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πίνω (Hom.+) impf. ἔπινον; fut. πίομαι (W-S. 13, 6; 17; B-D-F §74, 2; 77; Rob. 354), 2 sg. πίεσαι (Ruth 2:9; B-D-F §87; Thackeray p. 218; 282; Rob. 340; Mlt-H. 198); 2 aor. ἔπιον (on ἔπιαν 1 Cor 10:4 D s. B-D-F §81, 3; Mlt-H. 208), impv. πίε, πιέτω, inf. πιεῖν (edd. contracted πεῖν [πῖν]; s. B-D-F §101 p. 48; §31, 2; W-S. §5, 23b; Rob. 72; 204; Mayser 365; Thackeray p. 63f; W-H., app. 170); perf. πέπωκα; plpf. 3 sg. πεπώκει 1 Km 30:12 (W-S. §13, 15; B-D-F §83, 1).

① to take in a liquid internally, drink, w. acc. of someth. that is drunk Mt 6:25; Mk 16:18; Lk 12:29. αἷμα (Num 23:24; 1 Ch 11:19 al.; 4 [6] Esdr [POxy 1010]): J 6:53f, 56 (cp. the imagery in Jos., Bell. 5, 344 ἐσθίειν … καὶ τὸ τῆς πόλεως αἷμα πίνειν). οἶνον Lk 1:15 (cp. Dt 29:5); 5:39; cp. Mt 26:29b; Ro 14:21 (Is 22:13) al. τί πίωμεν; what will we have to drink? Mt 6:31. φαγεῖν καὶ πιεῖν ὅσον ἄν βούλωνται MPol 7:2. ἐσθίειν καὶ πίνειν τὰ παρά τινος eat and drink what someone sets before one Lk 10:7. Foll. by ἀπό τινος drink (of) someth. (Ctesias: 688 Fgm. 1lβ p. 433 Jac. [Sotion Fgm. 17 in Παραδοξογράφοι W. p. 185] π. ἀπʼ αὐτῆς [a spring], resulting in confession of things perpetrated in secret; Ael. Aristid. 39, 4 K.=18 p. 409 D.; Jer 28:7; GrBar 4:6; Just., D. 140, 1) 22:18. μηδεὶς φαγέτω μηδὲ πιέτω ἀπὸ τῆς εὐχαριστίας D 9:5. Foll. by ἔκ τινος (of) someth. (Gen 9:21; TestJos 19:5; GrBar 5:2; Syntipas p. 43, 15 ἐκ τοῦ δηλητηρίου πίομαι) Mt 26:29a; Mk 14:25a; J 4:13f. Foll. by acc. of the vessel fr. which one drinks, in which case the vessel and its contents are identified (ποτήριον a) ποτήριον κυρίου πίνειν 1 Cor 10:21; cp. 11:26f. The vessel can also be introduced by ἐκ (Hipponax [VI B.C.] 16 and 17 D.²; Aristoph., Equ. 1289; Pla., Rep. 417a; X., An. 6, 1, 4 ἐκ ποτηρίων; SIG 1168, 80) ἐκ τοῦ ποτηρίου πινέτω (s. 2 Km 12:3) 1 Cor 11:28; cp. Mt 26:27; Mk 14:23. Likew. ἐξ αὐτοῦ (=ἐκ τοῦ φρέατος.—Paus. Attic. κ, 56 κρήνη, ἐξ ἧς ἔπινον; Num 21:22; Philo, Deus Imm. 155) from it J 4:12. ἐκ πέτρας 1 Cor 10:4b.—On the acc. κρίμα ἑαυτῷ ἐσθίει καὶ πίνει 11:29b cp. κρίμα 4b.—Abs. Mt 27:34b. W. ἐσθίειν 11:18f; Lk 5:33; 12:19 (Phoenix Col. 1, 9 [Coll. Alex. p. 231]), 45 al.; cp 17:8 (on the protocol in 17:7 cp. ViAesopi G 61 P.). ἔφαγεν καὶ ἔπιεν 1 Cl 3:1 (cp. Dt. 32:15); I Tr 9:1. οὔτε ἐπὶ τὸ φαγεῖν οὔτε ἐπὶ τὸ πεῖν (=πιεῖν) AcPl Ox 6, 7f (=Aa 1, 241, 12f). τρώγειν καὶ π. Mt 24:38; cp. 1 Cor 15:32. ἐσθίειν καὶ π. μετά τινος eat and drink w. someone Mt 24:49; Mk 2:16 v.l.; Lk 5:30. δοῦναί τινι πιεῖν (τι) give someone someth. to drink (numerous exx. of δοῦναι πιεῖν in AKnox and WHeadlam, Herodas 1922 p. 55f; Jos., Ant. 2, 64) Mt 27:34a; Mk 15:23 v.l.; J 4:7 (δὸς πεῖν as POxy 1088, 55 [I A.D.] and Cyranides p. 49, 16. Cp. Lamellae Aur. Orphicae ed. AOlivieri 1915 p. 12 σοι δώσουσι πιεῖν θείης ἀπὸ κρήνης [IV/III B.C.]), vs. 10. πῶς παρʼ ἐμοῦ πεῖν αἰτεῖς, how can you ask me for a drink? vs. 9.—In imagery, of the earth: γῆ ἡ πιοῦσα τὸν ὑετόν Hb 6:7 (this figure and corresp. exprs. Trag. et al.; cp. Hdt. 3, 117; 4, 198; Anacreontea 21, 1; Dt 11:11; SibOr 3, 696). In J, Jesus calls those who are thirsty to him, that they may drink the water he gives them and never thirst again (cp. Lucian, Dial. Deor. 4, 5 πίνειν τῆς ἀθανασίας) J 4:14; 7:37.

② In an idiom πιεῖν τὸ ποτήριον w. added words that make the sense clear drink the cup=submit to a severe trial, or death (ποτήριον b) Mt 20:22f; Mk 10:38f; J 18:11; cp. Mt 26:42; ApcPt Rainer 16 (for the fig. use cp. Herodas 1, 25 π. ἐκ καινῆς=from the new cup. Then, as Mt 20:22f; Mk 10:38f of those who suffer the same fate: Aristoph., Eq. 1289 οὔποτʼ ἐκ ταὐτοῦ μεθʼ ἡμῶν πίεται ποτηρίου=he will never drink from the same cup as we do; Libanius, Ep. 355, 4 F. μνήμη τῶν ἐκ ταὐτοῦ κρατῆρος πεπωκότων). Sim. πίεται ἐκ τοῦ οἴνου τοῦ θυμοῦ τοῦ θεοῦ Rv 14:10; cp. 18:3 (on the rdg. s. RBorger, TRu 52, ’87, 50f; θυμός 1; 2; cp. w. acc. τρώγειν καὶ π. τὸν λόγον τοῦ θεοῦ, τὸν τῆς ἀθανασίας ἄρτον Iren. 4, 38, 1 [Harv. II 293, 12]).—B. 331. DELG s.v. πίνω. M-M. EDNT. TW.

σῶμα, ατος, τό (Hom.+) ‘body.’

① body of a human being or animal, body

ⓐ dead body, corpse (so always in Hom. [but s. HHerter, σῶμα bei Homer: Charites, Studien zur Altertumswissenschaft, ELanglotz Festschr., ed. KvonSchauenburg ’57, 206–17] and oft. later, e.g. Memnon: 434 Fgm. 1, 3, 3 Jac. καίειν τὸ ς.=burn the corpse; ins, pap, LXX; PsSol 2:27; TestJob 52:11; ApcMos 34 al.; Philo, Abr. 258; Jos., Bell. 6, 276, Ant. 18, 236; Ar. 4, 3; Mel., P. 28, 196) Mt 14:12 v.l.; 27:59; Mk 15:45 v.l.; Lk 17:37; Ac 9:40; GPt 2:4; pl. J 19:31. W. gen. Mt 27:58; Mk 15:43; Lk 23:52, 55; 24:3, 23; J 19:38ab, 40; 20:12; Jd 9; GPt 2:3. Pl. Mt 27:52; Hb 13:11. AcPlCor 2:27.

ⓑ the living body (Hes. et al.) of animals Js 3:3.—Mostly of human beings Mt 5:29f; 6:22f; 26:12; Mk 5:29; 14:8; Lk 11:34abc; J 2:21; Ro 1:24; 1 Cor 6:18ab; IRo 5:3. τὰ τοῦ σώματος the parts of the body 4:2. Of women αἱ ἀσθενεῖς τῷ σώματι 1 Cl 6:2; cp. Hv 3, 11, 4.—W. and in contrast to πνεῦμα (4 Macc 11:11) Ro 8:10, 13; 1 Cor 5:3; 7:34; Js 2:26. W. and in contrast to ψυχή (Pla., Gorg. 47, 493a; Diod S 34 + 35 Fgm. 2, 30; Appian, Bell. Civ. 5, 112 §467; Ael. Aristid. 45, 17f K.=8 p. 88f D.; Lucian, Imag. 23; PGM 7, 589; Wsd 1:4; 8:19f; 2 Macc 7:37; 14:38; 4 Macc 1:28; ApcEsdr 7:3 p. 32, 13 Tdf.; EpArist 139; Philo; Jos., Bell. 3, 372–78; 6, 55; Just., A I, 8, 4; D. 6, 2 al.; Tat. 13, 1; Ath. 1, 4; Did., Gen. 56, 4; Theoph. Ant. 1, 5 [p. 66, 2]) Mt 6:25ab; 10:28ab; Lk 12:4 v.l., 22f; 2 Cl 5:4 (a saying of Jesus, fr. an unknown source); 12:4; MPol 14:2; AcPl Ha 1, 4. τὸ πνεῦμα καὶ ἡ ψυχὴ καὶ τὸ σῶμα (s. the Christian POxy 1161, 6 [IV A.D.]) 1 Th 5:23. W. and in contrast to its parts (ApcSed 11:13; Mel., P. 78, 563) Ro 12:4; 1 Cor 12:12abc (Ltzm. ad loc.), 14–20 (PMich 149, 4, 26 [II A.D.] ἧπαρ … ὅλον τὸ σῶμα); Js 3:6; 1 Cl 37:5abcd. The body as the seat of sexual function Ro 4:19; 1 Cor 7:4ab (rights over the σῶμα of one’s spouse as Artem. 1, 44 p. 42, 14f; Iren. 1, 13, 3 [Harv. I 119, 10]).—The body as seat of mortal life εἶναι ἐν σώματι be in the body = alive, subject to mortal ills (TestAbr A 9 p. 87, 3 [Stone p. 22]; Poryphr., Abst. 1, 38) Hb 13:3. ἐνδημεῖν ἐν τῷ σώματι 2 Cor 5:6 (s. ἐνδημέω). ἐκδημῆσαι ἐκ τοῦ σώματος vs. 8 (s. ἐκδημέω). διὰ τοῦ σώματος during the time of one’s mortal life (cp. Lucian, Menipp. 11, end, Catapl. 23) vs. 10 (s. κομίζω 3, but s. also below in this section). Paul does not know whether, in a moment of religious ecstasy, he was ἐν σώματι or ἐκτὸς (χωρὶς) τοῦ σώματος 12:2f (of Epimenides [A2: Vorsokrat.⁵ I p. 29] it was said ὡς ἐξίοι ἡ ψυχὴ ὁπόσον ἤθελε καιρὸν καὶ πάλιν εἰσῄει ἐν τῷ σώματι; Clearchus, Fgm. 7: καθάπερ ὁ Κλέαρχος ἐν τοῖς περὶ ὕπνου φησίν, περὶ τῆς ψυχῆς, ὡς ἄρα χωρίζεται τοῦ σώματος καὶ ὡς εἴσεισιν εἰς τὸ σῶμα καὶ ὡς χρῆται αὐτῷ οἷον καταγωγίῳ [a resting-place]. In Fgm. 8 Clearchus tells about Cleonymus the Athenian, who seemed to be dead, but awakened after 3 days and thereupon reported everything that he had seen and heard ἐπειδὴ χωρὶς ἦν τοῦ σώματος. His soul is said finally to have arrived εἴς τινα χῶρον ἱερὸν τῆς Ἑστίας; Maximus Tyr. 38, 3a–f Ἀριστέας ἔφασκεν τὴν ψυχὴν αὐτῷ καταλιποῦσαν τὸ σῶμα in order to wander through the universe. He finds faith everywhere. Similarly 10, 2f. See also the story of Hermotimus in Apollon. Paradox. 3 as well as Lucian, Musc. Enc. [The Fly] 7.—On the two kinds of transcendent vision [with or without the body] s. Proclus, In Pla. Rem Publ. II p. 121, 26ff Kroll: οἱ μὲν μετὰ τοῦ σώματος τῶν τοιούτων [like Ἐμπεδότιμος] ἵστορες [=eyewitnesses], οἱ δὲ ἄνευ σώματος [like Κλεώνυμος]. καὶ πλήρεις αἱ παραδόσεις τούτων.). ἀπὼν τῷ σώματι (παρὼν δὲ τῷ πνεύματι) 1 Cor 5:3. ἡ παρουσία τοῦ σώματος 2 Cor 10:10 (παρουσία 1). The body is the instrument of human experience and suffering 4:10ab; Gal 6:17 (allusion AcPlCor 2, 35); Phil 1:20; the body is the organ of a person’s activity: δοξάσατε τὸν θεὸν ἐν τῷ σώματι ὑμῶν glorify God through your body, i.e. by leading an upright life 1 Cor 6:20; cp. Ro 12:1. This may be the place (s. above in this section) for διὰ τοῦ σώματος 2 Cor 5:10 which, in that case, would be taken in an instrumental sense with or through the body (cp. Pla., Phd. 65a; Ps.-Pla., Axioch. 13, 371c; Aelian, NA 5, 26 τὰ διὰ τοῦ σώματος πραττόμενα). In some of the last-named passages (such as Ro 12:1; Phil 1:20; also Eph 5:28 w. parallel in Plut., Mor. 142e: s. HAlmqvist, Plut. u. d. NT ’46, 116f) the body is almost synonymous w. the whole personality (as Aeschin., Or. 2, 58; X., An. 1, 9, 12 τὰ ἑαυτῶν σώματα=themselves. Appian, Syr. 41 §218 παρεδίδου τὸ σῶμα τοῖς ἐθέλουσιν ἀπαγαγεῖν=[Epaminondas] gave himself up to those who wished to take him away, Mithr. 27 §107 ἐς τὸ σῶμα αὐτοῦ=against his person, Bell. Civ. 2, 106 §442 Caesar’s person [σῶμα] is ἱερὸς καὶ ἄσυλος=sacred and inviolable; 3, 39 §157 ἔργον … σῶμα=course of action … person; Mitt-Wilck. I/2, 55, 7 [III B.C.] ἑκάστου σώματος=for every person. See Wilcken’s note).—Because it is subject to sin and death, man’s mortal body as τὸ σῶμα τῆς σαρκός (σάρξ 2cα) Col 2:11 is a σῶμα τῆς ἁμαρτίας Ro 6:6 or τοῦ θανάτου 7:24; cp. 8:11. In fact, σῶμα can actually take the place of σάρξ 8:13 (cp. Herm. Wr. 4, 6b ἐὰν μὴ πρῶτον τὸ σῶμα μισήσῃς, σεαυτὸν φιλῆσαι οὐ δύνασαι; 11, 21a.—Cp. Hippol., Ref. 5, 19, 6). As a σῶμα τῆς ταπεινώσεως lowly body it stands in contrast to the σῶμα τῆς δόξης glorious body of the heavenly beings Phil 3:21. In another pass. σῶμα ψυχικόν of mortals is opposed to the σῶμα πνευματικόν after the resurrection 1 Cor 15:44abc.—Christ’s earthly body, which was subject to death (Orig., C. Cels. 2, 9, 13) Ro 7:4; Hb 10:5 (Ps 39:7 v.l.), 10; 1 Pt 2:24; AcPlCor 2:16f. τὸ σῶμα καὶ τὰ ὀστᾶ καὶ τὸ πνεῦμα Χριστοῦ 2:32. τὸ σῶμα τῆς σαρκὸς αὐτοῦ Col 1:22. Esp. in the language of the Eucharist (opp. αἷμα) Mt 26:26; Mk 14:22; Lk 22:19; 1 Cor 10:16 (GBornkamm, NTS 2, ’56, 202–6); 11:24, 27, 29. S. the lit. s.v. ἀγάπη 2 and εὐχαριστία 3, also JBonsirven, Biblica 29, ’48, 205–19.—ἓν σῶμα a single body 1 Cor 6:16 (cp. Jos., Ant. 7, 66 Δαυίδης τήν τε ἄνω πόλιν κ. τὴν ἄκραν συνάψας ἐποίησεν ἕν σῶμα; Artem. 3, 66 p. 196, 9; RKempthorne, NTS 14. ’67/68, 568–74).

② pl. σώματα slaves (Herodas 2, 87 δοῦλα σώματα; Polyb. et al.; oft. Vett. Val.; ins, pap; Gen 36:6; Tob 10:10; Bel 32; 2 Macc 8:11; Jos., Ant. 14, 321; cp. our colloq. ‘get some bodies for the job’) Rv 18:13 (cp. Ezk 27:13; the abs. usage rejected by Atticists, s. Phryn. 378 Lob.).

③ plant and seed structure, body. In order to gain an answer to his own question in 1 Cor 15:35 ποίῳ σώματι ἔρχονται; (i.e. the dead after the resurrection), Paul speaks of bodies of plants (which are different in kind fr. the ‘body’ of the seed which is planted.—Maximus Tyr. 40, 60e makes a distinction betw. the σώματα of the plants, which grow old and pass away, and their σπέρματα, which endure.—σώματα of plants also in Apollon. Paradox. 7 [after Aristot.]) vs. 37f, and of σώματα ἐπουράνια of the heavenly bodies vs. 40 (cp. Ps.-Aristot., De Mundo 2, 2 the stars as σώματα θεῖα; Maximus Tyr. 21, 8b οὐρανὸς κ. τὰ ἐν αὐτῷ σώματα, acc. to 11, 12a οἱ ἀστέρες; 40, 4h; Sallust. 9 p. 18, 5).

④ substantive reality, the thing itself, the reality in imagery of a body that casts a shadow, in contrast to σκιά (q.v. 3) Col 2:17.

⑤ a unified group of people, body fig. ext. of 1, of the Christian community or church (cp. Cyr. Ins. 58, ‘body of the Hellenes’; Polyaenus, Exc. 18, 4 of the phalanx; Libanius, Or. 1 p. 176, 25 F. τὸ τῆς πόλεως ς.; Plut., Philop. 360 [8, 2]), esp. as the body of Christ, which he fills or enlivens as its Spirit (in this case the head belongs with the body, as Appian, Bell. Civ. 3, 26 §101, where a severed head is differentiated from τὸ ἄλλο σῶμα=the rest of the body), or crowns as its Head (Hdt. 7, 140; Quint. Smyrn. 11, 58; SIG 1169, 3; 15 κεφαλή w. σῶμα as someth. equally independent; Orig., C. Cels. 6, 79, 27): οἱ πολλοὶ ἓν σῶμά ἐσμεν ἐν Χριστῷ Ro 12:5. Cp. 1 Cor 10:17; 12:13, 27; Eph (s. Schlier s.v. ἐκκλησία 3c) 1:23; 2:16; 4:12, 16; 5:23, 30; Col 1:18, 24; 2:19; 3:15; ISm 1:2; Hs 9, 17, 5; 9, 18, 3f. ἓν σῶμα καὶ ἓν πνεῦμα Eph 4:4; cp. Hs 9, 13, 5; 7 (Iambl., Vi. Pyth. 30, 167: all as ἓν σῶμα κ. μία ψυχή; also Just., D. 42, 3) διέλκομεν τὰ μέλη τοῦ Χριστοῦ καὶ στασιάζομεν πρὸς τὸ σῶμα τὸ ἴδιον 1 Cl 46:7.—T Schmidt, Der Leib Christi (σῶμα Χριστοῦ) 1919; EKäsemann, Leib u. Leib Christi ’33 (for a critique s. SHanson, Unity of the Church in the NT ’46, 113–16); ÉMersch, Le Corps mystique du Christ² ’36; AWikenhauser, D. Kirche als d. myst. Leib Christi, nach dem Ap. Pls² ’40; EPercy, D. Leib Christi in d. paulin. Homologumena u. Antilegomena ’42; RHirzel, Die Person: SBMünAk 1914 H. 10 p. 6–28 (semantic history of σῶμα); WKnox, Parallels to the NT use of σῶμα: JTS 39, ’38, 243–46; FDillistone, How Is the Church Christ’s Body?: Theology Today 2, ’45/46, 56–68; WGoossens, L’Église corps de Christ d’après St. Paul² ’49; CCraig, Soma Christou: The Joy of Study ’51, 73–85; JRobinson, The Body: A Study in Pauline Theol. ’52; RBultmann, Theol. of the NT, tr. KGrobel ’51, 192–203; HClavier, CHDodd Festschr. ’56, 342–62; CColpe, Zur Leib-Christi Vorstellung im Eph, ’60, 172–87; KGrobel, Bultmann Festschr. ’54, 52–59; HHegermann, TLZ 85, ’60, 839–42; ESchweizer, ibid. 86, ’61, 161–74; 241–56; JMeuzelaar, D. Leib des Messias, ’61; MDahl, The Resurrection of the Body, ’62; RJewett, Paul’s Anthropological Terms, ’71, 201–304; JZiegler, NovT 25, ’83, 133–45 (LXX); JDunn: JSNT Suppl. 100, ’94, 163–81 (Col.).—B. 198. New Docs 4, 38f. DELG. M-M. TW. Sv.

ἐπέρχομαι fut. ἐπελεύσομαι; 2 aor. ἐπῆλθον (3 pl. ἐπῆλθαν Ac 14:19; B-D-F §81, 3; W-S. §13, 13; Mlt-H. 208); plpf. 3 sg. ἐπεληλύθει 2 Macc 9:18 (Hom.+).

① to move to or upon

ⓐ come, arrive, abs. (Just., D. 51, 2) Agr 22=Mt 20:28 D. ἀπό τινος (1 Macc 8:4) ἐπῆλθαν ἀπὸ Ἀντιοχείας Ἰουδαῖοι Judeans came fr. Antioch Ac 14:19; AcPl Ha 5, 21 (s. entry ἥττων).

ⓑ of the Holy Spirit come upon, from a superior position ἐπί τινα Lk 1:35 (FSteinmetzer, ‘Empfangen v. Hl. Geiste’ 1938); Ac 1:8 (cp. Is 32:15; for movement from a transcendent realm, cp. Biogr. p. 448 of an inspiration: τοῦτο ἐπελθὸν αὐτῷ πράττειν ἐκ τοῦ θείου).

② to occur as an event or process happen, come about

ⓐ of a period of time (Jos., Ant. 6, 305 ἡ ἐπερχομένη ἡμέρα) νύξ 1 Cl 24:3. ὁ αἰὼν ὁ ἐπερχόμενος the coming age Hv 4, 3, 5. ἐν τοῖς αἰῶσι τοῖς ἐπερχομένοις in the ages to come Eph 2:7. τῷ σαββάτῳ ἐπερχομένης τῆς κυριακῆς, ἐν ἡμέρα, ᾗ ἔμελλεν θηριουμαχεῖν ὁ Παῦλος on the Sabbath before the Lord’s Day (Sunday) on which Paul was to fight the wild beasts AcPl Ha 3, 8.

ⓑ of what happens in the course of time; in our lit. exclusively of someth. unpleasant.

α. come (on), approach κακὰ ἐπερχόμενα 1 Cl 56:10 (Job 5:21). ἐπὶ ταῖς ταλαιπωρίαις ὑμῶν ταῖς ἐπερχομέναις over the miseries that are coming upon you Js 5:1. In the same eschatological sense (cp. Is 41:22f; τέλος ἐπερχόμενον En 10:2) κρίσιν τὴν ἐπερχομένην Hv 3, 9, 5 (Just., D. 138, 3); θλῖψις ἐ. v 4, 1, 1; Hs 7:4; cp. τὰ λοιπὰ … τὰ ἐ. Hs 9, 5, 5. τὰ ἐπερχόμενα (cp. Is 41:4, 22f; Jdth 9:5): τὰ ἐ. τῇ οἰκουμένῃ what is coming upon the world Lk 21:26.

β. in related vein, abs. (Horapollo 2, 25 ὁ θάνατος; Pr 27:12; Jos., Ant. 2, 86) come about Ac 13:40. ἐπί τινα (Gen 42:21; Wsd 12:27; EpJer 48; 2 Macc 9:18) come upon someone ὅπως μηδὲν ἐπέλθῃ ἐπʼ ἐμὲ ὧν εἰρήκατε that none of the things you have spoken of may come upon me Ac 8:24.—Possibly to be restored in AcPl Ha 6, 25f (s. Schmidt’s transcription and note).—Lk 21:35 v.l.

③ to come against someone with force, attack (Hom. et al.; ins, pap; 1 Km 30:23; ViEz 9 [p. 75, 1 Sch.]; Jos., Ant. 5, 195; 6, 23; Just., D. 139, 3 τῇ γῇ) abs. Lk 11:22 (v.l. ἐλθών).—DDaube, The Sudden in the Scriptures ’64, 34ff.—M-M. TW.

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αἰνέω (cf. αἴνημι, αἰνίζομαι), [tense] impf.

A

ᾔνουν E.Hec. 1154

, [dialect] Ion.

αἴνεον Hdt.3.73

: [tense] fut.

αἰνήσω Od.16.380

, Thgn.1080, Pi.N.1.72; in [dialect] Att. Poets always αἰνέσω, as in Pi.N.7.63, Semon.7.112: [tense] aor.

ᾔνησα Hom.

, opt.

αἰνήσειε Simon.57.1

; [dialect] Dor.

αἴνησα Pi.P.3.13

; in [dialect] Att. always ᾔνεσα, [dialect] Ion.

αἴνεσα Hdt.5.113

: [tense] pf. ᾔνεκα ([etym.] ἐπ-) Isoc.12.207:— [voice] Med., [tense] fut. αἰνέσομαι (only in compds. ἐπ-, παρ-):—[voice] Pass., [tense] aor. part.

αἰνεθείς Hdt.5.102

: [tense] pf. ᾔνημαι ([etym.] ἐπ-) Hp.Acut.51, Isoc.12.233.—Poet. and [dialect] Ion. Verb, very rare in good [dialect] Att. Prose (Pl.R. 404d, Lg. 952c), ἐπαινέω being used instead:—properly, tell, speak of, A.Ag.98, 1482 (both lyr.), Ch. 192; σε κρηγύην αἰνεῖ reports of you as honest, Herod. 4.47.

II usu. praise, approve, opp. νεικέω, ψέγω, Il.10.249, Thgn. 612, etc.;

ἀνδρὸς ὃν οὐδ' αἰνεῖν τοῖσι κακοῖσι θέμις Arist.Fr. 673

:— [voice] Pass.,

ὑπὸ Σιμωνίδεω αἰνεθείς Hdt.5.102

;

ἐπ' ἔργμασιν ἐσθλοῖς Theoc. 16.15

.

b esp. in religious sense, glorify God, LXX 1 Ch.16.4, Ev.Luc.2.13, PMag.Par.1.1146, al.:—also c. dat., τῷ κυρίῳ, τῷ θεῷ, LXX 1 Ch.16.36, Apoc.19.5.

2 approve, advise, recommend Od. 16.380, 403: c. inf., recommend to do a thing, euphem. for κελεύω, A.Ch. 555, 715 : c. part., αἰνεῖν ἰόντα to commend one's going, Id.Pers. 643:— ὦ δεινὸν αἶνον αἰνέσας giver of dire counsel, S.Ph. 1380:— c. acc. rei, to be content with, acquiesce in,

γάμον Pi.P.3.13

, cf. N.1.72, A.Eu. 469, Supp. 902, 1070 (lyr.), E.Med. 1157;

θῆσσαν τράπεζαν αἰνέσαι Id.Alc.2

.

3 praise, with collateral sense, decline courteously,

νῇ ὀλίγην αἰνεῖν, μεγάλῃ δ' ἐνὶ φορτία θέσθαι Hes.Op. 643

(cf. Plu. 2.22f), cf. S.Fr. 109; but, thank, cj.in E.Supp. 388.

4 abs., approve,

ὁ δᾶμος αἰνεῖ IG9(1).119

([dialect] Locr.).

III to promise or vow, τινί τι or τινὶ ποιεῖν τι, S.Ph. 1398, E.Alc.12.

συνήθεια, ἡ,

A habitual intercourse, acquaintance, intimacy, αἱ πρὸς ἀλλήλους ς. Isoc.1.1;

διατριβαὶ καὶ -θειαι μετά τινων Aeschin.2.23

; ἡ τῶν φίλων ς. ib.152;

σ. καὶ φιλία Arist.GA 753a12

; ἡ πολιτικὴ ς. Id.EN 1181a11;

τὰς τῶν φαύλων σ. ὀλίγος χρόνος διέλυσε Isoc.1.1

;

ὅπως ἂν αἱ σ. διαζευχθῶσιν Arist.Pol. 1319b26

; καὶ αὐτῷ δέ μοί εἰσι ς. PCair.Zen.42.2 (iii B.C.);

ὢν ἡμῖν ἐν συνηθείᾳ PMich.Zen.82.3

(iii B.C.).

b sexual intercourse, X.Cyr.6.1.31 (v.l.);

σ. ἔχειν μετὰ γυναικός Plu.2.310e

;

πρὸς γυναῖκα Vett.Val.288.23

.

2 of animals, herding together, Arist.HA 575b19; νέμεσθαι κατὰ συνηθείας in herds, ib. 611a7, cf. Ael.NA2.31; so of soldiers, κατὰ συνηθείας in messes, Plb.35.4.14.

II habit, custom, h.Merc.485 (pl.), Hp.VM3, Pl.R. 516a, etc.; pl., φαῦλαι ς. bad habits, Epicur.Sent.Vat.46;

κατὰ συνήθειαν τοῦ προτέρου βίου Pl.R. 620a

; ἐν τοῖς ἤθεσι τοῖς τῆς ἑαυτοῦ συνηθείας in his own accustomed haunts, Id.Lg. 865e; ἡ σ. τοῦ ἔργου habituation to it, X.Cyn.12.4;

λήθην ἢ συνήθειαν τῶν ἀδικημάτων D. 19.3

, cf. 60.27;

πολλῆς.. σ. ἡ ῥητορική Epicur.Fr.46

; τῇ σ. τοῦ εἰδώλου by being used to it, 1 Ep.Cor.8.7; practice, Plb.1.42.7, cf.Pl. Lg. 656d: with Preps.,

διὰ συνήθειαν Id.Sph. 248b

; διὰ τὴν ς. Arist. HA 494b21;

ἐκ συνηθείας OGI629.12

,79 (Palmyra, ii A.D.); κατὰ ς. Pl.R.l.c.;

παρὰ συνήθειαν Id.Lg. 655e

;

ἠναγκάσμεθα ὑπὸ συνηθείας Id.Tht. 157b

; σ. ἔχειν τῇ πολιτείᾳ to be used to it, practised in it, Plb.39.5.2;

σ. κτᾶσθαι πρὸς τὰ κοινά Plu.2.791a

.

2 the customary usage of language,

ἐκ σ. ῥημάτων καὶ ὀνομάτων Pl.Tht. 168b

, cf. Chrysipp.Stoic.3.33; εἰς συνήθειαν ἐποίησε τοῦ λόγου τούτου τὴν πόλιν καταστῆναι brought the city to habitual use of this phrase, Aeschin. 1.165; ἡ σ. τῶν Ἑλλήνων, αἱ κατὰ τὰς διαλέκτους ς., Phld.Rh.1.59 S., Gal.18(2).237, Phld.Po.5.2; ἐν τῇ τεχνικῇ καὶ μὴ εἰκαίᾳ ς. Diocl. Magn.Stoic.3.214: abs., ordinary language, ἐν τῇ ς. Plu.2.22f, cf.ib.c, 1113a; κατὰ τὴν ς. A.D.Synt.323.22, cf. Demetr.Eloc.69, al., D.H. Amm.2.11, Herod.Med. in Rh.Mus.49.549.

III customary gratuity, Sammelb.7336.13 (iii A.D.), 7369.25 (vi A.D.), PLond.1.113 (3).11, 3.1036.8 (both vi A.D.): pl., perquisites, Cod.Just.3.2.4, Just. Nov.134.1, al.

Grammatical information: v.

Meaning: `ward off, defend' (Il.).

Other forms: ἀλεξήσω, - ησα Hom.; without - η- middle aor. ἀλέξασθαι (Hom.), fur. ἀλέξομαι (S.).

Dialectal forms: Myc. Arekeseu \/ Alekseus\/; arekotore \/ Alektorei\/.

Compounds: As first member ἀλεξ(ι-), e.g. in ἀλεξί-κακος (Hom.); also Άλέξανδρος, from which comes the Hittite rendering Alakšanduš (Kretschmer Glotta 13, 205ff., 21, 244ff., 24, 242ff., 33, 22f.); Sommer's view that it is in origin Anatolian (IF 55, 187ff., Nominalkomp., esp. 186ff., is now abandoned).

Derivatives: ἀλέκτωρ, from which ἀλεκτρυών is derived (q.v.). - From the stem with - η- (cf. ἀλεξήσω): e.g. ἀλεξητήρ `defender' (Hom.) and ἀλεξήτωρ (S.);

Origin: IE [Indo-European] [32] * h₂elk-, * h₂lek-s- `ward off'

Etymology: Beside ἀλεξ- there is the stem ἀλκ-, see ἀλκ-ή. They continue * h₂(e)lk-: * h₂lek-s. On the meanings s. Holt Les noms d'action en - σις 78. ἀλέξ- agrees exactly with Skt. rákṣati `protect'.

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Grammatical information: n. pl.

Meaning: ἔντερα H.

Origin: XX [etym. unknown]

Etymology: Perhaps with Lidén KZ 61, 22f. as *Ϝάλλια from *Ϝάλνια to εἰλύω `wind, turn etc.'; cf. ONo. vil n., dat. pl. - jum `viscera', IE *u̯el-i̯o-. On the development cf. Lesb. Thess. στάλλα from *στάλνᾱ.

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