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1 μαμμά-κυθος
μαμμά-κυθος, ὁ, Eigenname eines Dummkopfes, od. vielleicht komisch gebildet von μάμμα u. κεύϑω, »eine Memme, die sich in ihrer Mama Schooß verkriecht«, Passow, Ar. Ran. 990. Vgl. βλιττομάμμας u. σιτομάμμας.
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2 μάμμα
μάμμα u. μάμμη, ἡ, später auch μαμμαία, Eust. zu Il. 14 p. 957, vgl. μαμμία, der Ruf lallender Kinder für Mutter, Mama, VLL. – Später Großmutter, B. A. 193, wie es auch Myrin. 4 (XI, 67) genommen zu haben scheint; Plut. Ag. 4; nach Moeris hellenistisch u. attisch nur die Mutter; vgl. Hellad. p. 4. – Bei Arr. Epict. 2, 28, wie das lat. mamma, die Mutterbrust. – Vgl. noch Lob. zu Phryn. p. 135.
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3 πιπτακάριος
πιπτᾰκάριος, ὁ, prob.Greek-English dictionary (Αγγλικά Ελληνικά-λεξικό) > πιπτακάριος
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4 προσαγγέλλω
A announce, bring tidings, τινι Pl.Ep. 362c;τὰ προσηγγελμένα D.18.170
; (Olbia, ii B.C.); π. τινά announce him, Thphr.Char.2.8, cf. Luc.DDeor.9.1;π. τὸν λόγον Aristaenet.2.19
; freq. in Pap., PCair.Zen.481.24 (iii B. C.), PLille 6.1 (iii B. C.), etc.:—[voice] Pass., also c. part.,προσηγγέλλοντο μέλλοντες ἐμβαλεῖν Plu.Eum.5
.II denounce,τῇ βουλῇ τινα Id.Marc.2
, cf. OGI483.39, 164 (Pergam.), Luc.Tox.32, etc.;ποταγγελλέτω τὸν τούτων τι ποιεῦντα ὁ χρῄζων ἐς τοὺς μαστρούς SIG338.33
(Rhodes, iv/iii B.C.); ἑαυτόν give oneself up to justice, Hermog.Id.2.8, cf. Inv.4.13;τινὸς οὐσίαν Plu.Cic.3
:—[voice] Pass., MAMA 4.297 ([place name] Dionysopolis).Greek-English dictionary (Αγγλικά Ελληνικά-λεξικό) > προσαγγέλλω
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5 σακκᾶς
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6 σαπουλανᾶς
Greek-English dictionary (Αγγλικά Ελληνικά-λεξικό) > σαπουλανᾶς
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7 συνδαπανάω
Greek-English dictionary (Αγγλικά Ελληνικά-λεξικό) > συνδαπανάω
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8 σωματοθήκιον
Greek-English dictionary (Αγγλικά Ελληνικά-λεξικό) > σωματοθήκιον
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9 χαρκεύς
Greek-English dictionary (Αγγλικά Ελληνικά-λεξικό) > χαρκεύς
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10 ὁλόπαππος
ὁλό-παππος, ὁ,Greek-English dictionary (Αγγλικά Ελληνικά-λεξικό) > ὁλόπαππος
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11 μαμμάκυθος
μαμμά-κυθος, ὁ, Eigenname eines Dummkopfes, od. vielleicht komisch gebildet von μάμμα u. κεύϑω, 'eine Memme, die sich in ihrer Mama Schoß verkriecht' -
12 μάμμη
Grammatical information: f.Meaning: `mother' (Pherecr., Men., Epicur., AP), `motherbreast' (Arr.), `grandmother' (LXX, pap. Ia, Ph., Plu.).Compounds: Compp. like μαμμό-θρεπτος `educated by grandmother' (Phryg., Poll.), also Μαμμά̄κυθος m. `mothers-son' (Ar. Ra. 990, prop. "who hides with his mother" [: κεύθω], ᾱ metr. length.).Derivatives: Hypocoristic (diminutive) derivv.: μαμμία (Ar.), - ίον (Phryn.)- - ίδιον (Plu., Hdt.). Adj. μαμμῳ̃ος, μαμμικός (pap.). Cf. παππία etc. s. πάππα. Denom. verb μαμμάω `suck from mothers(breast)' (Ar. Nu. 383).Origin: ONOM [onomatopoia, and other elementary formations]Etymology: Word of child- and nurse-language, from the reduplicated voc. μάμμᾰ (Ar. Byz.), cf. Solmsen Wortforsch. 286. Lallwort with several cognates, e.g. Lat. mamma `mother, nurse, grandmother, motherbreast', NHG Alem. mamme, Lith. mamà, Russ. máma. Further forms in WP. 2, 221 f., Pok. 694, W.-Hofmann, Fraenkel and Vasmer; also Chantraine REGr. 59--60, 243, Risch Mus. Helv. 1, 119. On the geminate Schwyzer 315, on the α-vowel ibd. 339. Cf. μᾶ, μαῖα, μήτηρ, μαστός.Page in Frisk: 2,168-169Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > μάμμη
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13 καταγράφω
καταγράφω impf. κατέγραφον; fut. καταγράψω Hos 8:12; aor. κατέγραψα LXX. Pass.: aor. κατεγράφην LXX; pf. ptc. καταγεγραμμένοι LXX (s. γράφω; Eur., Pla. et al.; ins, pap, LXX) write, also draw figures (so Paus. 1, 28, 2; Serenus Antinoensis [IV A.D.] p. 280, 13; 282, 22 al. [ILHeiberg 1896].—But καταγρ. also means ‘write down an accusation’: PCairZen 140, 17 [256 B.C.] κατὰ τούτων καταγέγραφέν σοι) εἰς τὴν γῆν on the ground J 8:6 (v.l. ἔγραφεν), vs. 8 D. For ins s. KMiller, Apollo Lairbenos: Numen 32, ’85, 46–70; e.g. MAMA IV, 275 B I, 4 (II A.D.).—On the subject matter s. Diog. L. 2, 127: Menedemus the philosopher (300 B.C.), in whose presence someone behaved improperly, διέγραφεν εἰς τοὔδαφος (=drew a cartoon on the ground [and thereby shamed him]).—M-M. -
14 κηπουρός
κηπουρός, οῦ, ὁ (s. prec. entry, also οὖρος ‘one who watches’; Pla. et al.; Polyb. 18, 6, 4; Epict. 3, 5, 17; 24, 44f; Plut., Mor. 927b, Aratus 5, 5; 6, 3; 7, 3; SIG 120B, 6 [c. 400 B.C. κηπορός]; MAMA III, 13; PSI 336, 6; 13 [257/256 B.C.]; BGU 111 I, 21; PLips 97 XIV, 3) gardener J 20:15 (NWyatt, ZNW 81, ’90, 21–38, Paradise motif).—DELG s.v. κῆπος. M-M. -
15 μαῖα
μαῖα, ας, ἡ (Hom. et al.; LXX; En 106:3, 11; Philo; APF 370 II 3 [II A.D.]); lit. ‘mama’, also midwife GJs 5:2 (twice); 18:1; 19:1 (Bodmer once; codd. twice); 19:2 (twice); 20:1 (codd.). -
16 μέγας
μέγας, μεγάλη, μέγα (Hom.+) comp. μείζων and beside it, because of the gradual disappearance of feeling for its comp. sense, μειζότερος 3J 4 (APF 3, 1906, 173; POxy 131, 25; BGU 368, 9; ApcSed 1:5 [cp. J 15:13]; s. B-D-F §61, 2; W-S. §11, 4; Mlt-H. 166; Gignac II 158). Superl. μέγιστος (2 Pt 1:4).① pert. to exceeding a standard involving related objects, large, greatⓐ of any extension in space in all directions λίθος Mt 27:60; Mk 16:4. δένδρον Lk 13:19 v.l. (TestAbr B 3 p. 107, 6 [Stone p. 62]). κλάδοι Mk 4:32. Buildings 13:2. Fish J 21:11. A mountain (Tyrtaeus [VII B.C.], Fgm. 4, 8 D.2; Ps.-Aristot., Mirabilia 138; Theopomp. [IV B.C.]: 115 Fgm. 78 Jac.) Rv 8:8. A star vs. 10. A furnace 9:2 (ParJer 6:23). A dragon (Esth 1:1e; Bel 23 Theod.) 12:3, 9. ἀετός (Ezk 17:3; ParJer 7:18 [RHarris; om. Kraft-Purintun]) vs. 14. μάχαιρα a long sword 6:4. ἅλυσις a long chain 20:1. πέλαγος AcPl Ha 7, 23 (first hand).ⓑ with suggestion of spaciousness ἀνάγαιον a spacious room upstairs Mk 14:15; Lk 22:12. θύρα a wide door 1 Cor 16:9. A winepress Rv 14:19 (ληνός μ. ‘trough’ JosAs 2:20); χάσμα a broad chasm (2 Km 18:17) Lk 16:26. οἰκία (Jer 52:13) 2 Ti 2:20.ⓒ with words that include the idea of number ἀγέλη μ. a large herd Mk 5:11. δεῖπνον a great banquet, w. many invited guests (Da 5:1 Theod.; JosAs 3:6) Lk 14:16. Also δοχὴ μ. (Gen 21:8) Lk 5:29; GJs 6:2.ⓓ of age (Jos., Ant. 12, 207 μικρὸς ἢ μέγας=‘young or old’); to include all concerned μικροὶ καὶ μεγάλοι small and great (PGM 15, 18) Rv 11:18; 13:16; 19:5, 18; 20:12. μικρῷ τε καὶ μεγάλῳ Ac 26:22. ἀπὸ μικροῦ ἕως μεγάλου (Gen 19:11; 4 Km 23:2; 2 Ch 34:30; POxy 1350) 8:10; Hb 8:11 (Jer 38:34). μέγας γενόμενος when he was grown up 11:24 (Ex 2:11). ὁ μείζων the older (O. Wilck II, 144, 3 [128 A.D.]; 213, 3; 1199, 2; LXX; cp. Polyb. 18, 18, 9 Σκιπίων ὁ μέγας; 32, 12, 1) Ro 9:12; 13:2 (both Gen 25:23).② pert. to being above average in quantity, great πορισμός a great means of gain 1 Ti 6:6. μισθαποδοσία rich reward Hb 10:35.③ pert. to being above standard in intensity, great δύναμις Ac 4:33; 19:8 D. Esp. of sound: loud φωνή Mk 15:37; Lk 17:15; Rv 1:10; φωνῇ μεγάλῃ (LXX; TestAbr A 5 p. 82, 20f [Stone p. 12]; ParJer 2:2; ApcMos 5:21) Mt 27:46, 50; Mk 1:26; 5:7; 15:34; Lk 4:33; 8:28; 19:37; 23:23 (Φωναῖς μεγάλαις), 46; J 11:43; Ac 7:57, 60; 8:7; Rv 5:12; 6:10 al.; μεγ. φωνῇ (ParJer 5:32); Ac 14:10; 16:28; μεγ. τῇ φωνῇ (ParJer 9:8; Jos., Bell. 6, 188) 14:10 v.l.; 26:24; ἐν φωνῇ μ. Rv 5:2. μετὰ σάλπιγγος μεγάλης with a loud trumpet call Mt 24:31. κραυγή (Ex 11:6; 12:30) Lk 1:42; Ac 23:9; cp. μεῖζον κράζειν cry out all the more Mt 20:31. κοπετός (Gen 50:10) Ac 8:2.—Of natural phenomena: ἄνεμος μ. a strong wind J 6:18; Rv 6:13. λαῖλαψ μ. (Jer 32:32) Mk 4:37. βροντή (Sir 40:13) Rv 14:2. χάλαζα Rv 11:19; 16:21a. χάλαζα λίαν μ. σφόδρα AcPl Ha 5, 7. σεισμὸς μ. (Jer 10:22; Ezk 3:12; 38:19; Jos., Ant. 9, 225) Mt 8:24; 28:2; Lk 21:11a; Ac 16:26. γαλήνη μ. a deep calm Mt 8:26; Mk 4:39; φῶς μ. a bright light (JosAs 6:3; ParJer 9:18 [16]; Plut., Mor. 567f: a divine voice sounds forth from this light; Petosiris, Fgm. 7, ln. 39 τὸ ἱερὸν ἄστρον μέγα ποιοῦν φῶς) Mt 4:16a; GJs 19:2 (Is 9:1). καῦμα μ. intense heat Rv 16:9 (JosAs 3:3).—Of surprising or unpleasant events or phenomena of the most diverse kinds (ἀπώλεια Dt 7:23; θάνατος Ex 9:3; Jer 21:6; κακόν Philo, Agr. 47) σημεῖα (Dt 6:22; 29:2) Mt 24:24; Lk 21:11b; Ac 6:8. δυνάμεις 8:13. ἔργα μ. mighty deeds (cp. Judg 2:7) Rv 15:3. μείζω τούτων greater things than these J 1:50 (μείζονα v.l.); cp. 5:20; 14:12. διωγμὸς μ. a severe persecution Ac 8:1; θλῖψις μ. (a time of) great suffering (1 Macc 9:27) Mt 24:21; Ac 7:11; Rv 2:22; 7:14. πειρασμός AcPl Ha 8, 22. πληγή (Judg 15:8; 1 Km 4:10, 17 al.; TestReub 1:7; TestSim 8:4; Philo, Sacr. Abel. 134) 16:21b. θόρυβος GJs 21:1; AcPl Ha 1, 28f (restored, s. AcPlTh [Aa I 258, 6]) λιμὸς μ. (4 Km 6:25; 1 Macc 9:24) Lk 4:25; Ac 11:28; ἀνάγκη μ. Lk 21:23; πυρετὸς μ. a high fever (s. πυρετός) 4:38.—Of emotions: χαρά great joy (Jon 4:6; JosAs 3:4; 4:2 al.; Jos., Ant. 12, 91) Mt 2:10; 28:8; Lk 2:10; 24:52. φόβος great fear (X., Cyr. 4, 2, 10; Menand., Fgm. 388 Kö.; Jon 1:10, 16; 1 Macc 10:8; TestAbr B 13 p. 117, 18 [Stone p. 82]; JosAs 6:1; GrBar 7:5) Mk 4:41; Lk 2:9; 8:37; Ac 5:5, 11; AcPl Ha 3, 33. θυμὸς μ. fierce anger (1 Macc 7:35) Rv 12:12. μείζων ἀγάπη greater love J 15:13. λύπη profound (Jon 4:1; 1 Macc 6:4, 9, 13; TestJob 7:8) Ro 9:2. σκυθρωπία AcPl Ha 7, 36. πίστις firm Mt 15:28. ἔκστασις (cp. Gen 27:33; ParJer 5:8, 12) Mk 5:42.④ pert. to being relatively superior in importance, greatⓐ of rational entities: of God and other deities θεός (SIG 985, 34 θεοὶ μεγάλοι [LBlock, Megaloi Theoi: Roscher II 2523–28, 2536–40; SCole, Theoi Megaloi, The Cult of the Great Gods at Samothrace ’84]; 1237, 5 ὀργὴ μεγάλη τ. μεγάλου Διός; OGI 50, 7; 168, 6; 716, 1; PStras 81, 14 [115 B.C.] Ἴσιδος μεγάλης μητρὸς θεῶν; POxy 886, 1; PTebt 409, 11; 22 ὁ θεὸς μ. Σάραπις, al.; PGM 4, 155; 482; 778 and oft.; 3052 μέγ. θεὸς Σαβαώθ; 5, 474; Dt 10:17 al. in LXX; En 103:4; 104:1; Philo, Cher. 29 al.; Jos., Ant. 8, 319; SibOr 3, 19; 71 al.—Thieme 36f) Tit 2:13 (Christ is meant). Ἄρτεμις (q.v.) Ac 19:27f, 34f (cp. Ael. Aristid. 48, 21 K.=24 p. 471 D. the outcry: μέγας ὁ Ἀσκληπιός); s. New Docs 1, 106 on this epithet in ref. to deities. Simon the magician is called ἡ δύναμις τ. θεοῦ ἡ καλουμένη μεγάλη Ac 8:10b (s. δύναμις 5). The angel Michael Hs 8, 3, 3; cp. 8, 4, 1.—Of people who stand in relation to the Divinity or are otherw. in high position: ἀρχιερεύς (s. ἀρχιερεύς 2a and ἱερεύς aβ.—ἀρχ. μέγ. is also the appellation of the priest-prince of Olba [s. PECS 641f] in Cilicia: MAMA III ’31 p. 67, ins 63; 64 [I B.C.]) Hb 4:14. προφήτης (Sir 48:22) Lk 7:16. ποιμήν Hb 13:20. Gener. of rulers: οἱ μεγάλοι the great ones, those in high position Mt 20:25; Mk 10:42. Of people prominent for any reason Mt 5:19; 20:26; Mk 10:43; Lk 1:15, 32; Ac 5:36 D; 8:9 (MSmith, HWolfson Festschr., ’65, 741: μ. here and Lk 1:32 may imply a messianic claim).—μέγας in the superl. sense (2 Km 7:9.—The positive also stands for the superl., e.g. Sallust. 4 p. 6, 14, where Paris calls Aphrodite καλή=the most beautiful. Diod S 17, 70, 1 πολεμία τῶν πόλεων=the most hostile [or especially hostile] among the cities) Lk 9:48 (opp. ὁ μικρότερος).—Comp. μείζων greater of God (Ael. Aristid. 27, 3 K.=16 p. 382 D.; PGM 13, 689 ἐπικαλοῦμαί σε, τὸν πάντων μείζονα) J 14:28; Hb 6:13; 1J 3:20; 4:4. More prominent or outstanding because of certain advantages Mt 11:11; Lk 7:28; 22:26f; J 4:12; 8:53; 13:16ab; 1 Cor 14:5. More closely defined: ἰσχύϊ καὶ δυνάμει μείζων greater in power and might 2 Pt 2:11. μεῖζον τοῦ ἱεροῦ someth. greater than the temple Mt 12:6. μείζων with superl. mng. (Ps.-Apollod., Epit. 7, 8 Wagner: Ὀδυσσεὺς τρεῖς κριοὺς ὁμοῦ συνδέων … καὶ αὐτὸς τῷ μείζονι ὑποδύς; Appian, Bell. Civ. 2, 87 §366 ἐν παρασκευῇ μείζονι= in the greatest preparation; Vett. Val. 62, 24; TestJob 3:1 ἐν μείζονι φωτί) Mt 18:1, 4; 23:11; Mk 9:34; Lk 9:46; 22:24, 26.ⓑ of things: great, sublime, important μυστήριον (GrBar 1:6; 2:6; ApcMos 34; Philo, Leg. All. 3, 100 al.; Just., A I, 27, 4) Eph 5:32; 1 Ti 3:16. Of the sabbath day that begins a festival period J 19:31; MPol 8:1b. Esp. of the day of the divine judgment (LXX; En 22:4; ApcEsdr 3:3 p. 27, 7 Tdf.; Just., D. 49, 2 al.; cp. TestAbr A 13 p. 92, 11 [Stone p. 32]) Ac 2:20 (Jo 3:4); Jd 6; Rv 6:17; 16:14. Of Paul’s superb instructional ability μ̣ε̣γάλῃ καθ̣[ηγήσει] AcPl Ha 6, 30f.—μέγας in the superl. sense (Plut., Mor. 35a w. πρῶτος; Himerius, Or. 14 [Ecl. 15], 3 μέγας=greatest, really great; B-D-F §245, 2; s. Rob. 669) ἐντολή Mt 22:36, 38. ἡμέρα ἡ μ. τῆς ἑορτῆς the great day of the festival J 7:37 (cp. Lucian, Pseudolog. 8 ἡ μεγάλη νουμηνία [at the beginning of the year]); Mel., P. 79, 579; 92, 694 ἐν τῇ μ. ἐορτῇ; GJs 1:2; 2:2 (s. deStrycker on 1:2). Of Mary’s day of parturition ὡς μεγάλη ἡ σήμερον ἡμέρα what a great day this is GJs 19:2. μείζων as comp. (Chion, Ep. 16, 8 philosophy as νόμος μείζων=higher law; Sir 10:24) J 5:36; 1J 5:9. μ. ἁμαρτία J 19:11 (cp. schol. on Pla. 189d ἁμαρτήματα μεγάλα; Ex 32:30f). τὰ χαρίσματα τὰ μείζονα the more important spiritual gifts (in the sense Paul gave the word) 1 Cor 12:31. As a superl. (Epict. 3, 24, 93; Stephan. Byz. s.v. Ὕβλαι: the largest of three cities is ἡ μείζων [followed by ἡ ἐλάττων, and finally ἡ μικρά=the smallest]. The comparative also performs the function of the superlative, e.g. Diod S 20, 22, 2, where πρεσβύτερος is the oldest of 3 men) Mt 13:32; 1 Cor 13:13 (by means of the superl. μ. Paul singles out from the triad the one quality that interests him most in this connection, just as Ael. Aristid. 45, 16 K. by means of αὐτός at the end of the θεοί singles out Sarapis, the only one that affects him).—The superl. μέγιστος, at times used by contemporary authors, occurs only once in the NT, where it is used in the elative sense very great, extraordinary (Diod S 2, 32, 1) ἐπαγγέλματα 2 Pt 1:4.—On the adv. usage Ac 26:29 s. ὀλίγος 2bβ.—Neut. pl. μεγάλα ποιεῖν τινι do great things for someone Lk 1:49 (cp. Dt 10:21). λαλεῖν μεγάλα καὶ βλασφημίας utter proud words and blasphemies Rv 13:5 (Da 7:8; cp. En 101:3). ἐποίει μεγ̣[ά]λα καὶ [θα]υ̣[μά]σ̣ι̣α̣ (Just., A I, 62, 4) (Christ) proceeded to perform great and marvelous deeds AcPl Ha 8, 33/BMM verso 6.⑤ pert. to being unusual, surprising, neut. μέγα εἰ … θερίσομεν; is it an extraordinary thing (i.e. are we expecting too much = our colloquial ‘is it a big deal’) if we wish to reap? 1 Cor 9:11. οὐ μέγα οὖν, εἰ it is not surprising, then, if 2 Cor 11:15 (on this constr. cp. Pla., Menex. 235d; Plut., Mor. 215f; Gen 45:28; s. AFridrichsen, ConNeot 2, ’36, 46).—B. 878f; 1309. DELG. M-M. TW. Sv. -
17 πρεσβύτερος
πρεσβύτερος, α, ον (Hom.+; comp. of πρέσβυς)① pert. to being relatively advanced in age, older, oldⓐ of an individual person older of two ὁ υἱὸς ὁ πρ. (cp. Aelian, VH 9, 42; TestJob 15:2 τῷ ἀδελφῷ τῷ πρεσβυτέρῳ; JosAs; Just., A II, 6, 1) Lk 15:25; of Manasseh (w. Ephraim) B 13:5. In contrast to the younger generation οἱ πρεσβύτεροι the older ones J 8:9. Opp. οἱ νεανίσκοι Ac 2:17 (Jo 3:1). Opp. νεώτεροι (s. νεός 3aβ) 1 Ti 5:1 (similar advice, containing a contrast betw. πρ. and νεώτ., from ins and lit. in MDibelius, Hdb. ad loc.); 1 Pt 5:5 (though here the πρεσβύτεροι are not only the older people, but at the same time, the ‘elders’; s. 2bβ). The same double mng. is found for πρεσβύτεροι in 1 Cl 1:3 beside νέοι, while in 3:3; 21:6, beside the same word, the concept of being old is the dominant one (as Jos., C. Ap. 2, 206). On the disputed pass. Hv 3, 1, 8 (οἱ νεανίσκοι … οἱ πρεσβύτεροι) cp. MDibelius, Hdb. ad loc.—Fem. πρεσβυτέρα old(er) woman (opp. νεωτέρα, as Gen 19:31) 1 Ti 5:2.—With no ref. to younger persons, w. complete disappearance of the comparative aspect: πρεσβύτερος an old man (Jos., Ant. 13, 226; 292 [as a witness of events in the past, as Ps.-Pla., Virt. 3, 377b; 4, 377c]) Hv 3, 12, 2; cp. 3, 11, 3. The personified church is called λίαν πρεσβυτέρα very old 3, 10, 3; cp. 3, 11, 2. She appears as ἡ πρ. the elderly woman 2, 1, 3; 3, 1, 2; 3, 10, 6; 9 and has τὰς τρίχας πρεσβυτέρας the hair of an old woman 3, 10, 4; 5; 3, 12, 1.ⓑ of a period of time (Petosiris, Fgm. 3 and 4 mention οἱ πρεσβύτεροι and οἱ νεώτεροι. In both instances the context shows that the reference is to astrologers from earlier and more recent times) οἱ πρεσβύτεροι the men of old, our ancestors Hb 11:2. ἡ παράδοσις τῶν πρεσβυτέρων the tradition of the ancients (cp. Iambl., Vi. Pyth. 35, 253 τῶν π. συγγράμματα) Mt 15:2; Mk 7:3, 5 (ELohse, D. Ordination im Spätjudentum u. NT, ’51, 50–56: scholars).② an official (cp. Lat. senator), elder, presbyterⓐ among the Jews (the congregation of a synagogue in Jerusalem used πρεσβύτεροι to denote its officers before 70 A.D.: SEG VIII, 170, 9; cp. Dssm., LO 378–80 [LAE 439–41]).α. for members of local councils in individual cities (cp. Josh 20:4; Ruth 4:2; 2 Esdr 10:14; Jdth 8:10; 10:6) Lk 7:3; 1 Cl 55:4.—Schürer II, 185.β. for members of a group in the Sanhedrin (Schürer II, 206–8; JJeremias, Jerusalem z. Zt. Jesu II B 1: Die gesellschaftl. Oberschicht 1929, 88ff). They are mentioned together w. (the) other groups: ἀρχιερεῖς (Ac 4:5 has ἄρχοντες for this), γραμματεῖς, πρεσβύτεροι (the order is not always the same) Mt 16:21; 26:3 v.l.; 27:41; Mk 8:31; 11:27; 14:43, 53; 15:1; Lk 9:22; 20:1.—Only ἀρχιερεῖς (Ac 4:8 has for this ἄρχοντες τοῦ λαοῦ) and πρεσβύτεροι (τοῦ λαοῦ: cp. Ex 19:7; Num 11:16b, 24; 1 Macc 7:33; 12:35; Just., D. 40, 4 al.) Mt 21:23; 26:3, 47, 59 v.l.; 27:1, 3, 12, 20; 28:(11), 12; Lk 22:52 (here, as an exception, οἱ στρατηγοὶ τοῦ ἱεροῦ); Ac 4:23; 23:14; 25:15; cp. 24:1. Also οἱ πρεσβύτεροι καὶ οἱ ἱερεῖς GPt 7:25 (for this combination cp. Jos., Ant. 11, 83; 12, 406).—Only πρεσβύτεροι and γραμματεῖς Mt 26:57; Ac 6:12.—The use of πρεσβύτερος as a title among the Jews of the Diaspora appears quite late, except for the allusions in the LXX (cp. Schürer III/1, 102; MAMA III [Cilicia], 344; 448 [cp. ZNW 31, ’32, 313f]. Whether πρεσβύτερος is to be understood in the older Roman inscriptions [CIJ 378] as a title [so CIJ p. lxxxvi], remains doubtful).ⓑ among the Christians (for their use of the word as a title one must bear in mind not only the Jewish custom, but also its use as a t.t. among the ἔθνη, in connection w. associations of the ‘old ones’ [FPoland, Geschichte des griech. Vereinswesens 1909, 98ff] and to designate civic as well as religious officials [Dssm., B 153ff=BS 154–57, NB 60ff=BS 233–35, also LO 315, 5; HHausschildt, ZNW 4, 1903, 235ff; MStrack, ibid. 213ff; HLietzmann, ZWT 55, 1914, 116–32 [=Kl. Schr. I ’58, 156–69]; MDibelius, exc. on 1 Ti 5:17ff; RAlastair-Campbell, The Elders, Seniority within Earliest Christianity ’94.].—BGU 16, 6 [159 A.D.] πρεσβύτεροι ἱερεῖς θεοῦ Σοκνοπαίου; 347, 6; PVindBosw 1, 31 [87 A.D.].—As honorary title: Iren. 4, 26, 5 [Harv. II 238, 3]. The Engl. word ‘priest’ comes fr. πρεσβύτερος via Lat. presbyter; later Christian usage is largely, if not entirely, responsible for this development; s. OED s.v. ‘priest’ B).α. Ac 11:30; 14:23; 15:2, 4, 6, 22f; 16:4 (in all the places in Ac 15 and 16 mention is made of οἱ ἀπόστολοι καὶ οἱ πρεσβύτεροι in the Jerusalem church); 20:17; 21:18; 1 Ti 5:17, 19 (Nicol. Dam.: 90 Fgm. 103a Jac. νεωτέρῳ πρεσβυτέρου καταμαρτυρεῖν οὐκ ἔξεστι); Tit 1:5; Js 5:14; 1 Pt 5:1, 5 (s. 1a above); 1 Cl 44:5; 47:6; 54:2; 57:1. WWrede, Untersuchungen zum 1 Cl 1891, 8ff.—Acc. to 2 Cl 17:3, 5 exhortation and preaching in the church services were among their duties.—In Ign. the πρεσβύτεροι come after the bishop, to whom they are subordinate IMg 2; 3:1; 6:1, or betw. the bishop and the deacons IPhld inscr.; 10:2; IPol 6:1, or the higher rank of the bishop in comparison to them is made plain in some other way ITr 3:1; 12:2 (s. πρεσβυτέριον b; cp. Hippol., Ref. 9, 12, 22).—Polycarp—an ἐπίσκοπος, accord. to the title of the Ep. bearing his name—groups himself w. πρεσβύτεροι in Pol inscr., and further takes the presence of presbyters in Philippi for granted (beside deacons, though no ἐπίσκοπος is mentioned; cp. Hdb. on Pol inscr.) Pol 5:3.β. Just how we are to understand the words ὁ πρεσβύτερος, applied to himself by the author of the two smallest Johannine letters 2J 1; 3J 1, remains in doubt. But in any case it is meant to indicate a position of great dignity the elder.—HWindisch, exc. on 3J, end; ESchwartz, Über den Tod der Söhne Zebedaei 1904, 47; 51; HWendt, ZNW 23, 1924, 19; EKäsemann, ZTK 48, ’51, 292–311; DWatson, NTS 35, ’89, 104–30, rhetorical analysis of 2J.—ὁ πρ. and οἱ πρ. are mentioned by Papias in these much-discussed passages: 2:3, 4, 5, 7, 14, 15. For some of the lit. s. the note on JKleist’s transl. ’48, p. 207 n. 18.γ. In Rv there are 24 elders sitting on thrones about the throne of God; they form a heavenly council of elders (cp. Is 24:23) 4:4, 10; 5:5–14; 7:11, 13; 11:16; 14:3; 19:4. The elders have been understood as glorified human beings of some kind or astral deities (or angels) (for the var. views s. RCharles, ICC Rv I 128–33; JMichl, D. 24 Ältesten in d. Apk. d. hl. J. ’38); the number 24 has been referred to the following: the 24 priestly classes of the Jews (1 Ch 24:7–18; Jos., Ant. 7, 365–67) whose heads were called ‘elders’ (Yoma 1, 5; Tamid 1, 1; Middoth 1, 8); the 24 stars which, according to Babylonian belief, stood half on the north and half on the south of the zodiac (Diod S 2, 31, 4; POsl 4, 19: HGunkel, Z. religionsgesch. Verständnis des NT 1903, 42f; Boll 35f); the 24 hours of the day, represented as old men w. shining garments and w. crowns (acc. to the Test. of Adam [ed. CBezold, TNöldeke Festschr. 1906, 893–912]: JWellhausen, Analyse der Offb. Joh. 1907, p. 9, 1; NMorosof, Offb. Joh. 1912, 32); the 24 Yazatas in the state of the gods in heaven, acc. to Persian thought (Bousset). It is certainly an open question whether, or how far, the writer of Rv had any of these things in mind.—On the presbyters, and esp. on the question how ἐπίσκοπος and πρεσβύτερος were originally related to each other (a question which is raised particularly in the pastorals; cp. MDibelius, Hdb. exc. after 1 Ti 3:7 section 2 [w. lit.] and before 5:17), s. the lit. s.v. ἐπίσκοπος.—BEaston, Pastoral Epistles ’47, 188–97; WMichaelis, Das Ältestenamt ’53; GBornkamm, πρεσβύτερος; RCampbell, The Elders ’94.—B. 1472. DELG s.v. πρέσβυς. M-M. EDNT. TW. -
18 σύντροφος
σύντροφος, ον (συντρέφομαι ‘be brought up together’) ‘nourished’ or ‘brought up together with’ also ‘familiar, on friendly terms’ (Trag., Hdt. et al.; also LXX, Mel., HE 4, 26, 7) pert. to being brought up with someone, either as foster-brother or as companion/friend subst. ὁ ς. foster-brother, companion (from one’s youth), intimate friend τινός of someone (σύντροφος τοῦ βασιλέως Polyb. 5, 9, 4; Diod S 1, 53, 5; 1, 54, 5; OGI 247, 2; 323, 2 al. Cp. Aelian, VH 12, 26; POxy 1034, 2; 7; 2 Macc 9:29; Jos., Bell. 1, 215, Ant 14, 183) Ac 13:1 (s. Μαναήν.—A Cilician ins in MAMA III, ’31 no. 62 [I B.C.] mentions Hermias as the σύντρ.= ‘intimate friend’ of the Seleucid King Philip II).—B. 1346. DELG s.v. τρέφω. New Docs 3, 38. M-M. -
19 σώφρων
σώφρων, ον, gen. ονος (σώφρων, φρήν, prim. ‘one of sound mind’) (Hom. et al.; ins, pap, 4 Macc, Test12Patr; JosAs 4:9; EpArist, Philo, Joseph., Just.; Tat. 10, 3) pert. to being in control of onself, prudent, thoughtful, self-controlled (the Hellenic model is avoidance of extremes and careful consideration for responsible action: Aristot., EN 3, 15, end ἐπιθυμεῖ ὁ σώφρων ὧν δεῖ καὶ ὡς δεῖ καὶ ὅτε=the prudent pers. is intent on the what, the how, and the when of doing what should be done; Aeschin., C. Ctesiph 170 of one moderate in lifestyle so as not to be tempted by bribes) w. πιστός 1 Cl 63:3; w. other virtues Tit 2:2. Being a characteristic of persons distinguished for public service, ς. appears in the list of qualifications for an ἐπίσκοπος 1 Ti 3:2 (used w. κόσμιος as Lysias 21, 19; Pla., Gorg. 508a; Menand., Sam. 344 S. [129 Kö.]; Lucian, Bis Accus. 17; IMagnMai 162, 6; cp. MAMA VIII, 412c, 5f ζήσαντα κοσμίω καὶ σωφρόνως); Tit 1:8 (w. δίκαιος as EpArist 125).—Esp. of women chaste, decent, modest (Menand., Fgm. 679 Kö.; Diod S 10, 20, 2. In ins on women’s graves: BCH 22, 1898, 496; 23, 1899, 301; 25, 1901, 88; IXanthos p. 149 no. 57, 5f; Philo; Jos., Ant. 18, 180.—Dssm., LO 267 [LAE 315]. S. σωφρονέω 2 and σωφροσύνη 2) Tit 2:5 (w. ἀγαθή as Jos., Ant. 6, 296).—ἡ σώφρων καὶ ἐπιεικὴς ἐν Χριστῷ εὐσέβεια 1 Cl 1:2.—B. 1213. DELG s.v. σῶς. M-M. TW. Spicq. -
20 ἐνορκίζω
ἐνορκίζω 1 aor. ἐνώρκισα 2 Esdr 23:25 cod. A (act. CIG IV, 9288, 6; IG XII/3, 1238, 7; MAMA III, 77, 1) to put someone under oath, adjure, cause someone (τινά) to swear τι by someth. w. acc. and inf. foll. ὑμᾶς τὸν κύριον you by the Lord 1 Th 5:27 (B-D-F §149; 155, 7; 392, 1d; Rob. 484; 1085).—DELG s.v. ὅρκος. M-M. TW.
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