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ἐκκλησία, ας, ἡ (ἐκ + καλέω; Eur., Hdt.+)

① a regularly summoned legislative body, assembly, as gener. understood in the Gr-Rom. world (Jos., Ant. 12, 164; 19, 332, Vi. 268) Ac 19:39 (on ‘[regular] statutory assembly’, s. ἔννομος and IBM III/2, p. 141. The term ἐννόμη ἐ. here contrasts w. the usage vss. 32 and 40, in which ἐ. denotes simply ‘a gathering’; s. 2 below. On the ἐ. in Ephesus cp. CIG III, 325; IBM III/1, 481, 340; on the ἐ. in the theater there s. the last-named ins ln. 395; OGI 480, 9).—Pauly-W. V/2, 1905, 2163–2200; RAC IV 905–21 (lit.).

② a casual gathering of people, an assemblage, gathering (cp. 1 Km 19:20; 1 Macc 3:13; Sir 26:5) Ac 19:32, 40.

③ people with shared belief, community, congregation (for common identity, cp. the community of Pythagoras [Hermippus in Diog. L. 8, 41]. Remarkably, in Himerius, Or. 39 [Or. 5], 5 Orpheus forms for himself τὴν ἐκκλησίαν, a group of wild animals, who listen to him, in the Thracian mountains where there are no people), in our lit. of common interest in the God of Israel.

ⓐ of OT Israelites assembly, congregation (Dt 31:30; Judg 20:2; 1 Km 17:47; 3 Km 8:14; PsSol 10:6; TestJob 32:8 τῆς εὐώδους ἐ.; Philo; Jos., Ant. 4, 309; Diod S 40, 3, 6) Hb 2:12 (Ps 21:23); e.g. to hear the law (Dt 4:10; 9:10; 18:16) Ac 7:38.

ⓑ of Christians in a specific place or area (the term ἐ. apparently became popular among Christians in Greek-speaking areas for chiefly two reasons: to affirm continuity with Israel through use of a term found in Gk. translations of the Hebrew Scriptures, and to allay any suspicion, esp. in political circles, that Christians were a disorderly group).

α. of a specific Christian group assembly, gathering ordinarily involving worship and discussion of matters of concern to the community: Mt 18:17; συνερχομένων ὑμῶν ἐν ἐ. when you come together as an assembly 1 Cor 11:18; cp. 14:4f, 12, 19, 28, 35; pl. vs. 34. ἐν ἐ. ἐξομολογεῖσθαι τὰ παραπτώματα confess one’s sins in assembly D 4:14; cp. 3J 6 (JCampbell, JTS 49, ’48, 130–42; for the Johannines s. ESchweizer below). In Ac 15:22 the ‘apostles and elders’ function in the manner of the βουλή or council, the committee of the whole that was responsible in a Gr-Rom. polis for proposing legislation to the assembly of citizens.—Of Christians gathering in the home of a patron house-assembly (‘house-church’) Πρίσκαν καὶ Ἀκύλαν … καὶ τὴν κατʼ οἶκον αὐτῶν ἐ. Ro 16:5; cp. 1 Cor 16:19. Νύμφαν καὶ τὴν κατʼ οἶκον αὐτῆς ἐ. Col 4:15; ἡ κατʼ οἶκόν σου ἐ. Phlm 2.—FFilson, JBL 58, ’39, 105–12; other reff. οἶκος 1aα.—Pl. ἐ. τῶν ἁγίων 1 Cor 14:33; ἐ. τῶν ἐθνῶν Ro 16:4.—1 Ti 5:16 prob. belongs here, s. βαρέω b.

β. congregation or church as the totality of Christians living and meeting in a particular locality or larger geographical area, but not necessarily limited to one meeting place: Ac 5:11; 8:3; 9:31 (so KGiles, NTS 31, ’85, 135–42; s. c below), 11:26; 12:5; 15:3; 18:22; 20:17; cp. 12:1; 1 Cor 4:17; Phil 4:15; 1 Ti 5:16 perh., s. α above; Js 5:14; 3 J 9f; 1 Cl 44:3; Hv 2, 4, 3. More definitely of the Christians in Jerusalem Ac 8:1; 11:22; cp. 2:47 v.l.; 15:4, 22; Cenchreae Ro 16:1; cp. vs. 23; Corinth 1 Cor 1:2; 2 Cor 1:1; 1 Cl ins; 47:6; AcPlCor 1:16; Laodicea Col 4:16; Rv 3:14; Thessalonica 1 Th 1:1; 2 Th 1:1; Colossae Phlm subscr. v.l. Likew. w. other names: Rv 2:1, 8, 12, 18; 3:1, 7; IEph ins; 8:1; IMg ins; ITr ins; 13:1; IRo 9:1; IPhld ins; 10:1; ISm 11:1; Pol ins. Plural: Ac 15:41; 16:5; Ro 16:16; 1 Cor 7:17; 2 Cor 8:18f, 23f; 11:8, 28; 12:13; Rv 2:7, 11, 17, 23, 29; 3:6, 13, 22; 22:16; the Christian community in Judea Gal 1:22; 1 Th 2:14; Galatia Gal 1:2; 1 Cor 16:1; Asia vs. 19; Rv 1:4, and cp. vss. 11 and 20; Macedonia 2 Cor 8:1. κατʼ ἐκκλησίαν in each individual congregation or assembly Ac 14:23 (on the syntax cp. OGI 480, 9 [s. 1 above]: ἵνα τιθῆνται κατʼ ἐκκλησίαν in order that they [the statues] might be set up at each [meeting of the] ἐ.). On κατὰ τ. οὖσαν ἐ. Ac 13:1 cp. εἰμί 1 end.

ⓒ the global community of Christians, (universal) church (s. AvHarnack, Mission I⁴ 420 n. 2 on Ac 12:1): Mt 16:18 (OBetz, ZNW 48, ’57, 49–77: Qumran parallels; s. HBraun, Qumran I, ’66, 30–37); Ac 9:31 (but s. 3bβ); 1 Cor 6:4; 12:28; Eph 1:22; 3:10, 21; 5:23ff, 27, 29, 32 (HSchlier, Christus u. d. Kirche im Eph 1930; also ThBl 6, 1927, 12–17); Col 1:18, 24; Phil 3:6; B 7:11; Hv 2, 2, 6; 2, 4, 1 (with the depiction of the church as an elderly lady cp. Ps.-Demetr. 265 where Hellas, the homeland, is represented as λαβοῦσα γυναικὸς σχῆμα); 3, 3, 3; IEph 5:1f and oft.—The local assembly or congregation as well as the universal church is more specif. called ἐ. τοῦ θεοῦ or ἐ. τ. Χριστοῦ. This is essentially Pauline usage, and it serves to give the current Gk. term its Christian coloring and thereby its special mng.:

α. ἐ. τοῦ θεοῦ (Orig., C. Cels. 1, 63, 22) 1 Cor 1:2; 10:32; 11:16, 22; 15:9; 2 Cor 1:1; Gal 1:13; 1 Th 2:14; 2 Th 1:4; 1 Ti 3:5, 15; Ac 20:28; ITr 2:3; 12:1; IPhld 10:1; ISm ins al.

β. ἐ. τοῦ Χριστοῦ (Orig., C. Cels. 5, 22, 14) Ro 16:16.

γ. both together ἐ. ἐν θεῷ πατρὶ καὶ κυρίῳ Ἰησοῦ Χριστῷ 1 Th 1:1.

δ. ἡ ἐ. ἡ πρώτη ἡ πνευματική the first, spiritual church (conceived in a Platonic sense as preexistent) 2 Cl 14:1; ἐ. ζῶσα the living church the body of Christ vs. 2; ἡ ἁγία ἐ. Hv 1, 1, 6; 1, 3, 4; ἡ καθολικὴ ἐ. ISm 8:2; ἡ ἁγία καὶ καθολικὴ ἐ. MPol ins; ἡ κατὰ τὴν οἰκουμένην καθολικὴ ἐ. 8:1; 19:2; ἓν σῶμα τῆς ἐ. ISm 1:2.—The literature before ’32 is given in OLinton, D. Problem der Urkirche in d. neueren Forschung (s. esp. 138–46) ’32 and AMedebielle, Dict. de la Bible, Suppl. II ’34, 487–691; before ’60, s. RAC; also s. TW, Sieben, and JHainz, Ekklesia ’72. Esp. important: EBurton, Gal (ICC) 1921, 417–20; KHoll, D. Kirchenbegriff des Pls usw.: SBBerlAk 1921, 920–47=Ges. Aufs. II 1928, 44ff; FKattenbusch, D. Vorzugsstellung d. Petrus u. d. Charakter d. Urgemeinde zu Jerusalem: KMüller Festschr. 1922, 322–51; KLSchmidt, D. Kirche des Urchristentums: Dssm. Festschr. 1927, 259–319, TW III 502–39. S. also: EPeterson, D. Kirche aus Juden u. Heiden ’33; KLSchmidt, D. Polis in Kirche u. Welt ’39; WBieder, Ekkl. u. Polis im NT u. in d. alten Kirche ’41; OMichel, D. Zeugnis des NTs v. d. Gemeinde ’41; NDahl, D. Volk Gottes ’41; RFlew, Jesus and His Church², ’43; GJohnston, The Doctrine of the Church in the NT ’43; WKümmel, Kirchenbegriff u. Geschichtsbewusstsein in d. Urg. u. b. Jesus ’43; DFaulhaber, D. Johev. u. d. Kirche ’38; AFridrichsen, Kyrkan i 4. ev.: SvTK 16, ’40, 227–42; ESchweizer, NT Essays (Manson memorial vol.) ’59, 230–45; EWolf, Ecclesia Pressa—eccl. militans: TLZ 72, ’47, 223–32; SHanson, Unity of the Church in the NT ’46; HvCampenhausen, Kirchl. Amt u. geistl. Vollmacht in den ersten 3 Jahrh. ’53; EKäsemann, Sätze hlg. Rechtes im NT, NTS 1, ’55, 248–60; AGeorge, ET 58, ’46/47, 312–16; in ATR: JBernardin 21, ’39, 153–70; BEaston 22, ’40, 157–68; SWalke 32, ’50, 39–53 (Apost. Fath.); JMurphy, American Ecclesiastical Review 140, ’59, 250–59; 325–32; PMinear, Images of the Church in the NT, ’60; BMetzger, Theology Today 19, ’62, 369–80; ESchweizer, Church Order in the NT, tr. FClarke ’61; RSchnackenburg, The Church in the NT, tr. WO’Hara ’65; LCerfaux, JBL 85, ’66, 250–51; AHilhorst, Filología Neotestamentaria 1, ’88, 27–34. S. also ἐπίσκοπος 2 end; Πέτρος; πέτρα 1.—B. 1476f. DELG s.v. καλέω. M-M. EDNT. TW. Sv.

ἴδιος, ία, ον (Hom.+; s. B-D-F §286; W-S. §22, 17; Rob. 691f; Mlt-Turner 191f.—For the spelling ἵδιος s. on ὀλίγος.)

① pert. to belonging or being related to oneself, one’s own

ⓐ in contrast to what is public property or belongs to another: private, one’s own (exclusively) (opp. κοινός, as Pla., Pol. 7, 535b; Appian, Bell. Civ. 5, 41 §171; Ath. 25, 4) οὐδὲ εἷς τι τῶν ὑπαρχόντων αὐτῷ ἔλεγεν ἴδιον εἶναι nor did anyone claim that anything the person had was private property or nor did anyone claim ownership of private possessions Ac 4:32; cp. D 4:8.

ⓑ in respect to circumstance or condition belonging to an individual (opp. ἀλλότριος) κατὰ τὴν ἰδίαν δύναμιν according to each one’s capability (in contrast to that of others) Mt 25:15. τὴν δόξαν τὴν ἰ. ζητεῖ J 7:18; cp. 5:18, 43. ἕκαστος εἰς τὴν ἰδίαν πόλιν Lk 2:3 v.l. (for ἑαυτοῦ); sim. Mt 9:1 (noting the departure of Jesus to his home territory); cp. Dg 5:2. Christ ἐλευθερώσῃ πᾶσαν σάρκα διὰ τῆς ἰδίας σαρκός AcPlCor 2:6; cp. vs. 16 ἕκαστος τῇ ἰ. διαλέκτῳ ἡμῶν Ac 2:8; cp. 1:19 τῇ ἰ. διαλέκτῳ αὐτῶν, without pron. 2:6 (Tat. 26, 1 τὴν ἰ. αὐτῆς … λέξιν); ἰδίᾳ δυνάμει 3:12; cp. 28:30; τἡν ἰ. (δικαιοσύνην) Ro 10:3; cp. 11:24; 14:4f. ἕκαστος τ. ἴ. μισθὸν λήμψεται κατὰ τ. ἴ. κόπον each will receive wages in proportion to each one’s labor 1 Cor 3:8. ἑκάστη τὸν ἴδιον ἄνδρα her own husband 7:2 (Diog. L. 8, 43 πρὸς τὸν ἴδιον ἄνδρα πορεύεσθαι). ἕκαστος ἴδιον ἔχει χάρισμα 7:7. ἕκαστος τὸ ἴδιον δεῖπνον προλαμβάνει (s. προλαμβάνω 1c) 1 Cor 11:21 (Eratosth.: 241 Fgm. 16 Jac. of the festival known as Lagynophoria τὰ κομισθέντα αὑτοῖς δειπνοῦσι κατακλιθέντες … κ. ἐξ ἰδίας ἕκαστος λαγύνου παρʼ αὑτῶν φέροντες πίνουσιν ‘they dine on the things brought them … and they each drink from a flagon they have personally brought’. Evaluation: συνοίκια ταῦτα ῥυπαρά• ἀνάγκη γὰρ τὴν σύνοδον γίνεσθαι παμμιγοῦς ὄχλου ‘that’s some crummy banquet; it’s certainly a meeting of a motley crew’); cp. 1 Cor 9:7; 15:38. ἕκαστος τὸ ἴ. φορτίον βαστάσει Gal 6:5.—Tit 1:12; Hb 4:10; 7:27; 9:12; 13:12.—J 4:44 s. 2 and 3b.

② pert. to a striking connection or an exclusive relationship, own (with emphasis when expressed orally, or italicized in written form) κοπιῶμεν ταῖς ἰ. χερσίν with our own hands 1 Cor 4:12 (first pers., cp. UPZ 13, 14 [158 B.C.] εἰμὶ μετὰ τ. ἀδελφοῦ ἰδίου=w. my brother; TestJob 34:3 ἀναχωρήσωμεν εἰς τὰς ἰδίας χώρας). ἐν τῷ ἰ. ὀφθαλμῷ in your own eye Lk 6:41; 1 Th 2:14; 2 Pt 3:17 (here the stability of the orthodox is contrasted with loss of direction by those who are misled by error). Ac 1:7 (God’s authority in sharp contrast to the apostles’ interest in determining a schedule of events). ἰ. θέλημα own will and ἰδία καρδία own heart or mind 1 Cor 7:37ab contrast with μὴ ἔχων ἀνάγκην ‘not being under compulsion’; hence ἰ. is not simply equivalent to the possessive gen. in the phrase ἐν τῇ καρδίᾳ αὐτοῦ. 1 Cor 6:18, ἰ. heightens the absurdity of sinning against one’s own body. Lk 10:34 (apparently the storyteller suggests that the wealthy Samaritan had more than one animal, but put his own at the service of the injured traveler). ἐπὶ τὸ ἴδιον ἐξέραμα 2 Pt 2:22 (cp. ἐπὶ τὸν ἑαυτοῦ ἔμετον Pr 26:11), with heightening of disgust. Some would put J 4:44 here (s. 1 end). εἰς τὸν ἴδιον ἀγρόν Mt 22:5 (the rude guest prefers the amenities of his own estate). Mk 4:34b (Jesus’ close followers in contrast to a large crowd). Ac 25:19 (emphasizing the esoteric nature of sectarian disputes). Js 1:14 (a contrast, not between types of desire but of sources of temptation: those who succumb have only themselves to blame). διὰ τοῦ αἵματος τοῦ ἰδίου through his own blood Ac 20:28 (so NRSV mg.; cp. the phrase SIG 547, 37; 1068, 16 ἐκ τῶν ἰδίων commonly associated with the gifts of generous officials, s. 4b. That the ‘blood’ would be associated with Jesus would be quite apparent to Luke’s publics).

③ pert. to a person, through substitution for a pronoun, own. Some of the passages cited in 2 may belong here. ἴ. is used for the gen. of αὐτός or the possess. pron., or for the possess. gen. ἑαυτοῦ, ἑαυτῶν (this use found in Hellenistic wr. [Schmidt 369], in Attic [Meisterhans³-Schw. 235] and Magnesian [Thieme 28f] ins; pap [Kuhring—s. ἀνά beg.—14; Mayser II/2, 73f]. S. also Dssm., B 120f [BS 123f], and against him Mlt. 87–91. LXX oft. uses ἴ. without emphasis to render the simple Hebr. personal suffix [Gen 47:18; Dt 15:2; Job 2:11; 7:10, 13; Pr 6:2 al.], but somet. also employs it without any basis for it in the original text [Job 24:12; Pr 9:12; 22:7; 27:15]. Da 1:10, where LXX has ἴ., Theod. uses μου. 1 Esdr 5:8 εἰς τὴν ἰδίαν πόλιν=2 Esdr 2:1 εἰς πόλιν αὐτοῦ; Mt 9:1 is formally sim., but its position in the narrative suggests placement in 1)

ⓐ with the second pers. (Jos., Bell. 6, 346 ἰδίαις χερσίν=w. your own hands). Eph 5:22 (cp. vs. 28 τὰς ἑαυτῶν γυναῖκας); 1 Th 4:11; 1 Pt 3:1.

ⓑ with the third pers. ἐν τῇ ἰδίᾳ πατρίδι J 4:44 (cp. ἐν τῇ πατρίδι αὐτοῦ: Mt 13:57; Mk 6:4; Lk 4:24, but J 4:44 is expressed in a slightly difft. form and may therefore belong in 1b above); Mt 25:14; 15:20 v.l.; J 1:41 (UPZ 13, s. 2 above: ἀδ. ἴ.); Ac 1:19; 24:24; 1 Ti 6:1; Tit 2:5, 9; 1 Pt 3:5; MPol 17:3; AcPl Ha 3, 21; 4, 27 (context uncertain); τὸ ἴδιον πλάσμα AcPlCor 2:12, 1; ἴδιον χωρίον Papias (3:3).

④ as subst., person or thing associated with an entity

ⓐ associates, relations οἱ ἴδιοι (comrades in battle: Polyaenus, Exc. 14, 20; SIG 709, 19; 22; 2 Macc 12:22; Jos., Bell. 1, 42, Ant. 12, 405; compatriots: ViHab 5 [p. 86, 7 Sch.]; Philo, Mos. 1, 177) fellow-Christians Ac 4:23; 24:23 (Just., D. 121, 3). The disciples (e.g., of a philosopher: Epict. 3, 8, 7) J 13:1. Relatives (BGU 37; POxy 932; PFay 110; 111; 112; 116; 122 al.; Vett. Val. 70, 5 ὑπὸ ἰδίων κ. φίλων; Sir 11:34; Just., A II, 7, 2 σὺν τοῖς ἰδίοις … Νῶε and D. 138, 2 Νῶε … μετὰ τῶν ἰδίων) 1 Ti 5:8; J 1:11b (the worshipers of a god are also so called: Herm. Wr. 1, 31).—Sg. τὸν ἴδιον J 15:19 v.l. (s. b below).

ⓑ home, possessions τὰ ἴδια home (Polyb. 2, 57, 5; 3, 99, 4; Appian, Iber. 23; Peripl. Eryth. 65 εἰς τὰ ἴδια; POxy 4, 9f ἡ ἀνωτέρα ψυχὴ τ. ἴδια γεινώσκει; 487, 18; Esth 5:10; 6:12; 1 Esdr 6:31 [τὰ ἴδια αὐτοῦ=2 Esdr 6:11 ἡ οἰκία αὐτοῦ]; 3 Macc 6:27, 37; 7:8; Jos., Ant. 8, 405; 416, Bell. 1, 666; 4, 528) J 16:32 (EFascher, ZNW 39, ’41, 171–230); 19:27; Ac 5:18 D; 14:18 v.l.; 21:6; AcPl Ha 8, 5. Many (e.g. Goodsp, Probs. 87f; 94–96; Field, Notes 84; RSV; but not Bultmann 34f; NRSV) prefer this sense for J 1:11a and Lk 18:28; another probability in both these pass. is property, possessions (POxy 489, 4; 490, 3; 491, 3; 492, 4 al.). ἐκ τῶν ἰδίων from his own well-stocked supply (oft. in ins e.g. fr. Magn. and Priene, also SIG 547, 37; 1068, 16 [in such ins the focus is on the generosity of public-spirited officals who use their own resources to meet public needs]; Jos., Ant. 12, 158) J 8:44. The sg. can also be used in this way τὸ ἴδιον (SIG 1257, 3; BGU 1118, 31 [22 B.C.]) J 15:19 (v.l. τὸν ἴδιον, s. a above).—τὰ ἴδια one’s own affairs (X., Mem. 3, 4, 12; 2 Macc 9:20; 11:23 v.l., 26, 29) 1 Th 4:11, here πράσσειν τὰ ἴδια=mind your own business.— Jd 6 of one’s proper sphere.

⑤ pert. to a particular individual, by oneself, privately, adv. ἰδίᾳ (Aristoph., Thu.; Diod S 20, 21, 5 et al.; ins, pap, 2 Macc 4:34; Philo; Jos., Bell. 4, 224, C. Ap. 1, 225; Ath. 8, 1f) 1 Cor 12:11; IMg 7:1.—κατʼ ἰδίαν (Machon, Fgm. 11 vs. 121 [in Athen. 8, 349b]; Polyb. 4, 84, 8; Diod S 1, 21, 6; also ins [SIG 1157, 12 καὶ κατὰ κοινὸν καὶ κατʼ ἰδίαν ἑκάστῳ al.]; 2 Macc 4:5; 14:21; JosAs 7:1; Philo, Sacr. Abel. 136; Just., D. 5, 2) privately, by oneself (opp. κοινῇ: Jos., Ant. 4, 310) Mt 14:13, 23; 17:1, 19; 20:17; 24:3; Mk 4:34a; 6:31f; 7:33 (Diod S 18, 49, 2 ἕκαστον ἐκλαμβάνων κατʼ ἰδίαν=‘he took each one aside’); 9:2 (w. μόνος added), 28; 13:3; Lk 9:10; 10:23; Ac 23:19; Gal 2:2 (on the separate meeting cp. Jos., Bell. 2, 199 τ. δυνατοὺς κατʼ ἰδίαν κ. τὸ πλῆθος ἐν κοινῷ συλλέγων; Appian, Bell. Civ. 5, 40 §170); ISm 7:2.

⑥ pert. to being distinctively characteristic of some entity, belonging to/peculiar to an individual ἕκαστον δένδρον ἐκ τ. ἰδίου καρποῦ γινώσκεται every tree is known by its own fruit Lk 6:44. τὰ ἴδια πρόβατα his (own) sheep J 10:3f. εἰς τὸν τόπον τ. ἴδιον to his own place (= the place where he belonged) Ac 1:25; cp. 20:28. The expression τοῦ ἰδίου υἱοῦ οὐκ ἐφείσατο Ro 8:32 emphasizes the extraordinary nature of God’s gift: did not spare his very own Son (Paul’s association here with the ref. to pandemic generosity, ὑπὲρ ἡμῶν πάντων παρέδωκεν αὐτο͂ν, contributes a semantic component to ἰ. in this pass.; for the pandemic theme see e.g. OGI 339, 29f; for donation of one’s own resources, ibid. 104; IGR 739, II, 59–62. For the term ὁ ἴδιος υἱός, but in difft. thematic contexts, see e.g. Diod S 17, 80, 1 of Parmenio; 17, 118, 1 of Antipater. In relating an instance in which a son was not spared Polyaenus 8, 13 has υἱὸς αὐτοῦ, evidently without emphasis, but Exc. 3, 7 inserts ἴδιος υἱός to emphasize the gravity of an officer’s own son violating an order.). 1 Cor 7:4ab. ἕκαστος ἐν. τ. ἰδίῳ τάγματι each one in his (own) turn 15:23 (cp. En 2:1 τ. ἰ. τάξιν). καιροὶ ἴδιοι the proper time (cp. Diod S 1, 50, 7 ἐν τοῖς ἰδίοις χρόνοις; likew. 5, 80, 3; Jos., Ant. 11, 171; Ps.-Clemens, Hom. 3, 16; TestSol 6:3 ἐν καιρῷ ἰ.; Just., D. 131, 4 πρὸ τῶν ἰ. καιρῶν; Mel., P. 38, 258ff) 1 Ti 2:6; 6:15; Tit 1:3; 1 Cl 20:4; cp. 1 Ti 3:4f, 12; 4:2; 5:4. ἴδιαι λειτουργίαι … ἴδιος ὁ τόπος … ἴδιαι διακονίαι in each case proper: ministrations, … place, … services 1 Cl 40:5.—In ἰδία ἐπίλυσις 2 Pt 1:20 one’s own private interpretation is contrasted with the meaning intended by the author himself or with the interpretation of another person who is authorized or competent (s. ἐπίλυσις and WWeeda, NThSt 2, 1919, 129–35).—All these pass. are close to mng. 3; it is esp. difficult to fix the boundaries here.—DELG. M-M. EDNT. TW. Spicq. Sv.

οὖν, [dialect] Ion. and [dialect] Dor. [full] ὦν (the latter in Pi.P.3.82, al., but οὖν in Hom. (v. infr.), B.18.29,37, Cerc.4.18, al.), Adv.

A certainly, in fact, confirming something, freq. in contrast with something which is not confirmed, in Hom. only in combination with γε (v. γοῦν) , γάρ, οὔτε or μήτε, ὡς, ἐπεί, μέν, etc.:

1 really, φημὶ γὰρ οὖν κατανεῦσαι.. Κρονίωνα for I declare that Zeus did really promise.., Il.2.350, cf. Pl.Prt. 309b; τόφρα γὰρ οὖν ἑπόμεσθα.., ὄφρ' for we followed them up to the very point, where.., Il.11.754, cf. 15.232, Od.2.123;

εἰ δ' οὖν τις ἀκτὶς ἡλίου νιν ἱστορεῖ.. ζῶντα A.Ag. 676

, cf. 1042; ἐλέχθησαν λόγοι ἄπιστοι μὲν ἐνίοισι Ἑλλήνων, ἐλέχθησαν δ' ὦν but they really were spoken, Hdt.3.80, cf. 4.5, 6.82; Θηβαῖοι μὲν ταῦτα λέγουσι.., Πλαταιῆς δ' οὐχ ὁμολογοῦσι.., ἐκ δ' οὖν τῆς γῆς ἀνεχώρησαν at all events they did return, Th.2.5, cf. 1.63, Pl.Prt. 315e;

σωτηρίαν λεπτὴν μὲν.., μόνην δ' οὖν Id.Lg. 699b

; so δ' οὖν after a parenthesis; εἰ δή τις ὑμῶν οὕτως ἔχει,—οὐκ ἀξιῶ μὲν γὰρ ἔγωγε,—εἰ δ' οὖν but if he is so, Id.Ap. 34d, cf. Hdt.6.76, Th.1.3; so ἀλλ' οὖν.. γε but at all events, S.Ant.84, Ph. 1305; ἔμπης οὖν ἐπιμεῖναι ἐς αὔριον to stay nevertheless at least till to-morrow, Od.11.351; οὖν concessive, I grant you,

τάχ' οὖν τις ἄκων ἔσχε S.Ph. 305

: in apodosi after εἰ or ἐάν, εἰ καὶ σμικρά, ἀλλ' ὦν ἴση γε ἡ χάρις .. Hdt.3.140, cf.9.48, E.Ph. 498, Pl.Phd. 91b, etc.: after ἐπεί and ὡς, ἀλλ' ἐπεὶ οὖν τὸ πρῶτον ἀνέκραγον but now that I have (emphat.) once spoken up, Od.14.467, cf. 17.226, Il.18.333; Τληπόλεμος δ', ἐπεὶ οὖν τράφ' ἐνὶ μεγάρῳ εὐπήκτῳ, αὐτίκα.. κατέκτα when once, i.e. as soon as, he had grown up, 2.661, cf. 15.363, 16.394, al.; νεβροί, αἵ τ' ἐπεὶ οὖν ἔκαμον.. ἑστᾶσ' which, as soon as they are tired, stand still, 4.244; to indicate that something foreshadowed has actually occurred,

ἀγορήνδε καλέσσατο λαὸν Ἀχιλλεύς.., οἱ δ' ἐπεὶ οὖν ἤγερθεν 1.57

, cf. 3.340, al.: sts. οὖν after ἐπεί or ὡς has either no force or approaches signf. 11 or 111,

οἱ δ' ἐπεὶ οὖν παύσαντο πόνου Od.16.478

, cf. 19.213, 251, al.;

τὸν δ' ὡς οὖν ἐνόησε Il.3.21

, al.; οὔτ' οὖν.., οὔτε.. or οὔτε.., οὔτ' οὖν .. both = neither.. nor, but preferred according as the first or second clause is to be marked by emphasis, cf. 17.20, Od.2.200, Hdt.9.26, with Od. 11.198sq., S.OT90, 271, etc.; so εἰ.., εἴτ' οὖν .. if.., or if.., E.Alc. 140; εἴτ' οὖν, εἴτε μὴ γενήσεται whether it shall be so, or no, Id.Heracl. 149, cf. A.Ag. 491, S.El. 560; ξεῖνος αἴτ' ὦν ἀστός, i.e. αἴτε ξ. αἴτ' ὦν ἀ., Pi.P.4.78; and doubled,

εἴτ' οὖν ἀληθὲς εἴτ' οὖν ψεῦδος Pl. Ap. 34e

, cf. A.Ch. 683: so also in parenth. Relat. clauses, ἢ σῖγ', ἀτίμως, ὥσπερ οὖν ἀπώλετο πατήρ even as, just as, ib.96, cf. 888, E.Hipp. 1307 (v.l.); εἰ δ' ἔστιν, ὥσπερ οὖν ἔστι, θεός if he is, as he in fact is, a god, Pl.Phdr. 242e;

οὗτος μὲν οἴεταί τι εἰδέναι οὐκ εἰδώς, ἐγὼ δέ, ὥσπερ οὖν οὐκ οἶδα, οὐδὲ οἴομαι Id.Ap. 21d

: for γὰρ οὖν, v. γάρ A. 11.5; for μὲν οὖν, v. μέν B. 11.2.

2 added to indef. Prons. and Advbs., like Lat. cunque, ὅστις whoever, ὁστισοῦν whosoever; ὅπως how, ὁπωσοῦν howsoever; ἄλλος ὁστισοῦν another, be he who he may; so ὁποιοσοῦν, ὁποιοστισοῦν, ὁποσοσοῦν, ὁπωσδηποτοῦν, ὁπητιοῦν, ὁποθενοῦν, etc., v. sub vocc.

II to continue a narrative, so, then,

καὶ τὰ μὲν οὖν.. θῆκαν Od.13.122

; ὅτ' οὖν since, then,.., S.Ant. 170, El.38, 1318; ζεῖ οὖν ἐν τούτῳ .. Pl.Phdr. 251c, cf. Prt. 322b;

εὐθὺς οὖν ὁ Κῦρος εἶπεν X.Cyr.4.1.22

: in Hdt. and [dialect] Att., μὲν οὖν (q.v.) is very common in this sense; so

δ' οὖν A.Ag.34

, S.Aj. 114; οὖν is also used alone merely to resume after a parenth. or long protasis, well, as I was saying, ὦ Λακεδαιμόνιοι, χρήσαντος τοῦ θεοῦ.., ὑμεας γὰρ πυνθάνομαι προεστάναι..,—ὑμέας ὦν.. προσκαλέομαι .. Hdt.1.69, cf. 4.75, Th.2.16, Pl.Ap. 29d, Smp. 201d, etc.: Hdt. so uses ὦν after a short protasis, 1.144, etc.

2 ὦν is freq. inserted by Hdt. (sts. without any discernible meaning) between the Prep. and its Verb (but only, it seems, in narrative with the [tense] aor., which is always the [tense] aor. of habitual action exc. in 2.172), ἐπεὰν δὲ ταῦτα ποιήσωσι, ἀπ' ὦν ἔδωκαν ib.87; καὶ ἔπειτα ἀπ' ὦν ἔδωκαν ib.88: after a part., οἱ δὲ φέροντες ἐς τὴν ἀγορήν, ἀπ' ὦν ἔδοντο ib.39; κατευξάμενοι, κοιλίην μὲν κείνην πᾶσαν ἐξ ὦν εἶλον ib.40; ἤν τις ψαύσῃ.., αὐτοῖσι τοῖσι ἱματίοισι ἀπ' ὦν ἔβαψε ἑωυτόν ib.47; τοῦτον κατ' ὦν κόψας ib. 172; so in Hp.,

δι' οὖν ἐφθάρησαν Morb.1.14

(v.l.), al.; also

ἐπ' ὦν ἐπίομες οἶνον Epich.124.3

: this tmesis is rare in [dialect] Att.,

ὥστε γε καὐτόν σε κατ' οὖν ἔβαλεν Ar.Ra. 1047

; but occurs in later writers, Dorieus ap. Phylarch.3 J., AP12.226 (Strat.).

III in inferences, then, therefore, not in Hom., rare in A., and usu. in questions (v. infr.); in a statement, Eu. 219; very common from Hdt. downwds.; so καὶ σὺ οὖν you too therefore, X.Cyr. 4.1.20;

καὶ γὰρ οὖν Id.An.1.9.8

; cf. οὐ γὰρ οὖν, τοιγαροῦν: strengthd.,

δὴ οὖν Pl.Smp. 191c

, etc.;

οὖν δή Id.R. 340e

: in questions,

τίς οὖν ὁ λύσων σ' ἐστίν

;

A.Pr. 771

, cf. S.Tr. 1191, Ar.Pl. 906, 909, etc.;

ἆρ' οὖν δή

;

Pl.Tht. 146a

;

τί οὖν δή

;

S.Aj. 873

(lyr.), Pl.Phd. 57a.

τρέφω, Il.5.52, etc.; [dialect] Dor. [full] τράφω (v. sub voce); [ per.] 1sg. opt.

A

τρέφοιν E.Fr. 903

: [tense] fut.

θρέψω h.Ven. 257

, etc.: [tense] aor. 1 ἔθρεψα, [dialect] Ep.

θρέψα Il.2.548

: [tense] aor. 2 ἔτρᾰφον (v. infr. B): [tense] pf. τέτροφα intr., Od.23.237, ([etym.] συν-) Hp.Morb.Sacr. 11; but trans., S.OC 186 (lyr.); also

τέτρᾰφα Plb.12.25h

.5:—[voice] Med., [tense] fut. θρέψομαι in pass. sense, Hp.Genit.9, Nat.Puer. 23, Th.7.49, etc.: [tense] aor.

ἐθρεψάμην Pi.O.6.46

, A.Ch. 928, etc.:—[voice] Pass., [tense] fut. τρᾰφήσομαι Ps.-D.60.32, D.H.8.41, etc., but in early writers in med. form θρέψομαι (v. supr.): [tense] aor. 1 ἐθρέφθην, [dialect] Ep.

θρέφθη Hes.Th. 198

, rare in Trag. and [dialect] Att., E.Hec. 351, 600, Pl.Plt. 310a;

ἐθράφθη IG12(9).286

(Eretria, vi B. C.): [tense] aor. 2 ἐτράφην [pron. full] [ᾰ] Hom. (sed v. infr. B), A.Th. 754 (lyr.), Ar.Av. 335 (lyr.), etc.; [dialect] Ep. [ per.] 3pl. ἔτραφεν, τράφεν, Il.23.348, 1.251: [tense] pf.

τέθραμμαι Hp.Nat.Hom.5

, E.Heracl. 578, etc.; [ per.] 2pl.

τέθραφθε Pl.Lg. 625a

(but συντέτραφθε [s. v. l.] in X.Cyr.6.4.14); inf.

τεθράφθαι Pl.Grg. 525a

, X.HG2.3.24 (in both with v. l. τετρ-).

I thicken or congeal a liquid, γάλα θρέψαι curdle it, Od.9.246; τρέφε ([tense] impf.)

πίονατυρόν Theoc.25.106

:—[voice] Pass., with [tense] pf.[voice] Act. τέτροφα, curdle, congeal,

γάλα τρεφόμενον τυρὸν ἐργάζεσθαι Ael.NA16.32

;

περὶ χροΐ τέτροφεν ἅλμη Od.23.237

.

II usu., cause to grow or increase, bring up, rear, esp. of children bred and brought up in a house,

ὅ σ' ἔτρεφε τυτθὸν ἐόντα Il.8.283

;

ἥ μ' ἔτεχ', ἥ μ' ἔθρεψε Od.2.131

, cf. 12.134;

εὖ ἔτρεφεν ἠδ' ἀτίταλλεν Il.16.191

, cf. Od.19.354;

ἐγώ σ' ἔθρεψα, σὺν δὲ γηράναι θέλω A.Ch. 908

, cf. Supp. 894;

μέχρι ἥβης τ. Th.2.46

;

γεννᾶν καὶ τ. Pl.Plt. 274a

;

τ. τε καὶ αὔξειν μέγαν Id.R. 565c

: c. acc. cogn., τ. τινὰ τροφήν τινα bring up in a certain way, Hdt.2.2; also

τῶν πρώτων μαθημάτων, ἐν οἷς οἱ παλαιοὶ τοὺς παῖδας ἔτρεφον Gal.16.691

:—[voice] Med., rear for oneself,

θρέψαιό τε φαίδιμον υἱόν Od.19.368

;

αὐτὸν ἐθρέψαντο δράκοντες Pi.O.6.46

;

τεκοῦσα τόνδ' ὄφιν ἐθρεψάμην A.Ch. 928

;

οἱ γεννήσαντες καὶ θρεψάμενοι Pl.Lg. 717c

;

τεκὼν ἀρετὴν καὶ θ. Id.Smp. 212a

;

ἔτεκον μὲν ὑμᾶς πολεμίοις δ' ἐθρεψάμην ὕβρισμα E.HF 458

:—[voice] Pass., to be reared, grow up,

ὅς μοι τηλύγετος τρέφεται θαλίῃ ἔνι πολλῇ Il.9.143

;

τῇ ὁμοῦ ἐτρεφόμην Od.15.365

;

ἅμα τράφεν ἠδ' ἐγένοντο Il.1.251

, etc.; κάρτιστοι τράφεν ἀνδρῶν grew up the strongest men, ib. 266:—prop. a boy was called τρεφόμενος only so long as he remained in the charge of the women, i. e. till his fifth year, Hdt.1.136; ἐξ ὅτου 'τράφην ἐγώ from the time when I left the nursery, Ar.Av. 322; but even of pre-natal growth,

ἐν σκότοισινηδύος τεθραμμένη A.Eu. 665

, cf. Th. 754 (lyr.):—generally, in Trag.,

τραφεὶς μητρὸς εὐγενοῦς ἄπο S.Aj. 1229

; ὅπως πατρὸς δείξεις οἷος ἐξ οἵου τράφης ib. 557;

κρατίστου πατρὸς.. τραφείς Id.Ph.3

: παῖδες μητέρων τεθραμμέναι true nurslings of your mothers, implying a reproach for unmanliness (s. v.l.), A.Th. 792; μιᾶς τρέφει πρὸς νυκτός art nursed by night alone, i. e. art blind, S.OT 374.

2 of slaves, cattle, dogs and the like , rear and keep them,

κύνας Il.22.69

, Od.14.22, etc.;

ἵππους Il.2.766

; λέοντος ἶνιν (v. σίνις) A.Ag. 717 (lyr.);

μῆλα Id.Eu. 946

(lyr.);

ὄφιν S.Fr. 226

(cj. for στρέφουσι)

; ἰκτῖνα Ar. Fr. 628

;

ὄρτυγας Eup.214

;

ὄρνιθας Pl.Tht. 197c

; οἱ τρέφοντες (sc. τοὺς ἐλέφαντας ) the keepers, Arist.HA 571b33;

τ. παιδαγωγούς Aeschin.1.187

; also

τ. γυναῖκα E.IA 749

; τ. [ἑταίραν], [πόρνας], keep.., Antiph. 2, Diph. 87; ὁ τρέφων one's master, Nicol.Com.1.11,36: metaph., αἰγιαλὸν ἔνδον τρέφει he keeps a sea-beach in the house, Ar.V. 110:—[voice] Pass., to be bred, reared,

δοῦλος οὐκ ὠνητός, ἀλλ' οἴκοι τραφείς S.OT 1123

; ἐν τῇ σῇ οἰκίᾳ γέγονεν καὶ τέθραπται was born and bred, Pl.Men. 85e; Ἀγαθῖνον θρεμένον (i. e. τεθρεμμένον, = θρεπτόν, v. θρεπτός 1)

ἑαυτῶν MAMA4.275

B (Dionysopolis, ii A. D.); Νείκην τὴν θρεμένην μου ib.276 A (Dionysopolis, ii A. D.).

3 tend, cherish, τὸν μὲν ἐγὼ φίλεόν τε καὶ ἔτρεφον, of Calypso, Od.5.135, cf. 7.256; of plants, Il.17.53;

θρέψασα φυτὸν ὥς 18.57

, cf. Od.14.175.

4 of parts of the body, let grow, cherish, foster,

χαίτην.. Σπερχειῷ τρέφε Il.23.142

;

τῷ θεῷ [πλόκαμον] τ. E.Ba. 494

;

ὑπήνην ἄκουρον τ. Ar.V. 476

(lyr.); τ. κόμην, = κομᾶν, Hdt.1.82;

[τρίχες] πολλῷ ἐλαίῳ τραφεῖσαι Hero Bel. 112

: also τά θ' ὕεσσι τρέφει ἀλοιφήν things which put fat on swine, Od.13.410;

τεθραμμένη εἰς πολυσαρκίαν X.Mem.2.1.22

.

5 in Poets, of earth and sea, breed, produce, teem with,

οὐδὲν ἀκιδνότερον γαῖα τ. ἀνθρώποιο Od.18.130

;

ἄγρια, τά τε τρέφει οὔρεσιν ὕλη Il.5.52

;

φάρμακα, ὅσα τρέφει εὐρεῖα χθών 11.741

;

ὅσ' ἤπειρος.. τρέφει ἠδὲ θάλασσα Hes.Th. 582

;

πολλὰ γᾶ τρέφει δεινά A.Ch. 585

(lyr.), cf. 128, E.Hec. 1181;

θάλασσα.. τρέφουσα πορφύρας ἰσάργυρον κηκῖδα A.Ag. 959

; ὃν πόντος τ., i. e. the sailors, Pi.I.1.48: rare in Prose,

ἀεί τι ἡ Αιβύη τρέφει καινόν Arist. GA 746b8

.

6 in Poets also, simply, have within oneself, contain,

ὅ τι καὶ πόλις τέτροφεν ἄφιλον S.OC 186

(lyr.), cf. Tr. 817; τρέφειν τὴν γλῶσσαν ἡσυχαιτέραν to keep his tongue more quiet, Id.Ant. 1089;

ἡ γλῶσσα τὸν θυμὸν δεινὸν τ. Id.Aj. 1124

;

τἀληθὲς γὰρ ἰσχῦον τρέφω Id.OT 356

(so in Pl.,

τ. ἰσχυρὸν τὸ ἐλεινόν R. 606b

);

τ. νόσον S. Ph. 795

;

ἐκ φόβου φόβον τ. Id.Tr.28

;

ἄταν Id.Aj. 644

(lyr.); οἵας λατρείας.. τρέφει what services.. she has as her lot, ib. 503; ἐν ἐλπίσιν τρέφω.. ἥξειν I cherish hopes that.., Id.Ant. 897; τὸν Καδμογενῆ τρέφει.. βιότου πολύπονον [πέλαγος] is his daily lot, Id.Tr. 117 (lyr., but Reiske's cj. στρέφει is prob.);

πόνοι τρέφοντες βροτούς E.Hipp. 367

(lyr.).

III maintain, support,

τ. ἀνδρὸς μόχθος ἡμένας ἔσω A.Ch. 921

, cf. Pi.O.9.106;

τοῦ τρέφοντος Ἡλίου χθονὸς φύσιν A.Ag. 633

;

τ. τὸν πατέρα Aeschin.1.13

;

τὴν οἰκίαν ὅλην D.59.67

;

οὐ δίκαιον τρέφεσθαι ὑπὸ πατρὸς ὑὸν ἡβῶντα Pl.R. 568e

;

τὰ κτήνη χιλῷ ἐτρέφοντο X.An.4.5.25

; γάλακτι, τυρῷ, κρέασι τ., Id.Mem. 4.3.10; σίτῳ, ὄψῳ, Id.Lac.1.3; feed a patient, Gal.15.503, 19.185; provide the food for an employee, σοῦ τρέφοντος αὐτόν, ἐμοῦ δὲ ἱματίζοντος

αὐτόν BGU1647.14

(ii A. D.); also

τ. ἀπό τινος Pl.Prt. 313c

, X.HG2.1.1;

ἔκ τινος A.Ag. 1479

(lyr.), cf. Pl.R. 372b.

2 maintain an army or fleet, Th.4.83, X.An.1.1.9 ([voice] Pass.);

τ. τὰς ναῦς Th. 8.44

, X.HG1.5.5, 5.1.24; τ. τὸ ναυτικὸν ἀπὸ τῶν νήσων ib.4.8.9;

ἐκ τῶν κωμῶν τρέφεσθαι Id.An.7.4.11

, etc.

3 of land, feed, maintain one,

τρέφει γὰρ οὗτος [ὁ ἀγρὸς].. με Philem.98.2

, cf. Men.63, 466, al.

4 of women, feed or suckle an infant,

συνεξομοιοῦται τὰ τρεφόμενα ταῖς τρεφούσαις Sor.1.88

; γυνὴ τρέφουσα ib.87; ἡ τρέφουσα, = ἡ τροφός, Gal.6.44.

5 of food, nourish,

τὰ Ἡρακλεωτικὰ τρέφει οὐχ ὁμοίως τοῖς ἀμυγδάλοις Diocl.Fr.126

, cf. 117;

ἡ οὐκ ἐπιτηδείως τῷ σώματι διδομένη τροφὴ οὐ τρέφει Sor.1.49

;

πυρῶν.. ὅσοι κοῦφοι.. ἧττον τρέφουσι Gal.Vict.Att 6

;

τὸ δέρμα πᾶν αὐτοῖς ὡς ἂν ὑπὸ φλεγματ ώδους αἵματος τρεφόμενον οἰδαλέον γίνεται Id.18(2).118

, cf. 106.

IV bring up, rear, educate, Hes.Fr.19, Pi.N.3.53, etc.;

τῷ λόγῳ τ. καὶ παιδεύεις Pl.R. 534d

;

θρέψαι καὶ παιδεῦσαι D.59.18

;

Δήμητερ ἡ θρέψασα τὴν ἐμὴν φρένα A.Fr. 479

; ἡ θρέψασα (sc. γῆ ) the motherland, Lycurg. 47:—[voice] Med.,

ἐθρέψω Ξέρξην ἐν τοῖς αὐτοῖς ἤθεσιν Pl.Lg. 695e

; ἡ θρεψαμένη one's motherland, Lycurg.85:—[voice] Pass., ὀρθῶς, εὖ τραφῆναι, Pl. R. 401e, Alc.1.120e; παιδείᾳ, ἐν ταύτῃ τῇ παιδείᾳ τ., Id.Lg.695c, X. Cyn.1.16;

ἐν πολυτρόποις ξυμφοραῖς Th.2.44

;

ἐν φιλοσοφίᾳ Pl.Tht. 172c

;

ἐν χλιδῇ X.Cyr.4.5.54

;

ἐν ἐλευθερίᾳ Pl.Tht. 175d

, Mx. 239a;

ἐν ἄλλοις νόμοις Arist.Pol. 1327a14

;

ἐν φωνῇ βαρβάρῳ Pl.Prt. 341c

;

πάσαις Μούσαισι BCH50.444

(Thespiae, iv A. D.).

V the [voice] Pass. sts. came to mean little more than to be, ἐπ' ἐμοὶ πολέμιον ἐτράφη (sc. τὸ γένος) Ar.Av. 335 (lyr.), cf. Th. 141, S.OC 805.

B Hom. uses an intr. [tense] aor. 2 [voice] Act. ἔτραφον in pass. sense (which is to τρέφομαι, τέτροφα (intr.) as ἔδρακον to δέρκομαι, δέδορκα, etc.),

ὃς.. ἔτραφ' ἄριστος Il.21.279

;

λέοντε ἐτραφέτην ὑπὸ μητρί 5.555

; τραφέμεν ([dialect] Ep. for τραφεῖν) 7.199, Od.3.28, al.; ἐπεὶ τράφ' ἐνὶ μεγάρῳ, i. e. when he was well-grown, Il.2.661:—as trans. the [tense] aor. 2 is used by Hom. only in Il.23.90, and τράφε in Pi.N.3.53 is [dialect] Dor. [tense] impf.:— ἐτράφην is perh. post-Homeric; [ per.] 3sg. τράφη is v. l. in Il.2.661, [ per.] 1pl. ἐτράφημεν and [ per.] 1sg. ἐτράφην ([etym.] περ) vv. ll. in 23.84; τράφη is in all codd. of 3.201, 11.222, which should prob. be emended from 2.661; [ per.] 3pl.

ἔτραφεν 23.348

(v.l. ἔτραφον), Od.10.417 (v.l. ἔτραφον) ; τράφεν in all codd. of Il.1.251, 266, Od.14.201, also (with v. l. τράφον ) in 4.723: the vox nihili ἐτράφεμεν, found in Il.23.84 as cited by Aeschin.1.149, was emended by Scaliger to ἐτράφομεν:—the redupl. [ per.] 3sg.

τέτραφ' Il.21.279

, [ per.] 3pl.

τέτραφεν 23.348

, are ff. ll., though found in many codd. Later this [tense] aor. became obsolete, except in [dialect] Ep. imitators, as in Call.Jov.55, Opp.H.1.774.

Grammatical information: v.

Meaning: `be damp, deteriorate by dampness' (Ion. poet., Plb.)

Other forms: aor. μυδῆσαι (H.), perf. μεμύδηκα (Dsc.).

Compounds: Also with περι-, δια-.

Derivatives: μῡδ-αλέος ( δια- μῠδάω A. in lyr.) `wet, dripping' (since Λ 54), - αλόεις `id.' (AP); μῠ́δος m. `wetness, putrefaction' (Nic.) with μυδόεις = μυδαλέος (Nic.), μυδών, - ῶνος m. `putrefaction of an ulcer' (Poll.). ( δια-)μύδησις `id.' (medic.), μῡδαίνω, also with δια-, `moisten, make wet' (A. R., Nic.). -- To μύδρος, which may be cognate, and μύζω `suck', which was wrongly connected, s. v.

Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]X [probably]

Etymology: Whether the late and rare μύδος must be sonsidered as the basis of the Greek group, may be doubted, s. below. As basis of the early attested μυδαλέος (as ἰκμαλέος, ἀζαλέος a.o.) may have served both a verb and a noun (cf. Debrunner IF 23, 5, Chantraine Form. 253 f.); beside this adj. with metr. lengthened (?) ῡ there was (after αὑαλέος: αὑαίνω ets.) μυδαίνω with analogical (?) long vowel (Schulze Q. 169 ff.). μυδάω too is ambiguous; it can be a denomin. of μύδος, but it can be understood as well as a deverbative formation (cf. Schwyzer 719, also 682 on μαδάω); then μύδος would be a late backformation. -- The comparable non-Greek words do not clarify the situation: Lith. máudyti `bathe' (full grade iterative, prob. with secondary d to Latv. maût `submerge, swim'); Skt. mudira- m. `cloud' (class.), also `frog' and `lover' (lex.); in all meanings prob. from múd- f. `lust, joy', módate `be gay'. The meaning makes the connection with μυδάω rather doubtful; one compares mádati also `be gay' beside μαδάω (s.v.). Further from Germ. Dutch mot `fine rain' a.o. -- WP. 2, 250f., Pok. 741 f., Fraenkel s. maudà, máudyti, mudà, Vasmer s. múslitь, W.-Hofmann s. 1. mundus; many more forms and lit. Cf. μύσος and μυλάσασθαι. - IE connection is uncertain. Lith. mudrùs `lively' cannot have IE * mud- which would have given a long ū (so it must have been * mudh-). Fur. 249f., 259 connects μύσος and takes δ\/σ as Pre-Greek. The variation of the length can also be Pre-Greek.

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Grammatical information: v.

Meaning: `to look, to perceive, to contemplate, to see' (Il.).

Other forms: Ion. also ὀρέω (Hdt.), and besides ὅρηαι (ξ 343), ὁρητο (A 56 a. 198 after Zenodot, accent uncertain), ὀρῃ̃ς, -ῃ̃, - ῆν (Hp., Democr., Herod.), Aeol. ὄρημι (Sapph.), ὄρη (Theoc.); ipf. ἑώρων (Att.), ep. 3. sg. ὅρα, Ion. ὥρα (Hdt.) etc.; pres. also ὄρονται (ξ 104) with - ντο (γ 471), ὅρει φυλάσσει H.; innovated perf. act. ἑόρακα (Att., also ἑώρ-), Ion. ὀρώρηκα a. ὤρηκα (Herod.), Dor. ptc. ὡρακυῖα (Epid.), midd. ἑώραμαι (late Att.), aor. pass. ὁραθῆναι (Arist., D.S.), plqu. also ὀρώρει (Ψ 112).

Compounds: Very often w. prefix, e.g. ἐφ- ( ἐπ-), καθ- ( κατ-), παρ-, προ-, συν-, ὑπερ-.

Derivatives: Few derivv., almost all hell. and late, as opposed to the older ones which derive from primary ὀπ- (s. ὄπωπα) and ἰδεῖν: 1. ὁρᾶ-τός `visible' (Hp., Pl.), προ-ορατός `who can be foreseen' (X. Cyr. 1, 6,23) as against πρό-οπτος ( προὖπ-τος) `foreseen, apparent' (IA.); 2. ὅραμα n. `sight, spectacle, apparition' (X., Arist., LXX), παρ- ὁράω (hell. a. late), m. ὁραματίζομαι (Aq.) against ὄμμα, εἶδος (s.vv.); 3. ὅρασις f., also with προ-, παρ-, ὑπερ- a.o., `sight, face, look, apparition', pl. also `eyes' (Demad., Arist., Men.) against ὄψις; ὑφόρα-σις `suspicion' (Plb.) for older ὑποψ-ία; 4. ὁρατής m. `viewer' (LXX, Plu.) against ὀπτήρ `scout'; ὁρατήρ H. as explanation of ὀπτήρ; 5. ὁρατικός `able to see, provided with sight' (Arist., Ph.), ἐφ- ὁράω `fit for oversight' (X.): ἐποπτ-ικός `belonging to ἐπόπτης' (Pl.). 6. ὁρατίζω `to catch sight of, to aim for' (medic. IV<sup>p</sup>). 7. οὖρος m. `watcher', ἐπίουρος s. v.

Origin: IE [Indo-European] [1164] *u̯er- `observe, note'

Etymology: From the ipf. ἑώρων (\< *ἠ-Ϝόρων; w. asp. after ὁρῶ) and the pf. ἑόρακα (\< *Ϝε-Ϝόρακα; ἑώρ- after the ipf.) we conclude to an orig. Ϝ-, which however neither in Homer nor epigraphically has left a trace, and also in Myc. oromeno is absent; whether the asper hangs together with the older Ϝ-, remains uncertain (Schwyzer 22 6 f. w. lit.). -- The above presentforms, from which come all non-present forms including the verbal nouns, seem to require three diff. stems: 1. Ϝορᾶ- in ὁρά-ω, from which perh. purely phonetically Ion. ὀρέω (Schwyzer 242); 2. Ϝορη- in Aeol. ὄρημι, ὄρη, ep. ὅρηαι a.o. (s. above); 3. Ϝορ- in ὄρονται, - ντο, ὅρει. Orig. *Ϝορᾶ-ι̯ω can be either an iterative-intensive deverbative of the type ποτάομαι (s. Schwyzer 718 f.), with which the meaning fits well, or be explained as denominative from *Ϝορά̄ f., which is found in φρουρά from *προ-hορά (\< *προ-Ϝορά) and in German., e.g. OHG wara f. `attentiveness', wara neman ' wahrnehmen': IE *u̯orā́ f., beside which Toch. A war, B were `flavour', IE *u̯oro-s m. Difficult to judge however is (Ϝ)όρη-μι etc. It looks like a disyllabic athemat. formation, and ὀρῃ̃ς, -ῃ̃, - ῆν can have been tranformed from this by thematization (Schwyzer 680). One may compare Lat. verē-ri `observe scrupulously, venerate', though with ablauting stemvowel. Weakest attested is the primary monosyll. (orig. athematic?; Chantraine Gramm. hom. 1, 311) ὄρονται, - ντο (to which also ὅρει in H.?); it regards moreover the same formulaic expression: ἐπὶ δ' ἀνέρες ἐσθλοὶ ὄρονται (- ντο), thus in plqu. ἐπὶ δ' ἀνηρ ἐσθλὸς ὀρώρει. Here too the o-vowel is remarkable, though analogous cases can be found like ὄθομαι, οἴχομαι a.o. (Schwyzer 721, Chantraine l.c.). To the primry verb belong both *προ-Ϝορ-ά in φρουρά (s. above and s.v.) and the form which occurs only in compounds as 2. member, - (Ϝ)ορ-ός, `guardian', e.g. θυρ-, τιμ-ωρός, κηπουρός from θυρα-, τιμα-, κηπο-Ϝορ-ός; it agrees formally (but not functionally) with Germ., e.g. OS war `attentive, cautious', OHG giwar `id., gewahr'. The other word belonging to this group from diff. languages, e.g. Latv. veruôs, vērtiês `inspect, observe', Toch. A wär, B wär-sk- `smell', Hitt. u̯erite- `fear', give nothing for Greek. -- Further forms w. lit. in WP. 1, 284f., Pok. 1164, W.-Hofmann s. vereor. On the suppletive system ὁράω: ὄψομαι: εἶδον: ἑόρακα Gonda Lingua 9, 178 ff., Bloch Suppl. Verba 91 ff. ; on the expressions for `see, eye' in Greek Prévot Rev. de phil. 61, 133ff., 233ff. -- S. also 2. οὖρος, ὤρα.

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Grammatical information: adv., also as prep. w. gen.

Meaning: `beyond, further, longer, more, past' (Att.).

Compounds: comp. περαι-τέρω (Att.), - τερον with adj. - τερος (Pi.).

Derivatives: Besides πέρᾱν, Ion. - ην adv., also prep. w. gen. `over, across, beyond, opposite to' (Il.). -- Adj. περαῖος `ulterior', esp. ἡ περαία ( χώρα, γῆ) `the country on the other side', also as PN (Hdt., A. R., Plb., Str.). From it 1. Περαΐτης m. `inhabitant of the Περαία' (J.; Redard 26 and 239 n. 24); 2. περαιόθεν `from the other side' (A. R., Arat.); 3. περαιόομαι, - όω, also w. δια- a.o., `to cross over, to bring over' (since ω 437), `to accomplish' (Gort.), `to end' (medic.) with περαίωσις f. `crossing' (Str., Plu.). -- Denominative verb περάω, aor. - ᾶσαι, Ion. - ῆσαι, also w. prefix, esp. δια- and ἐκ-, `to pass through, to go through, to travel through, to go beyond, to reach the end' (Il.) with ( δια-)πέρ-αμα n. `crossing' (Str.), ἐκπέρ-αμα n. `coming out of' (A.), πέρ-ασις f. `stepping through' (S.), - άσιμος `crossable, passable' (E., Str.); - ατός, Ion. - ητός `id.' (Pi., Hdt.); - ατής m. `ferryman' (Suid., Procl.); but in the sense of `stranger, emigrant' (LXX) prob. from πέρᾱ(ν); thus περᾱ-τικός `coming from a strange (ulterior) country, foreign' (Peripl. M. Rubr.), and - τός `id.' (pap. III<sup>a</sup>). -- Often w. strengthening ἀντι-: ἀντι-πέραια n. pl. `the stretches of coast on the opposite side' (Β 635), - αια f. sg. (A. R., Nonn.); ἀντι-πέρας `opposite to' (Th., X.; on the ending below), - πέραν, - ην (hell.), -πέρᾱ (Ev. Luc.) `id.'; - πέρηθε(ν) `from the opposite coast' (A. R., AP).

Origin: IE [Indo-European] [811] * per `beyond, further'

Etymology: Both πέρᾱ and πέρᾱν are frozen caseforms, the latter acc. of a noun *πέρᾱ f. (Schwyzer 621), the first polyinterpret. (instr. f. or nom. pl. n.?). To this were adapted, prob. as innovations, the gen. in ἀντι-πέρας and in ἐκ πέρας Ναυπακτίας (A. Supp. 262) as well as the nominal acc. in Χαλκίδος πέραν ἔχων (A.Ag. 190 [lyr.]) and in πέρανδε (Argos V^a). -- With πέρᾱ may be equated formally Skt. párā and Av. para `off, away, on the side'; these belong to the adj. Skt. pára-, Av. OP. para- `farther, of the other side'. Uncertain is the comparison of πέρᾱν with Lat. per-peram `wrong, false', s. W.-Hofmann s. v. Cf. πέρι and πάρος w. further connections and lit.

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Grammatical information: m.

Meaning: `straits, narrows' (X., Arist.); esp. the straits between Euboea and Boeotia (h. Ap. 222, Hdt.); later also`canal' in gen. (D. H.); `ventilator, fan' (Gal. 10, 649).

Dialectal forms: Myc. Place name Ewiripo

Derivatives: εὑριπώδης `like straits or the Euripos' etc. (Arist.); εὑριπίδης name of a wind, blowing from the Euripos (E. Maaß KZ 41, 204 acc. to H. s. ++ ἄντος); also PN; εὑριπική ( σχοῖνος Dsc., Plin.); Εὑρίπιος Ποσειδῶν H.

Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]

Etymology: Prop. `with strong current', from εὖ and ῥιπή (Fick BB 22, 11). So originally the name of the straits between Euboea and Boeotia, which is well known for its stong water- and wind-currents; from there referred to other narrows, and finally used as appellative; cf. the parallel development of δέλτα. Not with Pedersen Studi baltici 4, 152 and Hofmann Et. Wb. d. Gr. to Lith. siaũras `narrow(s)' and the IE word for `water', *ā̆p-, i.e. * seuri-h₂p-o-, with * seuro- `mall'; s. Fraenkel Gnomon 22, 237. Older interpretations in Bq. Forssmann, MSS 49 (1988) 5-12 assumed * h₁uru-h₂p-o- `with broad water(s)'. In both cases the meaning does not fit (note that * h₂ep- is rather a river, or the vowel is wrong. This makes the possibility greater that the word is Pre-Greek (the long -i- in this position is typical for Pre-Greek forms, cf. Beekes. Pre-Greek s.v. -ῑβ-, -ῑγ-, ῑδ-, -ῑθ-, -ῑν-). Thus Sommer IF 55, 185 n. 1 (like Εὑρώπη, Εὑρώτας). - In the meaning of `ventilator, fan' in Gal. εὔριπος is prob. a homonym (to ῥιπή as `blow').

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πῦρ, ός, τό (Hom.+) fire

ⓐ of earthly fire, as an important element in creation Dg 7:2.—Mt 17:15; Mk 9:22; Ac 28:5; Js 5:3 (cp. 4 Macc 15:15); ITr 2:3. Melting lead 2 Cl 16:3. Necessary for forging metals Dg 2:3. Testing precious metals for purity 1 Pt 1:7; Hv 4, 3, 4; in metaphor Rv 3:18. For ἄνθρακες πυρός Ro 12:20 s. ἄνθραξ. For κάμινος (τοῦ) πυρός (Iren. 5, 5, 2 [Harv. II 332, 2) 1 Cl 45:7; 2 Cl 8:2 s. κάμινος. For βάλλειν εἰς (τὸ) π. s. βάλλω 1b.—περιάπτειν πῦρ kindle a fire Lk 22:55. κατακαίειν τι πυρί burn someth. (up) with fire, in a pass. construction Mt 13:40; τινὰ ἐν πυρὶ Rv 17:16 (v.l. without ἐν). Pass. construction 18:8. ὑπὸ πυρὸς κατακαίεσθαι MPol 5:2 (κατακαίω, end). πῦρ καιόμενον 11:2b (καίω 1a). πυρὶ καίεσθαι Hb 12:18; Rv 8:8 (καίω 1a). Fire is used in comparisons γλῶσσαι ὡσεὶ πυρός Ac 2:3 (Ezek. Trag. 234 [in Eus., PE 9, 29, 14] ἀπʼ οὐρανοῦ φέγγος ὡς πυρὸς ὤφθη ἡμῖν). φλὸξ πυρός a flame of fire (Ex 3:2; Is 29:6; PsSol 15:4; JosAs 14:9): ὀφθαλμοὶ ὡς φλὸξ πυρός Rv 1:14; cp. 2:18; 19:12.—Of a Christian worker who has built poorly in the congregation it is said σωθήσεται ὡς διὰ πυρός he will be saved as if through (the) fire, i.e. like a person who must pass through a wall of fire to escape fr. a burning house (Ps.-Crates, Ep. 6 [=Malherbe p. 56] κἂν διὰ πυρός; Jos., Ant. 17, 264 διὰ τοῦ πυρός; Diod S 1, 57, 7; 8 διὰ τοῦ φλογὸς … σωθείς from a burning tent) 1 Cor 3:15 (HHollander, NTS 40, ’94, 89–104; s. σῴζω 3). Cp. Jd 23 (ἁρπάζω 2a).—Of the torture of a loyal confessor by fire IRo 5:3; ISm 4:2; MPol 2:3; 11:2a; 13:3; 15:1f; 16:1; 17:2; cp. Hb 11:34; in imagery of Rome ἀπέρχομαι εἰς κάμινον πυρός AcPl Ha 6, 20 (cp. b below).

ⓑ of fire that is heavenly in origin and nature (cp. Diod S 4, 2, 3 of the ‘fire’ of lightning, accompanying the appearance of Zeus; 16, 63, 3 τὸ θεῖον πῦρ; Just., D. 88, 3 πῦρ ἀνήφθη ἐν τῷ Ἰορδάνῳ [at Jesus’ baptism]. In gnostic speculation Iren. 1, 17, 1 [Harv. I 164, 14]; Hippol., Ref. 6, 9, 5.—Orig., C. Cels. 4, 13, 19): an angel appears to Moses ἐν φλογὶ πυρὸς βάτου in the flame of a burning thorn-bush Ac 7:30 (s. Ex 3:2; cp. Just., A I, 62, 3 ἐν ἰδέᾳ πυρός.—PKatz, ZNW 46, ’55, 133–38). God makes τοὺς λειτουργοὺς αὐτοῦ πυρὸς φλόγα (cp. Ps 103:4, esp. in the v.l. [ARahlfs, Psalmi cum Odis ’31]) Hb 1:7; 1 Cl 36:3. Corresp., there burn before the heavenly throne seven λαμπάδες πυρός Rv 4:5 and the ‘strong angel’ 10:1 has πόδες ὡς στῦλοι πυρός, but both of these pass. fit equally well in a. Fire appears mostly as a means used by God to execute punishment: in the past, in the case of Sodom ἔβρεξεν πῦρ καὶ θεῖον ἀπʼ οὐρανοῦ Lk 17:29 (Gen 19:24; cp. 1QH 3:31). Cp. Lk 9:54 (4 Km 1:10, 12; TestAbr A 10 p. 88, 13 [Stone p. 24, 13] ἐξ οὐρανοῦ; Jos., Ant. 9, 23 πῦρ ἀπʼ οὐρανοῦ πεσόν). Quite predom. in connection w. the Last Judgment: the end of the world διʼ αἵματος καὶ πυρός Hv 4, 3, 3; cp. Ac 2:19 (Jo 3:3. Also Sib-Or 4, 173; 5, 376f); Rv 8:7. κόσμος αἴρεται ἐν πυρί AcPl Ha 2, 26; 9, 11. The Judgment Day ἐν πυρὶ ἀποκαλύπτεται makes its appearance with fire 1 Cor 3:13a; cp. 13b (JGnilka, Ist 1 Cor 3:10–15 … Fegfeuer? ’55); 2 Pt 3:7 (on first-century cosmological views s. FDowning, L’AntCl 64, ’95, 99–109, esp. 107f). When Jesus comes again he will reveal himself w. his angels ἐν πυρὶ φλογός (cp. Sir 45:19) 2 Th 1:8. Oft. in Rv: fire is cast fr. heaven upon the earth 8:5; 13:13; 20:9 (καταβαίνω 1b). It proceeds fr. the mouths of God’s two witnesses 11:5 and fr. the mouths of plague-bringing horses 9:17f. See 16:8. For πυρὸς ζῆλος ἐσθίειν μέλλοντος τ. ὑπεναντίους Hb 10:27 s. ζῆλος 1, end. ἡ χείρ μου πυρὶ ἀποπίπτει ἀπʼ ἐμοῦ my hand falls off me from (burning in) the fire GJs 20:1 (codd.).—The fire w. which God punishes sinners (cp. ApcSed 4:1 κόλασις καὶ πῦρ ἐστιν ἡ παίδευσίς σου) οὐ σβέννυται (cp. Is 66:24) Mk 9:48; 2 Cl 7:6; 17:5. Hence it is called (s. PGM 5, 147 τὸ πῦρ τὸ ἀθάνατον): (τὸ) πῦρ (τὸ) αἰώνιον (4 Macc 12:12; TestZeb 10:3; GrBar 4:16; Just., A I, 21, 6 al.; Tat. 17, 1; Theoph. Ant. 1, 14 [p. 92, 9]) Mt 18:8; 25:41; Jd 7; Dg 10:7 (opp. τὸ πῦρ τὸ πρόσκαιρον 10:8). πῦρ ἄσβεστον (ἄσβεστος 1) Mt 3:12; Mk 9:43, 45 v.l.; Lk 3:17; 2 Cl 17:7; IEph 16:2; AcPl Ha 1, 22. It burns in the γέεννα (τοῦ) πυρός (ApcEsdr 1:9 p. 25, 1 Tdf.; s. γέεννα and cp. En 10:13 τὸ χάος τοῦ πυρός) Mt 5:22; 18:9 (cp. 1QS 2:7f); Mk 9:47 v.l.; 2 Cl 5:4 (a saying of Jesus not recorded elsewhere). ἡ λίμνη τοῦ πυρὸς (καὶ θείου) Rv 19:20; 20:10, 14ab, 15 (cp. Jos As 12, 10 ἄβυσσον τοῦ πυρός); cp. Rv 21:8; 14:10, 18; 15:2. The fiery place of punishment as ἡ κάμινος τοῦ πυρός Mt 13:42, 50 (difft. AcPl Ha 6, 20 see at the end of a, above). τὸ πῦρ ἐστι μετʼ αὐτοῦ fire awaits that person AcPlCor 2:37. The fire of hell is also meant in certain parables and allegories, in which trees and vines represent persons worthy of punishment Mt 3:10; 7:19; Lk 3:9; J 15:6. The one whose coming was proclaimed by John the Baptist βαπτίσει ἐν πνεύματι ἁγίῳ καὶ πυρί; whether πῦρ in Mt 3:11; Lk 3:16 refers to reception of the Holy Spirit (esp. in Lk 3:16) or to the fire of divine judgment is debatable; for association of πῦρ with πνεῦμα s. Ac 2:3f; AcPlCor 2:13 (βαπτίζω 3b). As Lord of Judgment God is called πῦρ καταναλίσκον Hb 12:29 (Dt 4:24; 9:3.—Mesomedes calls Isis πῦρ τέλεον ἄρρητον [IAndrosIsis p. 145, 14]).—Of a different kind is the idea that fire is to be worshiped as a god (Maximus Tyr. 2, 4b of the Persians: πῦρ δέσποτα; Theosophien 14 p. 170, 11 τὸ πῦρ ἀληθῶς θεός) Dg 8:2.

ⓒ fig. (Just., D. 8, 1 πῦρ ἐν τῇ ψυχῇ ἀνήφθη; Chariton 2, 4, 7 πῦρ εἰς τ. ψυχήν; Ael. Aristid. 28, 110 K.=49 p. 527 D.: τὸ ἱερὸν κ. θεῖον πῦρ τὸ ἐκ Διός; Aristaen., Ep. 2, 5; PGrenf I=Coll. Alex. p. 177 ln. 15 [II B.C.] of the fire of love; Theoph. Ant. 1, 3 [p. 62, 21] of God’s wrath) ἡ γλῶσσα πῦρ Js 3:6 (s. γλῶσσα 1a). The saying of Jesus πῦρ ἦλθον βαλεῖν ἐπὶ τὴν γῆν Lk 12:49 seems, in the context where it is now found, to refer to the fire of discord (s. vss. 51–53). πῦρ is also taken as fig. in Agr 3, the sense of which, however, cannot be determined w. certainty (s. Unknown Sayings, 54–56) ὁ ἐγγύς μου ἐγγὺς τοῦ πυρός. ὁ δὲ μακρὰν ἀπʼ ἐμοῦ μακρὰν ἀπὸ τῆς βασιλείας (cp. ἐγγύς 3; ἐγγὺς εἶναι τοῦ πυρός as someth. dangerous also Chariton 6, 3, 9). On the difficult pass. πᾶς πυρὶ ἁλισθήσεται Mk 9:49 and its variants s. ἁλίζω and cp. ἅλας b (s. also NColeman, JTS 24, 1923, 381–96, ET 48, ’37, 360–62; PHaupt, Salted with Fire: AJP 45, 1924, 242–45; AFridrichsen, Würzung durch Feuer: SymbOsl 4, 1926, 36–38; JdeZwaan, Met vuur gezouten worden, Mc 9:49: NThSt 11, 1928, 179–82; RHarris, ET 48, ’37, 185f; SEitrem, Opferritus u. Voropfer der Griechen u. Römer 1915, 309–44. JBauer, TZ 15, ’59, 446–50; HZimmermann [Mk 9:49], TQ 139, ’59, 28–39; TBaarda [Mk 9:49], NTS 5, ’59, 318–21).—B. 71; RAC VII 786–90; BHHW I 479f. DELG. M-M. EDNT. TW. Sv.

σατάν, ὁ indecl. and σατανᾶς, ᾶ, ὁ (the former=Hebr. שָׂטָן 3 Km 11:14; Just., D. 103, 5; the latter Sir 21:27, also TestSol 1:1 D al.; TestJob; Test12Patr; ApcMos 17; Just.=Aram. סָטָנָא; for σατανος Lk 11:18 P⁷⁵ read σατανας) literally ‘adversary’, in our lit. only as title or name: (the) Satan, in a very special sense, the enemy of God and all of those who belong to God, simply Satan, the Enemy (on the concept of Satan s. the lit. s.v. διάβολος 2), almost always w. the art. (B-D-F §254, 1), without it only in Mk 3:23; Lk 22:3; 2 Cor 12:7 and in personal address.—Mt 4:10 (here, as well as in the two passages from Mt and Mk near the end of this entry, without the art. and in the voc.); Mk 1:13; 3:26; Lk 11:18; 22:31. W. διάβολος of the same being Rv 20:2; cp. 2:9f; Pol 7:1 (Just., A I, 28, 1 al.). The Lawless One (Antichrist) appears κατʼ ἐνέργειαν τοῦ σατανᾶ 2 Th 2:9. He incites people to evil (cp. Homeric usage LfgrE s.v. δαιμόνι[ος] col. 198; TestJob 41:5 Ἐλίους ἐμπνευσθεὶς ἐν τῷ Σ. ; 23:11 ὁ Σ. … ἐπλαγίαζεν αὐτῆς τὴν καρδίαν; cp. 26:6) Mk 4:15; Ac 5:3; 1 Cor 7:5; 2 Cor 2:11; Rv 12:9. Esp. guilty of instigating Judas’ evil deed by entering into this disciple Lk 22:3; J 13:27. Causing sickness Lk 13:16 (s. δέω 1b, end). Hence driven out in healings Mt 12:26; Mk 3:23. Hindering the apostle in his work 1 Th 2:18 (cp. Julian., Ep. 40 [68] p. 46, 19 Bidez-Cumont εἰ μή τι δαιμόνιον γένοιτο κώλυμα). Causing false beliefs to arise 1 Ti 5:15; hence the one who denies the resurrection and judgment is called πρωτότοκος τοῦ ς. Pol 7:1; Polycarp uses the same expr. in speaking of Marcion, Epil Mosq 3. Persecutions of Christians are also inspired by Satan Rv 2:13ab (on the θρόνος τοῦ ς. s. θρόνος 1bε); hence certain Judeans who were hostile to Christians are called συναγωγὴ τοῦ ς. Rv 2:9; 3:9. God will crush him Ro 16:20. Jesus saw Satan falling (or fallen) fr. heaven Lk 10:18 (Burton, Moods and Tenses §146 [deZwaan §148]; FSpitta, ZNW 9, 1908, 160–63; CWebster, ET 57, ’45/46, 52f: πες. is timeless and means ‘I watched him fall’). Imprisoned, but freed again after a thousand years Rv 20:7. ὁ ς. μετασχηματίζεται εἰς ἄγγελον φωτός Satan disguises himself as an angel of light 2 Cor 11:14 (TestJob 6:4 μετασχηματισθεὶς εἰς ἐπαίτην a beggar; ApcMos 17 ἐγένετο ἐν εἴδει ἀγγέλου; s. μετασχηματίζω; on the subject s. Windisch ad loc.). ἄγγελος σατανᾶ 2 Cor 12:7 (UHeckel, ZNW 84, ’93, 69–75); ἄγγελοι τοῦ ς. B 18:1 (ἄγγελος 2c). αἱ δυνάμεις τοῦ ς. IEph 13:1 (δύναμις 5). τὰ βαθέα τοῦ ς. Rv 2:24 (s. βαθύς 2). ἡ ἐξουσία τοῦ ς. the power of Satan Ac 26:18; ending of Mk in the Freer ms. ln. 6 (ἐξουσία 2); ibid. ln. 2 ὁ αἴων οὗτος … ὑπὸ τὸν ς. ἐστιν.—παραδοῦναί τινα τῷ ς. 1 Cor 5:5 (s. ὄλεθρος; cp. the Christ. ins New Docs 3, 83); 1 Ti 1:20 (s. on both passages παραδίδωμι 1b).—In Mt 16:23; Mk 8:33 Peter is called Satan by Jesus, because his attempt to turn Jesus aside fr. his divine assignment to accept the consequences of his involvement with humanity has made him a tempter of a diabolical sort, who might thwart the divine plan of salvation. This metaph. usage relates to the striking verdict Rv 2:9; 3:9 above (cp. διάβολος J 6:70; 8:44).—BNoack, Satanás u. Sotería ’48. 1369–80 (lit.). DBS XII 1–47. DNP III 269. DELG. M-M. EDNT. TRE III 608f. TW.

ἁμαρτία, ίας, ἡ (w. mngs. ranging fr. involuntary mistake/ error to serious offenses against a deity: Aeschyl., Antiphon, Democr.+; ins fr. Cyzicus JHS 27, 1907, p. 63 [III B.C.] ἁμαρτίαν μετανόει; PLips 119 recto, 3; POxy 1119, 11; LXX; En, TestSol, TestAbr, TestJob, Test12Patr; JosAs 12:14; ParJer, ApcEsdr, ApcSed, ApcMos; EpArist 192; Philo; Jos., Ant. 13, 69 al.; Ar. [Milne 76, 42]; Just., A I, 61, 6; 10; 66, 1, D. 13, 1 al.; Tat. 14, 1f; 20, 1; Mel., P. 50, 359; 55, 400; s. ClR 24, 1910, 88; 234; 25, 1911, 195–97).

① a departure fr. either human or divine standards of uprightness

ⓐ sin (w. context ordinarily suggesting the level of heinousness), the action itself (ἁμάρτησις s. prec.), as well as its result (ἁμάρτημα), πᾶσα ἀδικία ἁ. ἐστίν 1J 5:17 (cp. Eur., Or. 649; Gen 50:17). ἁ. w. ἀνομήματα Hv 1, 3, 1; descr. as ἀνομία (cp. Ps 58:3; TestJob 43:17) 1J 3:4; but one who loves is far from sin Pol 3:3, cp. Js 5:20; 1 Pt 4:8, 1 Cl 49:5; Agr 13. ἀναπληρῶσαι τὰς ἁ. fill up the measure of sins (Gen 15:16) 1 Th 2:16. κοινωνεῖν ἁ. ἀλλοτρίαις 1 Ti 5:22. ποιεῖν ἁ. commit a sin (Tob 12:10; 14:7S; Dt 9:21) 2 Cor 11:7; 1 Pt 2:22; Js 5:15; 1J 3:4, 8. For this ἁμαρτάνειν ἁ. (Ex 32:30; La 1:8) 1J 5:16; ἐργάζεσθαι ἁ. Js 2:9; Hm 4, 1, 2 (LXX oft. ἐργάζ. ἀδικίαν or ἀνομίαν). μεγάλην ἁ. ἐργάζεσθαι commit a great sin m 4, 1, 1; 8:2. Pl. (cp. Pla., Ep. 7, 335a τὰ μεγάλα ἁμαρτήματα κ. ἀδικήματα) Hs 7:2. ἐπιφέρειν ἁ. τινί Hv 1, 2, 4. ἑαυτῷ ἁ. ἐπιφέρειν bring sin upon oneself m 11:4; for this ἁ. ἐπισπᾶσθαί τινι m 4, 1, 8 (cp. Is 5:18). προστιθέναι ταῖς ἁ. add to one’s sins (cp. προσέθηκεν ἁμαρτίας ἐφʼ ἁμαρτίας PsSol 3:10) Hv 5:7; m 4, 3, 7; Hs 6, 2, 3; 8, 11, 3; φέρειν ἁ. 1 Cl 16:4 (Is 53:4). ἀναφέρειν vs. 14 (Is 53:12). γέμειν ἁμαρτιῶν B 11:11. εἶναι ἐν ταῖς ἁμαρτίαις 1 Cor 15:17 (cp. Alex. Aphr., Eth. Probl. 9 II 2 p. 129, 13 ἐν ἁμαρτήμασιν εἶναι).—Sin viewed from the perspective of God’s or Christ’s response: ἀφιέναι τὰς ἁ. let go = forgive sins (Lev 4:20 al.) Mt 9:2, 5f; Mk 2:5, 7, 9f; Lk 5:20ff; Hv 2, 2, 4; 1 Cl 50:5; 53:5 (Ex 32:32) al. (ἀφίημι 2); hence ἄφεσις (τῶν) ἁμαρτιῶν (Iren. 1, 21, 2 [Harv. I 182, 4]) forgiveness of sins Mt 26:28; Mk 1:4; Lk 1:77; 3:3; 24:47; Ac 2:38; 5:31; 10:43; 13:38; Hm 4, 3, 2; B 5:1; 6:11; 8:3; 11:1; 16:8. διδόναι ἄφεσιν ἁ. AcPl Ha 2, 30; λαβεῖν ἄφεσιν ἁ. receive forgiveness of sins Ac 26:18 (Just., D. 54 al); καθαρίζειν τὰς ἁ. cleanse the sins (thought of as a stain) Hs 5, 6, 3; καθαρίζειν ἀπὸ ἁ. 1 Cl 18:3 (Ps 50:4; cp. Sir 23:10; PsSol 10:1); also καθαρισμὸν ποιεῖσθαι τῶν ἁ. Hb 1:3; ἀπολούεσθαι τὰς ἁ. Ac 22:16 ([w. βαπτίζειν] Just., D. 13, 1 al.). λύτρον ἁ. ransom for sins B 19:10.—αἴρειν J 1:29; περιελεῖν ἁ. Hb 10:11; ἀφαιρεῖν (Ex 34:9; Is 27; 9) vs. 4; Hs 9, 28, 3; ῥυσθῆναι ἀπὸ ἁ. 1 Cl 60:3; ἀπὸ τῶν ἁ. ἀποσπασθῆναι AcPlCor 2:9. Sin as a burden αἱ ἁ. κατεβάρησαν Hs 9, 28, 6; as a disease ἰᾶσθαι Hs 9, 28, 5 (cp. Dt 30:3); s. also the verbs in question.—Looked upon as an entry in a ledger; hence ἐξαλείφεται ἡ ἁ. wiped away, cancelled (Ps 108:14; Jer 18:23; Is 43:25) Ac 3:19.—Opp. στῆσαι τὴν ἁ. 7:60; λογίζεσθαι ἁ. take account of sin (as a debt; cp. the commercial metaphor Ro 4:6 and s. FDanker, Gingrich Festschr. 104, n. 2) Ro 4:8 (Ps 31:2); 1 Cl 60:2 (Just., D. 141, 3). Pass. ἁ. οὐκ ἐλλογεῖται is not entered in the account Ro 5:13 (GFriedrich, TLZ 77, ’52, 523–28). Of sinners ὀφειλέτης ἁ. Pol 6:1 (cp. SIG 1042, 14–16 [II A.D.] ὸ̔ς ἂν δὲ πολυπραγμονήσῃ τὰ τοῦ θεοῦ ἢ περιεργάσηται, ἁμαρτίαν ὀφιλέτω Μηνὶ Τυράννωι, ἣν οὐ μὴ δύνηται ἐξειλάσασθαι).—γινώσκειν ἁ. (cp. Num 32:23) Ro 7:7; Hm 4, 1, 5. ἐπίγνωσις ἁμαρτίας Ro 3:20; ὁμολογεῖν τὰς ἁ. 1J 1:9; ἐξομολογεῖσθε ἐπὶ ταῖς ἁ. B 19:12; ἐξομολογεῖσθαι τὰς ἁ. Mt 3:6; Mk 1:5; Hv 3, 1, 5f; Hs 9, 23, 4; ἐξομολογεῖσθε ἀλλήλοις τὰς ἁ. confess your sins to each other Js 5:16.—ἐλέγχειν τινὰ περὶ ἁ. convict someone of sin J 8:46; cp. ἵνα σου τὰς ἁ. ἐλέγξω πρὸς τὸν κύριον that I might reveal your sins before the Lord Hv 1, 1, 5.—σεσωρευμένος ἁμαρτίαις loaded down w. sins 2 Ti 3:6; cp. ἐπισωρεύειν ταῖς ἁ. B 4:6; ἔνοχος τῆς ἁ. involved in the sin Hm 2:2; 4, 1, 5. μέτοχος τῆς ἁ. m 4, 1, 9.—In Hb sin is atoned for (ἱλάσκεσθαι τὰς ἁ. 2:17) by sacrifices θυσίαι ὑπὲρ ἁ. 5:1 (cp. 1 Cl 41:2). προσφορὰ περὶ ἁ. sin-offering 10:18; also simply περὶ ἁ. (Lev 5:11; 7:37) vss. 6, 8 (both Ps 39:7; cp. 1 Pt 3:18); προσφέρειν περὶ ἁ. bring a sin-offering Hb 5:3; cp. 10:12; 13:11. Christ has made the perfect sacrifice for sin 9:23ff; συνείδησις ἁ. consciousness of sin 10:2; ἀνάμνησις ἁ. a reminder of sins of the feast of atonement vs. 3.

ⓑ special sins (ἁ. τῆς ἀποστασίας Iren. 5, 26, 2 [Harv. II 397, 4]): πρὸς θάνατον that leads to death 1J 5:16b (ἁμαρτάνω e); opp. οὐ πρὸς θάνατον vs. 17. μεγάλη ἁ. a great sin Hv 1, 1, 8 al. (Gen 20:9; Ex 32:30 al.; cp. Schol. on Pla., Tht. 189d ἁμαρτήματα μεγάλα). μείζων ἁ. m 11:4; ἥττων 1 Cl 47:4. μεγάλη κ. ἀνίατος Hm 5, 2, 4; τέλειαι ἁ. Hv 1, 2, 1; B 8:1, cp. τὸ τέλειον τῶν ἁ. 5:11 (Philo, Mos. 1, 96 κατὰ τῶν τέλεια ἡμαρτηκότων); ἡ προτέρα ἁ. (Arrian, Anab. 7, 23, 8 εἴ τι πρότερον ἡμάρτηκας) sin committed before baptism Hm 4, 1, 11; 4, 3, 3; Hs 8, 11, 3; cp. v 2, 1, 2.

② a state of being sinful, sinfulness, a prominent feature in Johannine thought, and opposed to ἀλήθεια; hence ἁ. ἔχειν J 9:41; 15:24; 1J 1:8. μείζονα ἁ. ἔχειν J 19:11; ἁ. μένει 9:41. γεννᾶσθαι ἐν ἁμαρτίαις be born in sin 9:34 (ἐν ἁμαρτίᾳ v.l).; opp. ἐν ἁ. ἀποθανεῖν die in sin 8:21, 24; AcPl Ha 1, 16. ἁ. ἐν αὐτῷ οὐκ ἔστιν 1J 3:5.

③ a destructive evil power, sin

ⓐ Paul thinks of sin almost in pers. terms (cp. Sir 27:10; Mel., P. 50, 359; PGM 4, 1448 w. other divinities of the nether world, also Ἁμαρτίαι χθόνιαι; Dibelius, Geisterwelt 119ff) as a ruling power that invades the world. Sin came into the world Ro 5:12 (JFreundorfer, Erbsünde u. Erbtod b. Ap. Pls 1927; ELohmeyer, ZNW 29, 1930, 1–59; JSchnitzer, D. Erbsünde im Lichte d. Religionsgesch. ’31; ROtto, Sünde u. Urschuld ’32; FDanker, Ro 5:12: Sin under Law: NTS 14, ’67/68, 424–39), reigns there vs. 21; 6:14; everything was subject to it Gal 3:22; people serve it Ro 6:6; are its slaves vss. 17, 20; are sold into its service 7:14 or set free from it 6:22; it has its law 7:23; 8:2; it revives (ἀνέζησεν) Ro 7:9 or is dead vs. 8; it pays its wages, viz., death 6:23, cp. 5:12 (see lit. s.v. ἐπί 6c). As a pers. principle it dwells in humans Ro 7:17, 20, viz., in the flesh (s. σάρξ 2cα) 8:3; cp. vs. 2; 7:25. The earthly body is hence a σῶμα τῆς ἁ. 6:6 (Col 2:11 v.l.).—As abstr. for concr. τὸν μὴ γνόντα ἁ. ὑπέρ ἡμῶν ἁμαρτίαν ἐποίησεν (God) made him, who never sinned, to be sin (i.e. the guilty one) for our sakes 2 Cor 5:21.

ⓑ In Hb (as in OT) sin appears as the power that deceives humanity and leads it to destruction, whose influence and activity can be ended only by sacrifices (s. 1a end): ἀπάτη τῆς ἁ. Hb 3:13.—On the whole word s. ἁμαρτάνω, end. GMoore, Judaism I 445–52; ABüchler, Studies in Sin and Atonement in the Rabb. Lit. of the I Cent. 1928; WKnuth, D. Begriff der Sünde b. Philon v. Alex., diss. Jena ’34; EThomas, The Problem of Sin in the NT 1927; Dodd 76–81; DDaube, Sin, Ignorance and Forgiveness in the Bible, ’61; AGelin and ADescamps, Sin in the Bible, ’65.—On the special question ‘The Christian and Sin’ see PWernle 1897; HWindisch 1908; EHedström 1911; RBultmann, ZNW 23, 1924, 123–40; Windisch, ibid. 265–81; RSchulz, D. Frage nach der Selbsttätigkt. d. Menschen im sittl. Leben b. Pls., diss. Hdlb. ’40.—JAddison, ATR 33, ’51, 137–48; KKuhn, πειρασμός ἁμαρτία σάρξ im NT: ZTK 49, ’52, 200–222; JBremer, Hamartia ’69 (Gk. views).—B. 1182. EDNT. DELG s.v. ἁμαρτάνω. M-M. TW.

ἕως (Hom.+)

① to denote the end of a period of time, till, until.

ⓐ as conjunction

α. w. the aor. ind. (Lysias 25, 26; Ps.-Demosth. 47, 58; Wsd 10:14; 1 Macc 10:50; Jdth 10:18; En 13:7; 102:10; PsSol 2:26; 4:10; SibOr 5, 528; Ar. 12, 2) ἕως ἐστάθη until it stood still Mt 2:9. ἕως ἦλθεν ὁ κατακλυσμός until the flood came 24:39.—Ac 19:10 D.

β. w. the aor. subj. and, as the rule requires (s. AFuchs, D. Temporalsätze mit d. Konj. ‘bis’ u. ‘so lange als.’ 1902), ἄν (X., An. 5, 1, 11; SIG 966, 11; 1207, 10; PPetr II, 40a, 28; POxy 1124, 7; Gen 24:14; 49:10; Ex 33:22; Lev 22:4 and oft. LXX; TestAbr B 7 p. 112, 2 [Stone p. 72]; TestJob 21:2; ParJer 2:3; ApcMos 26 p. 14, 7 Tdf.; Jos., Ant. 13, 400; Just., A I, 45, 1), to denote that the commencement of an event is dependent on circumstances: ἕως ἂν εἴπω σοι until I tell you Mt 2:13.—5:18 (AHoneyman, NTS 1, ’54/55, 141f), 26 (cp. SIG 731, 16ff ἕως ἂν ἀποδῷ); 10:23; 22:44 (Ps 109:1); Mk 6:10; 9:1; 12:36 (Ps 109:1); Lk 20:43 (Ps 109:1); 21:32; Ac 2:35 (Ps 109:1); 1 Cor 4:5; Hb 1:13; B 12:10 (the two last Ps 109:1).—Without ἄν (Soph., Aj. 555, Phil. 764; Polyb. 35, 2, 4; SIG 976, 79; UPZ 18, 10 [II B.C.]; PGrenf II, 38, 16 [I B.C.]; POxy 531, 6; 1125, 15; 1159, 21; Sir 35:17; Tob 14:5 BA; En 10:12, 17; TestSol 15:10; ParJer 5:14; GrBar 11:2; SibOr 5, 217; Just. D. 39, 6): Mt 10:23 v.l.; 18:30; Mk 14:32; Lk 15:4 and 22:34 (both v.l. ἕως οὗ); 2 Th 2:7; Js 5:7; Hb 10:13; Rv 6:11.

γ. w. the pres. ind. (cp. Plut., Lycurg. 29, 3) ἕως ἔρχομαι until I come J 21:22f; 1 Ti 4:13; Hs 5, 2, 2; 9, 10, 5f; cp. 9, 11, 1.

δ. w. the fut. ind. (cp. PHolm 26, 7; Jdth 10:15) in a text-critically doubtful pass. (B-D-F §382, 2; Rob. 971f; 976) ἕως ἥξει ὅτε εἴπητε (ἥξει ὅτε is lacking as v.l.) until (the time) comes when you say Lk 13:35.

ⓑ used as prep. (appears first at the end of the IV cent. B.C. [Schwyzer II 550]) until, up to (Aristot. et al.; ins, pap, LXX; pseudepigr., also SibOr 5, 57; 118)

α. w. gen. of a noun or an equivalent expr. (SIG 588, 64 [196 B.C.] ἕ. τοῦ τ. συνθήκης χρόνου; OGI 90, 16 ἕ. τοῦ πρώτου ἔτους; BGU 1128, 8 [14 B.C.]; oft. LXX; TestAbr A 20 p. 103, 23 [Stone p. 54]) ἕ. τῆς ἡμέρας (Jdth 12:14; 1 Esdr 4:55; 1 Macc 13:39) Mt 27:64; Lk 1:80. ἕ. τῆς ἡμέρας ἐκείνης (Jdth 1:15) Mt 26:29; Mk 14:25. ἕ. τ. ἡμ. ταύτης (4 Km 17:23; 1 Macc 8:10; 13:30; 1 Esdr 8:73; Bar 1:13; ApcMos 13 p. 7, 1 Tdf.) 1 Cl 11:2. ἕ. ὥρας ἐνάτης Mk 15:33; Lk 23:44. ἕ. τῆς πεντηκοστῆς 1 Cor 16:8. ἕ. τῆς σήμερον (sc. ἡμέρας) Mt 27:8 (Just., D. 134, 5). ἕ. τέλους until the end 1 Cor 1:8 (JosAs 12:3); ἕ. αἰῶνος forever (1 Ch 17:16; Sir 24:9; 44:13; Jdth 13:19; 1 Esdr 8:82; PsSol 18:11; TestJob 34:4) Hv 2, 3, 3. Of someone’s age or a period of life ἕ. ἐτῶν ὀγδοήκοντα τεσσάρων until the age of 84, prob.= until she was now 84 years old (so Goodsp., Probs. 79–81) Lk 2:37 (cp. Jos., Ant. 5, 181). Used w. proper names (Polyb. 2, 41, 5; Diod S 1, 50, 6) ἕ. Ἰωάννου up to the time of John Mt 11:13. ἕ. Σαμουήλ Ac 13:20. In such cases, as well as in others, ἕ. often looks back to a preceding ἀπό: from … to (Bar 1:19; 1 Esdr 8:73; Sir 40:1; 1 Macc 16:2; 3 Macc 6:38 al.; Demetr.: 722 Fgm. 1, 18 Jac.): ἀπὸ Ἀβραὰμ ἕ. Δαυίδ Mt 1:17a. ἀπὸ τ. βαπτίσματος Ἰωάννου ἕ. τῆς ἡμέρας Ac 1:22. ἀπὸ τ. ἕκτης ὥρας ἕ. ὥρας ἐνάτης Mt 27:45 (cp. SIG 736, 109 [92 B.C.] ἀπὸ τετάρτας ὥρας ἕ. ἑβδόμας; 1 Esdr 9:41). ἀπὸ πρωὶ̈ ἕ. ἑσπέρας Ac 28:23 (cp. Jos., Ant. 6, 364).—ἕ. τοῦ νῦν until now (Ps.-Lucian, Halc. 4; SIG 705, 44f [112 B.C.]; UPZ 122 [157 B.C.]; Gen 15:16; 18:12; Num 14:19; 1 Macc 2:33) after ἀπʼ ἀρχῆς Mt 24:21; Mk 13:19 (cp. BGU 1197, 8 [4 B.C.] ἕως τ. νῦν ἀπὸ τοῦ ἐννεακαιδεκάτου ἔτους Καίσαρος; Ezk 4:14). ἀπὸ Δαυὶδ ἕ. τ. μετοικεσίας Βαβυλῶνος to the Babylonian exile Mt 1:17b.—As here, a historical event forms the boundary (cp. 1 Esdr 5:71; ParJer 3:11) in ἕ. τ. τελευτῆς Ἡρῴδου 2:15.—W. the articular inf. (on the acc. with it s. B-D-F §406, 3) ἕ. τοῦ ἐλθεῖν αὐτὸν εἰς Καισάρειαν until he came to Caesarea Ac 8:40 (s. SIG 588, 93f; Gen 24:33; 28:15; 1 Macc 3:33; 5:19; Polyb., Joseph. [B-D-F §403]); but s. also 3a below.

β. w. gen. of the relative pron. (οὗ or ὅτου) in the neut.

א. ἕ. οὗ until (Hdt. 2, 143; Plut. et al.; LXX; En; TestAbr; TestJob 24:4; in local mng. SIG 495, 101) w. aor. ind. (Judg 3:30; 4:24 B; 4 Km 17:20; Tob 1:21; 2:4, 10; Jdth 10:10; 15:5; JosAs 10:2, 19; Jos., Ant. 10, 134) Mt 1:25; 13:33; Lk 13:21; Ac 21:26. W. aor. subj. (BGU 1209, 8 [23 B.C.]; PRyl 229, 14 [38 A.D.]; Judg 5:7 B; Ps 71:7; Jdth 6:5, 8; TestAbr B 2 p. 107, 3 [Stone p. 62]; ParJer 9:3; GrBar 13:5; ApcMos 31 p. 17, 10 Tdf.) Mt 18:34; Lk 15:4 v.l., 8; 22:18; 24:49; Ac 25:21; 2 Pt 1:19. After neg.=until, before Mt 17:9; J 13:38; Ac 23:12, 14, 21.

ב. ἕ. ὅτου until w. aor. ind. (Diod S 19, 108, 3; 3 Km 10:7; 11:16; Da 2:34; 7:4) J 9:18. W. aor. subj. (POxy 1061, 16 [22 B.C.]; 1 Km 22:3; 2 Esdr 14:5) Lk 12:50; 13:8; 15:8 v.l.; 22:16, 18 v.l.

γ. w. adv. of time (JosAs 10:17 ἕ. πρωί̈; Ath. 22, 6 ἕ. νῦν) ἕ. ἄρτι until now (s. ἄρτι 3), Mt 11:12; J 2:10; 5:17; 16:24; 1J 2:9; 1 Cor 4:13; 8:7; 15:6. ἕ. σήμερον (Sir 47:7) 2 Cor 3:15. ἕ. πότε; how long? (Ps 12:2, 3; 2 Km 2:26; 1 Macc 6:22; ApcSed 12:1f) Mt 17:17ab; Mk 9:19ab; Lk 9:41; J 10:24; Rv 6:10.

② to denote contemporaneousness, as long as, while

ⓐ conj. w. ind. (Hom.+; Jdth 5:17) in our lit. only the pres. (Appian, Bell. Civ. 2, 53 §218 ἕως χειμάζουσιν and ibid. ἕως Πομπήιος ἡγεῖται=while Pompey imagines; Jos., Bell. 7, 347; Just., D. 4, 4 ἕ. ἐν τῷ σώματί ἐστιν ἡ ψυχή) ἕ. ἡμέρα ἐστίν while it is day J 9:4 (v.l. ὡς. On this interchange s. LRadermacher, Philol. 60, 1901, 495f; B-D-F §455, 3); 12:35f v.l.; ἕ. αὐτὸς ἀπολύει τ. ὄχλον while he himself dismissed the crowd Mk 6:45. ἕ. ὑπάγουσιν while they were on their way Mt 25:10 D; ἕ. ἔτι ἔχομεν while we still have 2 Cl 16:1 (cp. Pla., Phd. 89c ἕ. ἔτι φῶς ἐστιν, Parmen. 135d ἕ. ἔτι νέος εἶ; Appian, Bell. Civ. 3, 32 §127 ἕως ἔτι δύνασαι; PEleph 14, 24 [223 B.C.]; Sir 33:21 ἕως ἔτι ζῇς).

ⓑ conj. w. subjunctive (PTebt 6, 42 [140 B.C.] ἕως … μένωσι; Dio Chrys. 27 [44], 5 ἕως ἂν … φέρῃ=‘as long as’; Appian, Numid. 4 §2) Mk 14:32; Lk 17:8.

ⓒ in a few cases ἕως also has this sense when functioning as prep. with the gen. of the rel. pronoun in the neut. while ἕ. οὗ (Jos., Ant. 3, 279 [ἔχουσι]) w. subj. Mt 14:22; 26:36 (but s. Burton, MT §325 and Zwaan §314).—ἕ. ὅτου (SSol 1:12) w. ind. Mt 5:25.

③ marker of limit reached, as far as, to, funct. as prep.

ⓐ w. gen. of place as far as, to (Polyb. 3, 76, 2; Diod S 1, 27, 5; SIG 588, 32 [196 B.C.] ἕ. θαλάσσης; 1231, 12 ἀπὸ … ἕως; PTebt 33, 5 [112 B.C.]; LXX; En 21:1; 22:6; PsSol 15:10; TestAbr A 5 p. 82, 12f [Stone p. 12]; TestJob 20:6; GrBar 2:5; 11:8; JosAs 16:14; Jos., Bell. 1, 512; Mel., HE 4, 26, 14 ἕ. τοῦ τόπου …, ἔνθα) ἕ. Φοινίκης Ac 11:19. ἕ. Ἀντιοχείας vs. 22; ἕ. Βηθλεέμ Lk 2:15. ἕ. οὐρανοῦ, ᾅδου Mt 11:23; Lk 10:15 (ApcEsdr 4:32 p. 29, 8 Tdf.). ἕ. τῆς αὐλῆς Mt 26:58; cp. Lk 4:29. ἕ. ἐσχάτου τ. γῆς (Is 48:20; 62:11; 1 Macc 3:9; PsSol 1:4) Ac 1:8. ἕ. τρίτου οὐρανοῦ 2 Cor 12:2 (ApcSed 2:4). ἀπὸ … ἕ.: ἀπὸ ἀνατολῶν ἕ. δυσμῶν Mt 24:27. ἀπʼ ἄκρων οὐρανῶν ἕ. ἄκρων αὐτῶν vs. 31 (cp. Dt 30:4). ἀπʼ ἄκρου γῆς ἕ. ἄκρου οὐρανοῦ Mk 13:27 (cp. Jdth 11:21).—Also w. gen. of a pers., who is in a certain place (Aelian, VH 3, 18 ἕ. Ὑπερβορέων; 4 Km 4:22; 1 Macc 3:26) ἦλθον ἕ. αὐτοῦ Lk 4:42. διελθεῖν ἕ. ἡμῶν Ac 9:38. Prob. Ac 8:40 also belongs here (s. above 1bα end); then a pass. like Gen 10:19 would be comparable.

ⓑ w. adv. of place (LXX) ἕ. ἄνω (2 Ch 26:8) to the brim J 2:7. ἕ. ἔσω right into Mk 14:54. ἕ. κάτω (Ezk 1:27; 8:2 looking back to ἀπό) ἀπʼ ἄνωθεν ἕ. κάτω fr. top to bottom Mt 27:51; Mk 15:38 (cp. ἀπὸ ἔσω ἕω ἔξω TestSol 18:15 P). ἕ. ὧδε (Gen 22:5; 2 Km 20:16; 3 Km 18:45; Ar. 17, 1) ἀρξάμενος ἀπὸ τ. Γαλιλαίας ἕ. ὧδε Lk 23:5.

ⓒ w. a prep. or another adv. ἕ. πρός (Polyb. 3, 82, 6; 12, 17, 4; Gen 38:1; Ezk 48:1) ἕ. πρὸς Βηθανίαν as far as B. Lk 24:50 (for the v.l. ἕ. εἰς Β. cp. Polyb. 1, 11, 14; Diod S 1, 27, 5; Aelian, VH 12, 22; Dt 31:24; 4 Km 2:6; PsSol 2:5; Jos., Ant. 16, 90). ἕ. καὶ εἰς even into Ac 26:11. ἕ. ἔξω τῆς πόλεως 21:5. ἕ. ἐπὶ τὴν θάλασσαν Ac 17:14 (cp. 1 Macc 5:29; 3 Macc 7:18 A; PsSol 17:12; ἕ. ἐπὶ πολύ TestSol 7:2).

④ marker of order in a series, up to ἀρξάμενος ἀπὸ τῶν ἐσχάτων ἕ. πρώτων Mt 20:8. ὁ δεύτερος καὶ ὁ τρίτος ἕ. τῶν ἑπτά 22:26. ἀπὸ μικροῦ ἕ. μεγάλου small and great (Bar 1:4; 1 Macc 5:45; Jdth 13:4) Ac 8:10; Hb 8:11 (Jer 38:34).—J 8:9 v.l.

⑤ marker of degree and measure, denoting the upper limit, to the point of ἕ. ἑπτάκις (4 Km 4:35; cp. TestSol 5:8 ἕ. ἑπτά; ApcSed 16:4 ἕ. εἴκοσι) as many as seven times Mt 18:21f; cp. vs. 22. ἕ. ἡμίσους τῆς βασιλείας μου (Esth 5:3; 7:2) Mk 6:23. οὐκ ἔστιν ἕ. ἑνός (cp. PTebt 56, 7 [II B.C.] οὐκ ἔχομεν ἕ. τῆς τροφῆς τῶν κτηνῶν ἡμῶν=‘we do not even have enough to feed our cattle’; Leontios, Vi. Joh. [ed. HGelzer 1893] 66, 21ff οὐ … ἕως ἑνὸς νομίσματος=‘not even a single coin’; cp. PRossGeorg III, 3, 22 ἕως δραχμῶν ἕκατον) there is not even one Ro 3:12 (Ps 13:3). ἐᾶτε ἕ. τούτου stop! No more of this Lk 22:51 (ἕ. τούτου=‘to this point’ Aristot., HA 9, 46; Polyb. 9, 36, 1; cp. 2 Km 7:18). ἕ. θανάτου unto death (Antig. Car. 16; Sir 34:12; 51:6; 4 Macc 14:19; JosAs 29:3): contend (Sir 4:28; cp. OGI 266, 29 [III B.C.] μαχοῦμαι ἕως ζωῆς καὶ θανάτου) 1 Cl 5:2. περίλυπός ἐστιν ἡ ψυχή μου ἕ. θανάτου Mt 26:38; Mk 14:34 (cp. Jon 4:9 σφόδρα λελύπημαι ἐγὼ ἕ. θανάτου).—DELG s.v. 2 ἕω. EDNT. New Docs 4, 154. M-M.

μέσος, η, ον, also Arc. (v. ἰμέσος, μεσακόθεν); [dialect] Ep. [full] μέσσος (also [dialect] Aeol., Sapph.1.12, IG11(4).1064b32, and Lyr., Pi.P.4.224, and sts. in Trag., E.HF 403 (lyr.), S.OC 1247 (lyr.), Tr. 635 (lyr.), Ant. 1223, 1236, Fr.255.5), [dialect] Boeot., Cret. [full] μέττος, IG7.2420.20 (iii B. C.), GDI 5000 ii

A b 2 (v B. C.):—middle, in the middle,

I of Space, esp. with Nouns, of the middle point or part,

μ. σάκος Il.7.258

;

ἱστίον 1.481

; οὐρανός zenith, Od.4.400; μ. ἀπήνης from mid chariot, S.OT 812; ἐν αἰθέρι μ. in mid-air, Id.Ant. 416; μ. μετώπῳ in the middle of the forehead, PRyl.128.30 (i A. D.): in Prose freq. preceding the Art.,

κατὰ μέσον τὸν σταθμόν X.An.1.7.14

; ἐν μ. τῇ χώρᾳ ib.2.1.11; ἐκ μ. τῆς νήσου, κατὰ μ. τὴν νῆσον, Pl.Criti. 113d, 119d; ἐπὶ μέσου τοῦ τμάματος at the middle point of the segment, Archim.Aequil.1.6; ἁ ἐπὶ μέσαν τὰν βάσιν ἀγομένα (sc. εὐθεῖα) ib.12: sts. following the Noun,

ἐν τῇ ἀγορᾷ μέσῃ D.29.12

: less freq. midmost, central, of three or more objects,

μ. ὁδός Thgn.220

, 331; ὁ μ. [δάκτυλος] Pl.R. 523c; τὸ μ. στῖφος the central division of the army, X.An.1.8.13; μέσον, τό, centre,

ἡ ἐπὶ τὸ μ. φορά Iamb.Protr.21

.

b with a Verb, ἔχεται μ. by the middle, by the waist, prov. from the wrestling-ring, Ar.Eq. 387 (lyr.), cf. Ach. 571 (lyr.), Nu. 1047, Ra. 469;

μέσην λαβόντα Id.Ach. 274

, cf. Hdt.9.107, D.53.17;

ὁ πέπλος ἐρράγη μ. Philippid.25.5

.

c c. gen., midway between,

ἑνὸς καὶ πλήθους τὸ ὀλίγον μ. Pl.Plt. 303a

(also μ. ἐπ' ἀμφότερα, ibid.):—S. has

μέσος ἀπὸ [τοῦ κρατῆρος] τοῦ τε πέτρου OC 1595

.

2 of Time, Hom. only in phrase μέσον ἦμαρ midday, Il.21.111, Od.7.288, Pi.P.9.113;

μέσαι νύκτες Sapph.52

, Hdt.4.181, X. An.7.8.12, etc.;

θέρευς ἔτι μέσσου ἐόντος Hes.Op. 502

;

χειμῶνος μέσου Ar.Fr.569.1

;

μ. ἡμέρα Hdn.8.5.9

; μ. ἡλικία middle age, Pl.Ep. 316c: so

μέσοι τὴν ἡλικίαν E.Ep.5

; μέσος ἀκμῆς v.l. in Theoc.25.164.

3 metaph., impartial, Th.4.83, PLond.1.113(1).27 (vi A.D.).

b inter-mediate, freq. c. gen.,

μ. τις γέγονα χρηματιστὴς τοῦ τε πάππου καὶ τοῦ πατρός Pl.R. 330b

;

ψιλὸν μὲν τὸ π ¯, δασὺ δὲ τὸ φ ¯, μέσον δὲ ἀμφοῖν τὸ β ¯ D.H.Comp.14

(v. infr. d); ἡ τρίτη καὶ μ. τῶν εἰρημένων δυεῖν ἁρμονιῶν ib.24; ὁ μ. χαρακτήρ ib.21; indeterminate, Luc.Par.28; τὰ μ. things indifferent (neither good nor bad), Stoic.3.135, al.; of words such as τύχη, EM626.38; ζῴδια (neither lucky nor unlucky) Vett.Val.93.9;

μ. δίαιτα Diocl.Fr.141

, cf.Sor.1.46.

c Gramm., of Verbs, middle, Eust. 1846.30, etc.; μ. διάθεσις, σχήματα, A.D.Synt.226.10, 210.18; μ. ἐνεστώς present middle, ib.278.25.

d Gramm., of consonants, Lat. mediae, i. e. β ¯ γ ¯ δ ¯, D.T.631.23: but also of semi-vowels, Pl.Phlb. 18c: of accent, ὀξύτητι καὶ βαρύτητι καὶ τῷ μέσῳ, i. e. the circumflex, Arist. Po. 1456b33.

II middling, moderate,

1 of size, μέσοι ὀφθαλμοί, ὦτα, γλῶττα, Id.HA 492a8,33, b31; μ. μεγέθει ib. 496a21, PPetr.1p.37 (iii B. C.); μ. alone, of middle height, PGrenf.2.23 (a) ii 3 (ii B. C.), POxy. 73.13 (i A. D.), etc.

2 of class or quality,

πάντων μέσ' ἄριστα Thgn. 335

;

παντὶ μέσῳ τὸ κράτος θεὸς ὤπασεν A.Eu. 529

(lyr.);

μ. ἐν πόλει Phoc.12

; μ. ἀνήρ a man of middle rank, Hdt.1.107;

μ. πολίτης Th.6.54

;

τὰ μ. τῶν πολιτῶν Id.3.82

(so

τῶν ἀνὰ πόλιν τὰ μ. Pi.P.11.52

); οἱ μ., between οἱ εὔποροι and οἱ ἄποροι, Arist.Pol. 1289b31, 1295b3; οἱ μ. πολῖται ib. 1296a19; τὸ μ. ib. 1295b37; μ. [πολιτεία] ib. 1296a7;

ὁ μ. βίος Luc.Luct.9

; mediocre, Pl.Prt. 346d; τῶν ἑταιρῶν αἱ μ. Theopomp. Com.21. Adv. μέσως, ἱκανόν fairly adequate, Phld.Rh.2.4S.

III μέσον, τό, midst, intervening space, mostly with Preps.,

a ἐν μέσσῳ, = ἐν μεταιχμίῳ, Il.3.69,90;

ἐν τῷ μ.

in the midst,

Ev.Matt.14.6

; ἡ 'ν μέσῳ [μοῖρα] σῴζει πόλεις the middle class, E.Supp. 244: without

ἐν, ἔμβαλε μέσσῳ Il.4.444

;

ἔνθορε μέσσῳ 21.233

;

μέσσῳ ἀμφοτέρων 3.416

, 7.277;

τῶνδέ τ' ἐν μ. πεσεῖν E.Ph. 583

;

ἐν μ. λόγους ἔχειν Id.Hel. 630

;

μῆκος ἐν μ. χρόνου A.Supp. 735

;

χρόνος οὑν μ. E.Ph. 589

(troch.); τὰ ἐν μ. what went between, S.OC 583; οἱ ἐν μ. λόγοι the intervening words, Id.El. 1364, E.Med. 819;

κλίνης ἐν μ. Id.Hec. 1150

; ἐν μ. ἡμῶν καὶ βασιλέως between us and him, X.An.2.2.3;

σοφίας καὶ ἀμαθίας ἐν μ. Pl.Smp. 203e

; ἐν μ. νυκτῶν at midnight, X.Cyr.5.3.52; ἆθλα κείμεν' ἐν μέσῳ offered for competition (cf. infr. b), D.4.5, cf. Thgn.994, X.An.3.1.21; ἡ τιμὴ ἐν τῷ μέσῳ ἔστω deposited with the court, Herod.2.90: without ἐν, καὶ μέσῳ πάντες καὶ χωρὶς ἕκαστος both collectively and severally, IG12(5).872.27,31,38, al. ([place name] Tenos): in pl.,

κεῖτο δ' ἄρ' ἐν μέσσοισι Il.18.507

;

ἐν μέσοισ' Xenoph.1.7

; ἐν μέσῳ εἶναι τοῦ συμμεῖξαι to stand in the way of.., X.Cyr.5.2.26; ἡ γὰρ θάλαττα ἐν τῷ μ. is an obstacle, Id.Ath.2.2;

οὐδεὶς ἐν μέσσῳ γείτων πέλεν Theoc.21.17

;

οὐδὲν ἂν ἦν ἐν μ. πολεμεῖν ἡμᾶς D.23.183

; cf. ἰμέσος.

b ἐς μέσον, ἐς μ. ἀμφοτέρων, freq. in Hom. for ἐς μεταίχμιον, Il.4.79, 6.120; ἀνδρὶ δὲ νικηθέντι γυναῖκ' ἐς μέσσον ἔθηκε deposited her as a prize (cf. supr. a), 23.704;

ἐς μ. δεικνύναι τινί τι Pi.Fr.42.3

; ἐς μ. ἵεσθαι, ἐλθεῖν, παρελθεῖν, S.Tr. 514 (lyr.), Theoc.22.183, Plu. Agis9;

ἐς μέσον ἀμφοτέροισι.. δικάσσατε Il.23.574

; ἐς τὸ μ. φέρειν bring forward publicly, Hdt.4.97, D.18.139;

ἐς τὸ μ. λέγεσθαι Hdt. 6.129

; ἐς μ. Πέρσῃσι καταθεῖναι τὰ πρήγματα to give up the power in common to all, Id.3.80; ἐς μ. τὴν ἀρχὴν τιθεὶς ἰσονομίην ὑμῖν προαγορεύω ib. 142.

c ἐκ τοῦ μέσου away,

ἐκ μ. ἀνελεῖν D.10.36

, 18.294; [

χειρόγραφον] ἦρκεν ἐκ τοῦ μ. Ep.Col.2.14

, cf. Arr.Epict.3.3.15; also ἐκ μ. a half,

ἔτη ὀκτὼ καὶ ἔνατον ἐκ μ. Th.4.133

; also ἐκ μ. κατῆστο remained in the middle, i. e. neutral (cf.

ἐκ 1.6

fin.), Hdt.3.83, cf. 4.118, 8.22,73.

d διὰ μέσου between,

τὸ διὰ μ. ἔθνος Id.1.104

;

διὰ μ. ποιεῖσθαι X.Cyr.6.3.3

; διὰ μ. γενέσθαι intervene, of an event, Th.4.20: c. gen.,

διὰ μέσου τῆς πόλεως ῥεῖ ποταμός X. An.1.2.23

; διὰ μ. ῥεῖ τούτων ποταμός ib.1.4.4, etc.;

τὸ τούτων διὰ μ. Pl.Lg. 805e

; also οἱ διὰ μέσου the middle party, the moderates, Th. 8.75, X.HG5.4.25; τὸ διὰ μ. the middle class, Arist.Pol. 1296a8; of Time,

ὁ διὰ μ. χρόνος Hdt.9.112

; ἡ διὰ μ. ξύμβασις an interim agreement, Th.5.26; διὰ μέσου, as a figure of speech, use of parenthesis, Hdn.Fig.p.95S.

e ἀν (ὀν) τὸ μ. in the midst, Alc.18.3, Xenoph.1.11, Thgn.839; ἀνὰ μέσον midway between, Arist.HA 496a22, Antiph. 13, Theoc.22.21, etc.;

ἀνὰ μ. τοῦ ναοῦ καὶ τοῦ βωμοῦ GDI2010

(Delph.), cf. PTeb.13.9 (ii B. C.), al.;

θρὶξ ἀνὰ μέσσον Theoc.14.9

;

ἀνὰ μέσσα Nic.Th. 167

; also ἀνὰ μέσον φέρε, = μετρίως, Men.531.18.

f κατὰ μέσσον, = ἐν μέσῳ, Il.5.8, 16.285, etc.: c. gen., κὰδ δὲ μέσον τάφρου καὶ τείχεος ἷζον between, 9.87.

2 μέσον, τό, difference, τὸ μ. πρὸς τὰς μεγίστας καὶ ἐλαχίστας the average between.., Th.1.10; πολλὸν τὸ μ., πολὺ τὸ μ., the difference is great, Hdt.1.126, E.Alc. 914 (anap.); τὸ μ. οὐδὲν τῆς ἔχθρης ἐστί there is no middle course for our enmity, Hdt.7.11.

3 middle state, mean,

τὸ μ. καὶ τὸ εὖ Arist.EN 1109b26

; ποιήματα μέσα, opp. ὀγκώδη, in the (correct) mean, Phld.Po.5.5. Adv. -ως

, ἀναστρέφεσθαι Id.Rh.1.155S.

4 in Logic, τὸ μ. the middle term of a syllogism, opp. τὰ ἄκρα, Arist.APr. 66a30; also ὁ μ. (sc. ὅρος) ib. 25b33.

5 Math., middle terms in a proportion, Euc.6.16; μέση, or μέση (μέσος) ἀνάλογον a mean proportional (straight line or number), ib.13, 17, 8.11, 12, al.;

μέσης εὕρεσις Arist.de An. 413a19

, Metaph. 996b21; μέση medial, a specific kind of irrational (straight line), Euc.10.21, al.; μέσον ὀρθογώνιον ([etym.] χωρίον) medial rectangle (area), ib.24, al.

6 Astron., ὁ διὰ μέσων τῶν ζῳδίων κύκλος the ecliptic, Hipparch.1.9.3,4, Gem.2.21, Ptol.Alm.2.7: without κύκλος, Eudox. ap. Arist.Metaph. 1073b20, Hipparch.1.9.12; simply,

ὁ διὰ μέσων D.L.7.146

; but, ὁ μέσος [κύκλος] the equator of a rotating sphere, Arist.Metaph. 1073b30.

7 μέσα, τά, = μέζεα, Blaes.p.191 K.

b = κοιλία 1.3, Herod.Med. ap. Orib.5.27.3, Gal.14.732: sg., Heph.Astr.1.1 (v.l. τὰ μέσα Cat.Cod.Astr.8(2).45).

8 Μέσον, τό, one of the law-courts at Athens, Phot., Sch.Ar.V. 120.

9 οὐ τοῖς μέσοις τῆς βίας χρωμένη no ordinary force, Hierocl.p.15 A.

IV μέση, ἡ, as Subst., v. μέση.

V Adv. μέσον, [dialect] Ep. μέσσον, in the middle, Il.12.167, Od.14.300: c. gen., between,

οὐρανοῦ μ. χθονός <τε> E.Or. 983

(lyr.), cf. Arr.Epict.2.22.10; in the midst of,

μ. τῆς θαλάσσης LXX Ex.14.27

;

μ. γενεᾶς σκολιᾶς Ep.Phil.2.15

: also in pl.,

μέσα αἰετὸς οὐρανοῦ ποτᾶται E.Rh. 530

(lyr.), cf. Nic.Fr.74.26.

2 regul. Adv.

μέσως, πόλεώς τ' οὐ μ. εὐδαίμονος E.Andr. 873

, cf. Hec. 1113, Isoc.9.23; καὶ μ. even in a moderate degree, even a little, Th.2.60; μ. ἔχειν πρός or περί τι to be in the mean.., Arist.EN 1105b28, 1119a11;

θερμότερον ἢ κραυρότερον ἢ μ. ἔχον Eub.7.1

, cf. Sosip. 1.53; μ. βεβιωκέναι in a middle way, i. e. neither well nor ill, Pl.Phd. 113d;

μ. μεθύων Men.226

; μ. διατιθέναι in an intermediate way, D.H. Comp.14.

b Gramm., in the middle voice, A.D. Synt.276.21.

VI irreg. [comp] Comp.

μεσαίτερος Pl.Prm. 165b

: [comp] Sup.

μεσαίτατος Hdt.4.17

, Arist.Mu. 392b33, Gem.9.3, etc.; poet.

μεσσότατος A.R.4.649

, Man. 6.373. (Cf. Skt. mádhyas 'middle', Lat. medius, etc.)

μόνος, η, ον, [dialect] Ep. and [dialect] Ion. [full] μοῦνος, the only form used by Hom. (as in all derivs. exc. μονόω), Hes., and Hdt., also by Pi.P.9.27, I.5(4).12, B.3.80, al., by S. both in iamb. and lyr., by A. only in compd. μουνώψ, by E. only in μούναρχος: [dialect] Dor. [full] μῶνος Theoc.2.64, 20.45:—

A alone, solitary,

μοῦνος ἐὼν πολέσιν μετὰ Καδμείοισιν Il.4.388

;

ἢ ὅ γε μοῦνος ἐών Od.3.217

;

μούνω ἄνευθ' ἄλλων 16.239

: joined with ἐρῆμος, S. Ant. 887, Ph. 470;

μόνοι γὰρ ἐσμέν Luc.JTr.21

;

ἄνθρωπος πρεσβύτης καὶ μ. BGU180.23

(ii A.D.);

φυγὴ μόνου πρὸς μόνον Plot.6.9.11

.

2 c. gen., σοῦ μόνος bereft of thee, without thee, S.Aj. 511; also

μοῦνος ἀπ' ἄλλων h.Merc. 193

, S.Ph. 183 (lyr.);

ἑτάρων ἄπο μ. A.R.3.908

.

II only,

μοῦνον Λαέρτην Ἀρκείσιος υἱὸν ἔτικτε, μοῦνον δ' αὖτ' Ὀδυσῆα πατὴρ τέκεν Od.16.118

, cf. Il.9.482;

μόνης γὰρ σοῦ κλύων ἀνέξεται A.Pers. 838

, cf. 632 (anap.), Pr. 425 (lyr.), etc.; χοίνικος μόνας ἁλῶν for a gallon of salt only, Ar.Ach. 814; single,

οὐκ ἄρα μοῦνον ἔην Ἐρίδων γένος, ἀλλὰ.. δύω Hes.Op.11

, cf. S.OT 1280; εἷς μοῦνος or μόνος, Hdt.1.38, S. OT63: once in Hom.,

μία μούνη Od.23.227

: joined with

αὐτός, αὐτὼ μόνω Pl.Ly. 211c

;

αὐτοὶ καθ' αὑτοὺς μόνοι Id.Plt. 307e

.

2 c. gen., μοῦνος ποταμῶν alone of rivers, Hdt.2.25, cf. 29;

μ. θεῶν γὰρ Θάνατος οὐ δώρων ἐρᾷ A.Fr. 161

;

μ. τῶν ἄλλων ποιητῶν Lycurg.102

; but μοῦνος πάντων ἀνθρώπων he and no other of all men, Hdt.1.25; ἀνδρῶν γε μοῦνος he and no other, S.OC 1250, cf. El. 531;

ὦ μόνα ὦ φίλα γυναικῶν E.Alc. 460

(lyr.).

3 freq. repeated in the same clause,

ξυμπεσὼν μόνος μόνοις S.Aj. 467

; Ἕκτορος μόνος μόνου.. ἐναντίος ib. 1283;

σὺν τέκνοις μόνη μόνοις E.Med. 513

;

μόνος μόνῳ D.18.137

.

4 expressing rhetorically pre-eminence in an action or quality, μόνα κατέχεσθαι ποιεῖ are unique for causing possession, Pl.Smp. 215c, cf. 222a, S.OC 261, OT 299, Isoc.14.57; [

ἐπέδειξε] σαφέστατα μόνος ἀνθρώπων Lys.24.9

.

III [comp] Sup. μονώτατος one above all others, Ar. Eq. 352, Pl. 182, Lycurg.89, Theoc.15.137, Phld.Rh.1.350 S.

IV made in one piece,

τάπης Edict.Diocl.19.23

.

B Adv. [full] μόνως, on one condition only, folld. by εἰ, Th.8.81, X. Mem.1.5.5, Cyr.3.2.23; in one way only, Them.in Ph.29.22, al.; in a unique manner, Dam.Pr.98: later, simply, only, Phld.Oec.p.53 J., Ph. 1.559, AP12.254 (Strat.), Iamb.Myst.4.7, Procl.in Prm.p.479 S.

II neut. as Adv., μόνον alone, only,

οὐχ ἅπαξ μ. A.Pr. 211

, etc.: freq. with imper.,

μ. φύλαξαι Id.Supp. 1012

;

ἀποκρίνου μ. Pl.Grg. 494d

; so

μ. Κράτος συγγένοιτό σοι A.Ch. 244

;

μὴ 'μὲ καταπίῃς μ. E.Cyc. 219

, etc.; ἐὰν μ. if only, Arist.Pol. 1292a3; οὐσίαν.., οὐ χωριστὴν μ. only not separable, Id.Metaph. 1025b28.

2 οὐ μόνον.., ἀλλὰ καὶ .. Ar. Eq. 1282, X.Cyr.1.6.17, etc.; οὐ μ., ἀλλὰ .. S.Ph. 555: μόνον is sts. omitted,

μὴ τοὺς ἐγγύς, ἀλλὰ καὶ τοὺς ἄπωθεν Th.4.92

, cf. E.Hipp. 359, Ph. 1480 (lyr.).

3 μόνον οὐ all but, well nigh, Ar.V. 516, D.19.220, etc.;

μόνον οὐκ ἐπὶ ταῖς κεφαλαῖς περιφέρουσι Pl.R. 600d

: in codd. freq. written μονονού, Plb.3.109.2, etc.;

μονονουχί D.1.2

, Plb.3.102.4.

III κατὰ μόνας alone, Th.1.32, 37, Is.7.38, Arist.Pol. 1281b34, etc.

IV μόνῃ, = μόνον, Plu.2.583d codd. (Prob.from Μόν ϝος.)

πλεύμων or [full] πνεύμων, ονος, ὁ (on the form and deriv., v. sub fin.),

A the lungs,

πάγη δ' ἐν πλεύμονι χαλκός Il.4.528

, 20.486 (v.l.);

ὁ τῶν πνευμάτων τῷ σώματι ταμίας ὁ π. Pl.Ti. 84d

, cf. 70c, Arist.Resp. 476a9, LXX 3 Ki.22.34: mostly in pl., Archil.9.5, Alc.39.1, A.Th.61, S.Tr. 567, etc.;

διὰ πνευμόνων θερμὸν ἄησιν ὕπνον A.Fr. 178

A;

πνεῦμ' ἀνεὶς ἐκ πλευμόνων E.Or. 277

; regarded as the most vital part,

σπαραγμὸς.. πλευμόνων ἀνθήψατο S.Tr. 778

, cf. Ar.Lys. 367, Ra. 474; πλευμόνων πολὺς πόνος ib. 829; as the seat of love, [

Κύπρις] Διὸς τυραννεῖ πλευμόνων S.Fr.941.15

.

II sea-lungs, jelly-fish, Pl.Phlb. 21c, Arist. PA 681a18, Thphr.Sign.40, Pytheas ap. Plb.34.3.4; term of abuse applied by Epicurus to Nausiphanes, Epicur.Frr.114, 236. (Gramm. differ as to the forms. Eust. (483.10, 1436.62 ) and Phot. both recognize πλεύμων as the Homeric and ancient form; this was also the true [dialect] Att. form, Moer. p.309 P., Sch.Ar. Pax 1069, Eust.483.10; it is found in the best codd. of A.Th.61, S.Tr. 567, as well as in codd. of Alc. (l.c. ap.Ath.10.430b), Hp. (Art.41, Prog.23, al., cf. i p.cxx K.), Ar., Pl., and Arist., also in Pap., Phld.Ir.pp.27,28 W., and Inscr., IG42(1).122.56 (Epid., iv B. C.), and is doubtless the original form, which was altered in accordance with a supposed deriv. from πνεῦμα suggested by Arist.Resp. 476a9, cf. EM677.31. Cf. Lith. plaũčiai 'lungs', cogn. with πλέω, as 'that which floats', cf. Engl. lights, also lungs, cogn. with ἐλαφρός.)

Grammatical information: adj.

Meaning: `good, brave, (in war) strong' (ep. Il.), only of men, never in fem. (s. Treu Von Homer zur Lyrik 37ff.); ntr. ἐΰ, εὖ `good' (A., E.), mostly as adverb `well' (Il.).

Other forms: also ἠΰς, ἠΰ (s. below), gen. sg. ἐῆος, ἑ-, gen. pl. n. ἐά̄ων (at verse-end, e. g. δωτῆρες ἐάων θ 325)

Dialectal forms: Myc. names with eu-, e.g. Eumene \/Eumenēs\/.

Compounds: Very often as 1. member, both adject. and adverbial.

Derivatives: ἐυτής (cod. ἐητής) ἀγαθότης H.; on the accent Wackernagel-Debrunner Philol. 95, 177. - Note further ἠέα αγαθά H.

Origin: IE [Indo-European] [1174] *u̯esu- `good'; and\/or [342] * h₁(e)su- `good'

Etymology: The Greek forms present several problems. As for ἠΰς beside ἐΰς, old ablaut (Schulze Q. 33ff.) is very improbable, it must prob. be connected with metrics ( ἠΰς mostly in expressions at the end of the verse; Schwyzer IF 38, 159ff.); analogical introduction of the length from compounds, e. g. ἠΰ-κομος, where metrical lengthening was necessary, is certainly possible (cf. Leumann Hom. Wörter 317 n. 107). Metrical lengthening can also be assumed in ἐῆος for *ἐέος; often ἑῆος (so mostly the mss.) seems to stand for *ἑῆο = *ἑεῖο, *ἑέο `sui', from ε῝, ἑέ `se' (s. v.); cf. ἐμεῖο = ἐμέο from ἐμέ. The comparison of ἐυ- with Skt. su- points to * h₁su-. One should compare Hitt. aššuš `good, useful, pleasant', n. `good, possession, prosperity' (Friedrich IF 41, 370ff.; further Hier.-Hitt. wa-su(-u), with w- added?; Kronasser Μνημης χάριν 1, 201). On the one hand Skt. vásu-, Av. vohu- `good', with further Gaulish PN like Bello-vēsus and Ir. feb f. `eminence', and Illyr. gen. Ves-cleveses (cf. Εὑ-κλέης, Skt. vásu-śravas-). Further the expression δωτῆρες, δῶτορ ἐάων (ritual formula?, Shipp Studies 24) has a pendant in Skt. dātā́ vásūnām (beside dā́tā vásu [acc.]. Certain traces of digamma fail ( ἕτερος δε ἐάων Ω 528 is young). We must also reckon with merger of IE * esu- and *u̯esu-. - See Schwyzer 432 n. 8, 433 n. 1, 476: 7, 574 κ; also Chantraine Gramm. hom. 1, 201; 254; 274. - S. also ὑγιής, where the laryngeal will have been lost in the compound. - Hoffmann, (1975\/6) 593-604 suggests that ἑηος continues hysterodynamic *h₁u̯esu̯-os.

Page in Frisk: 1,594-595

Grammatical information: m.

Meaning: `moist, grassy place, humid meadow' (Il.), metaph. of flowered surfaces and objects (Ach. Tat., Philostr.);

Compounds: Compp., e.g. βαθυλείμων (Pi.), - λειμος (Il., with transition in the ο-stems) `with grassy meadows'; ἀ-λίμενος `without harbour, refuge' (Att.; Sommer Nominalkomp. 77 f.).

Derivatives: λειμώνιος `belonging to the meadow' (A., Arist.), f. - ιάς (S., A. R.), - ίς (D. P.), - ιον n. plantname, `Statice limonium' (Dsc., Plin.); λειμων-ιάτης λίθος name of a grass-green stone (Plin.). With suffix-change (after πῖδαξ, βῶλαξ etc.) λεῖμαξ, - ακος f. `meadow' (E. in lyr.), `garden' (Pherecr.) with - ακώδης `meadowlike, grassy' (Hp.), - ακίδες νύμφαι (Orph. A. 646; uncertain; codd. λιμνακίδων). - With diff. ablaut: λιμήν, - ένος m. `harbour, protected creek', also metaph. `refuge' (Il.), `assembly-, marketplace' (Thess.; after H. also Cypr.; cf. Bechtel Dial. 1,450f.). Dimin. λιμένιον (Str.; NGr. λιμάνι from Osm. liman; Maidhof Glotta 10, 14); λιμένιος `belonging to the harbour' (Paus.), λιμενίτης, f. - ῖτις `inhabitant of a harbour' (Corycos), of Priapos resp. Artemis as harbourgod(dess) (AP; Redard 23), λιμεν-ητικὰ χρήματα `harbour-taxes' (Cod. Just., with analog. - ητικά, if not itacistic fr - ιτικά), λιμεν-ίζω `build a harbour' (Polyaen.). - With enlargement after the ᾱ-stems and zero grade suffix (Schwyzer 524, Chantraine Form. 2 15): λί-μν-η f. `standing water, pond, sea, marsh' (Il.), Λίμναι pl. place in Athens, in Sparta etc. (Att.); compp., e. g. εὔ-λιμνος `with many seas' (Arist.). Many derivv.: 1. diminut. λιμνίον n. (Arist.). 2. λιμναῖος `living in seas etc., belonging to the sea' (IA.); 3. λιμνάς f. `id.' (Theoc., Paus.). 4. λιμνήτης, - τις (- ῖτις) `id.' (Theoc., Paus., inscr.), λιμνιτικά n. pl. name of a tax (pap.). 5. λιμνώδης `sea-, marsh-like' (IA.). 6. plantname: λιμν-ήσιον, - ησία, - ηστις, - ηστρον, - ηστρίς (Dsc., Gal.). 7. Denomin. verbs: λιμνάζω `build a λ., stagnate, put under water' (Arist.) with λιμνασμός `flood, inundation', - αστής `inund. surveyor', - αστεία `inund. work' (pap.), - ασία `marshy bottom' (Arist.); λιμνόομαι `build a λ.' (Thphr., Str.).

Origin: IE [Indo-European] [662?] * lei- [not well mentioned in Pok.]

Etymology: The primary formations λει-μών and λι-μήν (with λί-μν-η), which show both in stem as in suffix old ablaut (Schwyzer 521 f., Chantraine Form. 170), are isolated in Greek and have outside Greek no counterpart; for the etymology we have only suppositions. Starting from the idea `moistness, standing water etc.' (thus Benveniste Origines 123) Bq with J. Schmidt Zur Gesch. d. idg. Vocalismus 2, 259 f. wants to connect Lat. līmus `mud', to which may belong, with anlaut. sl-, the words mentioned under λείμαξ; also those unser λείβω, e. g. OCS lьjǫ (with perhaps Lat. lītus "floodarea") might be considered. - Quite diff. WP. 1, 158 and Pok. 309: prop. *'low-lying, Einbuchtung' (cf. e. g. NHG Anger to ἀγκ- in ἀγκ-ύλος etc.) to Lat. līmus `oblique', līmen `threshold', withou m-suffix e. g. Latv. leja `dale, valley'.

Page in Frisk: 2,97-99

Grammatical information: v.

Meaning: `peel (off)' (Il.)

Other forms: aor. λέψαι, fut. λέψω (Il.), perf. midd. ἀπο-λέλεμμαι (Epich.), aor. pass. ἀπελέπη ἀπελεπίσθη H.; also with ablaut λέλαμμαι (Att. inscr. around 330^a), ἐκ-λαπῆναι (Ar. Fr. 164),

Dialectal forms: Myc. repoto \/leptos\/.

Compounds: Sometimes with ἀπο-, ἐκ- (s. above), περι-, ἐπι-.

Derivatives: Many derivv. A. With ε-grade (from the present): 1. λεπτός (cf. στρεπ-τός a.o. in Ammann Μνήμης χάριν 1,17) `peeled' = `unveiled' (Υ 497), `thin, meager, weak, fine, delicate' (Il., often as 1. member. Poet. lengthened λεπτ-αλέος `weak, fine' (Il.; Chantraine Form. 255), λεπτ-ακινός'id.' (AP; from *λέπταξ ?, Bechtel Lex. s. φυζακινός); further λεπτίον `beaker' (pap.) from λεπτόν (sc. κεράμιον) `thin earthenware' (pap.), λεπτάγιον kind of vase? ( PHib. 1, 47, 13; III^a; acc. to the edd. perh. = λεπτόγειον `barren land'), λεπτάριον name of a medic. instrument (Herm. 38, 282); λεπτίτιδες κριθαί kind of barley (Gp.; Redard Les noms grecs en - της 113); λεπτότης f. `thinness, leanness etc.' (IA.), λεπτοσύνη `id.' (AP); λεπτύνω, - ομαι `make thin etc. resp. become' (Hp., X., Arist.) with λεπτυσμός, λέπτυνσις (Hp.), - υντικός (Dsc., Gal.). - 2. λεπρός `scaly, with eruption, uneven, raw' (Hp., Hippon., hell.), f. λεπράς (Theoc., Opp.); λέπρα, ion. - ρη `efflorescence, leprosy' (Ion., Arist., hell.), both prob. first from an ρ-stem (cf. Schwyzer 481); with λεπρώδης `with unevennesses, leprous' (Ael., Dsc., medic.), λεπρικός `regarding efflorescence' (Dsc., pap.); denomin. verbs λεπράω `become scaly, efflorescent' (Ion.), also λεπρ-ιάω (Dsc.; after the verbs of disease in - ιάω); λεπρόομαι `become efflorescent' (LXX, pap.) with λέπρωσις = λέπρα (Tz.), λεπρύνομαι `besome scaly, uneven' (Nic.). - 3. λέπος n. (Alex., Nic., Luc.) with λέπιον (Hp.), usu. λεπίς, - ίδος f. (Ion. hell.) `scale, shell, pod, metal plate' with dimin. λεπίδιον (Hero), also as plant-name `pepperwort' (Dsc., Gal., Ath.; as remedy against efflorescence), λεπιδίσκη `id.' (Imbros II^a); further λεπιδ-ωτός `scaly' (Hdt., Arist.), with λεπιδόομαι `become scaly' (Hp.); other denomin.: λεπίζω (: λέπος or λεπίς) `remove the scale etc., peel off' (hell.) with λέπισμα `scale' (LXX, Dsc., Gal.); ἐλέπουν οἷον ἐλέπιζον. H. (: λεπόω, - έω); note λέπασμα `pod, skin' (sch. Nic. Th. 184); rather lengthened from λέπος as from *λεπάζω. - 4. On λεπάς, λέπας s. v. - 5. λέπῡρον `scale, pod' (LXX, Batr.) with λεπυρώδης `like scales' (Thphr.); λεπύρ-ιον `id.' (Hp., Arist., Theoc.), - ιώδης `like scales, consisting of...' (Arist., Thphr.), λεπυρίζομαι `be enveloped by a scale' (sch.), λεπυριῶσαι ἐξαχυριῶσαι H.; besides λεπῠρός `in a scale' (Nic.); on the υ-stem beside λέπρ-α, λέπος cf. e. g. αἶσχος. On itself stands λεπύχανον `coat (of an onion), fruit-schale' (Theopomp. Com., Plu., Dsc.), prob. popular cross with λάχανον, s. Strömberg Wortstudien 52. - B. With ο-grade. 6. λοπός m. `scale, rind' (τ 233, Hp.) with λόπιμος `easy to peel off', (Nic., Gal.), λόπιμα κάστανα... H.; Arbenz Adj. auf - ιμος 101; dimin. λοπάς f. `dish', also name of a crustacean and a plant-disease (com., Thphr., Luc.), with λοπάδ-ιον (com., pap.), - ίσκος (sch.); λοπίς `scale, dish etc.' (Ar., inscr.) with λοπίδιον (Delos); denomin. λοπάω `scale off, let the bark peel off' (Thphr.) with λοπητός m. `time to be peeled off' (Thphr.), λοπίζω `be peeled off' (Thphr., pap.). -7. On ἔλλοψ s. v. - C. With lengthened grade s. λώπη `pod, coat' (Od., Theoc., A. R.), λῶπος m. `id.' (Alc. [?], Hippon., Anacr., Herod.); as 1. member in λωπο-δύ-της m. "who travels in (foreign) clothes", `thief of clothes' with λωποδυτ-έω etc. (Att.); suffixless form λώψ χλαμύς H.; cf. Schwyzer 515, Chantraine Form. 424. Dimin. λώπιον (Arist., inscr.); denomin. ἀπο-, περι-λωπίζω `undress, put off' (S., Hyp.).