obligations in the process of borrowing books.
    Ex. It was apparent that the majority of respondents did not feel the need to react as if they were confronting forces compelling the adoption of totally new role.
    Ex. Model II sees the process in terms of the system forcing or constraining the user to deviate from the 'real' problem.
    Ex. Also, economy dictates that every possible entry cannot be printed.
    Ex. If the library wants all users to have passwords, an authorization level of 1 can be assigned in the search function to force the system to require a password.
    Ex. We have already been impelled toward a definition of the future catalog by forces not especially conducive to its development into a more effective instrument.
    Ex. Adequate security for expensive equipment must also be provided for in this decision, and a secluded back room, a remote phone cut-off switch, or a removable keyboard may be mandated.
    Ex. As a result they were obligated to remain generally uninvolved in the patron's efforts to make a decision.
    Ex. The user interested in children's sports, therefore, is obliged, when looking under the general heading, to differentiate between those works which are general and those which are on men's sports.
    Ex. Heightened interest in the nation's founding and in the intentions of the founders enjoins law librarians to provide reference service for research in the history of the constitutional period.
    Ex. Economic necessity will enforce an improvement in the provision of patent information in Hungary.
    ----
    * obligar a = make + it + incumbent upon.
    * obligar a cerrar el negocio = force out of + business, force out of + the marketplace.
    * obligar a Hacer Algo = push into.
    * obligar a + Infinitivo = push towards + Gerundio.
    * obligar a pagar = enforce + payment.
    * obligar a salir = drive out + with a pitchfork, push out.
    * obligar a salir de = force from.
    * obligar a subir el precio = force up + prices.
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    a) circunstancia/persona

    el mal tiempo nos obligó a... — bad weather forced o (frml) obliged us to...

    obligar A alguien A QUE + SUBJ — to make somebody + inf

    b) ley/disposición to bind

    las normas obligan a los maestros a... — the rules oblige teachers to...

    2.
    obligarse v pron (refl)

    obligarse A + INF — ( forzarse) to make oneself + inf, force oneself to + inf; ( comprometerse) to undertake to + inf

    * * *
    = bind, compel, constrain, dictate, force, impel, mandate, obligate, oblige, enjoin, enforce.

    Ex: Rules and conditions concerning book lending are the most important items in a library's statute book, binding the reader by specific obligations in the process of borrowing books.

    Ex: It was apparent that the majority of respondents did not feel the need to react as if they were confronting forces compelling the adoption of totally new role.
    Ex: Model II sees the process in terms of the system forcing or constraining the user to deviate from the 'real' problem.
    Ex: Also, economy dictates that every possible entry cannot be printed.
    Ex: If the library wants all users to have passwords, an authorization level of 1 can be assigned in the search function to force the system to require a password.
    Ex: We have already been impelled toward a definition of the future catalog by forces not especially conducive to its development into a more effective instrument.
    Ex: Adequate security for expensive equipment must also be provided for in this decision, and a secluded back room, a remote phone cut-off switch, or a removable keyboard may be mandated.
    Ex: As a result they were obligated to remain generally uninvolved in the patron's efforts to make a decision.
    Ex: The user interested in children's sports, therefore, is obliged, when looking under the general heading, to differentiate between those works which are general and those which are on men's sports.
    Ex: Heightened interest in the nation's founding and in the intentions of the founders enjoins law librarians to provide reference service for research in the history of the constitutional period.
    Ex: Economic necessity will enforce an improvement in the provision of patent information in Hungary.
    * obligar a = make + it + incumbent upon.
    * obligar a cerrar el negocio = force out of + business, force out of + the marketplace.
    * obligar a Hacer Algo = push into.
    * obligar a + Infinitivo = push towards + Gerundio.
    * obligar a pagar = enforce + payment.
    * obligar a salir = drive out + with a pitchfork, push out.
    * obligar a salir de = force from.
    * obligar a subir el precio = force up + prices.

    * * *
    obligar [A3 ]
    vt
    1
    «circunstancia/persona»: obligar a algn A + INF: el mal tiempo nos obligó a retrasar la partida bad weather obliged o forced o compelled us to postpone our departure
    nos obligan a llevar uniforme we are required to o we have to wear uniform
    no lo obligues a comer don't force him to eat, don't make him eat
    lo obligué a pedirle perdón a la abuela I made him apologize to his grandmother
    obligar a algn A QUE + SUBJ to make sb + INF
    oblígalos a que recojan los juguetes make them pick up their toys
    2 «ley/disposición» to bind
    esta ley sólo obliga a los mayores de edad this law only applies to adults, only adults are legally bound by this law
    ( refl)
    1 (forzarse) obligarse A + INF to make oneself + INF, force oneself to + INF
    me obligo a escribir una página todos los días I force myself to write o I make myself write a page every day
    2 (comprometerse) to undertake obligarse A + INF to undertake to + INF
    * * *

     

    obligar ( conjugate obligar) verbo transitivo
    a) obligar a algn a hacer algo to force sb to do sth, to make sb do sth;


    nos obligan a llevar uniforme we are required to wear uniform;
    obligar a algn A QUE haga algo to make sb do sth
    b) [ley/disposición] to bind

    obligar verbo transitivo to force, oblige: nada te obliga a vivir con él, no-one's forcing you to live with him ➣ Ver nota en make
    ' obligar' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    comprometer
    - constreñir
    - desalojar
    - echar
    - forzar
    - hacer
    - empujar
    - orillar
    English:
    bind
    - bully
    - compel
    - constrained
    - drive
    - force
    - force down
    - hand
    - make
    - oblige
    - constrain
    - obligate
    * * *
    ♦ vt
    1. [sujeto: persona]
    obligar a alguien (a hacer algo) to force sb to do sth, to make sb do sth;
    yo no quería hacerlo, me obligaron I didn't want to do it, they forced me to o they made me;
    no lo compres, nadie te obliga don't buy it, nobody is forcing you;
    la obligué a descansar I made her have a rest;
    a los jefes de departamento se les obliga a presentar un informe al mes the heads of department are required to hand in a monthly report;
    obligar a alguien a que haga algo to force sb to do sth, to make sb do sth;
    la obligué a que me contestase I forced her to answer me, I made her answer me
    2. [sujeto: ley, norma]
    la ley obliga a todos los ciudadanos a declarar sus ingresos all citizens are required by law to declare their income;
    esta norma obliga a los mayores de dieciocho años this rule applies to people over eighteen
    * * *
    v/t
    1
    :
    obligar a alguien oblige o force s.o. ( a hacer algo to do sth)
    2 de una ley apply to s.o.
    * * *
    obligar {52} vt
    : to force, to require, to oblige
    * * *
    obligar vb to force / to make
    me obligaron a marcharme they forced me to leave / they made me leave

    Spanish-English dictionary > obligar

  • 49 revisión

    f.
    1 revision, check-up, inspection, review.
    2 revision, rehash, rehashing.
    3 rehearing, retrial, re-trial.
    4 re-opening of case.
    5 patch, fix, hotfix.
    * * *
    1 (gen) revision, checking
    2 (de billetes) inspection
    3 (de coche) service, overhaul
    \
    revisión de cuentas audit, auditing
    * * *
    noun f.
    1) check, inspection
    * * *
    SF
    1) [de cuenta] check; [de teoría, método] review
    2) (Mec) check, overhaul; (Aut) service
    * * *
    1) (de trabajo, documento) checking, check
    2) (de criterio, doctrina) revision
    3) ( de instalación) inspection; ( de frenos) check

    la revisión de los 5.000 kilómetros — (Esp) the 5,000 kilometer service

    4) (AmL) ( de equipaje) inspection
    5) (Med, Odont) checkup
    6) (Der) review
    * * *
    = checking, editing, overhaul, revision, checkup [check-up], review, refinement.
    Ex. The purpose of this checking is to ensure that an entry always has the same form so that the catalog is consistent and clean.
    Ex. To ensure further that all the index entries generated by chain procedure are indeed helpful, the initial analysis of the chain may require editing.
    Ex. Regular overhaul of guiding is important, especially for the new user who may rely heavily upon it.
    Ex. As already noted, development and revision of classification schemes is essential to their continued usefulness.
    Ex. The article is entitled 'How fit is your health collection?: the importance of regular check-ups: health information in the public library' = El artículo se titula "¿Está en buena forma su colección sobre salud?: la importancia de los chequeos regulares: información sanitaria en la biblioteca pública".
    Ex. This programme is planned to have a lifespan of four years with a review after two years.
    Ex. Also search strategy can be modified relatively easily, where only refinements or slight modifications in index terms are appropriate.
    ----
    * artículo de revisión = review article, review essay.
    * Comité de Revisión de las Reglas de Catalogación (CCRC) = Catalog Code Revision Committee (CCRC).
    * en revisión = under review.
    * revisión bibliográfica = literature review, literature survey.
    * revisión biblográfica = desk research.
    * revisión de las reglas = code revision.
    * revisión de los estantes = shelf reading.
    * revisión salarial = job audit.
    * * *
    1) (de trabajo, documento) checking, check
    2) (de criterio, doctrina) revision
    3) ( de instalación) inspection; ( de frenos) check

    la revisión de los 5.000 kilómetros — (Esp) the 5,000 kilometer service

    4) (AmL) ( de equipaje) inspection
    5) (Med, Odont) checkup
    6) (Der) review
    * * *
    = checking, editing, overhaul, revision, checkup [check-up], review, refinement.

    Ex: The purpose of this checking is to ensure that an entry always has the same form so that the catalog is consistent and clean.

    Ex: To ensure further that all the index entries generated by chain procedure are indeed helpful, the initial analysis of the chain may require editing.
    Ex: Regular overhaul of guiding is important, especially for the new user who may rely heavily upon it.
    Ex: As already noted, development and revision of classification schemes is essential to their continued usefulness.
    Ex: The article is entitled 'How fit is your health collection?: the importance of regular check-ups: health information in the public library' = El artículo se titula "¿Está en buena forma su colección sobre salud?: la importancia de los chequeos regulares: información sanitaria en la biblioteca pública".
    Ex: This programme is planned to have a lifespan of four years with a review after two years.
    Ex: Also search strategy can be modified relatively easily, where only refinements or slight modifications in index terms are appropriate.
    * artículo de revisión = review article, review essay.
    * Comité de Revisión de las Reglas de Catalogación (CCRC) = Catalog Code Revision Committee (CCRC).
    * en revisión = under review.
    * revisión bibliográfica = literature review, literature survey.
    * revisión biblográfica = desk research.
    * revisión de las reglas = code revision.
    * revisión de los estantes = shelf reading.
    * revisión salarial = job audit.

    * * *
    A (de un trabajo, documento) checking, check
    revisión del estilo checking (of) the style
    ahora viene la etapa de revisión next comes the checking stage
    efectuaron una revisión minuciosa de los gastos they made a detailed check of o on the expenses
    Compuesto:
    revisión colegiada/paritaria
    peer review
    B (de un criterio, doctrina) revision
    métodos que requieren una urgente revisión methods which are in urgent need of revision
    la revisión del generador reveló varios problemas inspection of o the check on the generator revealed several problems
    la revisión de los 5.000 kilómetros ( Esp); the 5,000 kilometer service
    Compuesto:
    roadworthiness check, ≈ MOT test ( in UK)
    D ( AmL) (de equipaje) inspection
    E ( Odont) examination; (periódica) checkup
    Compuesto:
    ( Esp) (periódica) checkup; (para un trabajo) medical examination, medical ( BrE)
    F ( Der) review
    * * *

     

    revisión sustantivo femenino
    a) (de trabajo, documento) checking, check

    b) (de criterio, doctrina) revision


    ( de frenos) check;
    ( de coche) (Esp) service

    e) (Med, Odont) checkup;



    ( para trabajo) medical examination
    revisión sustantivo femenino
    1 Téc check, overhaul
    (de coche) service
    2 (de un texto) revision, US checking
    3 (de una cuenta) audit
    4 Med checkup
    ' revisión' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    auditoría
    - pasada
    - repaso
    - quinquenal
    - revisar
    - sujeto
    English:
    check
    - checkup
    - maintenance
    - overhaul
    - review
    - revision
    - screen
    - service
    - servicing
    - come
    - examination
    - inspection
    - major
    - medical
    * * *
    1. [repaso] Br revision, US review;
    pidió la revisión del examen he asked for the exam to be remarked
    2. [examen] check;
    [de vehículo] service;
    llevar el coche a una revisión to have one's car serviced
    revisión de cuentas audit;
    me tengo que hacer una revisión médica I have to have a check-up;
    3. [modificación] review;
    han hecho una revisión de las cifras de crecimiento the growth figures have been revised;
    el gobierno anunció una revisión de su política de empleo the government announced a review of its employment policy;
    revisión de los precios price review o change
    revisión al alza/a la baja rise/fall
    4. CAm, Méx [registro] search
    * * *
    f check, inspection; AUTO service
    * * *
    revisión nf, pl - siones
    1) : revision
    2) : inspection, check
    * * *
    1. (en general) check
    2. (de vehículo) service

    Spanish-English dictionary > revisión

  • 50 agree

    1. I
    1) I asked him to help me and he agreed я попросил его помочь мне, и он согласился
    2) her children do not agree ее дети не ладят /живут недружно/
    3) the two statements don't agree эти два утверждения не согласуются
    2. II
    1) agree in some manner agree readily /willingly/ (reluctantly, provisionally, etc.) охотно и т. д. соглашаться; agree at some time agree at once (beforehand, at last, etc.) немедленно и т. д. соглашаться
    2) agree in some manner often in the negative the boys can't agree at all, they are always quarrelling мальчишки никак не могут ужиться /поладить/ - все время ссорятся; birds agree very well птицы прекрасно уживаются [друг с другом]; agree at some time we shall never agree мы никогда не поладим
    3) agree in some manner all the accounts (figures) sufficiently agree все расчеты (цифры) в основном сходятся
    3. XI
    be agreed in smth. we are agreed in this у нас по этому поводу существует общее /одно, единое/ мнение, наши мнения в этом вопросе совпадают; be agreed in doing smth. we are all agreed in finding the accused man guilty мы все /единодушно, единогласно/ считаем /пришли к тому мнению/, что подсудимый виновен; be agreed that... we are all agreed that the proposal is a good one мы все придерживаемся того мнения /считаем/, что это хорошее предложение; it is generally /universally/ agreed that... всеми признано /общепризнано/, что...
    4. XIII
    agree to do smth.
    1) agree to go there (to come with us, to meet me, to stay a little longer, etc.) соглашаться /давать согласие/ пойти туда и т. д.; he agreed to do it [in order] to please me он согласился сделать это, чтобы доставить мне удовольствие
    2) we (they, etc.) agreed to go together (to meet, to leave the subject, etc.) мы и т. д. договорились /условились/ пойти вместе и т. д. agree how (where, etc.) to do smth. we agreed where (how, when) to meet мы договорились /условились/, где (как, когда) встретиться
    5. XVI
    1) agree to smth. agree to that (to your proposal, to the conditions, etc.) соглашаться на это и т. д.; he agreed to my terms (to my plan) он принял мои условия (мой план)
    2) agree in smth. agree in views (in everything, in tastes, etc.) сходиться во взглядах и т. д.; I am glad that we agree in our opinion of this man я рад, что наши мнения относительно этого человека совпадают; agree with smb. agree with him (with the experts on the date, etc.) придерживаться одного мнения с ним и т. д., разделить его и г. д. мнение; I agree with him on that point по этому вопросу наши с ним взгляды совпадают; he agreed with neither side его не устраивало мнение ни одной из сторон; fully (entirely, quite, reluctantly, etc.) agree with smb. полностью и т. д. соглашаться с кем-л.; agree with smb. in principle быть согласным в принципе /в основном/ с кем-л.
    3) agree about / (up)on/ smth. agree about the time (about the place, about the price, on the terms, on the agenda, etc.) договариваться /уславливаться/ о времени и т. д.; agree on all points договориться по всем пунктам; agree upon the plan согласовать план; we agreed on an early start мы договорились /условились/ выехать пораньше
    4) agree with smb., smth. ту opinion agrees with yours мое мнение совпадает /не расходится/ с вашим; his statement agrees with facts его заявление соответствует фактам; the picture agrees with the original картина похожа на оригинал; this bill does not agree with your original estimate этот счет расходится с вашей первоначальной сметой; the verb must agree with the subject глагол согласуется с подлежащим || not to agree with smb., smth. coll. быть вредным кому-л., чему-л.; this food (fish, etc.) does not agree with me мне нельзя /вредно/ [есть] эту пищу и т. д.; this climate doesn't agree with her этот климат ей не подходит, этот климат плохо действует на нее; this price does not agree with my pocket такая цена мне не подходит; agree with smb., smth. быть полезным кому-л., чему-л.; you look marvelous, the sun agrees with you вы чудесно выглядите, солнце [идет] вам на пользу
    6. XVII
    1) agree to doing smth. agree to his marrying the girl (to starting early, to helping him this time, etc.) соглашаться /давать свое согласие/ на его брак с этой девушкой и т. д.; I couldn't agree to his taking it all upon himself я не мог согласиться на то, чтобы он все взял на себя
    2) agree in doing smth. we agree in believing that... (in thinking that..., etc.) мы [оба, все] считаем, что... и т. д.; we agree in refusing to believe him guilty мы [Оба, все] отказываемся считать его виновным; we agreed in deciding to go there at once мы [оба, все] решили /пришли к решению/ немедленно отправиться туда
    3) agree on doing smth. agree on making an early start (on having him stay for a month, on looking it over, etc.) договариваться о том или соглашаться на то, чтобы выехать пораньше и т. д.; they agreed on giving the boy another chance на этот раз они согласились простить мальчика /дать мальчику еще один шанс исправиться/
    7. XVIII
    || agree among one selves договориться между собой, прийти к единому мнению
    8. XXV
    agree that... agree that it is the best way (that we should start early, that something must be done about it, etc.) считать /придерживаться того мнения/, что это самый лучший способ и т. д.; agree how (where, etc.) smth. should be done agree how the letter should be delivered (where the car should be stopped, etc.) договориться /условиться/ о том, как доставить письмо и т. д.
    9. XXVII1
    agree with what... your story agrees with what I had already heard ваш рассказ совпадает с тем, что я уже слышал

    English-Russian dictionary of verb phrases > agree

  • 51 соглашение соглашени·е

    1) (договор) agreement, accord, covenant

    аннулировать соглашение — to annul / to cancel / to rescind / to nullify an agreement

    внести изменения в соглашение, изменить соглашение — to alter / to modify an agreement

    выполнять соглашение — to implement / to abide by an agreement, to adhere / to accede to a convention

    выработать соглашение — to work out an agreement / a convention, to hammer out an agreement

    заключить соглашение — to conclude / to enter into / to make an agreement, to make an arrangement

    нарушать соглашение — to transgress / to break an agreement

    одобрить соглашение — to endorse an agreement, to approve a contract

    отказаться от соглашения — to repudiate an agreement / an accord

    подпадать под соглашение — to fall within an agreement, to be covered by an agreement

    подрывать соглашение — to undermine an / agreement

    придерживаться соглашения — to adhere to / to stand by an agreement

    признать соглашение недействительным — to declare an agreement invalid / (mull and) void

    присоединиться к соглашению — to accede to an agreement / a covenant

    ратифицировать соглашение — to ratify an agreement / a covenant

    соблюдать соглашение / условия соглашения — to honour / to observe an agreement

    сорвать соглашение — to wreck / to frustrate an agreement

    все эти соглашения лишены силы и не могут быть приведены в исполнение / выполнены — all such agreements are void and unenforceable

    бессрочное соглашение — agreement of unlimited duration, open-ended agreement

    взаимоприемлемое соглашение — mutually acceptable / concerted agreement

    временное соглашение — interim / temporary agreement / contract

    всеобъемлющее соглашение — comprehensive agreement, across-the-board agreement

    кабальное соглашение — fettering / enslaving agreement

    компенсационное соглашение — compensation / offsetting agreement

    международное соглашение — international agreement / covenant

    письменное соглашение — agreement in writing / in written form

    предварительное соглашение — preliminary / tentative agreement

    рабочее соглашение — implementing / working agreement

    справедливое, поддающееся контролю соглашение — equitable, verifiable agreement

    товарное соглашение, соглашение по сырьевым товарам — commodity agreement

    торговые соглашения — commercial / trade agreements

    торговое и платёжное соглашение, соглашение о торговле и платежах — trade-and-payment agreement

    трёхстороннее соглашение — triangular / tripartite agreement

    устное соглашение — oral / parol agreement

    выполнение соглашения — execution of the convention, implementation of an agreement

    действенность / жизнеспособность соглашения — viability / force of an agreement

    нарушение соглашения — violation of an agreement, breach of a contract

    несоблюдение соглашения — noncompliance with / nonobservance of an agreement

    положения / статьи соглашения, регулирующие торговлю — enactments for the regulation of trade

    соглашение, в основе которого лежит тайный сговор (например, монополистических фирм) — collusive agreement

    соглашение, выполнение которого поддаётся проверке — verifiable agreement

    соглашение, достигнутое на основе консенсуса — consensus agreement

    соглашение, заключаемое путём обмена нотами или письмами — agreement by exchange of notes or letters

    соглашение, касающееся существа вопроса — substantive agreement

    соглашение, не требующее ратификации — agreement without the requirement of ratification

    соглашение об аннулировании долгов, моратории, сроков погашения или субсидировании процентов юр. — agreement on debt cancellation, moratorium, rescheduling or interest subsidigation

    соглашение о глубоководной разработке полезных ископаемых на дне морей и океанов — agreement on deep seabed mining

    соглашение "о двойном глобальном нуле" — a global double zero agreement

    соглашение о механизме разрешения торговых споров в арбитраже — agreement establishing an arbitration mechanism for settling commercial disputes

    соглашение о проходе войск через... — agreement on the passage of troops through...

    соглашение о 50-процентном сокращении стратегических наступательных вооружений, СНВ — agreement on 50 percent reductions in strategic offensive forces

    соглашение об установлении дипломатических отношений и обмене дипломатическими представительствами — agreement on the establishment of diplomatic relations and exchange of diplomatic representatives

    соглашение по вопросам наследования, наследственное соглашение — inheritance agreement

    соглашение, подлежащее обнародованию — public convention

    соглашение, устанавливающее модус вивенди — agreement providing for a modus vivendi

    истечение / прекращение срока действия соглашения — expiration / termination of an agreement

    страны, участвующие в данном соглашении — affected countries

    выработать текст соглашения — to draft / to draw up the text of an agreement

    2) (взаимное согласие) agreement, arrangement, understanding

    достигнуть соглашения — to reach an agreement, to come to an agreement / arrangement (on, about)

    достигнуть соглашения (по какому-л.) вопросу — to agree on / as to (smth.)

    прийти к соглашению — to come to an agreement / understanding, to arrive at an agreement / understanding

    джентльменское соглашение — gentlemen's agreement, honourable understanding

    дружеское / полюбовное соглашение — amicable arrangement

    мирное соглашение — peace / peaceful agreement

    специальное соглашение — specific / ad hoc arrangement

    устное соглашение — oral / parol / verbal agreement

    частное соглашение — private understanding, special agreement

    вопросы, по которым возможно или достигнуто соглашение — areas of agreement

    соглашение между государственными / министерскими канцеляриями — chancellery agreement

    соглашение об условиях проведения конференции / совещания / заседания — conference agreement

    по взаимному соглашению — by mutual agreement / consent

    по обычаю или соглашению — by custom or agreement

    Russian-english dctionary of diplomacy > соглашение соглашени·е

  • 52 cambio

    m.
    1 change.
    se ha producido un cambio de situación the situation has changed, there has been a change in the situation
    a las primeras de cambio at the first opportunity
    cambio de domicilio change of address
    cambio horario = putting clocks back or forward one hour (bianual)
    cambio de gobierno change of government
    2 exchange (intercambio).
    a cambio (de) in exchange o return (for)
    no pido nada a cambio I'm not asking for anything back o in return
    3 change (monedas).
    nos hemos quedado sin cambio(s) we're out of change
    ¿tiene cambio de cinco mil? have you got change of o for five thousand?
    quédese con el cambio keep the change
    5 substitution, change (sport) (sustitución).
    hacer un cambio to make a substitution o change
    pres.indicat.
    1st person singular (yo) present indicative of spanish verb: cambiar.
    * * *
    1 change, changing
    2 (intercambio) exchange, exchanging
    3 (dinero suelto) change, loose change; (vuelta) change
    ■ ¿me puedes dar cambio de cien euros? can you change a hundred euros?
    4 (acciones) price, quotation; (divisas) exchange rate
    5 (tren) switch
    6 AUTOMÓVIL gear change
    \
    a cambio de in exchange for
    a las primeras de cambio figurado at the first opportunity
    en cambio on the other hand, but, whereas
    ■ tú no puedes cantar, en cambio él sí you can't sing, but he can
    cambio automático AUTOMÓVIL automatic transmission
    cambio de la guardia changing of the guard
    cambio de marchas (acción) gear change 2 (caja) gearbox
    cambio de planes change of plans
    casa de cambio bureau de change
    libre cambio free trade
    * * *
    noun m.
    3) exchange, swap
    •
    - en cambio
    * * *
    SM
    1) (=variación) change

    • necesito un cambio de aires — I need a change of scene

    • siempre nos veíamos durante el cambio de clase — we always used to meet in the break between classes

    • un cambio para mejor/peor — a change for the better/worse

    cambio de agujas — (Ferro) points junction, switch junction (EEUU)

    cambio de gobierno — [completo] change of government; [parcial] reshuffle

    cambio de línea — (Inform) line feed

    cambio de marchas — (=acción) gear change; (=mecanismo) gear stick, gearshift (EEUU)

    cambio de opinión — change of opinion, turn in opinion

    cambio de página — (Inform) form feed

    cambio de rasante, prohibido adelantar en un cambio de rasante — no overtaking on the brow of a hill

    cambio de tercio — (Taur) change of stage ( in a bullfight)

    cambio de velocidades — = cambio de marchas

    cambio de vía — (Ferro) points pl, switches pl (EEUU)

    2) (=intercambio) exchange, swap *

    hicimos un cambio de coche — we exchanged cars, we swapped cars *

    3) (Econ)
    a) (=dinero suelto) change

    ¿tienes cambio de 50 euros? — do you have change for 50 euros?, can you change 50 euros?

    b) [de moneda extranjera] (=tipo) exchange rate

    Cambio — Bureau de Change, Change

    4)

    • a cambio — in return, in exchange

    "admitimos su coche usado a cambio" — "cars taken in part exchange", "trade-ins accepted"

    • a cambio de — in return for, in exchange for

    reclamaba dinero a cambio de su silencio — he demanded money in return o exchange for keeping quiet (about it)

    5)

    • en cambio — whereas

    yo nunca llego a tiempo, en cambio ella es muy puntual — I never arrive on time, whereas she is very punctual

    ¿pero qué ha sucedido en cambio? — but instead, what has happened?

    * * *
    1)
    a) (alteración, modificación) change

    cambio de algo — <de planes/domicilio> change of something

    un cambio de aires or ambiente — a change of scene

    a la primera de cambio — (fam) at the first opportunity

    b) (Auto) gearshift (AmE), gear change (BrE)

    meta el cambio — (AmL) put it in gear

    un coche con cinco cambios — (AmL) a car with a five-speed gearbox

    2)
    a) ( canje) exchange

    a cambio (de) — in exchange (for), in return (for)

    en cambio: a él le gusta a mí en cambio no he likes it but I don't; el autobús es agotador, en cambio el tren es muy agradable — the bus is exhausting; the train however o on the other hand is very pleasant

    3)
    a) (Fin) ( de moneda extranjera) exchange

    ¿a cómo está el cambio? — what's the exchange rate?

    cambio — bureau de change, change

    al cambio del día — at the current exchange rate; libre I 1)

    b) ( diferencia) change
    c) ( dinero suelto) change

    ¿tienes cambio de mil? — can you change a thousand pesetas?

    * * *
    1)
    a) (alteración, modificación) change

    cambio de algo — <de planes/domicilio> change of something

    un cambio de aires or ambiente — a change of scene

    a la primera de cambio — (fam) at the first opportunity

    b) (Auto) gearshift (AmE), gear change (BrE)

    meta el cambio — (AmL) put it in gear

    un coche con cinco cambios — (AmL) a car with a five-speed gearbox

    2)
    a) ( canje) exchange

    a cambio (de) — in exchange (for), in return (for)

    en cambio: a él le gusta a mí en cambio no he likes it but I don't; el autobús es agotador, en cambio el tren es muy agradable — the bus is exhausting; the train however o on the other hand is very pleasant

    3)
    a) (Fin) ( de moneda extranjera) exchange

    ¿a cómo está el cambio? — what's the exchange rate?

    cambio — bureau de change, change

    al cambio del día — at the current exchange rate; libre I 1)

    b) ( diferencia) change
    c) ( dinero suelto) change

    ¿tienes cambio de mil? — can you change a thousand pesetas?

    * * *
    cambio1
    1 = adaptive response, alteration, change, editing, modulation, move, recasting, redesign, rotation, shift, transfer, transformation, changeover [change-over], disturbance, mutation, permeability, reformation, switchover, reverse, shift away from, shifting, changing of the guard, swing, bartering, switch, switching, change.

    Ex: It is too early to assess the success of the adaptive responses which have been instituted in most SLIS.

    Ex: A musical adaptation is a musical work that represents a distinct alteration of another work (e.g. a free transcription), a work that paraphrases parts of various works or the general style of another composer, or a work that is merely based on other music (e.g. variations on a them).
    Ex: These changes have meant modifications, some very time-consuming, to serials catalogues in libraries.
    Ex: To ensure further that all the index entries generated by chain procedure are indeed helpful, the initial analysis of the chain may require editing.
    Ex: There is little modulation, whole steps of division being short-circuited and an odd assembly of terms being frequently found: e.g.: LAW see also JURY, JUDGES.
    Ex: Better flexibility is achieved if the heating, ventilation and lighting can accommodate this move without the need for any alterations.
    Ex: This kind of large-scale recasting offers an opportunity for the scheme to go forward rather than stagnate until it is completely taken by events.
    Ex: This action was the redesign of the enquiry form in order to elicit more information from the enquirer.
    Ex: The entries that result from the rotation mechanism have standard layout, punctuation and typography, all of which have been pre-programmed.
    Ex: Transitory circumstances of daily life are what cause these shifts.
    Ex: When the record transfer is complete, the catalog summary screen is shown for the new record so that the user can review and update it.
    Ex: Hungary faces far-reaching socio-economic transformation which will inevitably affect libraries as well.
    Ex: The changeover has resulted in more rapid machine-editing of input and reduced costs for cataloguing.
    Ex: A centralised system was chosen to ensure speedy receipt and dissemination with minimal disturbances.
    Ex: The very meanings of words like 'library' and 'university' are about to undergo mutations too radical to conceive, much less predict = Los significados mismos de palabras como "biblioteca" y "universidad" están a punto de experimentar cambios demasiado radicales de concevir y cuanto mucho menos de predecir.
    Ex: There is greater permeability than before between different types of library at the start of a career but, once settled in a post, fewer librarians than before change from one type of library to another.
    Ex: The author presents suggestions for the reformation of medical library education.
    Ex: The transition date for the switchover is 1 Oct 2000.
    Ex: Moreover, we conclude that the process of placing a feminist stamp on working relations is both far from complete and subject to reverses.
    Ex: This article discusses the effects of changes in the economy on the distribution of work in libraries which indicate a shift away from its female origins.
    Ex: This article considers the use of a spreadsheet in the shifting of periodicals collections in order to save time.
    Ex: The recent reorganization has resulted in a merger of the academic and public divisions and a changing of the guard among the company's top officials.
    Ex: The addition of new feedback techniques produced a significant swing in favour of the application.
    Ex: Holdings will become increasingly important as a bartering tool to gain additional access benefits.
    Ex: Office automation have brought about a switch to a paperless office.
    Ex: These 'spuriously loyal' customers are not willing to churn just because of switching costs.
    Ex: Most libraries maintain a small cash float for the giving of change and, in addition, money/ is received in payment of fines.
    * a cambio = in return.
    * a cambio de = in exchange for, in return for.
    * a cambio de nada = for nothing.
    * aceptar el cambio = embrace + change.
    * aceptar un cambio = accommodate + change.
    * adaptarse al cambio = accommodate to + change, adapt to + change.
    * adaptarse a los cambios = flow with + the tides.
    * adoptar un cambio = adopt + change, accommodate + change.
    * agente de cambio = agent of(for) change, force for change, force of change.
    * agente del cambio = change agent.
    * aires de cambio = wind(s) of change, the, seas of change, the.
    * cambio a = flight to.
    * cambio brusco = revulsion, flip-flop.
    * cambio brusco de velocidad del viento = wind shear.
    * cambio climático = climate change, climatic change.
    * cambio cualitativo = step change, qualitative change.
    * cambio cuantitativo = quantitative change.
    * cambio cultural = cultural change.
    * cambio de actitud = change in attitude, change of heart.
    * cambio de aires = change of scenery, change of air and scene, change of air, change of scene, greener pastures, pastures new.
    * cambio de ambiente = change of scenery, change of air and scene, change of air, change of scene.
    * cambio de aspecto = lick of paint.
    * cambio de ciudadanía = change of citizenship.
    * cambio de dirección = change of hands.
    * cambio de dueño = change of hands.
    * cambio de énfasis = shift of emphasis, shift in emphasis.
    * cambio de entorno = change of scenery, change of air and scene, change of air, change of scene.
    * cambio de hora estacional = daylight saving time.
    * cambio de idea = change of heart, change of mind.
    * cambio de imagen = makeover [make-over], makeover [make-over].
    * cambio de instalación eléctrica = rewiring.
    * cambio de la guardia = changing of the guard.
    * cambio de look = lick of paint.
    * cambio de lugar = relocation.
    * cambio de manos = change of hands.
    * cambio de mirada = gaze-shift.
    * cambio demográfico = population trend.
    * cambio de nacionalidad = change of citizenship.
    * cambio de nombre = rebranding.
    * cambio de opinión = change of heart, change of mind.
    * cambio de orientación = paradigm change, paradigm shift.
    * cambio de paradigma = paradigm change, paradigm shift.
    * cambio de parecer = change of heart, change of mind.
    * cambio de procedimiento = procedural change.
    * cambio de propietario = change of hands.
    * cambio de proveedor = churn.
    * cambio de registro = code switching.
    * cambio de residencia = resettlement.
    * cambio de servicio = churn.
    * cambio de sexo = sex change.
    * cambio de título = title change.
    * cambio escénico = scene changing.
    * cambio estacional = seasonal change.
    * cambio hormonal = hormonal change.
    * cambio inesperado = twist.
    * cambio institucional = institutional change.
    * cambio metereológico = weather modification.
    * cambio + ocurrir = change + take place.
    * cambio + producirse = change + come about.
    * cambio profundo = profound change.
    * cambio radical = revulsion, sea change, radical change.
    * cambio radical de postura = about-face.
    * cambio revolucionario = revolutionary change.
    * cambios = second thoughts, ebb and flow.
    * cambio social = social change, societal change.
    * cambio + suceder = change + take place.
    * cambio + tener lugar = change + take place.
    * cambio total = turnabout [turn-about], turnaround.
    * cambio transformador = transformative change, transforming change.
    * cambio traumático = traumatic change.
    * cambio vertiginoso = spiral of change.
    * clima de cambio = climate of change.
    * efectuar cambios = wreak + changes.
    * efectuar un cambio = effect + change.
    * elemento de cambio = agent of(for) change.
    * en cambio = by contrast, in contrast, instead, shifting, by comparison.
    * en constante cambio = ever-changing [ever changing], ever-fluid, on the move, fast changing [fast-changing], ever-shifting.
    * en continuo cambio = constantly shifting, ever-changing [ever changing], ever-shifting.
    * en estado de cambio = in a state of flux.
    * enfrentarse a los cambios = cope with + change.
    * en proceso de cambio = changing.
    * estado de cambio = state of flux.
    * estar en estado de cambio = be in flux.
    * estar en proceso de cambio = be in flux.
    * estar sujeto a cambios = be written in sand, not stone, be subject to change.
    * experimentar un cambio = bring about + change, undergo + modification, undergo + change, undergo + transition.
    * experimentar un cambio + Adjetivo = take + a + Adjetivo + turn.
    * hacer cambios en la búsqueda = renegotiate + search.
    * hacer cambios indebidamente = tamper (with).
    * hacer el cambio = make + the change.
    * hacer frente al cambio = manage + change.
    * hacer frente a un cambio = meet + change.
    * hacer un cambio = make + change.
    * impulsor del cambio = driver of change.
    * introducir un cambio = bring + change.
    * libre cambio = laissez-faire.
    * línea internacional de cambio de fecha, la = International Date Line, the.
    * lograr un cambio = accomplish + change.
    * los constantes cambios de = the changing face of, the changing nature of.
    * momento clave del cambio = tipping point.
    * moneda de cambio = bargaining chip.
    * mostrar por medio de cambio de intensidad en el brillo = flash up.
    * motor del cambio = driver of change.
    * no hacer ningún cambio = stand + pat.
    * no sufrir cambios = remain + normal.
    * ocasionar un cambio = bring about + change, trigger + change.
    * operación de cambio de sexo = sex-change surgery, sex-change operation.
    * permanecer sin cambios = remain + unchanged.
    * proceso de cambio = process of change.
    * producir un cambio = effect + change, produce + change, trigger + change.
    * provocar cambios = wreak + changes.
    * provocar un cambio = bring about + change.
    * reacio al cambio = resistant to change.
    * realizar un cambio = make + alteration, implement + change.
    * repercusiones del cambio = impact of change.
    * resistente al cambio = resistant to change.
    * ritmo del cambio = rate of change, pace of change.
    * ser susceptible de cambios = be subject to change.
    * sin cambio = inviolate.
    * sin cambios = monotone, stable, undisturbed, unchanged, unmodified, unaltered, unedited.
    * subsidio para cambio de residencia = resettlement allowance.
    * suceder un cambio = occur + change.
    * sucesión de cambios bruscos = roller coaster ride, roller coaster.
    * sufrir un cambio = experience + change, undergo + change.
    * suponer un cambio = bring about + change.
    * trabajar a cambio de nada = work for + nothing.

    cambio2

    Ex: Forget climate change, voters want more loose change.

    * bolsa de cambio = stock exchange.
    * cambio de divisas = currency rate, currency exchange.
    * cambio de moneda = exchange rate, foreign exchange, currency exchange rate, market rate of exchange, foreign exchange rate, currency rate, rate of exchange, currency exchange.
    * letra de cambio = bill of exchange.
    * oficina de cambio = exchange office, currency exchange bureau, exchange bureau.
    * tipo de cambio = exchange rate, rate of exchange.
    * variación de los tipos de cambio = exchange rate change.

    cambio3
    3 = gear, derailleur.

    Ex: Their products were charming and much less expensive than American clockwork toys because they used tinplate gears rather than brass.

    Ex: There is a front and a rear derailleur on most modern bikes.
    * palanca de cambio = shifter.

    * * *
    A
    1 (alteración, modificación) change
    el cambio que ha tenido lugar en él the change he has undergone
    cambio DE algo:
    un brusco cambio de temperatura a sudden change in temperature
    lo que tú necesitas es un cambio de aires or ambiente what you need is a change of scene
    ha habido un cambio de planes there's been a change of plan
    una operación de cambio de sexo a sex-change operation
    a la primera de cambio ( fam); at the first opportunity, the first thing you know ( colloq)
    2 ( Auto) gearshift ( AmE), gear change ( BrE)
    hacer un cambio to change gear
    meta el cambio ( AmL); put it in gear
    un coche con cinco cambios ( AmL); a car with a five-speed gearbox
    Compuestos:
    climate change
    change of address
    scene change
    change of guard, changing of the guard
    audible
    (dispositivo) transmission ( AmE), gearbox ( BrE); (acción) gearshift ( AmE), gear change ( BrE)
    automatic gearshift ( AmE) o ( BrE) gearbox
    manual gearshift ( AmE) o ( BrE) gearbox
    brow of a hill
    audible
    ( Auto) junction
    switch ( AmE), points (pl) ( BrE)
    B
    1 (canje) exchange
    creo que has salido perdiendo con el cambio I think you've lost out in the deal
    [ S ] no se admiten cambios ni devoluciones goods cannot be exchanged or returned
    2 ( en locs):
    a cambio in exchange, in return
    a cambio de in exchange for, in return for
    estoy dispuesto a hacerlo a cambio de un pequeño favor I'm prepared to do it in exchange o in return for a small favor
    daría cualquier cosa a cambio de un poco de paz I'd do anything for a bit of peace
    en cambio: a él le parece espléndido; a mí, en cambio, no me gusta he thinks it's wonderful, but personally I don't like it
    el viaje en autobús es agotador, en cambio irse en tren es muy agradable the bus journey is exhausting whereas o but if you go by train it's very pleasant, the bus journey is exhausting; if you go by train, however o on the other hand, it is very pleasant
    C
    cambio de divisas foreign exchange
    ¿a cómo está el cambio? what's the exchange rate?
    [ S ] cambio bureau de change, change
    al cambio del día at the current exchange rate
    libre1 (↑ libre (1))
    2 (diferencia) change
    quédese con el cambio keep the change
    me ha dado mal el cambio he's given me the wrong change
    ¿tienes cambio de diez? can you change ten euros?
    necesito cambio para el teléfono I need some change for the telephone
    Compuestos:
    daily exchange rate o rate of exchange
    foreign exchange
    * * *

     

    Del verbo cambiar: ( conjugate cambiar)

    cambio es:

    1ª persona singular (yo) presente indicativo

    cambió es:

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) pretérito indicativo

    Multiple Entries:
    cambiar    
    cambio
    cambiar ( conjugate cambiar) verbo transitivo
    1
    a) (alterar, modificar) ‹horario/imagen/persona› to change

    b) (de lugar, posición):


    cambié las flores de florero I put the flowers in a different vase
    c) ( reemplazar) ‹pieza/fecha/sábanas› to change;


    cambiole el nombre a algo to change the name of sth
    d) ‹niño/bebé› to change

    e) (Fin) to change;

    cambié 100 libras a or (Esp) en dólares I changed 100 pounds into dollars
    2 ( canjear) ‹sellos/estampas› to swap, to trade (esp AmE);
    cambio algo por algo ‹sellos/estampas› to swap o (esp AmE) trade sth for sth;
    ‹ compra› to exchange o change sth for sth;
    ◊ ¿quieres que te cambie el lugar? do you want me to swap o change places with you?

    verbo intransitivo
    a) [ciudad/persona] to change;


    le está cambiando la voz his voice is breaking
    b) (Auto) to change gear


    ◊ cambio de avión/tren to change planes/train

    d) cambio de algo ‹de tema/canal/color› to change sth;


    cambio de sentido to make (AmE) o (BrE) do a U-turn
    cambiarse verbo pronominal

    b) ( refl) ‹camisa/nombre/peinado› to change;

    cambiose de algo ‹de camisa/zapatos› to change sth;

    cambiose de casa to move house;
    cámbiate de camisa change your shirt
    c) cambiose por algn to change places with sb

    d) ( recípr) ‹sellos/estampas› to swap, to trade (esp AmE)


    cambio sustantivo masculino
    1

    cambio de algo ‹de planes/domicilio› change of sth;
    un cambio de aire(s) or ambiente a change of scene
    b) (Auto) gearshift (AmE), gear change (BrE);


    cambio de sentido U-turn
    2

    ( on signs) no se admiten cambios goods cannot be exchanged
    b) ( en locs)


    en cambio: el viaje en autobús es agotador, en cambio en tren es muy agradable the bus journey is exhausting;

    by train however o on the other hand is very pleasant
    3


    ¿a cómo está el cambio? what's the exchange rate?;

    ( on signs) cambio bureau de change, change



    cambiar
    I verbo transitivo
    1 to change
    2 (cromos, etc) to swap, (en un comercio) exchange
    3 (un tipo de moneda por otro) to change
    II verbo intransitivo to change
    cambiar de casa, to move (house)
    cambiar de idea, to change one's mind
    cambiar de sitio, to move
    cambiar de trabajo, to get another job
    cambiar de velocidad, to change gear
    cambio sustantivo masculino
    1 change
    (de opinión) shift
    un cambio de impresiones, an exchange of opinions
    2 (del dinero) change: ¿tienes cambio de cinco mil?, have you got change for five thousand?
    3 Fin (de la moneda extranjera) exchange
    (de unas acciones) price
    4 Auto gear change
    cambio automático, automatic transmission
    cambio de rasante, brow of a hill
    ♦ Locuciones: a cambio de, in exchange for
    a las primeras de cambio, at the firsl opportunity
    en cambio, on the other hand: él es muy engreído, en cambio ella es muy dulce, he's really conceited; on the other hand she is very sweet
    ' cambio' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    abrupta
    - abrupto
    - aguantar
    - aire
    - alteración
    - apreciarse
    - benéfica
    - benéfico
    - biombo
    - brutal
    - desplazamiento
    - experimentar
    - girar
    - imponerse
    - inflexión
    - letra
    - oscilación
    - por
    - primera
    - primero
    - radical
    - semblante
    - sensible
    - tipo
    - vaivén
    - viraje
    - vuelta
    - acelerar
    - acentuado
    - apreciable
    - apresurar
    - brusco
    - cambiar
    - cara
    - cerrado
    - efectuar
    - feria
    - guardia
    - idea
    - importante
    - inevitable
    - lado
    - libre
    - nuevo
    - observar
    - operar
    - opinión
    - producir
    - quedar
    - rápido
    English:
    abrupt
    - adjustment
    - alarmed
    - alteration
    - bare
    - better
    - change
    - chapter
    - conversely
    - department
    - displacement
    - distinct
    - draft
    - dramatic
    - dramatically
    - drastic
    - euro
    - exchange
    - exchange rate
    - fall
    - float
    - gearshift
    - gearstick
    - instead
    - intend
    - into
    - likely
    - major
    - make
    - modification
    - occur
    - protection money
    - rate
    - refreshing
    - refreshingly
    - return
    - reversal
    - round
    - sex change
    - shift
    - short-change
    - slight
    - small change
    - subject
    - substantial
    - sudden
    - swap for
    - sweep
    - sweeping
    - swing
    * * *
    ♦ nm
    1. [alteración, modificación] change;
    vivimos una época de grandes cambios we live in times of great change;
    cambio de actitud change in attitude;
    cambio de gobierno change of government;
    cambio radical turnabout, turnround;
    cambio de tiempo change in the weather;
    ha ganado con el cambio de trabajo he has benefited from changing jobs;
    con el cambio de política hemos perdido todos we have all lost out as a result of the change in policy;
    se ha producido un cambio de situación the situation has changed, there has been a change in the situation;
    el cambio al sistema métrico ha sido muy sencillo the changeover to the metric system has been very straightforward;
    tu hijo ha pegado un cambio tremendo your son has really changed;
    a las primeras de cambio at the first opportunity;
    abandonó la carrera a las primeras de cambio she dropped out of the race almost as soon as it had started o shortly after it had started;
    cayeron eliminados a las primeras de cambio they fell at the first hurdle
    cambio climático climate change; Ling cambio de código code switching;
    cambio de domicilio change of address;
    cambio de escena Teatro scene change;
    Fig change of scene;
    cambio generacional: [m5] el partido necesita un cambio generacional urgente the party is in urgent need of a new generation of leaders;
    este joven pintor es un ejemplo del cambio generacional en marcha this young man is one of the new generation of painters who are coming to dominate the artistic scene;
    cambio de guardia [ceremonia] changing of the guard;
    cambio horario [bianual] = putting clocks back or forward one hour;
    cambio hormonal hormonal change;
    cambio de imagen image change;
    el cambio de milenio the end of the millennium;
    cambio de rasante brow of a hill;
    cambio de sexo sex change;
    Der cambio de tribunal change of venue; Ferroc cambio de vía Br points, US switch
    2. [reemplazo, trueque] exchange;
    (oficina de) cambio [en letrero] Br bureau de change, US foreign-exchange bureau;
    durante las rebajas no se admiten cambios while the sales are on, goods may not be exchanged;
    a cambio (de) in exchange o return (for);
    no pido nada a cambio I'm not asking for anything back o in return;
    se admite su vieja lavadora a cambio we will take your old washing machine in part exchange;
    te dejo el coche a cambio de que lo laves I'll let you use my car if you wash it for me
    Aut cambio de aceite oil change;
    cambio de impresiones exchange of views;
    Quím cambio iónico ion exchange;
    cambio de papeles role reversal
    3. [monedas, billetes] change;
    ¿tiene cambio? have you got any change?;
    ¿tiene cambio de 5.000? have you got change for o Br of 5,000?;
    nos hemos quedado sin cambio(s) we're out of change;
    quédese con el cambio keep the change;
    me ha dado el cambio incorrecto she gave me the wrong change
    4. Fin [de acciones] price;
    [de divisas] exchange rate;
    ha bajado el cambio del peso the (exchange rate of the) peso has fallen;
    los valores eléctricos han mantenido el cambio share prices in the electricity companies have remained steady;
    ¿a cuánto está el cambio de la libra? what's the exchange rate for the pound?
    cambio base base rate;
    cambio extranjero foreign exchange;
    cambio medio average exchange rate;
    cambio oficial official exchange rate
    5. Aut
    el cambio es muy duro the gears are rather stiff
    cambio automático automatic transmission;
    cambio de marchas [acción] gear change;
    [palanca] Br gear stick, US gear shift;
    cambio sincronizado [en bicicleta] indexed gear;
    cambio de velocidades [acción] gear change;
    [palanca] Br gear stick, US gear shift
    6. Dep [sustitución] substitution, change;
    hacer un cambio to make a substitution o change;
    el equipo visitante ha pedido (hacer un) cambio the away team want to make a substitution o change;
    el jugador lesionado pidió el cambio al entrenador the injured player signalled to the manager that he wanted to come off
    ♦ interj
    Rad
    ¡cambio (y corto)! over!;
    ¡cambio y cierro! over and out!
    ♦ en cambio loc adv
    [por otra parte] on the other hand, however; [en su lugar] instead;
    ellos no pueden ayudarnos, en cambio tú sí they can't help us, but o whereas you can;
    éste me gusta, en cambio este otro es feo I like this one, but this other one is horrible
    * * *
    m
    1 change;
    cambio de domicilio change of address;
    cambio de aires change of scene;
    cambio de turno change of shift;
    cambio de aceite AUTO oil change;
    ¡cambio! al hablar por radio over!
    2 COM exchange rate;
    el cambio del día the day’s (exchange) rate;
    libre cambio COM free trade
    3 ( suelto)
    :
    ¿tiene cambio? do you have change?
    4
    :
    no se admiten cambios goods will not be exchanged
    :
    a cambio de in exchange for;
    en cambio on the other hand
    * * *
    cambio nm
    1) : change, alteration
    2) : exchange
    3) : change (money)
    4)
    en cambio : instead
    5)
    en cambio : however, on the other hand
    * * *
    1. (en general) change
    ¿tienes cambio? have you got any change?
    2. (divisas) exchange rate

    Spanish-English dictionary > cambio

  • 53 sobre

    prep.
    1 on, above, on top of, onto.
    Un libro sobre el cáncer de pulmón A book on lung cancer...
    2 on, about, over, referring to.
    3 on.
    Un libro sobre el cáncer de pulmón A book on lung cancer...
    m.
    envelope.
    pres.subj.
    3rd person singular (él/ella/ello) Present Subjunctive of Spanish verb: sobrar.
    * * *
    1 (encima) on, upon, on top of
    2 (por encima) over, above
    3 (acerca de) about, on
    4 (alrededor de) about, around
    1 (de correo) envelope
    2 (de sopa etc) packet
    \
    irse al sobre familiar to hit the sack
    sobre manera exceedingly
    sobre todo above all, especially
    * * *
    1. noun m. 2. prep.
    1) on, upon, on top of
    2) over
    •
    * * *
    I
    SM
    1) [para cartas] envelope

    sobre de paga, sobre de pago — pay packet

    2) ** (=cama) bed

    meterse en el sobre — to hit the sack *, hit the hay *

    3) LAm (=cartera) handbag
    II
    PREP
    1) (=encima de) on

    tengo que estar sobre él para que lo haga — I have to stand over him to make him do it, I have to keep a constant watch over him to make sure he does it

    2) (=por encima de)
    a) [+ lugar] over
    b) [con cantidades] above

    500 metros sobre el nivel del mar — 500 metres o (EEUU) meters above sea level

    3) [indicando superioridad] over
    4) [indicando proporción] out of, in

    tres sobre cien — three out of every hundred, three in a hundred

    cuatro personas sobre diez no votarían — four out of ten people would not vote, four in every ten people would not vote

    5) (Econ) on
    6) (=aproximadamente) about

    ocupa sobre 20 páginas — it fills about 20 pages, it occupies roughly 20 pages

    7) (=acerca de) about, on
    8) (=además de) in addition to, on top of
    9)

    sobre todo — (=en primer lugar) above all; (=especialmente) especially

    sobre todo, no perdamos la calma — above all, let's keep calm

    * * *
    I
    1)
    a) (Corresp) envelope

    sobre aéreo or (de) vía aérea — airmail envelope

    b) ( envase)

    un sobre de sopa — a package of soup (AmE), a packet of soup (BrE)

    2) (AmL) ( cartera) clutch bag
    II
    b) ( sin contacto) over

    4.000 metros sobre el nivel del mar — 4,000 meters above sea level

    estar sobre alguien — ( vigilar) to check up on somebody

    c) ( alrededor de) on
    3)
    a) (en relaciones de efecto, derivación, etc) on
    b) (Com, Fin) on

    un incremento del 11% sobre los precios del año pasado — an increase of 11% on o over last year's prices

    4) ( acerca de) on

    legislación sobre impuestos — tax legislation, legislation on taxes

    escribió sobre el espinoso tema de... — she wrote on o about the thorny topic of...

    5) (Esp) (con cantidades, fechas, horas) around, about (BrE)

    sobre unos 70 kilos — around o about 70 kilos

    6)
    * * *
    I
    1)
    a) (Corresp) envelope

    sobre aéreo or (de) vía aérea — airmail envelope

    b) ( envase)

    un sobre de sopa — a package of soup (AmE), a packet of soup (BrE)

    2) (AmL) ( cartera) clutch bag
    II
    b) ( sin contacto) over

    4.000 metros sobre el nivel del mar — 4,000 meters above sea level

    estar sobre alguien — ( vigilar) to check up on somebody

    c) ( alrededor de) on
    3)
    a) (en relaciones de efecto, derivación, etc) on
    b) (Com, Fin) on

    un incremento del 11% sobre los precios del año pasado — an increase of 11% on o over last year's prices

    4) ( acerca de) on

    legislación sobre impuestos — tax legislation, legislation on taxes

    escribió sobre el espinoso tema de... — she wrote on o about the thorny topic of...

    5) (Esp) (con cantidades, fechas, horas) around, about (BrE)

    sobre unos 70 kilos — around o about 70 kilos

    6)
    * * *
    sobre1

    Ex: A jacket or sleeve is a protective envelope for a sound disc, made of cardboard or paper.

    * licencia en sobre hermético = shrink-wrap licence [shrinkwrap licence], shrink-wrapped licence [shrinkwrapped licence].
    * poner la dirección en un sobre = address + envelope.
    * sobre acolchado = jiffy bag.
    * sobre acolchado con burbujas de plástico = bubble bag.
    * sobre para el control del préstamo = slip holder pocket.
    * sopa de sobre = instant soup, packet soup.

    sobre2
    = about, on, on top of, onto, over, surrounding, the way in which, upon, atop.

    Ex: His report contains sufficient information about a set of events and the people involved to allow for careful, systematic investigation.

    Ex: Efforts are being made in the direction of an international consensus on the definition and treatment of corporate authorship.
    Ex: Cards are superimposed, one on top of another, and carefully aligned.
    Ex: When one is in place, the depression of a lever causes it to be photographed onto the next blank space.
    Ex: The conventional name of a government is the geographic name of the area over which the government has jurisdiction.
    Ex: This section, then, will review the basic problems surrounding the choice of form of headings for persons.
    Ex: Recommendations relating to analytical cataloguing practices concern themselves primarily with the way in which the part of a document or work to be accessed is described.
    Ex: Taube's original system relied upon 'uniterms' or one concept terms.
    Ex: In Paris, the liberty cap atop the pike became an important icon aimed against the fading tyranny of the ancien regime.
    * sobre ascuas = in suspense.
    * sobre base de arena = sand-based.
    * sobre + Cantidad = around + Cantidad.
    * sobre disco = ondisc.
    * sobre el automóvil = automotive.
    * sobre ello = thereupon [thereon].
    * sobre el papel = in intent, nominally.
    * sobre el que se están haciendo averiguaciones = under investigation.
    * sobre el terreno = on the ground.
    * sobre esta base = on this basis, on that basis.
    * a partir de esto = on that basis.
    * sobre forro de tela = cloth-backed.
    * sobre la base de = in relation to, on the usual basis.
    * sobre la comedia = comedic.
    * sobre la marcha = on-the-fly, off the top of + Posesivo + head, right off the bat, spur-of-the-moment, on the spur of the moment, while-you-wait [while-u-wait], straight away, as you go, right away, at once.
    * sobre la superficie = above ground.
    * sobre la tierra = on earth, on the face of the earth, on the ground.
    * sobre los glaciares = glaciological.
    * sobre museos = museum-based.
    * sobre ruedas = on wheels, roll-out, without a hitch.
    * sobre suelo firme = on firm footing.
    * sobre todas las cosas = above all things.
    * sobre todo = above all, above everything else, overwhelmingly, in particular, above all things.
    * Verbo + sobre todo = Verbo + the most.
    * y sobre todo = and worst of all.

    * * *
    A
    1 ( Corresp) envelope
    sobre aéreo or (de) vía aérea airmail envelope
    sobre de ventanilla window envelope
    2
    (envase): un sobre de sopa a package of soup ( AmE), a packet of soup ( BrE)
    un sobre or sobrecito de vitamina C a pack of Vitamin C ( AmE), a sachet of Vitamin C ( BrE)
    B ( arg)
    (cama): el sobre the sack ( colloq)
    irse al sobre to hit the sack o the hay ( colloq)
    C ( AmL) (cartera) clutch bag
    1
    (cuando hay contacto): lo dejé sobre la mesa I left it on the table
    los fue poniendo uno sobre otro she placed them one on top of the other
    vestía chaqueta a or de cuadros sobre una camisa blanca he wore a checked jacket over a white shirt
    letras en azul sobre un fondo blanco blue letters on o upon a white background
    la lluvia que cayó sobre Quito the rain that fell on Quito
    la población está sobre el Paraná the town is on the Paraná river
    se abalanzaron sobre él they leapt on him
    estamos sobre su pista we're on their trail
    volaremos sobre Santiago we shall be flying over Santiago
    se inclinó sobre su lecho de enfermo she leaned o bent over his sick bed
    en el techo justo sobre la mesa on the ceiling right above o over the table
    4.000 metros sobre el nivel del mar 4,000 meters above sea level
    estar sobre algn to check up on sb
    está constantemente sobre ella para que estudie he has to keep checking up on her to make sure she studies
    gira sobre su eje it spins on its axis
    4 ( Mat):
    X/y (en ecuaciones) (read as: x sobre y) X/y (léase: x over y)
    18/20 (calificación) (read as: 18 sobre 20) 18/20 (léase: 18 out of 20)
    B
    (en relaciones de jerarquía): sobre estos representantes tenemos al jefe de zona above these representatives we have the area head
    su victoria sobre el equipo local their victory over the local team
    amar a Dios sobre todas las cosas love God above all else
    C
    1 (en relaciones de efecto, derivación, etc) on
    han tenido mucha influencia sobre él they have had a great influence on him
    una opereta sobre libreto de Sierra an operetta with libretto by Sierra
    2 ( Com, Fin) on
    un incremento del 11% sobre los precios del año pasado an increase of 11% on o over last year's prices
    la hipoteca que pesa sobre la casa the mortgage on the house
    prestan dinero sobre alhajas they lend money on jewelry
    cheque sobre Buenos Aires check payable in Buenos Aires
    cheque girado sobre el Banco de Córdoba check drawn on the Banco de Córdoba
    legislación sobre impuestos tax legislation, legislation on taxes
    existen muchos libros sobre el tema there are many books on the subject
    escribió sobre el espinoso tema de … she wrote on o about the thorny topic of …
    E
    1
    (próximo a): el ejército está sobre la ciudad the army is at the gates of the city
    llegué muy sobre la hora ( AmS); I only arrived a short time beforehand
    2 ( Esp) (con cantidades, fechas, horas) around, about ( BrE)
    debe pesar sobre los 70 kilos he must weigh around o about 70 kilos
    F
    sobre todo above all
    tuvo mucho éxito, sobre todo entre la juventud it was very successful, above all o particularly o especially among young people
    aumentan las presiones políticas, sociales y, sobre todo, económicas the political, social and, above all, economic pressures are growing
    * * *

     

    Del verbo sobrar: ( conjugate sobrar)

    sobré es:

    1ª persona singular (yo) pretérito indicativo

    sobre es:

    1ª persona singular (yo) presente subjuntivo

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) presente subjuntivo

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) imperativo

    Multiple Entries:
    sobrar    
    sobre    
    sobre-
    sobrar ( conjugate sobrar) verbo intransitivo
    a) (quedar, restar):


    ¿te ha sobrado dinero? do you have any money left?

    ◊ ya veo que sobro aquí I can see I'm not wanted/needed here;

    a mí no me sobra el dinero I don't have money to throw around (colloq);
    sobra un cubierto there's an extra place
    sobre sustantivo masculino
    1 (Corresp) envelope
    2 (AmL) ( cartera) clutch bag
    ■ preposición
    1 ( indicando posición)
    a) ( encima de) on;


    los puso uno sobre otro she placed them one on top of the other;
    estamos sobre su pista we're on their trail


    en el techo, justo sobre la mesa on the ceiling right above o over the table;
    4.000 metros sobre el nivel del mar 4,000 meters above sea level
    c) ( alrededor de) on;


    2 ( en relaciones de jerarquía):

    3 ( acerca de) on;
    ◊ hay muchos libros sobre el tema there are many books on o about the subject

    4 (Esp) (con cantidades, fechas, horas) around, about (BrE);
    ◊ sobre unos 70 kilos around o about 70 kilos

    5

    sobrar verbo intransitivo
    1 (quedar) to be left (over): si sobra tela hago un cojín, if there's any fabric left, I'll make a cushion
    2 (haber en exceso) to be more than enough: nos sobra espacio para ponerlo, we have plenty of room to put it
    3 (estar de más, ser innecesario) su marido sobraba en aquella reunión, her husband wasn't wanted at that meeting
    sobran las disculpas, there is no need for you to apologize
    sobre 1 sustantivo masculino
    1 (para meter papeles, cartas) envelope
    2 (para sopa) packet
    (para medicina, etc) sachet
    3 fam hum bed
    ir al sobre, to go to bed
    sobre 2 preposición
    1 (encima de) on, upon, on top of: se puso un chal sobre los hombros, she put a shawl over her shoulders
    toda la responsabilidad recae sobre él, the entire responsibility falls on him
    2 (por encima) over, above
    3 (en torno a, hacia) about: llamaron sobre las seis, they phoned at about six o'clock
    4 (a propósito de) about, on: hablaremos sobre ello, we'll talk about it
    un libro sobre Napoleón, a book on Napoleón
    5 (además de) upon
    6 (para indicar el objeto de la acción) ejerce mucha influencia sobre él, he has a lot of influence on him
    ♦ Locuciones: sobre todo, above all
    sobre- pref super-, over-
    ' sobre' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    abalanzarse
    - abatirse
    - absoluta
    - absoluto
    - acometer
    - acumularse
    - advertir
    - alertar
    - antediluviana
    - antediluviano
    - ascendiente
    - ascua
    - aviso
    - cábala
    - caballería
    - carta
    - cerrar
    - charla
    - conferencia
    - conversar
    - copete
    - curso
    - dato
    - derramar
    - descargar
    - desconocimiento
    - deslizarse
    - dictaminar
    - discusión
    - discutir
    - disertar
    - dispar
    - disputar
    - documentación
    - documentarse
    - elevarse
    - en
    - encima
    - encogerse
    - entrañas
    - especialmente
    - estabilizador
    - estabilizadora
    - estándar
    - estimativa
    - estimativo
    - eurócrata
    - extendida
    - extendido
    - fantasma
    English:
    about
    - above
    - act on
    - aerial
    - alive
    - all
    - array
    - article
    - assert
    - background
    - balance
    - basis
    - bear down on
    - bob
    - brain
    - bridge
    - call
    - capital gains tax
    - card
    - cast
    - chiefly
    - client
    - comfortably
    - concise
    - confer
    - consult
    - contention
    - converse
    - credit bureau
    - dab
    - dark
    - deal with
    - debate
    - deduction
    - definition
    - deliberate
    - denunciation
    - develop
    - diary
    - differ
    - discuss
    - dispute
    - disseminate
    - dissertation
    - dive
    - double back
    - dubious
    - enclose
    - enclosure
    - enlarge
    * * *
    sobre1 nm
    1. [para cartas] envelope
    2. [para alimentos, medicamentos] sachet, packet
    3. Fam [cama]
    irse al sobre to hit the sack
    4. Am [bolsa] clutch bag
    5. Urug sobre de dormir sleeping bag
    ♦ prep
    1. [encima de] on (top of);
    el libro está sobre la mesa the book is on (top of) the table;
    aún hay nieve sobre las montañas there's still snow on the mountains;
    fui apilando las tejas una sobre otra I piled the tiles up one on top of the other;
    una cruz roja sobre fondo blanco a red cross on o against a white background;
    varios policías saltaron sobre él several policemen fell upon him;
    seguimos sobre su pista we're still on her trail;
    Andes, RP
    sobre la hora: ¿tomamos algo antes de que subas al tren? – imposible, ya estoy sobre la hora shall we have a bite to eat before you catch the train? – I can't, I'm already tight for time;
    llegamos muy sobre la hora we arrived with very little time to spare
    2. [por encima de] over, above;
    el puente sobre la bahía the bridge across o over the bay;
    en estos momentos volamos sobre la isla de Pascua we are currently flying over Easter Island;
    la catedral destaca sobre los demás edificios the cathedral stands out over o above the other buildings;
    a 3.000 metros sobre el nivel del mar 3,000 metres above sea level
    3. [en torno a] on;
    la Tierra gira sobre sí misma the Earth revolves on its own axis
    4. [indica superioridad]
    su opinión está sobre las de los demás his opinion is more important than that of the others;
    5. [indica relación, contraste, efecto]
    tiene muchas ventajas sobre el antiguo modelo it has a lot of advantages over the old model;
    su efecto sobre la quemadura es inmediato its effect on the burn is immediate;
    no tienen influencia sobre ellos they have no influence over them
    6. [acerca de] about, on;
    discuten sobre política they are arguing about politics;
    un libro sobre el amor a book about o on love;
    una conferencia sobre el desarme a conference on disarmament
    7. [aproximadamente] about;
    llegarán sobre las diez/sobre el jueves they'll arrive at about ten o'clock/around Thursday;
    tiene sobre los veinte años she's about twenty;
    los solicitantes deben de ser sobre dos mil there must be about two thousand applicants
    8. [indica acumulación] upon;
    nos contó mentira sobre mentira he told us lie upon lie o one lie after another
    9. [indica inminencia] upon;
    la desgracia estaba ya sobre nosotros the disaster was already upon us
    ♦ sobre todo loc adv
    above all;
    afectó sobre todo a la industria turística it particularly affected the tourist industry;
    y, sobre todo, no le digas nada a ella and, above all, don't say anything to her
    * * *
    I m envelope;
    sopa de sobre packet soup
    II prp
    1 on;
    sobre la mesa on the table
    2 ( acerca de)
    :
    sobre esto about this
    3 ( alrededor de)
    :
    sobre las tres around three o’clock
    4
    :
    sobre todo above all, especially
    * * *
    sobre nm
    1) : envelope
    2) : packet
    un sobre de sazón: a packet of seasoning
    sobre prep
    1) : on, on top of
    sobre la mesa: on the table
    2) : over, above
    3) : about
    ¿tiene libros sobre Bolivia?: do you have books on Bolivia?
    4)
    sobre todo : especially, above all
    * * *
    sobre1 n
    1. (para carta) envelope
    2. (envoltorio) packet
    sobre2 prep
    3. (acerca de, alrededor de) about
    sobre todo above all / especially

    Spanish-English dictionary > sobre

  • 54 final1

    1 = completion, end, ending, finale, goodbye [good-bye], output stage, final.
    Ex. The time period between the completion of a cycle (e.g. at the end of a volume or a year) and the publication of the associated cumulative indexes should be as short as possible.
    Ex. Scanning must start to the left of the bar codes and must continue past the right end.
    Ex. The teacher should not give away any details which would be best enjoyed when met for the first time in a full reading, such as twist in the plot, unexpected endings, and the like.
    Ex. The article 'Encore! Integrating children's literature as a prelude or finale to music experiences with young children' shows how teachers and library specialists can integrate children's literature about song, dance, or musical instruments in music classes.
    Ex. The article 'Books -- is it goodbye?' shows that while there was a sharp increase in fiction in Finland after the 2nd World War, the amount of fiction is now beginning to decline.
    Ex. To rephrase this in terms already used, they involve effort at the input stage in order to reduce effort at the output stage = Expresando esto con términos ya usados, suponen un esfuerzo en la etapa inicial con objeto de reducir el esfuerzo en la etapa final.
    Ex. A heavy reliance on midterms and finals were associated with lower teacher ratings across disciplines.
    ----
    * acercarse al final = draw to + an end, draw to + a close, come to + an end.
    * a final de cuentas = after all is said and done.
    * a finales de = by the end of, in the late + Fecha.
    * a finales de + Expresión Temporal = as of late + Expresión Temporal, at the end of + Expresión Temporal, at the close of + Expresión Temporal, by the close of + Expresión Temporal.
    * a finales de + Fecha = in late + Fecha.
    * a finales de los + Década = late + Década, the.
    * a finales del + Siglo = late + Siglo, late period of + Siglo.
    * aguantar hasta el final = stick it out.
    * al final = in the end, eventually, in the final count, terminally, ultimately, at the end of the day.
    * al final (de) = at the end (of).
    * al final de cuentas = when all is said and done.
    * al final del día = at the close of the day.
    * al final de su mandato = lame duck.
    * al final resultó que = in the event.
    * al principio y al final = both ends.
    * al principio y al final de = at each end of.
    * balance final, el = bottom line, the.
    * cuartos de final = quarter-finals.
    * de final de año = end-year.
    * de finales del siglo XIX y principios del XX = turn-of-the-century.
    * el final de = the close of.
    * el final de los problemas = the light at the end of the tunnel.
    * empezar por el final = work back from.
    * estrategia final = endgame.
    * fase final = endgame.
    * final apoteósico = grandstand finish.
    * final de la jornada laboral = close of business.
    * final del plazo = closing date, deadline, dateline.
    * final feliz = happy ending, happy end.
    * final, la = final, the.
    * hacia finales del + Siglo = later + Siglo, the.
    * hasta el final = until the end, until the bitter end.
    * hasta el final de los tiempos = till the end of time.
    * incluir al final = append.
    * llegar a final de mes = make + ends meet.
    * llegar al final de = come to + the end of, get through.
    * llegar al final de su vida útil = come to + the end of + Posesivo + useful life, reach + the end of + Posesivo + useful life.
    * llevar Algo hasta el final = carry + Nombre + to the end.
    * luchar hasta el final = battle + it out, fight until + the end.
    * marca de final de campo = delimiter.
    * marcar el final = mark + the end.
    * marcar + Posesivo + final = mark + Posesivo + end.
    * nota al final = endnote.
    * nota al final del texto = endnote.
    * para finales de = by the end of.
    * para finales de + Expresión Temporal = by the close of + Expresión Temporal.
    * poner punto y final a = sound + the death knell for.
    * puede que al final sea para bien = be a blessing in disguise.
    * salir bien al final = turn out + right in the end.
    * significar el final de = mean + the end of.
    * toque final, el = finishing touch, the.

    Spanish-English dictionary > final1

  • 55 final

    adj.
    final, end.
    punto final end point
    f.
    final.
    m.
    1 end.
    a finales de at the end of
    ya verás como al final acepta she'll agree in the end, you'll see
    al final de at the end of
    al final del pasillo at the end of the corridor
    final feliz happy ending
    2 ending, bottom, end, finale.
    * * *
    1 (último) final, last
    1 end
    2 MÚSICA finale
    1 DEPORTE final
    \
    al final in the end
    al final del día at the end of the day
    hasta el final until the end
    final de línea terminus
    final feliz happy ending
    * * *
    1. adj. 2. noun m.
    end, final
    * * *
    1.
    ADJ (=último) [momento, capítulo, resultado, decisión] final; [objetivo] ultimate
    juicio 4), recta, punto 2)
    2. SM
    1) (=fin) [de ceremonia, vida, aventura, guerra] end; [de obra musical] finale

    • al final — in the end

    • al final de algo — at the end of sth

    2) (=desenlace) [de película, libro] ending
    3)

    • a finales de — at the end of

    3.
    SF (Dep) final

    • cuartos de final — quarter-finals

    * * *
    I
    adjetivo < decisión> final; < objetivo> ultimate
    II

    estábamos al final de la cola — we were last in line (AmE) o (BrE) at the back of the queue

    III
    femenino (Dep)
    a) (en fútbol, tenis etc) final

    pasar a la final — to go through to o make it to the final

    b) finales femenino plural (en béisbol, baloncesto, fútbol americano) playoffs (pl)
    * * *
    I
    adjetivo < decisión> final; < objetivo> ultimate
    II

    estábamos al final de la cola — we were last in line (AmE) o (BrE) at the back of the queue

    III
    femenino (Dep)
    a) (en fútbol, tenis etc) final

    pasar a la final — to go through to o make it to the final

    b) finales femenino plural (en béisbol, baloncesto, fútbol americano) playoffs (pl)
    * * *
    final1
    1 = completion, end, ending, finale, goodbye [good-bye], output stage, final.

    Ex: The time period between the completion of a cycle (e.g. at the end of a volume or a year) and the publication of the associated cumulative indexes should be as short as possible.

    Ex: Scanning must start to the left of the bar codes and must continue past the right end.
    Ex: The teacher should not give away any details which would be best enjoyed when met for the first time in a full reading, such as twist in the plot, unexpected endings, and the like.
    Ex: The article 'Encore! Integrating children's literature as a prelude or finale to music experiences with young children' shows how teachers and library specialists can integrate children's literature about song, dance, or musical instruments in music classes.
    Ex: The article 'Books -- is it goodbye?' shows that while there was a sharp increase in fiction in Finland after the 2nd World War, the amount of fiction is now beginning to decline.
    Ex: To rephrase this in terms already used, they involve effort at the input stage in order to reduce effort at the output stage = Expresando esto con términos ya usados, suponen un esfuerzo en la etapa inicial con objeto de reducir el esfuerzo en la etapa final.
    Ex: A heavy reliance on midterms and finals were associated with lower teacher ratings across disciplines.
    * acercarse al final = draw to + an end, draw to + a close, come to + an end.
    * a final de cuentas = after all is said and done.
    * a finales de = by the end of, in the late + Fecha.
    * a finales de + Expresión Temporal = as of late + Expresión Temporal, at the end of + Expresión Temporal, at the close of + Expresión Temporal, by the close of + Expresión Temporal.
    * a finales de + Fecha = in late + Fecha.
    * a finales de los + Década = late + Década, the.
    * a finales del + Siglo = late + Siglo, late period of + Siglo.
    * aguantar hasta el final = stick it out.
    * al final = in the end, eventually, in the final count, terminally, ultimately, at the end of the day.
    * al final (de) = at the end (of).
    * al final de cuentas = when all is said and done.
    * al final del día = at the close of the day.
    * al final de su mandato = lame duck.
    * al final resultó que = in the event.
    * al principio y al final = both ends.
    * al principio y al final de = at each end of.
    * balance final, el = bottom line, the.
    * cuartos de final = quarter-finals.
    * de final de año = end-year.
    * de finales del siglo XIX y principios del XX = turn-of-the-century.
    * el final de = the close of.
    * el final de los problemas = the light at the end of the tunnel.
    * empezar por el final = work back from.
    * estrategia final = endgame.
    * fase final = endgame.
    * final apoteósico = grandstand finish.
    * final de la jornada laboral = close of business.
    * final del plazo = closing date, deadline, dateline.
    * final feliz = happy ending, happy end.
    * final, la = final, the.
    * hacia finales del + Siglo = later + Siglo, the.
    * hasta el final = until the end, until the bitter end.
    * hasta el final de los tiempos = till the end of time.
    * incluir al final = append.
    * llegar a final de mes = make + ends meet.
    * llegar al final de = come to + the end of, get through.
    * llegar al final de su vida útil = come to + the end of + Posesivo + useful life, reach + the end of + Posesivo + useful life.
    * llevar Algo hasta el final = carry + Nombre + to the end.
    * luchar hasta el final = battle + it out, fight until + the end.
    * marca de final de campo = delimiter.
    * marcar el final = mark + the end.
    * marcar + Posesivo + final = mark + Posesivo + end.
    * nota al final = endnote.
    * nota al final del texto = endnote.
    * para finales de = by the end of.
    * para finales de + Expresión Temporal = by the close of + Expresión Temporal.
    * poner punto y final a = sound + the death knell for.
    * puede que al final sea para bien = be a blessing in disguise.
    * salir bien al final = turn out + right in the end.
    * significar el final de = mean + the end of.
    * toque final, el = finishing touch, the.

    final2
    2 = concluding, eventual, final, terminal, ultimate, finished, wrap-up.

    Ex: Therefore, during the concluding phase of the revision project, the representatives of ALA units and other organizations will function as a single group.

    Ex: If a concept is recognized in the subject analysis of a document, it will form part of the eventual index description of that document.
    Ex: The final index will mirror current terminology.
    Ex: Numbers may be grouped in columns according to their terminal digit.
    Ex: Abstracting and indexing data are a vital component in the communication link between the originator of information and its ultimate consumer.
    Ex: For storytelling and reading aloud are performance arts: They involve a script (even when the words are improvised on the spot), an interpreter (the teller or reader), and an audience, and as in all performances, the audience plays a part in molding the finished work.
    Ex: The workshop itself will serve as the wrap-up event for a project that has spent the last two years seeking to improve access to environmental information in the Balkan region.
    * como fecha final = at the very latest.
    * cuestionario final = exit survey.
    * día del Juicio Final = Judgement Day.
    * el día del Juicio Final = the Day of Judgement.
    * El Juicio Final = The Last Judgement.
    * escena final = closing scene.
    * espacio en blanco final = trailing blank.
    * examen final = final, final exam.
    * frase graciosa final = punchline [punch line].
    * índice final = back-of-the-book index, back-of-book index.
    * informe final = final report.
    * juicio final = doom.
    * poner el colofón final = bookend.
    * poner punto final a = bring + an end to, bring to + an end, close + the book on.
    * poner punto y final a = put + a stop to.
    * producto final = end product, finished product, final product.
    * producto final, el = finished work, the.
    * prueba final = final.
    * resultado final = end result.
    * sondeo final = exit survey.
    * sprint final = last-minute rush.
    * usuario final = end user [end-user/enduser], ultimate consumer, ultimate reader.
    * ver la luz al final del túnel = see + the light at the end of the tunnel.

    la final
    = final, the

    Ex: Tony was disappointed the last time he was in the finals, and he's determined to leave everything on the dance floor this time.

    * * *
    ‹decisión› final; ‹objetivo› ultimate
    end
    me quedé hasta el final I stayed to the end
    a finales de junio at the end of June
    al final de la película ella muere she dies at the end of the movie
    no me gustó nada el final I didn't like the ending at all
    tiene un final feliz it has a happy ending
    están al final de la lista they're at the bottom of the list
    estábamos al final de la cola we were last in line ( AmE) o ( BrE) at the back of the queue
    vivo al final de la calle I live at the end of the street
    al final del partido at the end of the game
    al final tendrá que decidirse he'll have to make his mind up in the end
    siempre protestando pero al final nunca hace nada he spends his whole time complaining but he never actually does anything
    ( Dep)
    1 (en fútbol, tenis etc) final
    la final de copa the cup final
    pasar a la final to go through to o make it to the final
    2 finales fpl (en béisbol, fútbol americano) playoffs (pl)
    * * *

     

    final adjetivo ‹ decisión› final;
    ‹ objetivo› ultimate
    ■ sustantivo masculino
    end;

    un final feliz a happy ending;
    al final de la lista at the bottom of the list;
    al final tendrá que decidirse he'll have to make his mind up in the end o eventually
    ■ sustantivo femenino (Dep)
    a) (en fútbol, tenis etc) final;


    pasar a la final to go through to o make it to the final
    b)

    ◊ finales sustantivo femenino plural (en béisbol, baloncesto, fútbol americano) playoffs (pl)

    final
    I adjetivo final
    la decisión final, the final decision
    II sustantivo masculino end
    a finales de, at the end of
    al final, in the end: nos apetecía mucho, pero al final no fuimos, we really felt like doing it, but in the end we didn't go
    final de trayecto, terminus
    final feliz, happy ending
    III f Dep final
    ' final' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    A
    - actual
    - avenirse
    - cepillarse
    - cierre
    - cola
    - coletilla
    - cuarta
    - cuarto
    - decorado
    - disolución
    - disputarse
    - echarse
    - emitir
    - fin
    - gato
    - guinda
    - hasta
    - hermosa
    - hermoso
    - incidir
    - infarto
    - inicial
    - judicatura
    - juicio
    - machacar
    - octava
    - octavo
    - paciencia
    - política
    - recta
    - remate
    - retocar
    - retoque
    - sacacorchos
    - servidor
    - servidora
    - sprint
    - total
    - traca
    - última
    - último
    - animar
    - clasificación
    - clasificar
    - concho
    - conseguir
    - contar
    - decir
    - ensayo
    English:
    actual
    - aggregate
    - also
    - Armageddon
    - back
    - best
    - bitter
    - bottom
    - bottom line
    - bring round
    - close
    - doomsday
    - end
    - ending
    - evade
    - eventual
    - fast forward
    - final
    - finale
    - follow through
    - from
    - grand finale
    - hear of
    - in
    - last
    - late
    - light
    - listen
    - out of
    - outsmart
    - outtake
    - quarter-final
    - reckoning
    - right
    - see
    - sit through
    - soon
    - stage
    - still
    - straight
    - tack on
    - tag on
    - tail end
    - to
    - track down
    - truth
    - turn
    - ultimate
    - ultimately
    - way
    * * *
    ♦ adj
    1. [último] final, end;
    sus palabras finales fueron muy aplaudidas her closing words were loudly applauded;
    punto final end point
    2. Gram final
    ♦ nm
    1. [terminación] end;
    el final del libro es sorprendente the book has a surprise ending;
    a finales de at the end of;
    al final [en conclusión] in the end;
    la cocina está al final del pasillo the kitchen is at the end of the corridor;
    responderé preguntas al final de la charla I will answer questions at the end of the talk;
    al final siempre tengo que ayudarles I always have to help them in the end;
    ya verás como al final acepta she'll agree in the end, you'll see
    final feliz happy ending
    2. [examen] final (exam)
    ♦ nf
    final;
    cuartos de final quarter finals
    final de consolación 3rd/4th place play-off;
    final de la copa cup final;
    final a cuatro [en baloncesto] final four
    * * *
    1 f & adj final
    2 m end;
    al final in the end;
    a finales de mayo at the end of May
    * * *
    final adj
    : final, ultimate
    ♦ finalmente adv
    final nm
    1) : end, conclusion, finale
    2) finales nmpl
    : play-offs
    * * *
    final1 adj final / last
    final2 n
    1. (fin) end
    3. (de historia) ending

    Spanish-English dictionary > final

  • 56 Psychology

       We come therefore now to that knowledge whereunto the ancient oracle directeth us, which is the knowledge of ourselves; which deserveth the more accurate handling, by how much it toucheth us more nearly. This knowledge, as it is the end and term of natural philosophy in the intention of man, so notwithstanding it is but a portion of natural philosophy in the continent of nature.... [W]e proceed to human philosophy or Humanity, which hath two parts: the one considereth man segregate, or distributively; the other congregate, or in society. So as Human philosophy is either Simple and Particular, or Conjugate and Civil. Humanity Particular consisteth of the same parts whereof man consisteth; that is, of knowledges which respect the Body, and of knowledges that respect the Mind... how the one discloseth the other and how the one worketh upon the other... [:] the one is honored with the inquiry of Aristotle, and the other of Hippocrates. (Bacon, 1878, pp. 236-237)
       The claims of Psychology to rank as a distinct science are... not smaller but greater than those of any other science. If its phenomena are contemplated objectively, merely as nervo-muscular adjustments by which the higher organisms from moment to moment adapt their actions to environing co-existences and sequences, its degree of specialty, even then, entitles it to a separate place. The moment the element of feeling, or consciousness, is used to interpret nervo-muscular adjustments as thus exhibited in the living beings around, objective Psychology acquires an additional, and quite exceptional, distinction. (Spencer, 1896, p. 141)
       Kant once declared that psychology was incapable of ever raising itself to the rank of an exact natural science. The reasons that he gives... have often been repeated in later times. In the first place, Kant says, psychology cannot become an exact science because mathematics is inapplicable to the phenomena of the internal sense; the pure internal perception, in which mental phenomena must be constructed,-time,-has but one dimension. In the second place, however, it cannot even become an experimental science, because in it the manifold of internal observation cannot be arbitrarily varied,-still less, another thinking subject be submitted to one's experiments, comformably to the end in view; moreover, the very fact of observation means alteration of the observed object. (Wundt, 1904, p. 6)
       It is [Gustav] Fechner's service to have found and followed the true way; to have shown us how a "mathematical psychology" may, within certain limits, be realized in practice.... He was the first to show how Herbart's idea of an "exact psychology" might be turned to practical account. (Wundt, 1904, pp. 6-7)
       "Mind," "intellect," "reason," "understanding," etc. are concepts... that existed before the advent of any scientific psychology. The fact that the naive consciousness always and everywhere points to internal experience as a special source of knowledge, may, therefore, be accepted for the moment as sufficient testimony to the rights of psychology as science.... "Mind," will accordingly be the subject, to which we attribute all the separate facts of internal observation as predicates. The subject itself is determined p. 17) wholly and exclusively by its predicates. (Wundt, 1904,
       The study of animal psychology may be approached from two different points of view. We may set out from the notion of a kind of comparative physiology of mind, a universal history of the development of mental life in the organic world. Or we may make human psychology the principal object of investigation. Then, the expressions of mental life in animals will be taken into account only so far as they throw light upon the evolution of consciousness in man.... Human psychology... may confine itself altogether to man, and generally has done so to far too great an extent. There are plenty of psychological text-books from which you would hardly gather that there was any other conscious life than the human. (Wundt, 1907, pp. 340-341)
       The Behaviorist began his own formulation of the problem of psychology by sweeping aside all medieval conceptions. He dropped from his scientific vocabulary all subjective terms such as sensation, perception, image, desire, purpose, and even thinking and emotion as they were subjectively defined. (Watson, 1930, pp. 5-6)
       According to the medieval classification of the sciences, psychology is merely a chapter of special physics, although the most important chapter; for man is a microcosm; he is the central figure of the universe. (deWulf, 1956, p. 125)
       At the beginning of this century the prevailing thesis in psychology was Associationism.... Behavior proceeded by the stream of associations: each association produced its successors, and acquired new attachments with the sensations arriving from the environment.
       In the first decade of the century a reaction developed to this doctrine through the work of the Wurzburg school. Rejecting the notion of a completely self-determining stream of associations, it introduced the task ( Aufgabe) as a necessary factor in describing the process of thinking. The task gave direction to thought. A noteworthy innovation of the Wurzburg school was the use of systematic introspection to shed light on the thinking process and the contents of consciousness. The result was a blend of mechanics and phenomenalism, which gave rise in turn to two divergent antitheses, Behaviorism and the Gestalt movement. The behavioristic reaction insisted that introspection was a highly unstable, subjective procedure.... Behaviorism reformulated the task of psychology as one of explaining the response of organisms as a function of the stimuli impinging upon them and measuring both objectively. However, Behaviorism accepted, and indeed reinforced, the mechanistic assumption that the connections between stimulus and response were formed and maintained as simple, determinate functions of the environment.
       The Gestalt reaction took an opposite turn. It rejected the mechanistic nature of the associationist doctrine but maintained the value of phenomenal observation. In many ways it continued the Wurzburg school's insistence that thinking was more than association-thinking has direction given to it by the task or by the set of the subject. Gestalt psychology elaborated this doctrine in genuinely new ways in terms of holistic principles of organization.
       Today psychology lives in a state of relatively stable tension between the poles of Behaviorism and Gestalt psychology.... (Newell & Simon, 1963, pp. 279-280)
       As I examine the fate of our oppositions, looking at those already in existence as guide to how they fare and shape the course of science, it seems to me that clarity is never achieved. Matters simply become muddier and muddier as we go down through time. Thus, far from providing the rungs of a ladder by which psychology gradually climbs to clarity, this form of conceptual structure leads rather to an ever increasing pile of issues, which we weary of or become diverted from, but never really settle. (Newell, 1973b, pp. 288-289)
       The subject matter of psychology is as old as reflection. Its broad practical aims are as dated as human societies. Human beings, in any period, have not been indifferent to the validity of their knowledge, unconcerned with the causes of their behavior or that of their prey and predators. Our distant ancestors, no less than we, wrestled with the problems of social organization, child rearing, competition, authority, individual differences, personal safety. Solving these problems required insights-no matter how untutored-into the psychological dimensions of life. Thus, if we are to follow the convention of treating psychology as a young discipline, we must have in mind something other than its subject matter. We must mean that it is young in the sense that physics was young at the time of Archimedes or in the sense that geometry was "founded" by Euclid and "fathered" by Thales. Sailing vessels were launched long before Archimedes discovered the laws of bouyancy [ sic], and pillars of identical circumference were constructed before anyone knew that C IID. We do not consider the ship builders and stone cutters of antiquity physicists and geometers. Nor were the ancient cave dwellers psychologists merely because they rewarded the good conduct of their children. The archives of folk wisdom contain a remarkable collection of achievements, but craft-no matter how perfected-is not science, nor is a litany of successful accidents a discipline. If psychology is young, it is young as a scientific discipline but it is far from clear that psychology has attained this status. (Robinson, 1986, p. 12)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Psychology

  • 57 like

    I 1. adjective

    your dress is like mine — dein Kleid ist so ähnlich wie meins

    in a case like that — in so einem Fall

    there was nothing like it — es gab nichts Vergleichbares

    what is somebody/something like? — wie ist jemand/etwas?

    that's [a bit] more like it — (coll.): (better) das ist schon [etwas] besser; (coll.): (nearer the truth) das stimmt schon eher

    they are nothing like each other — sie sind sich (Dat.) nicht im geringsten ähnlich

    nothing like as or so good/bad/many etc. as... — bei weitem nicht so gut/schlecht/viele usw. wie...

    2) (characteristic of) typisch für [dich, ihn usw.]

    it's just like you to be late! — du musst natürlich wieder zu spät kommen!

    3) (similar) ähnlich

    be as like as two peas in a pod — sich (Dat.) gleichen wie ein Ei dem andern

    like father, like son — (prov.) der Apfel fällt nicht weit vom Stamm (Spr.)

    2. preposition
    (in the manner of) wie

    [just] like that — [einfach] so

    3. conjunction
    (coll.)
    1) (in same or similar manner as) wie

    he is not shy like he used to be — er ist nicht mehr so schüchtern wie früher

    2) (coll.): (for example) etwa; beispielsweise
    4. noun
    1) (equal)

    his/her like — seines-/ihresgleichen

    the likes of me/you — (coll.) meines-/deinesgleichen

    II 1. transitive verb
    (be fond of, wish for) mögen

    like it or not — ob es dir/ihm usw. gefällt oder nicht

    like vegetables — Gemüse mögen; gern Gemüse essen

    would you like a drink/to borrow the book? — möchtest du etwas trinken/dir das Buch leihen?

    would you like me to do it? — möchtest du, dass ich es tue?

    I like that! — (iron.) so was hab' ich gern! (ugs. iron.)

    if you like — (expr. assent) wenn du willst od. möchtest; (expr. limited assent) wenn man so will

    2. noun, in pl.
    * * *
    I 1. adjective
    (the same or similar: They're as like as two peas.) wie
    2. preposition
    (the same as or similar to; in the same or a similar way as: He climbs like a cat; She is like her mother.) wie
    3. noun
    (someone or something which is the same or as good etc as another: You won't see his like / their like again.) der/die/das Gleiche
    4. conjunction
    ((especially American) in the same or a similar way as: No-one does it like he does.) so wie
    - academic.ru/43012/likely">likely
    - likelihood
    - liken
    - likeness
    - likewise
    - like-minded
    - a likely story! - as likely as not
    - be like someone
    - feel like
    - he is likely to
    - look like
    - not likely!     II verb
    1) (to be pleased with; to find pleasant or agreeable: I like him very much; I like the way you've decorated this room.) mögen
    2) (to enjoy: I like gardening.) mögen
    •
    - likeable
    - likable
    - liking
    - should/would like
    - take a liking to
    * * *
    like1
    [laɪk]
    I. prep
    \like most people wie die meisten Leute
    \like father, \like son wie der Vater, so der Sohn
    she smokes \like a chimney sie raucht wie ein Schlot fam
    what was your holiday \like? wie war dein Urlaub?
    what does it taste \like? wie schmeckt es?
    what's it \like to be a fisherman? wie ist das Leben als Fischer?
    you're acting \like a complete idiot! du benimmst dich wie ein Vollidiot!
    it feels \like ages since we last spoke ich habe das Gefühl, wir haben schon ewig nicht mehr miteinander gesprochen
    he looks \like his brother er sieht seinem Bruder ähnlich
    he's going to grow big \like his father er wird so groß wie sein Vater werden
    he's been looking for someone \like her er hat so jemanden wie sie gesucht
    she looked nothing \like the Queen sie sah überhaupt nicht wie die Queen aus
    he's nothing \like as fat as his father er ist noch lange nicht so dick wie sein Vater
    there were nothing \like enough people dort waren viel zu wenig Leute
    there's nothing \like a good cup of coffee es geht doch nichts über eine gute Tasse Kaffee
    or something \like that oder etwas in der Richtung
    just \like sb/sth genau wie jd/etw
    that's just \like him! das sieht ihm ähnlich!
    you've already got a shirt that's just \like it? du hast genau dasselbe Hemd schon einmal?
    ▪ to be \like sb/sth wie jd/etw sein
    what colour did you want? — is it anything \like this? welche Farbe wollten Sie? — ungefähr wie diese hier?
    2. (such as) wie
    natural materials \like cotton and wool Naturstoffe wie Baumwolle oder Schafwolle
    why are you talking to me \like that? warum sprichst du so mit mir?
    3. (normal for)
    ▪ to be \like/not be \like sb to do sth:
    that's just \like Patricia to be late! das sieht Patricia wieder ähnlich, zu spät zu kommen!
    4.
    ▶ \like anything ( fam) wie verrückt fam
    ▶ to do sth \like crazy [or mad] ( fam) etw wie verrückt tun fam
    ▶ it looks \like rain/snow es sieht nach Regen/Schnee aus
    ▶ that's more \like it! das ist schon besser!
    II. conj ( fam)
    1. (the same as) wie
    \like I said wie ich schon sagte
    do it \like I do mach es so wie ich
    let's go swimming in the lake \like we used to lass uns im See schwimmen gehen wie früher
    2. (as if) als ob
    it sounds to me \like you ought to change jobs das hört sich für mich so an, als solltest du den Job wechseln
    you look \like you've just got out of bed du siehst aus, als wärst du gerade aufgestanden
    it looks \like it's going to rain es sieht nach Regen aus
    she acts \like she's the boss sie tut so, als sei sie die Chefin
    he spoke \like he was foreign er sprach, als wäre er ein Ausländer
    III. n
    ▪ the/sb's \like (person) so jemand; (thing) so etwas
    I have not seen his \like for many years [so] jemanden wie ihn habe ich schon seit vielen Jahren nicht mehr gesehen
    have you ever seen the \like? hast du so was schon gesehen?
    I don't like politicians and their \like ich kann Politiker und dergleichen nicht ausstehen; ( fam)
    you'll never be able to go out with the \likes of him! mit so einem wie ihm wirst du nie ausgehen!
    IV. adj inv
    1. attr (similar) ähnlich
    in \like manner auf gleiche Weise, gleichermaßen
    to be of [a] \like mind gleicher Meinung sein
    2. pred true to original ähnlich; statue, painting naturgetreu
    V. adv inv
    1. (sl: somehow) irgendwie
    it was kind of funny \like es war irgendwie schon komisch, ne
    if there's nothing you can do to change the situation, it's \like... why bother? also, warum sich aufregen, wenn man die Situation sowieso nicht ändern kann? fam
    everybody called her Annie and my mom was \like “it's Anne” alle sagten zu ihr Annie, aber meine Mutter meinte: „sie heißt Anne!“
    I was like, “what are you guys doing here?” ich sagte nur, „was macht ihr hier eigentlich?“
    3. (sl: filler)
    he was \like, totally off his rocker er stand völlig neben sich fam, er war so total neben der Kappe BRD sl
    4.
    to do sth [as] \like as not etw sehr wahrscheinlich tun
    like2
    [laɪk]
    I. vt
    1. (enjoy)
    ▪ to \like sb/sth jdn/etw mögen
    how do you \like my new shoes? wie gefallen dir meine neuen Schuhe?
    I \like it when... ich hab's gern [o mag es], wenn...
    ▪ to \like doing [or to do] sth etw gern tun; ( iron: dislike) etw [wirklich] gernhaben iron fam
    I \like the way he just assumes we'll listen to him when he doesn't take in a word anyone else says! das hab ich ja vielleicht gern! — wir sollen ihm zuhören, aber was andere sagen, das geht ihm zum einen Ohr rein und zum anderen wieder raus
    I \like that! na, das hab ich gern! iron
    2. (want)
    wether you like it or not ob es dir passt oder nicht, ob du willst oder nicht
    ▪ sb would/should \like sth jd hätte gerne etw
    I would \like the salad, please ich hätte gerne den Salat, bitte
    would you \like a drink? möchten Sie etwas trinken?
    ▪ sb would/should \like to do sth jd möchte etw tun [o hätte gern[e] etw getan]
    I should really \like to see you again ich möchte dich wirklich gern[e] wiedersehen
    I'd \like to go to Moscow for my holidays ich würde gern[e] nach Moskau in Urlaub fahren
    would you \like to join us for dinner tonight? möchten Sie heute Abend mit uns essen?
    I'd \like to see him bring up children and go to work at the same time ich möchte wirklich [ein]mal sehen, wie er das machen würde — die Kinder großziehen und dann auch noch zur Arbeit gehen
    you can drink a pint in two seconds? I'd \like to see that! du kannst einen halben Liter in zwei Sekunden austrinken? na, das möchte ich [doch mal] sehen!
    ▪ sb would/should \like sb to do sth jd möchte, dass jd etw tut
    I'd \like you to send this for me first class könnten Sie das als Sonderzustellung für mich verschicken?
    would you \like me to take you in the car? kann ich Sie ein Stück mitnehmen?
    ▪ sb would/should \like sth done jd möchte, dass etw getan wird
    I would \like the whole lot finished by the weekend ich hätte das Ganze gern[e] bis zum Wochenende fertig
    3. (prefer)
    he \likes his steak rare er isst sein Steak gern englisch
    how do you \like your tea? wie magst du deinen Tee?/wie trinken Sie Ihren Tee?
    I \like to get up early ich stehe gerne früh auf
    she \likes her men big sie mag [lieber] große Männer
    4. (feel)
    how would you \like to have a big boy pull your hair? wie würde es dir denn gefallen, wenn ein großer Junge dich am Haar ziehen würde?
    II. vi
    as you \like wie Sie wollen [o möchten]
    you can do as you \like du kannst machen was du möchtest
    if you \like wenn Sie wollen [o möchten]
    we can leave now if you \like wir können jetzt gehen, wenn du möchtest
    III. n
    ▪ \likes pl Neigungen pl
    sb's \likes and dislikes jds Vorlieben [o Neigungen] und Abneigungen
    * * *
    I [laɪk]
    1. adj
    1) (= similar) ähnlich
    2)

    (= same) of like origin — gleicher Herkunft

    2. prep
    wie

    to look like sb —

    who(m) is he like? — wem sieht er ähnlich?, wem gleicht er?

    he's just bought a new car - what is it like? —

    that's just like him! — das sieht ihm ähnlich!, das ist typisch!

    I never saw anything like it — so ( et)was habe ich noch nie gesehen

    it's on company advice - orders, more like (inf) — es ist auf Anraten der Firma - besser gesagt auf Anordnung

    is this what you had in mind? – it's something/nothing like it —

    that's something like a steak! — das ist vielleicht ein Steak!, das nenne ich ein Steak!

    a car like that — so ein Auto, ein solches Auto

    one exactly like it — eines, das genau gleich ist

    it will cost something like £10 — es wird etwa or so ungefähr £ 10 kosten

    I was thinking of something like a doll — ich habe an so etwas wie eine Puppe gedacht

    like that — so

    he thinks like us —

    A, like B, thinks that... — A wie (auch) B meinen, dass...

    3. adv (inf)

    (as) like as not, very like, like enough — höchstwahrscheinlich, sehr wahrscheinlich

    I found this money, like (dial) — ich hab da das Geld gefunden, nich (sl) or wa (dial) or gell (S Ger)

    4. conj (strictly incorrect)

    like I said — wie ich schon sagte, wie gesagt

    it's just like I say — das sage ich ja immer

    do it like I do — mach es so wie ich

    5. n
    (= equal etc)

    we shall not see his like again — einen Mann or so etwas (inf) wie ihn bekommen wir nicht wieder

    and the like, and such like — und dergleichen

    II
    1. n usu pl
    (= taste) Geschmack m

    she tried to find out his likes and dislikes — sie wollte herausbekommen, was er mochte und was nicht

    2. vt
    1) person mögen, gernhaben

    I don't like him — ich kann ihn nicht leiden, ich mag ihn nicht

    2)

    (= find pleasure in) I like black shoes — ich mag schwarze Schuhe, mir gefallen schwarze Schuhe

    I like chocolate — ich mag Schokolade, ich esse gern Schokolade

    that's one of the things I like about you — das ist eines der Dinge, die ich an dir mag

    I like wine but wine doesn't like me (inf) — ich trinke gern Wein, aber er bekommt mir nicht

    how would you like a black eye? —

    well, I like that! (inf) — das ist ein starkes Stück! (inf)

    (well) how do you like that? (inf) — wie findest du denn das? (inf)

    3)

    (= wish, wish for) I'd like an explanation — ich hätte gerne eine Erklärung

    I should like to know why — ich wüsste (gerne), warum

    I should like you to do it — ich möchte, dass du es tust

    whether he likes it or not — ob es ihm passt oder nicht, ob er will oder nicht

    what would you like? — was hätten or möchten Sie gern?, was darf es sein?

    would you like a drink? —

    I would like to take this opportunity to welcome Dr Allan — ich möchte diese Gelegenheit ergreifen, um Dr. Allan willkommen zu heißen

    3. vi

    he is free to act as he likes — es steht ihm frei, zu tun, was er will

    * * *
    like1 [laık]
    A adj
    1. gleich (dat), wie:
    she is just like her sister sie ist geradeso wie ihre Schwester;
    a man like you ein Mann wie du;
    what is he like? wie ist er?;
    he is like that er ist nun einmal so;
    he was not like that before so war er doch früher nicht;
    what does it look like? wie sieht es aus?;
    what will the weather be like tomorrow? wie wird das Wetter morgen?;
    a fool like that ein derartiger oder so ein Dummkopf;
    he felt like a criminal er kam sich wie ein Verbrecher vor;
    that’s more like it umg das lässt sich (schon) eher hören; → master A 5 c, nothing C und Bes Redew, something B 1
    2. ähnlich (dat), bezeichnend für:
    that is just like him! das sieht ihm ähnlich!;
    that’s not like him das ist nicht seine Art
    it is like having children es ist (so), als ob man Kinder hätte; → feel B 5
    4. gleich (Betrag etc):
    a) auf gleiche Weise,
    b) gleichermaßen;
    of like mind gleich gesinnt;
    like signs MATH gleiche Vorzeichen;
    like terms MATH gleichnamige Glieder;
    like unto his brethren BIBEL seinen Brüdern gleich
    5. ähnlich:
    he is very much like his father er sieht seinem Vater sehr ähnlich;
    they are (as) like as two eggs, they are (as) like as two peas (in a pod) sie gleichen sich wie ein Ei dem anderen, sie sehen sich zum Verwechseln ähnlich
    6. ähnlich, gleichartig, derartig:
    … and other like problems … und andere derartige Probleme
    7. umg wahrscheinlich
    B präp (siehe auch adv und adv, die oft wie eine präp gebraucht werden) wie:
    do not shout like that schrei nicht so;
    C adv (siehe auch präp)
    1. (so) wie:
    like every teacher he has … so wie jeder Lehrer hat auch er …;
    I cannot play like you (do) ich kann nicht so gut spielen wie du
    2. umg wahrscheinlich:
    like enough, as like as not, very like höchstwahrscheinlich, sehr wahrscheinlich
    3. sl irgendwie, merkwürdig, ziemlich
    4. obs so:
    like as so wie
    D konj
    1. umg wie, (eben)so wie
    2. dial als ob:
    E s (der, die, das) Gleiche, (etwas) Gleiches:
    his like seinesgleichen;
    did you ever see the like(s) of that girl? hast du jemals so etwas wie dieses Mädchen gesehen?;
    the likes of me umg meinesgleichen, unsereiner, Leute wie ich;
    like attracts like gleich und gleich gesellt sich gern;
    the like dergleichen;
    peas, beans, and the like Erbsen, Bohnen und dergleichen;
    cocoa or the like Kakao oder so etwas (Ähnliches);
    he will never do the like again so etwas wird er nie wieder tun; → such C 1
    like2 [laık]
    A v/t gernhaben, (gern) mögen, (gut) leiden können, gern tun, essen, trinken etc:
    I like it ich habe oder mag es gern, es gefällt mir;
    I don’t like it when … ich mag es nicht, wenn …;
    I like him ich mag ihn gern, ich kann ihn gut leiden, er ist mir sympathisch;
    how do you like it? wie gefällt es dir?, wie findest du es?;
    how do you like London? wie gefällt es dir in London?;
    what I like about him is … was ich an ihm mag, ist …;
    I like that! iron das oder so was hab ich gern!;
    do you like oysters? mögen Sie Austern (gern)?;
    I should much like to come ich würde sehr gern kommen;
    he likes playing ( oder to play) tennis er spielt gern Tennis;
    I should ( oder would) like to know ich möchte gerne wissen;
    what do you like better? was hast du lieber?, was gefällt dir besser?;
    I do not like such things discussed ich habe es nicht gern, dass solche Dinge erörtert werden;
    he doesn’t like to be kept waiting er hat es nicht gern, wenn man ihn warten lässt;
    I like whisky, but it does not like me umg ich trinke gern Whisky, aber er bekommt mir nicht;
    (much) liked (sehr) beliebt
    B v/i
    1. wollen:
    as often as I liked sooft ich wollte;
    (just) as you like (ganz) wie du willst, (ganz) nach Belieben;
    do as you like mach, was du willst;
    a) wenn du willst,
    b) wenn Sie so wollen;
    I am stupid if you like but ich bin vielleicht dumm, aber
    2. obs gefallen
    3. obs gedeihen
    C s Neigung f, Vorliebe f:
    likes and dislikes Neigungen und Abneigungen;
    I know his likes and dislikes ich weiß, was er mag und was nicht
    * * *
    I 1. adjective

    what is somebody/something like? — wie ist jemand/etwas?

    that's [a bit] more like it — (coll.): (better) das ist schon [etwas] besser; (coll.): (nearer the truth) das stimmt schon eher

    they are nothing like each other — sie sind sich (Dat.) nicht im geringsten ähnlich

    nothing like as or so good/bad/many etc. as... — bei weitem nicht so gut/schlecht/viele usw. wie...

    2) (characteristic of) typisch für [dich, ihn usw.]
    3) (similar) ähnlich

    be as like as two peas in a pod — sich (Dat.) gleichen wie ein Ei dem andern

    like father, like son — (prov.) der Apfel fällt nicht weit vom Stamm (Spr.)

    2. preposition

    [just] like that — [einfach] so

    3. conjunction
    (coll.)
    2) (coll.): (for example) etwa; beispielsweise
    4. noun

    his/her like — seines-/ihresgleichen

    the likes of me/you — (coll.) meines-/deinesgleichen

    II 1. transitive verb
    (be fond of, wish for) mögen

    like it or not — ob es dir/ihm usw. gefällt oder nicht

    like vegetables — Gemüse mögen; gern Gemüse essen

    would you like a drink/to borrow the book? — möchtest du etwas trinken/dir das Buch leihen?

    would you like me to do it? — möchtest du, dass ich es tue?

    I like that! — (iron.) so was hab' ich gern! (ugs. iron.)

    if you like — (expr. assent) wenn du willst od. möchtest; (expr. limited assent) wenn man so will

    2. noun, in pl.
    * * *
    (Poles, electricity) adj.
    gleichnamig (Pole) adj. adj.
    gernhaben adj.
    gleich adj.
    wie adv.
    ähnlich adj. v.
    gernhaben v.
    lieben v.
    mögen v.
    (§ p.,pp.: mochte, gemocht)

    English-german dictionary > like

  • 58 модульный центр обработки данных (ЦОД)

    1. modular data center

     

    модульный центр обработки данных (ЦОД)
    -
    [Интент]

    Параллельные тексты EN-RU

    [ http://loosebolts.wordpress.com/2008/12/02/our-vision-for-generation-4-modular-data-centers-one-way-of-getting-it-just-right/]

    [ http://dcnt.ru/?p=9299#more-9299]

    Data Centers are a hot topic these days. No matter where you look, this once obscure aspect of infrastructure is getting a lot of attention. For years, there have been cost pressures on IT operations and this, when the need for modern capacity is greater than ever, has thrust data centers into the spotlight. Server and rack density continues to rise, placing DC professionals and businesses in tighter and tougher situations while they struggle to manage their IT environments. And now hyper-scale cloud infrastructure is taking traditional technologies to limits never explored before and focusing the imagination of the IT industry on new possibilities.

    В настоящее время центры обработки данных являются широко обсуждаемой темой. Куда ни посмотришь, этот некогда малоизвестный аспект инфраструктуры привлекает все больше внимания. Годами ИТ-отделы испытывали нехватку средств и это выдвинуло ЦОДы в центр внимания, в то время, когда необходимость в современных ЦОДах стала как никогда высокой. Плотность серверов и стоек продолжают расти, все больше усложняя ситуацию для специалистов в области охлаждения и организаций в их попытках управлять своими ИТ-средами. И теперь гипермасштабируемая облачная инфраструктура подвергает традиционные технологии невиданным ранее нагрузкам, и заставляет ИТ-индустрию искать новые возможности.

    At Microsoft, we have focused a lot of thought and research around how to best operate and maintain our global infrastructure and we want to share those learnings. While obviously there are some aspects that we keep to ourselves, we have shared how we operate facilities daily, our technologies and methodologies, and, most importantly, how we monitor and manage our facilities. Whether it’s speaking at industry events, inviting customers to our “Microsoft data center conferences” held in our data centers, or through other media like blogging and white papers, we believe sharing best practices is paramount and will drive the industry forward. So in that vein, we have some interesting news to share.

    В компании MicroSoft уделяют большое внимание изучению наилучших методов эксплуатации и технического обслуживания своей глобальной инфраструктуры и делятся результатами своих исследований. И хотя мы, конечно, не раскрываем некоторые аспекты своих исследований, мы делимся повседневным опытом эксплуатации дата-центров, своими технологиями и методологиями и, что важнее всего, методами контроля и управления своими объектами. Будь то доклады на отраслевых событиях, приглашение клиентов на наши конференции, которые посвящены центрам обработки данных MicroSoft, и проводятся в этих самых дата-центрах, или использование других средств, например, блоги и спецификации, мы уверены, что обмен передовым опытом имеет первостепенное значение и будет продвигать отрасль вперед.

    Today we are sharing our Generation 4 Modular Data Center plan. This is our vision and will be the foundation of our cloud data center infrastructure in the next five years. We believe it is one of the most revolutionary changes to happen to data centers in the last 30 years. Joining me, in writing this blog are Daniel Costello, my director of Data Center Research and Engineering and Christian Belady, principal power and cooling architect. I feel their voices will add significant value to driving understanding around the many benefits included in this new design paradigm.

    Сейчас мы хотим поделиться своим планом модульного дата-центра четвертого поколения. Это наше видение и оно будет основанием для инфраструктуры наших облачных дата-центров в ближайшие пять лет. Мы считаем, что это одно из самых революционных изменений в дата-центрах за последние 30 лет. Вместе со мной в написании этого блога участвовали Дэниел Костелло, директор по исследованиям и инжинирингу дата-центров, и Кристиан Белади, главный архитектор систем энергоснабжения и охлаждения. Мне кажется, что их авторитет придаст больше веса большому количеству преимуществ, включенных в эту новую парадигму проектирования.

    Our “Gen 4” modular data centers will take the flexibility of containerized servers—like those in our Chicago data center—and apply it across the entire facility. So what do we mean by modular? Think of it like “building blocks”, where the data center will be composed of modular units of prefabricated mechanical, electrical, security components, etc., in addition to containerized servers.

    Was there a key driver for the Generation 4 Data Center?

    Наши модульные дата-центры “Gen 4” будут гибкими с контейнерами серверов – как серверы в нашем чикагском дата-центре. И гибкость будет применяться ко всему ЦОД. Итак, что мы подразумеваем под модульностью? Мы думаем о ней как о “строительных блоках”, где дата-центр будет состоять из модульных блоков изготовленных в заводских условиях электрических систем и систем охлаждения, а также систем безопасности и т.п., в дополнение к контейнеризованным серверам.
    Был ли ключевой стимул для разработки дата-центра четвертого поколения?


    If we were to summarize the promise of our Gen 4 design into a single sentence it would be something like this: “A highly modular, scalable, efficient, just-in-time data center capacity program that can be delivered anywhere in the world very quickly and cheaply, while allowing for continued growth as required.” Sounds too good to be true, doesn’t it? Well, keep in mind that these concepts have been in initial development and prototyping for over a year and are based on cumulative knowledge of previous facility generations and the advances we have made since we began our investments in earnest on this new design.

    Если бы нам нужно было обобщить достоинства нашего проекта Gen 4 в одном предложении, это выглядело бы следующим образом: “Центр обработки данных с высоким уровнем модульности, расширяемости, и энергетической эффективности, а также возможностью постоянного расширения, в случае необходимости, который можно очень быстро и дешево развертывать в любом месте мира”. Звучит слишком хорошо для того чтобы быть правдой, не так ли? Ну, не забывайте, что эти концепции находились в процессе начальной разработки и создания опытного образца в течение более одного года и основываются на опыте, накопленном в ходе развития предыдущих поколений ЦОД, а также успехах, сделанных нами со времени, когда мы начали вкладывать серьезные средства в этот новый проект.

    One of the biggest challenges we’ve had at Microsoft is something Mike likes to call the ‘Goldilock’s Problem’. In a nutshell, the problem can be stated as:

    The worst thing we can do in delivering facilities for the business is not have enough capacity online, thus limiting the growth of our products and services.

    Одну из самых больших проблем, с которыми приходилось сталкиваться Майкрософт, Майк любит называть ‘Проблемой Лютика’. Вкратце, эту проблему можно выразить следующим образом:

    Самое худшее, что может быть при строительстве ЦОД для бизнеса, это не располагать достаточными производственными мощностями, и тем самым ограничивать рост наших продуктов и сервисов.

    The second worst thing we can do in delivering facilities for the business is to have too much capacity online.

    А вторым самым худшим моментом в этой сфере может слишком большое количество производственных мощностей.

    This has led to a focus on smart, intelligent growth for the business — refining our overall demand picture. It can’t be too hot. It can’t be too cold. It has to be ‘Just Right!’ The capital dollars of investment are too large to make without long term planning. As we struggled to master these interesting challenges, we had to ensure that our technological plan also included solutions for the business and operational challenges we faced as well.
    So let’s take a high level look at our Generation 4 design

    Это заставило нас сосредоточиваться на интеллектуальном росте для бизнеса — refining our overall demand picture. Это не должно быть слишком горячим. И это не должно быть слишком холодным. Это должно быть ‘как раз, таким как надо!’ Нельзя делать такие большие капиталовложения без долгосрочного планирования. Пока мы старались решить эти интересные проблемы, мы должны были гарантировать, что наш технологический план будет также включать решения для коммерческих и эксплуатационных проблем, с которыми нам также приходилось сталкиваться.
    Давайте рассмотрим наш проект дата-центра четвертого поколения

    Are you ready for some great visuals? Check out this video at Soapbox. Click here for the Microsoft 4th Gen Video.

    It’s a concept video that came out of my Data Center Research and Engineering team, under Daniel Costello, that will give you a view into what we think is the future.

    From a configuration, construct-ability and time to market perspective, our primary goals and objectives are to modularize the whole data center. Not just the server side (like the Chicago facility), but the mechanical and electrical space as well. This means using the same kind of parts in pre-manufactured modules, the ability to use containers, skids, or rack-based deployments and the ability to tailor the Redundancy and Reliability requirements to the application at a very specific level.


    Посмотрите это видео, перейдите по ссылке для просмотра видео о Microsoft 4th Gen:

    Это концептуальное видео, созданное командой отдела Data Center Research and Engineering, возглавляемого Дэниелом Костелло, которое даст вам наше представление о будущем.

    С точки зрения конфигурации, строительной технологичности и времени вывода на рынок, нашими главными целями и задачами агрегатирование всего дата-центра. Не только серверную часть, как дата-центр в Чикаго, но также системы охлаждения и электрические системы. Это означает применение деталей одного типа в сборных модулях, возможность использования контейнеров, салазок, или стоечных систем, а также возможность подстраивать требования избыточности и надежности для данного приложения на очень специфичном уровне.

    Our goals from a cost perspective were simple in concept but tough to deliver. First and foremost, we had to reduce the capital cost per critical Mega Watt by the class of use. Some applications can run with N-level redundancy in the infrastructure, others require a little more infrastructure for support. These different classes of infrastructure requirements meant that optimizing for all cost classes was paramount. At Microsoft, we are not a one trick pony and have many Online products and services (240+) that require different levels of operational support. We understand that and ensured that we addressed it in our design which will allow us to reduce capital costs by 20%-40% or greater depending upon class.


    Нашими целями в области затрат были концептуально простыми, но трудно реализуемыми. В первую очередь мы должны были снизить капитальные затраты в пересчете на один мегаватт, в зависимости от класса резервирования. Некоторые приложения могут вполне работать на базе инфраструктуры с резервированием на уровне N, то есть без резервирования, а для работы других приложений требуется больше инфраструктуры. Эти разные классы требований инфраструктуры подразумевали, что оптимизация всех классов затрат имеет преобладающее значение. В Майкрософт мы не ограничиваемся одним решением и располагаем большим количеством интерактивных продуктов и сервисов (240+), которым требуются разные уровни эксплуатационной поддержки. Мы понимаем это, и учитываем это в своем проекте, который позволит нам сокращать капитальные затраты на 20%-40% или более в зависимости от класса.

    For example, non-critical or geo redundant applications have low hardware reliability requirements on a location basis. As a result, Gen 4 can be configured to provide stripped down, low-cost infrastructure with little or no redundancy and/or temperature control. Let’s say an Online service team decides that due to the dramatically lower cost, they will simply use uncontrolled outside air with temperatures ranging 10-35 C and 20-80% RH. The reality is we are already spec-ing this for all of our servers today and working with server vendors to broaden that range even further as Gen 4 becomes a reality. For this class of infrastructure, we eliminate generators, chillers, UPSs, and possibly lower costs relative to traditional infrastructure.

    Например, некритичные или гео-избыточные системы имеют низкие требования к аппаратной надежности на основе местоположения. В результате этого, Gen 4 можно конфигурировать для упрощенной, недорогой инфраструктуры с низким уровнем (или вообще без резервирования) резервирования и / или температурного контроля. Скажем, команда интерактивного сервиса решает, что, в связи с намного меньшими затратами, они будут просто использовать некондиционированный наружный воздух с температурой 10-35°C и влажностью 20-80% RH. В реальности мы уже сегодня предъявляем эти требования к своим серверам и работаем с поставщиками серверов над еще большим расширением диапазона температур, так как наш модуль и подход Gen 4 становится реальностью. Для подобного класса инфраструктуры мы удаляем генераторы, чиллеры, ИБП, и, возможно, будем предлагать более низкие затраты, по сравнению с традиционной инфраструктурой.

    Applications that demand higher level of redundancy or temperature control will use configurations of Gen 4 to meet those needs, however, they will also cost more (but still less than traditional data centers). We see this cost difference driving engineering behavioral change in that we predict more applications will drive towards Geo redundancy to lower costs.

    Системы, которым требуется более высокий уровень резервирования или температурного контроля, будут использовать конфигурации Gen 4, отвечающие этим требованиям, однако, они будут также стоить больше. Но все равно они будут стоить меньше, чем традиционные дата-центры. Мы предвидим, что эти различия в затратах будут вызывать изменения в методах инжиниринга, и по нашим прогнозам, это будет выражаться в переходе все большего числа систем на гео-избыточность и меньшие затраты.

    Another cool thing about Gen 4 is that it allows us to deploy capacity when our demand dictates it. Once finalized, we will no longer need to make large upfront investments. Imagine driving capital costs more closely in-line with actual demand, thus greatly reducing time-to-market and adding the capacity Online inherent in the design. Also reduced is the amount of construction labor required to put these “building blocks” together. Since the entire platform requires pre-manufacture of its core components, on-site construction costs are lowered. This allows us to maximize our return on invested capital.

    Еще одно достоинство Gen 4 состоит в том, что он позволяет нам разворачивать дополнительные мощности, когда нам это необходимо. Как только мы закончим проект, нам больше не нужно будет делать большие начальные капиталовложения. Представьте себе возможность более точного согласования капитальных затрат с реальными требованиями, и тем самым значительного снижения времени вывода на рынок и интерактивного добавления мощностей, предусматриваемого проектом. Также снижен объем строительных работ, требуемых для сборки этих “строительных блоков”. Поскольку вся платформа требует предварительного изготовления ее базовых компонентов, затраты на сборку также снижены. Это позволит нам увеличить до максимума окупаемость своих капиталовложений.
    Мы все подвергаем сомнению

    In our design process, we questioned everything. You may notice there is no roof and some might be uncomfortable with this. We explored the need of one and throughout our research we got some surprising (positive) results that showed one wasn’t needed.

    В своем процессе проектирования мы все подвергаем сомнению. Вы, наверное, обратили внимание на отсутствие крыши, и некоторым специалистам это могло не понравиться. Мы изучили необходимость в крыше и в ходе своих исследований получили удивительные результаты, которые показали, что крыша не нужна.
    Серийное производство дата центров


    In short, we are striving to bring Henry Ford’s Model T factory to the data center. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Ford#Model_T. Gen 4 will move data centers from a custom design and build model to a commoditized manufacturing approach. We intend to have our components built in factories and then assemble them in one location (the data center site) very quickly. Think about how a computer, car or plane is built today. Components are manufactured by different companies all over the world to a predefined spec and then integrated in one location based on demands and feature requirements. And just like Henry Ford’s assembly line drove the cost of building and the time-to-market down dramatically for the automobile industry, we expect Gen 4 to do the same for data centers. Everything will be pre-manufactured and assembled on the pad.

    Мы хотим применить модель автомобильной фабрики Генри Форда к дата-центру. Проект Gen 4 будет способствовать переходу от модели специализированного проектирования и строительства к товарно-производственному, серийному подходу. Мы намерены изготавливать свои компоненты на заводах, а затем очень быстро собирать их в одном месте, в месте строительства дата-центра. Подумайте о том, как сегодня изготавливается компьютер, автомобиль или самолет. Компоненты изготавливаются по заранее определенным спецификациям разными компаниями во всем мире, затем собираются в одном месте на основе спроса и требуемых характеристик. И точно так же как сборочный конвейер Генри Форда привел к значительному уменьшению затрат на производство и времени вывода на рынок в автомобильной промышленности, мы надеемся, что Gen 4 сделает то же самое для дата-центров. Все будет предварительно изготавливаться и собираться на месте.
    Невероятно энергоэффективный ЦОД


    And did we mention that this platform will be, overall, incredibly energy efficient? From a total energy perspective not only will we have remarkable PUE values, but the total cost of energy going into the facility will be greatly reduced as well. How much energy goes into making concrete? Will we need as much of it? How much energy goes into the fuel of the construction vehicles? This will also be greatly reduced! A key driver is our goal to achieve an average PUE at or below 1.125 by 2012 across our data centers. More than that, we are on a mission to reduce the overall amount of copper and water used in these facilities. We believe these will be the next areas of industry attention when and if the energy problem is solved. So we are asking today…“how can we build a data center with less building”?

    А мы упоминали, что эта платформа будет, в общем, невероятно энергоэффективной? С точки зрения общей энергии, мы получим не только поразительные значения PUE, но общая стоимость энергии, затраченной на объект будет также значительно снижена. Сколько энергии идет на производство бетона? Нам нужно будет столько энергии? Сколько энергии идет на питание инженерных строительных машин? Это тоже будет значительно снижено! Главным стимулом является достижение среднего PUE не больше 1.125 для всех наших дата-центров к 2012 году. Более того, у нас есть задача сокращения общего количества меди и воды в дата-центрах. Мы думаем, что эти задачи станут следующей заботой отрасли после того как будет решена энергетическая проблема. Итак, сегодня мы спрашиваем себя…“как можно построить дата-центр с меньшим объемом строительных работ”?
    Строительство дата центров без чиллеров

    We have talked openly and publicly about building chiller-less data centers and running our facilities using aggressive outside economization. Our sincerest hope is that Gen 4 will completely eliminate the use of water. Today’s data centers use massive amounts of water and we see water as the next scarce resource and have decided to take a proactive stance on making water conservation part of our plan.

    Мы открыто и публично говорили о строительстве дата-центров без чиллеров и активном использовании в наших центрах обработки данных технологий свободного охлаждения или фрикулинга. Мы искренне надеемся, что Gen 4 позволит полностью отказаться от использования воды. Современные дата-центры расходуют большие объемы воды и так как мы считаем воду следующим редким ресурсом, мы решили принять упреждающие меры и включить экономию воды в свой план.

    By sharing this with the industry, we believe everyone can benefit from our methodology. While this concept and approach may be intimidating (or downright frightening) to some in the industry, disclosure ultimately is better for all of us.

    Делясь этим опытом с отраслью, мы считаем, что каждый сможет извлечь выгоду из нашей методологией. Хотя эта концепция и подход могут показаться пугающими (или откровенно страшными) для некоторых отраслевых специалистов, раскрывая свои планы мы, в конечном счете, делаем лучше для всех нас.

    Gen 4 design (even more than just containers), could reduce the ‘religious’ debates in our industry. With the central spine infrastructure in place, containers or pre-manufactured server halls can be either AC or DC, air-side economized or water-side economized, or not economized at all (though the sanity of that might be questioned). Gen 4 will allow us to decommission, repair and upgrade quickly because everything is modular. No longer will we be governed by the initial decisions made when constructing the facility. We will have almost unlimited use and re-use of the facility and site. We will also be able to use power in an ultra-fluid fashion moving load from critical to non-critical as use and capacity requirements dictate.

    Проект Gen 4 позволит уменьшить ‘религиозные’ споры в нашей отрасли. Располагая базовой инфраструктурой, контейнеры или сборные серверные могут оборудоваться системами переменного или постоянного тока, воздушными или водяными экономайзерами, или вообще не использовать экономайзеры. Хотя можно подвергать сомнению разумность такого решения. Gen 4 позволит нам быстро выполнять работы по выводу из эксплуатации, ремонту и модернизации, поскольку все будет модульным. Мы больше не будем руководствоваться начальными решениями, принятыми во время строительства дата-центра. Мы сможем использовать этот дата-центр и инфраструктуру в течение почти неограниченного периода времени. Мы также сможем применять сверхгибкие методы использования электрической энергии, переводя оборудование в режимы критической или некритической нагрузки в соответствии с требуемой мощностью.
    Gen 4 – это стандартная платформа

    Finally, we believe this is a big game changer. Gen 4 will provide a standard platform that our industry can innovate around. For example, all modules in our Gen 4 will have common interfaces clearly defined by our specs and any vendor that meets these specifications will be able to plug into our infrastructure. Whether you are a computer vendor, UPS vendor, generator vendor, etc., you will be able to plug and play into our infrastructure. This means we can also source anyone, anywhere on the globe to minimize costs and maximize performance. We want to help motivate the industry to further innovate—with innovations from which everyone can reap the benefits.

    Наконец, мы уверены, что это будет фактором, который значительно изменит ситуацию. Gen 4 будет представлять собой стандартную платформу, которую отрасль сможет обновлять. Например, все модули в нашем Gen 4 будут иметь общепринятые интерфейсы, четко определяемые нашими спецификациями, и оборудование любого поставщика, которое отвечает этим спецификациям можно будет включать в нашу инфраструктуру. Независимо от того производите вы компьютеры, ИБП, генераторы и т.п., вы сможете включать свое оборудование нашу инфраструктуру. Это означает, что мы также сможем обеспечивать всех, в любом месте земного шара, тем самым сводя до минимума затраты и максимальной увеличивая производительность. Мы хотим создать в отрасли мотивацию для дальнейших инноваций – инноваций, от которых каждый сможет получать выгоду.
    Главные характеристики дата-центров четвертого поколения Gen4

    To summarize, the key characteristics of our Generation 4 data centers are:

    Scalable
    Plug-and-play spine infrastructure
    Factory pre-assembled: Pre-Assembled Containers (PACs) & Pre-Manufactured Buildings (PMBs)
    Rapid deployment
    De-mountable
    Reduce TTM
    Reduced construction
    Sustainable measures

    Ниже приведены главные характеристики дата-центров четвертого поколения Gen 4:

    Расширяемость;
    Готовая к использованию базовая инфраструктура;
    Изготовление в заводских условиях: сборные контейнеры (PAC) и сборные здания (PMB);
    Быстрота развертывания;
    Возможность демонтажа;
    Снижение времени вывода на рынок (TTM);
    Сокращение сроков строительства;
    Экологичность;

    Map applications to DC Class

    We hope you join us on this incredible journey of change and innovation!

    Long hours of research and engineering time are invested into this process. There are still some long days and nights ahead, but the vision is clear. Rest assured however, that we as refine Generation 4, the team will soon be looking to Generation 5 (even if it is a bit farther out). There is always room to get better.


    Использование систем электропитания постоянного тока.

    Мы надеемся, что вы присоединитесь к нам в этом невероятном путешествии по миру изменений и инноваций!

    На этот проект уже потрачены долгие часы исследований и проектирования. И еще предстоит потратить много дней и ночей, но мы имеем четкое представление о конечной цели. Однако будьте уверены, что как только мы доведем до конца проект модульного дата-центра четвертого поколения, мы вскоре начнем думать о проекте дата-центра пятого поколения. Всегда есть возможность для улучшений.

    So if you happen to come across Goldilocks in the forest, and you are curious as to why she is smiling you will know that she feels very good about getting very close to ‘JUST RIGHT’.

    Generations of Evolution – some background on our data center designs

    Так что, если вы встретите в лесу девочку по имени Лютик, и вам станет любопытно, почему она улыбается, вы будете знать, что она очень довольна тем, что очень близко подошла к ‘ОПИМАЛЬНОМУ РЕШЕНИЮ’.
    Поколения эволюции – история развития наших дата-центров

    We thought you might be interested in understanding what happened in the first three generations of our data center designs. When Ray Ozzie wrote his Software plus Services memo it posed a very interesting challenge to us. The winds of change were at ‘tornado’ proportions. That “plus Services” tag had some significant (and unstated) challenges inherent to it. The first was that Microsoft was going to evolve even further into an operations company. While we had been running large scale Internet services since 1995, this development lead us to an entirely new level. Additionally, these “services” would span across both Internet and Enterprise businesses. To those of you who have to operate “stuff”, you know that these are two very different worlds in operational models and challenges. It also meant that, to achieve the same level of reliability and performance required our infrastructure was going to have to scale globally and in a significant way.

    Мы подумали, что может быть вам будет интересно узнать историю первых трех поколений наших центров обработки данных. Когда Рэй Оззи написал свою памятную записку Software plus Services, он поставил перед нами очень интересную задачу. Ветра перемен двигались с ураганной скоростью. Это окончание “plus Services” скрывало в себе какие-то значительные и неопределенные задачи. Первая заключалась в том, что Майкрософт собиралась в еще большей степени стать операционной компанией. Несмотря на то, что мы управляли большими интернет-сервисами, начиная с 1995 г., эта разработка подняла нас на абсолютно новый уровень. Кроме того, эти “сервисы” охватывали интернет-компании и корпорации. Тем, кому приходится всем этим управлять, известно, что есть два очень разных мира в области операционных моделей и задач. Это также означало, что для достижения такого же уровня надежности и производительности требовалось, чтобы наша инфраструктура располагала значительными возможностями расширения в глобальных масштабах.

    It was that intense atmosphere of change that we first started re-evaluating data center technology and processes in general and our ideas began to reach farther than what was accepted by the industry at large. This was the era of Generation 1. As we look at where most of the world’s data centers are today (and where our facilities were), it represented all the known learning and design requirements that had been in place since IBM built the first purpose-built computer room. These facilities focused more around uptime, reliability and redundancy. Big infrastructure was held accountable to solve all potential environmental shortfalls. This is where the majority of infrastructure in the industry still is today.

    Именно в этой атмосфере серьезных изменений мы впервые начали переоценку ЦОД-технологий и технологий вообще, и наши идеи начали выходить за пределы общепринятых в отрасли представлений. Это была эпоха ЦОД первого поколения. Когда мы узнали, где сегодня располагается большинство мировых дата-центров и где находятся наши предприятия, это представляло весь опыт и навыки проектирования, накопленные со времени, когда IBM построила первую серверную. В этих ЦОД больше внимания уделялось бесперебойной работе, надежности и резервированию. Большая инфраструктура была призвана решать все потенциальные экологические проблемы. Сегодня большая часть инфраструктуры все еще находится на этом этапе своего развития.

    We soon realized that traditional data centers were quickly becoming outdated. They were not keeping up with the demands of what was happening technologically and environmentally. That’s when we kicked off our Generation 2 design. Gen 2 facilities started taking into account sustainability, energy efficiency, and really looking at the total cost of energy and operations.

    Очень быстро мы поняли, что стандартные дата-центры очень быстро становятся устаревшими. Они не поспевали за темпами изменений технологических и экологических требований. Именно тогда мы стали разрабатывать ЦОД второго поколения. В этих дата-центрах Gen 2 стали принимать во внимание такие факторы как устойчивое развитие, энергетическая эффективность, а также общие энергетические и эксплуатационные.

    No longer did we view data centers just for the upfront capital costs, but we took a hard look at the facility over the course of its life. Our Quincy, Washington and San Antonio, Texas facilities are examples of our Gen 2 data centers where we explored and implemented new ways to lessen the impact on the environment. These facilities are considered two leading industry examples, based on their energy efficiency and ability to run and operate at new levels of scale and performance by leveraging clean hydro power (Quincy) and recycled waste water (San Antonio) to cool the facility during peak cooling months.

    Мы больше не рассматривали дата-центры только с точки зрения начальных капитальных затрат, а внимательно следили за работой ЦОД на протяжении его срока службы. Наши объекты в Куинси, Вашингтоне, и Сан-Антонио, Техас, являются образцами наших ЦОД второго поколения, в которых мы изучали и применяли на практике новые способы снижения воздействия на окружающую среду. Эти объекты считаются двумя ведущими отраслевыми примерами, исходя из их энергетической эффективности и способности работать на новых уровнях производительности, основанных на использовании чистой энергии воды (Куинси) и рециклирования отработанной воды (Сан-Антонио) для охлаждения объекта в самых жарких месяцах.

    As we were delivering our Gen 2 facilities into steel and concrete, our Generation 3 facilities were rapidly driving the evolution of the program. The key concepts for our Gen 3 design are increased modularity and greater concentration around energy efficiency and scale. The Gen 3 facility will be best represented by the Chicago, Illinois facility currently under construction. This facility will seem very foreign compared to the traditional data center concepts most of the industry is comfortable with. In fact, if you ever sit around in our container hanger in Chicago it will look incredibly different from a traditional raised-floor data center. We anticipate this modularization will drive huge efficiencies in terms of cost and operations for our business. We will also introduce significant changes in the environmental systems used to run our facilities. These concepts and processes (where applicable) will help us gain even greater efficiencies in our existing footprint, allowing us to further maximize infrastructure investments.

    Так как наши ЦОД второго поколения строились из стали и бетона, наши центры обработки данных третьего поколения начали их быстро вытеснять. Главными концептуальными особенностями ЦОД третьего поколения Gen 3 являются повышенная модульность и большее внимание к энергетической эффективности и масштабированию. Дата-центры третьего поколения лучше всего представлены объектом, который в настоящее время строится в Чикаго, Иллинойс. Этот ЦОД будет выглядеть очень необычно, по сравнению с общепринятыми в отрасли представлениями о дата-центре. Действительно, если вам когда-либо удастся побывать в нашем контейнерном ангаре в Чикаго, он покажется вам совершенно непохожим на обычный дата-центр с фальшполом. Мы предполагаем, что этот модульный подход будет способствовать значительному повышению эффективности нашего бизнеса в отношении затрат и операций. Мы также внесем существенные изменения в климатические системы, используемые в наших ЦОД. Эти концепции и технологии, если применимо, позволят нам добиться еще большей эффективности наших существующих дата-центров, и тем самым еще больше увеличивать капиталовложения в инфраструктуру.

    This is definitely a journey, not a destination industry. In fact, our Generation 4 design has been under heavy engineering for viability and cost for over a year. While the demand of our commercial growth required us to make investments as we grew, we treated each step in the learning as a process for further innovation in data centers. The design for our future Gen 4 facilities enabled us to make visionary advances that addressed the challenges of building, running, and operating facilities all in one concerted effort.

    Это определенно путешествие, а не конечный пункт назначения. На самом деле, наш проект ЦОД четвертого поколения подвергался серьезным испытаниям на жизнеспособность и затраты на протяжении целого года. Хотя необходимость в коммерческом росте требовала от нас постоянных капиталовложений, мы рассматривали каждый этап своего развития как шаг к будущим инновациям в области дата-центров. Проект наших будущих ЦОД четвертого поколения Gen 4 позволил нам делать фантастические предположения, которые касались задач строительства, управления и эксплуатации объектов как единого упорядоченного процесса.

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  • 59 modular data center

    1. модульный центр обработки данных (ЦОД)

     

    модульный центр обработки данных (ЦОД)
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    [Интент]

    Параллельные тексты EN-RU

    [ http://loosebolts.wordpress.com/2008/12/02/our-vision-for-generation-4-modular-data-centers-one-way-of-getting-it-just-right/]

    [ http://dcnt.ru/?p=9299#more-9299]

    Data Centers are a hot topic these days. No matter where you look, this once obscure aspect of infrastructure is getting a lot of attention. For years, there have been cost pressures on IT operations and this, when the need for modern capacity is greater than ever, has thrust data centers into the spotlight. Server and rack density continues to rise, placing DC professionals and businesses in tighter and tougher situations while they struggle to manage their IT environments. And now hyper-scale cloud infrastructure is taking traditional technologies to limits never explored before and focusing the imagination of the IT industry on new possibilities.

    В настоящее время центры обработки данных являются широко обсуждаемой темой. Куда ни посмотришь, этот некогда малоизвестный аспект инфраструктуры привлекает все больше внимания. Годами ИТ-отделы испытывали нехватку средств и это выдвинуло ЦОДы в центр внимания, в то время, когда необходимость в современных ЦОДах стала как никогда высокой. Плотность серверов и стоек продолжают расти, все больше усложняя ситуацию для специалистов в области охлаждения и организаций в их попытках управлять своими ИТ-средами. И теперь гипермасштабируемая облачная инфраструктура подвергает традиционные технологии невиданным ранее нагрузкам, и заставляет ИТ-индустрию искать новые возможности.

    At Microsoft, we have focused a lot of thought and research around how to best operate and maintain our global infrastructure and we want to share those learnings. While obviously there are some aspects that we keep to ourselves, we have shared how we operate facilities daily, our technologies and methodologies, and, most importantly, how we monitor and manage our facilities. Whether it’s speaking at industry events, inviting customers to our “Microsoft data center conferences” held in our data centers, or through other media like blogging and white papers, we believe sharing best practices is paramount and will drive the industry forward. So in that vein, we have some interesting news to share.

    В компании MicroSoft уделяют большое внимание изучению наилучших методов эксплуатации и технического обслуживания своей глобальной инфраструктуры и делятся результатами своих исследований. И хотя мы, конечно, не раскрываем некоторые аспекты своих исследований, мы делимся повседневным опытом эксплуатации дата-центров, своими технологиями и методологиями и, что важнее всего, методами контроля и управления своими объектами. Будь то доклады на отраслевых событиях, приглашение клиентов на наши конференции, которые посвящены центрам обработки данных MicroSoft, и проводятся в этих самых дата-центрах, или использование других средств, например, блоги и спецификации, мы уверены, что обмен передовым опытом имеет первостепенное значение и будет продвигать отрасль вперед.

    Today we are sharing our Generation 4 Modular Data Center plan. This is our vision and will be the foundation of our cloud data center infrastructure in the next five years. We believe it is one of the most revolutionary changes to happen to data centers in the last 30 years. Joining me, in writing this blog are Daniel Costello, my director of Data Center Research and Engineering and Christian Belady, principal power and cooling architect. I feel their voices will add significant value to driving understanding around the many benefits included in this new design paradigm.

    Сейчас мы хотим поделиться своим планом модульного дата-центра четвертого поколения. Это наше видение и оно будет основанием для инфраструктуры наших облачных дата-центров в ближайшие пять лет. Мы считаем, что это одно из самых революционных изменений в дата-центрах за последние 30 лет. Вместе со мной в написании этого блога участвовали Дэниел Костелло, директор по исследованиям и инжинирингу дата-центров, и Кристиан Белади, главный архитектор систем энергоснабжения и охлаждения. Мне кажется, что их авторитет придаст больше веса большому количеству преимуществ, включенных в эту новую парадигму проектирования.

    Our “Gen 4” modular data centers will take the flexibility of containerized servers—like those in our Chicago data center—and apply it across the entire facility. So what do we mean by modular? Think of it like “building blocks”, where the data center will be composed of modular units of prefabricated mechanical, electrical, security components, etc., in addition to containerized servers.

    Was there a key driver for the Generation 4 Data Center?

    Наши модульные дата-центры “Gen 4” будут гибкими с контейнерами серверов – как серверы в нашем чикагском дата-центре. И гибкость будет применяться ко всему ЦОД. Итак, что мы подразумеваем под модульностью? Мы думаем о ней как о “строительных блоках”, где дата-центр будет состоять из модульных блоков изготовленных в заводских условиях электрических систем и систем охлаждения, а также систем безопасности и т.п., в дополнение к контейнеризованным серверам.
    Был ли ключевой стимул для разработки дата-центра четвертого поколения?


    If we were to summarize the promise of our Gen 4 design into a single sentence it would be something like this: “A highly modular, scalable, efficient, just-in-time data center capacity program that can be delivered anywhere in the world very quickly and cheaply, while allowing for continued growth as required.” Sounds too good to be true, doesn’t it? Well, keep in mind that these concepts have been in initial development and prototyping for over a year and are based on cumulative knowledge of previous facility generations and the advances we have made since we began our investments in earnest on this new design.

    Если бы нам нужно было обобщить достоинства нашего проекта Gen 4 в одном предложении, это выглядело бы следующим образом: “Центр обработки данных с высоким уровнем модульности, расширяемости, и энергетической эффективности, а также возможностью постоянного расширения, в случае необходимости, который можно очень быстро и дешево развертывать в любом месте мира”. Звучит слишком хорошо для того чтобы быть правдой, не так ли? Ну, не забывайте, что эти концепции находились в процессе начальной разработки и создания опытного образца в течение более одного года и основываются на опыте, накопленном в ходе развития предыдущих поколений ЦОД, а также успехах, сделанных нами со времени, когда мы начали вкладывать серьезные средства в этот новый проект.

    One of the biggest challenges we’ve had at Microsoft is something Mike likes to call the ‘Goldilock’s Problem’. In a nutshell, the problem can be stated as:

    The worst thing we can do in delivering facilities for the business is not have enough capacity online, thus limiting the growth of our products and services.

    Одну из самых больших проблем, с которыми приходилось сталкиваться Майкрософт, Майк любит называть ‘Проблемой Лютика’. Вкратце, эту проблему можно выразить следующим образом:

    Самое худшее, что может быть при строительстве ЦОД для бизнеса, это не располагать достаточными производственными мощностями, и тем самым ограничивать рост наших продуктов и сервисов.

    The second worst thing we can do in delivering facilities for the business is to have too much capacity online.

    А вторым самым худшим моментом в этой сфере может слишком большое количество производственных мощностей.

    This has led to a focus on smart, intelligent growth for the business — refining our overall demand picture. It can’t be too hot. It can’t be too cold. It has to be ‘Just Right!’ The capital dollars of investment are too large to make without long term planning. As we struggled to master these interesting challenges, we had to ensure that our technological plan also included solutions for the business and operational challenges we faced as well.
    So let’s take a high level look at our Generation 4 design

    Это заставило нас сосредоточиваться на интеллектуальном росте для бизнеса — refining our overall demand picture. Это не должно быть слишком горячим. И это не должно быть слишком холодным. Это должно быть ‘как раз, таким как надо!’ Нельзя делать такие большие капиталовложения без долгосрочного планирования. Пока мы старались решить эти интересные проблемы, мы должны были гарантировать, что наш технологический план будет также включать решения для коммерческих и эксплуатационных проблем, с которыми нам также приходилось сталкиваться.
    Давайте рассмотрим наш проект дата-центра четвертого поколения

    Are you ready for some great visuals? Check out this video at Soapbox. Click here for the Microsoft 4th Gen Video.

    It’s a concept video that came out of my Data Center Research and Engineering team, under Daniel Costello, that will give you a view into what we think is the future.

    From a configuration, construct-ability and time to market perspective, our primary goals and objectives are to modularize the whole data center. Not just the server side (like the Chicago facility), but the mechanical and electrical space as well. This means using the same kind of parts in pre-manufactured modules, the ability to use containers, skids, or rack-based deployments and the ability to tailor the Redundancy and Reliability requirements to the application at a very specific level.


    Посмотрите это видео, перейдите по ссылке для просмотра видео о Microsoft 4th Gen:

    Это концептуальное видео, созданное командой отдела Data Center Research and Engineering, возглавляемого Дэниелом Костелло, которое даст вам наше представление о будущем.

    С точки зрения конфигурации, строительной технологичности и времени вывода на рынок, нашими главными целями и задачами агрегатирование всего дата-центра. Не только серверную часть, как дата-центр в Чикаго, но также системы охлаждения и электрические системы. Это означает применение деталей одного типа в сборных модулях, возможность использования контейнеров, салазок, или стоечных систем, а также возможность подстраивать требования избыточности и надежности для данного приложения на очень специфичном уровне.

    Our goals from a cost perspective were simple in concept but tough to deliver. First and foremost, we had to reduce the capital cost per critical Mega Watt by the class of use. Some applications can run with N-level redundancy in the infrastructure, others require a little more infrastructure for support. These different classes of infrastructure requirements meant that optimizing for all cost classes was paramount. At Microsoft, we are not a one trick pony and have many Online products and services (240+) that require different levels of operational support. We understand that and ensured that we addressed it in our design which will allow us to reduce capital costs by 20%-40% or greater depending upon class.


    Нашими целями в области затрат были концептуально простыми, но трудно реализуемыми. В первую очередь мы должны были снизить капитальные затраты в пересчете на один мегаватт, в зависимости от класса резервирования. Некоторые приложения могут вполне работать на базе инфраструктуры с резервированием на уровне N, то есть без резервирования, а для работы других приложений требуется больше инфраструктуры. Эти разные классы требований инфраструктуры подразумевали, что оптимизация всех классов затрат имеет преобладающее значение. В Майкрософт мы не ограничиваемся одним решением и располагаем большим количеством интерактивных продуктов и сервисов (240+), которым требуются разные уровни эксплуатационной поддержки. Мы понимаем это, и учитываем это в своем проекте, который позволит нам сокращать капитальные затраты на 20%-40% или более в зависимости от класса.

    For example, non-critical or geo redundant applications have low hardware reliability requirements on a location basis. As a result, Gen 4 can be configured to provide stripped down, low-cost infrastructure with little or no redundancy and/or temperature control. Let’s say an Online service team decides that due to the dramatically lower cost, they will simply use uncontrolled outside air with temperatures ranging 10-35 C and 20-80% RH. The reality is we are already spec-ing this for all of our servers today and working with server vendors to broaden that range even further as Gen 4 becomes a reality. For this class of infrastructure, we eliminate generators, chillers, UPSs, and possibly lower costs relative to traditional infrastructure.

    Например, некритичные или гео-избыточные системы имеют низкие требования к аппаратной надежности на основе местоположения. В результате этого, Gen 4 можно конфигурировать для упрощенной, недорогой инфраструктуры с низким уровнем (или вообще без резервирования) резервирования и / или температурного контроля. Скажем, команда интерактивного сервиса решает, что, в связи с намного меньшими затратами, они будут просто использовать некондиционированный наружный воздух с температурой 10-35°C и влажностью 20-80% RH. В реальности мы уже сегодня предъявляем эти требования к своим серверам и работаем с поставщиками серверов над еще большим расширением диапазона температур, так как наш модуль и подход Gen 4 становится реальностью. Для подобного класса инфраструктуры мы удаляем генераторы, чиллеры, ИБП, и, возможно, будем предлагать более низкие затраты, по сравнению с традиционной инфраструктурой.

    Applications that demand higher level of redundancy or temperature control will use configurations of Gen 4 to meet those needs, however, they will also cost more (but still less than traditional data centers). We see this cost difference driving engineering behavioral change in that we predict more applications will drive towards Geo redundancy to lower costs.

    Системы, которым требуется более высокий уровень резервирования или температурного контроля, будут использовать конфигурации Gen 4, отвечающие этим требованиям, однако, они будут также стоить больше. Но все равно они будут стоить меньше, чем традиционные дата-центры. Мы предвидим, что эти различия в затратах будут вызывать изменения в методах инжиниринга, и по нашим прогнозам, это будет выражаться в переходе все большего числа систем на гео-избыточность и меньшие затраты.

    Another cool thing about Gen 4 is that it allows us to deploy capacity when our demand dictates it. Once finalized, we will no longer need to make large upfront investments. Imagine driving capital costs more closely in-line with actual demand, thus greatly reducing time-to-market and adding the capacity Online inherent in the design. Also reduced is the amount of construction labor required to put these “building blocks” together. Since the entire platform requires pre-manufacture of its core components, on-site construction costs are lowered. This allows us to maximize our return on invested capital.

    Еще одно достоинство Gen 4 состоит в том, что он позволяет нам разворачивать дополнительные мощности, когда нам это необходимо. Как только мы закончим проект, нам больше не нужно будет делать большие начальные капиталовложения. Представьте себе возможность более точного согласования капитальных затрат с реальными требованиями, и тем самым значительного снижения времени вывода на рынок и интерактивного добавления мощностей, предусматриваемого проектом. Также снижен объем строительных работ, требуемых для сборки этих “строительных блоков”. Поскольку вся платформа требует предварительного изготовления ее базовых компонентов, затраты на сборку также снижены. Это позволит нам увеличить до максимума окупаемость своих капиталовложений.
    Мы все подвергаем сомнению

    In our design process, we questioned everything. You may notice there is no roof and some might be uncomfortable with this. We explored the need of one and throughout our research we got some surprising (positive) results that showed one wasn’t needed.

    В своем процессе проектирования мы все подвергаем сомнению. Вы, наверное, обратили внимание на отсутствие крыши, и некоторым специалистам это могло не понравиться. Мы изучили необходимость в крыше и в ходе своих исследований получили удивительные результаты, которые показали, что крыша не нужна.
    Серийное производство дата центров


    In short, we are striving to bring Henry Ford’s Model T factory to the data center. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Ford#Model_T. Gen 4 will move data centers from a custom design and build model to a commoditized manufacturing approach. We intend to have our components built in factories and then assemble them in one location (the data center site) very quickly. Think about how a computer, car or plane is built today. Components are manufactured by different companies all over the world to a predefined spec and then integrated in one location based on demands and feature requirements. And just like Henry Ford’s assembly line drove the cost of building and the time-to-market down dramatically for the automobile industry, we expect Gen 4 to do the same for data centers. Everything will be pre-manufactured and assembled on the pad.

    Мы хотим применить модель автомобильной фабрики Генри Форда к дата-центру. Проект Gen 4 будет способствовать переходу от модели специализированного проектирования и строительства к товарно-производственному, серийному подходу. Мы намерены изготавливать свои компоненты на заводах, а затем очень быстро собирать их в одном месте, в месте строительства дата-центра. Подумайте о том, как сегодня изготавливается компьютер, автомобиль или самолет. Компоненты изготавливаются по заранее определенным спецификациям разными компаниями во всем мире, затем собираются в одном месте на основе спроса и требуемых характеристик. И точно так же как сборочный конвейер Генри Форда привел к значительному уменьшению затрат на производство и времени вывода на рынок в автомобильной промышленности, мы надеемся, что Gen 4 сделает то же самое для дата-центров. Все будет предварительно изготавливаться и собираться на месте.
    Невероятно энергоэффективный ЦОД


    And did we mention that this platform will be, overall, incredibly energy efficient? From a total energy perspective not only will we have remarkable PUE values, but the total cost of energy going into the facility will be greatly reduced as well. How much energy goes into making concrete? Will we need as much of it? How much energy goes into the fuel of the construction vehicles? This will also be greatly reduced! A key driver is our goal to achieve an average PUE at or below 1.125 by 2012 across our data centers. More than that, we are on a mission to reduce the overall amount of copper and water used in these facilities. We believe these will be the next areas of industry attention when and if the energy problem is solved. So we are asking today…“how can we build a data center with less building”?

    А мы упоминали, что эта платформа будет, в общем, невероятно энергоэффективной? С точки зрения общей энергии, мы получим не только поразительные значения PUE, но общая стоимость энергии, затраченной на объект будет также значительно снижена. Сколько энергии идет на производство бетона? Нам нужно будет столько энергии? Сколько энергии идет на питание инженерных строительных машин? Это тоже будет значительно снижено! Главным стимулом является достижение среднего PUE не больше 1.125 для всех наших дата-центров к 2012 году. Более того, у нас есть задача сокращения общего количества меди и воды в дата-центрах. Мы думаем, что эти задачи станут следующей заботой отрасли после того как будет решена энергетическая проблема. Итак, сегодня мы спрашиваем себя…“как можно построить дата-центр с меньшим объемом строительных работ”?
    Строительство дата центров без чиллеров

    We have talked openly and publicly about building chiller-less data centers and running our facilities using aggressive outside economization. Our sincerest hope is that Gen 4 will completely eliminate the use of water. Today’s data centers use massive amounts of water and we see water as the next scarce resource and have decided to take a proactive stance on making water conservation part of our plan.

    Мы открыто и публично говорили о строительстве дата-центров без чиллеров и активном использовании в наших центрах обработки данных технологий свободного охлаждения или фрикулинга. Мы искренне надеемся, что Gen 4 позволит полностью отказаться от использования воды. Современные дата-центры расходуют большие объемы воды и так как мы считаем воду следующим редким ресурсом, мы решили принять упреждающие меры и включить экономию воды в свой план.

    By sharing this with the industry, we believe everyone can benefit from our methodology. While this concept and approach may be intimidating (or downright frightening) to some in the industry, disclosure ultimately is better for all of us.

    Делясь этим опытом с отраслью, мы считаем, что каждый сможет извлечь выгоду из нашей методологией. Хотя эта концепция и подход могут показаться пугающими (или откровенно страшными) для некоторых отраслевых специалистов, раскрывая свои планы мы, в конечном счете, делаем лучше для всех нас.

    Gen 4 design (even more than just containers), could reduce the ‘religious’ debates in our industry. With the central spine infrastructure in place, containers or pre-manufactured server halls can be either AC or DC, air-side economized or water-side economized, or not economized at all (though the sanity of that might be questioned). Gen 4 will allow us to decommission, repair and upgrade quickly because everything is modular. No longer will we be governed by the initial decisions made when constructing the facility. We will have almost unlimited use and re-use of the facility and site. We will also be able to use power in an ultra-fluid fashion moving load from critical to non-critical as use and capacity requirements dictate.

    Проект Gen 4 позволит уменьшить ‘религиозные’ споры в нашей отрасли. Располагая базовой инфраструктурой, контейнеры или сборные серверные могут оборудоваться системами переменного или постоянного тока, воздушными или водяными экономайзерами, или вообще не использовать экономайзеры. Хотя можно подвергать сомнению разумность такого решения. Gen 4 позволит нам быстро выполнять работы по выводу из эксплуатации, ремонту и модернизации, поскольку все будет модульным. Мы больше не будем руководствоваться начальными решениями, принятыми во время строительства дата-центра. Мы сможем использовать этот дата-центр и инфраструктуру в течение почти неограниченного периода времени. Мы также сможем применять сверхгибкие методы использования электрической энергии, переводя оборудование в режимы критической или некритической нагрузки в соответствии с требуемой мощностью.
    Gen 4 – это стандартная платформа

    Finally, we believe this is a big game changer. Gen 4 will provide a standard platform that our industry can innovate around. For example, all modules in our Gen 4 will have common interfaces clearly defined by our specs and any vendor that meets these specifications will be able to plug into our infrastructure. Whether you are a computer vendor, UPS vendor, generator vendor, etc., you will be able to plug and play into our infrastructure. This means we can also source anyone, anywhere on the globe to minimize costs and maximize performance. We want to help motivate the industry to further innovate—with innovations from which everyone can reap the benefits.

    Наконец, мы уверены, что это будет фактором, который значительно изменит ситуацию. Gen 4 будет представлять собой стандартную платформу, которую отрасль сможет обновлять. Например, все модули в нашем Gen 4 будут иметь общепринятые интерфейсы, четко определяемые нашими спецификациями, и оборудование любого поставщика, которое отвечает этим спецификациям можно будет включать в нашу инфраструктуру. Независимо от того производите вы компьютеры, ИБП, генераторы и т.п., вы сможете включать свое оборудование нашу инфраструктуру. Это означает, что мы также сможем обеспечивать всех, в любом месте земного шара, тем самым сводя до минимума затраты и максимальной увеличивая производительность. Мы хотим создать в отрасли мотивацию для дальнейших инноваций – инноваций, от которых каждый сможет получать выгоду.
    Главные характеристики дата-центров четвертого поколения Gen4

    To summarize, the key characteristics of our Generation 4 data centers are:

    Scalable
    Plug-and-play spine infrastructure
    Factory pre-assembled: Pre-Assembled Containers (PACs) & Pre-Manufactured Buildings (PMBs)
    Rapid deployment
    De-mountable
    Reduce TTM
    Reduced construction
    Sustainable measures

    Ниже приведены главные характеристики дата-центров четвертого поколения Gen 4:

    Расширяемость;
    Готовая к использованию базовая инфраструктура;
    Изготовление в заводских условиях: сборные контейнеры (PAC) и сборные здания (PMB);
    Быстрота развертывания;
    Возможность демонтажа;
    Снижение времени вывода на рынок (TTM);
    Сокращение сроков строительства;
    Экологичность;

    Map applications to DC Class

    We hope you join us on this incredible journey of change and innovation!

    Long hours of research and engineering time are invested into this process. There are still some long days and nights ahead, but the vision is clear. Rest assured however, that we as refine Generation 4, the team will soon be looking to Generation 5 (even if it is a bit farther out). There is always room to get better.


    Использование систем электропитания постоянного тока.

    Мы надеемся, что вы присоединитесь к нам в этом невероятном путешествии по миру изменений и инноваций!

    На этот проект уже потрачены долгие часы исследований и проектирования. И еще предстоит потратить много дней и ночей, но мы имеем четкое представление о конечной цели. Однако будьте уверены, что как только мы доведем до конца проект модульного дата-центра четвертого поколения, мы вскоре начнем думать о проекте дата-центра пятого поколения. Всегда есть возможность для улучшений.

    So if you happen to come across Goldilocks in the forest, and you are curious as to why she is smiling you will know that she feels very good about getting very close to ‘JUST RIGHT’.

    Generations of Evolution – some background on our data center designs

    Так что, если вы встретите в лесу девочку по имени Лютик, и вам станет любопытно, почему она улыбается, вы будете знать, что она очень довольна тем, что очень близко подошла к ‘ОПИМАЛЬНОМУ РЕШЕНИЮ’.
    Поколения эволюции – история развития наших дата-центров

    We thought you might be interested in understanding what happened in the first three generations of our data center designs. When Ray Ozzie wrote his Software plus Services memo it posed a very interesting challenge to us. The winds of change were at ‘tornado’ proportions. That “plus Services” tag had some significant (and unstated) challenges inherent to it. The first was that Microsoft was going to evolve even further into an operations company. While we had been running large scale Internet services since 1995, this development lead us to an entirely new level. Additionally, these “services” would span across both Internet and Enterprise businesses. To those of you who have to operate “stuff”, you know that these are two very different worlds in operational models and challenges. It also meant that, to achieve the same level of reliability and performance required our infrastructure was going to have to scale globally and in a significant way.

    Мы подумали, что может быть вам будет интересно узнать историю первых трех поколений наших центров обработки данных. Когда Рэй Оззи написал свою памятную записку Software plus Services, он поставил перед нами очень интересную задачу. Ветра перемен двигались с ураганной скоростью. Это окончание “plus Services” скрывало в себе какие-то значительные и неопределенные задачи. Первая заключалась в том, что Майкрософт собиралась в еще большей степени стать операционной компанией. Несмотря на то, что мы управляли большими интернет-сервисами, начиная с 1995 г., эта разработка подняла нас на абсолютно новый уровень. Кроме того, эти “сервисы” охватывали интернет-компании и корпорации. Тем, кому приходится всем этим управлять, известно, что есть два очень разных мира в области операционных моделей и задач. Это также означало, что для достижения такого же уровня надежности и производительности требовалось, чтобы наша инфраструктура располагала значительными возможностями расширения в глобальных масштабах.

    It was that intense atmosphere of change that we first started re-evaluating data center technology and processes in general and our ideas began to reach farther than what was accepted by the industry at large. This was the era of Generation 1. As we look at where most of the world’s data centers are today (and where our facilities were), it represented all the known learning and design requirements that had been in place since IBM built the first purpose-built computer room. These facilities focused more around uptime, reliability and redundancy. Big infrastructure was held accountable to solve all potential environmental shortfalls. This is where the majority of infrastructure in the industry still is today.

    Именно в этой атмосфере серьезных изменений мы впервые начали переоценку ЦОД-технологий и технологий вообще, и наши идеи начали выходить за пределы общепринятых в отрасли представлений. Это была эпоха ЦОД первого поколения. Когда мы узнали, где сегодня располагается большинство мировых дата-центров и где находятся наши предприятия, это представляло весь опыт и навыки проектирования, накопленные со времени, когда IBM построила первую серверную. В этих ЦОД больше внимания уделялось бесперебойной работе, надежности и резервированию. Большая инфраструктура была призвана решать все потенциальные экологические проблемы. Сегодня большая часть инфраструктуры все еще находится на этом этапе своего развития.

    We soon realized that traditional data centers were quickly becoming outdated. They were not keeping up with the demands of what was happening technologically and environmentally. That’s when we kicked off our Generation 2 design. Gen 2 facilities started taking into account sustainability, energy efficiency, and really looking at the total cost of energy and operations.

    Очень быстро мы поняли, что стандартные дата-центры очень быстро становятся устаревшими. Они не поспевали за темпами изменений технологических и экологических требований. Именно тогда мы стали разрабатывать ЦОД второго поколения. В этих дата-центрах Gen 2 стали принимать во внимание такие факторы как устойчивое развитие, энергетическая эффективность, а также общие энергетические и эксплуатационные.

    No longer did we view data centers just for the upfront capital costs, but we took a hard look at the facility over the course of its life. Our Quincy, Washington and San Antonio, Texas facilities are examples of our Gen 2 data centers where we explored and implemented new ways to lessen the impact on the environment. These facilities are considered two leading industry examples, based on their energy efficiency and ability to run and operate at new levels of scale and performance by leveraging clean hydro power (Quincy) and recycled waste water (San Antonio) to cool the facility during peak cooling months.

    Мы больше не рассматривали дата-центры только с точки зрения начальных капитальных затрат, а внимательно следили за работой ЦОД на протяжении его срока службы. Наши объекты в Куинси, Вашингтоне, и Сан-Антонио, Техас, являются образцами наших ЦОД второго поколения, в которых мы изучали и применяли на практике новые способы снижения воздействия на окружающую среду. Эти объекты считаются двумя ведущими отраслевыми примерами, исходя из их энергетической эффективности и способности работать на новых уровнях производительности, основанных на использовании чистой энергии воды (Куинси) и рециклирования отработанной воды (Сан-Антонио) для охлаждения объекта в самых жарких месяцах.

    As we were delivering our Gen 2 facilities into steel and concrete, our Generation 3 facilities were rapidly driving the evolution of the program. The key concepts for our Gen 3 design are increased modularity and greater concentration around energy efficiency and scale. The Gen 3 facility will be best represented by the Chicago, Illinois facility currently under construction. This facility will seem very foreign compared to the traditional data center concepts most of the industry is comfortable with. In fact, if you ever sit around in our container hanger in Chicago it will look incredibly different from a traditional raised-floor data center. We anticipate this modularization will drive huge efficiencies in terms of cost and operations for our business. We will also introduce significant changes in the environmental systems used to run our facilities. These concepts and processes (where applicable) will help us gain even greater efficiencies in our existing footprint, allowing us to further maximize infrastructure investments.

    Так как наши ЦОД второго поколения строились из стали и бетона, наши центры обработки данных третьего поколения начали их быстро вытеснять. Главными концептуальными особенностями ЦОД третьего поколения Gen 3 являются повышенная модульность и большее внимание к энергетической эффективности и масштабированию. Дата-центры третьего поколения лучше всего представлены объектом, который в настоящее время строится в Чикаго, Иллинойс. Этот ЦОД будет выглядеть очень необычно, по сравнению с общепринятыми в отрасли представлениями о дата-центре. Действительно, если вам когда-либо удастся побывать в нашем контейнерном ангаре в Чикаго, он покажется вам совершенно непохожим на обычный дата-центр с фальшполом. Мы предполагаем, что этот модульный подход будет способствовать значительному повышению эффективности нашего бизнеса в отношении затрат и операций. Мы также внесем существенные изменения в климатические системы, используемые в наших ЦОД. Эти концепции и технологии, если применимо, позволят нам добиться еще большей эффективности наших существующих дата-центров, и тем самым еще больше увеличивать капиталовложения в инфраструктуру.

    This is definitely a journey, not a destination industry. In fact, our Generation 4 design has been under heavy engineering for viability and cost for over a year. While the demand of our commercial growth required us to make investments as we grew, we treated each step in the learning as a process for further innovation in data centers. The design for our future Gen 4 facilities enabled us to make visionary advances that addressed the challenges of building, running, and operating facilities all in one concerted effort.

    Это определенно путешествие, а не конечный пункт назначения. На самом деле, наш проект ЦОД четвертого поколения подвергался серьезным испытаниям на жизнеспособность и затраты на протяжении целого года. Хотя необходимость в коммерческом росте требовала от нас постоянных капиталовложений, мы рассматривали каждый этап своего развития как шаг к будущим инновациям в области дата-центров. Проект наших будущих ЦОД четвертого поколения Gen 4 позволил нам делать фантастические предположения, которые касались задач строительства, управления и эксплуатации объектов как единого упорядоченного процесса.

    Тематики

    Синонимы

    EN

    Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > modular data center

  • 60 in

    [ɪn] 1. предл.
    1)
    а) внутри, в, на, в пределах

    His chamber in Merton Coll. — Его комната в Мертон Колл.

    I never saw greater devotion in any countenance. — Ни на одном лице я не видел выражения большей религиозности.

    They are in the open sea. — Они в открытом море.

    Hundreds lay languishing in prison. — В тюрьме гноили тысячи.

    The worthiest man in Europe. — Самый богатый человек в Европе.

    A word rings in my memory. — Мне все вспоминается одно слово.

    She bathes in water. — Она купается в воде.

    Thou (= you) wilt (= will) not leave us here in the dust. — Ты не оставишь нас здесь в пыли.

    Groping in the dark. — Ползая во тьме.

    б) из, среди, как часть

    Ninety-nine in a hundred were attentive. — Из сотни внимательны были девяносто девять.

    A debtor offered 6s. in the pound. — Должник предложил шесть шиллингов на каждый фунт.

    The plaintiff applied for shares in this company. — Истец требовал доли в этой фирме.

    - in parts

    A lovely girl in mourning is sitting. — Сидит милая девушка в трауре.

    I am to be hanged in chains. — Меня закуют в цепи и подвесят.

    During the descent Tuckett and I were in the same cord with them. — Во время спуска я и Такетт были в одной с ними связке.

    г) в, внутрь, в центр, в направлении к

    The said John cast the said writing in the fire. — Указанный Джон бросил указанную бумагу в огонь.

    He plunged his lousy head in the pillows. — Он зарылся своей вшивой башкой в подушки.

    д) ( in-) внутренний, не выходящий за пределы (процесса, организации)

    Our in-company training programs. — Наши внутрифирменные программы обучения.

    In-process gauging could halt waste. — Измерения по ходу процесса могут предотвратить потери.

    For drying grass seed, the in-sack drier had many advantages. — Что касается сушки травяных семян, внутримешочная сушка имеет много преимуществ.

    Development of in-service training for staff nurses. — Разработка программы обучения медсестер без отрыва от производства.

    2)
    а) во время, в течение

    In the beginning God made of nought heaven and earth. — Вначале сотворил Господь небо и землю.

    He was never so afraid in his days. — Никогда в жизни он не был так испуган.

    Common in times of famine. — Обычное дело в голодные времена.

    Between the hours of twelve and four in the morning. — Между двенадцатью и четырьмя часами утра.

    All the gentlemen's houses you'll see in a railway excursion. — Все дома дворянства вы увидите во время железнодорожной экскурсии.

    No Sunday shower kept him at home in that important hour. — Никакой дождь не мог удержать его дома в воскресенье в такое важное время.

    б) за (истечением), в течение, в пределах

    Men may sail it in seven days. — За семь дней это можно переплыть.

    From this machine gun 1,000 bullets can be discharged in a single minute. — Этот пулемет имеет скорострельность 1000 пуль в минуту.

    By working hard he could make one in a week. — Напряженно работая, он мог сделать одну такую вещь за неделю.

    He died in three months. — Он умер через три месяца.

    I came back from Oxford in ten days. — Через десять дней я вернулся из Оксфорда.

    The succeeding four months in which we continued at sea. — Следующие четыре месяца, в течение которых мы были в море.

    He was hungry as he had not been in months. — Ни разу за все прошедшие месяцы он не был так голоден, как сейчас.

    Arlene said that she had not played tennis in three years. — Арлин говорит, что три года не играла в теннис.

    3)
    а) из (какого-л. материала)

    A statue of a horse in brass. — Медная статуя лошади.

    A long coat in green velvet. — Длинный плащ из зеленого бархата.

    б) в объёме, в размере

    In the main they agree with us. — В основном они с нами согласны.

    Any act repealing in whole or in part any former statute. — Любой закон, отменяющий полностью или частично предыдущий статут.

    Drift-wood was lying about in large quantities. — Плавник был разбросан повсюду в огромных количествах.

    в) в качестве; взамен, вместо; в виде

    She thus in answer spake (= spoke). — В ответ она сказала так.

    He has written to the newspaper in reply to his assailant. — Он написал в газету письмо в ответ на нападки.

    4)

    All is in my sight. — Все доступно моему взору.

    б) в качестве, в порядке

    The living of Framley was in the gift of the Lufton family. — Содержание Фреймли было подарком от семьи Лафтонов, было содержанием, сутью дара семьи Лафтонов.

    It was in newspapers. — Об этом писали в газетах.

    в) в рядах, в кругу, в курсе

    A friend of mine is in the army. — Один мой друг служит в армии.

    Mind I'm in it. — Помни, я в деле.

    I thought I really was in it at last, and knew what she meant. — Я полагал, что меня наконец "допустили", что я понимал, что она имеет в виду.

    To those in it every sound conveys a meaning. — Для посвященных каждый звук наполнен смыслом.

    г) в руках, в ведении, во власти; в стиле, в духе

    The government of Greece is in the king. — Исполнительная власть в Греции принадлежит королю.

    It is in me to punish you. — У меня есть право тебя наказывать.

    His lordship knows rudeness is not in me. — Его превосходительство знает, что грубости не в моем духе.

    Anyone who has it in him to do heroic deeds. — Любой человек, обладающий способностью совершать геройские поступки, способный на геройство.

    The minerals, therefore, are in the trustees. — По этой причине камни хранятся у доверенных лиц.

    д) в (о наличии интереса, "изюминки" в чем-л., о сравнительном достоинстве кого-л. / чего-л.)

    The first round there was nothing much in it. — В первом раунде не произошло ничего особенного.

    The "Washingtonologists" in Moscow must be getting their files out to see what is in it for the Soviet Union, and for the world. — "Вашингтонологи" в Москве, должно быть, роются сейчас в своих досье, пытаясь понять, что это означает для Советского Союза, да и для планеты вообще.

    I can't see what there was in it for Mrs Plum. — Не могу понять, что это так заинтересовало миссис Плам.

    I thought the Party knew all the technique there is about handling people, but they're not in it with the Church. — Я полагал, партия умела управлять людьми, но на самом деле до церкви ей конечно далеко.

    All people are killers, potentially. Tigers aren't in it with people. — Все люди - потенциальные убийцы, куда там тиграм, тигры отдыхают!

    5)
    а) в состоянии, в положении

    Groping in our blindness we may seem big now, but, really, we're so small. (P. Hammill) — Мы идём по жизни на ощупь, как слепые, и кажемся порой великими, но, по правде, мы столь ничтожны.

    All the Court was in a hubbub. — В зале суда бушевала буря.

    Her husband has been in love with her ever since he knew her. — Её муж влюбился в неё ещё тогда, когда впервые её увидел.

    You are absolutely forbidden speaking to him in private. — Вам категорически запрещается разговаривать с ним в приватной обстановке / с глазу на глаз.

    The sea was in a blaze for many miles. — Море сверкало на много миль вперёд.

    б) в процессе, в ходе

    The Lacedemonians are already in labour of the war. — Лакедемоняне уже воюют.

    In search of plunder. — В поисках, чего бы пограбить.

    They have been in almost every variety of crime, from petty larceny down to downright murder. — Они совершили все возможные преступления, от простых краж прямо-таки до убийств.

    He was drowned in crossing the river. — Он утонул, переправляясь через реку.

    в) употребляется при указании на способ действия; переводится обычно наречиями или наречными оборотами; употребления часто сходны с аналогичными употреблениями предлога with

    in the manner anciently used — cпособом, известным с древности

    He told several people in confidence. — Он рассказал некоторым доверенным лицам.

    He begged in piteous terms that he might be admitted to the royal presence. — Он униженно просил аудиенции у короля.

    Among the trees in pairs they rose, they walked. (J. Milton, Paradise Lost, Book VII) — Попарно звери встали меж дерев и разминулись по местам своим. (пер. А. Штейнберга)

    A hawk flew in a circle, screaming. — Крича, летал кругами ястреб.

    He spoke in a strong French accent. — Он говорил с сильным французским акцентом

    Bede is writing in a dead language, Gregory in a living. (M. Pattison) — Беда Достопочтенный пишет на мёртвом языке, папа Григорий I на живом.

    A French ship ballasted in mahogany. — Французский корабль, груженый красным деревом.

    Half-length portraits, in crayons. — Карандашные рисунки в половину роста.

    6)
    а) для, внутри; само по себе ( с возвратными местоимениями)

    Of things absolutely or in themselves. — О вещах безотносительно к чему бы то ни было или о вещах самих по себе.

    The story may be true in itself. — Сам по себе рассказ может быть правдив.

    б) поэт. во (имя), ради

    As in Adam all men die, so in Christ all men shall be resurrected. ( Bible) — Как в Адаме все умирают, так во Христе все оживут.

    Blessed are the dead men, that die in the Lord. ( Bible) — Отныне блаженны мёртвые, умирающие в Господе.

    в) в лице, в роли, по отношению к

    I am to come out in Hamlet, in Laertes. — Мне предстоит играть в "Гамлете" Лаэрта.

    Dread no thief in me! — Не бойся, я не вор!

    How great a captain England possessed in her future King. — Какого великого полководца имела Британия в лице своего будущего короля!

    All the thirty were in politics vehemently opposed to the prisoner. — Что касается политических взглядов, все тридцать были из противной узнику партии.

    •
    Gram:
    [ref dict="LingvoGrammar (En-Ru)"]in[/ref]
    2. нареч.
    1) внутри; внутрь; с внутренней стороны
    2) рядом, поблизости
    Syn:
    near 2.
    3. сущ.
    1)
    а) ( the ins) разг. политическая партия, находящаяся у власти
    2) влияние, воздействие
    Syn:
    influence 1., pull 1.
    4. прил.
    1)
    б) внутренний, для внутреннего пользования
    •
    Syn:
    2) разг. находящийся у власти
    3)
    б) приближающийся, прибывающий

    I saw the in train. — Я увидел прибывающий поезд.

    Syn:
    4) разг.

    Англо-русский современный словарь > in

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